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Hebrew-English Pages [257]
A
HEBREW GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS BY
ROBERT DICK WILSON,
D. D.
PROFESSOR IN PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
PRINTED BY
W. DRUGTJLIN, LEIPZIG 1908
A.
ORTHOGRAPHY. LESSON I.
THE ALPHABET. Name
of Sign.
FIRST:
THE TABLE.
A,
OETHOGEAPHY.
SECONDLY: REMARKS. 1.
But
In general, the letters are sounded as in English.
notice:
That Aleph has no sound. it may be compared to h
(1)
a syllable,
«a
=
At
the beginning
in hour,
e. g.
28
=
of av\
ba.
He
That
(2)
has the sound of the rough breathing at
the beginning of a syllable, but cannot be heard at the
end of a syllable, (3)
That most
e. g.
in
=
lio\
but,
H2
=
ha.
authorities treat Ayin, as
if it
had
al-
ways lost its sound, though in transliteration it is denoted e. g., )y_ 'ayin. by the sign That has a sound something like ch in loch, Heth (4) or in Rache. (5) That Teth has a hard t sound which it is imIt is possible for us to give in distinction from Tau. commonly marked in transliteration by a dot placed under c
,
it,
e. g.,
BMfl
(6) It
=
is
Samekh and Sadhe
as
s,
tit.
impossible for us to always distinguish Sadhe, Sin.
In transliteration, we arbitrarily print as s, and Sin as s.
Samekh
pronounce Qoph like Kaph. It may be denoted by q, or by a k with a dot under it. 2. dot placed in anyone of the six letters Beth. Gimel, Daleth, Pe, Kaph, and Tau," takes away its aspiration, i. e., changes it from v to b, f to p, gh to g. kh to k, dh to d, and th to t. These letters are called the Begadh-kephath letters. 3. Five letters have special Cbrms, when final. Hence, they are called final letters. To distinguish it from final Nun, a final Kaph has two dots in it, perpendicular to each other; or, it may have three dots, one to show that it is Kaph and not Nun, and the oilier to show that it is k and not kh. E, g., Gen. xxvii: 38. 4. Since in Hebrew Manuscripts and printed works, (7)
The student
A
will
A.
OETHOGKAPHY.
3
words cannot be separated, certain letters may be extended These are called litterae dilatabiles. to fill out the line. 5. In accordance with the organs of speech with which the consonants are pronounced, they are divided into (1)
Gutturals
(2)
Palatals
(3)
Labials
(4)
Sibilants D,
(5)
Dentals
(6)
Linguals
K, n,
J,
3,
S,
*T,
n,
J>.
p.
a, 5.
1,
T,
P,
S,
Vt.
&, n.
b,
3,
1.
LESSON II. THE VOWELS. The vowels have -&-
the following signs, names, and sounds.
Pathah, a as in
t
fat. ]
^fr**' ^*t*y
2.
A
Hern. syllable may begin with two consonants; but pronouncing them, we must always insert a half vowel between them. Notice that in Hebrew a consonant followin
ed by a half vowel does not constitute a syllable. 3.
When
a
syllable
ends
with
a vowel,
open; when
it
ends with a consonant,
Rem.
A
syllable with
1.
some, such a syllable
is
is
it
is
called
called closed.
a short vowel, followed by a
consonant with a vocal Shewa,
By
it
is
said to be half open.
said to be loosely closed, or
wavering.
Rem. to
2.
A
syllable ending with
two consonants
is
said
be doubly closed.
Rem. 3. A syllable ending with a quiescent Aleph is commonly open. All final Alephs are quiescent, and also, all medial Alephs, which do not have the sign of a Shewa or of a vowel under them. 4.
An
open
Rem. 3. Methegh occurs further: (1) With a long vowel in an open
syllable, before
a
consonant with vocal Shewa.
>
(2)
To
letter with (3)
> (4)
distinguish a long vowel from a short before a
Shewa.
With a toneless With all vowels
Sere.
compound when the consonant under
before a consonant with
Shewa. which the compound Shewa occurs (Except,
(5) live,
to
(6)
With
course,
the initial syllables
show that they are
With Qames
lables of (7)
of
D^a
With
in
is
doubled).
of irn to he
and rrn
to
closed.
the penult of the sharpened syl-
houses and HSN -pray I.
the Path ah of the article, or of the inseparable
preposition with the article, in a half-open syllable.
Note. This use of Methegh
Yodh
with a half vowel,
is
not employed before a
nor before
the
syllable
with
OETHOGEAPHY.
A.
The Pathah
the tone.
of
Wau
9
conversive in a half-open
Methegh, except in the case of when accented with pashta and followed by take
does not
syllable
NTI and itflj Makkeph. (8) With the interrogative
He when
particle
pointed
with pathah, except before an unvowelled Yodh, Dagesh forte, or the tone syllable.
In a few other cases, apparently for the sake
(9)
of
clearness in pronunciation, or to distinguish forms which
without
it
might be confused.
LESSON 1.
Raphe
VI.
a line placed over a letter to show that
is
we might have expected to find in the has been omitted, not by mistake, but intentionally. point put in a letter to show that the letter is
the point, which letter, 2.
A
to be doubled, is called Dagesh forte. No letter can be doubled, except when preceded by a full vowel and followed by a full or half vowel.
Rem.
1.
When
the
same
letter is to
be read twice in
the same word without any sound coming between, the letter is
written once and the doubled letter denoted by
of
Dagesh forte,
as a half-vowel, twice,
e. g.
*7?n.
means any sound, such comes between, the letter must be written
e. g.
kalla
=
rhp_.
But,
This rule applies,
if
also, to the suffix
*J:
following another k.
Rem.
A
Dagesh
called conjunctive, is someconsonant of a monosyllable, or of a dissyllable accented on the penult, following a word ending in a vowel. These two words are usually connected 2.
times found in the
forte,
initial
by means of Makkeph. *)6$b rttJto is an exception to the rule, that the second word should be accented on the penult.
Rem. 3. After nt this and HD what?, when followed by Makkeph, a Dagesh forte conjunctive is always found. Rem. 4. After a word accented on the penult and ending in a vowel, a Dagesh forte conjunctive is found in
10
A.
the
word accented
of a monosyllable, or of a
letter
first
OETHOGEAPHY.
on the penult. Rem. 5. Except in the case of
monosyllables con-
*\b,
taining the inseparable prepositions, do not take a forte
The conjunction Waii never
conjunctive.
Dagesh
Rein.
6.
a.
When
is preceded by a sometimes sounds apparent doubling is
a liquid, or Kof,
ear
the
as
if
This
doubled.
it
denoted by a point called Dagesh forte dirimens, or parative, b.
a
forte.
vowel and followed by a half-vowel, to
Dagesh takes
e. g.,
"Day for
se-
%neve.
Similar to this doubling
is
the doubling of a liquid
pronouns and at the end of a sentence to bring out with distinctness the sound of the vowel preceding them, e. g., man, &in.
in certain
Rem.
Since a final letter cannot
7.
gesh forte, the sign of doubling, letters. In cases like PIK and exceptions),
it is
final e mnet,
Rem. or
8.
general
doubled, written.
is
doubled, Da-
be
never fouud in
]j\rii
final
only apparent
(the
probable, that a half-vowel, like the French
was pronounced
after the Tau.
When
a letter, which according to the form
usage
should
be doubled, ceases to be thus
when read, it ceases to take a Dagesh forte, when The student must keep in mind, that the Hebrew
system of signs was an attempt to reproduce to the eye the sounds which were patent to the ear.
A
letter, like
a guttural, which either had no apparent sound, or was very difficult to pronounce, could not be doubled. liquids,
palatals,
sibilants
and
iv
and
y.
The
cannot, readily
be doubled under any circumstances; and in Hebrew they were commonly not doubled when they were followed by a half-vowel merely. e.g.,
nnnn.
Resh
is
practically never doubled,
VTl for \T1; ttfyp for «6lp;
W&?
for
ttHfl;
nnn
for
A.
OKTHOGEAPHY.
11
LESSON VII. PECULIARITIES OF THE GUTTURALS, The
peculiarities of the gutturals arise
perfectly
obvious,
that
if
from the physical
of pronouncing
or impossibility,
difficulty,
a
them.
It
is
sound cannot be uttered, it the Hebrew Massoretes in-
cannot be doubled. When vented the system of signs which was meant to represent the language as it sounded to them, the gutturals X and
sound entirely; n could not be pronounced end of a syllable; and n could not be doubled. To preserve the roots and forms, and hence the meanings, the Hebrews have resorted to several devices, which are called by grammarians the peculiarities of gutturals.
J>
had
at
lost their
the
When
according to the general usage, the guttural doubled, the vowel preceding it may be heightened, that is, changed from 1 to e, from a to a or e, from u to o. This change is said to be by way of 1.
should have been
Its purpose and effect is to preserve the Hence, the compensative vowels are unchangeable, i. e., exist, whereever the forms require them, e. g., the first vowel in ]Kfi remains in njKp, DWMp; so the Sere of the preformative in Wan*, the a in WHO; the e in "OJfil and nntsri; and the 6 in nrfra and ^Ki\ Rem. In many cases, especially with Heth, the vowel
compensation. form.
not heightened. Since, in such cases, the precedingvowel remains short in an unaccented open syllable, the
is
consonant 2.
The
is
said to be
"implicitly
doubled",
e.
g.,
DHi,
easiest vowels to pronounce along with guttural
sounds are a and a, which are consequently called the guttural vowels. This physiological fact accounts for the so-called preference of the gutturals for the vowel Pathah. This preference
is obvious In the retention of original Pathahs, where in the absence of a guttural, the a has been changed to i or e,
(1)
or
e,
e. g.,
ia?T but bb$\,
^
but
lf?b,
T]ty
but
^Bj?.
:
12
OETHOGEAPHT.
A.
In the adoption of a as the helping vowel instead
(2)
more usual e, Rem. 1. Because
of the
final guttural after
e. g. TV2\.
of the
difficulty
of
a heterogeneous vowel
(i.
pronouncing a e.
after
e,
i,
o,
a helping vowel Pathah in inserted before the Guttural. This Pathah is called Pathah furtive. It does not constitute a syllable, is purely euphonic, and must or
6,
it)
be pronounced between the long vowel and the guttural. It is employed with all the gutturals except Aleph, whose
sound has become entirely quiescent, e. g., n^, FJiiS, J>"1, JTnn, ti^S; but «a% «h(5. Rem. 2. Before a final guttural (except Aleph), the helping vowel is uniformly Pathah; after a medium guttural, it is
always Pathah except in the case of the four words
bnfc,
nnb, DPH and
With
jrfr.
final
Aleph, we find
mi
and *6s.
Rem.
In the
3.
frequently
first
syllable
employed, before
or
of a
word, a Seghol
is
after a guttural, instead
or attenuated from an orisharpened syllable, however, the Hirik In a ginal Pathah. elsewhere, occasionally e. g., "Sin, HgDn, is found and, also, Tjsn:, -on;. fay, But npbn, yaxK, rrpj, nyv, ]i^y, nnj;, of a Hirik whether original,
a:n,
inj;,
3.
nno«.
Instead of a
half,
or
obscure, vowel
denoted by
Shewa, the gutturals are pronounced with a short vowel, either a, i, or o, denoted by the compound Shewas, e. g., D s Bhn. Tin, te«, See Lesson III 5. — it; v,7 In many cases, also, a guttural takes a compound Shewa instead of a simple silent Shewa. "Isytfj-ptiT., ISSn. Rem. 1. compound Shewa coming before a vocal >
.
7
•
1
A
Shewa
changed into the corresponding short vowel, that is, and n to t The vowel preceding this to n to new vowel takes Methegh, e. g., n»J£, IpjrP, HO^\ This change into a short vowel is necessary, because you cannot have a vocal Shewa at the end of a syllable, nor two of them at the beginning of one. E. g., FlDg*, *pttP, and n»sn is ..
_,
..,
.
are impossible, according to the rules for syllables.
A.
Rem.
OETHOGEAPHT.
13
All the gutturals prefer Hateph-Pathah.
2.
But
an Aleph when in the Hateph-Seghol. In the case of "HIS, "OK and "ON, the choice of the Hateph is determined by the original vowels a and with the tone,
syllable
When
ti.
not
the tone
in
syllable,
Aleph
prefers
also prefers
Hateph-Pathah. 4.
The Hebrews being unable vowel
tened the quired
preceding
doubling,
its
e. g.,
it,
to double r, have heighwhenever the form re-
rns, K"]2, *^!a.
Rem. On account of the difficulty of pronouncing r, the Hebrews frequently use a before it, where the other letters except gutturals would have e, or 1 Before a final accented syllable, the original a
r in au
e instead of e in the case of
LESSON
iP-r
A.
is
heightened to
"iin.
VIII.
FEEBLENESS OF ALEPH AND HE,
#r
1. At the end of a syllable, Aleph is commonly written show the root, but is otherwise ordinarily treated as existent, i. e., it does not take a Shewa, nor a if non Pathah furtive, nor a Pathah before it; and the Begadh'
to
kefath letter after
Rem. be y. its
otiant,
Rem.
it
are aspirated,
e. g.,
At
2.
Rem. syllables
e. g.,
Ktpn,
&$% is
$*$.
said to
kt, Vf%
"IDS,
is
treated like any
other
b$l, *b»l.
In exceptional cases,
3. is
r\fr6a,
the beginning of a syllable, Aleph retains
true consonantal force and
guttural,
e. g.,
Final Aleph preceded by a Shewa
1.
Aleph
at the
end of
treated like firm consonants and receives silent
TlNX In many cases, Aleph throws back its vowel to the preceding consonant, the Aleph then quiescing in its own vowel. Or, speaking perhaps more correctly, it is still written to show the root, but is ignored utterly as to sound, e. g., WptiT) for D^«"!, n3*6» for rDl^O. Shewa,
e. g.,
Rem.
4.
14
OETHOGEAPHY.
A.
Rem. 5. In like manner, also, Aleph sometimes throws back the half-vowel following it, so that it combines with a preceding short vowel to form a, 6, or e. In the case of "'i'lfrO (and nirpl which is pronounced Wd'dhdndy) the halfvowel is dropped and the Aleph quiesces in the preceding b%8) for ^iT; iO«^ for iDNb. vowel, e. g., 7?K for »*pp Rem. 6. In a few cases, Aleph is dropped, or its place even taken by another vowel letter, e. g, 1»^ for "ittKK; t
S
;
Dn
for DK"1; 1D10 for IDtfB.
Rem.
In a few
7.
Aleph has been employed
cases,
apparently as a vowel letter; or superfluously, at the end of a e. g.,
2.
word, perhaps in imitation of DKJ2 (ordinarily Dj?)
He
is
Arabic usage,
the
Ktobn ordinarily without Aleph.
;
always treated as a consonant, except at the
end of a word. At the end of a word, it is usually nothing but a vowel letter; but, when it is used as a consonant, is
a point in
takes
it
it
the suffix "her",
Rem.
1.
e. g.,
The He
r\f?ft,
rfyl,
Final
called Mappik,,
a consonant only when a radical, or when
n%
T&Z.
He
it
represents
But
nsbtt, rfra.
of the article after the inseparable
and the He of the Hiphil, Hophal, Niphal, and Hithpael, stems of the verb after preformatives, throw back their vowel and are dropped, or absorbed, e. g., ]?5
prepositions,
for ]arQ;
Rem.
b^l 2.
for ^fcJpJT; bv$\ for blgQXp.
The He
ing u being contracted to 3rd.
dropped,
Rem.
masc.
plural
IS^tt for
e. g.,
3.
In
6.
and
The He fern,
is
common Rem. Aramaic
rf?3;
4.
\3H for the
In
a
few
*0#
often
more common
other
cases,
for the ordinary
Wau
e. g., "6a for
influence, the vowel letter
e. g.,
of
or
1
few cases, the original
a
suffix
absorbed,
of the
malkahii; D3 ?)? for malkahem.
remains at the end of the word,
Aleph,
pronominal
usually dropped, the preceding a and the follow-
suffix is
the
3rd. masc. sing,
of the
or
flSTl.
apparently
He
Yodh
the more
is
through
supplanted by
ni^ from Hi^\
A.
1.
At
changed
15
Bf FEEBLENESS OF WAU AND YODH.
^
After an
for lb\\
inseparable
junctive, a vowelless to
form 3.
Yodh
preposition, or
a
Wau
con-
contracts with a preceding Hirik
i.
When
occurring as a radical at the end of a word,
Wau
and Yodh are usually rejected, by the vowel letter He, but (2) occasionally, Wau and Yodh remain being changed into and \ the corresponding vowels 4. At the beginning or end of a syllable in the middle of a word, Wau and Yodh are commonly contracted with the vowel of the syllable to which they belong, so that the contractions of w and y may be tabulated as follows: aw 6 as in Dv from yawm. aw 6 as in l!?a from galaw. wa 6 as in D1j?i from nakwam. awa 6 as in Dtp from kawam. awa 6 as in Q1j?n from hikkawam. [e as in "^D from susay. J ~~ 1e as in rD^fl from taglayna. aya = 6 as in D1fcy from say am. ayi a as in ti& from sayim. yi = i as in D"^ from yasyim.
two cases occur
(1),
their place being taken
}
= = = = =
1
=
= = wi = iw = uw = wti = awu = uwu =
D^^ from yasyim.
yi
i
as in
ry
i
as in pi
i
as in D^jV from yakwim.
i
as in NT? from yiwra=
u as u as u as
in
from diyn.
TW from
suwr.
from yakwiim. in 1^3 from galawu. u as in >by from yagluwu in Dip}
(?).
J
16
OETHOGEAPHY.
A.
LESSON
IX.
THE TONE. Commonly, the tone
1.
Sometimes, however,
-
upon the antepenult,
Rem. must be
"D",
"rfyh,
1^3.
When a closed penult is accented, the ultimate open. When a closed ultimate is unaccented the 1.
Waw
2.
e. g.
nips ^j? ^13. by the Imperfect,
bi\
e. g.,
followed
conversive,
draws
occasionally penult,
upon the ultimate. upon the penult; but never
^bj5,
e. g.,
penult must be open,
Rem.
is
it is
1fi«'»l,
accent from the ultimate to the
the
DJ#1,
ti&%
tift'%
'jffy.
Rem. 3. a. A word usually accented on the ultimate, when it happens to be in close connection with a following word accented on the penult, sometimes throws its own accent back to
In such cases, the vowel of the
penult.
its
final closed syllable is
commonly shortened; except
of Sere, which should, however, receive a Methegh.
a Makkef
ever
accent above).
See
e,
connected
with
accent of the
the two words,
(Compare V.
2
the
and VI. 2
f.
Whenever the second word
b.
See
inserted between
is
always thrown back.
is
in case
Where-
first
an accented monosyllable word by Makkef, the thrown back to the ultimate. is
preceding
the
word
is
h.
end of a sentence, the vowel heightened. See k. Rem. 1 a. This heightening is usually based upon the original short vowel, i. e. a becomes a or e, ti becomes o, and i becomes e, e. g., ^K)j3 from bttJ5; I^bj?? from ^tPj?!!; •1*6b from tt6», p,« from p«; n.S from "pS; tjVnJV from In pause, that
is,
of the tone syllable,
if
2.
^nJV See m,
at the
short,
is
s.
from an i from "J? in the case of yaiN the original c. Exceptionally, as short vowel remains unheightened. See 1.
But sometimes the attenuated from an original b.
,MJ^'
e
is
heightened,
1
a,
e. g.,
15ft
!!-
A.
Rem.
In pause,
2.
See
^jnfc.
Rem.
ORTHOGKAPHY.
becomes
*ja
17
tja;
In pause, the accent
rwN becomes
e. g.,
from the penult to the ultimate, See o. p.
Rem.
npiS; or con-
^5
e. g.,
becomes
Sometimes an original consonant, as well as heightened), is retained or resumed in
4.
(the
pause,
changed from
often
is
versely,
vowel
sjnh
n.
3.
the ultimate to the penult,
^»5.
and
"$;
*ft,
latter
e. g.,
TJJSl
from original PJ£ for later
tyl.
See
t.
pause for ^bbttf Rem. 5. Singular is the reading also, an original was, from original *P&2&. Perhaps, there "'l-batf
in
form f63$, which would in pause properly become *Pb2$. ,
See
u.
6. An a preceding a Heth with Karnes is heightened to Seghol. Thus ^8 becomes in pause 7]N; Dni;v becomes DHin\ See v.
Rem.
LESSON
X.
Qf s~^z&-
J&
THE CHARACTER OF THE VOWELS. A.
GENERAL REMARKS.
The original vowels in Hebrew seem number and all pure. They were
been only and a, i, ii, pronounced as the vowels of at, it, but and baa, een, and shoo. These original pure vowels were liable to the followsix in
to have a,
1,
u,
ing changes. 1.
Obscuring.
This
is
the term employed to denote
the change of the original pure a or
aa to a or 2.
to
i,
3.
1
to
e,
u to
o;
and
o.
Attenuation, which denote the change of original a e. g.,
tej£ from bto%\
change of original and of original i to e. e. g.
Heightening which denote the
a to a or
p«, pN,
e; of original
flN;
volves obscuring
bv$l,
u to btatfli
o;
DK, nx.
This heightening
and lengthening. 2
in-
18
A.
4 Lowering
is
ORTHOGKAPHY.
the opposite of heightening and involves
obscuring and shortening of the original pure short vowels, until they
become indistinguishable one from another. This is represented by Shewa. It may be com-
obscure vowel
pared to the obscure vowel of Webster's Dictionary, e. g., from "15"!!, fyp£ from &$?top\
attenuated and then height-
in the ultimate of 7t2p.
contracted to 6, as in UV from DV; or to e, as from ^y_. An 6 from contraction occasionally is changed further into u as in JTiOlpi from Dlpl (6) It is attenuated to i, then heightened to e, and then shortened to e, as in ijV*!. This may be called a case (5) It is
in \TJJ
of obscuration. 5.
Original
(1)
i
remains as in the penult of "HBp and
of sjyft.
heightened to
(2) Is
e,
as in the penult of 1BD
and the
ultimate of \k\
lowered to the half-vowel, as under
(3) Is
the
first
radical of D^IBp, and under the second radical of ^fi\
obscured into Seghol in
(4) Is
obscuration of
i
takes place also,
tenuated from an original Is
(5)
diyn,
tPty)
a,
~]F\
"]5
when the
and i
''p'pn.
This
has been at-
as in the penult of
DD^ptsp.
contracted with y to form i, as in 'j'H from from yasyim; and with w to form i, as in D"^
from yakwim. 6.
Original u
(1)
remains,
as
the penult of
in
)r6t^,
bBg, and nap. (2) Is
Bhj3; ifta (3)
Is
heightened to
o,
as in bbfi]
from ^3; 6x?B from lowered to the
from
^Bp!!;
$"$ from
"6j$.
half-vowel,
as
in
^tppl
from
yaktulu.
obscured to o, as in ^topl, Dltop^, "^3. Is contracted with w to form u, as in DID from
(4) Is (5)
pip; Dip;
from
Dip? etc.
2*
20
OETHOGKAPHY.
A.
C.
The
1.
GENERAL REMARKS.
originally long vowels are always
The change from aa
in inflection.
to
a,
or
unchangeable 6, which has
always taken place does not affect any of the present
Nor do
found in the Bible.
as
flections
6
and a
in-
inter-
change nor vary in inflection. 2. Yowels which arise by contraction are almost always unchangeable. Sometimes, we find both the uncontracted and the contracted combinations in use, e. g., in
maivt, c
the absolute state,
ayn, in the absolute state is
In
certain
p.JJ
the construct HID;
in the construct
an 6 passes over into
cases,
nnifilpi instead of
fi}» in
is
fjj.
e. g.,
1,
in
nniDlpl
In the closed and sharpened syllables, immediately before the tone, the vowel usually remains unchanged in inflection, e. g., in the penult of bb$\ Tlfito, ]r6t£\ But notice that in the Piel form of the verb, the perfect is ^>t2J? and the Infinitive construct and other forms have b®p_. 4. The originally short vowels in all open syllables, are 3.
subject to heightening, lowering, obscuring, et cet. accord-
ing to the presence, absence, or nearness of the tone, or stress of voice.
In the originally closed syllables, a may be i and u may be obscured.
attenuated or obscured, and
5. In all cases of heightening, or lowering, there may be a reversion to the original vowel, (or its obscured form) or a change from one to the other. Thus one may have
or
, :
.
^Bjj; n$, 6.
(1)
,
..
t
or
,
m
or
Q
For example:
'
t
"friajp,
^J?,
TW, TIN, TIN; Z% \TN, DDITN; bb$\ ^tpjT, D^t^. In the syllable before the tone an original a is
often heightened into a, (2)
x
e. g.,
in ^BJ3, 1ZX,
Sometimes, an original a
able before the tone to
e,
e.
g.,
is
&*
%$"6fcj3,
^13.
heightened in the
syll-
in TIN,
Sftil,
*TIN,
nntan
nnna. (3)
Sometimes,
the
tone into e,
and
lp|.
an e.
g.,
original in
i
forms
is
heightened
like
2lb,
before
and JTpS,
f>
ORTHOGRAPHY.
A.
original u have been heightened
Very seldom, an
(4)
before the tone into
as in
o,
Rein. In cases such as fore in
21
s]"l!3.
^3,
and
^"]2>
the vowel be-
T"te,
the tone has been heightened to preserve the form,
asmuch
In
as the r cannot be doubled.
such cases
all
the heightened vowel remains unchanged in the inflection
which
of the particular form,
example,
1J"Q>
O^i O^i
it
helps to constitute.
D ^-?;
1D 1?>
TO>
For
n ?? n-?5 ^H'3
*
nouns BhB (form ^Bj?), nrin (from njn (form nVj?), and nnhtf (for nnn^).
So
Dn?"£l.
B^Sl, nbaj?),
in
LESSON XL CHANGES OF CONSONANTS. 1.
Nun
at
assimilated
to
end of the
the the
Rem..
1.
e. g.,
e
to the
of
the
of course, denoted
is,
preposition
)0
is
often
word following
of the
letter
first
is
it,
topp.
Rem. of
The Nun
a word
of the following syllable,
The doubling
which is thus doubled. by Dagesh forte. assimilated
syllable of
first
letter
first
2.
When
the
first syllable
an inseparable preposition, the
VU ?
ends in Nun, because
Nun
is
not assimilated,
1
g.,
t\llb.
Rem. 3. "When the Nun is followed by a guttural, or which cannot be doubled, the Nun may either remain, or be dropped, and the vowel before it heightened. This vowel will then be unchangeable in the further inflection of the form, e.g., nrr, mr£; "Vfsn-]a; ^no.
r,
Rem.
4.
Occasionally,
especially dentals,
Rem. it
5.
Nun
In the verb
before
also,
unassimilated, JHi
to give,
ends the penultimate syllable
letter of the ultimate,
Rem. a
is
Nun
6.
e. g.,
Where Nun
is
riJii
at the
other e. g.,
consonants, ""ibi\
the last Nun,
assimilated to the
when first
for fiiro.
end of a syllable precedes same word,
at the beginning of a syllable of the
22 the
A.
Nun Rem.
the
written but once,
is
by Dagesh
ORTHOGRAPHY.
forte,
7.
Lamedh
e. g.,
doubling being denoted
its
}3ni
In the Imperfect Kal of the verb Tlpb to take, is assimilated, when at the end of a syllable,
Nun
exactly as the
of
Pe Nun
verbs,
e. g.,
Pij?
s
=inj5\
.,
sometimes assimilated to the following In nntf letter, especially when that letter is a dental. one, the 1 of JjnnK has been dropped before the followTau,
2.
also, is
ing n.
When
two Taus come together
Dagesh
written and receives 3.
He
In a few cases,
wards,
e.,
i.
to the letter
is
one only
in inflection,
forte,
e. g.,
^"TS for
,|
is
flrtt3.
said to be assimilated back-
preceding
it,
in ^pb'Qp for
e. g.,
^t?£n for ^n^Bpn. 4. Such letters as Aleph, Yodh (Wau), Lamedh, and Nun, are sometimes dropped, when they would have but a half vowel after them, e. g., ttm for ttnaK; JH for JTT; np_ iinnbttj?;
#a for ato; rr$ for rnjn.
for npb-,
The vowel
5. a.
of the
thrown back on the 1
quiescing, b.
