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Ottoman Turkish-English Pages [304] Year 1884
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Cornell University Library
PL 123.R31 Simplified
grammar
of 'he
0"OH,-;M
3 1924 026 883 391
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TRUBNER'S COLLECTION OF
SIMPLIFIED
GRAMMARS
07 THE PBIKCIFAL
ASIATIC
AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. EDITED BT
EEINHOLD ROST,
LL.D., Ph.D.
IX.
OTTOMAN TUEKISH. BT
J.
W. EEDHOUSE.
TRDBNER'S COLLECTION OF SIMPLIFED GRAMMARS OF THE PRINCIPAL ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES.
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:
,
GEAMMAR
SIMPLIFIED
OTTOMAN-TUEKISH LANGUAGE.
J.
W. ?,BDHOUSE,
M.E.A.S.,
HON. UBMBEB OF THB BOTAL BOCIZTT 07
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UNIVERSITY LIBRARY .
LONDOK GILBEBT AND EIVIBSTOIT, LOTITID, ST.
JOHH'B BQUAKE, OLEEKEHWELI, EOAD.
TABLE OF CONTENTS. FAOn
Preface
ix
Note on Identity of Alphabets
xii
CHAPTEE
I.
Letters and Oethogeapht. Section
I.
Number, Order, Forms, and Names of Letters
.
Letters
„
II.
...... ......
Synopsis of Arabic,
Greek,
and
1
Latin
4
Phonetic Values of Letters, Vowel-Points,
Orthographic
Signs,
Ottoman Euphony
CHAPTEE
.
Transliteration, .
.
.
15
II.
Ottoman Accidence. Section
I.
„
II.
„
III.
Nouns Substantive
51
Nouns Adjective
C8
Numerals
74
IV. Pronouns
...
...
82
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Section V. Demonstratives „
„ „
.
.
VI. Interrogatives
VIII. Derivation of Verbs
.
.
.
.
.
(Table) „
IX. Conjugation of Verbs Participles
;
X.
„
XI. Complex Categories of Verbs
XII. First Complex Category
„
XIII. Second
„
XIV. Third
,j
,,
XV. Combined
»
d
„
„
XVI. Negative and
„
XVIII. Verb Substantive
Potential,
„ ,,
Tenses
Gerunds
;
.
... ...
and Facile Verbs
.
XIX. Verbs of Presence and Absence, Existence and Nou-Existence
,,
;
Impotential Conjugations
XVII. Dubitative,
,,
.
(Turltish) Conjugation
,,
,,
•
Numbers and Persons
„
„
.
Moods
Verbal Nouns
;
•
.... .
.
VII. Relative Pronouns
.
XX. Compound XXI.
Verbs
Interrogative Verbs
;
.... Interrogation
XXII. Adverbial Expressions XXIir. Prepositions
„
XXIV.
Conjunctions
,,
XXV.
Interjections
.....
....
.
...
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER The Ottoman Section
I.
Conversational
III.
Syntax.
brevity.
— Precision
in
ERRATA. PAtfK
10,
PREFACE. The Ottoman
Language, A>jJLjUii 6smanliji,
is
the most
highly polished branch of the great Turkish tongue, which is
spoken, with dialectic variations, across the whole breadth,
nearly,
of the
middle
region
of
the continent
of Asia,
impinging into Europe, even, in the Ottoman provinces, and also,
in
Southern Russia, up to the frontiers of the old
kingdom of Poland.
The Ottoman language fundamentally Turkish. tinues
more and more
is,
in its
grammar and vocabulary,
It has, however, adopted,
and con-
to adopt, as required, a vast
of Arabic, Persian, and foreign words
number
(Greek, Armenian,
Slavonic, Hungarian, Italian, French, English, &c.),
together
with the use of a few of the grammatical rules of the Arabic
and Persian, which are given as Turkish rules
in the following
pages, their origin being in each case specified.
The
great Turkish language, i^ J tdrkj4, Ottoman and non-
Ottoman, has been classed by European writers as one of the " agglutinative " languages
;
not inflecting
its
words, but
X
PREFACE.
" glueing on,"
as
it
were, particles, " which were once in-
dependent words," to the root-words, and thus forming
all
the grammatical and derivative desinences in use.
To my
mind, this term "agglutinative," and
are inapplicable to the
Turkish language in general, and to
the Ottoman Turkish in
and most
definition,
its
particular.
truly, inflexional
tongues
;
These
are, essentially
none of their inflexions
ever having been " independent words," but modifying particles only.
The
the Turkish languages, or
distinctive character of all
dialects, is that the root
of a whole family, however numerous,
of inflexions- and derivations,
is
always recognizable at sight,
seldom suifering any modification whatever, and always standing at the head of the inflexions or derivations,
complex in character these may be. of a root-word does take place,
it
is
When
however
a modification
always of the simplest
kind, always the softening of a hard or sharp consonant into
the corresponding more liquid letter, and always of the final
consonant only of the root.
becomes a
i,
soft Persian
which
is
,j
d,
becomes a or the
c,
or
a sharp Arabic
W sometimes 12)
Ottoman modification of
becomes a this
latter,
then pronounced like our most useful consonant y,
or, in case
nounced
a
Thus, a cj
of a dominant o or u vowel in the root,
like
our consonant w.
is
pro-
PREFACE.
The Ottoman Turkish
XI
has more vowel-sounds (eleven in
number) than any other tongue known
may have
these
distinguished by a special
mark is
differentiation in the
The word
rules of
;
it
make is
in the transliterations of the
impossible to attempt any such
Arabic characters
to
which the Ottoman
wedded.
in the
oi'igin
each of
Every one of these
all.
present treatise, though
is
As
me.
a short and a long modification, they
twenty-two possible vowels in
language
to
euphony regulate the pronunciation of every
Ottoman language
and as
far as
is
perfectly, in all of
;
practicable, in
what
is
Turkish radically
foreign.
Although a compound word
is
a thing totally
unknown
to
the Turkish dialects, and of very rare occurrence in Arabic, the
Ottoman language abounds with
such, adopted from the
Aryan, compounding Persian. Persian grammarians and writers into a harmonious
further,
conflicting
learnt
how
to
mould
whole the iacongrnous Aryan Persian and
Semitic Arabic elements. step
first
and blended
Ottoman ingenuity has gone a in
one noble speech the three
elements of the Aryan,
Semitic and Turanian
classes of vocables.
Fault
is
found by some with this intermixture of idioms
;
XU
PEEFACE.
but an Englishman, of
all
the world, will
ciate a clever mosaic of diction
language will learn to admire
;
know how
to appre-
and a real student of the
many
a true beauty, resulting
from a masterly handling of the materials at his command,
by any
first-rate
Ottoman
literary celebrity,
whether prose-
writer or poet.
Note.
—The manuscript
before Christmas, 1882,
hands
in the
of a
;
my table of
Grammar
"was
completed
identic alphabets
have been
privilege of reading the admirable
on " The Alphabet," by the Rev. Isaac Taylor, and
iind that
three
of
few friends for the last four or fiye years.
had the pleasure and treatise
present sketch
of the
and copies
he has come
to the
same conclusion as
I have just
and exhaustive
am
rejoiced to
to the identity of the
probably at an earlier date than the time, perhaps twenty years ago,
when the
idea began to force itself on
my
mind.
I
stiU feel inclined,
however, to hold by the inference that the Phenicians gave the alphabet to Italy, quite independently of the
Greek action -which
later on doubtlessly
influenced the Italian culture.
London, September, 1883.
J.
W. E.
—
;
OTTOMAN TURKISH OEAMMAE. CHAPTER
I.
The Letters and Ohthogeaphy. Section
The Number, Order, Forms, and Names of
I.
the
Letters.
Theee
are thirty-one distinct letters used
Some of
language.
i)
is
or V,
these have more than one value
also a combination of
two
letters into
which Arabian piety has agreed
1^,
Thirty-two
option but to adopt.
Mlf,
i_j
hh,
J dil, i z4l,
^J
U
zi,
ndn,
The the
one character, to count as a
letters have, therefore, to
be named and enumerated, as follows
1> ti,
and
and which Persian and Turkish conformity has had no
letter,
1
;
them are sometimes consonants, sometimes vowels.
four of
There
the Ottoman
in
.
c
J
t4, ii> s^, _.
p4,
r!,
J zh, j zh^, c giyn, i_s
'iyn,
w6v,
o
i_j
t
foregoing
^J.>
f^,
jlm,
sin,
j
:
ij,
qif,
_
chim,
shin, ija is)
kif,
_
hi,
sM,
^
kh!,
^ji did,
J \im, ^ mlm,
hh, V lim-4lif, ij yh.
is
the ordinary arrangement of the letters of
Ottoman alphabet,
as learnt
and repeated by children
;
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
Z
excepting that they are not at
know, either of the three Persian
J
which are not contained
zh^,
taught to mention, or to
first
letters,
in the
sounds and values being unknown
an Arab.
by,
and
a
called the Mif-b^,
is
p4,
_
chlm, and
Arabic alphabet, their
and unpronounceable i_a!\
,
the alphabet
i.e.,
mighj be conveniently styled the alphabet by forms;
it
letters of the
or
It
to,
i_j
same form being brought together in
it,
more
less.
There
is
another very different order necessary to be learnt
of the twenty-nine Arabic
and j,s!|
arranged in eight conventional words, as follows
is
ebjM,
jjto
hevwaz, ^i^ hAtti, ^^Jb k^l^mdn, ^jaioM
o-i;3 qirdshdt,
The
It is called ^bj^d, jjil,
letters.
letters
sH
iULi
sdkh^z,
s^'fis,
dizigili.
of the Arabic alphabet, as arranged in
^bj^d series, have each a numerical value.
order represent the nine units, for the tens, also in order,
:
1 to
9
The
first
this
nine in
the second nine stand
;
10 to 90
;
the third nine count as
the hundreds, serially, 100 to 900
;
the twenty-eighth in the
series,
c
,
stands for 1000;
enumerated, has no value of of the values of
its
and the its
last,
V, though always
own, but counts as the sum
two components, J
30,
1
1;
i.
e.,
as 31.
This system appears to have been in use in very early times indeed.
Hebrew
The
order of the letters in
alphabet, as far as this goes
end of the sixth word qdrSshdt,
;
that
li-i^, with
it is,
is
that of the
as far as the
which the Hebrew
THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHr.
The
alphabet terminates.
now
(omitting
all
of the two
letters
of the
consideration
O last
factitious
words )l)
are
Semitic inventions of a comparatively modern date, and are
by means of
modifications,
represented in the
from oj,
^
c from c
is
Hebrew
from _,
i
that
^
a,
the
that invests this
European antiquarian fact
alphabet.
from
This may be called
.
A circumstance the
dots, of letters,
undotted or dotted,
Thus,
from
jjo,
modified
U from W, and
numeral alphabet,
4bjM arrangement with a
interest of the very highest order,
proves, beyond the remotest
it
is
is
shadow of a
doubt, the unity of origin of the Semitic (usually taken to
be Phenician, but I imagine
it
to be
much more
ancient than
Moses, or even Abraham), the Greek, and the Latin alphabets.
Not only can
the
now
divergent forms of each separate letter
in the series be traced through successive modifications
back
to one ancient Phenician character, but the order of the
whole
series
from
I
to
o
is
absolutely
identical
in
the
Arabic (Hebrew, Phenician), Greek, and Latin alphabets, as
the following synopsis shows.
An
additional proof
is
furnished by the identity of the numeral values of the letters in the
Arabic and Greek alphabets,
known
to the Latins,
—a
who must have had
method
totally un-
a method of their
own, probably Etruscan, before they received their alphabet direct from the Phenicians, quite independently of the Greeks,
and quite as
early.
OTTOMAN TURKISH GKAMMAK. Lratic
'
THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY.
The
_, r,
must
Gr,
modern Egyptian,
have been a hard
originally
Hebrew, and in Greek,
as in
5
it
nounced, though the rest of Arabia has softened
sound of our English
hardened
The
it,
_;
apparently, into a
remark
serious
first
or soft
made by both
the change
is
K
g.
it
In
so pro-
is
into the
and though the Latins
g,
value.
coming
called for on our
to
the Greeks and the Latins of the
Semitic soft aspirate consonant
t
vowel E.
into their
It
would almost seem as though the old Phenicians used that letter as
a
final
and Turks
vowel, exactly as
A
at present.
is
done by the Persians
more remarkable divergency,
in-
explicable to me, but parallel to the foregoing conversion, is
the
change made by the Greeks of the Semitic hard
aspirate consonant
_
into their long vowel H,
t;,
whereas the
Latins preserved the letter as a consonant and as their sole aspirate,
under the same written form as that used by the
Greeks, H, of the
h,
and which was
in reality the
Phenician fonn
letter.
The next remark
is
as to the Latin F,
which the Greeks
long ago discarded from their alphabet, after having in the instance adopted
first
it
in
to represent the
numeral
they continued
to
its
After discarding
6.
use
it
corrupted, cursive form,
s-,
Phenician form T, and used
as to
a
name of
modification of
sound, from a
)
its
as a letter,
numeral, though with
which they
give the Phenician
it
Bav, j\j «^
waw, or
j;
still,
vav. to
an
it
to
a
this day,
The /, is
Latin of no
OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAE.
6
The Arabs
importance.
letter or
having no v
of to-day,
sound in their language, write the name of Her Majesty the
Queen-Empress, Fihtoriya.
As
the
Greek phonetic value of Z exactly corresponds
the Semitic power of j
their
,
and the form of the Latin one
is
is
G
being merely a modification,
tempted to imagine that originally the Latin power
of this letter was soft it
numeral
where a
soft
g
g,
our
_;,
perhaps even our
The Greeks made the Semitic W
a long vowel,
i,
(_j
it
into their
its
it
We now
into the
vowel
consonantal use also as an it
is
Three western
Semitic
j, y,
are
though
;
but the
to represent
now used
for the
one
^^.
The next
four letters require no
^ of the eastern Arabs S.
i,
;
a consonant in that
use a y to express that value
letters,
But the
i.
initial
Germans have adopted the Latin modification j it.
and also
y,
followed, as a matter of course, that both
they forgot, or never realized, that position.
the Latins,
;
letter.
being both a consonant, like our
Greeks and Latins should make Latins preserved
words
found in other dialects.
is
having no such sound, discarded the Semitic
Certain
z.
dialects of Italian a z is used in
some
that in
The
to
value being identical,
The Hebrew
alphabet,
is
is
letter
comment
but the Semitic
;
not a good parallel for the Greek
D,
that
holds
the equivalent of the Arabic
Arabs of Morocco transpose the
^j-
its
^jo,
place
in
the
and the western
and ^o in their j^\
THE LETTEES AND ORTHOGRAPHY. making the
alphabet,
word
fifth
7
the letter
^jaiiu>,
being
^Ji
the exact equivalent of the Hebi'ew U in place and in power.
The the
(jo
is
two sounds are
was formed, the Semitic ^y,
and the
S
The
it
is
seen in the
is
an attempt to
name Xerxes, of
The Latins dropped
which the old Persian was Khsharsha. whichever
from one another.
when the Greek alphabet
The Greek
I'epresent our value sh, as
this letter,
really was.
conversion of Semitic consonantal c into Greek and
Latin vowel o
is
This
not unnatural.
letter
unpronounceable by any other than a Semitic. of convulsion in the throat
and as the two
;
converted into vowels, so was this guttural.
much
serving likewise as soft guttural, of
a,
is
the Arabians use as
Even
^
It is a kind
aspirates
write and pronounce is
it
as a
This was so
the hard parallel
in
1 ,
which
._s
It ;
is
the
and an
o
a. ,
is
read in Hebrew, as in
when they have
which they cannot pronounce,
h,
or as f.
The next
dropped in both Greek and Latin.
have been used
were
also a guttural consonant,
the Arabians,
to express a foreign letter, p,
^jfl,
absolutely
is
a long vowel on occasions.
which the c
Greek and Latin, p.
to
is
well be looked upon as a hard
What
or
c
the more to be expected, as the Semitic letter
became Greek and Latin
may
but
^Ja,
held the place afterwards taken
^Ji
i_y,.
than the
very remote
still
I should be inclined to suggest that
by the
S
a better representative of
letter, ^ja
It appears never
Greek, even as a numeral;
differing in
OTTOMAN TUEKISH GEAMMAK.
8
When
that respect from the Tletter,
it
this latter
was dropped as a
was retained, modified, as a numeral.
omitted letter yo became the numeral
representing
^
adjxiri,
But the
SOO instead of 90.
From
this omission of the ^j)
Greek numerals, a
slip
from
its
proper place in the
of the whole subsequent series became
necessary, so that each letter, from
j
,
9, Q, onwards, had a
higher numeral value by one degree in the Semitic than representative had in
Greek
has the value of 90 only for
100 only
;
This
&c.
up further on by
Although the
3)
;
j
;
j
standing for 100, while
represents 200, while
slip is
very remarkable
On
only 900.
additionals,
v, (p,
u, v, x,
Latin Z.
relation to each other as
slip
up
modern authors,
filled
x, are evidently the originals in is
Greek
series,
^
Greek
form of the
possibly the original of the
letter is usually attributed,
to the
repre-
1000, while
the other hand, however, the three
li
and
goes on exactly
to c, representing
and the Semitic
This
stands
was
same order observed in those of the original
and with the same
Latin
it
9
900.
sentatives of sound, their numerical value
is
;
P
six " additional " letters of the Semitic
Greek alphabets have no
in the
its
^,
which
it
by ancient and certainly agrees
with in shape, though not in sound.
The forms of the Arabic and
Persian Ottoman letters given
above are those of the isolated characters.
They
are liable
THE LETTERS AND ORTHOOEAPHT. various modifications,
to
9
according to their being
initials,
medials, or finals, in a combination of written letters.
In the
first
place, they
divided into two classes
may,
be conveniently
in this respect,
those which join on to the following
:
letters in writing a combination, jJuJ
i-Jj^
and those which do not so
,
Sc,
letters join
them
»—*-J»
M
(J*"*
,
It
,
liJ,
v«E,
J=, Ic,
oj, J]j,
U,
J,
i_*9, lij
,
jj, -V.
V*'
k_*=fi
iti,
J) j^>
on
in writing to the character that
(other than to the eight enumerated above)
^, Jj
*^> J^)
are figured thus
'
(_*>
,
jt jjj, j and
'>,
i_j^,
vwSsliyy^,
&c.
forms are as follows
,
ij>j
,
i,
1,
-i,
i_>l, (_>j,
(_a.
^,
(jto,
^i
c>>.
,
(J=*>
j^, ji^
,
,
,
ijitt, ki
^'
Jii
vi*«u
finals their
^ ^ ,
,
k;
,
g,
-^s medials ^jss_,
,
\jf,
^-o
,
,
iJ,
they
Uf,
having been fovmd impracticable to mark in type the varying
Ottoman tone-values of the Arabian and Persian long vowels, the student must learn to supply the numbers 1 and 2 over the long- vowel marks. For this purpose, he must apply the rules for the short vowels, according as they follow, or are followed by, a consonant of the soft or hard class.
By
practice, the correct habit will be thus acquired
;
the case of the short
vowels teaching the tone, which will then be instinctively used
vowel
is
long.
when
the
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAB.
10
oo^
JjT,
00^
oo^
^
iLjo.
,
,
oo^
o ^
o
J^
,
M:^
o^x
°;'
^
O
O^
O^,^
O0-.
o o *
--oj---
00--
o-
v*^j J^*
.Ja, JJj, !^, .^^j *:i/tH5
ljIj,
P y^_
are, as
Those which do not join
.
O
medials, thus written:
oo^
oo^
oo^
o
Longer combinations varj^ ad mfimtum, as follows cJlj^, rW-^'' ^->^J cjA^J laU^Swt-ob
,
ijUlijlj
,
J^^'
i^i^,
J*W^'
^o
os^
:
,
Aii*,j5jU «yl^f^»
&c.
Besides the simple names of the letters hitherto mentioned,
most of the characters have other, more complicated appellations.
The
is
1
Arabic word
when
it
is
when a
usually called h^mz^, 5)»a, ;
and
m^mdiidj,
^lift
consonant,
sj^j^j. i_ill,
a long vowel, initial or medial.
m
an
prolonged
\,
It can never be
a long final vowel in an Arabic word, being then always followed by another consonant 'hhmzh &c.
It
is
It
final.
Arabic or
;
is
then more commonly written
but by no means always words, the
indifferently
it
1
is
or final.
so.
It
is
When
When
short or long.
A.
^,
Kz>3\
o _^ _
afjt, p. i_)l ab.
When
generally a consonant, and
when
classical
in
is
called
always long in Persian initial in
a Persian word,
initial,
mMd,
a short
may
I,
In Persian and Turkish,
a long
guished, as in Arabic, by the sign o
^^
always a vowel, but
Mif and h^mzj.
when medial
may be
as, sli sha'i, i\y, jJza'A,
called ^lifi m^qsur^, i.^Ju, wJI, shortened
foreign
words,
;
Xi>
it
distin-
is
(') over
initial, it is, in
take the sound
'i
or
it,
as
:
Arabic, 'h,
of
'1,
THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. or of
When
'A.
a short
Persian,
initial in
may have any one
of the three values i or
of the powers of
in
The isolated
is
1
i_j
as the
;
qWsh^t),
named
also
o
the
ti,
is
The
li..
Id
jl;
named
is
Us,
mAv4hhl,d^), the
(bii'l
loUi*
cj
iidi*
qiyyj),
form with
it,
while
;
0/ (the word) Ja*.
termed ijUss cullL dotted.
The
ij
The
tl> is
might be
sU
named
is
]a
Again, the ,_j,
whereas the
;
(mfisnati tihtaniyy^),
then iden-
The
and
simple
the expression.
Arabian ^, the
L^ all
then
double-
inferiorly
called j^'l sC (ba't 4bjM), the
sG (ba'i
name of
the letter from
f^v-
is
tj
It
is,
,_.
0/
j.s:l
however,
the
_.,
i_j
being called t^ja
Ijimlyy^), the Persian
«» jIm,
;
but
distin-
guished from the Persian ij by being designated i^.;^
farisiyy^),
o
also called JiJ eU (sa'l sikhiz), the cb 0/ JsJ.
I do not recollect
'iribiyy^), the
md-
(tsT'l
by being called i^y oUL> (mfisnati
double-dotted
superiorly/
(sa'l
c>^
called
distinguished, as a medial or initial, from the
tical in
jlS
musnat),
further distinguished
is
L=*ifi
(ta'l
i\j
designated
by being
of (the word)
Jia. slL (ta'i h-itti), iAe is
o
sj^-j*
o, and the c^
sMlis^), the triply-dotted L>,
details
distinguished from the other letters of the same
the double-dotted
from the
The
4.
i,
Turkish words are given further on.
form by being called
single-dotted
a vowel, and
is
it
k,
11
slj
(ba'i
fG
(ba'i
i_>.
sufficiently distinguishes
other Arabic characters.
no other designation in purely Arabic works.
It has, therefore,
It
is,
however,
OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAK.
12
distinguished from the Persian -.by their being styled respec-
or
^
L:,^
tively
(jimllr^blyy^), and C^j^
(jiml 'ij^miyye).
h.^fp- **a.
X^
i^' sU
(ha'i
S=-
_, and
neglected (undotted)
m^hm^l^)
mAj^m^)
(khii'l
by the
are distinguished from one another
The _ and ^ terms
(jimi farisiyy^),
^^
^ respectively.
distinguished (dotted)
si* (ha'i bi-nAqtl,) dotless
In Persian they are often called iklL;
_, and^ljiiiisU. (kha'i niiqti-dir) dot-possessing (dotted) ^.
These two
Persian adjectives go
of Arabic and
pairs
through the alphabet, in the cases where a dot
between two
distinction
m&hm^l4)
(dali
Jb
qarashit)^ |j„
;
^
J-
j^a, ^U
ili"
;
•'"'
(za'i
lyji
When we come
U |.V
(lam),
With
i
from ^.
^
uJ
is
as, iU_4j> Jlj
So also the
h^vv^z) j
;
&c.;
^il5
;
J
;
(qaf),
j
aL^
^^^ (mim),
names of the
letters are
Ji
j.
;
^^y (nun),
a distinction again comes
We,
in,
;
&c.
^^ sll
is
necessary for
(ha'i
^
;
_jlj
k^f),
(vwaw),
d
;
j.
to differentiate the letter
therefore, say j^a jta (ha'i
then termed
(ra'i
(sini m'&h-
,_iir (kyaf, vulgarly
;
sf,
as,
lyto.
(shini mii'j^mj),
to i_J, the written
i^^
;
;''
oJ
so distinct of themselves, that no addition (fa),
;
i.
