2 Word Spelling & Variant Spelling by Group 2 [PDF]

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WORD SPELLING & VARIANT SPELLING This Paper Is Prepared To Fulfill Groups Assignment Subject : Pronunciation Supporting Lecturer: Yani Lubis, S.Ag,M.Hum



Arranged by: Groups 2/TBI-3 Arya Wiranda



0304213049



Dwi Fatimah



0304213074



Najwa Alzuhda



0304213096



Novi Yanti



0304213106



Fadlah Putri Sabila



0304213037



ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING NORTH SUMATERA STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MEDAN 2021



PREFACE



First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, we as “writer” finished writing the paper entitled “WORD SPELLING AND VARIANT SPELLING” right in the calculated time. The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment that given by Mr.Yani Lubis,S.Ag,M.Hum. as lecturer in pronouncation. In arranging this paper, we trully get lots challenges and obstructions but with help of many indiviuals, those obstructions could passed. We also realized there are still many mistakes in process of writing this paper. Because of that, the we as the writer say thank you to all individuals who helps in the process of writing this paper. Hopefully Allah replies all helps and bless you all. We realized this paper still imperfect in arrangement and the content. Then, we hope the criticism from the readers can help the writer in perfecting the next paper. Last but not the least, hopefully, this paper can helps the readers to gain more knowledge about how word spelling and variant spelling



TABLE OF CONTENS PREFACE......................................................................................................i TABLE OF CONTENS................................................................................ii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A. Baground Of Study ...............................................................................4 B. Purpose..................................................................................................4 C. Problem Formulation.............................................................................4 CHAPTER II DISCUSSION A. Definition Of Word Spelling ................................................................5 B. Variant Of Spelling...............................................................................6 C. The Reason Why Spelling Is Important..............................................11 D. Hints To Help Through Tough Spelling Situations............................11 CHAPTER III CLOSING A. Conclution...........................................................................................12 B. Suggestion...........................................................................................13 REFERENCE..............................................................................................13



CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION



A. Background of Study English spelling is one of the materials that is often forgotten, considering that people's attention is generally focused on words, phrases, or sentences as a whole without paying attention to the aspects of spelling or spelling. If you're anything like the billions of other people in the world, there've been times when you were uncertain about how to spell a word. Indeed, spelling can difficult. There are so many rules and, worst of all, the rules aren't always applied in the same way.there are various forms of communication that are easily found around you. The form of communication must pay attention to the effectiveness and simplicity of message delivery, one of which is spelling alphabetic communication. Therefore, you must learn the spelling of the English alphabet so that it is not upside down or wrong B. Purpose The purpose of making this paper is to give the information for the readers about definition of word spelling,variant spelling, the purpose of learning spelling and how to spell a word.



C. Problem Formulation  What is the definition of word spelling ?  What are the variant of spelling ?  What is The Reason Why So Important To learn word spelling ?  How to hints to help through tough spelling situations?



CHAPTER II DISCUSSION A. Definition of word spelling



What is spelling? Spelling is the ability to spell words correctly. Including trying to spell a word correctly. According to Oxford Learner's Dictionaries, spelling is the act of forming words correctly from individual letters; the ability to do this.. Spelling words in English is challenging work. As a matter of fact, many native speakers of English have problems with spelling correctly. One of the main reasons for this is that many, many English words are NOT spelled as they are spoken. This difference between pronunciation and spelling causes a lot of confusion. The combination "ough" provides an excellent example Tough - pronounced - tuf (the 'u' sounding as in 'cup') Through - pronounced - throo Dough - pronounced - doe (long 'o') Bought - pronounced - bawt Spelling is a basic lesson in reading. Way of spelling is the forming of words with letters in an accepted order. B. Variant of spelling There are some type of variant spelling:  SPELLING:doubling of final consonants.