In
e. g.,
like
weak
letter
letter
Aleph
which precedes
is
it,
frequently
the Aleph
t
rifcOj? ?
for n«"|(3 p.
manner He, when
it
represents the article,
its vowel and ^fch for "^EH ?; and ^tpj?^ for
or a preformative of the verb, throws back
disappears altogether, ^tt]3Q\
Radical
even in
Is.
probably never thus disappears, not
52 14. :
When Aleph
is written and neither preceded nor by a vowel, it is said to be otiant. It serves in such cases to show the root, e. g., NV1, tftpn, wa. d. Sometimes an Aleph is prefixed, especially before sibilants, to help us to pronounce the word, e. g., JTTUN instead of J>1"tt. This Aleph is called prosthetic Aleph. Compare the prefixed Alpha of the Ionic dialect in Greek and the Aleph prosthetic of the Arabic. 6. When the Tau of the Hithpael stem comes before When the a sibilant, the two letters are transposed. sibilant is Sadhe, the Tau is not merely transposed but c.
followed
X
He
1
e. g.,
OETHOGRAPHY.
23
See n and Etymology, Lessons
X
A.
changed and XII.
to Teth.
is
Rem. In the only case, where a verb beginning with Zain occurs in the Hithpael in Hebrew, the Tau is assimilated and the Zain doubled.
LESSON
XII.
THE RISE OF NEW VOWELS AND SYLLABLES. 1.
When
a particle with
Shewa
prefixed to a
is
word
whose first radical has a simple Shewa, the particle commonly takes a Hiriq, so as to enable us to pronounce the since three consonants cannot_occur_at_the be-
syllable;
ginning of a syllable*
Rem.
If the
1.
the preceding Hiriq,
^b.
letter
Yodh
vowelled Yodh, the
Rem.
e. g.,
first
e. g.,
\T1, "•O^.
Sometimes, after the preposition Lamedh, the
2.
consonant of the word loses
first
able beginning with
When
2.
word was an unShewa and quiesces in
of the
loses its
the
Lamedh
first
its half-vowel,
syllable
takes
corresponding
the
sylle. g.,
word begins with
a
of
a guttural with a compound Shewa, ticle
the
thus becoming closed,
the inseparable par-
short
vowel,
e.
g.,
"HK1,
ojja, tet6.
Rem.
Sometimes, in such cases, the particle seems
1.
to have taken (or retained) the vowel corresponding to the
compound Shewa, and then the compound Shewa has been changed
to
a silent one,
preformatives,
Rem. to live,
the rrrn,
2.
the
first
vm,
e. g.,
^JBHi, "IOTP,
To be noted are first
syllable nfiJD.
A
Before an unVowelled Yodh, the conjunction receives a rliriq, in which the Yodh quiesces, or rather, with which it contracts to form i, e. g., ^PPI for 7P1. (4)
B.
Wau
The rpn
27
receives Hiriq, also, before some forms of
to he, e. g., VH), see
Lesson
XL VI.
Before the accented syllable, even when
(5)
with a labial, the e. g.,
ETYMOLOGY.
Wau
vW), yntfj, atfnj,
tjj,
3.
it
often receives a pretonic
begins
Qames,
••flej.
THE ARTICLE.
(1) The definite article He, which perhaps is derived from an original Hal, takes ordinarily the vowel Pathah, the following consonant being doubled, perhaps on account
of the assimilated
I
of the original Hal.,
e. g.,
^sn.v
(2) When, however, the consonant following the article has a half-vowel after it (denoted, of course, by Shewa), it is frequently not doubled, especially if this consonant
m, or n, e. g., WpVj, be Yodh, or one of the liquids n^*6n, rattan, rbnan. Rem. When followed by T\ or y, an unvowelled Yodh, or Mem, is doubled, e. g., mTil, ffTJJJfJ, b^fin, nmnfin. I,
Mem
is
doubled, also, in
many
other cases,
e. g.,
nilNftn,
D^ban, niopsn. Lamedh, also, is doubled in niDtf'pn. (3) Before the gutturals and Resh, which cannot be doubled, the article takes the following pointings. a. Before Aleph and Resh, the Pathah is always heightened to Qames, e. g., D«n, bzyi, D^KH, OWE?. b. Before He, there are three usages.
2.
Pathah commonly remains, e. g. 8)nr\, ^^n, )1inn. Pathah is heightened to Qames, e. g., "inn, DHn,
3.
Pathah
1.
He
the
Qames, c.
heightened to Seghol, but only when
e. g.,
2.
is
followed by a pretonic
rrnn, jibnn, nnnn.
Before Heth, there are, 1.
also,
three usages.
Pathah commonly remains, e.g., ^nn, KBnn, HS'inn. Pathah is heightened to Qames (very infrequent), >hri.
e. g.,
3.
the
is
following the article
Pathah
is
heightened to Seghol, but only when
Heth has Qames,
or
Hatef- Qames,
e.
g.,
$"jnO>
28
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
mi^nrt, vHH, Tin (pausal form for TJ$),
^00
(pausal form
for snrin).
Before Ayin, there are two usages. Ordinarily Pathah is heightened to Qames,
d.
1.
e. g.,
But when the Ayin is followed by pretonic Qames, Pathah in heightened to Seghol, e. g., )ijjn, ISJjn,
2.
the
D-njjn.
When
(4)
preceded by the
vowel of the
comes Qames, mountain,
and
become
f")K "IS
earth (from original ,pN),
young
respectively
hull,
piijn,
3H
"in
pilgrimage,
and
"isn,
inn,
"inn,
Dj;n,
]1"l«n.
When
(5)
with the the
wit:
to
DJJ people,
ark,
]1"1K
the vowel or half-
article,
radical of the following six words be-
first
He
the inseparable prepositions precede a
article,
•
being dropped,
Note
The
1.
word
they assume the pointing of the article, e. g.,
^S3, pK3, 1^JJ3, TM3. no takes the pointings
interrogative
of
^-«t*^^«/
the article, to wit:
1. Before most letters, it is pointed no, being followed by Makkef and the next letter taking Dagesh forte, e. g.,
2. e. g.,
Before Aleph, He, Ayin and Resh no; pnyrrno;
i!Q'»
Note
The
2.
Wau
nfojj
it
takes Qames,
no; n«n no.
conversive with the Imperfect takes
the pointings of the article. 1.
bb$% 2.
Usually Vojpni,
Pathah followed by Dagesh
But before the Aleph
the Pathah
is
e. g.,
of the first person singular
heightened to Qames,
e. g.,
But when Yodh, or Nun, loses nothing but a half-vowel, the Dagesh 3.
tpi, ^pjj,
forte,
^bjm
^
inojn,
bto\>x.
its is
^bjpsj,
^tS^fcO.
vowel and has dropped,
e.
g.,
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
LESSON
29
II.
THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. In pause, "OiK throws the accent back to the penult; changes the Hateph-Pathah to an accented a; ilflK throws the accent to the penult and heightens the a to a; r\« heightens a to a; and ^ini and ^n^N heighten the 1.
\1«
a of the penult to
a.
See tables at end of the book. 2. Shortened forms of the personal pronouns are commonly employed for the genitive and accusative, i. e. for what we call the possessive and objective pronouns. These forms are affixed to the end of the noun, or verb, and are called pronominal suffixes, or simply suffixes. In general, the suffixes for verb and noun are the same, The connection except for the first person singular. between suffixes and independent pronouns is obvious, except in the second person where t changes into k. 3. Note that some of the pronouns have two forms.
INFLECTION OF THE NOUN. A.
The noun
GENEEAL EEMAEKS. Hebrew has
three numbers, singular, D^T dual, and plural, e. g., T hand, two hands, fflT hands. Hem. The adjective has no dual. When the noun is dual the adjective is plural, e. g., niDltsn D^Jnn the two good feet. 2. Nouns and adjectives have two genders, mascu1.
in
—
line
and feminine,
e. g.
31B good, fern. Hilts
;
^"?» king, fern,
nsbl? queen; masc. plur., D^niQ, fern, plur., JTDItl
Nouns and
3.
absolute state, tj"?a
state
only,
may
a king,
The noun is
adjectives
have two forms, called the
and the construct
"sj^sn
state.
The
absolute
stand alone, or take the article, the king,
D^l?
kings,
D^fcn
e.
g.,
the kings.
in the construct never takes the article
and
always followed immediately by another noun in what
30
B.
we would
ETYMOLOGY.
call the genitive case,
the king of
"VJJH "rfyQ
e. g.,
HN'7 *$£ ^ie kings of the land. From the very nature and use of the noun
the city;
construct state,
it is
always as short as possible,
short as the possible changes of the
way
and
X above) will allow.
all
as
syllable,
e. g.,
"\2% Tyj,
as
reversion,
In accordance
with the laws of pronunciation, of derivation, of
and of the
the
e.,
Hebrew vowels by
attenuating, contraction,
of lowering,
(See Orthography Lesson
in i.
frfe, rblTti,
accent
r\b%
are
they can be, and get accents, syllables,
short as
laws of vowel changes, and forms of noun are all preserved Nouns accented on the penult like ybfa are no
intact.
exception to this rule, since
the final vowel
is
inserted
merely to assist in the pronunciation and the a is heightbtip is no exception, since ened with the accent to e. you cannot have a short vowel, other than a, in the ultimate. is, those which were which have been contracted) remain unchanged in inflection. But any vowel which was originally short is subject to changes caused by height-
4.
Naturally
long vowels, (that
originally long, or those
ening, lowering, attenuation, obscuration, reversion, or contraction. 5. There are no endings for the masculine singular. for the abIn the masculine plural the endings are D" 1
.
solute state
and
s .
for the construct.
For the feminine singular the endings are n for the absolute state and n_ for the construct. In the feminine plural the ending
is
m for both states,
e.g.
Hits,
21J3;
D'OIB,
"Oia; rni&, nnitD; rvDita, ninita. 6. In connecting the suffixes with the singular noun two different union vowels are employed, to wit: i and a. The former appears heightened into e in "JJD^D and WWD, ^JIDID and ^fip^D; and contracted into \ in "OlD, "'flDID. The latter in its heightened forms in DD1D, ID'lD and in the pausal form fpID; in its lowered form in Ipto, D2p ID, and )?!?!©; and in its contracted form in 1D1D from IHD^D, and P1D1D from HDID. So, also, in DriDID etc., DSHD^D etc. !
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
31
Rem. The feminine singular simply places n between the masculine form and the suffixes, the a remaining before DD and |D, the so called grave suffixes, and beingheightened to a elsewhere.
The
7.
form of the construct plural masculine
original
ending was
i
.,
contracted later into
remains before the Yodh,
e.
%
g.,
5
contracted into
to
^
,
I*
8.
" ..,
as before n
1
t
,
as in l©
1
This original
...
as before
and
*J;
© from
The feminine
or
*
to, .,
D3,
)3,
*_
given to
But, before the other suffixes
T© ©.
is
into
^
a helping vowel Hiriq being
i
.
and )H; or for ^WD; or,
Dil,
as in "©ID
VD1D from in© ©. 1
plural inserts the construct ending of
the masculine between
it
and the suffixes with the same if it were the masculine, e. g.,
contractions and results, as
73b«, IT©;©, spjnbw, oynbra. B. 1.
To many forms
SPECIAL REMARKS. of
words ending
in vowels, the suffixes
are appended directly. 2.
Sometimes,
VTi
was joined with the noun by means no contraction takes place, e. g.,
of Sere, in which case 1
iru ©, *rni«. 3.
The
following unusual
written instead of
T
..
for tp
1
;
to t
for
to
forms are to be noted: ri as in toVs 10 for DH and ..,
;
;
.
LESSON III. THE INFLECTION OF UNCHANGEABLE NOUNS. A B MASCULINE. 1. By an unchangeable masculine noun is meant one whose absolute singular form remains unchanged before
all endings.
Rein. is
1.
In a few cases, where the singular of the noun
unchangeable, the plural in use has been formed from an
earlier uncontracted e. g.,
form or possibly from another singular,
110 contracted from 1 1tf, plural f
tf"!Jtf;
TJ>,
B'HJJ.
32
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
One may
2.
(1)
treat as unchangeable
All monosyllables having in the absolute singular
an i, or an ii; and those in a, e and o which are derived from roots whose second radical is Wau, or Yodh, e. g., Sn, ym, DJ?, 1)1, ^n and *)1D. Also forms like ^D3, 2112, Also 2K] 1122, whose first radical was originally i or ii. wolf.
plural of some nouns with a masculine form
Rem. The
has the feminine form,
e. g.,
the noun in such cases
Whether
pin, fflSVl; nil, ninil.
is
really masculine, or feminine,
can be determined only by observing whether the verbs and adjectives agreeing with it are masculine or feminine, e.g., n^rnn ntoipsn; n^lan rmiiMftj; but nmitsn ninnn. (2) Dissyllables, having a naturally long vowel in the ultimate and the first syllable closed, e. g., p^S, 1125, ]lVn, n2B, and \Vlt*, fltfKI, )1"in», 11BJ13, 11pB, 11»V_,
Wp%
1fcJ"D.
When
Rem.
the second radical of such forms was
a guttural, or Resh, the preceding vowel
and remains unchangeable, and D^pn.D. (3)
Words
prefore
%
e.
g.,
is
heightened
EhB, D"HD, plural D^BhB
ending in a guttural take compound Shewa and )2, e. g. *jmi, *$1, a2rp2, TO&. In
D2
pause, *jnn etc.
Rem.
Ability
1.
unchangeable
to
will only
ledge of the original
whether a
tell
final
a or
o
is
come in two ways (1) by a knownoun form and (2) by observation
A
thorough knowledge of the first of comes only from a study of comparative Semitics; a knowledge of the second can be gained from a good Hebrew concordance, provided that the Bible happens to contain a form, like the construct plural, which commonly requires a change. With all the means at our of the actual use.
these ways
disposal, there
Rem. to
t
2.
is
still
room
at times for doubt.
In the adjective
before all endings,
e. g.,
JJ1
D^JJI.
the vowel
is
heightened
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
33
D FEMININE.
C
1. By an unchangeable feminine noun is meant one which changes the sufformative of gender only in inflection, WD, ffl— DID. e. g., n,— DID, Rem. 1. In the case of the singular of the noun before
n—
the
other suffixes,
Rem.
retained all
DDHD^D, but inDID.
e. g.,
The feminine
2.
is
the a being heightened to a before
)D,
changeable for
ending n.
original feminine
the
suffixes,
before DD and
all states
plural
and
nouns
of these
in all inflections,
is
e. g.,
un-
niD^D,
1THD1D, D3TI1D1D. 2.
Among
unchangeable feminine nouns
may be reckoned
the following: (1)
forms,
The feminine forms e. g., !TO|?,
nnaa), rnisn, (2)
n»w
(from
unchangeable masculine
of all
nno, rnia, HDID,
,TVtf, nj^TO, T\T\T\
Those whose second radical
feminine ending,
e. g.,
(harravah
rvpjg).
n*?3,
HErt,
is
nj?n,
doubled before the
H^DD, nVnfl.
Rem. When
the second radical is a guttural, or Resh, preceding consonant takes a heightened unchangeable the vowel, (3)
in
e. g.,
nns, rnj;o.
Those whose third radical
is
doubled before endings
order to preserve the original form,
e. g.,
nj?DS>,
nacj?,
nabs.
Rem.
When
preceding vowel
(4)
All
changeable,
mno, rnwo,
the is
third
additional e.
g.,
rns»,
Rem. The a
radical
dissyllables
nVna, njp.i, nywf\,
nnw, of
is
a
njgfl,
JYlba
the
guttural,
heightened and unchangeable,
e.
g.,
whose penult is unrr% n$|, ma^s, nn«o
nwEfei.
remains unchanged both in the
construct and before suffixes,
e. g.
^»n n^J
1
?,
"'jhn^S.
34
B ETYMOLOGY.
s*'
-
J
LESSON IV. MASCULINE NOUNS "WHICH HAD ORIGINALLY TWO SHORT VOWELS BOTH CHANGEABLE. may be observed
It
1.
for
rule
nouns
all
is,
first
of all that the general
that they are as long as possible
and as short as possible in the is here meant as long and as short as the rules of the Hebrew language for syllables and vowel changes will allow. Thus, for example, in the case of "D^ word, the original davar becomes in the ab-
in
absolute
the
construct.
By
state,
possible,
made as long make it. In the construct a word of one syllable and the
solute state davar, each vowel having been
as
it is
possible in
Hebrew
to
becomes d e var, shortest possible form in which the combination of consonants can be pronounced; and yet at the same time, the original form is perfectly clear, the a of the ultimate having been retained (or recovered by reversion), and the state,
a,
it
of the penult lowered.
In the case of the plural,
also,
D'H^ is Hebrew rule
the absolute
as long as possible in accordance with the
which permits of the heightening of but one vowel before the tone and of the other rule which forbids a short vowel in an open unaccented syllable. Note. D" "!^ would have been equally in harmony with But the heightening of the second the rule above given. original vowel before the primary accent is a characterThis variation istic of the verb, as in ^tpj? from katalii. between the noun and the verb in regard to the vowel heightened is probably for the sake of differentiation. The construct plural was originally dav&ray. The final ay contracts to \., the ultimate a, is lowered, and the ori1
ginal penultimate a *
No
is
either retained, or attenuated to
rule can be given as to
tained and
when
when
the original a
is
1*.
to be re-
See Stade's Hebraische Grammatik, where a complete induction of examples is made without any reason for the difference in use being found. attenuated.
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
The student
will
that
himself,
see for
35 impossible
is
it
of the original vowels have
and yet all been retained, the last contracted, the next lowered and
to shorten H^T,
the
is
attenuated.
first 2.
In the construct singular of nouns whose last radical
Aleph, the ultimate a
is
heightened to
because a
a,
short vowel cannot stand at the end of a word; and the
Aleph here having in
lost all
consonantal form, the a must
consequence be heightened,
When
K^-
e. g.,
it takes a compound Shewa wherever other consonants would take a simple
3.
Shewa,
e. g.,
a guttural,
a radical
is
pV, nm,
D3J>t2h.
Note, that the plural
of
nouns which had originally
one short vowel, is the same as the ordinary plural of nouns which had originally two short vowels, e. g., 1J>3, D'Hili, *KJj| from like just from (originally na'r), "IJJJ TJJfl ,
ini (originally naliar). 4.
A
few nouns which had originally two short a vowels,
final consonant before sufformatives and suffixes, instead of heightening and lowering the original vowels,
double the
e. g.,
5.
qatan becomes D^Bj?,
Nouns which had
^taj?,
tt£l?>
originally the
rili^jp
form
etc.
Kattil, heighten
both vowels in the absolute state, e. g., ipl The only construct singular of this form found in the Bible is )bjp. Before sufformatives and suffixes of this form, the vowel of the ultimate is retained in its original state, and the last consonant is doubled,
Rem. When the
e.
g. rnj?J,
last consonant
is
D^i,
llRi etc.
a guttural, or Resh,
is heightened by way of compensation. This heightened o remains in all forms before sufformatives and
the u
suffixes, 6.
e. g.,
rnhaJ, Clhtf, nnfttf.
Nouns whose vowels were
original a
both vowels in the absolute singular,
e. g.,
—
i,
heighten
The
)J5T.
con-
but sometimes like ]\>], Before all light *6o. like and with final Aleph 1JV, suffixes both for singular and plural, the form is 1|M; and also before all sufformatives for gender and number, struct singular is
generally like
3*
36
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
except the construct plural,
—
and here also sometimes,
when the third radical is Aleph. Rem. The adjective 1H« retains the
a of the penult
unheightened in the absolute singular, both masculine and feminine, but in the plural, it becomes Hatef-Pathah, e. g.,
anna, nnriK.
rrinK,
LESSON
Y.
SEGHOLATE NOUNS. nouns which take a helping two conwhether these nouns should be called segholates, sonants originally more feminine, had one or or or be masculine, the word, however, for Most grammarians use vowels. In
broadest sense,
its
all
vowel e to aid in the pronunciation of the last
nouns which had originally one short vowel, and even without regard to the question as to whether the helping vowel is really a Seghol at all. In this and the following lessons, we shall treat of nouns which had originally one short vowel and of the changes which this vowel has
undergone in process of time, through heightening, attenuation, contraction etc.
The
class of nouns which had originally one composed of those nouns which had a after While the noun still had its case enthe first radical. dings, this would be for the nominative malJcu, for the 1.
first
short vowel
genitive
is
maXki,
for
the
accusative
malka.
case endings were dropped, the a was
ened to
e
radical.
When
commonly
these
height-
and a helping vowel was given to the second is commonly e, e. g., mdlk
This helping vowel
becomes ybfa. 2. But when the second radical is a guttural, the a after the first radical is retained and the helping vowel, also, is a, e. g., 1JJ1
the original a is
a,
e. g.,
jni.
is
When
the third radical
heightened to
e,
is
a guttural
but the helping vowel
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
3.
The construct
4.
Before
is
the same as the absolute.
the singular has the form malk,
But when the second, or
1
t
ES? ?!?.
13 p»,
e. g.,
singular
suffixes
all
37
third, radical
a guttural, the following variations occur.
is
Where
(1)
strong
the
gutturals take a
have vocal Shewa the Mint, ITXtt, D'HDn.
letters
compound Shewa,
e. g.,
Wherever the presence of a guttural would cause Shewa to come before another Shewa, the compound Shewa is changed into the corresponding short (2)
a compound vowel,
e. g.,
CD-#i, *pW-
Where
(3)
the
first
or second radical
Pathah occurs under the plural,
e. g.,
first
a guttural,
is
radical in the
construct
HDD, *B«.
Notice especially that the plurals of nouns of this are exactly the same as if the nouns had had originally two short vowels, i. e., they are exactly like those 5.
class
Lesson IV,
in
Original form „
,
.
e. g., ,w
u
davar
U11
malk
of singular
Absolute
Construct
„
With light suff.
w, u
hakam
hasd
nar
nahar
^a
DDn
non
in;
-ijn
D^rn orsba ns- o'pa
D^aan
nnni nn:
nnj^
^sn
Dnaq npn
rnij
vasn
l-ron
nnj
*njn
-q^
sing.
plural
„
,
vo^a
njtt
Withgravesuff.DDnn^.DD^a DD^Dn DD^DH DD^rn Dr"Wl Rem. D'HlPj; twenty is formed from "ifefj; tew ('asr) by appending the plural ending to the original form of the singular, a being changed to e on account of the guttural. D^arn mercy, is formed in like manner from Drn. So, Vani
7m
mercy. 6.
The
original fiyim,
e.
dual, however, is formed regularly from the form malk by appending the ordinary dual ending n^bo, rsVa, VSte, DD^B. Also D^:n, D^?i, g.,
Bern.
1.
When
the second radical
compound Shewa under it. Rem. 2. Of unusual formation, from rbl.
is
is
a guttural,
it
takes
the dual DIJ"?^ doors
38
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
Before
7.
a
original
When
is
to be thus
is
it
and
suffixes,
in
the construct plural, the
often attenuated to Hiriq,
changed
is
e. g.,
1J?$B, ^UtB.
a matter of observation,
since no rule seems to cover the cases of change. 8. In pauses, the a, (or e), of the penult of both singular and dual is heightened to a, e. g., "nn, B^W. When the first letter of the singular is Heth with Qames, the article takes Seghol, e. g., Tinn but linn. :
:
9. The inseparable prepositions may take a pretonic Qames before a segholate in the absolute state without
the article,
e. g.,
n^ib.
When pK
10.
original a to
a,
earth takes the article,
e. g.,
VlfcfC
1
heightens the
it
*
LESSON VI '
NOUNS WHICH HAD ORIGINALLY A SHORT The second
I
OR
U.
of nouns
with one short vowel 1. In the consists of those which had originally a short i. singular before suffixes, this i commonly remains; but elsewhere
it is
heightened to
Hem. Where forms with
The
2.
sists of
class
the
suffixes,
first
e,
e. g.,
radical
is
"HBD but 1BD.
a guttural the
commonly obscured
is
to
e,
e. g.,
i,
in
^n,
third class of nouns with one short vowel con-
those which had originally a vowel
commonly obscured
to
o
in
u.
This u
is
closed syllables, and height-
ened too in open syllables, e. g., 11jp2, *lj?i; but exceptionally When the second radical is a remains as in iTHa. Before grave guttural it takes Hatef-Qames, e. g., "6PB.
u
suffixes this
narily
radical ty.'s,
Hatef-Qames becomes
In both of these
3.
e. g.,
ES^B. vowel
is
ordi-
but when the second or third a guttural, the helping vowel is a, e. g., n?i,
Seghol, is
o,
classes, the helping
e. g.,
Bh$>;
nifc.
4. When the third radical is a guttural, it takes compound Shewa, where other consonants take simple Shewa, e. g.,
ddjjsx
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
5.
Singular
39
the noun Ntpn whose final letter
is
is
otiant.
Its plural construct is ^tan.
The
6.
plural absolute of nouns in
like
above.)
The construct
under the
first
of those
plurals
the
exactly
plural, however,
Where
1.
construct plural, 2.
has
the
whose
for those
first,
ordinarily
1
original vowel
or second, radical
nouns whose original vowel was
Rem.
commonly
is
ti
(See lesson V.
a.
radical for nouns whose original vowel was
1; and o obscured from u was ti.
Rem.
and
1
in
1,
obscured
a guttural,
is
it
to e in the
e. g.,
tyy. In the plural of
kuds, the original
ti
ti?~p
from
obscured to o
is
stirs
and
from
tiHj?
retained under the
radical; in the plural of bn'H from 'tihl, it is heightened to o. The resultant forms are D"Bhtf, D^Bhj?, D^ntjt. In the plural of tJHh from hudi-s, it is lowered to the compound Shewa and we get as a result CPBhn. first
Note: But with the article we find:
and with
and
suffixes VBftj?
D^ttftfPiJ
and D^Kfl;
PBhj?, *pBhj3, v k^> VjSft
Dut
(
once ^3$$).
LESSON
VII.
NOUNS WITH MIDDLE, OR LAST, RADICAL WAIT OR YODH. 1. In the absolute singular, some nouns with middle Yodh, preserve the original a under the first radical and
give the helping vowel r.K,
n:i, rri,
Rem.
1.
tracts into suffixes, e.
Rem.
e, g.,
2.
The
plurals are found,
e. g.,
3.
(dual )V$,
11-'
e. g.,
b\8,
Ti the ay con-
all of these,
in the singular before
plurals are of great variety, rtiX%
Rem.
second radical,
to the
which is unchangeable nn, im, osnn.
D^a, mb*b,
D^rn,
1
Wj, \& ty, )± r& Iu the construct of
D^g), wh)n. Y% an ^ T3-
e. g.,
D
,t
?
,
«,
Of some, no
In sporadic cases the contraction took place
even in the absolute singular and the noun became un-
changeable,
e. g.,
TT\ (See
Lesson III above).
40
Rem.
4.
original a is
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
fc^a
absolute
the
iu
singular
and the Aleph becomes
otiant.
preserves
The
the
construct
tra.
Rem.
an unaccented
night usually takes
b'h
5.
~ t
at
the end of the absolute singular.
Nouns with middle Yodh whose original vowel was the i and Yodh into unchangeable i and
2. i
contracted
come under lesson -i^p,
3.
in
III, e.g..
Nouns with middle
the
absolute
vowel Seghol, the a and struct
T#
JS"K,
\%
)TJ(?),
brt,
p?(?),
a*v
tj;,
is
e. g.,
Wau
Wau
the a
state
])k,
of the first class (1) heighten
a and take the helping
to
n\h, b)y,
contract into
1
Tjlfl.
In the construct, b))l whose con-
except in
b\Jl.
Rem. JO$ heightens
the a but has otiant Aleph
and
no helping vowel. (2) Contract the a and Wau into 6, which remains unchangeable in the singular, e. g., *)1N, fflK, 113, h l3, 111, 111,
jIH,
D1\ D13(?),
«]1D,
TIVi
W
"W,
^1p,
p%
"Mf,
TW. See
lesson III above). (3)
In the construct and plural the a and
w han
con-
tracted into unchangeable 6; except in a few nouns like
and
oxen and
days, the former two which are regular in the plural. 4. When the second radical is Wau and the original short vowel was u, the u and the w contract into an unchangeable u and the noun comes under the class of unchangeable nouns mentioned in Lesson III, e. g., f^n, 3^, nits, n^(?), b\t, *)«(?), us, mi, ntf. 5. Nouns whose last radical is Yodh commonly lower the vowel of the first radical and retain only the helping vowel i of the second radical in which the Yodh quiesces, or better with which it contracts, e. g., \?3, "63, "73, "HO, "HD, "'ns, 'OS, \?$, or with compound Shewa under the first radical n«, ^n, '•b;, ^aj;, ^n. Rem. 1. The plurals of these nouns are mostly regular, D^fi; but ?3 has n^3, ^3 and 'flB has D\^nB and e. g.,
D^lt^ streets
D'HlEf
of
,l
D" !?} 1
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
41
In these two last it is likely that Aleph was "OS, D^fcOS. pronounced as y, as it often is in Syriac. Rem. 2. ''S seems to be contracted from 'iwy and in the plural becomes D^K. 6.