(dili ^bjM), ji5 JIj (zali sikhiz), j Out
DiM^),
mAjfemi)
4«s?" Jli (zali
;
same form
the sole
by the words of the " numeral alphabet
distinctions IssJ
j
letters of the
is
all
hiitti)
;
h4w4z),
and
^j
is
5
;
as the
termed, as
THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGEAPHT.
ouL
mentioned above, aJUss
mfisnatl tihtaniyy^);
(ya'i
sIj
13
being also called ^a. ^_ (ya'i hitti).
The Persian
_
and
,_3
are distinguished as a
above
and in
;
and i-*^
styy^),
manner the j
like sl^
(zi'i
There remains now different sorts of
Arabian
d
its
;
'djimlyy^).
among
to distinguish,
vulg.
that of our
is
distinguished by the
kyafi
farlsi,
name of
Arabian
original
This
Tc.
writing, in one or the other of
is
it
letter
was
was next and
then,
is
4-u,U l_s^ (kyafl farislyy^,
k^fi farisi), and a-^s?
This variety
vulg. k^fi 'ij^mi).
consonants, the
(kyafl 'dr^biyy^, vulg. kjfl '^r^bi), the
i_io
value
The
:
used by the Persians for their hard g; still,
(za'i fiiii-
used in Ottoman Turkish, and to point
et)
named ij,c
is
described _
called a-ojU eU
is
out their several names, as follows
d
is '
-
^d
(kyafi 'ij^miyy^,
sometimes distinguished, in
two
The
different methods.
Persians themselves mark the difference by doubling the
upper dash of the initial,
medial, and final
Arabian
original
e),
;
when
thus
:
i«5^Ji,^,Xj
,
S^
isolated or final, has
;
—
isolated,
whereas the
no dash
at all;
oJo
o J"
as, e)j)l, (sUil
j^,
letter in all its written variations
;
and a single dash, when
initial or
medial
;
thus:
dS^, also shaped .J.^a, &:l£=u.
When for the
these
two values of the one
letter
(iil
passed into use
Ottoman language, a new mode of distinguishing the
Persian from the Arabian variety was introduced.
It con-
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAli.
14
sisted of placing three dots over the
Arabian form of the d,
together with a single dash in non-final positions O' '
^?M>
thus
;
:
Ji,
lai,
o ,
eLi
thus marking the Persian hard
;
g value of
the
letter.
But in
this letter, so differentiated in
Persian writing, received
Ottoman Turkish a third value, that of our consonantal
y,
as a softened variety of its Persian value of
hard
Ottoman value never occurs elsewhere than
at the end, or
in the
middle of a word
^^y^_ (yiyirmf), it
may
When an
as
;
eUJ/ol (lyrdnm^k).
begin or end a syllable
this letter follows a
vowel,
e
di;
:
it
glides
:
(b^y),
(biydnm^k),
di»:5C
In the middle of a word
b^-yin-m^k, iy-rdn-m^k.
u vowel, and
into
g.
This
is
itself
followed by
w
the value of our
;
as
aSIu,
(s4w4), &c.
In Turkish, the d, another value
ij»^T is
(anmiq),
liever
end a
the fourth
still,
called surd
sake,
initial.
retaining
^
f^j)
,
d^
being then for distinction's
;
(sighir niin)
(sinin), °j_)k=>}
When
syllable, as it
^U>
same form, received
the
ends
medial,
many
it
as in dl (^n),
;
(qiniir).
may
words.
and may
begin,
The
This value also
three dots over
the d, mentioned in the preceding paragraph, are used by
some
to designate this
times a single dot dots to
is
Turkish value of surd
^j
;
and at other
used for that purpose, leaving the three
mark the Persian value of the
letter.
These varyinc
THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY.
d
values of the
constitute a serious difficulty in learning to
read Ottoman Turkish.
A
Surd ^
is
here transliterated
fl.
similar variation in the phonetic value of the Arabic
c
letter
is
Originally
iIJU
be observed
to
it is,
(gallb),
vs^ords it ftill
15
in an
Ottoman
in
Turkish
words.
Ottoman mouth, a simple hard g ; iijLLL
iJiX\ {iglhh),
much
has a softened value, very
more softened, even
as
:
In Turkish
(migliib).
like that of our gh, but
to the point of practically disappearo
ing from the pronunciation
as
:
cLIj (d^gh, almost diw),
(dighm, almost daiS), ilL (dighi,
elilL
JjjilL (d^'din),
d4'!),
or w vowel, the c
an
;
sjilL (d4'di), &c. ,
in
(dighi,
di'd),
J.%
When
preceded by
Turkish words,
followed by a
if
vowel, glides into the value of our w, even as our
own gh o
does in the word throughout (pronounced thruwout); as:
(d6w4n), fj\ij^ (s6w4n), ,jic^ (q6w4sh)
or
; ci
appears in pronunciation, as before
;
thus
:
it
^
I
^^Icjlj
nearly
dis-
^ jo j
j^jJjl
(AldAwAm,
J Jo J
or oldu'um), ^JJ^l (61diwi, or 61dd'A).
Section IL
The Phonetic Values of
the Letters
and Vowel-
Points, the Uses of the other Orthographic Signs, our System
of Transliteration, and the Doctrine of Ottoman Euphony. "We.
into
must divide the thirty-one Ottoman
vowels and consonants.
that every letter
is
But
it
letters (omitting V)
must
first
be premised
sometimes a consonant, while only four of
;
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
16
.
All the
others, twenty-seven in form, are always consonants.
It will
them
These are
are sometimes vowels.
]
j
,
,
a
,
ij
be more convenient to treat of the four vowel letters
first,
together with the vowel-points, which are not letters, but
simply marks. Usually, the vowel-points, three only in number, are not
written
they are supposed to be known.
;
But, in children's
books, in Qur'ans, in books of devotion, &c., they are written
and sometimes
in other
The vowe] -points mark of which towards the 2, h&hxh,
is
books and papers
are
named
:
also.
a short diagonal from the right
placed over any consonant
left,
jj^jl (over), the
1, fistfin,
downwards
as: wj,
;
o,
-.,
&c.;
(no meaning), a similar diagonal, marked under
ijJi.
J 3 3
any consonant;
as: _, ^,
&c.;
j, i,
3,
^t^ri, j^^jl (no mean-
ing), a small j-shaped mark, placed over J
J
J' j'
J
any consonant;
U**'
'
These vowel-points mark,
originally, the three
Arabic short
vowels, to which the additional Ottoman vowel-sounds,
have been added.
The Astdn has
the value of i or
ing to the consonant, &c., accompanying
value of to its
as:
3
-»
i
or
1 ;
and the 4t4r4 that of
it
6, A,
h,
i, i,
k
accord-
the hhth has the
;
-&,
A, also
according
accompaniment.
The
short vowel-sound indicated
marks always
by each of these three
follows, in pronunciation, the
sonant to which
it is
appended
;
so that
sound of the con-
we have the
following
THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. Ottoman v_>
syllabary, No. 1
bd
bA, bd, bA,
When
it
is
i> hi, hi, hi, bd, hh
:
17
^
;
bi, bS
;
and so on through the alphabet.
;
required to
make
the vowel long, one of the o
three Arabic
letters
of prolongation,
x->
mWd,
i-J^ (hirfi
J- >—'j>» hurufi m^dd), has to be added to the consonant,
marked with tion,
true long vowels, are
panies
fistfin,
accompanies as follows
We
:
I,
^
_j,
U ba, ba
;
^
bl, hi
;
1
;
always accom-
and
,
always
bo, bu, bu,
jt_
bii
;
2,
&c.
thus see that there are eleven Ottoman short vowels,
Our system
of transliterating them
It is the simple
represent 6st&n,
i
d,
of which
"We now have Ottoman syllabary No.
dtfird.
made apparent.
use
;
still
prolonga-
letters of
always accompanies h&hrh
ij
and eight long.
Ardrfi.
The
short vowel-point.
its
pi.
As
method of using a
to represent hahvh,
and
o or
m
is
also
or e to
to represent
these vowel-points shade off in phonetic value,
k, i, k, k,
or h for dstdn
for dtdrfi.
;
i
or
i
for hi^rh
;
and
h,
or
ii,
we fi,
After long consideration, we have for some
years past adopted this system, as the simplest, and, on the
whole, the most rational.
The
values of these Ottoman vowels are those of the vowels
in the following
words,
They
eleven words.
excepting the French
unknown
in ordinary English,
of some of our counties.
tu,
are all familiar English
the vowel of which
though
These words
it
is
exists in the dialects
are: far, war, a-('bove),
C
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
18 pan, pen
;
pin, girl
so
;
put,
;
We
tu, cur.
the vowels
mark
of these eleven guide-words to the Ottoman pronunciation, in the order in which they stand girl, sA, piit, tfi, ciir
we
;
and
fir,
:
w4r, ibove, p^n, p^u, pin,
Ottoman long vowels
for the eight
That
use: far, war, pin, girl, so, put, tu, cur.
Ottoman vowel-sounds
in all, long
and
nineteen
is,
The
short.
student
has but to remember the series of ten English words and one
French, to become possessed of the key pronunciation.
But he must
learn never to
slouchy method, this unswervingnpss
He
;
but, with a
must
pi-actice
pdshdw), h&hi,
\A>
little
Ottoman vowel
swerve from the
To an Englishman, with
values of those guide-vowels.
point
to the
patience at
the most diiRcult
is
first, it
is
to be achieved.
himself in pronouncing pishi, liG (not bdybi), din,
^^i
our
(not d^n), ein,
(not
^^
(not sen), b^n, j^ (which he will at once pronounce right), Is-(tSmAk), csULl, qill,
j-lV^,
fir-(ll,miq),
Jj9 (not qiil), yfiz,
jji_
q61,
J_j_5
(not qii),
(not yAz or yiiz), and gyiz, j^^=
(not gyiiz or gyAz, though these are also words or syllables).
The English student care, in respect
the
of Turkish has to exert his utmost
of the Ottoman vowels, to break himself of
home method of pronouncing
vowel when long,
in
two very
vowels i-emain always pure
;
a short vowel, and the same
different ways.
The Ottoman
they never change in phonetic
value with a change in phonetic quantity ; thus, a
is
always k
— THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. made i
long
Ac,
long,
always
is
I
;
in the
The student
long, o
i
will
always 6 long, u
is
same word and
19
always
is
its derivatives.
have noticed above the Arabic sign of
quiescence of a consonant.
It is
named jezm,
*j>.
and
is
never
placed over a vowel, long or short.
The
fourth
sonant,
is
Ottoman vowel
the soft aspirate
letter,
h, is also
but has a special history of
its
when a
which,
o,
con-
derived from the Arabic,
own.
This letter
is
never
used as a vowel in Arabic in any other position than that of a final to a noun, substantive or adjective, usually of
feminine
gender,
sometimes
singular,
irregular (broken, technically) plural.
iLk. khiiifS, t:^ s&nn^,
t;...^
and
thef
an
sometimes
Such are the words
h^sdn^, juIL t^yyibS, &c.
In Arabic, these pronunciations (as modified
in
Ottoman
Turkish, as to the vowels, and as to the consonants) are those of the words reading.
when they
They
close a sentence or clause in classical
are also the pronunciations of the words in
modern conversational Arabic. But, originally, and to this day, in classical Arabic, those
and
all
such words end not in a vowel at
in a consonant, in
a letter
reasons, is never figured,
of a letter
t
They
all
end
which, for certain grammatical
o, but always appears
in the shape
surmounted by the two dots of the o, thus
Our specimen words are i-u sfinu^t,
t ;
all.
i-....-^
hk&hiht,
i.
therefore, originally, iiJi khdliftt,
i- Js
t4yylb4t.
There are other
OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAR.
20
vowels and consonants to be added to the termination of these
mark
in classical Arabic, to
Thus
iLli.,
when
definite,
the case-endings or declinations.
may be marked
iaJi khdlifttd for
the nominative, ilii kh^liPJtl for the genitive, iLli khdlif^td for the accusative.
When
In
ilii khilif^tin, ilji. khilif^dn.
iiJi. kh^lif^tdn,
becomes
indefinite, it
all these cases,
written in vowel-pointed books,
still
These
and the word becomes simply khilifA throughout.
marks are
indefinite case-ending
(iki dtfiiA), double dtfirfi,
and ^ji^J
s^l
called in
^^\
may
now
arose.
be either
uuliJ kjt^bt^,
Kz...:
silent,
Thus:
three short vowels.
all
we have
\
k^t^bti.
In
Arabic,
classical
e...
-
>
When
^
tinguished by a servile
I
-"
kk^b^t,
final con-
-
n
such words are is
k^t^b^t, as before, for the first
becomes nasr, as does
is
hb-i,
or vocal with any one of the
three of the remaining words.
fully
jjy'j\ ,Jo'
(iki ^s4r4), double
a sentence or clause, the final consonant that
Turkish
i5-5ol (Ikl Astfin) double ^stfln.
A consideration sonants
final
dropped from
in a sentence or clause, the case-endings are
the pronunciation, though
when
So
—j^
final in
silent
;
so
but k^t^bt for
j^ ^^
and ^^, though being added
made ;
V^t^hti^
,
^^
,
j^
final,
(always dis-
ndsrdn)
pronounced, or only loses the sound of the
,
remains
final n,
and
read ndsrA.
When
the final
drdpped from the
i.
pi
of
iiJi. khdllft,
and similar words, was
uuuuciation, the letter
might have been
THE LETTERS AND OnTHOGRAPHT. dropped in writing also; for as well. as
It could, however,
Europe has done
sary,
then,
would read khilift jast
^J-la.
and would, be read i.JjL
making
in
21
into Caliph.
it
It
khilif,
was neces-
method which should prevent the
to devise a
suppression of the vowel belonging to the last consonant of
such words, and yet not be liable to be pronounced as a
with the case-endings.
This convenient method was
) and 5jU Persian and Turkish
letter
a)I
,
the
in Persian
silat (usually written
V%o
,
in
,
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
26
The vowel •word
in^dd sign j or
sometimes placed, in Arabic, over a long
when they
(_j,
as in
;
is
»^^
sii'ii,
Ijw.
are followed
by a hhmzh
This peculiarity
ji>L
same
in the
not used
is
in Persian or Turkish.
when
sometimes placed over a long vowel medial
I,
by a reduplicated consonant
in
also
It is
this letter is followed
the same word; as: siU madd^;
it is
not used in Persian or
Turkish.
Such of the foregoing Arabic usages as have been adopted in Persian for
employed
in
words of Persian or of Arabic
Ottoman Turkish
for the
origin, are also
same words
;
though
they are sometimes omitted in ordinary writing.
We now utterly
an
come
to a purely
unknown
initial
vowel
1
in
mMd
Ottoman use of the
Arabic and Persian.
Thus
:
sign,
Whenever
of an Ottoman word of Turkish or foreign
(European or Indian) origin has the short sound of k or the
m^dd
initial
sign
sounds
is d,
placed over 4,
^
;
iLTdda (Turkish); but
as
:
cUu
it,
^j~4mel,
J..I
J;l ibil
and
^1
;
^dmm, becomes
nqbal, becomes JL51 iqbal
These
'Ibil, Jj| -
;
becomes
£
4miir,
^\
becomes
radicals,
^fkyar ,j*l
JlJl
;
4miir
&c.
;
The modes and
and short.
servile,
all
doctrine of making them into long vowels have already been
In Persian, Turkish, and foreign words, an
described. 1
always a vowel, and
is
the
word were of Arabic
When
made long
origin, as has
same way as
in the
final,
if
been said before.
a h^mzi, radical or servile, in an Arabic word,
medial or play.
is
initial
is
a rather numerous body of rules come into
Sometimes the
letter
I
,
then always called h^mzj,
Written, together with the h^rnz^ sign over
and sometimes the h^mzi sign above
is
it,
1
^\.
(as in
is
r^'s),
figured, as a letter OJ f^ ^^
now, without the y^t^sfi'Mun.
I
,
in the
body of the word
;
as in jjjI'Ujj
In the former of these two cases, the h^mz^
is o
usually a
final,
quiescent consonant in
its
syllable
;
as,
\z^\j
a
rb-i'ht,
initial
(^U
ra^'-m^n, &c.
consonant of
its
In the latter case, the himz^
medial or
final syllable,
is
the
movent with
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
32 &stAn
;
be both
as in
that
;
jfiz-'J-n,
is, a'
quiescent hjmz^
\i\j>.
while another, a movent h^mzj,
In
is
written, with a
the t^shdid sign
again
;
phrases
what
also
terminate one syllable,
may begin
is
h^mz4 sign over
the next syllable.
it
and above
;
1
this,
superadded, with an istfin sign over
it
This step never occurs in Turkish
as in Jlij tjffi'-4l. ;
may
may
it
with any other consonant so occurring, one
this case, as
alone
But
j^za4n, &c.
1^
but the explanation
is
needed, so as to
make
clear
follows.
This reduplicated medial hJmzJ, movent with sometimes followed by a long vowel
1 .
In
fisttln,
is
this case, instead
•3
of writing, for instance,
o t^ _ (j-'l, ri'-'as,
the two letters
1
are com-
bined into one, with the signs nijdd and himz^, and without the
fistfln
tion is of
vowel
thus, ^jJ, ri'-^as, as before.
;
This combina-
very rare occurrence, happening only in derivative
words, of which the root
is triliteral,
with h4mz4 for second
radical.
But a movent
may be
initial
followed by a long vowel
It is then figured-
m^dd
h^mz^ of a
signs
;
as,
by a
JU
1 ,
signs,
word,
without being reduplicated.
single written
1
with the h4mz4 and
mi'al, &c.
These combiualions, when used and t^shdid
syllable, medial in a
Turkish, drop the hhaxzi
in
but preserve the
vowel tlat precedes such m^dd sign
is
midd
sign.
The istAn
hardened from
i into &,
THE LETTERS AND OETHOQRAPHT. on account of the following
33
even with a preceding
a,
soft con-
sonant.
when such medial
But,
4s^rA, it is
the form of as,
without
^^,
If
r^ns.
u-J)
or final
no longer written
with h4mz4 sign over
it
is litArfi, it is
as,
;
examples the vowels are long
some perchance used
Of
course,
the
;
u-jj
with
in Turkish, in
hhmzk
or quiescent,
dt^rfi, the
;
then takes
written as a j letter,
In these two
rd>us.
>
it;
but there are words in Arabic
which they are
Thus, ^J_,
Moreover, when such medial
^shh, the h4mz4
1
movent with
it
short.
long vowel letters do not then follow the
modified, disguised
movent
is itself
form of
and with a himzi sign over
dots,
vowel
its
h^mzi
in the
is
is
or
ra'ls, (j^Jjl Jb'As.
preceded by a consonant movent with
figured as a letter ^^
h4mz4
h4mz4, whether
final
is
;
and when movent
written as a letter j
surmounted by a h^mz^ sign
;
thus,
;
,j.,i bl>s^,
in either case bii'oi.
-jjj
Such disguised medial h^mz^ may be followed by a long vowel
letter; as, jl!s f&'ad, J^J~.o m^s'iil,
h4mz4 be changed vowel
1
,
it
into a ij figure,
becomes changed
Arabic, into a consonant
^J
;
^^
r^ns.
If the
and be followed by a long
in Turkish,
and sometimes
in
as in i^^jj riyasJt (for o/^Ij;
ri'asSt).
There
is
derivatives,
and has
a striking peculiarity in certain Turkish Ottoman
which causes great embarrassment
filled
to students,
continental Turkish dictionaries and
grammars
D
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
34
with totally misguiding examples and rules of pronunciation, with regard to the interchangeable vowel-letters
The
peculiarity arose, I imagine,
was
provincial,
all
and
made
writers
earliest
in
its
various
use, in all
provinces.
such derivative
words, of the vowel-letter j (when they used any at
They, therefore, wrote qirib,
»_jj^J
^j.
Ottoman Turkish
and was governed by the pronunciation of
Asia Minor, variously modified
Thus the
when
_j
qArib
i-jjjy
g^lAb,
vjjli
These derivatives became,
^jxS
gidAb,
.-jja-ls
all).
qdchAb,
and jlib bishlA, jU\ ^Ufi; &c.
;
in course of time, in
in Constantinople, modified in pronunciation into
qichib, qirib, qiirib, bishlf, ^lU, &c.
Europe, and
gMb,
gldib,
The orthography, how-
ever, has remained sacred, excepting in the case of provincials,
who sometimes
write, as they pronounce,
vH[^
{^k
,
^jjy
,
I
(J^'
&C.
>
i_»jf, i_«jJ-^, v_>-s.li,
This subject will be further
developed in the paragraphs on Euphony.
Proceed we now
The
letter
^
,
to the phonetic values of the consonants.
equally used in Ottoman words of Arabic,
Persian, Turkish, and foreign origin, has the value of our b generally,
Thus tG_,
irib,
:
Si
whether bfed,
^
rlbat, k)^ r4bt, -.l
f
and quiescent t
J
durduii, sj^i ddrde,
;
as,
gldip,
(_ji^j
t5fS„^ gWiji
The Arabic
li) is
our th in think; so that
was not
taj, tij, JJl At^l,
as our
s
(sharp, never z) t:>jG is
The Arabic
-,
in
lL/
;
J
git,
^iJ
ci-ol
gidAr,
Its original value is that of
J ,^
ayi-thiilug, for 0710? 6eo\6yo^,
;
eriiTKoiro^.
unknown
;
iyi-sAlug
But
the letter is
is
in
Turkish
pronounced
therefore the Turkish
pronounced sabit,^!
In some Arabic-speaking countries as, lijiU tl,lat^,
c ;
&c.
;
cjI^jIjI
this value is
name of Ephesus,
durdflnjtl,
*i|j dArdflm, &c.
ddrdfi,
it
JoJoj
OJ J
as bad as our bishop for
and Persian
;
—U
found in Arabic words only, and in a very
o
^
:
o,a ddrt, ^e^^j^
t
few borrowed from the Greek.
a
pid^r,
.jj
:
and the Turkish
Asp,
O OJ
4jj1/
&c.
tIjOU
In Turkish grammar
6t.
ojjI
It,
jSj\ idAr, i_jjjj| idip, ^ysijjil idiji
it,
g^'ip>
sometimes changed into movent i in derivatives, when
OJO-»
(£)i|J
vj"
>_>,
t in all positions
At, cjI it, e:*)!
originally final
IS
this the case
all positions
are usually written with
our
is
qirip.
•
•
gidlpi
L_)LLi kitap,
J
The Persian word
,_»)1 ip.
i_jjL t6p,
to hear,
Especially
^^xSi
as,
;
o
The Arabic
it is
^^
Persian letter lj
apir,
word
it is
* J J
i_>j)j9jl
common
Thus
35
AsAr, lilja.! ihdiis,
this letter has
become
&c.
Turkish
is
our
soft g,
which we represent
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
36
by a j Thus,
^j^
jins,
hard g
like our
Sometimes
origin.
In some Arabic-
agh^j.
pronounced
it is
m^sgid, tss^ s^gd^, &c.
as,
;
s^"^
takes the sharp sound
it
q.v.
The Persian _ has
We
in crutch.
literations,
the value of our ch in church, of our tch
never use the latter orthography in our transom o ^
— always
e);j^ churek, litlarr^
-MX
(jjU*! ^jnas,
speaking countries
of^,
whatever their
positions of all words,
in all
the former
v^jjy>.
;
c
^\
chAruk, Ij.j^ chirbi,
In Turkish derivation, this
chich^k.
or foreign (not Persian, and
there
are
sometimes becomes Arabic _, but not as a
The Arabic _ has horse, hurl, her
not
;
^
dchm^q, ^U. chim,
as, ,j*s.l
do. chik,
ich,
in
letter,
Turkish
no Arabic) words, rule.
the harshly aspirated sound of our h in
sound, as heard in head, him, half,
its soft
o ^ ^
&c. O
r!)
.r
It
is
chiefly used O
J
O J
Hi'
cjwa- hiis^yn, _!:» f^tt^h,
some adopt
h,
Arabic words
in
_^
to distinguish
The Arabic ^ has no
it
from
5,
q.v.
as,
German
represent
Aspirate
it
it
sider
it
as
especially
its
a variety of
when
it
hidiv, not kldiv),
is
by ^
;
always.
It is the
ch in loch, ich, &c.
generally transliterated kh, as in the present treatise.
the student has learnt
hisin,
^J...s^
equivalent in our language.
counterpart of the Scotch and is
We
jirh.
;
It
Until
true pronunciation, he should conh,
and never pronounce
initial.
Thus
jjji.
it
as a k,
khidiv (pronounce
JlSS>j\j^ khiiduvindghyar (pron. hAda...),
; ;
.
THE LETTERS AND OETHOGEAPHT. o
,
o
J
J-. shrikh, jyXiS ikhlamur.
