5 Theoretical Framework & Hypotheses Development [PDF]

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Dr. LUK LUK FUADAH, SE. MBA. AK, CA THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK & HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT



 Recall the Research process: 1) Broad problem area



2) Problem statement 3) Theoretical Framework 4) Generation of hypotheses



5) Data collection: 6) Data analysis: 7) Report Writing( Interpretation of results)



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Theoretical Framework  A theoretical framework represents your beliefs on how certain phenomena (or variables or concepts) are related to each other (a model) and an explanation on why you believe that these variables are associated to each other (a theory).  Thus, there are three parts within theoretical framework:  Variables (affecting the problem)  Model ( to make logical sense of the several factors identified)  Theory (driven from previous studies in problem area)



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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK



A theoretical framework represents your beliefs on how certain phenomena (or variables or concepts) are related to each other (a model) and an explanation of why you believe that these variables are associated with each other (a theory). Both the model and the theory flow logically from the documentation of previous research in the problem area. Integrating your logical beliefs with published research, taking into consideration the boundaries and constraints governing the situation, is pivotal in developing a scientific basis for investigating the research problem.



THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK



The process of building a theoretical framework includes: 1. Introducing definitions of the concepts or variables in your model. 2. Developing a conceptual model that provides a descriptive representation of your theory. 3. Coming up with a theory that provides an explanation for relationships between the variables in your model.



THEORIES        



Agency Theory Stakeholder Theory Natural Resources Based View Theory Contingency Theory Legitimation Theory Actor Network Theory Signalling Theory etc



Two Purposes Of Theory  Prediction  Understanding



Theory  A coherent set of general propositions used as principles of explanation of the apparent relationships of certain observed phenomena.



Concept (or Construct)  A generalized idea about a class of objects, attributes, occurrences, or processes that has been given a name  Building blocks that abstract reality  “leadership,” “productivity,” and “morale”  “gross national product,” “asset,” and “inflation”



Variable  A variable is anything that can take on differing or varying values. The values can differ at various times for the same object or person, or at the same time for different objects or persons. Examples of variables are production units, absenteeism, and motivation.



Types of Variable



Four main types of variables are discussed in this chapter1: 1. The dependent variable (also known as the criterion variable). 2. The independent variable (also known as the predictor variable). 3. The moderating variable. 4. The mediating variable.



Basic steps:  







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Identify and label the variables correctly State the relationships among the variables: formulate hypotheses Explain how or why you expect these relationships



Types of Variable Dependent Variable 



The dependent variable is the variable of primary interest to the researcher. The researcher’s goal is to understand and describe the dependent variable, or to explain its variability, or predict it. In other words, it is the main variable that lends itself for investigation as a viable factor. Through the analysis of the dependent variable (i.e., finding what variables influence it), it is possible to find answers or solutions to the problem. For this purpose, the researcher will be interested in quantifying and measuring the dependent variable, as well as the other variables that influence this variable.



Independent Variable  An independent variable is one that influences the dependent variable in either a positive or negative way. That is, when the independent variable is present, the dependent variable is also present, and with each unit of increase in the independent variable, there is an increase or decrease in the dependent variable. In other words, the variance in the dependent variable is accounted for by the independent variable.



Independent Variable



To establish that a change in the independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable, all four of the following conditions should be met: 1. The independent and the dependent variable should covary: in other words, a change in the dependent variable should be associated with a change in the independent variable. 2. The independent variable (the presumed causal factor) should precede the dependent variable. In other words, there must be a time sequence in which the two occur: the cause must occur before the effect. 3. No other factor should be a possible cause of the change in the dependent variable. Hence, the researcher should control for the effects of other variables. 4. A logical explanation (a theory) is needed and it must explain why the independent variable affects the dependent variable.



Types of Variable



Moderating Variable  The moderating variable is one that has a strong contingent effect on the independent variable–dependent variable relationship. That is, the presence of a third variable (the moderating variable) modifies the original relationship between the independent and the dependent variables.



Examples ofModerating Variable



Nilai Perusahaan



Konservatisme Akuntansi



GCG Komite Audit



Types of Variable Mediating Variable  A mediating variable (or intervening variable) is one that surfaces between the time the independent variables start operating to influence the dependent variable and the time their impact is felt on it. There is thus a temporal quality or time dimension to the mediating variable. In other words, bringing a mediating variable into play helps you to model a process. The mediating variable surfaces as a function of the independent variable(s) operating in any situation, and helps to conceptualize and explain the influence of the independent variable(s) on the dependent variable.



Examples of Intervening Variable



Types of Variable



Examples Identify the Dependent variable (DV) & Independent variable (IV)?......research studies indicate that…..  Successful new product development has influential impact on the stock price of the company.  A manager believes that good supervision and training would increase the production level of workers.  Calcium consumption and bone density.  Inflation rate in Kuwait is increasing overtime due to global food prices and high workers’ wages.  High blood pressure might be identified due to overweight , age, family history, and stress. 20



The Theoretical Framework  The theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire deductive research project is based. It is a logically developed, described, and elaborated network of associations among the variables deemed relevant to the problem situation and identified through such processes as interviews, observations, and literature review. Experience and intuition also guide the development of the theoretical framework.