Nouns with
Wau .
Wau
are
either
regular
or the
^Rem.
elided,
e. g. ;
ink
*na,
Wj?,
final
contracts with the helping vowel to form u,
Sometimes, the
e. g.,
b», ^3, )3, 3«,
Wau
final
T,
0*1,
]p,
or
IV.,
Yodh
^V.,
of these nouns are exceedingly singular and sidered in Lesson XVI.
The student will learn the causative, Hophal stems. See Lesson XXL 7.
LESSON
has been
Most
D#, n«. will
be con-
or Hiphil
and
VIII.
NOUNS WHICH HAD ORIGINALLY ONE SHORT VOWEL FROM ROOTS WHOSE SECOND AND THIRD RADICALS WERE THE SAME. 1.
Before
all
and
sufformatives
suffixes the original
remains, the double letter being denoted by e. g.,
1
dd ??,
nVa, nVa, n^j,
form
forte,
Man.
1
in
Dagesh
?,
In the absolute and construct singular, the third radical is dropped, since but one consonant of the same kind can be pronounced at the end of a syllable, e. g., 2.
13
(for badd),
Rem.
m
(for
hagg), nn,
1
*)3,
3 ?,
*)D,
IS,
Z\
T&.
and u are always heightened in the monosyllabic forms to e and o except when these are followed by Makkeph, when they are obscured to e and o, e. g., nh, ph, tfc ty, np, nn, tW, nh, to. D«, ]n, 3 ?, b% )|?, p£, But -i?3; and with suffixes IS ?, 131. Rem. 2. Adjectives or nouns of the form ^tDp, i. e., which had originally two short a vowels have contracted into the same form as nouns which had one short a, and are to be treated in inflection in exactly- the same way, e. g., ^n, ID, ?J>, TJ, bp_ and 3*1. 1
1.
That
i
%
1
H
42
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
Rem. 3. When the second radical is aguttural, or Resh, which cannot be doubled, the preceding vowel is heightened to an unchangeable a, e, or o, whenever endings are appended, e. g., D"n&, ITTC, niB, rn&, njn. But, before Heth, the Pathah may remain, e. g., tTHB, though this maybe of the form btop_.
Rem.
4.
When
the doubled radical was Yodh, the con-
when the original vowel was a, \. from ddytj, "fl from hayy. But when the original vowel was i, we get a form like "W, D^K, «K. Rem. 5. Certain nouns in a heighten this a to a in singular was
struct
"H
e. g.,
the absolute singular with the article, jnn; is, nsn;
dj;,
e. g.,
"lil,
inn;
yn,
nj;n.
The word state,
D} sea, always has the a in the absolute whether with or without the article; and also, in
except before ^D,
the construct state,
e. g.,
D*n, nbfen'D}
but *\m-n\
LESSON IX. NOUNS WHOSE PENULT IS UNCHANGEABLE AND THEIR ULTIMATE CHANGEABLE. 1. In nouns whose penultimate is unchangeable and whose ultimate had originally an a, two cases arise:
(1)
The a
is
heightened to a in the absolute singular
and plural and before
light
suffixes;
half- vowel in the construct plural;
ginal a in the construct singular,
are found solute, e.
Rem. S
lowered to the to the ori-
fi^fy, ^Ity Before the grave suffixes the forms of the construct
dV|J7.
the
is
and reverts
before
;
the light
plural,
is
D^IJJ,
suffixes the
Dat^iy, w'fcViy. i&tyy, When the third radical
g.,
absolute
e. g.,
retained
form of the ab-
^)Vis
in
Aleph, the Qaines of the
construct,
e.
g.,
KS1» (R. K£). (2)
The
and before
original a all
is
retained in the construct singular
sufformatives and suffixes,
nant being doubled,
e. g.,
D^BIK, 13B1K.
the last conso-
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
43
In the absolute singular, the a is heightened, e. g., ]21S\ 2. When the penultimate syllable is a closed one, and the ultimate syllable had originally an a, the changes in inflection are the same as when the original vowel of the penult was long. That is, to nouns of this class belong not merely, nouns like DViy, )B1K, and D^K, but nouns like
w.
«*)ipi, jrbtf, \y$, and Rem. 1. Many nouns whose penultimate, originally closed, has become open through contraction, belong here, e. g., tsftjpo,
TYfO from
mawratl (R. TV), "iD^fc from muivsar, (R. ID}) from maySar, JI^Pi from tayman. Also, many nouns whose first syllable has become half-open, owing to the IB^ia
first radical's
We.
being a guttural,
e. g.,
^DNlp, "D^p, bbvto,
yw&,
Also, K21D entrance.
Rem.
The
2.
letter
final
occasionally
is
forms whose penult ends in a consonant,
Rem.
3.
original a
is
Rem.
doubled in ^ttBto.
In nouns whose last radical is Aleph, the sometimes lowered in the absolute plural, e. g.,
Compare
tfKSBl
e. g.,
fflN^Bi.
that most of these nouns are formed by prefixing 0, i or n to the root. 3. ]3tt and tyJS, the vowel of whose penult is an original a and hence unchangeable, double the final radical
before 4.
4.
all
For
Notice,
endings,
I|
e. g.,
this lesson,
J$D, W12.
the student will need to learn the
Niphal Stem, see Lesson XXII.
LESSON X. LAST SUBJECT CONTINUED. 1.
"When the
either because
it
penultimate
syllable
is
unchangeable,
has an originally long vowel or one long
by contraction, or because it constitutes a closed, or sharpened, syllable, the vowel of the ultimate syllable, (1) if it was originally i, is heightened usually in the singular absolute and construct to e, and takes the accent, e. g., ^tplp.
44
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
In the plural absolute and construct and before it is lowered to the half-vowel, e. g., D^iaj?, 'bto]?. Rem. 1. Before *J., D3 and )3., the vowel is commonly (2)
suffixes,
:
obscured to
Rem.
..
nibvy,
e. g.,
,
When
2.
the
'fivp,
last
out
E
%$radical
is
a guttural,
preceded in the construct singular by Pathah, 2.
Nouns
it
e. g.,
is
jni\
which end in the absolute sinthe construct singular, D\ in the
of this class
gular in n. have
in
il.
absolute plural, and
in the construct plural, e.g.,
,
\.
r6a,
In the singular, the endings are dropped, and the appended directly to the second radical, e. g., ftbl, DD^ii, but Wf£; in the plural, they are appended directly to suffixes
the construct ending,
e. g.,
D3^f
V*bl }
Rem. These nouns ending
from verbs whose was Wau, or Yodh. This third radical has been dropped and He is inserted as vowel in n„ are
original third consonant
letter after the final vowel. 3.
The student
will
(See Lesson
Kal. Imv.
Ges. § 50); and, also, B and Ges. § 54).
Rem. is
1.
usually
As
or
the participle active
and Paradigm XIX and the Hithpael stem (Lesson XXII 3
meaning,
to
reflexive,
here
learn
XIX.
note
reciprocal in
that the sense;
Hithpael
but
rarely
passive.
Rem.
2.
An
n,
at the
end of the
Imperfect denotes intention, or
first
volition,
person of the
e. g.,
nissnrtt "let
us act wisely".
LESSON XL NOUNS WHOSE ULTIMATE IS UNCHANGEABLE AND THE PENULT CHANGEABLE. 1.
These comprise
all
long vowel in the ultimate,
nouns which had originally a i. e., i, u, or a (6), and an a
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
in
45
This a has been heightened to a in the else, has been lowered,
the penult.
absolute singular, and everywhere e. g.,
bW$
^t?p,
An
Rem.
blBg,
7
but
"6bD, D^bjp etc.
bltoj?,
penultimate
original
u
or
1
dropped
is
everywhere, and in consequence, nouns of these forms have come to be classed among the unchangeable nouns of
Lesson
When
2.
^^^STX I^ZZl *
III, 2. (!) above.
the
third
radical
is
Yodh
preceded by
i,
one Yodh is written; but before all endings, it is doubled and receives Dagesh forte, e. g., '•pi, l»pi, "pi,
only
vpi Nouns with preformatives, which through contraction have come to have forms with an unchangeable ultimate and a penultimate a, are inflected just as if D^pj,
3.
the preformative were a radical, D11D,
Dlpft,
tJMtffc.
in form, but they
The
TiNB,
e. g.,
remain masculine
N130, Tft»,
may be
plural of these
in gender,
feminine
e. g.,
JThlNft,
nioipa.
Rem. So e. g.,
|itn,
also with forms ending in
pan,
)1
from
r\"b
verbs,
]inn, jisn.
4. Of course, a guttural will take a compound Shewa, where other consonants take simple Shewa, e. g., "i!?, ^SDa. A guttural will, also, take a Pathah furtive in all of these nouns, when it is not followed by a sufformative, or suffix, e. g., ITBto, gijri, y\zyf. Except of course a final Aleph, e. g.,
W2i.
Observe that D^ID comes under the class of unchangeable nouns the form being s arris, and the a heighten5.
ed to compensate for the non-doubling also,
that in the plurals DM3 and
ultima
is
written
defectively,
ot the
ZPfitf,
r.
Observe,
the vowel of the
and on the penult,
contrary to analogy;
that in the case of the latter the accent just as in the case of DV? water.
is
. »
*
I,
46
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
LESSON
XII.
FEMININE NOUNS (1) FROM MASCULINE NOUNS, WHICH HAD ORIGINALLY TWO SHORT -YOWELS AND (2) OTHERS, WHICH HAYE THE SAME INFLECTION AND CHANGES. ;
The feminine
1.
nouns, which
of
short vowels was primarily of the form
had
originally
katalcitli,
two
katulath,
In the construct state, the Tau is still rethe Pathah which preceded it; but, the vowel of the original penult has been lowered to Shewa, and that of the original antepenult, when a, has been attenuated ordinarily to t, e. g., rO"l3 from nddavath. In the construct plural the ending D1 is unchangeable but the same changes in the original vowels of the penult and Mtilath, etc.
and
tained
also
antepenult have taken place as in the construct singular
nirp.
e. g.,
In the absolute singular, the original Tau has been off, or dropped, and the preceding a heightened at the end of the word to a, which is followed by the vowel letter He. When the vowel of the original penult was i 2.
sluffed
or
it
a,
T
has been heightened to e or a respectively, while vowel is lowered to Shewa, e. g.,
antepenultimate
the t:
T -
'
I
Rem. When the vowel
of the original penult
was
u, it
has not been heightened to o except by way of compenbefore gutturals; but the last radical has been doubled to preserve the distinction between nouns of the form lidtuldth and those of the form katidath. The former becomes like iTpS and comes under Lesson III. C D. The sation
latter
III
becomes
CD.
nebs from kalim 3.
under Lesson from katan, and
likewise, rttttj?
(?).
In the absolute same form as
to the
and comes,
like H^tajp
So, also, with forms like
plural, ri
T
the ending ni
in the singular,
preceding the sufformative
is
i.
is e.,
appended the vowel
heightened from a to
a,
or
B.
from
and the vowel
to e,
i
ETYMOLOGY. of the antepenult
is
lowered,
mru, ni^ni
e. g.,
Before the grave suffixes DD. and
4.
singular remains unchanged
the final a
The
is
)3.,
the construct
but, before the light suffixes,
;
heightened to a, e. g., DSrQ"]}, ^51^* remains unchanged before
construct plural
suffixes, e.
all
DDTD-p, Vnini
g.,
Feminine nouns formed from masculines of the form retain the 1 heightened to e, even in
5.
MtU, frequently
a-i,
the construct, especially is
47
Aleph,
e. g.,
Rem. "When the dropped
is
T0
When
6.
the
first
When
first
or third radical
n-]V.
the
Yodh
radical was a
nouns of
in
for TW&\,
when the second
n«b», V^K^. form,
this
e. g.,
or
n2}>
Wau, for
it
nsjT,
for nTJT,.
radical
first
syllable often
is
a guttural,
becomes Seghol,
the second radical
is
the vowel of riblj;,
e. g.,
ni73J£.
a guttural, this takes place
also in the case of riDHS.
LESSON
XIII.
FEMININE NOUNS FORMED FROM MASCULINES, WHICH HAD ORIGINALLY ONE SHORT VOWEL. 1. The feminine singular of this class of nouns simply adds the feminine endings to the original forms katl, kitl,
kutl,
except that
robs, nsbo, but
it
Rem. When i,
the vowel
rnon, 2.
rn£& The
is
generally obscures
it
to o,
e. g.,
nsbs,
najatq.
the
first
radical
is
a guttural with a or
generally obscured to e,
rbiy.
rn$, mng.
plurals,
however,
e. g.,
But nn»« and
nsin,
Hj^bn,
nabj;.
are generally formed,
as
if
the singulars were derived from masculine nouns with two short vowels, as the following table will show.
digms
XII and
XIII).
(See Para-
48
B.
Yodk
ETYMOLOGY.
49
many forms, e. g., hJSi, 3$, but in the ^«; ^K, ^K; 1& HP. See XVI below. For nouns with final Wau, see VII. 6. above.
entirely in
construct T1K,
Rem. Rem.
2.
But feminines like np JJ, nj1 J? and niK| are reSee XIII. 1. Nouns of most other formations commonly reject alto2. gether the third radical, and add directly to the second radical the endings n„, D\, \,, for the masculine, and h n_, ffl., for the feminine, e. g., rbh, rf?]J, wbl, *bl, ftbl, n% rvbl; mn», n^no. Rem 1. The suffixes are added to their apocopated forms, e. g., ITl^S, DD^, Y% tiy% irbl, D3r6ll, Vtfil, D3Tfa. So, also, with all forms whose penult is unchangeable, e. g., n% mt, nty, nth, njn, n»u, rvbv, ms, n«a, njjpj?, mno, nawo, 3.
t
t
gular.
«"!..,
t
,
ntap,
nao, nso, nre», mjpp,
Rem.
changeable in
inflection,
e. g.,
the vowel of the penult ing: ns;, nja,
is
ma, n^, q^b
and mtf, nan, Rem. This
uj>,
n^o,
ntpo.
from h"^ roots are unD)Q% WD3, n*3tf, WIS, fitttn,
in
and even fflVl 3. But in nouns which had
nntfo,
mtsto,
njjjo,
Nouns ending
2.
fl}
originally
changeable, (sing,
two short vowels,
e. g. ?
ms), nx&
in the follownefg, nan, nnfr,
d*^.
nouns which have heightened vowel, e. g., ^>i, \1J>, ]1tn, ]10h, pn, )12n. See Lesson XL 2, 3. 4. When a third radical Yodh is preceded by a fully written Hiriq, but one Yodh is written, e. g., for "$$; but when this form has a sufformative, or suffix, the Yodh is
true, also, in all other
in the penult of the absolute singular a
^
is
doubled,
e. g.,
,Tj?J,
D^j?i,
1»|?i,
LESSON
V»j?i.
XVI.
NOUNS OF PECULIAR FORMATION. 1.
Many
of the peculiarities of the singular
from the dropping, or contraction of a
nouns arise
letter, e. g., in
3fr>,
50
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
D$
ns, ja, and
the last letter has been dropped.
constructs "O^ and
"TIN,
retained, as in "HN,
*h2,
Some
2.
nouns
these
of
In the
the original final letter has been
seem
have plurals from
to
t^N and n$K; and others of different
different roots,
e. g.,
form, as D^a.
To most
of
them we
shall give a separate
discussion.
probably from a root
(1) as*,
singular
'•38;
"OK
my
Hence
^S*.
the construct
father from ^SN; VaK from l.Tas
The plural maK is for fl^atf aya contracting mag, Dnia« less seldom D.TmaK.
from IJTaK. into
6,
probably from a root
(2) JIN,
struct
^TnN).
more
and
''Jit?
In the
""JIS
my
plural,
brother
Hence, the conand "PHN (for
TJK. (for
the absolute
^111$)
is
D'ns (perhaps for
M^K
original D^ruS), TIK (for ^n«),
(for DD^.ns), TIK
pause TIN (with a changed to Seghol before Teth with Kames), 1TIN (for VTIK). (3) mnN contracted in the last syllable and heightened in the penult probably from mnN, const. mnN; plur. ab(for "TIN), in
solute
m'TjN
regular and
regular
mnN
and
mnN
contracted;
const,
mTN
contracted.
Plural (4) n»N, no« etc. (just like the nj?J> of (!£%?). mno«, ninOK (J ust like W3?) witn He inserted as frequently in Syriac. the singular unchangeable like yi of Lesson In the plural, there is a poetical form D^N; but the form in use in prose is D^N (as if from #3N or tittN; a form tJ>1JN is actually found in poetry, but its plural would be D^liN) construct "^N, just like the nouns of Lesson IV, or Lesson V. etc.; Plural, D^'i (6) n#N from ntfJK, const. n#K, ntito) inflected like D^s, Lesson XV. (as if from a singular (5) ti^N in
III.
WN
(7)
ma
a singular in every respect like mt, Lesson VII.
Tia, with Qames followed by Dagesh forte and accompanied by Methegh, a unique formation, to be remembered but not to be explained. The Methegh is
Plural D^a,
doubtless used to call attention to the
Qames
in the closed
B.
and sharpened
ETYMOLOGY.
syllable;
51
and the Tan may be doubled to
distinguish the form from the participle (8) ]3, const. "13
or
crD
from
with 3rd radical elided.
~]2,
HIS.
Plural
from singular )"!33. (from M3 from rvi3) with suffix W3 for W33; (9) plural, JTD3 as if from singular J"!i3, like JIB}, Lesson XV. liarrim, "HH with (10) "in, from hdrr; hence, D^H unchangeable Qames because of the non doubling of the 0^3, like D^S, as
if
m
=
Resh.
'HVl
=
regular uncontracted plural construct.
from yaiwrn, inflected like 31t3 Lesson III in singular; in plural WW (for D^IDV but with second radical dropped instead of contracted), like D\JB, Lesson XV. (12) ^3 in singular like ''IB. In plural D^3 as if from (11)
0^3, ^3 (13)
contracted
D1\
for
DN?
^3. and DV?$ are found only
are accented on the penult, the
i
in the plural
and
of the ultimate being
In the construct plural of WG there are two forms and a reduplicated form *&£}. In the (14) T}> in the singula^ like pj, Lesson III.
short.
in use
^
S^. Compare, also, (11) above. ns root and original form uncertain. Construct "•S "My mouth", also, (16) tftfl apparently contracted from tf»l. Plural D^fcn, with unchangeable Qames, apparently from D^&n, the, thrown plural like -a4?C Lesson (15)
%
back and Aleph quiescent. (17) D#, const, Dtf or
"fitf;
plural niBtf, ffl»0.
from root ^ti\ See (13) above. (18) (19) nnjL mrw or nng. (20) Hby Vty, as if the second radical were Yodh. tffitf
(21)
"!}>,
flection of
(22)
nouns
b%
(23)
*?!*,
retain in the plural the in-
like D^S, "05.
(24) *T and D^ (25) are inflected alike, dropping the vowel of the second radical in the singular and in the plural being inflected like &"03 and nl&\ Notice the Seghol in D3T. 4*
52
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
LESSON XVII.
VA^'
THE VERB. 1.
The verb
is
sometimes of the form special forms ^t3j5 and 2.
The
Transi-
either transitive or intransitive.
verbs are of the form
tive
bto]),
are
Intransitive verbs
btofi.
but they have,
also,
the two
bbj?.
original forms of the transitive verb were:
Masc. katala
plur.
sing.
plur.
sing.
plur.
sing,
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
katalti katalnu
kataltina katalta katalttinl
Fern, katalata katalana katalti kataltenj 3.
Katala
suffixes;
the
ultimate
except
vowel, a,
before
which receives
and heightens the original antepenultimate a
the accent; to a,
drops
retains the penultimate vowel
— the resultant form being
bh\),
but before suffixes
bftp.
one can tell, why the verb form katala is b^, whereas the noun form katalu-i-a, is btoft, of the form bto]). A reason for the difference is found in the principle
Rem.
No
1.
of the differentiation of forms,
thus
made
to
i.
e.,
here,
a distinction
is
the eye and ear between the verb and
the noun.
Rem. form
b^
At
2.
the end of a sentence,
becomes
"?&(?,
e. g.,
!in
•?&£,
e. g.,
DD
+ +
^ttj?.
bjQ\) ^ttjp
= =
i.
e.
in pause,
Before the light suffixes l^Djp.
Before the grave
it
it
the
becomes becomes
DDbojp.
4. Katalath sluffs off the final consonant, the final a being in consequence heightened to a, to which is given the vowel letter He. The penultimate vowel is lowered and the vowel of the antepenult heightened, the resultant
form being
Rem.
1.
rfrtpj?.
The verb probably took the form
differentiate itself
from the feminine noun form
were from an original katalath.
nbtpj?
nbtajp.
to
Both
B.
Rem. e. g.,
5.
The
2.
ETYMOLOGY.
original
Tau
53
retained before suffixes,
is
^nrftfij?.
Kataluna drops the na, lowers the
penultimate a and heightens the
first
form being
l^Bj?.
Rem.
&tpj?;
1.
before suffixes
The
form
)-6t3j5
is
a to
still
original ante-
a,
the resultant
found
at
times,
especially in pause.
Rem. 2. Once, perhaps because of a scribal error, He appears at the end of the third plural instead of Wau, e. g.,
H3S^.
Or, should this be pointed
H3S^ and be taken
as a third feminine plural, or singular; or even, as the dual
subject would allow, as an example of an old dual form?
Rem. final u,
been to
3.
e. g.,
Sometimes an Aleph was appended to the MZhn. See Orthog. VIII, 1. This may have
in imitation of the Arabic.
6. In the perfect, the third feminine plural has ceased be used, the masculine form taking its place; or, per-
haps, at times, the feminine singular takes 7.
In the
first
its
place.
and second persons, the endings are the
last syllable of the respective personal pronouns, all easily
except the first singular, where a change between k and t seems to have taken place. Rem. 1. In tabular form the pronouns of the first and second persons may be represented as follows: recognizable,
Singular
54 it
is
^D, except in the
on the syllable
it is
on the syllable following
nnbtaj?,
$k$, ^Sj?
s
$bk]>,
1
El? ?*?]?? is
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
1?"? 1
?!?
I
second plural where
the resultant forms being
bto;
with pretonic Qanies) and
(all
Qames
(with the pretonic
lowered, since
it
no longer before the accent).
In intransitive verbs of the forms the following changes are to be noted. 9.
The
(1)
form
i.
e.
i
of the verbs in
the
3rd
and u
1 (e),
remains only in the
(e)
i
niasc,
sing,
in
e.
g.,
"D3,
where
(o)
first it
is
heightened to e. Except in pause, where the original i is sometimes found heightened to e in the 3rd fern. sing, and in the 3rd masc. plural, e. g., ni^Jj?, )y\ft. In other forms, the i is changed to a, e. g., riS*ij5. Rem. In sporadic cases, an a is changed to i after the
second radical, (2)
The u
e. g.,
Dflt£h\
of verbs in u
the syllable containing
heightened to
is
has the accent.
it
wherever
o,
Elsewhere,
it is
lowered to Shewa, as in the 3rd fern. sing, and 3rd masc. plur.; or obscured to o, as in the 2nd plural, e. g., 72), fry,
&£,
10.
nrto;, Dn*»\
When
the third radical
begins with Tau, but one Dagesli-/0rte, 11.
When
e. g.,
Tf%%
"•JVG,
the third radical
begins with Nun, but one Dagesh-/orte,
e. g.,
ti?tf,
Tau and
is
Tau
is
is
receives
Dljro, jnitf. is
Nun
Nun and is
ttni, tigg,
LESSON
the ^ufformative
written, but
the sufforniative
written and ^BS,
Wtijj,
it
receives
ttgtf.
XVIII.
THE IMPERFECT KAL. There are three forms of the Imperfect Kal, just as and distinguished in like manner by the radical into Imperfects in a, i, and second vowel after the which are always heightened by the u, the latter two of 1.
of the perfect,
accent into e and
Note.
o.
The form
in e
is
not found in
Hebrew
in the
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
Pe Nun verb
regular verb, but appears in the
Lesson
]nr), see
form M£.
(See
55
XXXIV), and in Pe Wau Lesson XXXVI.)
(from
]F\\
verbs of the
In the regular verb the a appears in the Imperfects of intransitive verbs only, e. g., 1%y from "D3, UT from
from
ni, \Qfi
verbs
Jbj?.
But
Note. radical
is
or
a,
T5T;
e. g.,
This a
bty\ J>5#\
e. g.,
a, e. g., Wft31; also,
and before most
The u appears heightened
appears in
it
whose second or third
intransitive,
a guttural,
before a final K into in
or weak, verbs
in irregular,
transitive,
heightened
is
in pause, for all verbs
light suffixes,
e. g.,
^njJOB^.
to 6 in the accented syllable
In forms e. g., bb$\ n:VQj?R obscured to o before the suffixes
of all regular transitive verbs,
u
like bb%\, the original
QD and
)3,
e. g.,
is
Di^Bj?\
In syllables not having the accent, the original vowels are always lowered, except before certain
XXVI
Lessons and hmi?, na:r, nMJ?; ^nn
following), (for
e. g.,
^mn),
ty?i?&
a^
(See
suffixes. ^»iT.,
(for
toppfl;
«nr),
uan
(for O^il?).
So that the original vowels u and a appear as follows in the various
The
forms
bb%\, 6Bj? s., M^tS^.; ll?^, tt?y., tfTjay..
:
original forms of the
Kal Imperfect
in
u may be
tabulated as follows:
Plural
Singular Fem.
Masc.
Masc.
Fern.
3rd person
Yaktiilti-i-a Taktulti-i-a
2nd person
Taktulu-i-a Taktulina
Yaktuluna Taktulna Taktuluna Taktulna
'aktulii-i-a
Naktulu-i-a
1st
person
manner, yaktalu-i-a for the Imperfect in and yantinu-i-a for the Imperfect in 1. In
like
Rem.
Of the preformatives
1. ^
is
of the Imperfect,
always 3rd person masculine
N
„
„
1st
„
singular
i
„
„
„
„
plural
n
„
2nd
„
either
,
or 3rd fem.
a;
56
B.
As
to sufformatives,
is
1
rn s
in
ETYMOLOGY. always masc. plural
„
„
fern.
„
„
2nd
fern, singular.
Note: These preformatives and sufformatives are used all stems and in all kinds of verbs regular and irregular.
Rem.
The
2.
to i with \
but
bb\>\ for bto$l,
Rem. tence
original a of the preformative
and
P\,
but with K
is
e. g.,
VTT.Once, the Imperfect has
4.
in pause,
ultimate, ti
The
un appear
in the
}
instead of
Shewa
e. g., e. g.,
irte^, "Ipj^Pi, ^npfi.
IWSt^.
^fift.
So
also, the
a of the
But, on the other hand, the original
LESSON THE
e. g.,
original vowels of the penult are heightened
obscured before Makkeph,
is
e. g.,
SJltaj?'?'!,
after the second consonant of the third plural, 5.
e;
^bjpij.
in pause), the older forms in
masculine plural,
Rem.
attenuated
obscured to
it is
Occasionally, especially at the end of a sen-
3.
(i. e.
Rem.
3,
e. g.,
D^"3^3\
XIX.
AND PARTICIPLES KAL.
INFINITIVES, IMPERATIVE,
/J* 1.
The
Infinitive
Absolute
is
unchangeable, and never
takes article, preposition, nor suffixes.
The
original form
was Mtdl which becomes by heightening of a in the pretonic syllable and by obscuring of a to 6, ^iER. 2.
The
original form of the Infinitive Construct in
most
common
use was kutl (Ges. § 93 1), a form which is ordinarily retained before suffixes, the u being commonly
obscured to o in the closed
syllable,
e. g.,
I^tsj?.
In the
absolute and construct forms of the Infinitive Construct, the vowel
is
shifted to the second radical
so that the resulting form
Before D3 and
Makkeph, but
also,
this o
IMBfr.
is
and heightened,
^bp.