In Turkisli words, this
often used, provincially, for
nounced J.
iqshdm
^j
,
our d in
i is
place of cj, and
The Arabic
jxS
JUj
sometimes probiqS,lim),
as our soft th in
^
be to repeat
;
is
oil^
thus,
words
in original
a
is
Different Ai'ab communities pronounce as a d, or as a
tlds,
The Turk
z.
our r in every position, in r4>f4t,
Firstly,
peculiar letter.
^b bar,
all
it
must never be corrupted cdr
other consonant q!r,
;
^
;
classes of
There are two
ird. it
is
necessary for the this, to
Mm,
must always be pronounced (never
secondly, the value of the vowel before
Jj
reads,
:>J.
dropped or slurred over, as we pronounce
°j^^ plr,
;
It is found in
z.
English student to bear in mind with respect to
CMr,
also
plL, pl^ dagh.
important remarks, however, which
;
in the
sometimes takes the
it
]o
that,
zikr {yidg. ztklr), Jji-U mi'khiiz, ^jj bJzr.
The Arabic j
for, f4r
^lill
of Ottoman words, and
an Ottoman mouth,
in
i,
gld^r
Arabic words alone.
words:
it
used instead of
is
gltm^k,
lit ikhz,
(for
of Turkish words only,
derivation
it
itself
all classes
requires no comment, unless
^-S
is
letter is
Ikhshim)
The Arabic
as,
and
Thus, JUs bikhillm
(for
37
o
-
(as
it
•part,
in the
pi't)
same
when we pronounce
;
and
syllable
fot, p^t
Ac), but always kept pure, as with any
thus, jjl qir,
qir
;
&c.
j^ qir, jy,
sfir,
^/ gyir, &c.
OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAK.
38
The Arabic jh zad, ^^j
our z in every word and every position
is
\
zir,
zir,
jjj
ziir,
nezd, jl
j)_j
;
az, az,
ez, jl
O J
Jjl
dz
;
&c.
The Persian J it is
of the value of our
literated zh
;
mdzhir, &c.
The Arabic 0^
o
qivs,
is
and
treasure, -pleasure,
;
trans-
is
s^^^ p4zhmftrd6, ^jjULil
eta-
of very rare occurrence.
is
^j^.
It
s in
zhazh,
as, J;lj
It
in all words. (jjji
only found in Persian and French words
is
a soft
s,
always followed by a
must never be pronounced as
z
vowel
soft
thus, Cl asa,
;
*
jjM
suz,
The Arabic
^J,
silz.
our
is
sh,
always
as,
;
iU. shad, ^^^1 ish,
jJ:^ n^shr.
The Arabic
^jo,
in Turkish, is a
hard
used in Turkish,
s,
o
,
and foreign words uss, (j»,al
dsmaq,
The Arabic only.
also, to
,j».aj.o
It is generally
sometimes as a hard d
&c.
Its
siismlq,
,j
,.>;»
;
thus,
qismdq. Never read
J
^1 it z.
very peculiar, being used in Arabic words
^jo is
^yls qad!,^,X_»Jl
designate a hard vowel
^yU
pronounced as a hard ;
thus,
J>\j razi.
z in
Us q^za,
qaz!-'l-'isk4r (vulg.^jX.--^
Arabic sound
is
inimitable to a
Turkish, but yiliJi
^yU
^nqaz
;
q4z'-'^>kk),
European without
long practice.
The Arabic
L, besides
always as a hard
t,
is
being an element of Arabic words,
used in Turkish and foreign words,
sometimes with that value, sometimes as a very hard
d,
wheu
THE LETTERS AND OETHOGEAPHT.
^
Thus,
initial.
tAlu.^kj qAtr,
ki. khl,tt;
39
jL'U,
ili
tltli,
d^gh, j^W tuz, j^llk tiqimiq, jiIl,jlL divrinmaq.
The Arabic b
used in Arabic words only, as a very hard
is
Thus, pii zallm,
z.
zAlm, JiJ;
°°A,
zifr,
Jli
zMkv, iLl hizz,
m^hzuz.
kjlis:'
The Arabic c
a general rule, used in Arabic words
as
is,
It is a strong guttural convulsion in
only.
an Arab
throat,
softened in Turkish to a hiatus, and often disappearing entirely.
"We represent
by a Greek
it
Wn, ijyL mel
,^1»
word 4)^
un,
The Arabic c %ard
g,
is,
however, with
originally,
is,
a peculiar Arabian kind of
with a sound vergeiug on that of the French r grasseye,
pronunciation
medial or
it
final in
itghll,ml,q,
The
;
Arabic
initial
it,
into a
w
;
as,
when
tiwuq,
>_s
our
so,
sound after or before an
igfal, c.Xo sddg, ^jai.
Jjcll=
is
or nearly
disappearing,
often
;
plW dagh, iji^j\ 61dAwi,
s6wiq
when
in Turkish
g^ydi, &c.; and either that
5jj\c.
Thus, JUcI
hard vowel.
But
Arabic words only, or like our softened gh
Turkish words
changing, like
imitate.
either a simple hard g,
is
ijjlac giflet,
i_J\i gallb,
(^f-yo
derivatives,
its
this letter, of course corruptly.
which English dandies sometimes
in
^^,ac '^sr,
The Turkish
xkS qit', cjkio mlqtii'.
'Iribd (for iAA)
always written with
Thus,
spiritus asper.
aLjjcV
/
migfur
and
dt-ftrA
;
j^ojlcl
J^j^ sAwan, J^Jo dowan, lawuta
in all
;
&c.
words and
all
positions.
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
40 There
no reason whatever to write the senseless, false
is
Latin-French ph instead of f, as in caliph, a corruption of
Thus,
khl,lif4, iLli.
The Arabic j is
is
^J
ikvz,
our q in
all
lii)
words and
erroneous and regrettable to represent
done.
The words
rectly
rendered,
ancestor,
and
j,\
the
leaving
Tc
all
by
it
s6f.
Tc,
as
represent
initial in
c*),
in all
is
cor-
legitimate
its
a word
words and
mouth, the sound of
a,
positions, is our k.
all
or syllable before a long
also before a short AtfirA vowel,
y
it
or j vowel,
1
borrows, in an Ottoman
after itself before the
vowel
^kyul, \^ij^=
Thus,
i_ji6 kyiizlb, J_j.^=l
J,^=
klram, ^}^^='J v^kil. ;
but
in
Its
kydp^k
;
but not
;
BO before the short AstAn, the short 4s4r^, or the long
addition
It
generally
oij waqt, are thus
^q, to
positions.
e).
The Arabic
When
qiirJan,
J^jj
uJ^
lafz,
i
vowel.
ijx^
kMl,
name, in Arabic, requires no
Persian and Turkish
it
has to be distin-
guished from the Persian letter of the same form, but widely different phonetic value.
'4r^biyy4.
It
is
In Arabic and Persian Ottoman words
unchangeable by grammatical words,
when
final,
it
becoming movent, and even as a y Thus,
(2L-)I
then termed a-j^ i_io kyafi
;
inflexion
undergoes is
;
but
it
in
remains
Turkish
phonetic degradation on
pronounced as a Persian d, and
or sometimes as a
w
after
lp4k, i»)^^l Ipiyin, iC_)l Ip4y4,
an dt4r4 vowel.
^$^\
Ip^yl
;
dy^l
THE LETTERS AND OETHOGEAPHT. s-ai-dk,
eli=j)^
sAmyfiii,
i^J_^
sUAjh,
41
,^/j- s^Wyfi;
i^l^J
itmjk, iyv_C_»ijl itm^yin.
Tho Persian ^J^J3 i_jK'
kyaft
'ijim kifl), is
d, called i~^-^jlJ
is
farisT,
Turkish words or
A^ait is
s^g&, 1^.*, s^gi
;
J^
Turkish books
it is
The Ottoman
unknown
iiiU
never
is
s4g,
Arabic original
its
in Arabic, fiual
i!dl.^=>l
in
sigin,
In ordinary writing and print
g41.
with a double dash
it
is
and
Thus,
syllables.
undistinguished from
mark
It
g.
Persian words,
in
kyafl farlslyy^, and
or ^j^J^ ujiTkyafi 'Ijimi (vulg. Jii (.^
the Persian hard
unchangeable
^J^
gyfi.1,
Ji
:
marked with three
d, ignored by
but the Persians
;
S-^
In some
s4g.
dots: JS, csi^.
previous writers, eastern
all
and western, consequently nameless, but which we venture to
term
AJL»ij:
v__so
kyafl '6smaniyy4, the Ottoman
found in Turkish words only, as a medial or a as an initial to a word, though
a non-initial syllable. all cases,
though
radical, as in
it
it is
used as an
final,
t»),
is
never
initial letter in
Its phonetic value is that of our y in
has no mark to distinguish
dJ b^y, JSj
diyil,
u-t^.
yijirmi
',
it.
or
It is it
both
gram-
is
matical, declensional, servile, representing a softened Arabic radical or servile d,
become movent,
i!^^kydp4yin, tiL^J^ kydp^y^, sflrm^k, eiCjjj-.
(y(.5L_«|j_-a
sdvdlyin,
sArm^yin
^5oj^
;
as in
^^^
eJjj.^ kyilpik, kyiip^yl
;
rilj^
djj.- s^vdik, A_Jij_.u sivdlyim,
sivdlyl.
Most European
writers
—
,
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
42
represent this value by g'Ay but the practice
insufficiently
is
considered, and altogether misleading.
The Ottoman nasal d, o ^
name of surd
distinguished by the
^yj^L» sighir
niin, is
a second special Turkish phonetic value
of the letter d, or nasal letter, which
Spanish nasal
we
transliterate
In ordinary writing and
mark by which a student may recognize
has no
times three dots distinguish
marked
it
with one
dot,
initial to
sometimes begins a syllable
miq), ij;j^=3
j.^^ it
is
a medial,
as, ij^'X^=>\
t^firi (vulg. t^r!)
IMz, ij^ye sAnr^
it
JSy-^s gy^n^lj
;
When
{vulg. s6rl,).
When
(SJJS
medially
final it is
elided in pronunciation. °
derived from
porated with
dlL
gilifi (gl,lin),
dots, e)
This value
sometimes ends,
dnlimiq
usually sounded as a simple n; as,
sinlii (s^nin),
is
;
but some-
;
with him the three
As
a word.
print, it
and one recent writer has
it,
(as
cs)
it
serve to point out the Persian letter or sound).
never
with the
our English ng
It has the phonetic value of
n.
nasal, as in sing, thing, &c.
is
n,
o
j^"^
final to
cdb \>hn
diii (din),
inni-
{vulg.
dteiz,
a word,
(ben),
^yo s6n
(sL-.
(s6n).
usually softened in like manner, or
j-M^I
In
and
its
derivates (itself
'
ell
it
an), the following in
J
is
exceptionally incor-
pronunciation, as though
by a kind of
inversion of the Arabic rule of conversion for the
J of
definite article Jl before certain letters called solar (for
the
which
see next paragraph on letter J).
The Arabic J
is
our letter
I
in all
words and
all
positions
;
THE LETTERS AND OETHOGRAPHT. as,
|,j|j)
luzuro, lyJI alin,
mentioned above,
is,
JU
with
exception of the capital
ddl.
its
The Turkish word
derivatives, a
version of the J of the definite article Jl
,
^3*il.S=!,
modern Ottoman
and the Arabic rule
;
43
for the con-
in pronunciation,
when
followed by a noun or pronoun beginning with a solar
letter,
^^-^
h^rfl sh^msT, into that solar letter redupli-
'—»;='
cated by a t^shdid,
The
compounds.
a classical exception, peculiar to Arabic
is
solar letters are fourteen in
the half of the alphabet) \J>,
1=) 1=)
l^\ ,j.»viJl
J>
4z-zAha,
.Jjl ^n-nur.
J of
the written
over the J junction
;
,
(_,-,
,j^\
kJl^i
4t-tali",
In the pronoun
and
is
letters *
^
and
^^
(ji
,
^y,
4s-sem4n,
^1
p^Uz-zAlm,
(_5
JJl
,
and
its
The
the article disappears also.
the letter
(exactly
4z-zlkr, ,
Thus we have
cJ-
^s-sAmn,
;
number
is
^s-s4fa,
°^p\\ l\-
derivatives,
sign " placed
named
vwisl, J.o}
of that word, specially modified.
are our
m
and n respectively,
words and positions: JU mal, J^l ^m^l,
in
^ h^nlai,Ji\j nazir,
O O J
(j>. hAzn.
The Arabic vowel.
When
letter
.
is
sometimes a consonant, sometimes a
a consonant,
it
has the phonetic value of our
v,
of our w, or of these two combined, the v beginning, and the
w
ending the sound of the
letter.
Thus, Jj yir, tjl^ j^wab,
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
44 (_a-»j
vwlsf,
But when
differences.
Arabic word,
The
vwaq!'.
a.s\j
the consonant j
w
lettered words, as a reduplicated
qiwwaf
is
reduplicated in
has always the v value; as, Jjl
it
Ottoman corruption even then
qivvil.
decide these
alone can
ear
(or >_sljs
qlwlf)
may sound
an.
I,vv41, JljS it,
in hard 2^
o
— qlwwal.
The word ^1^
an Ottoman corruption of Arabic
is
k_sUi. khaflaf.
When it
the letter
a vowel in an Arabic or Persian word,
is
.
always has the value of
li
;
excepting a few Persian words,
OOJ_
become Ottoman vernaculars, in which it takes the sound of 6. o J OJJ OJOThus, ^jJ 1-S.ziim, |j_j:.»j mimniin .ji shiir; is^-^ji dost (dust), ;
o
J
ij,ji.
In Turkish and foreign words
khAsh (khiish).
generally, if not always, short,
of
6,
or of
li,
which there
A, A,
is
it
and may have either the value no means of distinguishing,
is
save that of accompanying hard or
sqfi consonants.
With
a
hard consonant, in a Turkish or foreign word, the vowel-letter .
it
must have the sound of either 6 or
(often omitted)
when
be considered long,
q4miq, either
(_w,_}S
fi
With
qArmdq.
or d,
or
ii
u
as,
;
becomes o or
it
a soft consonant, eito^jj
the accompanying consonant or o
guidance
is
lost
;
derivatives there
as, is,
biizliiliiq,
ri«i9)
thus, ^J^^
must be read
y4zm4k, J\j-" o
biz, biiz, b-&z,
If
suzlu.
all
J
jj^
si\z,
In
suz.
however, frequently a servile vowel or u
consonant, hard or
it
;
consonants be neutral,
J
\ji
ii
i, unless
soft,
that helps.
bflzmik, eU;
,->
Thus,
sfizmik
;
^
J J
J
ij\jj>
bizin,
J
(jljJjjJ
but j «-j sdz has no
THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. such helping derivative.
classes
As
must decide
individual ear
—Turkish and
must be preceded by
to the long
and short value, each
for itself in
words of these two
Vowel j
foreign. 1
45
an
to represent
is
never
initial
it
;
sound
initial litdrd
;
olmiq, nAJj] ulmek, &c.
as, ^jjjl
The Arabic
letter
The Arabic
letter ^J, like the j, is either a
s
has already been fully discussed.
consonant or a
vowel.
When whether
a consonant, it
be
initial,
it
has the value of our consonant
medial, or
sonantally final in
we
use a
2/
an Arabic word.
we
as a consonant,
transliterate
simple or reduplicated.
final,
when
Especially must this be understood
As
the letter
Therefore,
y.
as the final of a transliterated Arabic word,
be read and sounded
con-
is
a consonant, and only
by a
it
y,
as such, never as an
i
vowel
;
when
it
must
an obser-
vation that continental scholars do not generally understand, unless they
y^d^k,
may
jlj y^z, jjj
yfiz,
tijj
^
m^y,
^
sh^y, J\j r^7,
b^yn,
h^yy,
first,
as
When or
i
we have
the
sound be
|_5
is
nothing like a vowel,
initial in
it
bAyiin
^jj,^y_
^^
This
r^my, ^jj v^shy, ^ij. m^shy. at
Thus we have:
be Germans.
is
;
_ji
^^_j
qiyyum,
yir,
p^y,
e)jj
^
v^ly, "^^ °J>_^
a difficulty to a student
it
in English.
is
never
initial.
If a vowel
t
any Ottoman word (Arabic, Persian,
Turkish, or foreign), the ^,
if written, is
always preceded by
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
46 an
as,
;
1
When
JIV^j irllmiq.
Idi,
^sS^
long in Arabic and Persian words
medial,
j^\ itmr,
as,
;
In Turkish and foreign words, medial vowel not always short
in an Arabic word, razi,
^cU
vlrm^k,
aa, i^j.j
;
j^
ijj\^ jarl, ijj..^ sari,
dii'i,
is
^J
lyj-)
"When
^ii
as,
;
qaz!,
But there
&c.
always bin.
generally, if
qirmdq.
also always short
it is
it is
of Arabic words ending in reduplicated consonantal
final
^\j
are hosts (_j,
which,
and Turkish, are used as Arabic words, generally
in Persiau
adjectives, terminating in a long
i5__^ sh^hrT,
ijj:^ s^nJvi,
nature
reduplicated
apparent;
as,
i^ji_
of
or
1
i
W|U
_j^c 'iribi,
;
^jj y^vmi,
as,
Aa
farisi,
qlt'i,
"When these become feminine, the
&c.
iil 4f&qi, jjiia- hifzi,
vowel
their
consonantal
final
(_j
becomes
y^vmlyy^, a^Ws qdt'iyyJ, &o.
There are many Persian derivative words, adjectives or
end
long vowel
in
not used
others
(besides
substantives really
The
^J.
in
Turkish), which
adjectives are precisely
similar to the Arabic adjectives just described, as modified in
Persian and Turkish jtU, '
shahi, 'royal;' ijjj-^ khiisr^vT, 'imperial;' i^}');^ shirazT,
of Shiraz
;'
;'
The
&c.
as, ij^y^ shahi,
tions
Thus,
but they have no feminine.
;
^ o J
^
'
substantives indicate abstract qualities;
royalty
;'
v^ziri,
i^jj
'
vezirial ofiice or func-
&c.
Turkish and foreign short vowel sini, ^^.a!^j1
;
as,
final
^jjfkidi,
6diyi,
^^jj
(_j,
i_j^l
t^r^j
i,
radical or servile, ivl,
&c.
&c.
;
^jj\
M,
is
always a
^a-^^C
bJb^-
,
THE LETTERS AND OKTHOGRAPHT.
The vowels
and
I
sometimes intercbangeable in
are
t
47
Turkish words and derivations, and are sometimes omitted, without any inflexible rule being assignable.
Thus,
itm^m^k, are
The
(£ju.A*il
is
:
"
,
CiU*3l
,
all
Never introduce a vowel
word without removing a
admissible.
letter into a
Arabic and Persian words variation.
Turkish or foreign
fixed,
is
;
by the omission a
The orthography of
and admits of no such
Persian words admit, however, of abbreviation by
the omission of a vowel
shah,
as, sli
;
padishah), iijU padsheb
(yulg.
if
created as to pronunciation."
is
true rule
possible doubt as to pronunciation
never leave out a vowel in such word,
doubt
(»Ul*;4l
shahlnsbah, sUj^i shehlnshah,
;
sh^h
iJu
»Li.;ftLi
;
5U..jIj
padsbah
shahlnsbah,
a^j.^^ sh^hinsh^h
In many Turkish words the vowels j and
(_j
;
AiiaUi
&c.
are used for
one another by different writers, at different times, in different places
;
even at one place and time
different times, or in the selfsame
a license or an inadvertency. advisable.
j^ghWv;
Thus we have:
M
jj\ irA, ijj\
;
;
even by one writer at
document
;
but this last as
Consistency in this matter
jLib, bdshlii,
&c.;
words
^\j
is
bdshli, ^jls giliir,
differently written, but
the selfsame in reality.
The Ottoman
alphabet
is
divided into three classes of con-
sonants, hard, soft, and neutral.
number
:
^ ^ ,
are only six
:
,
1
^ ,
,
o
^Ji
,
j
,
,
Ij,
(j->
The hard
^, c, p, j. ,
is) ,
»
.
letters are nine in
The
soft letters
The remaining
letters.
—
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
48
eixteen in the whole, are neutral
J
''Jjt«'cJ'j'(^"
u*"''
>
As word
the orthography of every Arabic and Persian fixed and unchangeable,
is
foreign
Ottoman words, and
tions of all
and
i_j,i_),tl),».,^,J,-2,j>
:
Ottoman
it
is
Ottoman
only in Turkish and
and conjuga-
in the declensions
hard
words, that the rules relating to
This
soft letters are carried out.
the
is
and chief
first
part of the beautiful system of Ottoman euphony.
If any one of the hard or soft consonants
Turkish Ottoman word, word, of
letters of the
the other radical and servile
all
derivations,
its
used in a
is
and of
declension
its
or conjugation, must be of the same class, or of the neuters.
Thus we have: j^^U q^zmiq,
^.^y
g^zdiyi
;
jIjU qlrliq,
The Ottoman vowels hard vowels are
:
vowels also eight are
\, a, i.
i, a,
:
i^\^j>
gyUzluk
i,
4, h,
T,
i, 6, li, li
i, i, i&,
fja,y}i
qlzdighi,
&c.
eight in
the
The
neutrals.
class of consonant.
4n^, lib pish^,
j^
s4n,
j^j9 qimdq, ^y.J^ qiirmiq, in a
The
The
The
all.
^J,
soft
neutral vowels
These vowels always accompany their own
accompany any
letter, its
;
u, &, u.
or
When
;
;
are also of these three classes.
of consonants,
Ll
g^zm^k
iiil^p
class
vowels can
neutral
Thus wo have
:
\A>
bibd,
b^n, ;Jj,J qirmiq, CiUj^ glrm^k,
i^Uijji
gy&zitm^k,
iiili*,_^
Turkish Ottoman word a vowel
is
gydrraik.
the dominant
consonant or consonants being neutrals, the declen-
;
THE LETTERS AND OKTHOGEAPHT. sioD, conjugation,
and derivation from that word follow the
which the dominant vowel belongs
class to
49
thus, ijj\ iltm^q,
;
O^^O
OO,
O^OJ O' ^o J aghirliq, |jj>V^l irUmaq, j^^jl iimml,q, j^l^cjl 6ghrAml,q
fjijS-\
eUdJI elemek, (sUijl Inm^k,
When
ydzm^k, eLyl lirmjk.
iiiU^j;
an Arabic or Persian word
from, in Ottoman Turkish, decides whether the
declined or derived
is
dominant
letter or
vowel
declension or derivation shall be
made
its
last
O J Of
with hard or soft
and vowels
letters
Of
eJi Jo*-
jllojj^ m^rbutlAq
asanliq
jj*l
;
o o
thus, L.)^ m^rbiit,
;
O
f
frf
o o
ff
^mir, ciU^I ^mirlik; ^\J[ asan, jliL,!
&c.
;
When
the sole dominant vowel of a Turkish Ottoman word,
or the last dominant letter or vowel of a Turkish, Arabic,
Ottoman word,
Persian, or foreign or soft,
all
is
of the o or m
class,
hard
possible consonants, and all vowels in the declension,
conjugation, or derivation therefrom, not only conform to the class of
such dominant, but furthermore,
consecutive servile
all
vowels in the derivatives that would otherwise be
become
litfirfl,
of the class of the dominant
A when the dominant
A or i, and
is
o
dominant o
Aldii
;
is
&
or
^
;
Jo J
Jo}
Jo
Jo J
J
sflr-Qkd-arQlmek O fOJ J OJ
sArishdurmek,
J,-^
isi.jUj^ gjtlrfishm^k,
o^oJOJ
,jjjj1
o^o-JV-J
J
n^jSij,^ 0--OJJ
JJ
i^js£s>jjj^
di«,ji|_}_-.
become
become A when the 030
oJo JO J
Jo J
O^OJOJJ 'OJ
is,
thus, \:^j\ 6lgAn, (jL-iljl AlgiinlAq,
o^oJJo
o
that
lyUJjL titgiin, jL-i^jL. tAtgilnMq, i^jJjls ttitdii
sflr-dkd-drm^k,
m^k,
;
h&hvi,
;
;
eUi,_)-. sfirfish-
J
(£JiJ^j^j_», sArfishddr^lm^k
o-cjjqJ (»l«,jui|^^=. gydrfishd&rmJk, i»U,jJi,^ J
;
OTTOMAN TDKKISH GRAMMAR.
