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AN ANALYSIS OF WORD FORMATION PROCESSES OF SLANG WORDS IN “THE BEGINNING” ALBUM BY BLACK EYED PEAS Febri Oktavia 1, Yulmiati 2, Melati Theresia 2 1
Mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat 2 Dosen Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat
[email protected] ABSTRAK
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa proses pembentukan katakata gaul yang terdapat dalam lirik lagu pada album The Beginning oleh Black Eyed Peas. Pertanyaan penelitian ini adalah apa kata kata gaul dan proses pembentukan kata gaul yang ditemukan dalam album tersebut. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan diatas, peneliti menggunakan 3 teknik analisis data yaitu codding, categorizing dan explaining. Berdasarkan data, ditemukan ada 61 kata gaul. Untuk menentukan proses pembentukan kata gaul dalam album ini, peneliti menggunakan teori dari O’Grady & Archibald (2016) dan Yule (2006) menurut dua ahli tersebut, ada 16 tipe proses pembentukan kata yaitu derivation, compounding, inflection, clipping, acronyms, blending, conversion, internal change, backformation, onomatopoeia, coinage, suppletion, reduplication, cliticization, borrowing dan multiple processes. Berdasarkan enam belas tipe tersebut, peneliti menemukan ada 7 tipe proses pembentukan kata gaul yaitu 9 kata menggunakan tipe multiple process, 3 kata menggunakan tipe derivation (dalam multiple proses), 44 kata menggunakan tipe clipping, 1 kata menggunakan tipe internal change, 5 kata menggunakan tipe coinage, 1 kata menggunakan tipe borrowing dan 1 kata menggunakan tipe acronym. Berdasarkan 7 tipe diatas, tipe yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah tipe clipping. Kata kunci : Kata Gaul, Proses Pembentukan Kata
INTRODUCTION Communication
an
humans will not able to continue
important thing in human’s life.
their life properly and regularly
Communication is being important
without communication. They use
thing
because
language as the main tool in this
through communication, people can
process of communication. It means
express their ideas and their opinions
that, language is an important thing
about something to another people.
in communication.
Then,
in
human’s
through
is
life
communication
As
people can supply their needs. Thus,
a
medium
for
communication, language has the
1
smallest parts called words. Words
coinage, suppletion, reduplication,
are always evolving day by day
cliticization, borrowing and multiple
because human beings need words as
processes. For example, in daily
a tool for expressing their ideas.
communication, the term BTW and
Words are always evolving with the
OMG is often used. It is formed by
developing of human civilization. A
the process of acronym, in which it is
new word can be borrowed from
actually derived from By The Way
other languages, coined or invented
and Oh My God. Those words are
by known or unknown individual
called slang.
person, or created from existing
Slang is one of language
words. There are some processes in
varieties used by the people. Slang
forming the words. Linguistically,
words are language that is used by
these processes are called word
people in informal situation to make
formation processes.
easy
in
doing
conversation.
Word formation processes are
According to Susanto and Afit
the processes of creating new words
(2010) in Nurhayati (2016:68), Slang
and the new uses of the old words.
can be as informal or nonstandard
According to Plag (2003:9), word
language that is used to communicate
formation
the
by certain community in certain
formation of words. In addition,
situation such as in informal and
Word formation consist of a process
friendly
in create new word where it was a
Akmajian et al (2010:301) state that
result of modification of old word
slang is something that everyone can
(Yendra, 2016:130). According to O’
recognize but no one can define. It is
Grady and Archibald (2016) and
mean that Slang is informal language
Yule (2006), there are 16 basic
that is used in informal situation and
processes to create new words In
only used by certain people in a
creating
social group.
is
new
dealing
words,
with
they
are
derivation, compounding, inflection, clipping,
acronyms,
conversion, backformation,
situation.
In
addition,
Nowadays, slang words are not
blending,
only found in everyday conversation,
change,
but also in movies, novels, comics,
onomatopoeia,
magazines, and lyric of songs. Slang
internal
2
become something inspiration for
in certain situation such as in
musician. The most of musician who
informal and friendly situation. In
write their song use slang word.
addition, the reseracher used oxford
There are many kind of music such
dictionary and the online slang
as: pop, rock, rap, hip hop/ R&B,
dictionary
melodic and jazz. Researcher found
determine slang words.
as
standarization
to
slang words used in lyrics of songs
Meanwhile, to answered the
by Black Eyed Peas in sixth album,
second question, the researcher used
that album is named the beginning
two theories, they are O’Grady and
album.
the
Archibald (2016) and Yule (2006)
researcher will analyze the word
theories. Based on two theories
formation of slang words in lyrics of
above, there are sixteen types of
songs by Black Eyed Peas in the
word formation processes, they are
beginning album.