]3 and sometimes before 1, as also before becomes o, e. g., D^B]?, ^fi -^S; 'pBBfy
B.
Rem.
ETYMOLOGY.
Other forms of the
r^tpp, nbjpp, nVipj?, (nbtar?),
The Active
3.
r6tsj3
X
Infinitive
Construct are
bv\>,
^jpo.
bto$Q,
Participle
according to Lesson
57
from kattl
"?ftip
is
The feminine
above.
inflected
singular
is
or rhvp.
Rem. participle,
Intransitive verbs in e use the form bv$ as a e. g.,
113.
The Passive
4.
Participle
form katul, with
of the
is
the u unchangeable and the a lowered everywhere, except in the absolute singular,
but ^0(?,
fcag,
XI
it
is
heightened to
&,
e. g.,
See Lesson
ty&p, "^j?, fy&j?.
above.
Rem. In a few be
where
rfyBj?, l^ajp,
form of the passive seems to
cases, the
active, or reflexive, in sense,
e. g.,
*0
mindful.
For practical purposes, the Imperative may be looked upon as formed from the second person of the Im5.
perfect by simply dropping the preformative quires
F\.
This re-
the insertion of a helping vowel in the feminine
singular and in the masculine plural,
inasmuch as three
consonants would otherwise come at the beginning of the syllable, e.
g.,
^Djppl,
but exceptionally
'btofi,
*btop.
This helping vowel
is
Hiriq,
Qames Hatuf.
LESSON XX. THE INTENSIVE STEMS, PIEL AND PUAL. 1. The intensive stem by doubling the second
is
formed from the simple stem
radical.
Thus katala became
kattala; passive kuttala. 2. (1) The final vowel is dropped as in Kal; (2) the vowel of the original antepenult is retained except in the Perfect Piel, where it is attenuated to 1; (3) and the
vowel of the original penult
is
either retained (as
fore the sufformatives of the first
Perfect); or (4) attenuated Piel,
where the following
it
is
be-
and second persons of the
and heightened,
as
letter ends the word,
it is
in the
and before
58
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
the sufForinative Hi of the Imperfect and Imperative;
lowered to Shewa, as
(5)
and before nibtap.n,
is
before
or
vowel endings
all
sufformatives and suffixes of the participle,
all
except DD and b®p_,
it
)3,
e.g., (1)(2) Vtfp (3) Pi^J?,
6fij?,
(5)
bk]>,
(4)
b®$,
D^Bpo, 1^|2?, D ^p.o.
Preformatives in these stems take uniformly Shewa; of the first person, a Hatef-Pathah, e. g., btp(?%
3.
Aleph
the
^>t3j?»,
btofo
b®px.
Rem. The preformatives and the
sufformatives, except
same as
for the vowel of the preformative, are the
Kal
in the
stem.
5. Sometimes, before a final Resh the vowel of the 3rd person singular masculine is heightened to Seghol,
Sometimes, with other consonants, the original e. g., b^.
1S^.
e. g.,
a
retained,
is
In pause, vowels
6.
will
be heightened as usual,
e. g.,
12T, inb, rnfcbo.
LESSON
XXI.
THE CAUSATIVE STEMS, HIPHIL AND HOPHAL. 1.
The
were hafala and hiifala. In both In the Hophal, the original
original forms
the final a has been dropped.
form has been retained, except of u to
But
ij.
for the obscuring
the Hiphil, the following
in
commonly
changes of
vowels occur. (1)
fect to (2)
The i,
a of the preformative
e. g.
The a
is
attenuated in the Per-
phft'ft'n.
of the original penult has in certain cases
been changed to
i,
e. g.
in the 3rd person of the Perfect,
in the Inf. Construct, in
the Participle;
in
all
forms of
the Imperfect, except the feminine plural, and in the forms of the
Imperative which have vowel sufformatives,
^t?!?n, ^ib|pn;
Rem. first
1.
^tpjprt;
The a
^tppo;
b^i,
e. g.,
^t?|?!; lW?$j.
of the original penult
and second persons of the Perfect,
is
e. g.
retained in the nnbttjpn, tob^jpn.
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
Rem.
This
2.
i
59
cannot be accounted for in accordance
In Arabic the
with the ordinary rules of vowel change.
vowel
is
in Syriac,
a;
e,
the original a being attenuated
and then heightened; but in Hebrew the heightened e seems to have been further changed into i, a change not unprecedented in the Semitic languages in the case of a contracted 6, but not to be expected in the case of a
mere heightened vowel.
Rem.
In the verb standing alone the syllable with
3.
always takes the accent,
But not
the
in
e. g.,
participle,
i
n^pjpn, frbfil, "^Pipn.
nor before
suffixes,
e.
g.,
D^tapo, tD^tpjpn, in^tpjpv
Rem.
In the Imperfect before Hi. the second syllable has 'rta. This "?ta appears also in the Inf. Abs., in the first form of the Imperative and in the 2nd person feminine 4.
plural of the Imperative, 2.
Hibtipn, tejpn, n^ttjpn.
In the Imperfects and Participles, the
preformative e. g.,
e. g.,
is
for
^tpjr
He
of the
dropped, or absorbed, after the preformative, ^tpjprr,
^»i?0 for ^tajpHB,
btifil
for
^|?.T,
^ajpo for ^jpno.
There is a form of the Imperfect, called Jussive Lesson XXY), shortened, where possible, from the ordinary form of the Imperfect. In the Hiphil, it occurs in the 3rd person singular and in the 2nd masc. sing, under the forms !?Bj^, ^Bj?n, from bv$n\, ^>Bj?nfl. The Imperative is formed from this Jussive by dropping, as usual, i?tt}?nfl becomes ^fi?]?n; ^tpjprttt, e. g., the preformatives 3.
(see
,
"^tpipn etc. 4.
The
Infinitives
Absolute are
bto$n,
^JPO; the Con-
structs are ^Bj?3, with suffixes l^BJpn, DD^tOjpn,
with suffixes
ft»j?n,
DD^JpH.
and b^T\,
60
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
LESSON
XXII.
THE REFLEXIVE, OR NIPHAL, AND THE RECIPROCAL, OR HITHPAEL. A.
THE NIPHAL.
1. The original form of the Perfect of the Niphal stem was naktala. In the regular verb the last a is dropped, the penultimate a is (1) unchanged in the 3rd masc. sing, and in the 1st and 2nd persons, (2) lowered before H t and 3
The a
Shewa.
to
^ttjpi,
e. g.,
The
2.
except
n^B]?^
Participle
that
in
of the antepenult
is
attenuated to
i,
^ttjpl
the
heightened to a,
is
same form
of the
absolute
e. g.,
btsjpi,
the
singular
state ^Ojpi,
as the Perfect,
a
is
n ^j?^
D^ttjpi, .^Bj?^
nVaj?i, Jv6tppa
After the preformatives of the Imperfect, Imperative
3.
and more common
Infinitives, the
milated to the
radical of the verb,
^!?(5in
^t?(21;
becomes
the last vowel to
first
is
"?t?|?n
etc.
Nun
stem
of the e. g.,
is
assi-
becomes
bto^y
Notice that in these forms,
usually attenuated and then heightened
and the penultimate vowel is usually heightened to a. a remains everywhere in the Impf., Imv., and In-
e,
This
finitives,
but the e
is
lowered to the half-vowel in
with a sufformative vowel,
e. g.,
^tpj?'!,
all
^t?jj>tfj "i^i?/?-
the Hi of the Impf., and Imv., the original a
is
forms
Before
retained,
n^tojjn, ni^oj?n.
e. g.,
Note that there are two forms of the Infinitive bbpn and ^bj?3. A form tfTJtf with Aleph for
4.
absolute,
He
occurs once. 5.
e
is
Before Makkeph and before *[, Q3 and changed to e, e. g., ^""l»#n, DSbta^n.
6.
first
The vowel
]3
the final
of the preformative N of the Imperfect
person singular
is
as often
i
as
e,
i.
e.
/toj?N,
as well
as ^BJ5X. 7.
Notice the pausal forms,
\12fi)\,
]?!£$$,
ending in this latter word and in )HD^, et
and the older al.
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
61
THE HITHPAEL.
B.
The Hithpael is formed by prefixing HH to the Pi el The syllable tsj? remains unchanged in all Jcattal.
1.
stem,
b® (1) remains before the endings of the first and second persons of the Perfect; (2) is changed to e by attenuation and heightening before J13 of the Impf. and
forms,
Imv.,
and
lowered
in
forms
all
before
beginning with one, and
%
the suffixes
D3 and
btopnn; (3) ^fcjjnn, 2.
The He
a
without
endings
all
(4)
)D,
is
(4)
of the preformative
dropped, or absorbed,
is
HantS^n.
In verbs beginning with Tau is changed to
place and the only case is
4. is
and
Participle.
In the Hithpael of verbs beginning with
the n and the sibilant are transposed,
n
a
of
M^nn.
after the preformatives of the Imperfect 3.
2$,
ta,
e. g.,
D,
ly
transposition e. g.,
e. g.,
}3*n Is.
and $
"Wflpn, "Ofi^E
j?\!B2n.
of a Hithpael of a verb beginning with
assimilated to the Zain,
is
(3)
vowel or obscured to Seghol before (1) ngtogjpft; (2) rubBpnn,
e. g.,
typnn,
sufformative;
consisting
1.
takes
In the t,
the
16.
In the Hithpael of verbs beginning with n, one Tau but it is to be doubled and receives Dagesh
written,
forte,
e. g.,
Darin.
"When a root begins with Daleth or Teth, the Tau assimilated to
Rem.
it,
e. g.,
is
"i^nn, Nisan.
Occasionally,
with
other
letters
assimilation
occurs. 5.
In the Perfect, Imperfect, and Imperative, the
ori-
ginal a of the b® syllable always heightens to a in pause, e. g.,
6.
aisan,
kisi^.,
p^p,
wm\
The Hithpael had apparently
originally a passive in
use of the form Huthpaal.
It is found in but four verbs
and but eight times
In the case of D2?n, the Tau
in
all.
has seemingly been assimilated.
62
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
LESSON XXIII. THE PERFECT KAL WITH may be
It
1.
said in general, that the
forms of the verb are found before (1)
katala the earlier form of
we
get:
katala
katala katala
katala katala katala katala katala
katala katala
btoft
for a
more
suffixes,
original
e. g.,
and adding the
+ hu = with contraction + hi (or ha) = with contraction + ka, with proper changes + ni „ „ „ + hem „ „ „ + hen „ „ „ + kem „ „ „ + ken „ „ „ + nil „ „ „ + ki becomes ^t?]?.
Taking katalath
(2)
SUFFIXES.
taking suffixes
l^ttj?
^^(? ^taj?
^^J? D^taj? )?tSJ? t
D; ?^(? ?
)$V$ ^°l?j Dut
second example we get:
„
+ hii = ^nn^tap or W^ttR by assimilation backwards. + hi = nn^aj? + hem = nn^D^>
„
+
katalath „
keni^DDn'/taj? etc.; but ^taj?.
Forms ending
2.
in a vowel
append the pronouns
di-
rectly without further change than the proper heightening,
lowering
etc. of
the vowels on account of changes of accent,
and the casual contractions arising from hu preceded by a or
i,
e.
g.,
£&£, but
inftfi]?;
nr6bj?, but ih^Bj?;
^btaj?,
but lN^Bfc.
The ending
3.
of the
2nd person plural
is
changed to
both genders, e. g., tflW^BJ?, tHPfrOj?; the ending of the 2nd fern. sing, reverts to, or rather retains, the more original ending •>]?, e. g., ^JT'Flbajp, thus coming to coincide in form with the first person singular, which has, also, the nn for
form
^Pbttft
before suffixes.
Notice the exceptional forms ^tflj?, ^O^i?' where the union vowel i is employed heightened with the accent to 4.
B.
e
ETYMOLOGY.
and obscured without the accent
forms
but ^aj?;
"^aj?
these variations
63
to
Notice, also, the
e.
but ttnbap.
"OrtoBj?
For none
of
a satisfactory reason known.
is
LESSON XXIV. PERFECTS OF DERIVED STEMS WITH SUFFIXES. All forms of the
1.
changeable before
and second persons are un-
first
suffixes, e.
tilti'p&j?,
g.,
2.
The 3rd
fern.
the same changes as in Kal;
changed,
e. g., 'iiyjSDrT.
rfrajpn with
the 3rd plur. remains un-
^ap and ^ajpn; the 3rd masc. sing, becomes Examples: to'jtaj?, just as in Kal baj?.
e.,
i.
and
^taj?
Except,
Wi-tofcjJCJ.
n becomes a before % sing, becomes r6aj? and
of course, that the a of
^ttjpn,
D^nVtaj?, nn^tpjpn; in^ap; in^tajpn.
Rem.
becomes
bto])
b®\)
before
%
DD and
]3,
e. g.,
*JS2]? r
S3S2j?. 3.
is
Notice, that the second radical of the Piel, where
followed by a half-vowel only, often loses doubling,
teristic
e. g.,
}n$j32.
LESSON XXV. THE COHORTATIVE AND 1.
The
it
charac-
its
so-called Cohortative
is
/• JUSSIVE. formed by appending
person singular or plural of the Imperfect. H t to the In all stems except Hiphil, this causes the lowering of the preceding vowel, e. g., ntejpK, rfapj?«, ntej2«; but first
n^taj?«.
Rem.
1.
ending H t
is
In pause, however, the vowel preceding the heightened, e. g., n^bj3K, but rftagK, T1
%$Notice, that in the Niphal
n"?aj?nK.
as in the
Kal Imperfect
the original a to
Rem. an, the
2.
This
Nun
of
and Hithpael,
in a, the vowel
is
as well
heightened from
a. J1
t
is
which
the fragment of a primitive ending is
often retained before suffixes of
.
64
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
the 3rd pers. sing., and perhaps
^&j?K, n|Vaj?K,
e. g.,
2.
2nd masc.
sing.,
3^Jp|?«.
The Cohortative denotes
intention, determination, or,
It is to be rendered English by the auxiliaries "will", "let", etc. v**,,t 3. The Jussive is a shortened form of the Imperfect, rjfpv jux where shortening is possible, to denote command etc. In Arabic, there are five moods of the Imperfect, which maybe called Indicative, Subjunctive, Jussive, and Energetic The first three have the endings of (two of this last). ;
in the
"
(/*
of the
case of the plural, exhortation.
in
2J^A
','
the
cases
of the
noun
ti,
a,
1
The Jussive
in
Hebrew
corresponds to the last of these, but has a distinctive form,
(now that the old endings have been dropped), only in the Hiphil, e. g., b^l becomes bto])l and ^taj?£j, ^9JPR In forms of the Hiphil with endings, the Jussive coincides in form with the ordinary Imperfect.
Rem.
1.
The term Voluntative
Rem.
is **
Cohortative and Jussive.
used to embrace the /*>*&&*, ete*^, XX*
-
be seen, that the first form of the Hiphil formed from the Jussive by dropping the preformative, i. e., ^tpjpn from bto^riR. 4. The cohortative J1 t is sometimes appended to the Imperative, changing its meaning from a command to a In Kal, this cohortative Imperative request, or prayer. takes either the form rn&$, or the form H22^; though the form HS'n:* is found once. 2.
Imperative
It will is
LESSON XXVI. THE IMPERFECT WITH SUFFIXES. 1.
The forms
of
all
remain unchanged before
Rem. Instead plural 2.
is
of the
employed before
Of the forms
before suffixes.
Imperfects suffixes,
ending in
e. g.,
a vowel 1
'in^tpj?'.,
feminine plural, the
im^tSjT,
masculine
suffixes.
of the Imperfect ending in a consonant
ETYMOLOGY.
C.
(1)
The Hiphil forms remain unchanged,
(2)
The Kal forms
the last vowel before,
Lower
b.
Rem. (1)
e.
65
..
(2)
:
(3)
..
1.
u and Piel forms
in
D3 and
%
)D,
obscure
(a)
m'?^;
e. g.,
the last vowel everywhere
^nS^p^)^,
e. g.,
else,
*ftt3]?1,
Vl7B{?1,
e. g.,
The union vowels are
occurring only before
rj,
„ „
everywhere
«f,
else,
T\b^\]
,
^6tpj?' .,
e. g.,
D3 and
before
e.
)3, e. g.,
ǣȣ;
*f?Bj??,
g.,
^H^I3(2\
fflfc&pl,
Rem. 2. Once, the original ti is written with Shurek, Probably, a scribal error. g., D"^Q$R Rem. 3. In Imperfects in a, the original a (1) is
%
retained before (2) Is
DD and
]D,
e. g.,
*$$% 2^3^.
heightened, everywhere else into
a,
e. g.,
WJlfcW,
nj>nyf\
In about four hundred cases in all, the old Nun of or cohortative form of the Imperfect is
3.
the
energetic
retained before
With
VI,
this
iriot^,
e. g.,
Rem.
1.
ployment of
of the
the suffixes
Nun
contracts into
with
into
Hi..,
certain,
em-
n,
n|na^«.
In addition to
Nun
(called
and
this visible,
by grammarians,
Dagesh
demonstrative, or energetic), a in the first
3rd person singular.
*3_;
letter of the
forte
of the
suffix
Nun is
epenthetic, often found
second masculine
singular, which may have been rightly inserted by the Massoretes for an assimilated Nun energetic, e. g., ;HW^'
Rem. before
A
e. g.,
Nun
and
?T t
epenthetic
^1^T
To forms
4. 1
2.
\5,
t
a consonant,
are sometimes appended instead of
For ^
1STP, n^BB^.
"3 is
occasionally found,
A
found, also, occasionally
of the Imperfect ending in
e. g.,
5.
is
.
e. g.,
change of accent e. g.,
and
H.,
"O^SIN.
in a
course, cause a heightening
vowels in the word,
'in.
of the second feminine singular
form with a
suffix will, of
and lowering of the changeable
1^2(5^ in pause for ^32j5K. '5'
66
B.
Sometimes
6.
in
ETYMOLOGY.
forms of Imperfects in u with
suffixes,
a compound Shewa appears instead of the usual simple Shewa, e. g., 1BTJK, nannDR.
M ^U5to^
LESSON
XXVII.
INFINITIVE, IMPERATIVE, AND PARTICIPLE SUFFIXES.
THE
*~1
A. 1.
2.
THE INFINITIVES.
The Infinitive construct alone is used with The ordinary Infinitive construct Kal takes
ginal form kutl before light suffixes, with the to
o,
e. g.,
form ^(P,
Rem. Rem.
But before grave
'frtpE.
e. g.,
1.
2.
e. g.,
suffixes,
ti
it
its
ori-
obscured takes the
TW
Both forms are found before % e. g., ^33^, ?The Infinitive construct Kal frequently unites so as
to
form,
as
it
were,
In such cases, the vocal Shewa becomes
1
one
silent,
ifstfb.
Rem.
3.
The
Infinitives
are all inflected
exactly like
nouns, except that they take the objective suffix
Of
suffixes.
D^tflj?.
with the preposition b
word.
WITH
course, seeing that Infinitives
^
are true verbal
for me.
nouns,
they must be treated as having the uses of both verb and noun. i.
e.,
So, \5Bh'f? to seek that
Rem.
5
me; but ^J? ? for
my
gathering,
I gather.
Before suffixes the Infinitive of 133 becomes that of 33$, before the grave suffixes n}33; g., becomes 33$, e. g., 3333$, before the light suffixes 33$, or 33$, or 33$, e. g., 5|33tf, or 133$ or PI33$. Rem. 5. Other forms of the Infinitive construct Kal beside the common form are 33$, nipt, nana, BhlO, rfostofi etc. 3. Of the Infinitives of the derived stems, it need only be remarked, that the Infinitive Hiphil is unchangeable like the nouns of Lesson III; and that the others change only the vowel of the ultimate like the nouns of Lessons 133,
IX
4.
e.
and X.
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
B. 1.
67
THE IMPEEATIVES.
Imperatives being really nothing but abbreviated i. e., the second person of the Imperfect Jussive
Imperfects,
with the
Tau
preformative
exactly the same
way
omitted,
affix
the necessary consequent vowel changes,
with the vowel o as helping vowel; as helping vowel
;
ir6tsp_ri,
original characteristic
common form
-in^tpjpn,
;
inVtppfl, irfrtpj?
e. g.,
irpbtppfl,
liTbtpp,
irfrtpjpn,
with
1
with the
appearing in the Imperative. 2nd masc. sing. Imv. with
of the
3rd masc. sing.
suffix
the less
ir6t3|?
He
Rem. "With the form the
the suffixes in
as the Imperfect, with of course,
may be compared
I^tpj?
l^ppl,
of the Imperfect with the 3rd masc.
sing, suffix. C.
1.
The
THE PARTICIPLES.
Participles are inflected exactly like nouns.
must be remembered, however, that they are
when they are true
adjectives,
participles;
It
really verbal
and as such
they take objective pronouns, not possessive, or adjective, pronouns, e. g., E2|i£tt gathering them; Dwti^tt sanctifying
you; DB*n pursuing them;
))")
^b^ paying me
Often, these adjectives have
able from nomina agentis,
come
e. g.,
DiTin
Hiphil
is
1
}
evil.
be indistinguish-
to
their pursuers, or
those persuing them.
Rem..
The
Participle
unchangeable in
in-
and Hithpael, are
in-
the Participles Kal, uceted like the nouns in Lesson X; the Participles Niphal, Pal, and Hophal, like the nouns in Lesson IX. Piel,
flection;
Thor. LESSON
XXVIII.
THE PERFECT AND IMPERFECT WITH WAU CONVERSIVE. 1.
Wau
Wau
conversive, or consecutive,
is
the conjunction
employed in immediate connection with the Perfect,
or Imperfect, of the verb, with the result that the Perfect
68
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
following
takes no longer the nuances of the Perfect
it,
but of the Imperfect; and the Imperfect following
takes
it,
the nuances of the Perfect.
With
2.
nr6ttpj
when the
Wau
is
conversive,
No
so Fh®]>), Pbuifth) etc.
,
;
has the pointings of
conjunctive; but the accent of nFiSbj? and
most verbs thrown from the penult
in
is
''fl'pap
ultimate,
Wau
the
the Perfect,
Wau
ordinary
to the
nnStspl
e. g.,
but
change, however, takes
place in the other seven forms of the Perfect, nor in the
Wau
Perfect with Suffixes, when the
With
3.
the Imperfect,
Wau
the
2,
bb
%$e. g.,
be doubled, the person singular,
Wau e. g.,
b'VQft},
That
is,
before \ D,
pronunciation,
it
Since Aleph cannot
bbfil).
first
^bjpisn.
of the preformative has a half-
Where
cannot be doubled.
it
The Wau.
conversive takes a before the
Eem. Where the Yodh vowel,
of the
Wau conversive takes Pathah and the preformative
doubled,
is
conversive.
conversive takes the same
pointings as the article with nouns.
and
is
must determine the character
context alone
is
it
not doubled in
does not receive Dagesh forte in writing,
but with Wau conjunctive b®\?). In the Hiphil, the Jussive form is used with Wau conversive, e. g., btoftl], ^Bpfll, but with suffixes ^tpp'l. 5. Sometimes, Wau conversive causes the accent of the Imperfect to be thrown from the ultimate to the
e. g.,
b®])\),
4.
penult, 6.
e. g.,
perfect,
Hj?!
in the irregular verb
After a protasis which
may come
&Tn.
Sometimes, at the end of a syllable, a guttural takes a silent instead of a compound Shewa and in such cases, the preformatives prefer Seghol to Pathah, e. g., "IDJT, m^m, pnjT, T1K3, ijsni But where the ultimate vowel is 3.
;
Holem, the preformative may take Pathah, e. g., b^t}F\, bbr.y, and, also, in some other cases, e. g., npn\ Rem. Seghol is also found sometimes in Imperative forms of the Kal with cohortative H t e. g., HSDN. 4. "When the first radical is an Aleph, a Hatef-Seghol is employed in the Inf. Cons, and Imv. Kal instead of ,
Hatef-Pathah,
e. g.,
y OKI, tea.
70
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
Rem. But when a suffix is added, the compound Shewa becomes Hatef-Pathah, e. g., D^DX, 'jVaN.
LESSON XXX. PE ALEPH VERBS. verbs are but a sub-class of Pe Guttural from which they differ in but a few particulars. ^in fact, most verbs whose first radical is Aleph belong
Pe Aleph
1.
tifij
verbs,
to
Pe Guttural
the
Aleph, that have any of the
peculiarities of the so-called
io«, bin, m«, 2.
The
that
is,
*)dn,
Pe Aleph
-n«, nn«,
distinguishing
being but seven verbs
there
class,
altogether beginning with
peculiarity
ns«>,
Rem.
of
Pe Aleph
verbs
Imperfect Kal has the
the preformative of the
vowel 6 in which the Aleph quiesces,
t$&,
These are
verbs.
and ns«.
e. g.,
"U?K\
f?3N'\
tntf"
1
,
nn«\ and HD«\
Two
of these verbs have other forms,
i.
e.,
>")pN
and thN\ Two of them are Lamedh He as well as Pe Guttural, to wit: fQK and HB« and will be treated in Lesson XL. 3. In the first person singular of the Kal Imperfect, the Aleph of the root is dropped, e. g., "l»K, bl'H. 4. The Inf. cons, and the 2nd sing. masc. have a HatefSeghol with the Aleph ^bN; but when a suffix is added it becomes Hatef-Pathah, e. g., Q? ??^, Q?*p£5. The forms of the Imperfect of *lttN and tn«, which are without sufformatives or suffixes, throw back the accent
and
T)1N,
to wit: *]b&0
1
to the penult, tn«' s 1.
when they have
In pause, however,
we
Wau
conversive,
e. g.,
"II3&W,
find ItoW), etc.
LESSON XXXI. AYIN GUTTURAL VERBS. 1.
Wherever the regular verb has vocal Shewa under compound Shewa, ^ntf, itsn^, WQg o^n^, ^n^j, wr$\ etc.
the second radical, these verbs have a e. g.,
B.
Since
2.
ETYMOLOGY.
71
could not be doubled by the He-
gutturals
brews, wherever the second radical should be doubled to the form, as in the Piel, Pual, and Hithpael remains single; but the preceding vowel is often heightened by way of compensation, e. g., |K». constitute
stems,
it
the
More often, however, the vowel remains unheightened, consonant being said to be implicitly doubled, e. g.,
Y»i,
irttp,
3.
Dm, prn, pn&, when the second
nns,
)rj3,
mon than
not,
radical
or Ayin; but with Aleph, the vowel
is
is more comHeth, or He,
This
1JD.
is
usually heightened.
In the inflection of the intensive stems, verbs whose second radical is Resh, seeing that it cannot be doubled, always heighten the preceding vowel, e. g., Ip3, "^3, T&4.
Rem. They the Resh, 5.
frequently, also, take
When
compound Shewa under
tt13, tons.
e. g.,
a helping vowel comes before a guttural with is made to correspond with
compound Shewa, the vowel the Shewa, 6.
vowel
is
Rem. ^bsr.,
%
e. g.,
^nt^.
In the Imperfect and Imperative Kal, the common a,
e. g.,
tantr,
This a
is
inns, bxtf*, nns.
heightened before light
suffixes,
but remains before the grave
viBnti^;
suffixes
e.
g.,
and
e'g., nhb*i\.
Always before Heth with Qames, and once before with Qames, the a becomes Seghol, e. g., ^nisn. 8. Sometimes, with Wau conversive, the accent is thrown back to the penult. In such cases, of course, the 7.
He
vowel of the ultimate
is
shortened,
e. g.,
Dr6'?l,
•n^l.
LESSON XXXII. LAMEDH GUTTURAL VERBS. At
the end of a word, after
all heterogeneous vowels, Heth, and Ayin, take before them a helping vowel Pathah, called Pathah furtive. This vowel does not form a syllable, nor influence the accent; but 1.
the
is
gutturals He,
inserted, simply because of the difficulty of pronouncing
72
B.
these
ETYMOLOGY.
gutturals after any vowels but a and
m ?^, 1
Tyhtfn, ni^tf,
a,
e. g.,
nb\tf,
n^tf.
Rem. The heterogeneous vowels are e, 6, 6, and u, all but a, a, e. g., rfoti, yatf\ The naturally long vowels e and a do not occur in the guttural verb. 2. The Imperfect and Imperative Kal, with one or i,
i.
e.,
two exceptions, take a as the characteristic vowel,
n^i, rh&,
Rem.