50
gydrdshdfirAlm^k.
come
in
But
if,
such words, an
ia
flstfia
vowel
by the ordinary course of derivation or conjugation,
and be followed by a syllable or syllables with an ish'i vowel, the influence of the radical dominant dtfirA
by such intervention mdqliq,
lyiji*^^;
gyArAshm^kllk,
;
as, ^}*^jji
bAziishmighin ^jSij:*jj>
;
is
destroyed
bizushmaq, ^^SJ^jji bozusheU^i^y gy tlrfishm^k, eJKl»ij[/
gydi-dshmiyla.
51
(
)
CHAPTER
IL
The Ottoman Accidence or Ettmologt. Section
There special
ebl as
no gender.
is
name,
(in^k),
as,
named
;
a cow,
jailS (qdnjiq),
^_i
a
jl^
bitch,
(dishl); as,
(qisrAq),
the female
^"^.J
is
but
mentioned
is
matron, accordingly;
as,
as^
^J:^^a.^
(qiz),
a mare,
named,
Jj^ (dlshl irslin),
If the female be a girl or woman, she
&c.
dishl,
If the female of an animal has not a
jjlL (tAwAq), a hen,
with us, a sAe...,
a lioness
The Noun Substantive.
I.
is
never
maiden, or ^jji (qiri),
(qiz khizm^tji),
orjJ^s?*Ja.
(khizm^tji qiz), a servant maid, a maidservant; ^^=^1 tjji (q^ri Sshji), or (^ (kh'aj^gyan).
as,
;
If the singular ends in
of these
is
is
in reality
now used
two
letters (^
as a consonant."]
Other Persian substantives form the plural by adding the syllable horses.
U
hil
;
as, I4JU
(nan-ha), loaves, breads,
l^--!
(Jsb-ha),
ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. Arabic plurals, of the regular forms
and of the various irregular forms
for
men and women,
for these
and other things,
and also the Arabic duals, are used formed by adding
which becomes
in
followed by
fist-dn
J
^^^^
itfirfi
;
as,
iliJ (qitb),
ijjju-.*
is
formed
ol
(at)
;
the plural feminine
in all cases
(musllmiin),
This
(in) in the oblique case, also
used as a nominative in Turkish
a Muslim,
latter is
followed by ^j (un) to the singular.
followed by
is
(qiitb^yn), the two poles.
becomes ^s4r4 followed by ^^
fistfin
The
regular plural masculine nominative for men
by adding
dual
(an) in the nominative,
(^yn) in the oblique case.
^^_
jjLks (qiitban),
The
The
Turkish.
frequently used in Turkish as a nominative pole,
55
^^;«1.,..«
;
is
with
thus, Jl-^ (m^slim),
oUL-* (mAs-
(m-&slimm),
Itmat), Muslims.
The
irregular Arabic plurals
commonly used
are of rather numerous forms, and there are foi'ms used occasionally.
in
Turkish
many more
plural
These irregular plural Arabic forms
are not obtained by adding a letter or letters, vowel or consonant, to the end of the singular, but
or vowels of the word, and
vowel, as the case letters
of
may
the singular.
a fair insight into I have to say,
first
this
of
all,
by adding
by varying the vowel
To
consonant or
letters,
be, before, between,
or after,
the
enable the student to obtain
very intricate but beautiful system, that a paradigm has been adopted
by Arabian grammarians, according
to
which
all
such modi-
OTTOMAN TURKISH GKAMMAE.
56 fications
may be
They have taken
effected.
(fi'^ld) as the representative
the triliteral Jxs
of any and every triliteral root-
word, and they have modified this root into every shape that can, under
any
any circumstances, be taken by any derivative of
when
made on the vowels
not
effected
by adding
and
a
servile letter,
the midst
in
are
alone of the triliteral,
servile letters, or
there, before, after,
All those modifications,
the language.
triliteral root in
of,
here and
the three radical
consonants, with appropriate mutations, in each case, of the
vowels, long or short, in the
new word.
Thus,
to
speak only
of Arabic nouns, substantive or adjective, used in Turkish, have, in the
first place,
(for they
have
all
to learn the
we
forms of their singulars
and then the forms of the
definite forms),
plurals special to each of these singulars.
To
facilitate
and systematize
knowledge, the Arabian
this
grammarians have divided the whole language of
biliteral,
quadriliteral, quinqueliteral, &c., roots,
triliteral,
which they term,
respectively,
^Ui-
i_jcU^ (rdba'i),
^JLJ
(sftna'i),
(fihadi),
root
;
to
it
may perhaps be
form by very the
far the
quadriliterals
(sAlasT),
found.
Of
next.
(_j.iU.I
for uniliteral
these, the triliterals
most important and numerous
coming
These
I do not re-
have seen or heard the expression
which would be the analogous name
but
^j^
(khiimasi), j_5-lx- (sAdafi), &c.
are the Turkish pronunciations of the terms.
member ever
into sections
These
are
class,
represented,
ACCIDENCE OK ETTMOLOGT.
by the
respectively,
jS
and
i£-ni-k)
Every
supposititious paradigmatic words
triliteral root is theoretically
capable of giving rise
bab!), the chapter of the triliteral
babi), the chapter
of (the verbal noun)
(mAfailkhM); 4:,^^C^Q 6,
^f'^iJi (t^fS-iil— );
(iftial
1 1,
—
)
^b jUl
9,
;
(IflvvSl
—
The use
(bab, pi.
unknown
of words
—
12, ^y^b
)
;
from the
1 1,
•'
O
J UmI
O ,
y-
^d Jxs
^l J^i; (t^fll
2,
J-jjIj
^b
3,
;
JclL
jli;'(tM"dl— );
5,j_^b
;
i1j\j^>\
8,
t^l>'j%°}
10, ^^^b JuLlil (tstlf al
JUJl^ (if 1
—
last
in Turkish, if not quite so o
;
1,
:
^^^^3\^] (bftal—);
^\i jf;^l (Ifinlal
14,
);
7,
(if'alb&bl)
(if Hal
^C jiJ^ (if ilal —);
9 and
LiC
These chapters are respectively termed
^bvab).
J-Li
(Wmi).
to fifteen chapters of derivation, called
(fi'lld,
57
al
—
); 15, ^_j)b
)
;
13,
);
^>; Jljjl
jLJl (iflnU— ).
four chapters ;
—
is
next to
and the use of chapters
o
^]%'ts\
,
is
confined
to the
expression of
colours, the second expressing an intensity of degree.
All the
other nine chapters of derivation are constantly met with in
Turkish, as nouns, substantive and adjective.
even a verb
is
All but the
first
used
;
Occasionally,
but as a kind of invocatory interjection.
of these names (which
out of the six varieties of
its
verb)
is
is
the form of three
the form of one of the
verbal nouns, or of the sole verbal noun, connected with the
verb of the chapter
;
and each chapter has two adjectives
OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAE.
58 deriving from
it,
the active and passive participles of
of the chapter.
The
furthermore, several other
from
its
or
first,
verb other than
verb
chapter possesses,
triJiteral,
forms of nouns deriving
special its
tlie
verbal nouns (which are a kind
of infinitive, or noun of action or being, corresponding with
our English substantive form in -ing,
as,
walking, singing, cutting,
Of these,
suffering, lasting, &c., as acts or states).
merely those frequently met with in Turkish
;
I give here
and
must be
it
understood, that in this simple triliteral chapter, the various
forms of verbal nouns are never verb
;
all
found deriving from one
but certain foi-ms belong to one or more kinds of
again, are of
two
These hinds of verbs,
to other kinds.
literal verbs, others
sorts
tri-
there are verbs transitive or active,
;
and there are verbs intransitive or neuter
;
and certain verbal
nouns are more used than others with each of these two kinds. Again, there are the six conjugations of this simple chapter
;
and each conjugation has
forms of verbal noun.
its
preferential
The Turkish Qamus
on this subject more than other works, and can be obtained from in the " vol.
i.,
Grammar
it,
in addition to
triliteral
form or
dictionary dilates
much
information
what should be studied
of the Arabic Language," by Dr. Wm. Wright,
p. 109, par. 196,
where 36 forms of " nomina
verhi
"
are given for this triliteral chapter alone, and several others
De
may be found
in
1831, vol.
p. 283,
i.,
Sacy's "
Grammaire Arabe," 2nd
par. 628.
edition,
Those that are principally
;
ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. used in Turkish are the following: 3,
J^
6,
A^ (tmi)
(fl'l)
with an 10,
4, jLi
;
8,
;
JU
11,
^
;
JjJ
(ffl
ul)
21, l;£i
(fi'il^);
(fi'lan)
;
servile ^
initial
(m^fil); 26,
3^ (m^fil);
,
23,
i^L
27,
J^
1
intercalated: 29,
original substantives
forms here given
;
JUJ
(tif'al)';
nomen
feminine,
aJLcLi 33,
in frequent cases
of this chapter
(fa'll^)
Jjiti*
38, J-x3 (fill)
;
the
^
(mMWh);
Many
disputed whether
it is
The
;
is
:
jJ
active par-
31, Jcli (fa'il)
and the passive
participle,
;
32,
nomen
^ J o^
(m^f ul); 34, feminine,
derivative adjectives are as: 35, °J^ (fi'l); 36,
;
25, jiL.
:
30, JUiJ (tlfal).
o Jo ^
patientis, is:
(fi'15n)
:
and adjectives are of one or other of the
and
agentis,
19, '^J^
;
o, with long
servile
such words are substantives or verbal nouns. ticiple,
;
and the special
;
(m^f^l^); 28,
initial
;
JUi
15, Jjii (fi'ul)
with their feminines
with the two special forms in
vowel
12,
:
{iiu\h)
special feminine form: 24, i:>Jlx9 (f3.'aliy^t)
forms in
(fi'al)
the same, with final servile ^1 added ;
;
some of the same,
Jp
18,
;
(fi'li)
Jl^
9,
:
and their feminines
22, J,£j (fi'lan)
;
1
and their feminines:
;
tlLj
the same forms,
;
long vowel
(fiial);
J-^ (fni)
17,
;
(fAuU); 20, .
(
jighiz)
;
CiUs^jT (kyflr^jlk), a
J»j»}»- (chAjiijAq), a is
little
little child.
sometimes modified into that
thus,
J^^j! (^vj^ylz) a
little
house.
ACCIDENCE OK ETYMOLOGY. O
67
A O
jJt^j-^
a
(qizj^ghiz),
little girl.
As
is
seen, the former
vowel of the — in the diminutive has now become an as the hshrk has been passed on to the e) or
Turkish
d
j
,
kshh
Astfin,
modified into
Euphony requires
{y value) or c (soft gh value).
These diminutives are used as terms of endearment
it.
also,
exactly as in German, and as our nursery vocabulary says,
daddy, mammy, granny, aunty, doggy, horsey, &c.
;
Turkish, the method
all classes,
is
of universal application, by
only, in
not by children only.
The Persian diminutive always ends U
(pa), to-U
(pach^), or in
d
in
^
(oh^)
as,
;
preceded by an Ast&n vowel
as,
;
j-ii (k^niz), dj;jLr'(k4niz^k).
The Arabic
diminutive also makes
its first
vowel
dttirA,
and
the next vowel Astln, followed by a quiescent consonantal
ij,
whatever may be the vowels or quiescences of the original
word
;
as,
ij-*
(h^sin),
o
;
of the same
,j»i«** (h^m-jins),
;
ardently
o ^
;
of a substantive followed by
ij>ju^, (p4ri-v4sh), fairy-like;
followed by
(i. e.,
(h4m-sh4hri), of the same town or country, a
fellow-countryman like;
jvImj
(i. e.,
(j4m-j4nab),
Asaph
(asdf-tMbir),
(_a-al
^
ijUi
as,
;
(ring),
^.U
of
(fam), or ^ji (gyun),
colour; as, isiij)^ {skhz-rin^), green-coloured ;
(ji.
(vJsh),
a substantive all
|,U j-j
signifying
(zAmirrSd-
fam), emerald-coloured; ^^^^s:!i{ghD.&tm-gJwa), wheat-coloured (i. e.,
dark-complexioned, brown)
^yfCkyar, gyar), JTCg^r),
^J^I
(shirm-kyar), sweet-mannered
;
of a substantive followed
(ban), or
;
J^ ^iy\
^b
(dar)
;
as,
by
°Jt ^,jJi.
(^f^rid-gjiT), creative
;
ACCIDENCE OK ETTMOLOGT. creator)
(i. e.,
;
^j
by
keeper; or followed (istin), all O
pen-case
;
names of -
C
goldworker, goldsmith
(z^r-g^r),
(bag-ban), garden-keeper
(i.e.,
71 j^jLcL
;
gardener) •,j\ij^ (mAbr-dar), seal-
^U
J\i (dan), ^1^ (zar),
special places
J^\
(qilJm-dan), a
as, ijljjia
;
(sar), or
J
JyA^sa
(gyAl-zar),
a flower-garden, a flowery mead
^Ljjji (kyub-sar), mountainous
district
Arabia; or a substantive repeated;
;
j;jLx«.j^
as,
elUels.
('Irdbistan),
(chak-cbak),
imitative of the sound of repeated blows with axe of sword
the same, or two different substantives, with
them a-pa),
;
as, (^U.M».
from head
\i\3jM (s6r-ta-pa),
from heginning
or with U or
same sense; j^j^
and day (which
end ; or with is
placed between
1
J\.
o
in place of the
(s^r-t^-s^r),
from end
all night
and
to end,
gradatim
;
;
as,
or with some (ji jJ^
p^y-d^r-
tj>»iJ^ij>»-r-^.l l!t^ (bin ikiyAz
illi
diqAz
fiJnJsi).
The Turkish
ordinal numbers are formed by adding an ksirk
to the last quiescent consonant of the cardinal, simple or
^ o
pound, followed by the termination first,
^fj^i\
^^^.
^jS=^ ^\
But, in the numbers that end in vowel before the same termination
j^jJ
(aitinji) sixth,
;
as,
^^_^ "
final into
as,
j_j^
(blrinjl)
^j^ oj'ji^- '^^
,
(^,
•
this is suppressed
,yfy-l (ikinjl) second, ^^^^^
(yMinjl) seventh, ^^^yjCj, (yiylrminji) °
°«
its
;
(AtAzAnjii) thirtieth, ^j^jy. (yuz^njA) hundredth,
(btninji) thousandth,
twentieth,
com-
o
(^Hinji) fiftieth.
j before
The
cardinal
°
*
Oji changes JO J O
the ordinal termination; as,
(6n-d-drd4njA) fourteenth.
J
o
J
,_^->;.> ^y'
OTTOMAN TUEKISH GKAMMAK.
to
The Arabic and Persian
may be
and
found in the lexicons, &c.
The Turkish
distributive
by making
dinals
ordinals are frequently used,
numbers are formed from the
fistdn,
and then adding a quiescent
(bWr),
^^
to the
.
car-
movent with
their last quiescent consonant
word
;
as,
jj>
(bJsh^r), ^Jjjjl (6tAz4r); jjy_ (y&z^r), J\-j (bluer).
Their sense
which has no such
expressed in English,
is
numerals, by the words
and apiece
each
examples will thus be rendered
;
the
foregoing
one each, Jive apiece, thirty
:
o o J
each,
a hundred each, a thousand each.
becomes
When is
The
cardinal cj,j
(ddrd^r) four apiece.
.j,i
the cardinal ends with a vowel, the syllable^ (sh^r)
suflSxed to form the distributive
;
as,
jLS^\ (Ikish^r) two
apiece, ^,^L-;J1 (iltish^r) six each, yi^_x.i (y^dlsh^r) seven apiece,
ji~^^_ (ylylrmlsher) twenty
each, ^^Lul (MUsh^r) fifty each.
In the case of more than one hundred or thousand, that designates their
cardinal
tributive suffix
duj
ji.i
(bJsh^r
numbers the
as, j_ji
;
jiS4
blfi) five
number
it is
the
that receives the dis-
(Ikish^r jdz) two hundred each,
thousand apiece.
distributive suffixes are
added
And
in
to the
compound
numbers of
thousands, of hundreds, and of final units or tens, to indicate o -
one distribution hh-kv) five
;
thus,
jj
aj^
o I
^j.J^_ jy_
- '
jZi (b^sh^r ydz yiylrml
hundred and twenty-one each,ji^\ji-j,_°^jji^ ° j5C
(s^klz^r bin, y Wisher yfiz, qlrq Iklshir), 8,742 apiece (yfiz illish^-).
^50 each.
;
yJi]
]y_
;
ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY.
79
The Turkish fractional numbers are very simple. The number of the denominator in the locative, and followed by the number of the numerator (parts), one;
the form
ia
as,
^\
f, the half;
i.e.
;
y
sjiXl (lkid4 bir) in two
(b4shd4
sjJlj
iki) in five,
or i.e.
Sometimes one of the synonyms
\, two-fifths.
*j^
(j^z'), |.~> (q5sm),
(Mssd) part,
4.aa.
numeral of the fraction
(^C^
as,
;
is
^^1
sjjC
two; _
(pay),
^^\j
added after each
(iki
paydd, bir pay)
in two parts, one part.
The Arabic
numbers are
fractional
up
also used
to ten.
o o
Excepting the word of the form J«9 ooJ
a fourth,
,j.>»»
a
(nisf)
t_i.ni
^
seventh,
ushur) a
vulg.
;
thus, cJij (sAls, vulg. s^lAs)
used
khims)
;
(khAms) a
^x^
fifth,
(s^mn) an
a
tenth,
as, tu^ _jl
two-fifths,
—J
.C
Ul
|«;Q
««J
^
ooJ
a ninth,
dual of eJLj
is
jiLs. ('lishr,
used,
,jl^
I
j
the others a Turkish numerator
(b^sh
tfis')
jj»*i.
i/^.^
(iti
five-ninths, &c.
Turkish adjectives and one Turkish
special
(jf^li
One
of the adjectives, ^Ij (yirim),
(yiri), signify the half (of
one sole
(yirim 4lmi) half an apple, a half apple
elJlJI (^Iminin yArisi), the half of an (or of the) apple. O I
The
all
aj, (rAb*)
(sids) a sixth, ium (s&b')
(flch rAb') three quarters,
and the substantive, as,
The
tithe.
but for
;
all
on J
it-J (tAs*)
eighth^
substantive to express half.
;
third,
ooJ
There are two
thing
a
o o J
(sAlsan) two-thirds is
they are O OJ
00-*
a
half, the half,
o oJ
O OJ
>
other adjective, Jj»j} (bdchiiq),
is
used after some whole
;
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
80
;
as,
O J
J
o
Ul Jy>j3
j>
^Ot,
number, never alone
(ikl apple and a half, li^cL ^y^y ^J^\
and a
h\mk) an
(blr bdchiiq
sa at) two hours
biicMq
half.
When
consisting of an integer
number
a complex fractional
and a fraction other than one-half has to be expressed, the Turkish or Arabic fractions are used, the conjunction J or the preposition fraction
being introduced between the integer and the
iLl
a_)
as,
;
y
,
or lUj j, j ^5ol
ibl
^P^
t^o and oneo
fourth.
When
in the
genitive
5j)-X_-i
^a^^
The
the Turkish fraction
also introduced before the fraction
is
is^y
ilil
iji)
and
five,
numerals are
indefinite
used, the numeral j>
is
:
ja>
(h^r) every
every one, each
iji« (bi'zi) some some, a
few ;
a few, a &c.
;
\\
little ;
j'^^\
no, none
;
j>_
(4ks4r) the most part
;
—Is^
many;
(az) few; ^jj-^ (ch6q)
bir)
(hlch blr), no
j ^_j>
;
j^ (h^r
o
o
—a (hlch)
;
as,
of one.
three-eighths
o
;
j\
(bir
j->,
;
q^ch)
(bir iz)
Jij»^ (blr ch6q) a great many, a great quantity
Of these, jt,
is
always an adjective the rest are adjectives ;
and substantives.
There
is
a small series of Turkish numerals of a peculiar
nature, from
J^-jJ o J
triple,
a
trine, jjj^j
and perhaps on
(iklz), twin, twins,
J
through o
(ddrddz) fourfold,
to ^Jjl (iniiz) ten-fold.
Vhj-j'
('ichfiz)
(b^shlz)
_;?i'e-/oZd,
^
toj^
Adjectives are formed
;
ACCIDENCE OE ETYMOLOGY. from these
in j!
as,
;
jtj^\
J o *
(branches, &c.) &c.)
9,
possessed of twins, oj twin
(Ikizli),
J
^j^j\
with three (lambs, branches,
(fichfizlfi)
Ac.
;
The 9
;
81
written digits are:
With
0.
.
i
1,
r 3,
2,
r
compound numbers
these,
English, from left to right;
as,
o 5,
i 4,
ro 25,
1
6, v 7, « 8,
i
are written as in 1
160, rt.i 3409,
.
vA-.r-ii 78003046, &c. In dates, the thousand, and generally the hundreds, of the year of the Hijra are omitted, as also the dots of the letters thus,
*_._».
stands
for
in the year (of the Hijra) za, s^ni
{%hnh bin iklyiz dAqs^n Ulti)
-
>
1296
4.L
;
n
Ij
^j
97) on the 2\st Zl-'l-Qada, '97 (a.h.). O
1
The °y^;
signs for the months, in dates, are
r,,
for 'Sii\
^j
_, for^iVl i^JUaJ, for Jl^-i;
^,
;
1-s,
;
J, for
ioY
j!h\
i_^j
;
:>,
as,
5,c (giirrA),
i..^
c t>'
/
'
u°
^
lI
'
Not
these shortened numeral dates.
date
is
written out in full words
j,j-> A^-.tii u;?^'"-
cij'
lii^-^/^
'^
*^'
;
as,
*, for
U,
;
for is.^
while the thirtieth *""
:
;
;
j, for
(_j i
is
first
;
;
day
is
;
being omitted in
however, when the
(jLiJo JjJXjI
lS"*-^*
jjLic^
named i^ (sMkh)
"^"'^
so,
for
The day
.
and the
;
J
ut'-
.^ ^,
for ]/i\ ,^JlU.
for (j^^i
^J-,
;
for 5j,jt_5jl ,^j
^j
always precedes the sign of the month
termed
yiylrmi bir
(fi
'''*"'
J>''°
di-j j-r-J^'
(ishbii bill
iklyAz d6qs^n dAqiiz sAn^'l hljriyy^si mah-i m&hirriminin in
G
:
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
82
b^shlnjt p^DJsh^nblh gyAtiA) This day of Thursday, the 15th of the
month of Muharrem, of
the Hijra year 1299.
Section IV.
The Turkish
The Pronoun.
personal pronoun has no distinction of gender
(^ (b^n) /, ^j^ (s4n, not %hn) thou, j\ (6 o J
in writing, generally,
;
o
J.l il) he, she, it ;
jlsA (inMr,
and their plurals
;
o
(biz) we,
jj
(slz) you,
,^j,
and u_w.
6nll,r) they.
In politeness, j_) and j_». are used instead of
They then have
own
their
which cannot be expressed
plurals
used, in the
same way, out of
practised in Italian
i_5J^ (k^ndi)
self,
is
;
:
Jy,
The
but
Jj^
(sizl^r),
third person plural
is
politeness, for the singular, as
has not
it
its plural.
common
a kind of
persons, singular and plural.
(bizl^r),
These are even used
in English.
as singulars, by the over-polite.
is
y^
It
is
The word
pronoun, of
specialized
by the
all
the
posses-
sives.
The
personal pronouns, singular and plural, are declined in
the same
way
them have a
as the
nouns substantive, excepting that some of
special genitive,
person, singular and plural.
of me,
my ;
her, it;
your ;
eli-.
(s^nlii)
his, her, its;
lil^lil
of
—
but those of the second
all
These genitives are:
thee,
thy
;
lillil
(^nin,
^yj (bizlm) of us, our;
(dnliiin, 6nldrin)
of them,
their.
e^
^ (b^nim)
6nAn) of him, (slzlfi)
of you,
But, to take either
ACCIDKNCE OR ETYMOLOGY. of the prepositions
be put
^jjsi\
AA
,
the genitive,
in
all
after their singulars, they
,
but the third person plural
^_ for nie, ^il\^l^ with you,
^jjsi\
83
^^\
for him,
dlil
her,
it,
must as,
;
aIjI^I
with them.
These genitives are used, when
They
person.
&c.), A)\i U)
number and
are never used alone, without their possessives °
to corroborate
and
required, to emphasize
corroborate the possessive pronoun of the same
•'
''
thus, A>\i (bab^m)
;
(b^ntm bdb^m)
my
my father
my
(not
mother,
father (not your father, or his
father).
The
possessive pronouns, too, have no distinction of gender,
on the English or French
either
They are
principle.
o
im)
my ; d
his, her, its Idri),
In) thy
(lii,
;
y,
;
^j
(i,
(imiz, imiz) our,
or, after
!),
jS
(iJitz,
^
a vowel,
iMz) your;
(im,
1
(si, s?)
^_gj
(J^i'i,
their.
