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Lao-English Pages [1717]
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AL 001 537
An Intermediate-Advanced Level Laotian Refresher Course. English Language Services, Inc., Washington, D.C. Spons Agency-Defense Language Institute, Washington, D.C.
Pub Date 61 Note-1,717p.: 8vols. EDRS Price MF-$6.25 HC-$85:95 Descriptors- Advanced Programs, Audiolingual Skills, Cultural Context, *Instructional Materials, *Language Instruction, Lao, Military Training, Phonology, Refresher Courses, Romanization, Writing Identifiers- *Laotian
These instructional materials have been prepared for students who have completed an introductory college-level Laotian course of one year or more or have had an "intensive" course of several months. The "Refresher" materials contained in Book I are intended to prepare the student for the intermediate-advanced materials in Books II and III. Each of these two-part volumes is designed to be used in an aural-oral approach. Book IV, also in two parts, contains a specialized military corpus. Linguistically oriented, the material presented in Book I (Part One), which deals with the sound system and phonology drills, appears in phonemic transcription as well as in Lao script. Other materials are presented in Lao script only. (AMM)
AN INTERMEDiATE-ADVANCED LEV EL
LAOTIAN C\i
REFRESHER COURSE
Book I PART ONE
1
with Pre-Recorded Tapes 1-15 U.S. .1)EPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCAIION
,THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIWATING IT.
POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS
STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REP'RESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION
1POSITION OR POLICY.
AL 001
537
AN INTERMEDIATEADVANCED LEVEL
LAOTIAN REFRESHER COURSE
Book
PART ONE
1
with Pre-Recorded Tapes 1 - 15
English Language Services, Inc. 919 Eighteenth Street, N.W. Washington 6, D.C. -,
AL 001 537
-41+
Copyright, 1961, by English Language Services, Inc.
"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL
BY
HAS BEEN GRANTED
hfayti-
v
TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPERATING WITH THE U.S. OFFICE OF UNDER AGREEMENTS
EDUCATION. FURTHER
REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE
OF THE ERIC SYSTEM REOUIRES PERMISSION
THE COPYRIGHT OWNER."
The Publisher has granted permission to the United States Army for the reproduction and use of these text materials and pre-recorded tapes at United States Army installations.
P
have been prepared
All pre-recorded tapes of this course recorders, so for use on dual-track language-instruction tape where required. that the student can record his voice on tape
also be used However, these instructional materials may with single-track tape recorders or on unmodified dual-track student can tape recorders almost as effectively, in that the always repeat, if not actually record, where required.
)
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,^*
PREFACE Book I of "An Intermediate-Advanced Level Lao Refresher Course" consists of 30 lessons in the text material and 30 pre-recorded tapes of approximately twenty minutes duration to accompany the text. These 30 lessons and tapes are further divided into a total of 9 units containing 3 lessons and tapes per unit. The exception is Unit 1, "Sound System and Phonology Drills," which is comprised of 6 lessons and tapes. A typical lesson of Unit 1 is made up of the following instructional materials:
)
I. Phonology Drills II. Summary Text OIN
The Phonolo3y Drills present the sounds of Laotian in pyramidally built up exercises in Lao script, in phonetic transcription, as well as with contextual English translations. As this is merely an exercise in practicing the sounds of Lao in all their possible phonetic environments, the meanings of individual words and phrases may appear out of context. The second part of each lesson in Unit 1, the "Summary Text," presents all the basic utterances heard in the preceding Phonology Drills . The remaining 8 units of the Book contain three lessons each which are subdivided as follows, using Unit 2 as example [bracketed numbers indicate those lessons throughout the Book that correspond to the sample lesson]: Lesson 7:
DO, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25,
I. Narrative II. Memorization Drill III. Questions and Answers i
v
281
Lesson 8:
[11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29]
I. Dialog for Listening Dialog for Fluency III. Dialog for Listening (again) IV. Dialog for Participation 11.
V. Substitution Drills Lesson 9.
[12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30]
Grammar Notes and Drills
You.will find detailed instructions f-- "'ese exercises at the beginning of.each of the lessons in LI
English equivalents are provided in the text for all Lao materials throughout the Book. These are not necessarily literal translations in every instance, but, in the case of dialogs and narratives, are contextual equivalents.