The Theoretical Framework  The relationship between the literature review and the theoretical framework is that the former provides a solid foundation for developing the latter. That is, the literature review identifies the variables that might be important, as determined by previous research findings. This, in addition to other logical connections that can be conceptualized, forms the basis for the theoretical model. The theoretical framework represents and elaborates the relationships among the variables, explains the theory underlying these relations, and describes the nature and direction of the relationships. Just as the literature review sets the stage for a good theoretical framework, this in turn provides the logical base for developing testable hypotheses.



The Theoretical Framework  The relationship between the literature review and the theoretical framework is that the former provides a solid foundation for developing the latter. That is, the literature review identifies the variables that might be important, as determined by previous research findings. This, in addition to other logical connections that can be conceptualized, forms the basis for the theoretical model. The theoretical framework represents and elaborates the relationships among the variables, explains the theory underlying these relations, and describes the nature and direction of the relationships. Just as the literature review sets the stage for a good theoretical framework, this in turn provides the logical base for developing testable hypotheses.



The Components of the Theoretical Framework 1. The variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly defined. 2. A conceptual model that describes the relationships between the variables in the model should be given. 3. There should be a clear explanation of why we expect these relationships to exist.



Writing the Literature Review Guidelines are adapted primarily from Galvan (2006). Galvan outlines a very clear, step-by-step approach that is very useful to use as you write your review. Step 1: Identify the literature that you will review Step 2: Analyze the literature Step 3: Summarize the literature in table or concept map format Step 4: Synthesize the literature prior to writing your review Step 5: Writing the review



Step 1: Identify the literature that you will review



 Familiarize yourself with online databases, identifying relevant databases in your field of study.  Using relevant databases, search for literature sources maybe using Google Scholar as a start point;  Import your references into a separate sheet.



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Step 2: Analyze the literature



Once you have identified and located the articles for your review, you need to analyze them and organize them before you begin writing:  Overview the articles: Skim the articles to get an idea of the general purpose and content of the article (focus your reading here on the abstract, introduction and first few paragraphs, and the conclusion of each article).  Group the articles into categories (e.g. into topics and subtopics and chronologically within each subtopic). 27



 TAKE NOTES



1-Identify major trends or patterns: As you read a range of articles on your topic, you should make note of trends and patterns over time as reported in the literature.



2- If necessarily, select useful quotes that you may want to include in your review: Important: If you copy the exact words from an article, be sure to cite the page number as you will need it (THOUGH; I DO NOT RECOMMEND THAT AT ALL).



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 TAKE NOTES



3- Identify gaps in the literature:, and reflect on why these might exist (based on the understandings that you have gained by reading literature in this field of study). These gaps will be important for you to address as you plan and write your review. 4- Keep your review focused on your topic: make sure that the articles you find are relevant and directly related to your topic. 5- Evaluate your references : you have to decide at what point you are finished with collecting new studies so that you can focus on writing up your findings. 29



Step 3: Summarize the literature in table or concept map format  It is recommended to build tables as a key way to help you overview, organize, and summarize your findings of such literature survey, THUS including one or more of the tables that you create may be helpful in your literature review.  You can create the table that may be relevant to your review to include:



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 Definitions of key terms and concepts and investigation.  Time frame  Research methods  Summary of research results



Step 4: Synthesize the literature prior to writing your review  Consider your purpose before beginning to write.  Consider how you reassemble your notes.



 Create a topic outline that traces your argument.  Within each topic heading, note differences among studies.  Within each topic heading, look for obvious gaps or areas needing more research. 31



Step 4: Synthesize the literature prior to writing your review



 Plan to describe relevant theories.  Plan to present conclusions and implications.



 Plan to suggest specific directions for future research near the end of the review.  Flesh out your outline with details from your analysis. 32



Step 5: Writing the review



Identify the broad problem area, but avoid global statements.  Early in the review, indicate why the topic being reviewed is important.  Indicate why certain studies are important  If citing a classic or landmark study, identify it as such  If a landmark study was replicated, mention that and indicate the results of the replication  Discuss other literature reviews on your topic 33



Step 5: Writing the review



 Refer the reader to other reviews on issues that you will not be discussing in details.  Avoid long lists of nonspecific references (working papers, unpublished papers, conference papers. …others).  If the results of previous studies are inconsistent or widely varying, cite them separately  Cite all relevant references in the review section of thesis, dissertation, or journal article. 34



Step 5: Writing the review



 Remember, each literature should include:



 Definitions of key terms and concepts and investigation.  Time frame  Research methods  Summary of research results



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The Definition of Hypothesis  A hypothesis can be defined as a tentative, yet testable, statement, which predicts what you expect to find in your empirical data. Hypotheses are derived from the theory on which your conceptual model is based and are often relational in nature. Along these lines, hypotheses can be defined as logically conjectured relationships between two or more variables expressed in the form of testable statements. By testing the hypotheses and confirming the conjectured relationships, it is expected that solutions can be found to correct the problem encountered.



Hypothesis 



A proposition that is empirically testable. It is an empirical statement concerned with the relationship among variables.