These possessives are
suffixed
the
to
substantives
they
That compound
qualify,
and form one word with them.
word
then declined like a simple substantive
o
is
(4vim)
my
my
house,
house, 8j*)jl
litUj.l
(^vimm) of my
(^vimd^) in
my
here before the bare possessive,
house,
house is
i»jjl
&c.
;
^
thus, vjl
;
(ivim^)
(The
^_J
to
added
thought by some to be
needed in the case of a preceding consonant that does not join
on
in writing to its
do not consider
it
next
letter in the
necessary, and write:
same word.
(,j',
lijl,
^Jj\,
Others &c.;
but
;
OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAK.
84
when after
the compound, in declension, &c., takes another vowel
more usual
is
it, it
dvjl (^vimia) of my (^vliilz)
your house
The vowel
add
to
this
preceding vowel also
house, a*jjI (Jvimi) to
my
house
;
; J-Vj_jI
&o.
;
that precedes the bare possessive
is
an hihvh, soft
or hard, given grammatically to the final consonant of
ol
when
sub.-tantive,
qualified
{it) a horse,
J\ (ilim)
it
my
(dti),
his, her, its horse, j«._jl
your
horse,
^jJ\J\
horse,
After an
litArfi -»
^iji (biidiim)
face;
yf
When is
(gyiiz)
my an
my
thigh
eye,
o_jj
(bit) a thigh, Jji (butum)
jy_ (yfiz) a face, ^jy_
^jS
my
(gyfiz&m)
D
-
be; thus, A\i (b^bJm) (ql,pAsii)
bayonet
(s&rAl^rl)
eye.
;
my
his, her, its
yS^jf
their
fork.
^
may
father; djijb (yinqiii) thy echo
door or gate
;
y,jS^Aj.^ (t-fingyAmAz)
(gydrgyAiiflz) your e.rperience
The example here
the substantive ends with a vowel,
in lieu of
it
J n ,
given,
shows
possessive singular of the third person,
when
(yazam) my
form a syllable with that vowel, whatever
to O ^
otir
;
;
(Aghilil)
the substantive ends with a vowel, the bare possessive
added
^j^
son
vowel
J
dominant, this ^skv^ becomes dtftru also; thus, Jcjl a son, Asj\ (AghilAm)
^\
(itimiz) our horse, J_X_)'I (^tlniz)
their horse.
(4tldri)
(Itin) thy horse,
i^Lil
the
Thus,
ends in a consonant.
o
or
as,
^
is
;
^Jjjj.^
with the
clearly that
the possessive,
after a consonant.
If the final vowel of the substantive
is
o
,
it is
never joined
;;
ACCIDENCE OE ETYMOLOGY. on to the possessive
Thus,
in writing.
(maternal) aunt, d»;j (t^yz^n), thy aunt, her aunt
85
(%z^m) my
-5>4-J'
j-»)J (t^yzisi) his or
y-ij^ (t^yz^miz) our aunt, jSljSi (t^yzteiz) your aunt,
;
j_j^5jj (t^yz^l^ri) their aunt.
When
the final vowel
second persons singular do not join on to the third person singular, and in
all
it in
tailor,
^{jji
Thus,
writing.
In
o
ijjjj (t^rzl)
a
o
^
tailor, ft^sjj-' (t^rztm)
(tirzlii) thy tailor, ^e-ijj' (tJrzlsl) his or
j^ij} (t^rzimiz) our
tailor,
custom alone has
jS^.jj
There
(tfell^ri) their tailor.
myself,
and
the possessive plurals,
o ^
they join on.
first
the possessives of the
is ij,
djli (k^udlfi)
your
no valid reason
Tiius are formed:
so.
it
is
(t^rzlnlz)
thyself,
my
her tailor,
tailor,
^J^fJ
for this rule
j,j.:_S
j—jxi (kindisi) Ms,
(k^ndim) her, itself
U.JXJ (k^ndlmiz) ourselves, jjCjjj (k^ndiniz) yourselves, ijJjM (kindilii'i) theirselves.
A final
J
,
c before the
in a polysyllable, as in declension, changes into
possessives, singular or plural, excepting that of
the third person plural
Turkish mansion,
is)
so also, an Arabic
(y value) in like cases.
v=LJj-9 (qinighim)
i^SCLl (ip^yin) thy silk his
;
or her fowl
;
;
jjli>
my
i*)
changes into
Thus, jLijs (qin^q), a
mansion
;
(liLjl
(ipJk)
silJc,
(tiwAq) a fowl, ^Jio (tiwAghi'i)
yJAjif (qAnighimiz) our mansion, jjsjs-^jj
(ip^yiniz) your silk
;
^j^JJJLi. (tiwAqliri) their fowl.
The
;
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
66
reason of the exception
evident,
is
— the
final
consonant takes
no vov/el before ^).
These possessives equally qualify plural substantives, and follow the sign of the plural. Ci)^-l_)l
my
Thup, ^J^ (Avl^rim),
houses
^JijS-^^y^ (si^mgy414ri) Ms, her, its
(itldiin) thy horses;
bayonets ; j^_Ji, JjM (s-dr-dl^rlmlz) ourjiocks; jX)_^)b^J (t^yz^l^rliilz)
your aunts
By
^jj^^_^ (qAndqIIri)
;
their mansions.
a consideration of the examples above given with the
possessives
of
the third
persons,
singular
and
as
plural,
attached to singular and plural substantives, two peculiarities
become evident, namely: the possessive
when
1,
the plural sign
the substantive
is
is
not repeated for
itself plural
;
2, con-
sequently, the combination of a substantive and a possessive
of the third person,
the two, leaves
it
when
it
has the plural syllable
^
between
altogether doubtful whether this plural sign
belongs to the substantive or to the possessive.
Even
combination ijJJls\Jj^ (qinlqMrlM) had been in use, is
not the case,
whether
|_j^lj_js
—
it
would have been impossible
if
the
— which
to decide
(qiiniqlM) was intended to betoken the sense
of his or her mansions, on the one hand, or their mansion, on
the other. sions,
Add
to this difficulty the third sense of their
and the puzzle becomes
conversation, the doubt of the necessary, by proper enquiries.
still
man-
more complicated.
hearer
may
be removed,
In if
But, in a written document.
ACCIDENCE OB ETYMOLOGY.
87
intended to be understood by an absent reader, possibly after the death of the writer, a method was seen, especially by
judges and
legists, to
be necessary for distinguishing between
the three cases.
That
distinction
is
effected,
writing,
in
somewhat
To
expense of plain grammar, as follows.
the
at
distinguish the
single possessor of the plural possessions, the singular cor-
roborative genitive of the personal pronoun the combination containing the plural sign (S,nin
qAn^qMr!)
his
or
mansions.
her
;
is
placed before
thus, (C^lJjs
To
i»Ljl
the
distinguish
plural joint possessors of a single possession, the genitive of
the plural personal pronoun violated
In the third
their mansion.
used in the (e^lij9 iijij\
be
The
prefixed,
and grammar
is
by omitting the plural sign from the combination
of substantive and possessive
still
is
felt,
corroborative
;
as,
i^'j^ mdJjA (dnl^rin qin^gh!)
case, the sign of
and
(dnMrin qindqMri)
in
the plural
the combination
their mansions.
;
A doubt
is
thus,
may
and these distinctions are not always used.
declension of the combination with the possessive of
the third person, singular or plural, takes a special form, a
being introduced before the prepositions, and the
final
^J
vowel-
letter of the original combination suppressed before this ^j,
when
the latter
is
joined in writing to the combination sin-
gular, or does not itself possess a
vowel
in the combination
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
88
This
plural.
tives
rule,
applied to possessives joined to substan-
ending respectively
^b_r, eLjbJ, ijbJ, Ai)
JjUj
,
sjj^u
,
>
(_5J._:ui
means own; jJLj_^5jJ^
is
...
an adjective,
(61,
it
They
i^jJcS, ji:ujjs^,
'
-
bibdm) my oww/aiAer, j/omj-
owra mothers, &c.
T/ie Demonstratives.
iAis, j.^ (shii)
as in the personal) that, j-ij\
other.
:
remains unchanged, and
(k^ndt valldil^rlnlz)
are, j{ (bi)
;
i£Jii».; >
(ji;,)bJ
^8^,
;
'
Section V.
These
jjjJ^U
*
"
When
^jLj,
sjjjlli,
_ij^u_S,
^•^
^
consonants or vowels, acts thus
in
that or iAzs, jl (i) or Jjl (i-bir) or
^jl
(Al-bir)
are used as substantives and as adjectives
;
the
being
declined or invariable, accordingly, like other substantives and adjectives.
Thus, ljLLTjj
^jl^ijl that other man,
As
substantives,
y
the personal jl or Jjl
\j>:,\
this book,
ji^ those other men
J^jJ
ji
;
these books;
&c.
and j^ are thus declined, something :
j, (bA),
diijj (biirnin),
(bindi), ^jj (luinA), ijJJjj (bind^n)
(biinlMn),
JijLLS
(biinlM),
;
6^ (biiM),
Jjjj (binMr),
sXi^y (bAnUrda),
like sjjjj
isj^i]^
^^jj (bAnlM),
ACCIBENCB OE ETTMOLOGT. 0^ O ^ O
J
^jj^JLjj-j
nounced
(bAnlirdin)
jJi (shA, sometimes written
;
djj^ (shAtnin),
shol),
|Jji (sMni),
jjjjjji
(shindin)
Hrin), i)Jjii (shiinl^rd)
put in the genitive
;
;
la^^
(shtina),
and
^^js:!
diuj
as, ij»^l
/or
aLI
i/u's,
jij\
,
to be used as a substantive,
sive suffix of the third person
like all similar combinations
it
may
us,
you
;
of you
(a))tj,)jl
appended
plural
(!tJi:j^jjl
;
i_g^j.i (shiinllri),
their singulars are Jul
laJijJI.
wzrt ^Aai.
,
to it
;
ijjij\ (i-blri)
It is then declined
a:j_^jI
,
sJiiJj)
,
iii)>j\
first
as, Jv^jjl (A-blrimiz), the other one
in the other ones
;
of us
iy^,/j\
;
to the other
one of
^y^Jij>j\ the other ones
&c.
Section
^f (klm)
who
?
is
VL
whom ?
The Interrogatives.
always a substantive, and declined as
such, singular and plural:
iX^ in
:
of the other one of us
iyy>i_Jijj\
;
(shiin-
take either of the two possessive suffixes of the
and second persons of
(shiindl),
must have the posses-
other one, the other one (of the two).
Or
pro-
i
o
its
jsjjji
J^,
JjjZ (shAnlar), d,Uji
;
sj^ljji (shiinl^rdl,),
With
ijijiiji (shiinl^rdin).
But
89
^^ of whom? whose? ^^ toiuhom?
^^^ whom ?
ijJi*p
who, what or which persons ? &c.
of or from
whom
? Ji->,^
90
OTTOMAN TUEKISn GRAMMAR. what
AJ (ak)
? is
generally a substantive, and declined
;
but o
it
is
also used as
an adjective, and
(n^nln) of what ?
i-j
what?
what (accus.)
j,4J (n^yi)
what? Jj
(forjAJ, nh\hr)
(things)
&c.
;
^ii (qingi, adjective,
to
^xj
?
which ?
what
vs^ords,
nM4n) from
(nM^rln) of what
both substantive and
is
substantives,
as
Thus, _»p (ktmim) my who ?
(klmin) thy
who?
which, which (one) of
thy
elii (n^Ji)
?
it
yj
(nJlWm) my what
sons ? ^Jii
, ^
\
the possessive
take
(nem) my what
^t-i
what?
j>-fii9
(q^ngil^ri) which (one, or,
Si
4J ^
(klmUrlm) my what per-
things?
J^^^Jc-i
(qinglmiz) which
Jji
ij
which ones) of them
or .xxj (vulg. niqidir)
how much ?
ni tArlA) what sort
Section VII.
There
?
ij}^
?
j
>
(vulg.
?
(qingi^i)
(one) of us? yij,
d^
:
— declined or invariable accordingly.
suffixes.
its
'akyh)
what (things)?
vulg. hingi)
These three
di*-)
uu,
(for
then invariable
is
\
are both substantives
and
adjectives.
The Relative Pronoun.
no relative pronoun in Turkish, though
is
attempts are made to use the Persian relative and conjunction, 4-J (ki), as
junction «_r
such, in literary composition. is
a very different thing.
The Turkish
Its use
con-
by Europeans
ACCIDENCE OR ETTMOLOGT. peans and others, as a relative pronoun, avoided. is
This avoidance of
all
all
Aryan and Semitic
It is the perfection of language.
The numerous
active and passive participles of the Turkish
verb obviate the necessity of a relative. ticiples take the place of
to a verb is
greatly to be
is
use of the relative pronoun
the prime distinction of Turkish fiom
tongues.
91
;
our relative when
The it
is
par-
active
nominative
and the passive participles do so when our relative
the accusative, or any indirect object of a verb.
explained in the paragraphs on the Participles,
(See this
Section VIII.,
in
on the Verb.)
There
is
a peculiar Turkish relative, however, to which
have no parallel to
in English,
—the
suffix
^(kl).
stantive be in the genitive, the combination
\i\i
It is attached
nouns and pronouns substantive in two ways.
and indicates that which belongs ,
dijGb
,
the) father,
father,
^_x.Cb
a substantive,
(the substantive)
case,
;
thus,
to
a (or
(bl,biminki) the one which belongs
to
my
(bl,bdsiDinki) the one belonging to his (or her)
father, his father's one
the
;
&c.
combiaation
sometimes an adjective. indicates
is
If the sub-
^^Sj\i\i (bib3,ninkl) the one which belongs
^J^LobG
locative
to
we
The
If the substantive be in the is
sometimes a substantive,
substantive combination then
that which exists in (the simple substantive)
;
the
adjective combination expresses the (substantive) which exists
OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAIIMAK.
92 in
(the
first
substantive).
Thus, ^^Sbj^GC (b^blmd^kl) the
thing, the one that exists, that
my
of)
father, which
my
is
in (the possession or keeping
father has or holds;
SiXS^\j\i
Jic
(biblsind^kl 'ilim) the science possessed by his father, that
The
his father.
are declined
;
is
in
substantive combinations form the plural, and
the adjective combination
With a noun of place
is
invariable.
or of time the same particle, S^, forms
a relative combination, substantive or adjective, having relation to the place or time named. place, the locative preposition
may
also be employed.
and ^sj-cLil
the foot, or lower part, ^v-clil
ijiU.1 is
In the case of the noun of
at the foot ;
(,L-i.l
the evening,
x
,\'.^]
Thus,
that which
that which
was or
will he (present) in the evening.
Section VIII.
As
The Derivation of the
Verb.
a general rule, each primary Turkish verb forms, itself
included, a system of twelve affirmative, twelve negative, and
twelve impotential verbs, by regular derivation all
;
one half being verbs
active, the
;
—
thirty-six in
other half verbs passive;
the active vei'bs being transitive or intransitive
;
the passives
having for their nominative the direct or the indirect object of the transitive, the indirect object only of the intransitive primitive.
In another mode of subdivision, on the other hand, these
— ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY.
two equal
thirty-six verbs divide into
93
classes, in pairs,
each pair being simple, and the other causative (which permissive, as the sense
Each
sinaple
may
;
also
is
show).
and causative pair of verbs
indeterminate, or reciprocal
one of
so that,
is
by a
exther determinate, special division of
the same thirty-six, there are twelve determinate, twelve determinate, and twelve reciprocal verbs
imperatives of each, for economy of space):
;
in-
thus (giving the
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
94
a
^
'«
a &>
a
s
fa ;?
>
4^
i°3
1
o
-is
.-
'I S'S 3
'X-
S
''X ••i
4
J
ACCIDENCE OR ETTMOLOGr.
M 02 '0
^y•J^J)y)\l
,
caused (by a second)
to be
be written
two
O ^
O i'OO
ij-»jy)^_
and
But, at other
and then indicates that the also,
of the
to or for the agent's self.
Thus,
or indirect
object,
Jo qiishSnmiq)
ij^liji _ls (qilij
to
gird a sword on to one's self; '
Ot-n
(sUjjjI
.1
(4v
(qHshinmiq)
Mlnm^k)
to
acquire a house for one's self ;
scratch one's self (with one's nails)
to
O ^O
(glylnm^k) to
put on
to
put on one's
boots,
put on my boots
clothes, (»UiJ
'
;
eUlo
^o
't/^ (chizmi giyinm^k)
^_iLf ^_)i^^ (chizmil^rlmi giyin^ylm) ;
(j^J-ils
let
me
&c.
Passive verbs of neuters are defective in the third person singular only,
;
they are conjugated
and in inflexions over which
person and number exercise no influence. such that the neutral action takes place
They
in, to,
signify, to be
for, by, on account
ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. of,
&c. (as expressed), something named, as the act of some or
any indeterminate agent. the act
ofhiching about
is
Thus,
y^
We
is
for
;
to
(bilry^
;
&c.
;
as, to be slept in,
passive verb always has, inherent in
be —
Thus, .jJ-J (k^sUlr)
able.
will be cut (then),
not eaten (as a rule), (either
'^^\>i'.
to
&c.
The Turkish sense of
y^
not allowed here
have such passive verbs in English
be fought
(bdyU t^pinllmdz)
aLjj)
not thus performed,
t^pinllmiz) the act of Mclcing about
it
99
it is
it
it is
it,
cut (often),
cuttable (always); j»:j (y^nmiz)
will not be eaten (then),
the
it
is
not eatable
it is
now, or by nature).
Section IX.
The Turkish Conjugation.
All Turkish affirmative verbs, active or passive, transitive or intransitive, are conjugated in one and the same invariable
manner, modified, as to their servile vowels and consonants,
by the laws of
class
and euphony
alone.
The
negative and
impotential verbs differ from the affirmative, as to conjugation,
merely in the form of the aorist active analogous aorist tense indicative. jugation exists, in reality, in the
The
participle,
and of the
So that only one
sole con-
Turkish language.
conjugation consists of one simple and three complex
categories
of moods, tenses,
verbal nouns, and gerunds
;
numbers, persons, participles, all
four categories, simple and
OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAK.
ICO
complex, being fundamentally alike, but each modified in a certain special manner, to express a modified variation of the action.
Each category has necessitative,
moods
six
optative
(also
:
the imperative, indicative,
subjunctive),
and
conditional,
infinitive.
The
imperative
The
indicative has eight tenses, in four pairs
and imperfect perfect
tense, the future.
the aorist and past
;
;
the present
the perfect and plu-
the future and past future.
;
The
;
mood has one
necessitative, optative,
and conditional, have one pair
The
each, the aorist and past.
infinitive has
but one tense,
the present.
Each category has
five active participles; the present
(which
the general active participle, applicable, in one sense, to
is
any time,
and the
perfect, t'he
past, present, or future), the aorist, the past, the
perfect
or
future.
passive,
European languages and and
is
different
;
are
each
is
not
confused
distinct in
as
in
it is, in
grammar
from the verbal noun.
active participles of the passive verbs denote the direct
recipients of the action of verbs transitive ticiples
together
form and in sense,
from the gerund in form, as
in sense, difierent
The
In Turkish, the present or active,
;
the passive par-
of the same apply to the indirect objects thereof.
The
active participles of the passives of intransitives denote the
, ;
ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. indirect objects of the intransitive action ticiples of
;
101 the passive par-
such passives are not in use.
Between the
five active
and two passive
participles of each
category, a Turkish conjugation thus furnishes twenty-eight participles
these numerous participles,
use of
By
the
avoids
aJl
every verb, primitive or derivative.
for
entirely
it
necessity for a relative pronoun.
The
present active participle adds an 4stAn and the letters
o
o
fj\
,
or only the letter
^^
,
to the root that ends in a consonant o
o
the aorist adds a vowel and the letters -dstfln,
with an
I
,
or only the letter ^ o
o
o
with an
.
jj with an ^tdrA, and_^ only (or sometimes^,)
kskvk, for
which no rule can be given
the past adds
;
o
jji* (mlsh,
mish) to
perfect adds
and the and
ei)j
letters
(dik) or
e^t
whatever their ending
all roots,
jj
(diq).
The
future adds an
or ija-ii, with dstiin, to vowel roots, including the
(sU-ii
Thus, ^^J (t4p4n),
are present active participles sh4n), l)ij (t^piUn),
^IJ
;
as,
(t^ptnilln),
it
and
into
:>
in J^i
before the letters
(6tiirdan),
(t^pdik)
add the Ast4n and Ji
;
^iijX^
^^,1
;
and ,^iii
j^^™? (t^pi-
(t^plshilin),
The
causatives
while those in
o change
thus, J[,xj (t^pdirdn), ^^\ijyj\
(t^pdirll4n), &c.
1^4^' (t^p^jJk),
;
(qiiln)
^^\jJ
j^i (t^pin^n),
are those of the simple affirmative derivatives.
Jj
i&stftn
(4j^k) or j».» (ij^q) to consonantal roots,
negatives and impotentials.
in
as the
;
;
csUaI^'
J^J
(t^pmish)
(t^pm^y^j^k),
;
d>J'
(sl^a-.*,;
;;
102
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
(t^p^m^jJjJk),
the final
9
of the negative particle i^ being
elided as useless.
When
the root ends with a vowel, as
the case with
is
the negatives and impotentials, the syllable
^jLi
added
or
in
the present participle, the final
being suppressed, and by some even the
Thus,
intact.
^j\i%Ji or ^^jUjU
1
i
(y3,n,
^
y^n)
is
of the root
but the
;
all
kept
is
,
^j\^ (t^pm^yiu),
(qipl^ydn),
^Lca:-) (thpinkmkjin), J^_jjji (yfir-&ydn), (jIj^jI (iqiiySn).
The Turkish
present active participle, in colloquial lan-
guage, as a remanet from eastern Turkish, takes after preposition as,
5
JJJ.-3
The
a
di, dd, to
it
the
form an adverb of past or future time
(gtd^nd^) when
(I,
thou, &c.) went, or shall go.
aorist active participle, of the
same form as the third
person singular of the aorist tense of the indicative, always
ends in a letter
.
in afiirmatives,
and impotentials.
and
in the syllable v^
Thus, jJ
(miz)
j^
(t^pmiz),
In the simple afBrmatire, the vowel added to the
last con-
in negatives
(tipkr),
>ij (t^p^miz).
o
sonant of the root, to which the final
cannot be defined by rule.
Of course,
have
fist&n, others ^s4r4, others
and with the verbs
;
fistfin,
all
then appended,
must be hard or
it
according to the dominant in the root
is
^
;
but
diflPerent
soft
verbs
again litdrA, for their vowel
hard verbs add
1
,
as do
while other soft verbs dispense with this
some
letter.
soft
Thus
ACCIDENCE OK ETYMOLOGY.
we have: J.^ °ji^(g^lfir,
The
^jj
(qirdr),
tJMZg-.
gMlr),
(gtd^r),
103
^yLo (s^aAr, mdg.
s^nir),
(siyirir).
^^^
simple reflexive forms
ia Atfirt
its aorist
and
.j
(gene-
o
rally
The
pronounced as ^s^r^ and^).
We
the same.
jjiJ (t^plshAr,
have, therefore,
J
o
^
o
thus, jj-i-Ji (t^pilAr, tjplllr),
(t^pinll&r, t^plnllir), ^^liJ (t^plahll-&r, t^pishtlir)
be observed that a vowel
This
these words.
^J is
reason for the addition of that
The same
vowel.
causative
,i
,
rule
in like cases
always has in the
therefore be written, effect
The
is
^^^jj
It will
The
j
is
its
ij,
follower
when
is,
preceding
this is the sole
;
the following J has a
many
when
it
to the
has
its
.
of the
vowel, as
The words above given may
aorist.
;
but this has
same form
as the active
j^_j)X^ ^JjjiXtJ ,
,
on the pronunciation.
aorist passive participle has the
perfect,
(tip-
in
that
.jLy^jJi
>
J
applied by ;
J
j}i^
intercalated before the
a mechanical rule.
is
a letter that does not join on to
no
;
^jLjjIi (t^pindirilir),^jij^jiJ (t^plshdlrillr).
dtrillr),
it
tJpinlr),
All the simple and causative
vulg. t^plshir). ;
vulg.
(t^plnfir,
jy^
'
passives follow this rule
simple reciprocal does
and the future passive
future active:
^yJ
(t^pdik)
;
is
negative imperative
il ;
form with the
ciUiJ (t^pij^k).
There are three verbal nouns formed by adding
identical in
;
the present or general,
{mh, mi) to the root, exactly like the the perfect, identical in form with the
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
104 perfect active
and
aorist passive participles
two future
identical with the dj.-)
(t^pdlk);
present verbal noun
is
aud the future,
Thus, i»J (tjpm^);
participles.