1.
In pause, and before light
heightened to
Rem. e. g.,
2.
yrfffi,
3.
the
a,
e. g.,
yto&\,
suffixes, this
*fcfffi, ttjfefl;
but
Before vowel sufformatives, this a
a
is
M»o^\ is
lowered,
tfhtf.
Wherever the regular verb has vocal Shewa under the guttural has Hatef-Pathah,
third radical,
4.
e. g.,
narrVtfri.
Wherever the regular verb has
the third radical
Lomadh
silent
e.
g.,
Shewa under
Guttural verbs have,
also, silent
Shewa, e. g., spl-Urftft Dftjtotf. of the second feminine singular, 5. Before the ending these verbs take a helping vowel a, to aid in the pronunIji
ciation,
e. g., nniti*.
Rem.
1.
heightened to
Rem. Rem. helping
2.
It does not, however, constitute a syllable.
In pause the a of the accented syllable a,
e. g.,
Before
is
flJN^'S-
suffixes,
this
form
is
regular,
e.
g.,
3. This helping vowel is to be compared with the Seghol in forms like ybfi, rfovp, and more par-
Pathah
in "Ijji and Jljn and flrni. whether the point in the F\ is Origin and in this case Dagesh forte, or Dagesh lene. analogy would be in favor of Dagesh forte. 6. Feminine participles of these verbs may have the form nnS$, pause nr6fcs\ 7. Forms which in the regular verb have Sere, derived probably from an original a, retain the original a, except in pause, where Sere usually occurs, e. g., JJj?3?, H^n, yiD'l. Rem. In the forms of the Hiphil Jussive and Impera-
ticularly to the helping
The question
arises as to
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
where the guttural
tive, is
is
73
the final letter, nothing but a
ever found. Participial forms, however, which have an e heightened
from an original it
1,
keep the
to a in the construct,
e in the absolute,
e. g.,
but change
r6$, PQUp.
lesson xxxin. LAMBDH ALEPH VERBS.
^^ZZ^-r r^^ .*-£ t^Z^jZ^
(
La,medh Aleph verbs are but a sub-class of Lamedhy^^^ f^oU^^ Guttural verbs, but on account of the peculiar weaknesses c>gg *^
g^^
separate treatment to record *f their variations from the other Lamedh guttural verbs. j of Aleph,
1.
Wherever Aleph
the preceding vowel, quiesces, ruvii#.
vfypj,
a
they require
e. g.,
Or,
K3IS, is
it
if
s
nKS»; m«Sttl?; *b\ K»toO,
attenuated and heightened,
n^an,
NEB"
e. g.,
1
,,
the preceding vowel, which 2.
aspirated, 2.
Where Tau
e. g.,
The
3.
At
is
*~~*~^^^*^ ^^J^jF^-^*
^^^
ft**"
then heightened.
follows a quiescent Aleph,
it
is
riN^ft.
original characteristic
times retained,
c*+
j&^&r** -^
nNiatp.
Rem. 1. Every Aleph which in the regular verb would come at the end of a syllable, quiesces in these verbs in Rem.
^A.
/^t
the final letter of the syllable, ~f ^* ,**vt^*-
A?c/*/« 4r»'" ^e ^ h
In these verbs, the second and third radicals are alike. of the forms are always uncontracted and regular, as the Infinitive absolute and Participles of Kal, e. g., 212D, 221D, 2120, all forms which have in them an originally long vowel. Other forms are sometimes contracted and sometimes not, e. g., Wb&, Dp. It will be understood,
Some
—
that in what follows,
we are
treating of the irregular or
contracted forms alone, since the regular forms need no further treatment.
Note that the contractions are usually made from the original forms.
When
1.
the
verbal
two radicals are written
form has
and the
no sufformative only
original vowel
is
generally
thrown back on the first, e. g., 2D, 2D1 Rem. 1. In the Perfect and Participle Niphal, the throwing back of the vowel of theShrd radical to the sd&oail causes the vowel of the first rfidioftl
to oe left in
then heightan open unaccented 22Di, 22Di. 2D J), from ened to a, e. g., 2Di, 2Di (cons. of original a the second the Rem. 2. In the Hiphil, radical is thrown back to the first, where it sometimes remains unchanged, e. g., "iSH and with gutturals JJVI. JHN. But generally, it is changed to Tsere, which remains before vowel sufformatives, the following consonant being then syllable.
This vowel
is
Notice, that in the doubled, e. g., 2pn, 13DH, 2D;, DD\ Hiphil Perfect, the vowel of the preformative, when before
the tone,
Rem. thiii
»
is
Tsere.
3.
The Hophal throws back
radical
to
the
meond and
the vowel of the
heightens
the
vowel
\j4
76 of
B.
preformative
the
unchangeable
into
e.
it,
SDVT,
g.,
"When the verbal form has a sufformative consisting
2.
of a
vowel,
which tttf;
ETYMOLOGY.
When
the vowel
e.
g.,
Dp,
the second radical
heightened
is
When
3.
directly to the second radical,
affixed
titfsj;
13M, teDH; Dpn,
ttbV.
ttfctf!,
Rein.
is
it
then doubled,
is
if
a guttural or Resh,
is
possible,
e. g.,
But
njn.
ty"\,
the sufformative of the Perfect begins with
a consonant a long vowel o
is
inserted between the suffor-
mative and the doubled second radical,
e. g.,
nrilip, nri12pi,
nniipn, nniiwn.
Rem. The affixing of these endings causes no change Kal and Hophal except the doubling of the last
in the
In the Niphal and Hiphil, however,
radical.
it
causes
the lowering of the vowel of the preformative.
When
4.
the sufformative of the Imperfect begins with
a consonant
(i.
e.
in
the feminine plural)
the
accented
union vowel \. is employed, e. g., nrilDfl. The withdrawal of the accent from the sharpened syllable causes its vowel in the Kal and Hiphil to revert to the pure short vowel
and the pretonic vowel of the preformative e. g., n^|on, n^ipn.
to
be lowered,
In Ayin Ayin verbs, there are found different con-
5.
forms of the Kal Imperfect,
tracted
e. g.,
2ST, ab"., 1
^J£»
tnj(?) but pn\ f
Rem. The form SB*, is exactly like the Imperfect Pe Nun verb, e. g., \to\, 6&\ ab., DB\ In 6. The Niphal np? is contracted from H3M\
in
ti
of the
the D
is
)2Q\,
doubled because of the assimilated Nun, and the
a for the two radicals. 7.
The
ultimate to np».
D?2pa,
Participle of the Hiphil changes the e,
and the a
Before endings etc.
this
becomes
3D13,
i
of the
e,
thus making
e. g.,
fDp», D^spo,
of the penult to
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
When
8.
and pure and the vowel
always lowered,
is
the
to
the vowels of the sharpened syllables
always short
are
formative
added
are
sufformatives
or
suffixes
forms,
contracted
77
e. g.,
12D,
of the pre13DH, irDp\
'inap'j;
Rem. When the contracted consonant
a guttural or
is
Resh, the preceding vowel remains long even when the accent
with
"^"l
o
more usual o perhaps for for neBftn.
1 ,,
JTlStt,
DJHfi.
the sharpened syllable instead of the
in
or u.
(2)
with o written
)1"in
ttttBfo.
nbii for n^ii.
(6)
(7) sjjit
'
it
for
(3) ttlUtZ
fully.
(4) !pfo£ instead of *\b&\ ?ji?v.
(5)
(8)
nntfn
wnri
=
here as an intransitive
Niphal Perfect; nfefc^ Niphal PartiH2Di Hiph. Imperfect; nipi Hiph. Imperfect with
like
ciple; fern,
^"JS
in pause; but better to take
}3Df\
Kal
e. g.,
following extraordinary forms are to be noted
The
9.
(1)
withdrawn,
is
!?|£
(9) HSBto
suffix.
10.
In the Intensive stems of these verbs, three forms
are used: (1)
A
(2)
A
first
regular
form
form which
like
inserts
btiQ,
e.
g.
Mn,
liTftgP,!,
an unchangeable 6
mid, nniD, nnmpn. form which doubles the contracted (3)
A
has
the
Rem.
same vowels 1.
The
unchangeable, changes,
Rem. e. g.
e. g.,
2.
after the
but having the last syllable regular,
radical,
A
tyn, ^in.
as
regular
the
verb
m]&,
e. g.,
root,
e. g.,
but
J>I2W>
of all these forms remains
first syllable
and the second mi'D,
Piel,
)^\,
suffers
in
all
the
same
WfiLp\.
may have two
forms of the Intensive,
y?n, ^in.
LESSON XXXVI. PE
WAU
VERBS.
1. At the beginning of a form, an original Wau has been almost always changed into Yodh, e. g., 2&), TV.
78
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
After preformatives, however,
2.
it is
usually contracted
When When When
preceded by a into 6, e. g., Dtihi, 2^ln. preceded by u into ii, e. g., lEft!"!. (2) preceded by i into i, e. g., Eh" KT\ (3) Rem. 1. But in the Kal Imperfect of eight verbs, the original Wau has been dropped and the i heightened into e or the Wau has been first changed to Yodh and then contracted into e, e. g., 3^, either from 2$V or from 3$*. (1)
Rem. the
1
Some
2.
think that blV
more common i. 3. The Kal Imperative but Bh"
JH;
Imperfect.
If so
formed by dropping the pre3$; KTl?, KT; jnn, Bh, and !TBh\ So, also, nn
is
formative of the Imperfect, Bf^
t,
from
Kal
is
has been contracted from rw into u instead of the
e. g. IBfrl,
tsh),
(p.
2JT.
4.
The
Infinitive construct of verbs
the preformative drops the
called feminine segholate form,
HBh from
inflected exactly as
The
2.
rQ$, njn.
e. g.,
But, also,
the segholate Infinitives are
suffixes, if
they were masculine segholates with
one original short vowel
Rem.
with
JINX.
Before
1.
e
In the case of KT, K£, the Infinitive
tsh".-
takes the form
Rem.
which have
radical and takes a so-
first
a,
or
1fD$,
e. g.
i,
Infinitive construct of verbs,
is of a form n«T, n«T, m«T;
like NT"! or
fect
^N
nbp), ^phy-, ntth,
*s
varied,
IflJH,
1J1K3.
whose Impere. g., K*YJ and
WBh.
LESSON XXXVII. PE YODH VERBS. 1.
Pe Yodh
verbs strictly speaking are such as had
Yodh
for their first radical. In the Kal Imperfect they all have i with the preformative, and a after the second radical, just like the second form of
originally
Lesson
XXXVI,
Rem. drawn
a
to
1.
e. g.,
Ty*,
This a becomes
the
penult,
e. g.,
3»« e,
when the accent
btpfy,
pS'l.
It
is
with-
becomes a
in
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
pause,
e.
g.,
heightened to
Rem.
]tfW; where, a, e. g., Wt2\
The
2.
79
an original a
also,
and Imperative of
Infinitives, Participles
these verbs are formed regularly,
found
is
e. g.,
31t^, 2b?, "!S\ Dt3\
In the Hiphil, the original Yodh is contracted with the preceding a into e, e. g., j^rn, p^\ 2.
Rem. Singular Yodh, the in
the pointing
is
In a few verbs whose
3.
the
first
radical
Kal and
been Nun,
is
for
b^\
if
the
m%, NV.dh&&~~*
first
radical
^^7^"
LESSON XXXVIII. AYIN active, all
Wau
The
1.
e.
g.,
Dj5,
Wau
radical was
or
assimilated after the preformative
Hiphil, just as
e. g., pSJ«,
b'b]]
first
WAU
j
had
W^** ^ ^jLfjfa
^p
VERBS,
dropped in the Perfect and Participle fio, #13; and in some Jussives Kal and
is
Hiphil Jussives,
e. g.,
D|^,
D[?\
In the third person of the Perfect the Wau is dropped but the original vowel of the second radical apparently is heightened, e. g., Dlj3 becomes DJ?, ny? becomes na, Bh3 becomes $13. In the 3rd person this heightened
Rem.
1.
vowel remains throughout and retains the accent, e. g., nfijj, nn», inib; n$13, tt&Ma. In the 1st and 2nd per10J3; sons,
the a and e become
remains, except before to
0,
e. g.,
QpB,
Dfl
a,
e. g.,
and
]fl
riO|5,
But the o
nflis.
where
shortened
it is
DFlBte.
Rem. 2. In the Participle active, the second radical dropped and the vowel heightened to an unchangeable a. The participle of the verb "to die" has the form nia and that of the verb "to be ashamed" has the form $13.
is
•
These are inflected an follows: nn», in»,
?jnj2,
D|?,
niij?,
D^Jtpj^,
"'DJ?,
VI3£;
D^no; d^$13 etc.
Rem. 3. The Jussive Kal Up) comes from an original form yakum; not from yakwurn, which would have given the contracted vowel u. With Wau conversive, the Jussive becomes
Dj?^; in
pause
Dp*}.
%^j&6s^t& ^r^
^^ '^
^'
t
_
its
but,
preceding
vowel being heightened and being given the vowel letter
From Lamedh He. He.
a radical,
is
Lamedh
as a
it
receives
Mappik and e. g., nil
this He is When final
the verb
is
treated
Guttural verb,
In the Perfect, a
1.
n%
must be remembered, that
It
radical, but always a vowel letter.
never a
He
last circumstance, the verbs are called
this
final
a
is
heightened to
a,
e. g.
rbtt rb)n etc.
In the Imperfect, the final vowel caused by the loss 3rd radical is always Seghol, e. g. i"6;p, TOS\, ri7J\ 3. In the Imperative, the final vowel caused by the dropping of the third radical is always Sere, e. g. if?S, 2.
of the
nban, rb)r\. 4.
sing.
In the Participles, the abs. always
For the cons.
final
vowels are for the masc.
Seghol; construct Sere,
e.
g.,
'hi.
Tlbl,
Tlbl.
abs., we have nVl For the masc. The other forms are tpbl, rb\ rv6l All other
plur.
fern. sing,
participles are formed in like manner, except the passive of Kal, 5.
which has the forms
The
Infinitive
^ba, ^Va, tvty etc.
absolute
of the
Kal, Niphal, Piel,
Pual, and Hithpeal ends in 6; of the Hiphil and in
e.
In
all
of
these
forms,
it
Hophal
seems that the third
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
radical has simply been dropped,
e. g.,
83 i"6a
(or 1^5), r6|ij,
rtgn.
m
6. All Infinitives construct end in an unchangeable probably contracted from H5 or ni_, e. g., n\b%, rfean, JiTJn.
With
1
suffixes Tffo, DOni ?}.
Before all vowel sufformatives, the third radical disappears entirely, the sufformatives being affixed directly 7.
to the second radical,
e. g.
6|, &)}, 6iH;
&£,
^?afi;
6$:
*V$\
8. Before sufformatives of the Perfect beginning with consonant, the third radical is contracted with the
a preceding vowel of Kal into
and of
into
e,
n^i
rvfci,
all
i,
of the Pual
and Hophal
the other stems into either e or
i,
e. g.
r\M or n^a.
Before sufformatives of the Imperfect and Imperative beginning with a consonant, the Yodh is preceded by a Seghol in which it quiesces; or with which it forms a 9.
diphthong, 10.
e. g.,
The
m^an, na^an, nybin.
third feminine singular of the Perfect
is
ano-
seems to have two feminine endings, i. e. nnVa is formed as if the original galayath had dropped the yd and then added an a to the galath. It will be seen, that if rba were the verb, the feminine would have
malous
the
in
that
same form,
it
e. g.
nr6§, nr6aa (comp. n^tpjpa), nrfea (comp.
11. The Jussives are formed by apocopating the final vowel of the forms of the Imperfect and Imperative ending
in He,
e. g.,
Rem.
1.
Rem.
2.
%\, %\, %t\\\
'pan,
%
bm.
In the Kal and Hiphil and Hophal Imperfects a helping vowel is generally needed to aid in the pronunciation of the apocopated forms, e. g., by or by; b%\\ bi\ So, also, in the Hiphil Imperative, e. g., y\T\ from ann from nana. But exceptions are not infrequent, e. g., ^ja?, PB?, ata-'*
The Kal Imperative cannot be apocopated'
since to cut off the ending from
!"6a
would require a vowel
to be given to the radicals remaining. 6*
'
84
In the Perfect, the suffixes are added regularly of the first and second persons, the only
12.
to
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
the forms
change being the lowering in Kal of the vowel of the radical to Shewa, since it is no longer pretonic, They are added directly and without e. g., rprpba, Vtyhin. change in any of the stems, except the Kal, to the 3rd
first
plural,
But
rnban,
e. g.,
Kal the a
in
lowered when not before the accent,
is
In the case suffixes is
n%
n^a
sing.,
fern,
^nss,
e. g.,
In the 3rd masc.
rnVa,
but D36a.
the form before
lan^a.
the suffixes are added directly
sing.,
vowel after the second radical, the vowel letter e. g. }nba, 1HD3. This final vowel
the
to
3rd
the
of
of the first radical
e. g.,
having been dropped,
lowered before
is
Bern.
dp and
*J,
]2,
e. g.,
In pause ^"in.
?f?a.
«TTBn with Seghol instead of Hirik.
In the Imperfect and Imperative, the suffixes are without any change, to forms ending in 1
13.
added and
Note
directly,
^
,,
e. g.,
WIST,
The
ininttfR
fern. plur.
takes the form
of the second masculine plural.
The remaining off
the
n..,
forms,
or n., and
i.
add the
e.
all
those ending in n cut
suffixes to the
second radical
verb does to the third,
just as the regular
e. g.,
naV?n,
LESSON XLI. PE GUTTURAL AND «"S VERBS WITH 2ND, OR 3RD RADICAL WEAK. The verbs of both the 1.
in this lesson all partake of the peculiarities
of
classes
Pe Guttural
weak verbs
to
which they belong.
verbs which are also Ayin Guttural.
These are such as 3n«, Din, Bhn,
2"]%,
SpJJ,
Examples
rhp, onnn. of forms: D^nnsa, " T t r •
2.
(1)
nm, rf?& &B& in.
vi if
*
*
—.
I
Pe Guttural and Lamedh He, such n^j;.
Examples:
as nan, non,
nana, ajrpn, naMnn, nwjft, rtpv,
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
85
(2) Pe Guttural and Lamedh Aleph, such as Ntsn. Examples: Dnstan, KBIT, WBttJ.. (3) Pe Aleph and Lamedh He, such as H3S, nDK. Examples: nn« ^«'n. Hem. Sometimes, the Aleph is omitted, e. g., in tilgfol. ,
)
LESSON XLIL VERBS PE NUN WHOSE THIRD RADICAL
IS
WEAK.
These verbs partake of the peculiarities of both kinds of
weak
verbs.
Those whose third radical was Wau, or Yodh, i. e., Lomadh He, e. g., Htti, HDi, HD1 Examples SIB), IV Bi, lis), niBi, hbi, b;, -b;, riBi, nai, "viBi nan, insri, man, n|«, dw, ip, nM^, "sjn, dish, nso, ^so; nan, is;, cits. 2. Those whose third radical is Aleph, e. g. Kfett, KBfa. Examples: rtKfc, or nKfc, ti&\, Wi\?\ Kfc, *O0ri, ^S^H. 1.
;
^;
Those whose 3rd rad. Examples: j-irjjft, mp_, n$\, in^i, 3.
is
a
guttural,
e.
g.
TVpb.
^rjjr, np_.
LESSON XLIIL PE WAU AND PE YODH VERBS WITH 3RD RADICAL WEAK. 1.
Third radical a
Wau or
Yodh,
e. g.,
PIT.
Examples:
rnin, nnri, rni\ rnin, ?jni\ 2.
ntre,
3.
TO,
Third radical an Aleph, e. g., KS\ Examples: T\RW, was, t«r, w$, m«sn; as, *ks, ks\ n«^; wain, fcreirt, Third radical a guttural, WJT3,
J>T_,
e. g.,
JTP,
H3\
Examples:
*njh«, jn, ttijn; rppin, nnisi, roi\
LESSON XLIV. VERBS WITH 2ND AND 3RD RADICALS WEAK. 1.
"TID.
The second a
guttural, the
3rd a Resh,
Just like Ayin Guttural verbs,
e. g.
VIQ.
e. g.,
1HO,
86
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
the 3rd a guttural, e. g., JHj?. Ayin guttural and Lamedh guttural verbs,
The second a Resh,
2.
Treated
like
n\.
e. g.,
The second a Resh, the 3rd an Aleph,
3.
Partake
S*3J5.
of the
of both,
peculiarities
VTp, Inf. cons. if\$ "to call", n«np,
e. g.,
*n|,
g.,
N^2,
e.
n«^"p "to meet".
See
Paradigm XLIV,'2(?). 4. Second radical Wau. 3rd radical a guttural, e. g., Wau remains firm and verb treated as Lamedh Jft3. guttural only,
e. g.,
JJtt\
Second radical Wau, 3rd radical a Yodh (or Wau?), nib, njj?, niS. Wau remains firm and the verbs treated
5. e. g.
as
Lamedh He
only, e.
g.,
njfc *Rfc; rr«, njS}
SJN12, K12^,
WDJ,
e. g.,
also,
812.
of
K12, 1K12,
nJKlifl, or rttVJlSfi, K12; K2, HK2, n«2, D S K2
m«2; «^n, w^Oi w^^n, but nknn; «^,
»«|,
n$\
ITJ;
Second radical Wau, 3rd radical Aleph, Partake of peculiarities of Ayin Wau and, Lamedh Aleph verbs, e. g., K2, H«2, nn«2; K12, 6.
ruwrifi;
Second radical guttural, or Resh, and third radical Wau, or Yodh (Lamedh He), see paradigm XLIV 2. (1), 7.
nj#, nn», (1) e. g.,
nnj?, nntf.
Most
of these partake
nj$, nno,
(2) rnj?
wn&, nna«,
nj^i,
has some forms as
e. g.,
ntpj?, riS^JpV see 3 above.
He,
e. g.,
(3)
differs
Wau
(3rd. sg.
if
yt^.,
rwjrcto; rnj, nnt,
lit.
the 3rd radical were Aleph,
But others are purely Lamedh
spl]?.
nn^
radical
of the peculiarities of both,
from other verbs
in certain forms,
in reduplicating the 3rd
e. g.,
nnpittfn,
Mrw$n;
inpiti^
masc. Impf.), linn^ 3rd. plur. masc. Impf.
LESSON XLV VERBS WITH ALL THE RADICALS WEAK. 1. When the first radical is a guttural and the verb Ayin Ayin, e. g., Tl$, bb$, MR, ITJ1. (See XLVI), bbu, )in, ppn, Jinn, )ijj. Examples 7VhN, Imv. -rnfc or ni«; Niph. nn«J;
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
Pi. JTTjK,
Dn*l«0;
brr or
nun), n^nb, ^n, pg* or
bn)-,
When
2.
of the
the
Niph. bl#, Hiph. bnn,
lVn3 Inf. cons.;
first
peculiarities
radical
of
all
is
87
)rv;
Pinna, ^rinn, rihnn.
Resh, the verb partokes
three classes,
e. g.,
T\t$"),
njn.
Examples: nn^n, wi, Jinan; man, wi; n«Y, kt, jom, *nrn, n«n, w; run; n«na, n«T; rt^pn, mkt, trw; nrjnn, •'jh; 3.
When nn"3,
e. g.,
^^
the
first
or JTIi
WT
4.
When
the
Resh and the verb Ayin Ayin,
first
WT
g.,
-
cons
-
jn (in pause),
JH o r
ijrjn,
and the verb partakes of the classes, e.
^*l, )VV, tiY;
? ) I nf
JH.5 Niph. Dnjnn; jna, D^na. radical is a Nun, it remains firm,
( for
Hiph. jnn, nijnn,
ffPC;
is
Examples:
VTH, )¥)
peculiarities of the other
two
nns, "ona, nni, "or?!
Verbs Pe Guttural, Ayin Wau, and Lamedh He e. g., niK, njn, njj?. In these verbs, the Ayin Wau is always firm, e. g., raw;, ««nn, ljjnn; nnw, *nj$, njgrj. So also with n)^ e. g., nnn, )J1T. 6. Verbs Pe Guttural, Ayin Resh, and Lomadh He, e. g., rnn, rnn, !*njJ. These partake of the peculiarities of all three radicals, e. g., nn>n, nrjjgj, *tM, "lj^.l Hnnn. 5.
(Yodh),
,
LESSON THE VERBS
XLVI.
,TH
AND
.TH.
The forms of .TH to be noted are DJ^PJ, niVT, nSn ? (with silent Shewa under the radical He), \T, NY}, ""n^l, 1
1.
PPrr
^Wl
^ni, nj^ri; «Tn, prrn, wr..
The verb
PPO is treated as a contracted Ayin Ayin an uncontracted Ayin Ayin verb. In the latter case, it is a Lamedh He verb. Examples: HTI, *ft, filTj, nvv (with silent Shewa under Heth and i under the preform ative), W, NT1, ^\1, *>V*1, Pli^nn. Verbal adjective 2.
verb,
"•n
or
as
living, njn, n^n.
88
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
LESSON XL VII. THE NUMERALS. THE CAKDINALS.
A. 1.
The
cardinals for one and two are of the same gen-
der as the object numbered, *rn« one day,
D^i
nns
T\)Ui
*in{*
e. g.,
one year,
nn'Nfcn
tt^N
^W
one man,
D1 1
the two lights;
*F\$ tivo wives.
Rem. Commonly one thousand;
ri)3K
the dual,
e. g.,
one
WfiV
is
not expressed, So,
cubit. tivo
days;
also, DISCS']
two
e. g.,
is
f^K
is
one
expressed by
Q^nSQ two hundred
and two thousand. 2. The cardinals from opposite fl^T,
1i$
3 to 10 inclusive are of the gender from that of the object numbered, e. g.,
ten curtains;
few camels; D^tf
V?^ The number
Vti six hundreds;
JYIKja
(B^
is
D^Ol n~$$
feminine) seven years.
formed by putting ins or the form used with masculine nouns; and nnK before IT^JJ to constitute the form used with feminine nouns, e. g., tSHh 1^ "'Pii^JJ ii months; dk^j n^ in« ii princes; rnfcj; nn s onjj il dfa'es. 3.
*T$y. before
*lte>}>
eleven
is
ten, to constitute
k
The number twelve
formed by placing D\l$ or *N) before "l^JJ to constitute the form used with masculine nouns; and tPP$ or "^ with rn^JJ to constitute the form used with feminine nouns. D^ns "i^JJ D'W 12 brethren. d^k rnfcyj; n^n$ ./£ stones. 5. The numbers from 13 to 19 inclusive are formed by putting the feminine absolute or construct form of the units before "I^JJ to constitute the forms used with the masculine noun; and the masculine absolute or construct, form of the unit before rni#}> to constitute the form to be used with the feminine noun, e. g., UV 1^ ntston fifteen days; Vi2 IfefJJ ntiton his fifteen sons; mtf rnfcj? tf»n fifteen years. 6. The number 20 is formed from the original form of ten by affixing the plural masculine ending, e. g., "ifc'JJ (from n#g), &nb^. 4.
is
B.
7.
construct,
89
tens are formed from the units by affixing
The other
masculine
the
ETYMOLOGY.
ending
plural
D^B*
e. g.,
before the plural ending
the
to
masculine
singular
In the case of 40, the vowel,
30. is
heightened,
but,
V2n,K;
e. g.,
In the case of 50 and 60, the final consonant is doubled, e.g., DNaton, n^p. In the case of 70 and 90, the plural ending is appended to the original one vowel form, e. g., JJB*n from JJBto; hence, CJJBto. In the form for 70, the original a has been attenuated, e. g., D^nB* from In the case of 80 the ending of nibtf is }>n^ from JJ2B*. dropped and the plural appended to ibB* forming D^bB*.
D^^ns.
Rem. These numbers are not used In Hebrew, one
8.
may
in the construct.
say two and twenty, or tiventy
and two,
The word
9.