Many english words change their spelling before the endings –ed, -ing, and –er, -est. Words ending in a consonant may double it (eg.stop, stopping). The rules are as follow: (Michael Swan, 1980:568) -A consonants is only doubled at the end of a word. Compare: Hop, hopping BUT hope, hoping Fat, fatter BUT fate, fater Plan, planned BUT phone, phoned



-Doubling only happens when there is one consonant after one vowel letter, compare: Fat, fatter BUT fast, faster (not fasstter) Bet, betting BUT beat, beating (not beatting) -In words of more than one sylable. The final consonant is only doubled if it is in a stressed syllable, compare: Up’set, up’setting BUT ‘visit, ‘visiting Be’gin, be’ginning BUT ‘open, ‘opening Re’fer, re’ferring BUT ‘offer, ‘offering ‘galloping, ‘galloped NOT gallopping, gallopped De’veloping, de’veloped NOT de’velopping, de’velopped ‘benefiting, ‘benefited NOT ‘benefitting, ‘benefitted -In british english, final –l is doubled (after one vowel) even if the sylable is not stressed. ‘travel, ‘travelled ‘equal, ‘equalled In american english, final –l is only usually doubled if the syilable is stressed. Compare: Re’bel, re’belled ‘travel, ‘traveled -Final –c is changed to –ck before –ed, -ing, -er: Picnic, picnickers -The lesson for doubling is to show that the vowel has a short sound. This is because a stressed vowel before one consonant usually has a long sound in the middle of a word  SPELLING y and i -Final –y usually changes to –i if something is added to a (eg: -ed –er –est –able – ment –ness –ly –ous –age) Hurry, hurried easy, easier rely, reliable Merry, merriment busy, business happy, happiest Nouns/verbs ending in –y have plural/third persons forms in Story, stories hurry, hurries spy, spies -This change does not happen before endings beginning with –ing, -ish, -ize, -ism) Try, trying study, studying baby, babyish



-This change does not happen if the-y comes after a vowel letter Buy, buying play, played enjoy, enjoyment Grey, greyish Exeptions: Say, said lay, laid pay, paid -Final –ie changes to –y before –ing: Die, dying lie, lying



 SPELLING final –e -When something is added to a word ending in –e, the –e is normal dropped before a vowel Hope, hoping make, making note, notable Fame, famous This does not happen with words ending in –ee: See, seeing agree, agreeable Exceptions: like, likeable/likable mile, mileage/milage -With words ending in –ge and –ce, the –e is not dropped before a or o Courage, courageous replace, replaceable -Final –e is not normally dropped before a consonant. Excite, excitement hope, hopeful nice, nicely Exceptions: words ending in –ue Due, duly true, truly argue, argument  SPELLING adverb formation -We often change an adjective into an adverb by adding –ly. When this happens, the adjective does not usually change its spelling. Late, lately right, rightly glad, gladly Hopeful, hopefully real, really medical, medically Definite, defanately complete, completely



Note that final –e is not dropped (completely, not completly), and that if the adjective ends in –l, the adverb will have –ll (real, really not realy) -Final –y changes to –i before –ly Happy, happily easy, easily dry, drily -If an adjective ends in –le, the adverb has –ly instead of –lely Nable, nably idle, idly -If an adjective ends in –ic, the adverb ends in –ically Tragic, tragically domestic, domestically -Exceptions: truly, duly, wholly, fully, shyle, slyly, publicly  SPELLING: ch and tch, k and ck -After a single vowel, at the end of a word, we usually write –ck and –ich for the sounds /k/and /tf/ Back neck sick lack stuck Catch fetch stitch batch butch Exeptions: rich, which, such, much, detach, attach, yak -After a consonant of after two vowel letters, we write –k and –ch for the same sounds: Bank, work, talk break, book, soak March peach, broach, coach  SPELLING: le and ei The combination ei is not a common way to spell the sound/i:/. We normally write ie, except after c. (english children learn the thyme /i before e, except after e’.) Believe chief field grief Celling deceive receive receipt Exeption: seize Note that the spelling ei usually stands for the sound /ci/ Example: Beige deign rein reign veil Exception: foreign



 SPELLING: -ise –ize In British English, most words ending in –ise can also be spelt wize. Mechanise/mechanize computerise/computerize Realise/realize Exceptions are words in two syllables (eg surprise) and advertise In American English only –ize is used. Note also analyse (GB):analyze (US) For more information about differences between British and American spelling



 SPELLING: capital tetters -The days of the week, and the months, are written with capital letters at the beginning (but not usually the seasons) Sunday Tuesday March September BUT summer autumn -Capital letters are used for the names of the planets (but not the earth, the sun or the moon) Jupiters Mars Venus -Capital letters are used for nationality words (nouns or adjectives) He’s Russian I speak Russian Russian history -The words north, east, south, and west are written with capital letters when they are used in place names; -The Far East The West End North Africa (of london) -The names of professions have capital letters when they are used as titles. Compare: He’s a professor He’s just been promoted colonel Where ‘s Professor Jones? There’s Colonel Sanders  SPELLING: hyphons -A hypen is the short line (-) that is out between two words in an expression like book-shop or ex-husband.