The Grammar .Notes and Drills do not attempt to present all of Lao grammar. Rather, they have been selected with an eye to the recurrent problems of intermediate-advanced level students. The drills are provided to give you the opportunity to practice the somewhat complex forms that cause difficulty for learners of Laotian at all levels.
The teaching techniques used on tape are the result of the application of modern linguistic theory to larguage !learning. The dialogs and drills have been designed to give the stu dent maximum utilization of the materials provided. The student participates in using these materials in various ways, until he gains active control over the forms presented. Organization of the Course as a Whole
Book I with its accompanying tapes is the first Book of a Laotian course consisting of four Books and 140 pre-recorded vi
tapes. These instructional materials have been prepared for successfully completed those language students who have either Laotian course of one year or an introductory college-level of several months. more or have had an "intensive" course Mastery of the "Refresher" materials contained on the 30 tapes of Book I prepares the student for the intermediateadvanced materials on the tapes of Books II and III. Each of those Books is accompanied by 30 pre-recorded tapes. Book IV with its 50 pre-recorded tapes contains a specialized military corpus and completes the series. Tests detailed on tape are to be found throughout the course. More
descriptions of Books II, Ill, and IV will be found in the Prefaces of those three volumes. Acknowledgments
Rev. G. Edward Roffe, of the Laos Mission of the ChrisLaos, author of the tian and Missionary Alliance at Vientiane, American Council of Learned Societies "Spoken Lao", and Laos, served jointly as Mr. Samboun Somphan of Vientiane, Project Heads of the course. Rev. Roffe created the Laotian Sound System with the accompanying Phonology Drills as well throughout Book I. In his as the remaining drills appearing capacity as Project Head for Book I, Rev. Roffe also prepared all grammar notes and their accompanying drills. Mr. Somphan created the narrative and dialog selections in of Book I, and is also responsible for the materials appearing Books II, III, and IV. In addition, in his capacity as Project Head, Mr. Somphan supervised the work of the native Laotian speakers throughout the course. Alfred R. Lueders served as Chief of Composition for
Book I. of The following persons participated in the preparation Book I:
Wil van Oostwaard Simone D. Whittemore Helga L. Wood
Bampen Chitpanya
Elise 'N. Hamilton Pedro Morata
K.V. Sibsithi vii
!
All pre-recorded tapes were prepared in the studios of English Language Services, Inc., by Frank Scholten, assisted by Paul Lohr.
4
,Ou
H. JEFFREY BINDA, Director Foreign Languages Division
English Language Services, Inc.
919 Eighteenth Street, N.W. Washington 6, D.C. June, 1962
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
#
Page
Tape
No.
No.
1
Unit 1:
SanciSistem and Phonology Drills
Lessol 1:
Aspirated and Un-Aspirated Consonants
I. Phonology Drills II. Summary Text Lesson 2:
2
14
25
Voiced and Voiceless Consonants; Nasals
I. Phonology Drills II. Summary Text
)
3
Lesson 3:
Lesson 4:
46
Vowels
47 63 75
Vowel Clusters 77
I. Phonology Drills U. Summary Text 5
Lesson 5:
I.
27 37
I. Phonology Drills II. Summary Text 4
1
Tone
85
Non-Contrasting Pitch
Phonology Dri I Is
87 97
IL Summary Text
1
ix
Tone
Lesson 6:
6
99
I. Phonology DriHs II. Summary Text
111 .t.,
History of Laos
Unit II:
115
Lesson 7:
7
I. Narrative II. Memorization Drill
III.
Questions and Answers
IV. Dialog for Participation V. Substitution Drills
140
139
145
Festival 161
161
I. Narrative II. Memorization Drill Questions and Answers
165 169 175
Lesson 11:
I. Dialog for Listening
175
II. Dialog for Fluency III. Dialog for Listening
181
IV. Dialog for Participation V. Substitution Drills
181
,
L.
153
Lesson 10:
III.