The form
(t^p^jjk).
isII-aJ
;
i«J (t^pmj) of the
also that of a verbal adjective passive,
signifying done, made, effected as the result of (the action of
the verb)
thus, 4»j
;
as such adjective,
,
means caused hy a
hich or licks.
This derivative of the transitive verb active simple and causative can also take the passive sense
which naturally means an act of being cut; It
cut.
verb
is
also
is
transitive
lj-»-j
;
as,
^^^^
means
(kismisi qh\kj)
as a passive
it
adjective
also is
as,
JU
the
t^ i^\^ (inj4 kJsm^ t&t4n) finely
jjibb
ijli
an
easily
when
and as an active adjective when the verb
;
;
i^jVjs
(k^sm^),
thus, 4*-j
act of cutting, often
much used
tiansitive
cut tobacco
as,
;
is
in-
(bib^din qdlmi mil) property
remaining from (one's) father.
Leaving the gerunds for the present, we may now inquire into the
mode of formation of the
before doing
so,
we must
tenses of each mood.
But
indicate the differences that serve
clearly to distinguish the active participles, the passive participles,
and
and the verbal nouns, of the two forms in di or jj
,
in eU.s or ^^>i.
In the
first
place, the participles are adjectives,
verbal nouns are substantives.
while the
Therefore, whenever a deriva-
ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGT.
105
tive iu either of those forms qualifies a substantive,
a participle;
name of
Secondly, the active participle qualifies the It
he
who
its
therefore always a simple and invariable
is
word, like the other active participles is there
must be
cannot be a verbal noun.
it
actor only.
it
any man who has gone there?
as,
;
lyi.-
^_^}i
^^i-j
,.^1
dj^)
jjI^jI
vs^txS art thou
go ?
is to
Thirdly, the passive participle always qualifies the
name
of
the direct object, or of the indirect object, of the action, and
is
always accompanied by a possessive pronoun indicating the
The
actor of that action.
first
of these two facts distinguishes
the passive participle from the verbal noun tinguishes
it
Thus, ljLj
(AqAdAghim
*»J'^j3j'
I am
which
going
(i. e.
kltab) the hooTc which
v_>US Ja^u^jS
;
direct object qualified. the time in
the second dis-
from the active participle of the same form.
(now or formerly) booh which
;
to
So,
read.
^^
(AqAyJijighim kitab)
f^.^fy
when) I read ; and
(6qndAghiim zeman) ,jJis.*
Jis.ujij\ (J-jLsj
read the book, are instances of indirect objects
(iyAyijighim 6di)
the
These are instances of the
(kltlbi iqiiyijighim m^jUs) the meeting in which
itjl ja.A)j)jl
I read
the
room
I am ;
in ivhich
as
going is
I am
to
also
going
to sleep.
As let
instances of the substantival nature of the verbal nouns,
us take,
„«)5oi^_ji ,*ii)lj ;j5;U (yizi
ydzdfghim! gy^rdinfiz-
OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAR.
106
mfl) have you seen
my
past action of writing writing ?
you ever seen me write ?
,_jjJuj^
^;j_>
sftw^yl^di) viho mentioned
my future
told (you, him, &c.) that
I
i.
action of coming ? to
kim
(gil4j4yimi
^«JCj>. JS
was about
have
e.,
i.
e.,who
come ?
Proceed we now to discuss the formation of the tenses. Tiie third person singular in
imperative.
the
future consideration,
the root of each tense, except
is
Leaving the numbers and persons
we may
say, in the first
the second tense in each pair, of every
imperative and the infinitive),
is
we may
place, that, as
mood (excluding
formed from the
of the pair by the addition of the auxiliary it,
for
^^\
leave these second tenses also
first
tense
was, after
(Idi)
for
the
future
con
sideration.
By
these
means we arrive
at the conclusion that there are
four tenses in the indicative, and one each in the necessitative, optative, conditional, to
and
infinitive,
the forms of which have
be defined.
The
four
indicative
tenses
are
— the
present,
the aorist
(present habitual and future promissive), the perfect, and the
future
;
the single tense of the other three
aorist
(present or future);
and that of the
moods
is
infinitive
their is
its
present indicative adds an ^s^r^ and the syllable
,jj
present.
The
(y6r) to the consonantal root
;
thus,
jy^
(tiply6r).
It indi-
;;
ACCIDENCE OK ETYMOLOGY. cates a present action (actual or habitual)
he
now
habitually
Add
kicks.
107
he
;
hiching (now);
is
the auxiliary ijsA to
this,
o ' >
and
ij,yi\jj^ (t^piyir idi),
ing (then).
ri^
,
The
A
final
j3iJ.j (gidiy6r)
o
more frequently changes
i!»Jl»il
;
forms the imperfect, he was kick-
it
,
in the negatives
.
form of the servile
and
in the affirmatives,
and impotentials, being
active aorist participle.
;
as,
^j; jjI (Mly6r); &c.
aorist indicative varies in
but always ends in
to j
syllable,
(mM, maz)
in j*
identical with the
It indicates a present hahit
(not a
present action), or a future assurance, a future promise, as the
context or circumstances kicks
;
may
he shall or will kick
will break
;
he reads;
jjjji,
.KJ (qirir) he breaks
;
(yArfc) he walks
he will read; jj.o\
i»J (t^pmiz) he does not kick
The
he cannot kick.
Thus, j^ (t^per) he
r-equire.
;
he will walk
;
(isMr) he bites; he will not kick
auxiliary ^ij}
,
added
;
;
he shall or
;
^jsjl
(AqAr)
he will bite;
y,iJ (t^pAm^z) forms the
to this,
past tense (showing a past habit, or an unfulfilled condition) ^js>\jj {th^hr Idt) he used to kick
;
he would kick (if he could);
he would have kicked (had he been able) senses, the expression
cause he
is
^^yAwJ
(t^pmiz
he could) ;
not able
he
;
Idl)
is
a virtual negative
;
:
in
which two
last
he kicks not, be-
he did not kick, because he was not able he used not to
kick
;
;
he would not kick (if
would not have kicked (had he been able)
ijSi\y.iJ (t^p^miz idl) he used not to be able to kick
;
he
would
;,
.
OTTOMAN TTJEKISH GRAMMAE.
108
and
not be alle to hich (if so to
so)
able
kick (had not so and so); &c.
The
perfect indicative
and also
in
kicked (then)
the auxiliary
;
The
and the pluperfect results
(^Jj.I,
future indicative
and passive future
:
tional root
is
form with the active
and with the future verbal
participles,
o
kick, he is going to kick
;
;
thus,
(sLki^^ he
o
and the past future
sonant
The
be about to kick.
to
changes
to j
(^
:
,
and a
db.8jjl
,
final
lala.
ijj
;
is
about to
not going to kick
Add ,
to
the auxiliary
^J^^\
,^
was going
to kick,
kick; ^j^A eL-i^iiJ he was
Final cj in the root generally
._jj
(m^li, mdl!) to the root. futui-e act
he
vowel requires the addition of a con-
aorist necessitative is
perform a
is
results ij^ij dia.4j he
idcfX^) he was not going
unable
eJi».iJ
by the conjuga-
— o^
-
he will not be able to kick.
(Sda-i-^iJ
^JXj (t^pdl
to kick.
identical in
about to take place
is
i_sJj1
Add
had kicked; ijsA ijs^ he had not
It indicates that the action expressed
noun.
ij:u\
Thus, ijxJ (t^pdi) he
he has kicked (without defining when).
i^x^iJ he had not been able
^^jjI
;
^ji
It is used in a determinate,
past time.
all
or (^JjJ-J (t^pdidi), he
kicked
formed by adding the syllable
an indeterminate past sense, referring the action to
a given past time, or to
Idi),
is
to the root.
(dl, d!), in all cases,
^
would not have been
he
;
formed by adding the syllables It indicates a present
duty to
and corresponds with our must or
ought.
ACCIDENCE OE ETYMOLOGr. Thus,
he must kich, he ought to kick
jl»j
jLUaJ
kick, he ought not to kick ;
With the
auxiliary ^jJ-jI
X^i^
;
he must not
he ought not to he able
we have
,
109
the
to kick.
past necessitative,
-Or
>-U-J
iSi->}
he ought to have kicked, he should have kicked;
_5L>UJ he ought not to have kicked
i5Jjil
^J^l\
;
jUUaj
he ought
not to have been able to kick.
The
aorlst
vowel
5
vowel
root.
is
optative
is
formed by adding an
to a consonantal root, or a syllable
Sometimes
I
used in place of
is
a quasi-imperative, implying optation, or
Thus, iJ (thph) 4-«j (t^pm^y^,
him not
kick,
let
kick,
may
he kick
with suppression of the
may
(thphwhy^) may able to kick.
him
he not kick
;
(that) he
the auxiliary
;
(y^, y^) to
The
5.
it is
may
(^jjI
,
i_5j-J
t^p^ydi) had he kicked, if he had kicked; j_jj,^a»j
let
may
not be
;
thus,
more frequently written and pronounced
il)
;
;
and we form the
ijS-t\
kicked
kick
not kick ; i^iJ
(that) he
past tense, a virtual negative, expressive of regret (t^p^ Idi,
tense
of the negation)
may
a
a subjunctive.
(that) he
;
t
he not be able to kick
Add now
jj
and
-Sstdn
(t^pmiyjydl) had he not kicked,
that he if he
had
had not
Or- r-
kicked J
that he
had not kicked ; ^^Xy^iJ (tjp^m^y^ydi) had
he not been able to kick, if he
he
had
not been able to kick.
The
aorist conditional is
{e,h,
si) to
any
had not been
able to kick
;
that
formed by adding the syllable i-
root, consonantal or vowel.
This performs the
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
110
o ^
function of our conjunction (^yir),
if,
can be placed before
As
tense-ending.
action
;
a present,
as a future,
it
A— Ji (t^ps^) if he hich, if he were of negation elided) if he hick (t^p^m^s^) is
should
he
desiderative,
not
not,
Thus, ^J^.,^ (tjps^ydi, for ^^,\....^.
or
(qdpl4mlq)
to
any
The
to cover.
quently written with to
end the root
isLiUaj,
(»J«j.ij
;
,
1
^JS^ added,
we
is
always a virtual negative.
had he kicked,
had
(_;'_-
formed by adding du. (mik) to kick
;
^j^'ijji
fre-
and sometimes without a vowel-letter
CiU^ (tjpm^mik),
,
(tip^m^m^k), for el.A*Aj
English by the verbal noun
(gltm^k qilmdqd^n
;
if he
negative and impotential are
(sLUJ
as,
is
ht\ii)
in -ing
going
;
is
;
better
as,
for
(j»*^^l5
This tense
miq), ^jaj^jII (qlpliydm^miq). in
it
&c.
Thus, isUJ (t^pm^k)
root.
t^^^tJ
able to kick.
present of the infinitive
j^ (miq)
;
Sometimes
kick.
With
kick
t
!
(_jJjIa_^)
(t^pJm^siydi) had he not been
The
to
to
(tipm^s^ydl) had he not kicked
;
Thus,
«-~*j (t^pm^s^, the
were he not
able
he
he kick
that
Mck ;
to
have the past conditional, which
kicked ;
really is a subjunctive
it, it
admits the possibility of the
virtually denies the occurrence.
it
^
appearance; but, as^,S=l
in
if,
is
i!tLoi»J
;
(qipl^md-
often rendered
^_jl
(jjljli
than staying.
el^lj It also
o
o
takes the suffix is^
,
verbal noun in -ing
;
^ as,
after
e^^.v
it
's
to
form an equivalent to our
an act of going.
There are seven gerunds, one gerund-like verbal
locution of
ACCIDENCE OE ETYMOLOGY. and six
cause, one of verbal proportion,
1
1 1
to indicate various
All of these gerunds and
times in relation with the action.
gerund-like locutions presuppose the occurrence of two actions
expressed in the sentence, one by the gerund, the other by a
subsequent verb.
The gerunds
are a kind of verbal con-
junctions, while the gerund-like locutions are verbal adverbs.
The
first
gerund, the most frequently used, ends in an
followed by
fitfii-fl,
(yib, y&b)
by
(ib, ftb) after a consonant, or
i_3_j
after a vowel.
i_)j-j
two actions are
It indicates that
being mentioned, of which the one implied by the gerund prior as to time or natural sequence.
We
more
is
usually, iu
English, express this relation of two actions by the conjunction and, though
Turkish
as the
and
(it).
Thus,
does.
breaks, will kick
break
occasionally use our gerund in -ing,
^^'e
.l^J
and break
ljjJ (t^pfib qirir) he kicks
(it)
;
or, kicking
Conversationally, this gerund
is
(it),
he will
pronounced with o
6s4r6 in lieu of iltdrA qirip,
;
and with
p
in place of
»_>
;
as, t^plp,
&c.
The
second gerund
is
formed by adding
Astidn,
and the
letter/ejli (^r4k) or ij.i (iriq),to a consonantal root, d^aj (y^rik)
or j.iJ (y
of the its
Wq)
first
to a vowel-root.
gerund, to obviate
distinctive use
is
its
It
is
sometimes used
in lieu
too frequent recurrence
to indicate that, of
;
but
two contemporary
sustained actions expressed, the one, subsidiary, accompanies the other.
Thus, i^jIj eijiJ kicking, he went
off;
i.
e.,
he
;;
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
112 went
off,
laughing
The
away
kicking (all
(all
the time)
isijAj^a he came,
^j^
;
the time).
third gerund, in
(inj^, inji), after
iss
a consonant, or
iii (ylnj^, yiuj^) after a vowel, and the fourth (used in writing
and much more
only,
a consonant, sense that
(si#>l
its
rarely), in dii (ij^k) or jss (ijiq) after
(yij^k) or jsri (yijiq) after a vowel, has the
action
to be a kind of signal for the occur-
is
rence of the other expressed in the sentence
rendered by our on ...
...
(him), he kicked (him)
lum
61A)
(that
to the
fifth
gerund
^J\
^jU
The
^y^^\ it
^\j
t^pdl) on seeing
(vasil ilij^q, mi'-
reaches), be (it)
identical in
known
.
liiJ
(and) kicking is
(it),
Thus,
he broke
because he kicked,
The seventh gerund
(it).
the infinitive with 4s4ri and c*)
^JS_
added
(y value), and the
the verbal reason |.J»-L5
means
Thus, ijijJ aj iJ (t4p4 t4p^
softened into Turkish
It expresses
second action.
form with the aorist opta-
It expresses repetition of one act as a
sixth gerund
the Persian
c
is
performance of a second.
qirdi), kicking,
e.,
;
^xJ /^^^(gydrinj^
on reaching (as soon as
tive, repeated.
i.
may, then, be
).
The
into
it
(with a gerund), also by our as soon as
Thus,
(with a verb).
;
j
precedent for the
^_ (jvK-k.J j\ he kicking,
I fled
I fled. expresses the beginning of a time com-
mencing with the occurrence of an action and lasting
until
:
ACCIDENCE OK ETTMOLOaT.
113
now, during which, another action has repeatedly or continuously occurred
In form
it is
jl (lA) or
the
(li)
J
fifth
added
equivalent to our ever since
is
it
;
gerund (not repeated) with the syllable to
Thus, jjslJi _)iJ
it.
dqs^yAr)
(t^pAlii
ever since he kicked, he has limped.
The
causal gerund-like locution
gerund in
equivalent to the sixth
is
with
It is the infinitive,
sense.
consonant
its final
softened down, and with the preposition
.iJbl
and shortened
(t^pmjyl^) by kick-
ing.
No
though ing.
in
it
into
(14, Id).
i!
agent of the verb be so exteriorly
There
is
;
as,
Thus, is
i!6~*J
added,
then expressed in the verb, by
aJC-*-) ^j>
my
kicking,
another form into which this idea
which a perfect verbal noun, with a
noun
(il4, il4)
is
I kick-
cast,
and
suffixed possessive pro-
indicative of the agent, and the ablative preposition |jj
Thus, ^x^tJ^-iX^ (t6pdlylmddn) by my
(ddn) are employed. (past) act
of
kicking.
This pronoun varies as
is
required
fjxS^S^_XJ (tipdiyliidin) by thy act of kicking; &c.
The portion
gerund-like locution of verbal, is
i.
formed of the perfect active
adverbial suffix of manner,
jia.
(j4, jd),
e.,
of actional pro-
participle,
added
to
It defines
it.
a duration of time for two concurrent actions, the
with the
first
circum-
scribing that duration for the continued or repeated occurrence o ^
of the other;
1
kick,
as, o^Ij
so long as
I
(^ '^i^ kick,
cH C'"'^ t^pdlkjj, sdn tAt) whil*
do thou hold (him).
It sometimes I
;
OTTOMAN TURKISH GKAMMAE.
114
expresses the rate (proportioa) of rapidity of the two actions as,
jy!^„j\
by,
it
i^s^ OS) (w&qt
g^chdlkj^, Iril^shir) as time goes
grows large (larger).
The
are the following:
when
the action
action occurs
when
an action,
six verbal times indicated, in reference to
it
is
4,
;
1,
the time before the action;
just about to occur
the time
has occurred
when
it
;
;
occurred
5,
;
the time just
occurrence.
its
the present verbal noun in the ablative
first is
the time
the time while the
3,
6, the time after
2,
The
as, ;jja*j (t^p-
;
meden), to which, for precision's sake, the adverb Jjl (4vv41) or
(miiqidd4m), anteriorly,
j,ji*
Jjl (jji»J (or Jjl ;jj>*j), then,
of kicking
the action
;
i.e.,
vulgarly expressed as Jjl i.
e.,
is
subjoined.
means
anteriorly
before kicking.
i^y^
The
expression
to (earlier
Sometimes
than)
this is
before (the' agent) kicks not;
while (as yet) he has (or had) not kicked.
The second gerund-like
locution of time
participle with the auxiliary
added
to
to kick
;
The tion:
it
i.
thus, ^^p^\
;
e
third
^jXJ\
,
is1>-a-j
when just about
is
the future active
gerund ^j^sv] (ik^u), during, during (the time of being) about
to kick.
the aorist active participle with the same addi-
is
^
dMr%
(the time of being) kicking; i.e., while
kicking.
The
fourth
is
the perfect verbal noun or active participle,
put in the locative (of time).
It
may be used
impersonally,
ACCIDENCE OE ETYMOLOGY. with no addition
in
it
and
;
it
may be
115
used, for precision, with
the possessive pronoun of the agent between the verbal noun
and the preposition. is
In the former case, the verbal derivative
possibly a participle
Thus, sjjj^
verbal noun. kicked
kicking
The ^jJx_j1
or sji*>jj>J
;
;
i.
e.,
as,
^^i
when I
is
doubtlessly the
(became) one who has
when I (performed) my
(past)
act of
kicked.
during (this time of the condition of)
(O-^-i' i_r*^
having kicked ;
|^ when I
it
the past active participle with the auxiliary
fifth is
;
iu the latter,
;
i.e.,
now
that kicking has occurred, since {I, &c.)
have kicked.
The
sixth
time), followed 8J\-o i;;J>^V
the perfect verbal noun in the ablative (of
is
by the adverb 5^5Lo
;
(t^pdlkddn s6r^) after the act of kicking.
may be
possessive pronouns
the preposition
my
(s6nri, s6rd), after
as,
;
thus,
The
introduced into this locution before
ijSLo ^sSiXJ (t^pdiylmd^n sArd) after
action of kicking.
Section X. In
all
The Numbers and Persons of
the tenses the
first
person singular
is
the Verb.
expressed by
the personal suffix ^ added to the verb, with hhvk given to the tense-root, fj
when
this is a
of the tense-root where
consonant it
occurs
;
;
and suppressing the
final
adding one where wanted.
;
OTTOMAN TURKISH GKAMMAR.
116 It is
amhicMng; rim)
Thus
wanting in the imperative. .jjlj_5-j;
(t4pty6r-idtm)
:
(thplyMm) I
^jj^
7 was
kicking; p^" (tJpJ-
I used
to
have kicked; ^J-J (tepdim)
/
kick; I shall or will kick; ^JjJ^' (t4p4r-ldim)
I
I would
kick; I would kick;
I did
kicked ;
(t^pdtm-idt)
kick ;
/ had
I have
kicked;
kicked ;
f,^\
to
kick
to
(t^p^m)
^i^
I had kicked;
I may
that
kick;
^J-*^ (t^pmMlyim)
;
jU-J (tJpmMi-idim) I should have
ought to have kicked; ^aj
(t^pjydim) that
JJ (t^pJidim) or fjsA .xS
Ji^i^ (tjp^j^yim) I am going
^jiC»4J (t^p^jJkdlm) I was going I must kick;
j,Jj
kicked,
kick; ^i
(tips^m) if I kick
;
^J--
(t^ps^ydim) if I had kicked.
The second person
singular, in all the tenses in ^jj,
formed by changing the vowel as,
jy^i (t^pty6r-ldin), djjl
(s)jjl
djjl
(
J
i^aIjI
o ,
^,
dia'A-J
(t^pij^k Alijighim) ^ (
^jU Jjl
db.^'' (t^P^J^k
Not
used, as being caco-
P^''"'^*-
6Ujaghdim)3
Aorist.
I^^jl
litl**?'
(tip^j^k Almdliyim)
I
must point
be
on
the
....
Past. ^Jjj jUljl
db-iJ (t^p^jik 61maiiyldlm)
I ought to have been
on the point
....
Optative,
Aorist. ^i]j\
el»4J (t^p^j^k 61dm)
That I may be on the point
....
ACCIDENCE OR ETTMOLOQT.
131
Past. |.jjjl
(2U^
That
(tepijik 61^yd!iu)
I
point
had been on the ....
Conditional. Aorist. o
«0 J
-iJ.I
O
tf
(!ti>.*J
Were
(tipAjik 61s3,m)
I to be or become on
the point
....
Past. .'_i„U
Had
laUiJ (t^p^jek Alsaydim)
I been on the point
....
Active Participles.
Present. j;)Vjl i!t)*-i->
Who
(t4p4j4k 613.n)
or which
on the point
is
or becomes
....
Aorist.
Who
jJ.I da-ijj (t4p4jAk 6Iir)
or which
is
(naturally)
or will be (some time) on
the point
....
Past and Perfect.
^;i
.^^-
(tsp^jik iimdsh)
^^^ I
jij\
o »
.»
^'O^*
jA)^ isl?-**^
(.r'^^ >'
r
It****-
* •
V
Past. OJ^ J o >o ^ (J*fc«l-CO
u^y J-^
(jiiUiJ
U^&^aJ V
...
•
Perfect. o JO J
^fO^
'
(^
... e)ia.d>^lJ
V
Future, o ^
^ J o ^o
,
(not Ms«(i)
L>»4Jj._ '-
° i'
j^^
(wot used)
Passive Participles. Aorist. OJO
J O ^o ^
O JO J
O
'O
'
O Jo J
O -
^^0*
o^ >« «« ...
Va JuJ
...
(£i»A:>sAj
...
ui.*ui*>
Future. o ^ ^ ^ o ^o
.
(wttUwttf)
(J»*jjl.
(&lk4..
.
ijmxVaA^
jAi.
O >
4th.
.
J
O
.,C^
v
f
d»l^^
...
O
-.
.
J
O
*
.^^-O
c
ACCIDENCE OR ETTMOLOGT. •
J
Jjl
Sth. "
6th.
7th.
»
"V
' J o ^o
,
Jjljv
' J
J-
J
o
^-r^
141 '
»
-
J
O
rf
^^o^
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
142
the ^^i of the perfect indicative, or of any is
In writing, there
required.
compound
tense,
no denying that this form
is
is
systematically used, by the best authorities, in place of the
The form has a more
tense they would employ in speaking.
musical sound
and
;
it
is,
my
in
opinion, a fruit of imitating
Persian verb -forms in Turkish;
by the
initiated, probably,
Persian scribes of the early reigns. o
In dubitative conjugation, simple tense-root and
syllable
this
its plural,
In
after all other words.
this last case,
Thus
:
•'
(tJplyArmlsh idln)
kicking; ,jt«)l^ (t^p^r imtsh) eljjl iji-v^
(tip^rmish idik)
uXu. ()i*J (t^pmlsh siSlz)
have kicked
;
^^^\Ji^^
it is
it
is
it
unless
;
be spoken
it
naturally comes alone,
^i«^_j_J (t4ply6rmtshim)
said, supposed, pretended, suggested,
djjj ij^jji
it
it
is
is
is
said,
^c, that thou want
said,
^c, that he kicks;
said, Ifc, that said,
it
^c, that I am kicking;
we
iised to kick
;
^c, that you kicked or
(t^p^j^kl^r Imish)
it is
said,
^c,
that
o
o
they are going to kick.
the
preceding the compound and
personal terminations, singular or plural
by another person.
follows
^jiu
(This word or syllable, Ji^\
,
^ji.«
,
is
really the past active participle of the obsolete verb isUjI.)