400 800
for one
niKfi
m«»
hundred
DVWD
200
const. ni8»;
rVUSO,
is
V¥\$\ 500 ni«fi Bton; 600 mbtf, 900 m«o y#n.
nXD, const. DKft, plur. DVIKD); 300 JTIKO b6b>;
(for
m«»
bV; 700 niKo-yn^;
10. The word for one thousand is *)% D^«. *$)», dual D^?K=2000; 3000 n*pbx Tltfty, or D^K MB^tf etc. 11. The word for ten thousand is K13"l; 40000=«12"i J>an« or ^H n^2"l«; 20000=D h:n or *)^« tTHfcj?. 12. As to the number of the object numbered, the ,,
following rules are to be remembered: (1)
(2)
three
&2&
The
singular
The
plural
to
ten,
e.
is
is
used invariably with one,
g.,
used commonly with numbers from
H1S«
g.,
e.
tihtf,
D^K
riB^B*,
JYIKfi
W,
JJ£B/.
(3)
(4)
eleven
The dual The to
is
plural
used commonly for two,
is
*iB>j>
eleven cities
(D' 13>
,
D'OB*
is
g.,
DW,
used ordinarily for numbers from
nineteen inclusive,
stars; DWBtt
e.
e. g.,
0^313
twelve princes;
feminine).
nB>j>
l^j; "ins eleven '"tB^B*
DnB
tfu'r-
90
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
Rem. 1. But frequently a singular form of the thing numbered is employed, e. g., tf?i$ "l^JJ 71%$ seventeen thousand;
1&}> nj?£/fl nineteen
tS^K
men.
Rem. 2. The plural is generally used, when the object numbered precedes the numeral, e. g., 1\2V Twbvt D'HB 13 T
bullocks.
With numbers above
(5)
nineteen, the numeral usually and the thing numbered follows in the plural,
precedes
ray
e. g.,
twenty servants; ttEhB niN»-y?^ seven
Dnfcjj his
hundred horsemen; &~]2p D^Bto 90
servants.
:
Or,
the noun
if
singular,
vhH
e. g.,
is
it may be put in the D^pn 50000 men; UV DnfcjJ 20
a collective,
t\bx
days; 71$ Dnfejn ytfn £0 years. (6)
The hundreds and thousands,
angels; 712T\
mtf ngo
itffl
e.
,
ijsbj?
precede the name
U*gb$\
years.
With numbers compounded of units, tens, hundreds name of the objects enumerated is frequently re-
(7) etc.,
"s'pK
also,
D^«0 2200 g thousands of myriads; n:^ n«D .Z6>0 years
thing numbered,
of the
the
peated, in the plural with the units, and in the singular with the tens, hundreds, and thousands, e. g., D^Bh D^ttf ttten nitt/
rtNOl
7\$
Jive years
and seventy years and one hun-
dred years. 13.
in the
The
cardinals from two to ten inclusive
before, or after, the noun,
nf$ D'HJJ
may
stand
construct before the noun; or in apposition either
3000;
UW
e. g.,
D^pj rnfcSW ten days.
TNferifive days, ffl&g
tsfctf
D^K
three cubits; "ltw
ten cities.
Rem. The word
for year is used frequently in the con-
struct singular before the number,
e. g.,
V$)
D^btt/
r\$Z
in the eighty seventh year.
B. 1.
(1)
board
THE OEDINALS.
There are several ways of expressing "the *in«n
= the
follows the noun, first
board.
e. g.,
"rnisn
ahj?n,
first."
the one
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
(2)
follows (3)
In naming the days of the month, the idiom is as Uf'ivb "inssia on the first of the month. In numbering the years, we have the following
:
idiom; nriN
in the first year.
HitJto
(4) JltfK"! is used,
V
e. g.,
ding \
the
to
cardinal,
e. g.,
^BKfo in
Rem. fourth,
tf*e
1.
e. g.,
Rem.
2.
in 3.
the second radical of the
after
W&>
^tf,
T3#
VPft
eighth
month
^VT\
The
prosthetic
*)py]
©• g.»
Sixth
and
fifth
Wn
the
"'T^, e g-> ^1 h ? VfflQ the tenth month.
Aleph D1 S3
T5TD
the vowel before
^pn, as Rem.
and usually
third radical of the cardinal
by inserting another \
£7ze
Jltftnn JV.an.
Ordinals from second to tenth are formed by appen-
2.
keep
91
-
is
dropped
^e
/owrf/i day.
forming
in
double the last radical and
second a short
i,
e. g.,
*n the third city.
The
ordinals above ten are expressed by the carwhich commonly in such usage precede the noun, e. g., Bfth "i&jpflBtya in the eleventh month; Bhh n&JJ D^tfa in #ie tivelfth month; nitf rnt£>jrc6l^a i« ; */ie twenty-first of the month; ^Ihb ntfeni D'HfcJja on Me twenty-fifth of the month; nitf JDBft D"b6^3 ifi Me 4.
dinals,
thirty-seventh year; rt3$
Rem. the year
1.
is
enumerated,
eleventh year; yatih
Rem.
2.
D^a^Ka
zw the fortieth year.
Sometimes, however, they follow the noun when rni2^
e. g.,
D^b$ ni^a
nnjtfn
Sometimes the word
in the
for year precedes in the
construct and follows, also, in the absolute, TOtf TTtoy in the fifteenth year.
ni^'a
in the eighty seventh year.
e. g.,
titon
nit^a
TABLES OF PAKADIGMS. The numeration Etymology
of these tables corresponds to the sections of the
and, also, to the sections of the "Illustrations".
TABLES OF PARADIGMS. I.
THE INSEPARABLE PREFIXES. THE INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS.
A. i.
^p
j». (i)
and
2. n, a,
(i)
b.
pnp
*wp,
(2)
d^
(2)
^fi»% nin^(Read^^),
nia-fi
^p^, 7TI
(3)
(2)
bb%$\
"tfiKj,
'^13
nyn, rcni
pi, $*.'
(4). jan,
te^n, ^psj, ^pfl3
(3)
(5)
^
^5,
(4)
•
C.
THE ARTICLE.
WITHOUT THE INSEPAEABLE PREPOSITIONS.
1.
D^n
m«n, f$n,
v?n,
"$pn,
-vttpn,
D^n,
onpg, dw$. (4) ^nn, frrg, mng, 155, abnn, inn, (5) win, im, - .-' ^n, " T TT: T I IV' TV' Winn. T V
amn •
I IV
tftfin. (3)
'
IV
WITH THE INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS.
n«n"jp,
or
n«'7PD.
Ordinarily, n,
e.
vowelled letter n,
Pathah,
(2)
'
"I
2.
1.
nr6, n$p.
Tin iv-
•
(i)
ib*$
'^nV,
»$$,
(4)
nnit
(6). jry\,
bb$*\ \"i8i, v:it'
(i)
•*«),
THE SO-CALLED WAU CONVEKSIVE, OE CONSECUTIVE.
2.
(i)
nvfafc,
tow, ogi, T
tepgj,
(2)
dviWj.
(3)
THE SO-CALLED WAU CONJUNCTIVE.
1.
nJFitf]
\>nb
THE CONJUNCTION WAU.
B.
(i)
nirrp c^ufp).
ts^«D,
(3)
e. g.,
(
2)
$&^t
Q^»
^nb.
HE INTERROGATIVE. g.,
ipn,
e. g.,
n3fc§n,
n^Tinn
tSypn
nspn
Pathah and the following
nnj5p?n.
"»*&$>
3.
4.
2.
Before an un-
Occasionally,
Occasionally,
letter
Dagesh
it
it
receives
receives
forte,
e. g.,
TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
rv-
n-.-
a
u Ph
t--. t--. r\'.
nil r\
«3
a
P o
•& 3
S
I
bo
P3
n
r>
i«- i«-
-:
"s-
p.
s
^
kB"5-s*g•»•
W h
fi
r:
°
!=•
°
»
-n-
*-
g
|
5 s
5*-p
£ e
s
p q
p p
g a
S
o
g»
n n » * »
«3 I
j a
1
s CO
fc,
o s
.
a
s ^ §
.g>
r>
n c c
IT'
£.
n
^
pa.
o
3 .*>
fi. Gj. fi '
Gr G-
t
fi
a
lir
n
^. ^. ^. fc. ^. Z-. i-. *^ Z-. £-„
© ^ 3 S ° h p o ?Q
»
1 -a
s
S3u S3 1
-
a
s-
JI-.E-.E .E-
3
1
n n n n
si:
a
rz
g
{£
—
w
£
g
S3
S3'- S3l
cr cr c- C;
g &
S3
E E £
•
n
& CO
d
E-
&
3 w
o P CO
S3*—•
cC
S3
•
#—•
•
S3 #—
n e e e
r» n
.
#—• • *—•
Er
— S3 *— e e e e
y
c;
S3
S3
S3
••
•
•
n» n- n» n-
e
pc *"
n.-
a
\J
H O I
v
oq
{3 s
nnnn ^n
n n n e e E E E E E E n n n n n g r r n. r n= r n* drt** - n: * 8 o § :
E=
.-a
*"*
fl-.
H P4 o a
ri
fl
m
.2
a
ra
if
>-
^
1
-§)
g
O
^ 1
^1§2
E-l
&Q
17
TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
Or
oi
3
^c
eh
a
'5
"3 i;
p
r
p
n-
n
r
>'•
m* n- n- n« y-
*—
r" •>-
.C •*—
a
a
GO T3
^
SJO
.
pn
cS 0 g
r^. riL ni-
s £ a j^a -£
«/n j%.
cd
£*>•
~
a
#-
#-»,
a
TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
18
m
5 1 1
n £* g m=
- r:::
g
SI O
25" 3S
3C" 36
-
-
f>»
s
'£•
f
£tf
« S J s
% *£ O
#
p\:- £\:-
p»" pv >§
1
K q P
S
-r
n=:
tz-.
«-
n.
a
q- c:
n a
*-
M P*
•
*
1
. :
Ml Ml Ml **" PV Pv"
's
—
ir—
»—
*#—
t^
c,
tzc
£*•
£*"
Pv
£v-
pv
£"
5"
£
c;
£-
E
Q n f F
a
GO
g
pv pv
n a c
c;-
'*
•""'•
111 K
c;
c;
a
:
^ S,
S"
-
1
1
ss
'
M M Ml M £*» PV W W *— n G— £— £— 8 •
-*>
Q
O
PP^
Q a q q X X X-X
Q
j3
^ ?
*
" *"
^
G
a a
I
sa
tn EH
n> n> n>
a
>g ^ ^
c_i
•
n: n=:
n;:
g" g.
&h
W oq
n
n» Ft n> nj
p»"
~
p c P F* E G ??:
»-«•
*^-
r»- 1*
fir
S.R
ffEfp-g
^ I
-
—
tt
^
s
-
C!
5
•^
y ^^
6
-1
i
-+j
^6^^
1
«-"
-
-
^
,-h
^o^
-
nr
J3--Q'
ck
*• fll
G r^ n &8' n *-f
^ s
-*->
pv
|g:^e'
o w
„
Q n *
pv pv £v
- s
Qi £*• fV-
cii
6
i
TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
N
a- sk a-' a S >i3 .
**
a
£
c- c* c- o n n n n J> J3> a* J3' n j^ c; i^ a
JB 13
O
a X" n
13 35'
c;
&
jo
o V W i—i
•
•
•
.
En
O
a
a a «• » c c *- n: a
a a
C= C C: C: r~ I- " f— r— CI"
&
9H
n
Gl
=3
x-
as?" ss?"
3r-
•*—
»'
n c S— n n »— *-
«t-
^
is is is
-e
a & " a7 ~J
-a
a-
1
Ph
a.«-
a a
*-
*-
M
§3| oo
I
a:-
P — a- a- a*^
P^
rvi
Eh
P>
1-1
H
hn
-^5
s
s
o
a.
ff .
a
gg
^ E£
If
t>
^
p,
...
fl
fi
*^'
^ *^
r^.
£ TABLES OF PAKADIGMS.
36
-r: n r^-
r:-
r^.-
-a
* to
'°S
a a a a r r r
!>
-/^- -J^- .JNI-.JV.
C_
#^
^2
= *
fl
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IS"
\0 O O O n n n rj t—
n w =
&. -H
n, n> £?
fj © P 5 r* n
n n
r:
rr
ry»
K
o o o
TABLES OF PAKADIGMS.
Ft
rv ni r\-.
Q
S3
47
1
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TABLES OF PABADIGMS.
48
r-n c8
r r g— r- " i
m « n n
^ n n
•ST
H O W n n
13 #?-
n
13 »—
2T
?>
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r
n
Ph
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p
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s
pw
r:
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n n
n: Ph
ri
n
n n
n
£ * £ ®
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trSh
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n n
n n
£s
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n, c;
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n
nl a
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TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
52
a
a
-a
a
pH
*~
r:
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-1-3
'8
r
u °
I,
flu
h r;
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a n a 1
>
7
TABLES OF PAEADIGMS.
56
wan, iwaq, i?«an
n*oaq, n«an, Dqfcaq
or
*oa\ inwa\ wan, .... »an, nwan, i i i' i 7
•
••
i
'
(3)
'
r
The second
'
•
Wau
or
anaan.
wan. -:
•
and the 3rd a
guttural.
TO-
W|i
2.
The second
(1)
radical a guttural, or Resh, and the third
Wau,
Yodh
or
nno, nnno, nnoa, nna,
nyjB^!
a P 0C
The second
(2)
inia,
mno; mnntfn, nnntfn,
nqritfv
irunij?\ piur.
-
(T]"b)-
radical a guttural, or Resh, and the third
an Aleph. cons.
Inf.
Piel
Kal
nSOj?,
n«")p,
n«lj?^
inKlj?,
1fitfJ#;
f
fcTD.
XLV.
VERBS WITH ALL RADICALS WEAK. 1. 2.
Pe, Guttural and Ayin Ayin.
mN, iRWin: TIN, "INJ. Ayin Guttural, Lomadh He, and Pe Resh nN"l nnNT I I'
NT, NT, 3.
4.
nNT, NT, NT1,
NT"I, VFiF\\
I
: it
'
nNlfll; HNIH,
Pe Resh and Ayin Ayin. J?T, n$?VJ, D^np. Pe Nun, Ayin Guttural, and Lomadh He. nni It'
nfinj, I -:n'
nq^, nnj. 5. 6.
Pe Pe
Guttural, Ayin
Wau
and Lomadh He.
mr,
nmy, ,tw\
mi?,
^NfliX
,-fiN,
Guttural, Ayin Guttural or Resh, and
Lamedh He.
-i»\ VTton-
XLVI.
and fpn. ,TH II IT 1.
nVlN, /TH, nrrn, ,T.T, \T, \T1, JTVI; ' VTI,' Vfa, iV :' v *i v ii t :it* i v r '
yin; v: •
2.
'
m\
or ,Tn ii
'
:
•
•
•
:
'
•
:
n\n:. mv^, .Tin, rrm, rrm, n\Tt; nw, v: t i f v:' s nti, Tn. tpi, ti, nrrn or n n- mm, vi\ •.•:•' " v
•.•: %
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:
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'
'
:
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:
'
:
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•
:
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'
•
TABLES OF PAKADIGMS.
XLVII.
57
58
TABLES OF PARADIGMS.
Seventy tflfctf,
Eighty
D^btf,
Ninety
Q^,
One
300
t^p
hundred J1KQ. 100 n«p,
map.*
200 n«p, map, map. 1000 4oo'ni«o j;2-)«. '
3000 d^sVn nt$6t?.
100000
*fe$
*£$ ni«D.
,-jKp."
dijtikd. T &£*$.
2000
d^n.
20000 *£# D'ntyy. 200000 s^N DNTIKp. 300000 B^# 16000 Niri.
Anno Domini 1908 niKD ntf^rn
^
rQ#3
ILLUSTRATIONS OF
GESENIUS'
HEBREW GRAMMAR
WITH VOCABULARIES
BY
ROBERT DICK WILSON,
Ph.
D, D.
D.,
PROFESSOR OF SEMITIC PHILOLOGY IX PRIXCETOX THEOL. SEMIXA.RY
PRINCETON 1906
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE GRAMMAR. This book
meant to give examples in illustration and etymology of Gesenius' Hebrew-
is
of the orthography
The
grammar. illustrate,
which the
sections,
examples
following
are given at the beginning of each lesson.
Hebrew
the words contained in the
All
bible twenty-five times,
or more, have been used in the illustrations; so that the
who masters
student
these, will not
a knowledge of the elements of
working
vocabulary
illustrations will
of the
book:
as
well.
merely have acquired
Hebrew grammar, but a The words used in the
be found in the vocabularies at the end the Hebrew first of which contains
— the
words, and the second, under the corresponding numbers, their
meanings
The
in English.
sections
of
this
by the Roman numerals,
Text-book, which are denoted
be found to correspond to "Notes on Hebrew Orthography and Etymology". These "Notes" have been prepared especially for those who cannot afford to purchase the larger and more expensive grammar. It is the hope of the author, that all who can will procure both the grammar of Gesenius and the "Notes on Orthography and Etymology". the
sections
in the
will
author's
ORTHOGRAPHY.
A.
The Consonants,
nnDBpiino^ti3nnv
nn«r^DBprBB^m»^ irDSiiostDnnjKnDfiDp
^DI35n^D|flf f
tr'
t
n« tk....
«u in
*u
n
b^
i:
jv
^
m«
a3- «aT
yn nn
5
s 3
^|-§§
j;
n« 3«T ..
5
°-
1()i
'
n n « d s
§§
7a,b
8
'
ua
1
'
'
:n an jh iw is ia *n
The
iw
Vowels,
Vowel letters,
jto
Ji5
13 ui 13
nu ma
na na na 25
ai
Mappik.
A.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
Kin ^n in nnT Kin in KnT aaT in nn Kn nvn
mn
nin nn
^ ^ ^
iK
_
K^a
^
bs
tib
^n ^n
nKT nn an anT nT rn n it ?kTV n? w- t- tT &kT dk ma nto nb «in in K\n \n *! ^ nn in ^n
nn ^n
^ ^ &£ Mb mb
T
^
n&V n& ^n to ^h ^nna jo
)n
^
2b rbT b$ bx
b
,t
•'
^a
jw
]n jn
jj
13
nn nn
ij»
6"
v*b
T
ft
^n
tjh ijn
^^
Va
^n- rhT
-
T
J
a& no
jn nia ja
nn nn nn nK nK nn nb --TTTT"
nn on
nn
n^
Kin
-
..
*
an ^n nin )n nia pa jk na Ka tag nn ne tiy
w
1
rj;
ry n> ina in ? rnr
*s
*)K tons
n§
nfe ais
jn
ps ny
^
ap n&
ns?
^
bij;
aiy
f n ns ns ks *jia *yiD *yip *p *)a *yia np nip jp pa pn bp *pp )p ^ p i? fa n^ n^ Kb> nij; ni& mn nin niK T tji nn
^
p
#^ III.
Shewa, Metheg, and
i^tap^ t:
Dagesh forte.
i^&in
#n
jt?
nb>*
nt?
^
^ T
ntelp K^&fc ^bp
^n nbK •
n^
n# n# aib> t?n b>b> #p bib* &v ty'ip n& nn nn na n^n nK nn br\" inT n# n# n& n^ nn ns
#k #in ## n v^
v:
ni&n ~:
nnn
-f
-( b )-
-
-
Vsan "ote:
•
••
na^nKn
:
10C)
16C>
22f
-
§§
nxmbr - t -
^n
-
d - i^tsp
:
^nt?
.
w
I
-g
~
ORTHOGRAPHY.
A.
$5
n$3j?j mtfCK
-i-
-e
jkd
nm&
-
naa
\sn
3^1
pjj^l fi^gfe
-i-
D'JStf -
nn^
d-
^n?
bip
- li
pmr
-
-
n^
-'«»-
^J 25b
-
IV.
I.
Unchangeable vowels.
^d ••
-c
-f
rri ^ni
-1
h-
-
-
e-
^w t
lb
136
n
Syllables. Sylla
^
nw
d-
i!»p t
g - =tt!
>:
k~
^13
ftgg
up\\
nop
n&sn
-p-
-
e#p
i
^|>§ *ptOH
-
n^tbpri
njtjji
na^
n&ri
n?D
•
m
2
'
:
:
-
- 26a
rhw n&K 1311 ~ ~ t |v y
rni?
mira T~
-
vb
-°-
jnsn?
bvp
-
nitt ibfcp -: iv:iv
n^e
-h fibtop t: -It
b&p "I-
-
-
:
^ep
^in
-*-
-
T
b bbb te ph?: p| - §§ 13 21 f i? p-^& C nt^«3 \TJ AWT!} 'IS KS&I P^lTl v -: r :r t -
"
I
••
-
:DiTS
ip »T
:
;
•
:i
•
1T3 T
-e-
•
T
>
-
it
kst
-
pn^
^
fttf ""
•
T
^8
•
n«i AT T
•
teTi
"f
j
Jh
Asp^ion * and
:raA.,.»tio». T
o^8p n^«-te-n« ofcirb-nK :m«-b - § 16 wrtntf ^&rr-ni> n^snan m«n d ft ^-^ t^nfrra tn^ni nntn nbw -_ -g-
v D
"
-
_
V
V
V
T
:
"
T
T
T T
V
-
~\
••
\
|T
(
V V _
"
*
IV
-
-f -
t
:
Iit
t
"
:i
-
T
:
T T
IT
-:
i
:
t
i
ritea!? |t •
;
it
i
ntean t •
:
a ( )-g-
.
.
i
n^ :wt r
:
.1
n\T wag; n^ria rrna ni» v t it
it
1
IT
e-
:ft-W :nn wptf* nbir _ at an« r -;r )•
-
:
r.
.
.
1
.
»
t.
nrjgn ^an-^-tnnp ? :nn«n \ti :p"vn 1
t
:
it
• :
:
r
t
:
t
1
it
Makkeph and Methegh.
:
4 Vl
xr6T ite " T
~ iphe. Kapha
2 Dagesh eesh -
:
ORTHOGRAPHY.
A.
«-
-
:
n^m D^&a n^ ?rr ...
s
:
forte
...
I
:
v
:
nw3
n*6» t it
I
- -
rp&B t t
tvrhup t it):
^nn
-i-
•
nn^ee
nun dp ni I T
-1
-
naa V -
1KP5
VII.
ityjo
-
h-
nv®
ities of
the
Gutturals.
T
••
I"
T T
th.
T T
T T
m_
&6§ »(fj yto& nn -
bv'B
h-
yj*m
ffja
ana
it
n»i;n - t: it
mn Tin— n^n» ••••:
•
nfewa v v: iv
innm v
nfeitfi -
iv
I
-
:
:
v
•
•
- § 22
^i>n T IV
'
yu
onnn
k - prip^
nb» ^BpK —
t t:
••
v:
"
-1
-
I
T
IV
yfcu?
nin|
npj np^ -
°-
rts
«na
^ ^?n nnw :
p^nn tontf n^'in nnna t t t~:
tw •
i-
ji^o ji^o
srar n^tfn «nn
i^ntD
W 13
I
jn
iap naa n&rr
^«n
:
r6b>'
^ mpp ^n
nana v v :
n^n
nan
J33
n^ n^
*-
t^an;;
)1\?0 )l^ri
n^'nn t t:
iyi nbrr n^tf
-
* IT
$$
jkd " "
IT
•
J
-e
k-
^$fi *nj£
J11?t
-
-
IT
d v$i nua «inn B^nis dnn mt~ -V -
- f-
vekp
n^s" n&h" -
:
nn&
nnn tt
anm inn nun m«n
ina inn TV T V
it
•
w£i Peculiar-
-
r
:
tf? It
^v
WtfO
20
>
:
I
'
n&i? T T
rnjjen rc^e d'hip
D^IBSp
v
:
^njpp
§§ 12
pnnn ttn - r v
-
v v
:"ns-nfety v n
•
-
rpitf ~ f»afc nfety t v t v
:
:
- § ue
V
:
I
nsna :na t
:
-c
:
-
- t
I
T
.
It:i\
:
rbti V
^ ww -
:n«rnnp^ :«irn:^ t t t
nBto t
isd _ T
xtihtf T T
-
:
t:
it
:
•
t
:
:
v: iv
:
-
-t
-
:
t
t
-
:
wnn nnMK I
it
m nnl?# - t t
iwt
nnis - t t
i«3nn t
•
:
:
v
nfcrn v :
:
ORTHOGRAPHY.
A.
n« d5^« ib«
Pin -uk
man
rantf r6i>n Tfi»n ~: — t •
;
~:
r"
nojl
"r
»T3
hjko T ~:
"
~: it
it
i
V 2 V$ V&
"
n«i& mb$
irin
riap
dimj
-°-
~
q~
tt&«3
Hon
-p-
I
"fcffij
-
«!?? ttft
T W0 § 23
™ J-
-
TV. mabn n^tjn T«3 d^«i *W1 to^ ^ajj d totefr tow?^ npabe ib«^ afe on nia e ie# wrbtib nirn ^83 _ t
-: it
•
t
m
^
5
rfra ~ T
rm&
T
-
-
n&« im^tf " T
-g- 1 -
I
14a
nii« t
_
t
••
-
mt« #*nT :n«p »T ? ipi »V
t
••
:
-c
-
-
v
v
-
nnirn *t
TiD\n :
:
§ 35
a
:
-c-
-nan nvftan dmh b^kh nan t v: ••
•
•
nnn n&hn 'rnn e^irtn awnn f nMha T T T " nnn dj?h h Tan n3$n p&n -*- '•on njjjin k ann mnn nn&hnn jton nnnn pun t t t t It t
- -
*
-
-
:
-
-1
-
-
t:
•
•
oh^
•
it:
tyi?
•
:p"i«n
t
t
nan
•
:oyn
I
- T
•
•
*at
t t:
nnn nnn pjkn jntrr t :
rrt v v I
II.
THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 11
The Personal
Pronouns
^&t •
*}$ ~: •
^iaT
^ila
unis — a\n Kin n« :
:
— § 32 and Par
-
A
p a § e 536
•
:
it
fl«:
29n
(§ nn« nna t t t nna Mnit uni- unia t v
Par
°'
Id
-
-
-DnoiD nnoiD .utew " T T T T T
.widid
'iriD^D T T
'-.
•
SINGULAR NOUN. FEMININE.
C.
Sin ular
••
•
•
pngn >)3tfpn -nsneiD nan n*n :Tin net :DDn&n :Rnrw& - \ ~ " ~ v t t ^pffl :nr® *on p« t^^fi tnnj^Di;
:T2>n ngin qrkrtf?
•
:
•
:
rm
:nm nan^DD jffim nsio •••:-•: rfeon :nm un&n tnato srnpn t t
tnaftn t
itm
:rfrra t
in^nn t •
t
•
:
t
t
:
t
i-
jrfrru t
t
••
nnpn np'Hsm It tIt \ •
•
•
t
:
t
I
it
:
it
••.
rAna t
srrfchri • I
I
:
:
:
:
:
npnn nun ans n&# mntbtf natent :mrr ~ - T ~ T - T t )t \ t :
:
I
tfwnap jtnDttrtr am tnDinm^ -It mnnr rram mm npn m^b :nta&rriw r hdidh n^5 jtwi nDin-^u nana :imim nmn mnnr naa# irwtrrnp nMnrrta r inattn nwen^r nnai tannics :n^mn :npt»a )r \
*
:it
t
T
T
)- \
:
-
T
t
t
t
•
:iT
T
t
it
:
T
IT
-
-
i
•
t -
T
t
t
r-
t -
-
:
_
T
t
:
IT
:
t
it
•
T
IT
t - I
I
P
•
:
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
PLUEAL NOUN. FEMININE.
D.
—
ftfyg
fry
Par. I
§§ 95,
ttie#
jijnj t
:
v
11
d>
91 g
h >
m
{ >
>
>
b
U*>
»
87 L
>
- t
t
t
•
r
r
*;
^ p
tD^W b^HSJ
s'spA'fo
:
127 a
al
e-
:
:mfe3 niiue j^n rosy; trvirw pTypHI Tins nftiy nnn :?prinn ^ trfran " T V -IT £nn T I
v
:
i
••
**
i
^3Tbin
tjiTflirT
•
••
:
I
v
I
it
:
DpTinn
t'D^jg
n3p JlYlp^n T|pn DfllS^ JOTTf^ 'nrm iTifrvo :ni^i« DDTib tmnan v t T
•
-
t
v
v:
••
-
i
t
i"
•
•
••
i-
:
t
- t
:
TiiM-to na# - t
tffljnan ^ t -
••
:
i
•
I
v
:
-1
DTibinn r
:rflnsa
it
:
t
•
:
•
:
i
IV.
NOUNS WHICH HAD ORIGINALLY TWO SHORT VOWELS, BOTH CHANGEABLE.