139
153
Unit III:
11
125
133
Grammar Notes
10
117
I. Dialog for Listening II. Dialog for Fluency III. Dialog for Listening
Lesson 9:
9
115
133
Lesson 8:
8
4
Contrasting Pitch
181
189
4
t
x
t _
12
195
Lesson 12:
195
Grammar Notes .4,
Unit IV: 13
%Buddhism
207
Lesson 13:
I. Narrative II. Memorization Drill III. Questio.is and Answers 14
,
223
Lesson 14:
I. Dialog for Listening II. Dialog for Fluency III. Dialog for Listening IV. Dialog for Participation V. Substitution Drills
>
15
207 209 215
223 228. 228 228 235 241
Lesson 15:
Grammar Notes
241
IN
A
xi
.Beattot >
&and Sokot aid Plionalo9
.14i114
Of the myriad sounds which the human vocal organs are capable of producing, Lao, in common with all other known languages, uses a very limited number. There are 29 basic consonant and vowel soundswith some variation in vowel sounds, particularly, due to their phonetic environment and a group of sound clusters involving either vowels or vowels and semivowels. In addition, vowel length is an important element of the Lao sound system, since all the vowels exist in both long and short forms. Pitch is a further significant aspect of Lao, with six possible tone variations. While a few of the sounds of Lao are non-existent in the sound system commonly used by the majority of speakers of English, most of the latter will encounter little difficulty in reproducing the bulk of them. A considerable amount of the difficulty that will inevitably arise will be due to the distribution of those sounds, since the combinations in which they occur will often present problems by virtue of their difference from the combinations that occur in English. 0.
1.
Consonants
There are 20 consonant sounds in Lao. They will be described in terms of (a) manner of production, of which there are six: laterals stops semivowels nasals trills spirants 3
Tape 1
Lesson 1
and (b) point of articulation, of which there are six: palatal bilabial velar labiodental glottal alveolar In addition, two other features of the consonant sounds must.be mentioned in their description: voic-
40
ing and aspiration. These terms will be explained and their meaning made clear in the paragraphs that follow. 1 .1
Stops
The stcps are so called because the flow of air is "stopped" completely when contact is made between various parts of the vocal organism at any one of several points of articUation, thus effectively cutting off the stream of air and producing the particular sound which is characteristic for that point. Lao has three series of stops: voiceless aspirated* voiceless unaspirated voiced Voiceless Aspirated Stops
Here, then, are the voiceless aspirated stops, already familiar to speakers of English, who will find little or no difficulty in approximating them as they appear in Lao, They are produced at three points of articulation: *In voiceless sounds the vocal cords do not vibrate, while in voiced sounds they do (cf. Eng. E., b). Aspirated sounds are those followed by a puff of air as an integral part of the complete sound (Eng. 4.2a'), while in unaspirated sounds the puff is absent (Eng. `sEa'). 4
4
Tape 1
Lesson 1
bilabial
voiceless aspirated
alveolar
velar
/th/
/kh/
iph/
Examples:
'table (Lao style)' `to spread (as paint)' 'pillory (for the head); to get caught, be immobilized' (Note: In the transcription, which will be indicated herein by the use of slant lines, / /, the double vowel will indicate a long vowel.)
/phaa/ /thaa/ /khaa/
1 .1 .2
Voiceless Unaspirated Stops
This series has five points of articulation:
bilabial alveolar palatal velar glottal /')/ /k/ /d/ it/ /p/ Examples:
/paa/ /taa/ /caa/ /9aa/
'fish' 'eye' `to speak'
`father's younger sister'
The average speaker of English will have some difficulty producing these unaspirated sounds, since they occur in English without his being aware of it. It is important to realize that only three of this second series (the bilabial, alveolar, and velar) find their counterparts in the aspirated series (§l.l.l) already introduced. The voiceless aspirated stops are generally found in English in word-initial position, as, for ex5
Tape 1
Lesson 1
ample, in "pore', 'tore', and 'core'. When these are found in other positions in the word, they often lose the aspiration that accompanies them in word-initial position. With many speakers of English, and particularly when these stops are in word-final position, they become what are called unreleased stops. For example, the in 'coop', the t in 'boot', and the k in 'look' are unreleased, the speech organs remaining in position so that no sound follows the sudden cutting off of the flow of air. In this position, these unreleased sounds are very much alike, and only very close attention will make it possible to distingui.sh between them.