The
Potential
Verb
is
formed of the
fifth
gerund (not re-
peated) followed by the verb riJL (bilm^k) in jugation, the gerund remaining
auxiliary verb
then means
to
its
entire con-
unchanged throughout. be able,
and answers
This to
our
;
ACCIDENCE OK ETTMOLOGT. English can, (tj^,
(t^p4 blliyirim)
*«J
The
Ex.: dulj aJ (t^p^ bilmJk)
Facile
an ^s^rA
Verb
/ am
able to kick,
,_^
,
a consonantal
ij
the root-vowel and the servile
vowel servile O-o
,
^J
j^Li
(a)U;l_j—
kick ; &c.
,
with
ishrh, is
vowel
tj
and the auxiliary
^J
added between
and with a verb in
;
made
into a consonant with keiri, and the 0,0 f (^ is then added ; as, du^ij—^ (t^pi-virm^k),
this is
vowel ooo'
I can
With a vowel verb other
verb i^jij (vlrm^k, vulg. v^rmik). than one in
be able to kick;
formed by the root of a verb, to which
is
added, followed by a vowel
is
to
143
a ^o
(qipliyi-vlrmJk),
The
elorijjjjli (ql,ziyi-vlrm^k).
^ J J
dU;)_j—j^jl
(6qAy4-vlrm4k),
sense of these verbs
express in English by saying just just
to
out
&c.
;
cover over; just
to
to kick,
just
There are several other Turkish verbs auxiliaries after the
(yizmdq).
happening
;
to
The
first
that
a kick ; scratch
in use as special
gerund of the original verb
(g41m4k), J*;_ji (ddrmaq), ^jji (qilmdq), ,j«jLj
to give
read or recite; just
is
which we
of great ease, readiness, off-handedness in the action,
;
as,
laJLjs
(ydtmlq), and
,jji>
expresses a frequent or natural
the next three signify persistency
;
and the
last
the idea of having almost happened, of being within an ace
of happening. quently,
Thus,
of course, as
is
(»JlJ5
well
*JjI
(61^
known;
gdlmik)
to be
to
happen fre-
a common occurrence
j^.jj tjjiG (biqiip dirmSq) to stand looking; jjij 49U (b&qi
;
OTTOMAN T0KKISH GRAMMAE.
144 qilmiq)
to
stand (remain) staring in surprise and amazement
JI;G ZiylJ^ (dfish^nfip yj,tml,q)
a brown study;
J^G
remain
to
pondering, in
(lie)
AjC (bd.yM jizm^q) to give one's self up
(write) as about to faint; &c., &c., &c.
Section XVIII. In Turkish there
moods and
in all its
the Turkish
^.1
independent verb
The Verb Substantive.
no extant verb substantive, answering
is
performs the ;
In one sense,
tenses to our verb to be.
but as such,
office,
as an auxiliary
and as an
a verb adjective, and con-
it is
tinually lapses into the parallel idea of to become.
The Turkish (lm4k)
originally
had a true verb substantive, eUjl
This exists fragmentarily in Ottoman Turkish;
to be.
perhaps in certain persons of the present, certainly in the perfect of the indicative, in the aorist conditional, in the past
active participle, in th« perfect verbal noun,
and in the gerund,
apparently modified from the present active participle (which in eastern and old Turkish
^
,
traces of
was and
is
which are numerous
formed in
^j6
or
jjlc
,
even
in Ottoman, as adjectives).
Thus: Indicative. o
o
Present, vl^ (Im, Im),
thou art sinlz)
;
you
j->\
are.
^_
(iz, iz),
o
(ylm, y?m)
/ am
_p_ (yiz, yiz)
;
^^^
we are
;
(sin,
^js^
sin)
(sifilz,
;
ACCIDENCE OH ETYMOLOGY. Perfect.
^sj\
I was,
(Idlin)
he
was ;
O
d JjI
thou ivast, ^Ji^ (Idl)
djjj (Idlii)
o
J,
we were ; jSjsA
(idik)
145
(idinlz)
you were
jAixi\ (idil^r) they were.
Conditional Aorist. j.i-jl
(isdm) if I am,
(isin) if thou art, a^I (\ih)ifhe is;
i!i)A~)l
di-jl (is^k) if we are, yS^^} (Is4l4r)
(isdfilz)
if
you are,
jIa^jI
if they are.
Past Active Participle. o
(imisli)
,ji»jl
Verbal
who
Noun
or which was.
Perfect.
o
Ciljol
(tdlk) the fact
of having
been.
Gerund.
^^\
(Ikte,
old
JC\ ikin) during
the fact
of being.
These fragments are made negative by prefixing the adverb (jCja
dlyll) not.
(dlyll idlm) e)jj|
J^j
Thus, J^.p (dlyilim) /
/ was not
^i^\ JXji
;
(dlyll Idlk) not
am
(dlyll ls4m)
I am
Jx-p not
;
perfect of ^jjjl
;
JX)i (dlyll Ikin) while not being.
The verb
if
^Xj\
used as a verbal noun, but replaced
by jiUjI (61m^diq) the negative verbal noun ivri'
not,
is
present tense indicative of the foregoing fragmentary
completed, as to
its
third persons, singular and plural,
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
146
by using, when necessary
only, the special, unique,
and most o
Turkish invariable
distinctive d!r)
is,
and
dirlir) are
its
particle of affirmation, ^j (dir,
conventional (unnecessary) plural, Jj^j (dirUr,
(which
is
just as well expressed
by the
This word ^j still
singular).
O J
G ,
written in eastern Turkish ^jj
pronounced in provincial Ottoman,
is
(dilr), as it is
often found also, in
old and eastern writings, under the uncontracted form oi jjjji
(ddrAr). is,
to
This circumstance leads
originally, the aorist of the ordinary
word
verb ij^j}^ (diirmaq)
remain.
However that may is
to a suspicion that the
be, the peculiarity of the
word
is
that
it
not special to the third person singular, or to the two third
persons, singular and plural.
It is often used, in writing
in conversation, after a verb of the first or
second person
and also,
singular or plural, of any simple tense of the indicative, with
or without the plural in fact, c^est
sign^
,
when
the sense admits
It
it.
is,
an exact equivalent to the French inchoative expression
que,
and the Latin constat quod, which can be used to
introduce any indicative proposition, as the Turkish j^ to conclude
and complete any such.
And,
as the
is
used
French and
Latin clauses can be omitted without the sense suffering, so o
also
can the Turkish
,j
.
In conversation
it
is
much more
dispensed with than used.
The
negative of ^i
is
^j JXjj
(diyll dlr) is not;
pi.
^^ jX>i
, ,
ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. (dlytlUr dlr) and jji
J^i
147
(dlyil dtrl^r) are not (just as well
expressed without the J).
Section XIX.
The Verb of Presence and Absence, of Existence
and Non-Existence,
There are no such verbs
What
in Turkish.
there are,
and what Europeans have erroneously chosen to designate as
two
such, are
adjectives,
absent or non-existent.
may be
these
(var) present or existent, jjj (y6q)
J^
Like any other substantive or adjective,
followed by the verbal particle of affirmation
which, in this case, as in any other case,
may
.j
be omitted in
conversation. It
may be
convenient, occasionally, for a novice in Turkish
to suppose that ^1^ or
means
there
is
.j
or
it, is
non-existent)
The
existent
^jj>
or
expressions really say and
present (or existent) ; he, she, or as,
;
there is ; that
.j
jjj
But, unless rightly understood, those ren-
not.
derings are misleading. he, she,
means
.1^
Jj
^\
(somewhere) ; jjj
(Stish. vir)
^\
it, is
mean
absent (or
fre
(is)
present (here), or
(St^sh yiq)
fre
(is)
absent (here),
or non-existent (anywhere). O
Then, such a phrase as O
^
O
exist,
clear.
and
.[j
(vdr 61) be thou present (or
J
existent), Jjl ^j_j
becomes
J O "
Jjl
(yiq
The
first is
be at hand,
be thou absent (or nonrcxistent)
61)
a kind of prayer, Mayest thou ever
ready
to
help the afflicted
!
while the
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
148 second
annihilation,
Avaunt
or
a wish
my
or
Away!
&c.
!
pocket money
pocket)
my
^firewood
my
:
Jj
ijj ».v«. r»
present (I have
is
jji Jjtjl
i^si\
;
firewood in
By
the nature of a curse,
in
special instead of general
house
banishment
of
using a locative with these two expressions, they become
By
in
sentence
a
condemnation,
a
is
was
s,>*),l
(j^bimdi piri vii)
some money
(^vimd^ idiiniim yiq
absent, wanting, non-existent
my
in
my
idi) in
(I
had no
house).
using a possessive pronoun (with or without a genitive
as well) with these
two expressions, the idea of possession
superadded
;
as,
j.SjL)
exists
I
have money,
(i. e.,
.l_j
yiq) money belonging money); jJj'j dir)
many
father has
(pir^m vir) money belonging
I have some money)
to thee (is)
(^^Lli-S
^j^ CiL-lb
books belonging
many
non-existent
books)
;
to his (_jJj1
(bibl,j}niii
;
me
^j>_ '^tjj (p^iaii
(i. e.,
thou hast no
ch6q
klt;iblarl
father are existent
^jji
to
is
(•^•U^' *-* (^.
(i. e.,
(b^nim
var his
s^iii
Ihtiyajlm y6q tdl) any need of viine to (lean on) thee (for assist-
ance) was non-existent
(i. e.,
Section XX.
I had no need of thee).
Of
the
Compound
Verbs.
Besides the Turkish verbs already described, the Ottoman
language has been indefinitely enriched with whole classes of
ACCIDENCE OE BTTMOLOGr.
compound
149
verbs, active and passive, transitive and intransitive,
formed by a Turkish auxiliary verb preceded by a substantive or adjective of Arabic or Persian, even of foreign, origin.
An
active
compound verb
formed, generally, by an Arabic,
is
by a Persian verbal noun, or by a foreign substantive,
rarely
followed by one of the auxiliaries eUJLjl (6ylem6k), jjJLi (qilmiq) to
command,
to
deign
to
do
;
or
(itmik, vulg. itm^k),
(»Uj:-j1
or ^^j-j (biyArmiq)
to do,
by an Arabic (very seldom, a
Persian, never a foreign) active participle, followed
auxiliary (jjjl (olmdq)
The
tive or intransitive. in sense
;
the
first
is
These verbs are either
to be. first
;
and the fourth
is
the most frequently used
used
transi-
three auxiliaries are identical
often, the third occasionally, replaces
tion
by the
when
it,
;
the second
so as to avoid repeti-^
a deferential tone
is
assumed
in speaking or writing to or of a superior, and politely to or
of an equal. (trsal
Thus, ctUil
bAyArmiq)
to
JLu,l (Irsal
etmek)
sending,-to have the goodness to send ; ^^jl to cause; (»lJil Jio^ (t4v3.ttdn
;
visit, to
4yl4m4k)
pay a
some act)
;
(J^jj-j Jlu,l
favour by
to
J
o
i_*9.jji
(miijib 6lml,q)
to settle (in
^^j\ tjU-tj (peshlman olmaq)
penitently sorry (for
send;
deign or condescend to send, 0,0 J
a home)
to
a place, as
to be regretfully
dual t^ji}
(vizlti
4tm4k)
or to
visit.
Transitive verbs of this class form their passives with the auxiliary j^Jjl (ilAnmlq), which,
by
itself,
does not admit of
OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAE.
150 translation.
Thus, j*J^I JU,'
have done (to
it) the
action
(irsal
of being
61Anmlq)
sent
to he sent, to
(for the
Arabic and
Persian verbal nouns, the reverse of the more general Turkish rule, take the passive as well as the active sense).
compound
Deferential
passives are formed with the passive auxiliary (jJ ijj
(bAyArAlnidq)
;
jJ^jj-; Jl-^l (irsal biyiirAlmlq) to he con-
as,
descendingly sent,
to
he hindly sent.
Reciprocal verbs active of this class are formed with the reciprocal of eliol
,
o ^ o
m^k)
as,
;
that o ^
(liUijjJ
is,
with the auxiliary
(sl^ijjl (idlsh-
J J
ij>»j.ai.
(khAsum^t Idlshm^k) mutually
to
exercise hostility, litigation, or spite, towards one another.
Causatives of the simple and reciprocal are formed by the causatives of d,4jl and eUijjl, namely,
i^jXj\ to
to cause or let
J'-jjl
cause or
let
i»Jl«,jo\,
(a thing) he sent
;
i^j^sA
;
thus,
laUiJ^ jjI .-.-^.'^
(two or more) mutually attack each
other.
Negatives and impotentials, as also dubitatives, potentials,
and
faciles,
are constructed with those forms of eLjol and the
Thus, eUL«o\
other auxiliaries. not
aLh
to
be able to
tJjl
J>—
,'
send;
to be
^ji^-S^l
JI--.1
able to send
;
not to send
J^;^
*^
i»U;jj)>il
*^
;
ciULiijjl JL*.l
^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ sent;
JL,I just
to send.
ACCIDENCE OE ETYMOLOGY.
Suction XXI.
Of
the Interrogative
Verb,
151
and Interrogation
in general.
All interrogations, in Turkish (when an interrogative pro-
noun
is
not present in the phrase, as such), are
ducing the interrogative particle or adverb
made by
ji
intro-
(mi, mi) into
proper position in the phrase.
its
The proper
position of this particle in the phrase
We
of the word on which the question turns. valent for enclitic est-ce
in
it
particle
English are
ne,
its
may
equivalents
;
also
have no equian,
the
and the French
be best shown by an example of five elements,
may be
each of which
the
word on which the question
^
turns, so that the adverb
1.
word
in Latin the
the end
que ?
This
them
;
is
successively joined to each of
is
to indicate that speciality.
> ^
,y
*
-
i
ujj
.c
4*?
specially
Thus
:
jF-C' 15*-'
(s^nmi sdbah b^nimli 'kxh-
me
to-morrow in the carriage:
biyi bin^j^ksln) Is
2.
it
thou
°..
x
who art JLa-..
to ride
lijijt aI*j
with
i5p-C» ij^
^^'^ sibahmi b^nimld
'lirll-
biyi b^n^j^ksln) to-morrow that thou art to ride with
Is
it
3.
\,X'^t'-\
'ul)je-
L^i
as,
;
the wilderness
a proper name, the second
name of
the
first
first is
and the com-
i_jLLS^(kitab qabi) a
^^=J,jl ;jLi (yibin ilrd^yl) a duck of duck).
last,
;
^
lilj
o
made
(_jxjl
^s?.\l)
3
^^*
(mishir pishi)
Here, the generic word stands definite.
is
the
Pasha
last,
and
Sometimes, the specific word or
OTTOMAN TtTRKISH GRAMMAR.
164 term
complex and obeys
is
own
its
o
bishi dgh^) Mr. Corporal Colonel
LiLj
;
i—»
\j\
^
eLj
;
rules
;
as,
-^
'
\t.\
^\)
O
J
(on-
^jj\
-^ o
o
tji\ji* (mir-3,lay bey) Squire
(mirl-llva pishi)
the
Major-General
Pasha.
There are two exceptions stands
when
last,
the other
word
is
a proper name.
other cases with proper names, this rule ^^IkU.
(4sma sAltan) Princess Esma, Vj
»)).e ijLc
(of) departure.
Turkish or Persian construction, the same
remark holds good of a pair of substantives, one of which
is
SYNTAX. the word
^1
(4mr), or one of
our circumstance, and the
Insilakl)
study; ^_j.ai. the question
They
like.
which signify
&c., all of
are used
Thus: ^j^s^LjI^J
Turkisli for precision. sllin 4tnr-t
synonyms, sjU (miiddi),
its
c:ZoX (k^yflyyit),
(khiisus),
(jaj-oi.
167
isU~a*
in written
si.
(rah-i tdli-
of the pursuit of the path of
fA« matter
(dAn^nm^niii gWmisi
j.-ijs i^ i^xJl
;
mdftisl hisin ^fjndl jinabi)
Brusa, Hasan Efendi
—
)
His Worship o
word
Generally, the
-
the
the
^e-y^ ^^JA (burusa
•^
the State Counsel
(«,lLjUa. di>
Bey
Intei-preter
o^..i>.
Solomon; Mother); (
— mjsih)
^..^
c
Noah
the holy
—
'is^)
III.
Mary
;
musd)
the
(king)
^5—«j>
—
&c., &c., &c.
the Adjective.
in a sketch
former Chapter
_jj 0;.ii=>
(the Virgin
Prophet Jesus;
Syntax of
Nearly eyerything requisite this subject in the
the
Anointed One (Christ)
Section
(terjumaa
the prophet
(
(
as,
;
(
(
—
His
indicates one
— —
^j~a
;
— — sil^ymiin) — — m^ry^m) Saint
j^UJ^
f^.j-'
)
&c., &c., &c.
;
name
before a single
(hlzr^tl niih) the patriarch ;
c)^:/
—
of
o ^
of the prophets, saints, or patriarchs of old
prophet Moses
Lord High
jJui (s4f Tr pishi
\ilj
Excellency the Pasha Ambassador ;
hiy
^
His Honour
^j^j.a^
;
f,\Ji\ ^^J^ (sheyklm-
(II.),
has been said on
Section II.
If several
adjectives qualify one substantive, they follow one another
simply in Turkish construction, and are in the Persian construction
;
as,
j^-ja.
all
connected vocally
l-jj^^jI Jjy (gyizM,
;
SYNTAX.
169
Mibli, mihjub chijiiq) a pretty, well-hehaved, modest child; y^-a
^js ij^
i::*i4-)
(_jla.
blhtsht-nAma-yl ftrih-ftza) a
(jii-yi
paradise-like, joy-giving place.
One as,
adjective
may qualify (dm^m
8_,iL. Jl:J»-l_) |,-«1
ill
several substantives in a sentence the other peoples
^jyali sa'lr^)
and
nations.
An
Arabic or Persian adjective
Turkish or foreign substantive before
one of these,
it
never placed after a
is
and whenever either
;
o
changed as to gender or number ;
a great mountain ;
slijU
liJjj j»Jic ("izim d^vl^t)
Some
adjectives
Jic (azim a great
as,
^
clL
o
^kc
(
'dzim
a complement to
In Turkish construction,
(sA dilA) full {of) water, ^j\>
4l;l_5^
In Persian construction
b^yiin) worthy
of exposition
;
d%h)
state.
plement precedes, with or without a preposition;
i
placed
padlshah) a great monarch,
take a substantive as
restrict their application.
water.
is
remains, like a Turkish adjective, un-
(sA
it
follows
xJh
^^l^
this a,s,
com-
JJioj^
Hi d4lA)
filled with
as, ^JUJ
jjV (layiq-
;
(miiwafiq-l tib') con-
formable with nature.
The Turkish
adjective ^S^ (gibl)
like,
follows substantives,
the personal pronoun of the 3rd pers. plur., the demonstratives plural, the interrogatives singular relatives,
in
them
;
when as,
its
and
plural,
and the compound
complements, without any change occurring
|-i_£=j-s (si gib!)
like
water; ^—^=j-ljl (dnl^r
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
170 gibl)
nice
them
(kltn gibl)
^°^
whom ?
like
(binEr
^^Jhy
;
^-i^ J^jjj
glbi)
{o.h\h\:
,_j_J^^jCCl;b (babdminkl gibl) father;
gibl) like these
like the
word
^^
as,
;
(b^nlm gibl)
l;j
^
gibl) like him, her, it; (bAniiri gibl) like this
d)-
substantive, and this as,
;
like
me
five senses
;
made
a:;-,
you
;
(^nfS
^^^
miij)
Numerals.
cardinals always precede their
^\
(ikl chlft)
cardinal follows, the construction is
^^S elil
to
usually left in the singular, whatever
is
c^to-
the
two pairs
jlbau) the two ivorlds (present and future).
substantive
;
(slzin gibl) like
Syntax of
The Turkish and Persian
number
All
have.
&c.
;
Section IV.
the
I
one
?
my
when complements
other pronouns are put in the genitive, this
what things
like
the one belonging to
like
(bind^kt gibl)
^
^^^
;
plural
;
as,
is
;
But
(du
the Arabic
made Persian, and the
6....^ j^l^ (qiiviiyl
cul^a- (jlhatl sltt^)
(jlja- _jJ
khims^)
the
the six directions (in space),
six sides (of a solid).
The Turkish and Persian numerals precede the the same substantive substantive)
;
thus,
goats; tjjvu> *J5l
;
as do also the Arabic (though after the
^^
oia
adjectives of
jLu ^M^
(Ikl
slyah k^chl)
two black
(hAft lqlim-1 mi'miir^) the seven climates
SYNTAX.
of
the habitable earth
hiri)
s^alli
;
ei*— «>
171
ij\^
(q'iviyi
khlms^i
za-
t-slj
fi'j
bfildan) the countries
(of the globe); kyiir f&niin
li
.
^
-
(rdb'i
and towns
i.
e.
ijVjl
active or passive
is
,
;
often
as, tt^j
m^skyiind^ vwaqi' m^malik
li
situated in the inhabited quarter
sjU*j^jjJ ,j^=j^ ajjLi^ajj (bA kltabdi mfe-
mi,'arlf )
the sciences
and matters of knowledge
mentioned in this book.
Active participles govern
all their objects in
as the verbs from which they derive
;
participles, excepting only the object
adjective jj\.».l
;
as,
way
so also do the passive
they each qualify as an he
who opens a door
icii^ (l^piiyi ^chln) he who {that ivhich) opens the door;
jj *iiJ^'
Ak'
opened with
min
^J.:^\
^J (qJpA dchin)
the same
biin-i
Jl
(^lim 114 l,chd!ghJm q^pA) the door that
my hand;
i_,>^ j5^».a-j>sJj1
qibul id^m^y^jjyi sib^b)
father will not he able
to
accept
this.
JjJ
^y
the reason
di»s-l
any two substantives
the
;
thus, ,j~»)S
(!i)A»»-l
coming of Ahmed, Ahmed's coming
;
(ihmMiii gildlyi) Ahmed's (past action of) having
come; ^>^iJrdJ-*»l (ihmJdin gM^j^yl) Ahmed's (future action of) coming.
When
the subject
is
a pronoun,
it is
put in the genitive
still.
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
180
and the Turkish verbal noun takes the possessive subject's
number and person
coming
laLVojUS cil:-
;
;
as,
j.d«K
f^_
(b^nlm gilm^ui)
(sinln g41diylii) thy having come
ij)^s.i.^ (^ul^rlii gil^jjkl^rl) their future
Turkish verbal nouns and
gydrm^m) my
coming.
him
(izmir^ gil^j^ylfi) thy future coming jijjjlj
OjjJ^-o
^)^j
with
infinitives are constructed
seeing
{her, it)
to
my
d^JLil
;
their objects, direct or indirect, exactly as their verbs fi-'jy (jl (^nl
of the
suffix
;
Smyrna
;
thus,
;
is)X_>.4)i
>^~fj\
i»)j.»a.|
aj,Jj
(pM^rlni ihmMlfl dfin m^ktiib ydzdighi)
Ahmed's having written a
letter to his
father yesterday.
Arabic verbal nouns are constructed with their agents sometimes in the Turkish, sometimes in the Arabic, and sometimes o J JJ
in
the
Persian manner
eJiLas? (tihsilln) thy study
Biin'Ti 'lliih), aII
as,
;
;
(virudiim)
my
arrival
[SAJ^ (tihrirl) his writing;
>c^ (siin-! ilah)
(idar^-i p4rgyar-l ^fkyar)
j,jj^j
the act
of
God ;
^c^
i!ti\
jC-s\jijj
;
6j.1j1
a revolving of the compasses of the
thoughts.
Ai-abic verbal nouns are constructed with their objects in
the same manner as the
compound verbs formed of them
ws^-o i^jjJi_« (miqdurl sirf ) an employing j\sj-^\\ (4z
s^r-1
n^v)
from a new beginning (over again, again).
A
preposition
sentence posterity,
may govern two
as, j^jL^Ij
;
and
o,^
cjls^l
«
.
or
more substantives
Jl to his family,
in a
companions,
friends.