"— &OS T
§ 93
Par IIa_e ^em. dd
-
'
-
'
kk '
§ 92
b"g
>
§ 84
a
f" J >
iv.
d™
•
town n^niD rmatsn wanyna ans
Masculine
which had originally
•
:
it
t
•
t
I
:
warn pan nai •
-
I:
I
v t t
••
~:i-
!••
•
lisia t :
t
two short
:
:
it
m# ^ ma Tiasn - t
•
t t
•
-
y owels,both changeable.
\t
JSIYMOLOGY.
b.
uvn
\}pt iirjp
j
•
t ~:
.
it
:D^ij
-.
..
.
T
.
:
it
vt
I
^s
Ttejfg
-
t
••
_
:
_
•
v
•
\ —.
:
T T
P3T1
.
..
—
•
t
iv
....
.
-
it
|
:
.
V.
SEGHOLATE NOUNS MASCULINE.
4-
:
FIRST CLASS.
A.
Hem.
§ 93.
V. Nou°n 8 Masculine :
,",,..
fi rs t
g-n, Par. I
column of Par.
:p?b»
B
d
a >
at
§ 45
'
a -
and § 47 a
"e
h
and the
>
'
end of the grammar. J'j^T'D
:n^ »nyw v$fi
:^»
:
•
:
it
t
:
:
t
:
:
nbi?6
t^rijsn
.
sjJTjiri
':
•
i#8
*dj
V
IT
-
VI.
SECOND AND THIRD CLASSES.
B.
:tw w:nsi -
§
93 °"*' Par
c,e,f
52a>
'
L
v
§
-
J
,
B
.
s
d
Classes.
m^u v
t
••
:
:
:
ram :n\i^r™
v
_
t
•
i it
~
:
*
v: it
*
it
:
^
~'i
P
iston v
^«n
t
»••:•••:
t
:
~
i~
nnot
*: v
:dv6*6 n^nfcni - t b^P t^nfe^ tmt - p# -tit n^'npn t :wnn nva wan #tfn n^ :«in D^'inn V T t ••;
•
••
•
:
I"
I
:
t: IV
1
ni? ?
W' H^5
*nS'T^ #31 B55
JD^3 VHJ3 D33 t'faM? VI"T
*Q?3
tp^J?0
D^a 13^ 1©J .
..
;-
:
,
T
• ;
|
T
p#
SDT&3 ......
13?
**n?P
fcfctj
....
in? ;
)T
14
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
it
-
v
\
•
:
t_
••
v
it
:
-
•
:
:
VII.
NOUNS WITH MIDDLE OR LAST LETTER WAU OR YODH. v "Masculine
Nouns with Middle or Last letter
Wau
" ^1X13 ~~ Eem u z
fcOH "
-
&$n in v
T
•
§ 93
'
Par
'
p
-
'
b
53a_c
k
'
'
§
'
t
t
ki# :n\n«n T T —
•
•
:
.
n» xva V T
ttnbton •
it
•
:
I
or
Yodh.
HW33 :nini«ni D^i«n n^nan rem npEin tt ttt:it :
:it
•
!•
it
:
r^natDWisn :t: t
•
t
:
J
-
b^k
t
:
:it
i&tf - t
-
:
t:t
:
I:
:
:*nn-
p
-
:
-;•..
-
•
Dmtfm
irina
:it
t
•
t
•
-
:
t
:
:
nnni tro&i •oa it inh cran v t
-pdsi niib v t
•
•
•
it
:
VIII.
NOUNS FROM ROOTS WHOSE SECOND AND THIRD RADICALS ARE THE SAME. vin.
Maisculine Nouns from roots whose
jq*h T —
^$3 **
xpo-u:
•
*ti>v ' ~
!
p3
— Eem aa \3& T
'
bb cc '
-
'
§ 93
>
Par
" xl n -
l
:n^ns spBJP?
btstyi p3^*n
second and third radicals are the
same.
D^p D^nsn :n^n np« m^&rra; pa run t^s t^mb tn ^ :nwrnD n^nrrtp •5
!
:
-
it
I
-
" t
••
•
•
•
:
I
••
••
•
•
it
I
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
w
niiT
:itt
•
rprrte t \ Iit
tea ...
15
n&# urmn
•mir ihTUb d^bdh -••:
•:
^y
n&ty" - t
-
•
•-
-
•
- It
:
:
-
it
I
•
%
:
t
wan sma own ram
^ •
:
D^n- i*iD,Tte Date _ v
:ni*n -
(it
•
it
•
*
•
•
I
iv
15D
••.
:
m» V
I
t
TW
:
nan
*te# r&sirte - t -: t
*
:
it
t
:
rram-te t t •
•
:
•
nanrbt^* -
)
:
t
:
di^ti :mpn-te v t t
:
it
:
•
I
I
nw
:ltin
•
••
:
:
naatf t
isaa :w«a jnnnrrte i&irte rap - t t t •
^^
k/
IX.
NOUNS WHOSE FIRST SYLLABLE
UNCHANGEABLE.
IS
D^awn — Eem nn -pp' § 93 Par IIL :n\naab^«ni Dwaan n&tf 'Dtftip ^1^ ~ t i^ i^ D^teu •
-
:
-
•
:
:
•
t
ro^p tn^aopa do
••
:
#$
•
•
:
1\
:
^*opD :i^aip-tei
namn nua^aa nmaip^ manten Dvfrgj ia$ jd^ti; D^searrte TWS natf :
t
it
jn^tea :
:
-
•
:
•
:
D^aaten :• — ni«aa t •
:
pan ^e^e pi
:
tein 1153
•
v
:
nana :
:
•
nan inip'nsn
:Jt
lx
-
-
>
t
:
:
\
_
tn^atfinn-te t t •
i
^jnprr
ne^ri
:Dmte ten nspaqatfiD tDiTD^fi
Nouns
^r is
un-
16
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
X.
LAST SUBJECT CONTINUED. Xi
coined,
^foW *ON
—
D3?^
-hv
§§ 50 and 54
Rem
IIIb § 93
>
d^i#
^bj? jrnirin
ll' 88
'
*TW
dj?n
nsbi rtflH» nnnn ^na- mato mnrr nun t t *•
i-
••
—: -
t
i
••
it
••
:
:
:
••
•
:
-
•
i
•
:
:
rbfc-^ :v^k isto :D&nn Has -. bpn t:i t t t ••
nmb t t
..
i^pnn :
:
J-
:
n&snru t
:ft
:
it
ni;
•
j
•
:
i
t -
•
•
:
:
i
:
:
:
jpitDsrnfci it ~
•
)
:
XI.
NOUNS WHOSE FINAL SYLLABLE Xl Nouns ouns *
who fin
7
syllable is
IS
UNCHANGEABLE.
— Par IY Rem rrn w&i njpp'! t^vn-bv IDS J- t
§ 93
"" xx
-
'
'
'
§ 85
84k
" w1
'
§
'
n '
§ 50
-
iTp§ tj^n
un-
changeable
H??p pi?} nn? :n^p|n en
W
f?nj lain?
win ^9^
Kin
m?*]
##n
:t^h
ij^
nnjee
w&n
p&j?
ngpa
jn«n pig
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
D^?n
n^ \}1b^3 vn^i
tuh&n
rfil«i?n
17
Xli.
FEMININE NOUNS HAD ORIGINALLY
FROM MASCULINE NOUNS WHICH
(1)
TWO SHORT VOWELS AND
(2)
OTHERS
WITH THE SAME INFLECTION AND CHANGES. -
:it
I
—
rm^
?tt
§ 95
Par
'
"c
Ila -
Rem
s- n
-
48g_k '
•
XII
'
§
Feminine
:
:
:d\1^
1:1513
nrni9 :nin^ ta^pn
J3|
:
Nouns from Masculine (1)
Nouns t
v
:
t )t
nnin'n — :
1
:
•
v
;
:
-
:
:
'
•
:
b^k rtej :n«DD mfcpn nbna :n*6& _ vi t •
••
•
:
•;:
:
iv
:
nn&n tn^npn~ vb$& ~ nnn t tt - tnp^s t t :dy6*6 nninn niacin npirc id^ow t t — \-.\T
—
D^iba •
••
••
i"
tfh
•
:#•»$
:
J
mate
:nin» t •
••
:
*p3 n|Bj?
i"
it
:
1
n^ thd v v
•
J
m
•
:
:
1-
n^ipn t 'it
:
nan
:
J
I'
M^>&»:
which had originally
two short vowels, and
sS
ers
with the t
same nflection
and changes.
:
*niiT nngiri
:ni:D^n n*^p f i«n XIII.
FEMININE NOUNS FORMED FROM MASCULINES WHICH HAD ORIGINALLY ONE SHORT VOWEL.
jtesn
wjw -
§ 95
>
Par
-
la> bi
Ci
Rem.
D^&p
*itop
'
\top
-
^idjj
*^n p^jft pe>f :n^q!pn n§D I^Dp ntop ?j2^ to n#p trn^ijj #§33 rryitfp iiMpj :lrtW3 nnri :tdat ran own - - pah nam -
nap
iKd :
:
:
#8
•
fcp»n •
t
o^ ••
\rtib }••
1
:
I
t
••
it
•
:
ib^
t^a tDwaan- ^aao ntoa • t t
nnnp
•
:
•
:
•
:
I
:^m« ~:
i&rin upjjj
•
t - _ :
ias> T T
!
ja
:
)i
:api£ rohng
-
•
•
:
jj^
•
•
:
•
i
o$p :
5
:
^j?
D?ps
•
IT
:
iirnprn ?
kti isrna ivt :
•
:
rrrisfc
npsfr
truBf t
mnan usd
xnsnV
feter6
•
:i-
1
n'rnpt n.n«
v t
••
I
:anna vit v
•
dh :^ne inp
aat^ -
-
t
it
•
•
:
aw
:
i
v -
»? n5^'
#ab nm« trMibrrtoa _ t t t ^ marT iwi mat*T nn« t -
:^pn
:
iv
rrj^fe
:
:
T$p
rtip§
wng
tninn )^p rbi
rfek
^?b nng
-t£p
23
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
f^3 »bg
nytoEJ nrigi
n^pn
"i^8
tots n^n^ D^an
*rn&&n
ttfnjarj
XX.
PIEL AND PUAL.
tb )ti?& :v^T
,t^ ra^p
^^
^
n§p
u§
-^p
w'^ip
Tp Tyn
*DFK* 13 R dtm n§D jiTniD^s 1*0} t^pn I3p3
1
^^ l^f!
&*>p :HWpj total
nso ?
infc
033^
tW^p
'
tfi
.
IT
-
-.j./.v t
tDTODfc^ fl&Btel ~ t t:-t D^tffi •
ty'p?n«
i3w n^n-^j?
virion tn^sn d^t vri&tEi j^n^p(3PW8 ne^i ^np^' b$ nip: :ninntDn^-ri^n^3^3n"n^ ni W^ D !&b :rftlt£ rD#fl nbg npffa fowg djik i3T mrto- nto nfcfc insi bna isd& wfmw;i
tnirra ^#31 - t :
it
•
:
-
-
:
:
.
]
:
8
:
n^'i v v
:
i •-
ntDDn :
:
im ••
t
• t
t
tisi t t
:
••
ito^i — ••
:
:
t
•
:
:
jfrwr nj^gn t ~:
note &y&n h^-bym »?p
:
it
*a?r!?s?
—
32
-
:
)
it
t -
•
:
-t
t t
ibt^n •
-
:
•
rat?'j?3
I
:
t
:
t
:
-
:
t
•
v
:
I
:
-
••.
•••-
•-
v t
:
t
•
;
^gn *pfe> ig^ n$pn
:^«| t
•
t
•
:
t - :it
•
•
:
•
t
^-^s ™?p^ jd^3 int^ai #\sn
ma 5jn«
rotai :nbn t t \
it
tit:
:
ijfe
-
:
••
•
:
••
:
^ n^y niwi mria n^D
•
nnrtet n« ••
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
:
:
-
•
it
l
:
itt todt pftyrna t^ut v (.-
*i-
I
:
ima^ nurrta-na t
•
:
:
•
:
t t
:
^s^nns •
-
:
it
&5tr'Kv
t
I
:
:
napa :rpn nurrta n&tf - r^i> t t t t t *pis mriam wn&torrti; isa- :n^n- d ^t v t t :nn«ten nrrbv *tnp& ^ps ni^a :**&& t t v s
rr&D*i it — :
:
•
I:
I
t
:
t
:
rtonK m:& nnr^ tos mm txv nto ma tenn tib tninian nnsn tea naibitfi I
v
-
iv
'
"
:
....
v
:
v
t
-
.
-
t
:
_
T
_
- t
:
..
..
t
_
_.
.
T
(
nrvt tfnm ipib~ D^tfn nterr~ ^ir^in t ^man DS^nn p^nn :p«n - tT-itorrnK T T V T in? tfn ^b« tmTOn *6 nmir - r — ns&m t Iv
-:i
..
-
•
:
:
,-
•
»
|T
J
••
v:
:
••
:
•
iv
5jb?^ D1'3 1^5«1 DD.^
jdj5^ :
)p}tv,
-:
- :i _
••
:
i
T^WS
5
I?^
^to
:
'3
tor
*6 tTIW dide mjoj? TDB?nni nnsn ni« ni^ p*6 - - _ t vtt
ni^3
D#a nn^ t ••
:
^u
I"
it
•
:
i
•
:
:
:w0
I
:
nyjiq ;ifiy3£3 Dinrui
ru&feo nfir nni; • t t v:iv t :
:
:
i
:
^gn
ptrp :p«a nmn :nDnoto VT T T I
TIT
I
v:iv
v
"
:
I
34
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
XXX.
PE ALEPH VERBS. XXX. Pe Aleph Verbs.
n&op trim ^58 D1*3 - §§ 68 23 iTOn^D nDrta D s nia ^d& *6 rartoK - t t tt °-
sjirjn
•
:
>
I
i
_-*»-^
^X/
t^
d,
:
t
••
1!
?*^
•
t
*6 impish
•
•'
-
-
ibfcfo
:
:
i
v v
•
:
t
:
- v:iv
?^ irwt ^W
p?s h
:?
:
t
~:
•
:
v
v:
m Jinan nratf m -: it
iv
1|
1 -
w
nfcn it? n feata ^s- n v :
no :&^p
^ :
:
•
i
T
irb
*6
mpn tntnan bvn nvb rata d^u t t~: "T -
rri v v
- t
I
-I:
:
-
it
•
••
nntfn nwi :mtfn rrtas n&Bfo& t :nnm« r6^n t — ^n - - t :^tt- p^s- m^ t m&n :Ti>nT i^'nin^n un«-^« ITT n^tf _ _ _ T
ms tt
:
v:
i"
•
i
-:
:
w m#
•
_.
:
••
•
•
I
•
:
-:
ti-
•
.
:
v:i\—
:
XXXI.
AYIN GUTTURAL VERBS. xxxi. Ayin Guttural
Verbs.
nosn ran#
nra« it
:
v
jv^
n^'a nip&s Itv -:
}&n# ntyn t w it
rasi
tant^ :
•
-
§ 64
-
nn^rw i
:
•
:
TV
^
T»n
tannic T
—
'
.
tn^tr "
IT
I
I
35
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
*
T -
:
n)wwj
didd I"
T
.
r™p jbm di;d spiso «rihi« \\$m\ mIL :na#n Dims :5p"Q& nmna :vn« ima —
^ra •• ••
I
|
-:it
iv
i
v t
•
T
-
:
t
:
-
T»a ...
•
^
^nan t
mi
:
-
^
urra-D«
tfi&to
.
•
:
i
it
.
T
I
.
^
IT
:
:nan v
I
t
IT
T
^nw'n
ton?
3 ng T irn urn*
ipTi n^??n
iMrpjf?]
inn} *6 rt jn?i
infc
^ igw n^wi
*6 noin
tfia
•tffls
•
d^
fifipl *nra?i?n n^a
PS~D«
t
t
v.v
Jim pa nnn
:fi^
.
^ nns itw ^fen
:
:it
•
••
:
t
•
t
'
tonWK t -
m&to t
nin^-n« t v
T
^
i"
.
~:r
•
it ~:
ds nrto iw#} :nw" tn^ann T t
-
•
I
:
t
*
v
v:
Dm -.
:tei; -
••
:it'~:
v
•
v t
I
:
ran Di>if? tDDiDH- t t ^n mini t t t t npire ntom m&i prr.i ^«-Di- ^nia nD«'i t t " T T V rpb fins n^Djn ijnyj t^na D?gn i«3 •
•
:
it
•
••
i"
:
:
-: IT
»T
:
:
.
I
^
t
-t
:
it
:
-
•
:
.it
•
•
topni :n§ whti _ ma tmrn-te .._ &h V T VII T^V T" wintf n^Kt natw ttn^> Kin tnrvbn ••••: ^jib? tfp^x m) :nnjrrn# jh?? d^o? _.
t
iv
.
:
J
•
_ T
it
:
nn&m Drr-nn ^d^
"I:
T
IT
•
I
»
-
:
npnfc^:
mlwj ngrrts
36
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
#nj?
thvtyi
p#m win n^p
rejo
:inK tf-iri 13*13 :nn«
^
rn^^
ib*6
XXXII.
LOMADH GUTTURAL LLomadh Guttural Verbs.
_
T -
T
IV
I
^n^
tij^S
bninrm t
-
:
T
:
I
•
-
I
•
it
-.
:
:
I
:
jn^'K ppri?
T
-
:p«n ^3fi
t«
•
t
I
D^g
tp&tfi
r
:
-
\
••
i-
^
^riato T .
.
..
.
n«
rt& -
is
:
I
v
:
np#^ ysif; P3^ plfetfi
^nD^'
rrifc
it
i"
•
-:
:^nnb
ni&|3 qap i^'is
.
it
it
I"
rtfir^ r6bn tain ntv nns :nws dv6k3 :ute n^nn - r .
:nrn3 _
rfabn inv^ttn n^to - " |v v -
:
Tjg^e msii? win
man ...
"IT
~
:
iiims thgi *jt nty :n;tia
rP33E i^Yjapp^
niMij
T
VERBS.
•TOW
npsra
*T2($
nm& nynt?' rrHi&B nixn n»3n tTM isitf t
;
it
t
t
•
:
~
v
t
:
t
it
:
W3& vb6# nroD :mn^' ^ :
t
•
tnib bpV2
it
-
jte3*_3
:
•
t t
:
\
t
•
roil* t :it
t
t
nnno t :
•
rcaa |T^p nsif :«]iD"na
'
37
ETYMOLOGT.
B.
XXXIII.
LOMADH ALEPH VERBS.
^
urn nty? ifep
"i
:
•
:
trfr
nn0
tWse
n«? rural t
woo
r£
«geH«
^nj
^T^?
M1B
jdwjpjHw nyii mk^ «£& " ".'•.:
tayp:}
nib mpj^
»
it
Tip "h&i; ligfl igftj
dsik
tow*?.
KS'in ron
\fl|>
tnnyi
fftyrci
IE
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n«rn$Ttf *|7 :rvhn« D^tf-p3$
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AYIN-AYIN VERBS.
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ETYMOLOGY.
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42
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
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PE WAU, OR PE YODH VERBS. xxxvi.
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PE YODH VERBS.
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44
ETYMOLOGY.
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45
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46
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
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ETYMOLOGY.
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LOMADH HE xL Loma iadh He
VERBS.
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49
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
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ETYMOLOGY.
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ETYMOLOGY.
B.
mtett V T -
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52
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
on
mm nm" - t
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VERBS WITH 2 nd OR
RAD. WEAK.
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53
ETYMOLOGY.
$30*
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VERS WITH 3 rd RAD. WEAK.
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3rd eak.
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m) ^i?p
pe
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fTterft totf?
tsfjjs *y*3
as
raw
ntf p*j
tTTlWP »8
^ t^n'iij?-^ ^
:
54
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
nan nate-n« :?rtw tea :ama ^-na t vit v v t Jtpe &35? 131^ nnipjl mSQ ^nari ^13 •
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man i&« ivrte
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ETYMOLOGY.
B.
XLIII.
AND
V'S
V
3 rd
VERBS WITH
D
RAD. WEAK.
- § 76 2 (d e) IS a* tnj^p r\mb 6?v i&fc 10? rnj^n trja nipsn pp ws tnnnn
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AND
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56
B.
ETYMOLOGY.
tib nratan t v It
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amp :m^« nam
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B.
57
ETYMOLOGY.
XLV.
VERBS WITH ALL RADICALS WEAK.
^0
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58
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
nnat dy6k ami inn^i mm v — :p«n-^ t t t :mtD rs nt^n «irn- :sib ^ manT \ski» v v t t v:
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ETYMOLOGY".
B.
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60
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
XLVII.
THE NUMERALS. x xh!'" Numerals.
WW
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61
ETYMOLOGY.
B.
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ETYMOLOGY.
B.
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THE HEBREW WORD-LIST. (*)
^
19
n«
i
mn«39
rn«2i
nn«
3
nm«4i
^23 ^24
^
5
^3«
6
D^«25
)3^
7
p«26
nj«
s
)?i«27
njj
9
n«
37
*in$42
in«43 nn«44 nn«45 )1in« 46
^1«
28
nnn«47
ni^ 29
n^^^48
ni«3o
*% 49
71WJ
3i
n^ 50 n^8^«5i
m«
32
^
52
n^« 53 Vi 54
m 33
^
34
|Tl« 10
twh m ?i2 T
D7& d7«
13
u
nfcifeus J7*$
)j« 35
nritfi
is* 36
n ?o*5
16 17
^_
and words in the Hebrew list corresponds (•) The^numbering of the pages words which follows. This first list to the numbering in the list of English Bible twenty-five times or contains-?.Ji words occurring in the Hebrew few words, besides, which more --2. The words found in Gen. I-IV.-3. A principles, or forms. Most were needed to illustrate certain grammatical with a cross. occurring less than twenty-five times, are marked words,
y
64
II.
Spa
")
W&?
102
A.
THE HEBREW WORD-LIST.
II.
A.
66
II.
nm
A.
THE HEBREW WORD-LIST.
246
]i
222
rrys} 198
^ 247
333 223
^H 248
)53 224
Tflj 200
n^ 249
1§i 225
^1| 201
Dn 250
226
^jS 202
HOT
251
l^OT
252
DOT TOOT t
253
:
254
^
227 ft* Bf]| 228
1p"5 255
199
b^ 203 tyt) 204
229
M21
205
Dty'i 230
nts 15
206
#^1? v
v
•
^
•
pa"! 231 1
I! ! 1OT
niS 207
232
SjTfJ
256
BPH
257
N^J
258
TTQrl. 234
^H 259
1OT ?3B
:
nj 208
^
233
209
Hf% 210
te
r^J 211
q bOH
260
nnno
236
n^| 212
261
#yj
237
H7-1 213
nri inn
262
jn 238
riw| 214
263
mn 239
^215
111 264
]jn 240
^ 216
jtn 265
nin 241
n\n 266
pn rjn
242
^3 267
*p. 243
)\Y268
^P 244
T
wn 269 I
- T
245 nrnfc T *
:
bhz
217
n^o
218
*
03 219
^S|220 221 *?m T T
II.
nnn
318
*13J7 319
ninn
320
#nn
321
^n
322
Mn
323
130 niiq
324 325
inn
326
lib
327
t?Sn 329
^n b\h
330
•pnn 331
npj
332
jim
333
njh 334
*)Wt
335
pin
336
pm
337
Ktpn 338
w?n
339
*mn
340
*n»on t t _
341
:
A.
THE HEBREW WORD-LIST.
294 IDt TT
8
II.
A.
II.
VQi
A.
THE HEBREW WORD-LIST.
462
438 nnstD T T -
&y 463
*J?3D 439
"TjtfSP 464
nyiito 440
69
jiin 414
Din DID
415
rDltf 416
jn;>
465
arm
441
MP
466
lillp
442
**)1J1
418
T 467
nib
443
nsiD
419
468 FTP TT
mtn
mne 444 tt:
it
469
*nltO 445
j;T 470
nltD 446
T
nvi
471
nitD 447
nn; 472
448 nnto T
n^T
473
1MD 449
*)in 417
tfin 420
#in Iph n#n nn#qp T
421
422 423
424
*T[^*n 425
:
DP rup
474 475
450
^A 426
Kfctt 451
n;>i?q 427
^D
476 *irp - T
KfcfcD "
452
^n 428
1W 477
n«&& t t
453
Dnn
PirP - 478 t
T
:
j&D 454
429
*Diih 430
:
TJP
tp
455
*]rin 431
480
D1{J 456
*jrin 432
2W 481
«]10 457
^
479
- T
SD^D T
482
*)1B 458
*nnn
433
nri434
459
*n?D
435
460
*n?6
436
^461
n^D
437
\t 483
11^
H3J 484
^3J
b'T 485
H.
70
rniri 534
A.
THE HEBREW WORD-LIST. *\b)
*n
511
i)\ 487
7V6* 488
nT
535
n^T
536
«r
512
^JT 537
K21&
513
n«iin
514
T
njT
538
486
n§; 510 ?;.
T7J n^iiD
489
490
^515
n"J^1p491
540
yjf\ 516
492
n^ 541
pjj 517
fc^T539
^
fl3$ 542
n^iD
543
*n^'ln 544
18J
ns;
518 519
D1|T 520 :
^ ^
493
D^ 494 |itjj
^
495
496
j^ri 497
*]#; 545
pp; 521
*j^
546
1p; 522
pr
498
rrttf 547
i|T 523
*np^
499
Jtt^ 548
1J?
524
ID; 500
J^ J^ 549
tfjr 525
-|D1D 501
hy^ 550
t^plD 526
r
¥
"l#j 551 1!£>>
552
IfchtJ 553
nn^p
554
no; 555 ninj 556
1JV 557
KT KT HNT
ffjDJ
502
527
np; 503
528
IDIfc 504
529
"UP 505
«iib 530
nriD 506
vp
531
TiiD 532
HT
533
pg; 507
nsp
sos
11T 509
H.
A.
THE HEBREW WORD-LIST.
71
133
606
133
582
*|]-p
558
*1§3
607
583
1#«i
559
rr(h
608
3^3 H^3
584
'ij-p
*/-63 585
13?
561
l^
562
3*113 609
Dli
610
^3
586
^D15 }H3 nil
611
ni^?
587
mm? 6u = 3#3
615
rrpns
564
1^3 Q$3
589
D33
565
59
566
n^3
591
^3^ #33
p
592
H3
568
616
11*3 593
],13 569
J^3
594
•J35-B70
^3
595
KD3 HD3
596
3fl3 617 3n? 6i8
,n^3
567
T
fc>3?'
£#3
1133 563
^3 588
612 6i3
560
6i9
'*)Jl3 620
^621
nan?
571
^313 572
597
^3
573
n^lD5 598
p3
574
^33
599
313 575 3_t3 576
D^
622
**p3 600
3^
623
tngj 601
3J3
602
H3 in3
33*? 624
DBS - T
)3^ 625
D1J3 603
|3^>
626
*]3 604
il^
627
*P33 605 -1
577 578 579
^3 580
DM
^3 581
72
n.
fc^D 676
A.
THE HEBREW WORD-LIST.
II.
A.
74
n.
a.
H.
A.
THE HEBREW WORD-LIST.
njgp
t» 89i
868
3tu 892
hit 869
?g 893
*hftV 870
75
ybb
844
tfyv 845 TJDD 846
sn
*tni}e
847
tij;d 895
rtai? 872
rp
848
896
11? 873
nSD
849
*ps? 874
"^w
85 °
875
851
tj;
*|TJ&
894
*nhip
*ijii
898
*n^j; 876
ftgO 899
^877
*®9 15D Igb
"jy 878
TSD
854
879
1|p»
855
ono
"113?
•fTTJ^J
£g
TV
900
^
852
853
!?J?
901
n^p
902
ring sso
TiVp 903
T"g 881
iriD 857
TlfSy 904
JIW 882
1JHD 858
n^jl 905
*^ 883
906
,r6iy 884
J1^g
n^fip 907
,TJJ?
2V
856^
859
13!? 86O
*J3g sei
r\h)p
^>gb 908
*py 885
n*jig 862
b)) 909
*yig 886
*iT3?8 863
Tfahti 910
*QB
H13?
^gp
911
Tg 887 Tg 888
D&g
912
J1TJJ 889
D^ 913
Tg
^^55*
890
864
13J? 865
866
n.3V 867
&
H.