they are derivation, compounding,
In
this
research,
There are two points of the
inflection,
clipping,
acronyms,
problems. The first, what are the
blending,
conversion,
slang words found in sixth album of
change,
Black Eyed Peas. The second, What
onomatopoeia, coinage, suppletion,
are the word formation processes of
reduplication,
those slang words found in sixth
borrowing and multiple processes.
internal
backformation,
cliticization,
album of Black Eyed Peas. In this case, the researcher finds the slang words
and
explains
the
RESEARCH METHOD
word
This research conducted by
formation processes of those slang
using
descriptive
qualitative
words found in that album.
research. In this research, the writer
To answered the first question
tried to analyze the data and finally
above, the researcher used theory
make a description about the analysis
from
Susanto and Afit (2010) in
of word formation process of slang
Nurhayati (2016:68), they stated that
words found in sixth album of Black
slang
or
Eyed Peas. According to Kothari
nonstandard language that is used to
(2004:37), descriptive research are
communicate by certain community
those studies which are concerned
can
be
as
informal
3
with describing the characteristic of a
According to Moleong (2010:217)
particular individual or a group. In
document is divided into two types,
addition, Nazir (2014:43) states that
they are official documents and
a descriptive research is to describe
personal documents. In addition,
picture or draw the factual
Guba and Lincoln (1981:228) in
and
accurate facts in systematic and have
Moleong
a relationship with inter phenomena
distinguish between document and
that are being observed. It means that
record. Document is any written
the researcher explains the subject of
material or film that is not prepared,
the
should
while record is any written statement
describe anything in the subject
that is prepared for testing purpose.
without left the important point in
In this research, the researcher tried
subject of the research.
to
research
detail
and
The data of this research are
take
(2010:216-217)
the
document
He
from
www.azlyrics.com.
sentences or phrases which contain
The steps of data anlysis in this
slang words in sixth album of Black
research
Eyed Peas. The Black Eyed Peas is
techniques proposed by Seiddel in
an American group, consisting of
Moleong (2010:248), analysis of the
rapper will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo,
data contained of three steps they
and Fergie. This group was founded
are:
in Los Angeles in 1995. It was
explaining
choosen by the researcher because
process of slang words found in sixth
there are many slang words that are
album of Black Eyed Peas. The
found in this album.
explanation of each step can be seen
In this research, the researcher
are
codding, the
taken
from
categorizing word
the
and
formation
as follow:
collects the data from lyric of songs
1. Codding of slang words
by Black Eyed Peas in sixth album,
In this step, the researcher
that album is named the beginning
give a code or mark the words
album.
contain of slang words in the
In collecting the data, the
researcher
documentation
lyrics of song by using a pen in
method, because those lyrics was
order to help the researcher easy
taken
to collect the data.
from
use
www.azlyrics.com.
4
2. Categorizing the types of word
into slang words because those
formation of slang
words not found in oxford dictionary
In this step, the researcher
and it found in the online slang
categorize the types of word
dictionary. In addition, those words
formation of slang In order to
are categorized as slang because they
make the reseacher easy in
are the creativity in creating new
analyzing
the
terms for the existing words, and
researcher is classified the types
they are only used by certain
of word processes in form of a
community. In this research, the
table. The table consist of types
community is Black Eyed Peas.
of word formation, they are;
There are several example of slang
derivation,
words that found in the album, they
clipping,
the
data,
compounding, acronym,
are gimme, till, gonna, gotta, lovin,
backformation,
conversion,
stoppin’, gettin, poppin’, nigga’,
reduplication,
suppletion,
neato, dope, DJ, holla, etc.
internal
blending,
change,
onomatopoeia, cliticization,
coinage,
After
inflection, borrowing,
collecting
the
slang
words in the sixth album of Black
and
Eyed Peas, the researcher analyzed
multiple process.
those slang words based on the types
3. Explaining the word formation
of word formation. The researcher used two theories, they are O’Grady
process of slang In this step, the researcher
and Archibald (2016) and Yule
explain about how slang words
(2006)
theories.
Based on two
found in sixth album of Black
theories above, there are sixteen
Eyed Peas are formed.
types of word formation process, which of each type has its own
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
definition. From sixteen types of After reading the lyric of songs
O’Grady and Archibald (2016) and
in sixth album of Black Eyed Peas,
Yule (2006) theories, the researcher
researcher found 61 data of slang in
found 7 types of words formation
the lyric of songs in the album. From
that forms the slang words in this
sixty one words in the lyric of songs,
album, they are multiple prosess,
the researcher categorize those words 5
derivation (in multiple process),
formation,
clipping, internal change, coinage,
clipping, derivation and
borrowing
blending. This word is
and
acronym.