But, as the Arabic and Persian preposition precedes the adjectives that qualify, as well as the substantives qualified,
so the Turkish preposition
is
placed after
when
quently, in Persian construction, and
all
these
;
conse-
the substantive
followed by the possessive suffixes, the Turkish preposition
separated from the substantive siderable distance ^O
^
5.>siU>
J
III
as,
Jul
'{, ittliy_l»a
governs, sometimes by a con-
^GG (bibd-m
(hA mihlbb-i sadiq-dd) in
ijj^ ip
(jjJl5 (qdllyiin-i
father
this faithful
friend
with
Syntax of
n, or
galley.
the Conjunction.
head the phrase they belong
enclitic conversational
sj (dh, d-1),
or^i-j (dikh!),
to.
literary
^j,
is
the word of a phrase to which special attention thus
:
^JM LjJ^^i
^yj,ljjl£-l
;
kyuh-nttmun-l hamayiinun
All conjunctions, except the enclitic
The
my
\\h)
head of the mountain-like imperial
Section XII.
too, also,
is
I
v_*3:° ji
bl,shi) the
;
it
is
placed after directed
is
(istinbAldin dikh5, or IstilnbAdanda o
t6p galdi) camion came from Constantinople also ;
t
u-jjla
o
.rO
Jo ^o
(jjJjJ^'
.
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
186 (^jJi (c-=--i
(istinbAld^a tip dikhi gildi) cannon, too, came
from
Constantinople.
This
enclitic
repeated after each
is
linked together by s4n-dd) /,
too,
its
use; as,
iX^
will go, as also thou
tv
member
gMWm,
'"^ (b4n-dd
-
j ,j-.^= J*^j'
;
of a phrase
(b^n-dl,, sin-dd, 6-dsl, -dchfimfiz gld^riz) 7, thou,
'-^
'-^-^
'-^j'
and he
too, will
all three go.
It is often placed after a
verb in the conditional,
being then, in English, rendered by
euera
;
its
sense
as, sjalJ> (g41s4-d^)
even should he come ; sji-jl uiJS'(g^lmish is^dj) even though he he
come;
(g41s^ydi-di)
»J(_5a1-JS
had he even come;
sji-Jjl (sJa-iK
(gll^jAk ilsl-di) even should he be about to come (even should
he
think of coming, or resolve to come).
After other verbs than conditionals,
it
is
with each
enclitic
that enters a phrase, and answers to our both, followed by or also; as, coiae,
and
sj,.*, ,jS
see also
;
5j.*,j)S
(g^lirim-di, gyArArfim-da)
tXtjJA *a-j1 ,j-Xj
/
will both
(
— —
8J.«,j_j-S ».>j_,j-)S
b^y^nir-is4-m, dlir!m-d^) I will come, and I will
and
see,
,
and
if
I
admire, will also buy.
The
conjunctions JiJ,, e)/,
or whether, j^='\ (ijir)
if,
U
with
,
in the sense of whether
^J
...
,
(g^r-chi, vulg. girchi) or
A>,.£=l (4y&'-chi, vulg. Ag^rchi) although, put the verb or verbs
of their phrase in the conditional
;
as,
jJj^U iJi^U
(hi g41s4,
SYNTAX.
187
hi g^lmisd) whether he come, or (whether he come)
(kjh g^lsi)
come;
if he
sja^-jJ
7iot;
i.Jbj^=s\
a^jS=1 (4gJrchl gdlmish
,ji»K
isd-
di) although he be even come (even though he be come).
When it
is
the copulative j joins one verb or phrase to another,
pronounced
v^, in conformity (to a certain degree) vcith
its original
Arabic pronunciation
struction,
unites
it
{jij^
n
4
or A,
and joins
or adjective,
(g41di v4
and
The Persian
and prosperity
aS
pronoun in Turkish as,
as,
eJj.i
(kl)
always connects two
that,
a-3
to
be a
(as it really is in Persian, as well
(mi'lum 61i kl)
JjI fylx*
he
it
Tcnown
Sometimes the clause that follows shows the cause
that
or reason of that which precedes
be rendered hy for or because; jjEJ i^jJjl jlns-i
;
l^m^jo j ij^ (qavi-yu
;
members of a phrase, and should never be supposed
;
it
healthy.
conjunction
as a conjunction)
takes
on, in pronunciation, as
gyArdA) he came, and he saw; JUlj
iqbal) fortune
tin-dftrAst) strong
relative
it
a syllable, with the consonant preceding
in
J ^sM
(devlet
but vfhen, in Persian con-
two nouns, substantive
the vowel-sound of
though
;
i!ilii>l
***> iijiiu,
;
the conjunction
as, jj-^- 0, (shayM
(m^-dam-ki) as long
as, since, ij 1jL»
ki) perhaps,
lest,
4.X_«ljLo
(m^-bada kl)
lest,
Sj-^
to
be in the optative
;
(m^y^r ki)
as,
unless, require their verbs
j-Jt ti»*^ »-' LJ
t^himmAld
(
qllm^yii) in order that no power of endurance be _^4)jl (^4:^0 4> jjll (
y^^ ^ J
aI^I
(
^
——
5J>'^ j-X-obU a
J
4-;j'
j^ ^ ""
, ,
*->^
(
•
(
——
minh^zim 6lM4r)
left
in
1111
gy^z^l ih^) unless he
,3 lest it be so ;
;
they be routed
lest
hiyatdi 6lil4r) since they are uyl^ ola)
him
iJjl
{she, it) be beautiful.
0"
>^
^j^
alive ;
^O ^
'
£ j5^^
191
SYNTAX.
Section XIII.
Some
the Interjection.
accompanied by nouns and pronoiins,
interjections are
some by nouns
Syntax of
only, others have no accompaniment, and
some
precede verbs.
When
accompanied by a noun, the noun
always in the
is
nominative, excepting with the interjection jjLj (y^z!q)
(vwilkh b^bim) alas,
|.LjL) J\}
vulg. aftrlm siz)
!
J^\^_^
^ftudim) God's blessing on you,
The word
permits (yiiziq
its
my
When
i^y^
jjlj is
ijiS
sir !
jj (gidl hAhh-
U^
^.JJil
(m^rhdbi
They always precede also,
;
but as,
it
the
further
^a_o1
my
(yaziq Jm^yim^) alas
j-.Lj
trouble !
trouble 1
accompanied by a pronoun, except the interjection
(gl'li)i
t^® pronoun must be in the dative !
K—
.
^\j
(vwakh sini)
jjj^T (aftrim ^nlir^) well done, they \s
|_j
{kj qirdashim) well^ brother!
used in this way
i,5v_*l j^Li
(yiziq b^n^) 'poor me s^JuJl
y^:,\
substantive to be put in the dative
^m^yim),
alas for
{j\
J-ffjl \j'-j-^^ (aferin,
!
(Umin chAj-ighiim) 0, my child !
^ia.j>. ^jUl
noun.
father
6ghlAm) well done, my hoy !
impudent fellow
(9,
my
as,
;
;
alas for thee
The
!
as, 1$1) ^gjLj !
exceptional
constructed with the accusative of the second person
singular,
which
it
may
precede or follow
;
as,
^
tjsf
(gidi
sdnl) or ij:>S ^ut (sdnl gldl) faugh, thou (good-for-nothing)
!
!
OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR.
192
Interjections indicative of a desire for the future or regret for the past, are constructed with the conditional, aorist or
past accordingly
fjx~A jjlol
;
own
my
as,
a-JS
(ah gilsd)
sI
that he
that he
had come
would come
One of
!
!
these,
constructed also with the imperative, and expresses
vehement tive
as,
(ah g41s4ydl)
si
is
,
;
desire with the affirmative, or dread with the nega-
i_*i_S j^UI (aGoia gltmUsi)
desire)
^^y..^
!
that he go not (by his
(amin gttmisin)
jjUl
that he go not (if
wish prevail)
With an
imperative,
challenge;
as,
g41sln) just
let
Jb4-»
^jji,
(h414) expresses
(^^\h gkX) come along
him only come
an invitation or a !
^J^
^
(JaUh
!
Arabic phi'ases are often used as interjections, generally after proper
names
mfik^rrim^,
k4rr4m^-hi
which
;
may God, who
ij)3j,k^ JjcV
I
as,
^iW
.,
^j\ja.
,
kh'an,
of this
ia-lji kh'aji,
^jji^-lji
1
have been
&c.,
corrupted in Turkish into kh6ji, kh6jigyan, khAjIliq, &e.
In
Persian proper, a very few words beginning with ji, without a following this is
\
,
j in like manner
elide the
in
never observed in Turkish, unless
Thus
rhyme-words of ancient poetry. read khush
with |ij
in Persian,
"^^sh, for
instance
;
in
and
the
may be
word
Turkish) in
it
is
(jiji-
made
si
bAd
;
but
in the
(usually
to
rhyme
is
made
to
something after the manner of our poets,
who make wind rhyme styled jJjjjMjIj
;
consequence must then be
.i^ (usually khud, Turkish khAd)
read kh'4sh.
rhyme with
khAsh
pronouncing
(vwawi
with Jind, mind, &c.
This
is
what
m^'diilA), deflected j, in Persian.
is
(
195
)
INDEX. A.
Alphabet,Semitic,Gr6ek,and Latin,
Accidence, p. 51.
Synopsis
Active participles, 100, 105.
of, 4.
Aorist active participle, 100—102.
J,
,,
aorist,100— 102.
Aorist passive participle, 103.
„
„
future, 100, 101.
Aorist tense, 100.
.,
„
past, 100, 101.
,,
„
perfect, 100,101.
pre8ent,100,101.
), „ Active verb, 92.
Addendum on
Jjjo^ j\j
193.
,
Adjectival expressions, 72. Adjectives, 61,
68—74.
,,
conditional, 109.
),
indicative, 107.
»
„
neoessitative, 108.
„
,)
optative, 109.
Apposition, 160.
Arabic active participles (nomen agentis), 59, 61, 62.
„
Arabic, 61, 69.
„
Persian, 68,
„
„ „
70—72.
Arabic adjectival expressions,
72.
„
adjectives, 61, 69.
„ Compound, 70-2. Syntax of, 168.
„
adverbs, 73.
,,
broken plurals,
Turkish, 68, 69, 73-4.
„
chapters of derivation, 57,
Adverbial expressions, 154.
,,
Syntax
„
Turkish, 73.
182.
of,
Affirmative verb, 92.
Alphabet by forms,
2.
„
Numeral,
3.
„
Semitic, Greek, and' La-
— 60.
55^
62—64. Arabic diminutives,
Adverbs, Arabic, 73.
tin, 3.
„ ;,
60, 67.
— 60.
„
irregular plurals, 55
„
noun of instrument and
receptacle, 60.
Arabic noun of kind or manner, 60.
„ 60.
„
place of abundance,
INDEX.
196
fractional numbers, 80.
Arabic nonn of time and place, 60.
Complex
unity, 60. „ „ Arabic ordinals, 78.
Compound (nomen
passive participle
„
Persian Adjectives, 70.
Terbs, 148.
patientis), 59, 61, 62.
Arabic plurals, 55.
„
irregular, 55
„
—
60.
Intransitive, 149.
„
Passive, 149.
„
Transitive, 149.
Conjugation, 99.
regular plurals, 55.
Combined
„
substantives, 53, 54.
,,
Active, 149.
Conditional mood, 100.
regular, 55. » )) Arabic quadriliteral roots, 65.
„
„ „
,,
triliteral roots, 56.
Conjugational root, 96.
„
verbal nouns (nomen verhi),
Conjunctions, 156.
Syntax „ Consonants, 15.
58, 61-2.
B.
of,
Movent,
— 60.
33
185.
Hard, 47.
„
Brevity, Conversational, 158.
Broken(irregular) plural, 19,55
(true Turk-
ish), 133.
31,
32
ter,
ter.
Consonants, Neutral, 48. Quiescent, 27.
„
Soft, 47.
Cardinal numbers, 74-7.
Conversational brevity, 158.
Categories of verbs, 99.
Complex,
99,;;il9.
Category, First Complex, 119, 120.
Second
„
D.
119, 125.
„
Simple, of verbs, 99, 119.
Dates of documents,
„
Third Complex, 119, 129.
Declination of Demonstratives, 88.
&c., 81.
Causal gerund-like locution, 113.
„
Causative verb, 93.
„
Nouns,
„
Personal Pronouns,
„
„
Compound, 150.
Closed syllable, 27.
Combined
Defective Terbs, 98.
Demonstrative Pronouns, 88.
tion, 133.
119.
51.
82.
(true Turkish) Conjuga-
Complex Categories of Verb,
Interrogatives, 89.
99,
Derivation of Verbs, 92.
Determinate Verb, 93.
INDEX.
197
Digits, 81.
G.
Diminutive, Arabic, 67.
Gender, 51.
Persian, 67.
„
General Verbal Noun, 103.
Turkish, 66, 73.
„ Directing vowels, 27.
Gerund, Fifth, 112.
Distributive numbers, 78.
Documents, Dates
Dominant
of,
81.
(letter or vowel), 48, 49.
Dubitative Verb, 141.
Compound,
„
„
150.
„
First, 111.
„
Fourth, 112.
„
Second, 111.
,,
Seventh, 112.
„
Sixth, 112.
Third, 112.
Gerund-like locutions, 110, 111. E.
Causal, 110,
„
„
Esere, 16 his.
113.
Etymology, 51.
Euphony,
Gerund-like locutions of proper-
48—50.
15,
tion, 113.
Expressions, Adjectival, 72.
Gerund-like locutions of time. 111,
Adverbial, 154.
„
114, 115.
Gerund-like locution of time, Fifth, F.
115.
„
Facile Verbs, 141. „
First
Compound,
,,
150.
„
Complex Category of Verbs,
119, 120.
„
„
First, 114.
„
„
Fourth, 114.
„
„
8eoond,114.
„
„
Sixth, 115.
„
Third, 114.
First Person Plural of Verbs, 116.
Pronoun, 82.
„
„
„
„
„
Gerunds, 99, 110.
Syntax
„
Singular of Verbs, 115.
of,
181,
Pronoun, 82. „ „ Formation of the Tenses, 106. „
Fractional numbers, 79.
Half, 79.
Future Active
Hard consonants,
Participle, 100, 101.
„
Passive
„
Tense, Imperative, 100.
„ „ „
„
,
103.
„
Indicative, 108.
„
Past, 100.
Verbal Noun, 104
„
47.
vowels, 48.
Hemze,
10,
30—33.
„
omitted, 24.
„
Radical, 30, 31.
„
Servile, 30, 31,
INDEX.
198
M.
I.
Identity
of
Semitic, Greek, and
Latin Alphabets,
Medd, 24—26. Months, Signs
3.
for, in dates, 81.
Imperative Mood, 100.
Moods, 100.
Imperfect Tense, 100.
Mood, Conditional, 100.
indioatiye, 107.
„
„
Impotential Verbs, 92.
Componnd, 150
„
„
Inaperative,
„
Indicative,
„
Infinitive,
„
Indefinite numerals (pronouns), 80.
Necessitative,
,,
Indeterminate Verbs, 93.
Optative,
„
Indicative Mood, 100. Infinitive
Mood,
100.
Syntax
„
„
N. 179.
of,
Names
Interjections, 157.
Syntax „ Interrogation, 151.
of,
„ „ Neuter Verbs,
Verbs, 151.
Intransitive Verbs, 92.
„
„
Compound, 150. 97.
Neutral consonants, 48.
Componnd, 149.
vowels, 48.
„
Noun Junctional Letters,
Adjective, 68.
9.
„
Arabic, 68, 69.
„
Persian, 68.
„ Compound,70.
„ Letters, 1
„
Junctional, 9.
„
Names
„
Non-Junctional,
10—14.
Negative Verbs, 92.
Interrogative Pronouns, 89.
„
of Letters, 1,
Necessitative Mood, 100.
191.
„
Syntax
„
Turkish, 68.
of,
168.
Substantive, 51.
of the, 1, 10
—14.
9.
Syntax
„
of,
161.
Verbal, 99, 103-5.
,,
of prolongation, 17.
„
of the Alphabet, 1.
„
Radical, 30, 31.
Numbers and persons of verbs, 115. Numeral Alphabet, 3.
„
Reduplicated, 29, 30, 32.
Numerals, 74 — 82.
„
Servile, 28, 30, 31.
Locutions, Gerund-like, 110
— 115.
„
„
„
Syntax
of,
179.
Cardinal, Arabic, 74-7.
„
Persian, 74-7.
:99
ITTDEX.
Numerals, Cardinal, Turkish, 74-6.
Past future tense, 100.
DistributiTe, 78.
Past future indicative, 100, 108.
„
Fractional, 79.
Past tense, 100.
„
Indefinite, 80.
„
Interrogatire, 76.
indicative, 107. „ „ Peculiar Turkish numerals, 80,
„
Ordinal, Arabic, 78.
„
„
„
„
„
relatives, 91.
„
„
Persian, 78.
Perfect active participle, 100, 101.
„
Turkisli, 77.
Perfect tense, 100.
Turkish Peculiar, 80.
„
indicative, 107.
Syntax
,,
verbal noun, 103.
of, 170.
Permissive verbs, 93. Persian adjectives, 68, 70-2.
0.
Open
„
syllables, 27.
Compound,70-2.
,,
Persian diminutive, 67.
Optative Mood, 100.
Orthographic signs, 15, 28
—33.
„
letters, 2, 13.
„
plurals of nouns, 54.
„
substantives, 53, 54,
Personal pronouns, 82. Participles, 100.
Phonetic values of letters, 15,34—50.
Aotive, 100—105.
„ „
„
Aorist, 100,102.
„
„
Future, 100,101.
„
„
General, 100.
„
„
Past, 100, 101.
„
„
Perfeot,100,101.
„
Present, 100-2.
„
Phonetic values of vowels,17,48-50 Pluperfect tense, 100.
55—60. Plural of nouns, Arabic regular, 55,
Passive, 101, 103, 105.
„
„
„
Persian, 54.
Turkish, 51.
Possessive pronouns, 83-8,
„
Future, 103.
Potential verbs, 141-2.
of, 178.
Twenty-eight, 101,
Compound,
„
„
Prepositions, 156.
Syntax
>,
149.
verbal adjective, 104.
Past active participle, 100, 101,
Compound, 150.
Precision in writing, 158.
verb, 92.
„
„ „
Aorist, 103.
Passive participles, 101, 103, 105.
„
„
„
„
Syntax „
indicative, 108.
„
„
Pltoal of nouns, Arabic irregular,
of,
184.
Present active participle, 100-2.
„ „
tense, 100.
„
indicative, 106.
200
iNDEs:.
Present tense
Signs for the months in dates, 81.
infinitive, 110.
Simple Category of Verbs, 99—119.
verbal noun, 103.
„
Prolongation, Letters
and vowels, 48.
Soft consonants
Substantives, 51.
Demonstrative, 88.
„
verbs, 93.
„
of, 17.
Pronoun, 82.
Syntax
of,
16L
„
Indefinite (numeral), 80.
„
Interrogative, 89.
Syllabary, No. 1 and No.
„
Personal, 82.
Syllables, closed
„
Possessive, 83
„
Eelative, 90.
Synopsis of
88.
2, 17.
and open,
Semitic,
27.
Greek and
Latin Alphabets, 4.
PeculiarTurkish,91.
„
„
—
„
Syntax, 158. „
of adjectives, 168.
„
of adverbs, 182.
„
of conjunctions, 185.
,,
of gerunds, 181.
„
of infinitive, 179.
„
of interjections, 191.
„
of numerals, 170.
„
of participles, 178.
Ea,dical letters, 30, 31.
„
of prepositions, 184.
Reciprocal verbs, 93.
„
of pronouns, 173.
„
of substantives, 161.
„
of verbal nouns, 179.
„
of verbs, 174.
Q
derived from
J
Quiescence, sign
,
(J
,
4, 8, 40.
28.
of, 19,
E.
Compound,
„
,,
Eeduplioated
150.
letters, 29, 30, 32.
Refiexive verb, 98.
Root of conjugation, 96. „
tense, 106, 115.
T.
Table of verbal derivation, 94-5. S.
Tenses, 100, 104, 106—110.
Second Complex Category of Verbs,
,,
119, 125.
Second person „
„
Aorist conditional, 109. „
plural, 118.
singular, 116.
indicative, 107.
„
„
neoessitative, 108.
„
„
optative, 109.
Servile letters, 28, 80, 31.
„
Formation of the, 106.
Sign of quiescence, 19, 28.
„
Future imperative, 100.
„
reduplication,
24- 26.
J,
,,
indicative, 108.
— 201
INDEX. Tense, Imperfect, 100.
V.
indicative, 107.
„
„
Values of
Past, 100.
„
indicative, 107.
„
„
„
„
Pluperfect, 100.
„
„
„
Combined
indicative, 108.
Compound,
,,
indicative, 106,
„
„
infinitive, 110.
133.
Complex Categories
Verb, Complex Category
Teahdid, 32.
Third Complex Category of Verba,
singular, 106.
„
Conjugation
„
Defective, 98.
„
cardinal numbers, 74-6.
,,
Determinate, 93.
„
Dubitative, 141.
„
Facile, 141.
69, 73-4.
interrogative, 76.
conjugation
(combined),
133.
Tnxkiah ordinal numbers, „
77.
plural of Bubstantivea, 51.
„
substantives, 51.
, ,
true combined conjugation,
„
„
of.
Third,
„
of, 99.
Compound,
150.
Compound,
150.
„
Impotential, 92.
„
Indeterminate, 93.
„
„
133.
Second,
Verb, Compound, 148.
adverbs, 73.
„
of. First,
of.
Verb, Complex Category
„
„
99
119, 129.
Transliteration, 15, 17, 34—47-.
„
of,
119, 125.
Transitive verb, 92.
Turkish adjectives, 68,
of,
119, 120.
Verb, Complex Category
119, 129.
Third person plural, 118. ,,
150.
conjugation
133.
Present, 100.
,,
„
Causative, 93.
indicative, 108.
„
,,
„
Auxiliary, 149.
Perfect, 100.
„
— 50.
Aifirmative, 92,
indicative, 108.
„
„
15
Active, 92.
Future, 100.
„
letters,
Verb, 92—153.
Compound,
150.
Interrogative, 151. Intransitive, 92.
„
V.
„
TJstnn, 16.
»
TJtuni, 16.
„
„
Compc
nd, 149.
Negative, 92.
„ Neuter, 97.
ComiianBd.J.S0.
202
INDEX.
Verb of Existence, Non-Exiatence, Presence, or Absence, 147.
Verbal Nouns, Future, 104. „
„
General, 103.
„
„
Present, 103.
„
Syntax
Verb, Passive, 92.
Perfect, 103.
Compound,
„
„ „
Permissive, 93.
„
Potential, 141-3.
Eeoiprocal, 93.
„
Compound,
„
,,
„
Reflexive, 98.
„
Simple, 93.
„
Simple Category
„
Substantive, 144.
„
Syntax
„
Transitive, 92. ,,
,,
of,
150.
„
Directing, 27.
„
Hard, 48.
„
Letters, 15, 16.
,,
Long, 17, Ms.
99-119.
„.
Points, 15, 16.
„
Soft, 48.
Short, 16, 17.
174.
Compound, 149.
W. Written
derivation, 92.
Table
„
„
Nouns,
„
99,
of,
94.
103—105.
as a vowel, 17, 23, 26, 27.
1
I
„
numeral,
„
consonant, 23.
digits, 81.
signs for
„
months in
81.
^\, jCtsl 57.
4.
d>k]'^\ 57.
T24. r
25.
I^j ^J,y
iP
t3b jl^l 57.
2.
^Cj£«ii
57.
JUi-xj, 57.
16.
179.
Neutral, 48. of,
Verbal adjective passive, 104. ,,
of,
Vowels, 15.
Compound, 150.
„
,,
149.
^G ^^\
57.
dates,
HfDEI.
^V
S^y^\ 57.
203
INDEX.
204
t^
aJI ,ULo
56.
^h;
151—153.
^_5^
^JLJ
^\ul
164.
29.
J
r
ji
,
tn
Jjjjtil j'j
56, 57.
ji^
5^ i_j
^l
iU^ 57.
j
(?
10,
^
numeral,
;
vowel, 4.
30— 3.S. vowel, 17;
;
pronounced as
4, 8, 40.
_U (whence
^^ji^'i) 76.
187
aS^as a coDJ unction,
— 190.
90.
(jji
^ ^ 1
16.
20.
7
16.
7
20. 16.
^89.
i.
^
28.
Z
:l
29.
24—26. >
^J»—
C^'^o ^J-V^'
^ 30—33. 6
161. ;
final,
10.
20.
Lpndon
when
147.
1.
jjHj-
\
10.
original of our letter
,
,
;
57.
Q q,
j^ A.
17, 20.
numeral, 4.
>
J^
90.
Addendnm, 193.
consonant, 15
57.
^C
,
ii
consonant, 15, 19
6
19_23
ji
j!_,J
147.
°J,
89.
53.
j^, ijj^
u
J
J^
88,
,
23; vowel, J consonant,
o
li
161.
164.
y,.,
ix^ 56.
;^^
dull
,
GUtort
St,
166.
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