76
2\t?P 962
T\&V 963
n&Vp
964
*y'WV 965 **\WV 966 967 ib>mb>i; T T v V ifeWfi 968
JlHy?
969
*11fe>i;
970
T
D'HfcW 971
]^ 972 p$y
973
*1#i; 974
"$£
975
h?? 976
W!»
977
n^S© 978
rn$$ri 979 '
yj|
980
ni§
98i
nn§
982
,13 983 Hfe 984
^3 985
A.
THE HEBREW WORD-LIST.
938 *D2B - T
II.
A.
'TIS 1034
THE HEBREW WORD-LIST.
77
78
H.
bbpr
l
A.
THE HEBREW WORD-LIST.
II.
A.
THE HEBREW WOKD-LIST.
^1 arri 1179
pni ii8i pni H82 pirn n83
H54
)51pH30
b^] 1155
nnp n3i HP 1132
*^i
1156
mi
1157
T T
S]11 1158
nn.nn H59
npn
ii84
2^1 1160
3D1
1185
nnn& nei t
npj H86 ns7 nnniD T t V
•
:
*nn H62 fPll
:
#31
1188
nn
H63 H64
,1D1D 1189
D11 1165
1190
1166 Dllfc T
1191 fc>D1 - T
n67 nonn t
flfcl
#D1 pi
1192
Jttl 1168
1193
npuri H69
pi
1170
nm ^1
H95
#n
ii7i
1196
nni nni T T nni nni
H72 H73 H74 n75
T
1197 ilUI T T
H98 21 ii" pin 1200 jn 1201
njLh
yip
1133
H34
&7ft n^'p 1135
n#p n36 mfp H37 c 1#p 1138 n^'pn39 n«i ii4o n$n& n4i
#N1
1142
)T#N1 1143
:
,131 1194 T
79
H44 nni H45 ni H46 ni H47
rvtr'Ni
nnm
ii48
mi
H49
nni T T
ii5o
t t
:
^irni ii5i
:
Dill 1176
n^ni H77
pi
H52
ni H53
^^
80
II.
THE HEBREW WORD-LIST.
A.
tp*\W
125 °
*W&
1251
^3^ blW
1226
nin
1227
Bfon 1203
rntf 1252
nsb> 1228
•»3# 1253
"Db> 1229
rPQt?' 1254
T?b>
1230
1255
^Db>
1231
fcnt?' " v
:
«si nei Hgl nin T T
1202
1204 1205
1206 1207
JJ3t£ 1256
JlDi^ 1232
p'^n 1208
1257
nnipi^ 1233
rren 1209
1258
rtet? 1234
tftttf 1259
fcqb> 1235
g^pl 1211
Ti>fe> 1236
1212 w'n ~ - T Jfl^l 1213
P3# H^3^ nuutf T
1260
T
•
:
Wy& 1261
.
1J?fc>
1237
pi
1210
1214
D^3fcJ>* 1262
HlJ;^ 1238
cfiiDtf 1263
nsi^ 1239
ynfc? 1215
13^' 1264
p\& 1240
J^t? 1216
1265 in^' V V
*lfc>
1241
1217 Pafc^ - " T
1266 RDM? - T
Tlty T
1242
JTlfe>
na#
1267
Jtt5>'1
1218
V T
•
*pb> 1243
nb> 1219
Tltf 1268
nSI^
1244
1269
^1K#
1245
b>lb>£ 1221
1270
b$&
1246
pnfe> 1222
*T^'
^
fe^feJ
1220
DHty 1271
rfoWf 1247
phb
1223
Kit? 1272
1^ 1248
Dttfc>
1224
3^ 1273
*|K# 1249
D^
1225
n. A.
*)$& 1322
THE HEBREW WORD-EIST.
13^
1298
81
*\V& 1274
10#
1323
"DC2" 1299
1BW
1275
J0#
1324
T"6# 1300
pit^*
1276
np$
1325
)rf?# 1301
flgttfiFQ
1277
1302
Tit?'
1278
^W
1326
D^bfc?" 1327
tf?&
^tf
1303
P0#
1329
itM&#
1330
b^ 1304 DW 1305 D^ 1306
'lOtf 1331
ti?& 1307
P&B? 1328
*7Wf 1279 nlC^ 1280
T#
1281
nri!^ 1282
tOn^* 1283
*1D^D
1332
nW 1308
Hn^
1284
n-j^e
1333
tf*6# 1309
nn^
1285
Bft}# 1334
n#W 1310
ntp# 1286
1335
1(^#
1311
*)t9# 1287
H^ 1336
D1B6#
1312
n©^
ni#
1337
D^tf
1313
1338
DE>*
1314
)#
^ •
T
Dtf 1315
•»}# 1339
W
1288
1D# MtfD
1290
1289
1291
D^
1340
HQ#
1316
njtf 1292
rW'O
1341
D^tf - T
1317
1293 fetf T
*H^
1342
Dfctf 1318
DD#
TB$
1343
DD#
1319
D^tf 1295
"13?^'
1344
H|pa^
1320
p# 1296
nnstf 1345
hk&
1321
J||^5 1297
•
1294
82
II.
"A.
THE HEBREW WORD-LIST.
blfcp 1386
n^'t^* 1366
ftSfc?' -
1346
Tfcfl 1387
*&Vf 1367
tD?t^'
1347
1388 DIDD - T
D^# 1368
Dfl 1389
nW
1369
1390 *Dfi T
nt$?h
137 °
Dyh#
1371
a^n •
T
1391
n&fi 1392
T
1348 BDSBfo t :
1349
1Jg# ^St^ 1350
r6atf
1351
wan 1372
HJ5# 1352
pri
1393
iljfi 1373
HJ?I^8 1353
rfctffo
1394
^DJR 1374
tO|W' 1354
^j5^ 1355
1395 H!?n T T
Vll=l
1375
1396 *1Bfl - T
D1HP
1376
1397 b>Bfi - T
1JJJFI
j;pJH 1398
^J5^
1356
1377
bp&h
1357
ni&iri 1378
Pp^'
1358
npYJB
1399
'wi
1379
1D#
1359
n^ifjji
Hoo
*Tlfi 1380
*|j2g?
1360
V^
1401
nnri i38i
JHtf 1361
1402
^rinri 1382
1403
BflTlg 1383
Bhj? 1363
1384
nity' 1364
H^JPI 1385
&& 1365
•ny^P D^l-I
TW? 1404
n^?P
yi&
1362
B.
THE ENGLISH WORD-LIST. (*) 25 But, vestibule.
1 Father. 2 3
future.
To perish, lose 26 Vanity. To be willing. 27 Wheel.
4 Needy. 5 To mourn. 6 Mourning.
46 Hinder, western, 47 End,
28 Treasure, treas- 48
49
ury.
29
To be
last.
Where? Isle.
50 Enemy.
light.
7 Stone.
30 Light.
5L
How?
8 Pool.
31 Light-giver.
52
Ram.
9 Mist.
32 Sign.
53 Terror.
33 Then.
54 There
34 To go. 35 Ear.
55 Ephah.
12 Man.
13 Sardius.
36 Hi.
LORD.
10
11 Glorious.
To
56 give ear, 57
Man.
58 Certainly, only.
to hear.
37 Brother.
59
16 Base.
38 One.
60 Food.
To
18 Love. 19 Tent.
hold of. 41 Possession. 42 To be behind.
20 Or.
To
21
desire.
22 Desire. 23 Foolish,
24 Perhaps. .
fool.
eat.
lay 62 Food.
40 To
seize,
To
61 Food.
39 Sister.
love.
not.
How? Where?
14 Red. 15 Ground. 17
is
63 God. concern-
64 Unto, ing.
65 Not. 43 After. 66 These. 44 Another. 45 Back,backwards. 67 God.
the pages and words corresponds to that of the tn&Mith., word-list preceding this. The abbreviations, Pi., Hi., Ni., stems and show stand respectively for the Piel, Hiphil, Niphal, and Hithpael the Hebrew root in that the English definition following is the meaning of the stem denoted by the abbreviation. (*)
The numbering of
Hebrew
;
6*
84
II.
B.
THE ENGLISH WORD-LIST.
Way.
68 God.
100
69 Idol.
101 Lion.
70 71
Dumb. Widow.
102
73 Mother. If, or,
134 To be despised* 135 To spoil. 136 Spoil.
104 Long. 105 Palace.
137
surely not. 106 Earth.
To
75 Handmaid.
107
76 Cubit.
108 Fire.
77
133 Shame.
belong.
103 Length.
72 Ox, thousand.
74
To
132 To be ashamed.
To be
firm, Hi.
109
curse.
78 Truth.
Ill
Woman. To be
prove, to
138
To
choose.
139 Youth.
110 Assyria.
to believe.
To test.
guilty.
140 Choice. 141
To
trust.
142 Security.
Womb.
79 Faithfulness.
112 Guilt.
143
80 To be strong,
113 Happiness.
144 To under-
courageous.
114 Ashera.
To
115
stand.
(1)
With
82 Saying.
(2)
Sign of ace. 146 Understand-
83 Saying.
116 She-ass.
84 Saying.
117 Well.
81
85
To
say.
118 To dissemble, 148 To weep.
gather.
act perfid-
87 Prisoner.
iously.
nostril,
anger.
.
120
To be
alone.
being".
151 Weeping.
152 Not.
121 Separation.
153 Without, not.
122 Alone.
154 Uselessness.
123 To cease.
92 Extremity, "not 124 Bdellium.
93 Finger. 94 Beside.
149 First-born. 150 Birth-right.
119 Garment.
90 To bake. 91 Ephod.
ing.
147 House.
86 To bind.
88 Bond. 89 Also,
145 Between.
155
To
mix.
156 To swallow.
125 Emptiness.
157 Not, except.
126 To be
158 High place.
terrified.
127 Cattle, beast.
159 Son.
95 To lie in wait. 128 To go in, 96 Four. come in. 97 Purple. 129 Entrance.
160
To
build.
161
On
account oi
98 Ark.
130 Income.
163 Lord, husband
99 Cedar.
131 Well.
164 To burn.
162 For, behind.
H.
165
To
B.
196 Mighty,
cut, Pi. to
85
THE ENGLISH WORD-LIST. 227 Threshingfloor.
hero.
fortify.
166 Fortification.
197 Power.
228 To drive
167 To cleave. 168 Morning.
198 Lady. 199 Roof.
229 Pasture. 230 Shower.
169 Oxen.
200 Cutting, sec-
231
170 171
To To
create.
172 Hail.
173 Speckled.
174 175 176 177 178 179
Iron.
To
flee.
Fat.
Bar. Covenant.
To
kneel; Pi.
203 Great. 204 Tower.
233 Pestilence. 234 Cause.
205 206 207 208 209
Body.
235 Word. 236 Wilderness.
To
237 Honey.
to speak.
Nation. sojourn.
Sojourner.
238 Fish.
To snatch
239 Fish. 240 Corn.
182 Flesh. 183 Cook.
take captive.
181 Blessing.
drive; Pi.
232
210 Valley. 211 To exult. 212 To lay bare,
180 Knee.
To
201 To be great. 202 Greatness.
sway.
to bless.
cleave
unto.
tion.
seek.
To
out.
241 Love, uncle.
242 To judge.
243 Judgment.
244 Dispute.
184 Daughter. 185 Virgin.
213 Captivity, cap 245 Province. 246 Generation. tive.
186 High, proud.
214 Captivity. 215 To roll. 216 Heap, wave.
247 Sufficiency. 248 Poor. 249 Door.
217 Idol.
250 Blood. 251 To be
-
187 Excellency, pride.
188 Excellency,
218 Roll.
pride.
189
219 Also.
To redeem. To be high.
like,
silent.
191 High.
220 To repay. 221 Camel.
252 Likeness. 253 To be dumb.
192 Boundary.
222 Garden.
193
223 To
254 255 256 257
190
Hill.
194 To be power ful.
195 Man.
.
steal.
224 Vine. 225 Cypress. 226 Lot.
Tear.
To
tread.
Road.
To
seek, to
enquire
of.
86 258
II.
Hi.— to
bring
forth grass.
B.
THE ENGLISH WORD-LIST.
292 To remember.
261 Vanity.
294 295 296
262 To meditate.
297
inter-
rogation.
263 Glory. 264 Oh!
month.
sing.
329 New. 299 To be a whore. 330 To be in pain, 300 Whore. tremble. 298 Psalm.
265 Wealth. 266 To be. 267 Palace, temple. 301 Whoredom. 302 Anger. 268 Hin. 269 To go.
303
To
270 To praise.
304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315
Cry.
271 Praise.
272 Hither.
273 To roar.
274 Tumult. 275 Behold. 276 To turn over, overturn.
277 Mountain.
278
279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290
To To
slay.
conceive.
Conception.
To
break, ruin.
Wolf.
To
pilgrimage.
324 To gird. 325 Girdle. Male. 326 To cease. Memorial. Thought. 327 Chamber. To prune; Pi. to 328 New moon,
293 Memorial.
259 Grass.
260 Sign of
323 To go on a
291 Olive.
'
disperse.
Sunrise, east.
To
sow.
Seed.
Arm. To sprinkle. Bowl.
To To
hide.
bind, to
inflict pain.
316 Rope, company.
slaughter.
Sacrifice.
317 Pain.
Altar.
318 319 320 321
Pride.
Gold.
To flow. To be strange. Stranger.
old.
Old, elder.
To
To
332 To
see.
333 Vision.
cry.
To be
331 Street, without.
bind.
334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350
Seer.
Vision.
To be
strong.
Strong.
To
sin.
Sin.
Sinner. Sin.
Sin.
Wheat. Live, living.
To
live.
Life, animal. Life.
Strength.
Pain.
Army,
fort.
Incantation.
351 Without.
Scar, wound.
352 353 354 355
To
gird, to
saddle.
322 Pilgrimage.
Bosom.
To be
wise.
Wise.
Wisdom.
II.
B.
THE ENGLISH WORD-LIST.
87
387 To be gracious. 418 Autumn. 388 Grace. 419 Reproach. 389 Gratis. 358 To be sick. 420 To cut, to 390 Grace, prayer. 359 Sickness. plough, to be 360 To pierce, pol- 391 Mercy, favor. deaf. 392 Favored. lute. 421 Artificer. 356 Fat.
357 Milk.
361 Wounded.
362 Window.
363 Beginning.
364 To dream. 365 Dream. 366 To pass, change.
367 To deliver,
393 To
trust. 422 Keep back. 394 To want. 423 To think, devise, count. 395 Want. 396 To be willing, 424 Thought. to wish. 425 To be dark. 426 Darkness. 397 Will, wish. 427 Darkness. 398 To hew. 428 Dark, obscure. 399 Arrow.
arm. 400 Division. 368 To divide, part. 401 Trumpet. 369 Part, portion. 402 Court. 370 Part. 403 To decree. 371 Apportion404 Statute.
429 To seal. 430 Seal. 431 Related by
432 405 To investigate. bution. 406 To be dry, 433 372 Warmth. desolate. 434 373 To desire. 407 Drought. 435 374 Desire. 408 Sword. 436 375 Wall. 437 409 Desolation. 376 Wrath. 410 Drought. 438 377 Ass. 411 To dread. 439 378 To spare. 412 Dread. 440 379 To violate. 413 To be hot, 441 380 Pitch, cement. angry. 442 381 Five. 414 Anger. 443 382 Fifth. 415 To devote, put 444 383 Fifty. under the ban. 445 384 To encamp. 416 Ban. 446 385 Camp. 417 To pluck, ap- 447 386 Spear. proach. 448 ment,
distri-
marriage.
Relation by marriage.
To be
afraid.
Affright.
To
slaughter.
Slaughter.
Butcher, cook.
Cook. To immerse. Ring.
To be
pure.
Pure. Purification. Purification.
To be
good.
Good. Goodness.
Goodness.
88
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456
II.
B.
Order, row.
Good
Dew.
Wine.
482 483 484 unclean. To be 485 Unclean. 486 Uncleanness. 487 To conceal. 488 Little ones. Before,
not
yet.
457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467
To
pluck, tear.
part.
ity.
To be To be
able.
516
born.
517 To pour.
Child, son.
518 To form. 519 To burn.
daughter.
520 Substance.
489 Son. 490 Birthplace. 491 Generation.
492 To
bear, flow. 493
494 495 Increase. 496 To be dry. Dry ground. 497 To be weary. 498 Wearied. 499 500 Hand.
Jubilee.
cast, Hi.
to thank.
469 Thanksgiving.
To know. Knowledge. To
To
530 Fear.
Sea.
Right hand. Right.
suck.
Price, glory.
To
lay a snare.
Snare.
To be Fear.
To go down
531
To
532 Descent.
found.
533 To throw, Hi.
502 To add.
503 To instruct, to chastise.
504 Instruction, chastisement.
Day. Dove. To be one.
506 Set time or
appoint.
to teach.
534 Law. 535 Moon. 536 Curtain. 537 Thigh.
538 Side. 539 To drive out, possess.
place.
507 To counsel.
540 There
508 Counsel.
541
509 510 Only. Pi. to expect, 511 512 to hbpe. 513 481 To be good.
afraid.
Afraid.
Suckling.
505 To
Together.
To make.
522 To be precious. 523 Precious.
South.
go.
howl.
Jew.
Together.
521
524 525 526 527 528 529
To
501 Foundation.
give.
Oil.
Child,
River Nile.
To
514 Issue, extrem-
Hi. to reprove. 515 Ni. to stand.
Leaf.
468 To
470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480
THE ENGLISH WORD-LIST.
To
is.
sit.
Forest.
542 Sitting.
Beautiful.
543 Seat.
Beauty.
544 Settler. 545 To be sleepy. 546 Sleepy.
To go Exit,
out.
II.
547 Sleep.
B.
THE ENGLISH WORD-LIST.
89
90
II.
643 That,
in order
that.
644 645 646 647 648 649 650
To
take.
THE ENGLISH WORD-LIST. 676 Full. 677 Fullness. 678 Setting.
Booty, jaw.
679 Angel.
To
680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689
glean.
Chamber. Tongue. Very.
One hundred.
651 Anything.
652
B.
Pi. to refuse.
653 To
reject,
despise.
654 Megiddo. 655 Shield. 656 To measure. 657 Measure. 658 Why? 659 Pi. to make
To To
shake.
To draw To rule.
out.
712 Proverb.
Salt.
713 714 715 716
To escape. To be king.
718 To commit
Work. Besides.
Ruling.
Family.
Man, dead. Loins.
717 Oracle.
King.
adultery.
Queen.
719 To despise.
Kingdom. Kingdom. Kingdom.
720 Ni. To prophesy.
721 Prophet.
To
690 Saying.
722 Hi.
691 From.
723 To fade, be a
692 To divide. 693 Candlestick.
694
Gift,
meat-
offering.
haste.
660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675
710 711
look.
fool.
724 Bottle,
lute.
725 Fool. 726 Foolishness.
695 To hold back. 727 Corpse. 728 The Negeb.
circumcise. 696 Little.
Near.
Wonder. To die. Death. To wipe out.
To-morrow. Morrow.
697 To act treach- 729 Hi. to make known. erously.
698 699 700 701
Treachery.
730 Before.
Veil.
731 Prince.
Intestines.
732 Pusher.
Cave.
733 To touch.
702 To
find.
To be
734 Touch, plague. 735
To
Price.
703
To
704 Bitter.
736 Plague.
To
737 Plague.
rain.
bitter.
Rain.
705
Water. Kind.
706 Rebellion.
To sell. To be full.
708 Anointing.
707
To
rebel.
anoint.
709 Anointed.
strike.
738 To draw nigh.
739 Free-will
offer-
ing.
740 Willing, noble.
II.
741
B.
To wander,
move. 742 Removal, uncleanness.
743
To
thrust, to
push.
744 To vow. 745 Vow. 746 To lead. 747 River. 748 Habitation.
749 To
rest.
750 Rest.
91
THE ENGLISH WORD-LIST. 772 Smitten.
802 To be pure,
773 Stroke.
innocent.
774 Pi. to treat as 803 804 strange, hi. 805 recognize. 806 775 Strange. 807 776 Stranger. 808 777 To tempt. 778 To pour out. 809 810 779 Drink-offer-
Pure. Pureness.
To
avenge.
Vengeance. Vengeance. Called.
Light, lamp.
To
lift
up,
carry.
ing.
780 Molten image. 811 Chief. 812 Burden. 781 To depart.
To flee away. '782 752 To wander. 783 753 To wave.
751
Pleasant,
813 Burden.
sweet.
814 To reach, overtake.
Shoe.
754 Wave 755 Nazarite. 756 Separation.
784 Childhood. 785 Lad.
815 To deceive.
786 Lass,
817
757 To lead. 758 To inherit.
787
759 Wady.
789 Fallen, giant.
760 Inheritance.
790 Soul.
offering.
761 Ni. to repent, Pi. to console.
762 Serpent. 763 Brass.
To 788 To
girl.
breathe. fall.
791 Flower.
793 Pillar.
forsake.
770 Delight. 771
To
smite.
798 To guard. 799
To
pierce.
800 Female. 801 Speckled.
To
kiss.
818 Eagle. 819 To give.
820 Gift. 821 To break down. 822 To pluck, to break.
792 To set up.
794 Pillar. 764 To stretch out. 795 Pi. To preside, to lead. 765 Mat, bed. 796 Perpetuity. 766 Rod, tribe. 797 To snatch 767 To plant. away. 768 Plant. 769 To leave, to
816 Breath.
823 Seah. 824 To go around. 825 Around. 826 Divan. 827 Thicket.
828 829 830 831
To
close.
Horse.
Mare.
To come
to
an end. 832 Whirlwind.
92
II.
B.
THE ENGLISH WORD-LIST.
866 Anger, pride. 833 Sea-weed. 834 To turn aside. 867 Hebrew. 868 Ford. 835 To travel.
836 837 838 839 840
869 870 871 To cover. Cover, thicket. 872 Covering, cur- 873 Merchant.
Thorn, pot.
Wagon.
906 High.
Unto.
907 Ascent.
Eden. Flock.
908 Above. 909 Yoke.
Flute.
910 Deed.
To
911 Deed.
879 Congregation,
Fine
To
flour.
880 881 Blindness. 882 Threshold. 883 To lament. Lamentation. 884 851 Count, recount 885 886 852 Book. 853 Scribe. 887 888 854 Sapphire. 855 Number. 889 856 Eunuch. 890 857 To hide. 891 892 858 Hiding. 859 Cloud, thicket. 893 894 860 To serve. 895 861 Servant. 896 862 Service. 863 Body of ser- 897 898 vants. 864 To pass over. 899 865 Bank, beyond. 900 lay on.
ber.
905 Burnt
Rock,
cliff.
903 Leaf. 904 Upper cham-
Round.
highway.
To be foolish.' 842 To forgive. 843 Embankment, 841
902 To go up.
Heifer.
874 875 876 877 878
tain.
844 845 846 847 848 849 850
Calf.
901 Upon, against.
witness.
Witness.
912
Again. Iniquity.
hide.
913 Eternity, un-
known
witness.
Testimony.
To
offering.
time.
914 Young woman. 915 People. 916 With.
To
Iniquity.
917
Iniquity.
918 Pillar. 919 By, opposite to. 920 Labor, sorrow. 921 Depth.
To
fly.
Bird.
To awake. Blind.
Blindness. Skin.
Goat.
To
forsake.
Strong. Strength.
Stronghold.
To
help.
stand.
922 Deep, depth. 923 Deep. 924 To answer, afflict.
925 Meek. 926 Misery. 927 Aiflicted.
928 Cause, sake. 929 Because.
Help.
930 Cloud.
Eye.
931 To becloud.
Spring.
932 Dust. 933 Tree.
City.
n.
934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941
To be
B.
THE ENGLISH WORD-LIST.
pained. 966
To
tithe.
93
1000 Corner.
Pain.
967 Ten.
1001 Face.
Pain.
968 Tithe.
1002 Within.
969 Tenth. To be strong. 970 Ten. 971 Twenty. Bone. 972 Smoke. Strong. Counsel.
To
shut up.
942 Restraint. 943 Heel.
944 Consequence. 945 Ringed. 946 To be sweet, to pledge, to
mix, to go
down.
1004 To carve. 1005 Carved image.
1006 To do. 973 To press upon. 1007 Deed. 1008 Deed, reward. 974 To be rich. 1009 Footstep, 975 Riches. 976 Time.
time.
977 He-goat.
1010 To open.
978 Corner. 979 Beauty. 980 To meet.
1012 To
981
To redeem.
947 Evening.
982 Redemption.
948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956
983 Mouth.
Raven.
1003 Passover.
1011
Wound. visit,
miss,
muster.
1013 Officer.
1014 Precept. 1015 Office.
1016 To open. 984 Here. 985 Tobedispers- 1017 Young bull. 1018 Heifer. Sunset. ed. To be naked. 986 Snare, gin. 1019 To separate. Nakedness. 987 To dread. 1020 To be fruitful. To set in order. 988 Dread. Order. 1021 Fruit. 989 Governor. Uncircum1022 To blossom. 990 Concubine. cised. 991 Ni. to be won- 1023 Veil. 957 Foreskin. 1024 To break derful. 958 Cunning. down. 992 Wonder. 959 Naked. 1025 Violence. 993 To escape. 960 Naked. 1026 To break, to 994 Escaped. annul. 961 Neck. 995 Remnant. 962 Herb. 996 Hith. to pray. 1027 To spread. 1028 Horseman. 963 To make, do. 997 Prayer. 998 Lest. 964 Work. 1029 To strip off. 1030 To transgress. 999 To turn. 965 Tenth. Desert.
Pledge.
94
II.
1031 Transgres-
B.
THE ENGLISH WOKD-LIST.
II.
1112 To buy,
co
possess.
1113 Possession.. 1114 Possesion.
1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120
Cane.
End. Extremity.
Extremity.
End. To be angry-
1121 Anger.
1122 To cut down, be
B.
1141 Vision, appearance.
1142 Head. 1143 First.
1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149
Beginning.
1174 Breadth. 1175 Broad. 1176 Pi. to love, have mercy. 1177 Mercy.
To be many. 1178 Womb,
girl.
Womb,
girl,
1179
Many.
mercy.
Multitude.
1180 To brood. Myriad. 1181 To wash. Myriad. 1182 To be far. many. llf.0 To be 1183 Far. 1151 Fourth. In vain. 1184 1152 To lie down.
1153 To tremble. 1154 To go about.
1185 To ride.
1155 1156 1157 1158 1159
Foot.
1186 Chariot. 1187 Chariot.
Footman.
1188 Property.
To To To
rule.
1189 Fraud.
persue.
1190 Pomegranate. To move, to
nigh
1160
Strife, case.
Hi. to offer.
1161
Strife.
shortened.
1123 Harvest.
1124 Cold. 1125 To call,
to
meet.
1126 Meeting,
To be
1128 Midst. 1129 Near.
1130 Offering. 1131 City. 1132 Horn. 1133 To rend. 1134 Board. 1135 To
argue, to 1191
creep.
strive.
against,
1127
95
THE ENGLISH WORD-LIST.
listen.
1136 To be hard. 1137 Hard.
1192 Reptile. 1193 To sing.
1162 Hi. to smell. 1194 Singing. 1163 Wind, spirit. 1195 Hunger.
1164 1165 1166 1167
Smell.
1196 Hungry.
To be high. High place.
1197 To feed, as-
Heave
1198 Shepherd. 1199 Friend. 1200 To be evil,
offer-
ing.
1168 To shout. 1169 Shout, sound.
sociate.
break
in
pie-
ces, to pierce.
1139 Bow.
1170 To 1171 To be poor. 1201 Evil, bad. 1172 To be large. 1202 Evil, wicked-
1140 To
1173 Broad.
1138 To conspire see.
run.
ness.
96
II.
1203 To shake.
B.
THE ENGLISH WORD-LIST.
II.
]292 To forget.
B.
THE ENGLISH WORD-LIST.
97
98
H.
B.
1386 Yesterday. 1387 Continual.
1388 To be perfect. 1389 Perfection. 1390 Perfect. 1391 Perfect. 1392 Perfection.
THE ENGLISH WOED-LIST. 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398
Jackal.
1399 Deep
Abhorrence.
1400 Deliverance.
To err. To sew. To lay hold of. To smite, to
1401 Nine.
sleep.
1402 Nine. 1403 Ninety.
1404 Ninth.
blow.
PRINTED BY W. DRUGUL1N, LEIPZIG, GERMANY. REPRINTED BY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, IQ08.
L I'll*? A EL.
NIPHAL.
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