The
they
are
following is the analysis of each
formed
types of slang word formation:
process of cutting off the
a. Multiple process According
through
the
end of the word give then to
Yule
adding
an
‘m’
infix ‘gim’
(2006:59), multiple processes
become
are the process of creating new
combine with term ‘me’
words through more than one
then produce it into a new
word formation process. He
single term. It can be seen
gives example
as follow:
of multiple
give → gi + m→ gim + me = gimme ↓ ↓ ↓ (clipping) (derivation) (blending)
processes such as the term deli becomes a common American English word which the first process is borrowing from German
then
2) Wanna
language
The word wanna is
then
slang word and it has the
clipping that borrowed form.
meaning want to. This
There are 9 multiple process
word is called multiple
found in forming slang words
process
in sixth album of Black Eyed
combining three types of
Peas. The following is the
word formation, they are
analysis of several word that is
clipping,
formed through this process:
blending. This word is
(delicatessen)
and
1) Gimme
formed
because
coinage
through
it
is
and
the
The word gimme is
process of cutting off the
slang word and it has the
end of the word want then
meaning give me. This
combine with term‘na’,
word is categorized as
then produce it into a new
multiple process because it
single term. The word ‘na’
used three types of word
is categorized as coinage
6
process because it is the
b. Clipping
invention totally new term
O’Grady and Archibald
of the old word ‘to’. It can
(2016:123) state that clipping
be seen as follow:
is
want → wan ↓
formation that shortens a word wanna ↓ (blending)
(clipping) to → na ↓
another
kind
by deleting
one
syllables.
In
of
or
word
more
addition,
according to Yule (2006:55), clipping is the process of
(coinage)
forming new word when a word of more than one syllable
3) Gotta is
is reduced to a shorter form,
slang word and it has the
usually beginning in casual
meaning got to. This word
speech.
Based
is categorized as multiple
above,
clipping
process
is
formation that cutting off the
combining two types of
front or the end of a word.
word formation, they are
There are 44 clipping process
internal
and
found in forming slang words
blending. This word is
in sixth album of Black Eyed
formed
the
Peas. The following is the
process of change off the
analysis of several word that is
end of the word to with ‘a’
formed through this process:
The
word
gotta
because
it
change
through
on
theories is
word
1) Gettin’
then combine word ‘got’ at the beginning of term ‘ta’,
The word gettin is
then produce it into a new
slang word and it has the
single term. It can be seen
meaning
as follow:
word
got
because
to → a → ta ↓ (internal change)
getting. called it
This
clipping was
is
shortening from originally
gotta ↓
word getting, but this word just cutting from spelling
(blending) 7
‘g’. It can be seen as
grammatical contrast. There
follow:
are 1 internal change process
getting→gettin+(‘) = gettin’
found in forming slang words
2) Havin’
in sixth album of Black Eyed
The word havin’ is
Peas, that is term nigga’. The
slang word and it has the
following is the analysis of
meaning
word nigga’ that is formed
word
having. used
This
clipping
through this process: The word nigga’ is slang
process because this word is
shortening
from
word and it has the meaning
originally word having,
nigger. It is categorized as
but this word just cutting
internal change because this
from spelling ‘g’. It can be
word
seen as follow:
originally word nigger. This
is
substituted
from
having→ havin+ (‘) = havin’
word is formed through the
3) Messin’
process of change the term ‘er’
The word messin’ is
at the end of the word nigger
slang word and it has the
with vowel ‘a’. It can be seen
meaning messing. It is
as follow:
Called clipping because
nigger→ nigga + (‘) = nigga’
this word is shortening from
originally
a
word
↓ (internal change)
messing, but this word just cutting from spelling ‘g’.
d. Coinage According to O’Grady and
It can be seen as follow: messing→ messin+ (‘) = messin’
Archibald (2016:119), coinage
c. Internal change
is a process of creating a new
According to O’Grady and
word from scratch. In addition
Archibald (2016: 119), internal
by Yule (2006:53) states that
change
that
coinage is one of the least
substitutes one non-morphemic
common processes of word
segment for another to mark a
formation in English that is the
is
a
process
8
invention of totally new terms,
existing
which can possibly come from
excellent. The slang dope
the old to the new uses. From
is used to replace the term
theories above, coinage is the
excellent.
processes of word formation by
3) Honey
coining from existing thing to
The
word
word
that
honey
is
is
represent a new invention or
slang word and it has the
development.
meaning
coinage
There
process
are
found
5
dear.
Called
in
coinage because this word
forming slang words in sixth
the invention totally new
album of Black Eyed Peas. The
term or word for existing
following is the analysis of
word that is dear. The
several word that is formed
slang honey is used to
through this process:
replace the term dear.