Good hypothesis:







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  



 



Must be adequate for its purpose Must be testable Must be better than its rivals



Can be: Directional Non-directional



Argumentation







The expected relationships / hypotheses are an integration of:  



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Exploratory research Common sense and logical reasoning



Process of Hypothesis Generation Theory



Concept



Proposition



Concept



Hypothesis



Concept



Proposition



Hypotheses should express relationships between variables in an unambiguous, precise manner, and they should be based on the propositions that evolved from the theoretical framework 39



Testing the Hypotheses  Testing the hypothesis involves:  Selecting the individual subjects to participate in the study  Using instruments that will validly and reliably measure the variables  Developing a method of systematically collecting the information needed to test hypothesized relationships  Selecting statistical measures that will determine the extent and meaning or significance of the relationships



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Good hypotheses  Constructs are clear  Relationship (sign, direction if experimental, type of moderation) is clear  Population often included  Design/statistical method often clear  Mean differences  Compared to who? (can’t have a “more” without a “than”  Related (correlation)



 The word “significant” is unnecessary



Good hypotheses construction  Statistical test is clear (usually one per hypothesis)



 With mediator hypothesis may be  X will positively relate to Y  M will positively relate to Y  X will positively relate to M  X will not relate to Y when controlling for M



 OR  M will mediate the positive relationship between X and Y



Importance of Hypotheses  Hypotheses:



 Direct our observations



 Identifies the variables examined and data to be collected



 Describe a relationship among variables



 Can state that as one variable increases, the other will decrease; as one variables increases, the other will increase, and so on.



 Refer to populations



 Hypotheses help researchers infer that results of a sample will translate to a population 43



4 Functions of Hypotheses  Hypotheses can:    



Estimate Population Characteristics Correlate Variables Display Differences among Two or more populations Show possible Cause and Effect What research designs relate to each of these 4 functions?



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Symbols used in Hypotheses  M= mean  µ (mu: mew)= population mean  Roman Letters (e.g., A, B, C, D) are used to represent statistics  Greek Letters (e.g., α, β) are used to represent parameters  α= significance level; probability of committing a Type I Error (α= .05)  p= probability value (p= .05)  Null Hypothesis= (H0: µ1 - µ2 = 0 or H0: µ1 = µ2)  Alternative Hypothesis= (H1: µ1-µ2 ≠ 0 or H1: µ1 ≠ µ2 )  Sometimes you may see it noted as HA 45



Types of Hypotheses  Research Hypotheses  Statistical Hypotheses



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Research Hypotheses  Research Hypothesis: A statement of the relationship among two or more variables or groups.  The acceptance or non-acceptance of which is based on resolving a logical alternative with a null hypothesis.  Example: Graduate students who read the text in research methods will score higher on their comprehensive exams than graduate students who did not read their research methods text. 47



Research Hypotheses Cont.  Research hypotheses can be stated as Directional or Non-directional.  Directional hypotheses predict the specific relationship among two or more variables or groups:



 Graduate students who read the text in research methods will score higher on their comprehensive exams than graduate students who did not read their research methods text. H0 : µ 1 < µ 2



H1: µ1 > µ2



 IQ scores will correlate in a positive manner with Self Esteem Scores  Cats will bark less frequently than Dogs 48



Research Hypotheses Cont.  Non-Directional Hypotheses predict that there will be differences among two or more groups, but do not specify the direction of the differences  Men and Women will differ in their recall of phone numbers  The scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale will differ between people with Stroke and people with Alzheimer’s disease  IQ scores will correlate with Self Esteem scores H0: µ1 = µ2



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H1: µ1 ≠ µ2



The research Process For Applied and Basic Research



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Problem discovery



Problem Discovery and Definition



Sampling



Selection of exploratory research technique



Secondary (historical) data



Experience survey



Probability



Pilot study



Case study



Data Gathering Data Processing and Analysis



Problem definition (statement of research objectives)



Experiment Laboratory



Conclusions and Report



Survey Field



Interview



Nonprobability



Collection of data (fieldwork) Editing and coding data Data processing



Selection of basic research method



Research Design



Selection of exploratory research technique



Questionnaire



Observation



Secondary Data Study



Interpretation of findings



Report



END



PROPOSAL PENELITIAN



1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.



LATAR BELAKANG PERUMUSAN MASALAH TUJUAN PENELITIAN MANFAAT PENELITIAN STUDI LITERATUR TEORI TOPIK PENELITIAN SEBELUMNYA KERANGKA PEMIKIRAN METODE PENELITIAN



PROPOSAL PENELITIAN



METODE PENELITIAN 1. RUANG LINGKUP PENELITIAN 2. RANCANGAN PENELITIAN 3. JENIS DAN SUMBER DATA 4. TEKNIK PENGUMPULAN DATA 5. POPULASI DAN SAMPEL 6. TEKNIK ANALISIS 7. DEFINISI OPERASIONAL VARIABEL



PROPOSAL PENELITIAN    



TENTUKAN TOPIK YANG DITELITI VARIABELNYA TEORI JUDUL, MASALAH, TUJUAN, KERANGKA PEMIKIRAN HARUS KONSISTEN