The rules about when to use hyphens are not very clear. If you are not sure wheather to put one in a particular expression, it is safest to leave it out. The following points may help: a.Hypens are common in compound adjectives like broken hearted, blue-eyed, heartbroken (made with –ed or a past participle) b.When a group of words is used as an adjective before a noun, hyphens are often used. Compare: He is out of work an out-of-work lorry-driver It cost ten pounds a ten-pound note c.In many cases, there is a connection between spelling and pronunciation, words which are put together (with a hyphen or as one word) usually have the main stress (spoken with the strongest force) on the first words expressions which are written separately usually have the main stress on the second part. Compare: Book-case make-up Paper bag to make up -Hypens are also used to divide words at the ends of lines ....is not the policy of the present government, which was voted into power with a clear mandate to...  SPELLING: full stops with abbreviations A full stop is the dot that comes at the end of a sentence. It is also often used after an abbreviated word, and after an initial letter that stands for a word or name ((Michael Swan, 1980:576) Mr. Lewis Mr. Johnson T.S Ellot Etc. E.g. U.S.A S.E Asia In modern English (especially British English), abbreviations are often written full stops. Mr. Lewis Mr. Johnson T.S Ellot Etc Eg USA SE Asia Full stops are not usually written in a group of initial Letters that is pronounced like a word (like NATO or UNO).



C. Thee Reason why Spelling is Important



Spelling is very important in everyday life because it is closely related to communication. spelling is important for three reasons: -Communication: spelling is an important component of communication. -Literacy: spelling and reading skills are closely related and help develop overall literacy. -Employment: spelling quality has a direct impact on job opportunities. D. Hints to help through tough spelling situations



Everyone has different words they struggle to spell. Therefore, your trouble words may not be the same as your best friend's trouble words. And, unfortunately, every rule doesn't always apply perfectly to every situation. Even with the list of hints you're about to consider, there's really only one golden rule to abide by: read and write constantly. With that in mine, here are a few hints to help you through tough spelling situations:



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Remember the old adage: "I before E except after C."



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Sound out words. This method won't always work. However, it'll at least put you on a pathway to the proper spelling.



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If two vowels are next to each other in a word, the second vowel is silent. For example, in the word coat, you only hear the "O" pronounced.



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The spelling of a word remains the same if you add a prefix to it.



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Be alert for homonyms and homophones.



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Use mnemonic devices to help you remember the proper spelling. Mnemonic devices are tricks that'll help you remember how to spell certain words. For example, take dessert versus desert. Remember that the letter "S" is used twice in dessert, because you always want seconds of dessert.



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See if you can find smaller words in the larger word. Spell those smaller words, and you can more easily deduce the correct spelling.



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Edit someone else's work. We're accustomed to not noticing mistakes in our own work because we know what the meaning is. Editing helps us to see common errors because we need to understand the writing in order to know the meaning.



CHAPTER III CLOSING  Conclution  Spelling is the act of forming words correctly from each letter, and the ability to spell. In conclusion, spelling is the ability to spell a word consisting of several letters correctly  Spelling is very important in everyday life because it is closely related to communication. spelling is important for three reasons: -Communication: spelling is an important component of communication. -Literacy: spelling and reading skills are closely related and help develop overall literacy. -Employment: spelling quality has a direct impact on job opportunities.



 There are some type of variant spelling: 



Double spelling of the last consonant.



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Spelling y and i



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Final –e spelling



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Spelling adverbs formation



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Spelling ch and tch, k and ck



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Spelling le and ei



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Spelling ise –ize



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Spelling capital letters



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Spelling hyphon



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Spelling full stop with abbreviation



 SUGGESTION Realizing that the author is still far from perfect, in the future the author will be more focused and detailed in explaining the above paper with more sources that can be accounted for, but we hope that the material we present can be useful for readers and we also need suggestions or criticism. So that it can be a motivation for a better future than before.



REFERENCES http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wiktionary:spelling_variants_in_entry_names http://esl.about.com/od/writingintermediate/a/l_spell.htm https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/spelling-and-word-lists/how-to-spell a-word.html