1) Neato
e. Borrowing
The word neato is slang word
and
the
borrowing is one of the word
meaning excellent. It is
formation processes to create e
categorized
coinage
new word by taking them from
this word the
other languages. It is one of the
invention totally new term
most common sources of new
or word for existing word
words in English. There is 1
that is excellent. The slang
borrowing process found in
neato is used to replace the
forming slang words in sixth
term excellent.
album of Black Eyed Peas, that
because
it
as
has
Based on Yule (2006:55),
2) Dope
is term holla. The following is
The word dope is slang word
and
it
has
the analysis of word holla that
the
is formed through this process:
meaning excellent. It is
The word holla is slang
called coinage because this
word and it has the meaning
word the invention totally
hello. It is categorized as
new term or word for
borrowing process because this
9
word
is
usually
by
is formed by taking initial
Hawaiian people. It is mean
leters of D from disk word and
that, the term holla is addopted
J from jockey in phrase disk
from
language,
jockey and reading them as a
which meaning in English
new word. It is called acronym
hello.
because this word is formed
f. Acronym
from the initial letters of a set
Hawaiian
used
O’Grady and Archibald
of other words. it can be seen
(2016:126) state that acronyms
as follow:
are
Disk → D
other
kinds
of
word
DJ → (acronym)
formation processes formed by Jockey → J
taking the initial letters of some or all of the words in a
CONCLUSION
phrase or litle and reading them as a word. In addition, Yule
(2006:57)
acronyms
are
states new
Communication
that
is
an
important thing in human’s life.
words
Communication is being important
formed from the initial letters
thing
of a set of other words. From
in
human’s
life
because
through communication, people can
theories above, acronym is a
express their ideas and their opinions
word formation process by
about something to another people.
taking the initial letters of all of
Then,
words. There is 1 acronym
through
communication
people can supply their needs. Slang
process found in forming slang
is non-standard use of language
words in sixth album of Black
which usually created by teenagers
Eyed Peas, that is term DJ. The
then the usage of them spreading
following is the analysis of
through many media. Slang it self
word DJ that is formed through
sometimes is too difficult to be
this process:
understood and do not know how the
The word DJ is slang word
slang words is formed. Therefore, the
and it is consists from the
new words or slang are created in
phrase Disk Jockey. This term
10
some
processes
called
word
derivation (in multiple process),
formation process.
clipping, internal change, coinage,
Nowadays, slang words are not
borrowing and acronym. The type of
only found in everyday conversation,
word formation processes which was
but also in movies, novels, comics,
mostly used the album is clipping
magazines, and lyric of songs. Slang
process such as gettin’, havin’, lovin,
become something inspiration for
screamin’ and so on.
musician. The most of musician who ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
write their song use slang word. Researcher found slang words used
To complete this thesis the
in lyrics of songs by Black Eyed
researcher has obtained a plentiful
Peas in sixth album, that album is
guidence, help, suggestions, and
named the beginning album. Then,
constructive
critics
the
people.
this
researcher
is
curious
to
In
from
many
ocassion,
the
investigate slang words as found in
researcher expresses special thaks
sixth album of Black Eyed Peas and
and appreciation from the deepest
how they are formed.
heart to her advisors Yulmiati, S.S.,
In conducting this research, the researcher
used
O’Grady
M.Pd and Melati Theresia, S.S.,
and
M.Hum, who have shared their
Archibald (2016) and Yule (2006)
valuable
theories about word formation in
guidance with all their patience and
determining the
wisdom in completing this thesis.
word
formation
time,
knowledge,
and
processes in sixth album of Black REFERENCES
Eyed Peas. After collecting the slang words in the album and analyzing
Akmajian, et al. 2010. Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. London. Cambridge Massachusets.
those slang words based on the types of word formation process, the researcher found 61 data of slang
Kothari, C.R. 2004. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Delhi. New Age International Publishers.
that is found in this album, which is there are 7 types of words formation that forms the slang words in this
Lyrics
album, they are multiple process,
11
of song took from www.aclyrics.com retrieved
on Saturday, 29 July, 2017 at 06.23 am Nazir,
Moh. 2014. Metode Penelitian. Bogor. Ghalia Indonesia
Nurhayati, Dwi Astuti Wahyu. 2016. Word Formation Processes and a Technique in Understanding Waria Slang Tulungagung. EFL Journal/ ISSN: 2502- 6054, Vol 1 No. 1. Institut Agama Islam Negeri Tulungagung. O’Grady, William and Archibald, John. 2016. Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: An Introduction. Canada. Pearson. The
Online Slang Dictionary, onlineslangdictionary.com retrieved on Wednesday, 2 August, 2017 at 08.45 am.
Yendra. 2016. Mengenal Ilmu Bahasa (Linguistik). Yogyakarta. Deepublish Publisher. Yule, George. 2006. The Study of Language. New York. Cambridge University Press.
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