In medial position, as in the second 2. of 'paper', the t of `suiter', and the k of 'broker', the aspiration is largely, if not altogether, suppressed in ordinary speech. And when the stop follows the sound. /s/ in English, especially in a true cluster, the aspiration is always suppressed. Comparison of the following pairs will immediately reveal the presence and absence of aspiration:
pore / spore par / spar
tore / store
tar / star
core / score car / scar
However, since this happens automatically in English, and since no distinctions in meaning are based on the presence or absence of aspiration, English speakers are for the most part totally unaware of the phenomenon. In Lao, on the other hand, this feature is of the utmost significance, since the semantic value of the word is completely changed thereby. This will be recognized by examining the following contrasting minimal pairs: /phaa/ /paa/ 'table' 'fish' /thaa/ /taa/ `to spread' 'eye' 6
Tope 1
Lesson 1
'to stick' 'crow' /khaa/ /kaa/ In English, the sound of the initial consonant in 'church' occurs both aspirated and unaspirated, the aspiration being automatically determined, as explained above. In Lao, the aspirated palatal stop does not occur. English speakers must therefore be careful not to pronounce Lao /c/ the way they do the initial ch in `church'; a closer approximation to the
Lao sound (though not initial) will be found in the middle of the words 'picture' and 'posture'. Since the glottal stop is not a significant sound
in English (i.e., its presence or absence in an utterance does not affect meaning), the average speaker of English is unaware of it in his speech. It is the sharp attack-sound usually found at the beginning of all words in English that seemingly begin with vowels and are so written: 'apple', `otherwise,' etc. It can be clearly heard in the slang exclamation of dismay or dread: `uh-ohl', and also in the expression 'at all' when the latter is said emphatically with a "break" between the two words. In Lao, all words that seem (to an English speaker) to begin with a vowel sound ar-tually begin with the glottal stop, and are so written. Of greater importance, however, is the fact that this sound can also occur in Lao in word-final position.
Examples:
/caa/ /?aa/ /pa?/ 1 .1 .3
'to speak' `father's younger sister' 4 to abandon'
Voiced Unaspirated Stops
This series of stops is limited in Lao to /13/ and /d/, pronounced, respectively, in the bilabial 7
Tape 1
Lesson 1
and alveolar points of articulation. There is a lack of symmetry here in the Lao sound system, in that there is no voiced stop corresponding to the voiceless velar stops /k/ and /kh/ (like in English 'get?). The sounds /b/ and /d/ should present no difficulty, since they are quite similar to English sounds. Examples are given below.
/baa/ /daa/ 1.2
'title for a young man' 'to prepare, plan, determine'
Nasals
There is a comparatively full series of nasal consonants in Lao. They are four in number and are produced at the following points of articulation: bilabial alveolar palatal velar /n/ /m/ /D/ /11/ The sounds /m/ and In/ will present no difficulty to the English speaker, since they are like the rn in 'may' and the n in 'no'. Likewise, palatal /A/ and velar /D/ should not be too difficult for English speakers: /A/ is like the underlined parts of 'canyon', 'onion', 'minion', as well as Spanish 11_in `caAcin' and _ _ French and Italian gn in 'agneau', 'gnocchi', etc.; /0, spelled LIE in English, occurs abundantly in the suffix `-ing' and in such words as 'sing', 'long', etc. The difficulty in the case of /A/ and 4/ for English speakers is that they are not accustomed to saying these sounds at the beginning of words, as happens in Lao. Further remarks on this point will be found in §32, where the distribution of consonants in L to is discussed.
A
MI
it
A
8
Lesson
t
Tape 1 1
Examples: s
/maa/ /naa/ /riaa/ /oaa/ 1 .3
'to come' '(flooded) ricefield' (a certain form of address) 'tusk, sesame'
Spirants
The spirant consonants, sometimes called fricatives, since they are produced when partial obstruction of the air stream causes friction, are represented in Lao by three sounds. They arc all voiceless and are produced at the following three points of articulation: glottal alveolar labiodental /h/ /s/ /1/ They do not require special comment, since they are almost identical with their English counterparts.
i
Examples,:
/faa/ /saa/ /haa/ 1 .4
'(a type of Lao) blanket' 'tea (plant); rough, hard' `noisy (as of many people laughing)'
Lateral
Lao has a single lateral /1/. This is a voiced consonant and is produced at the alveolar point of articulation. It is quite similar to English 1 as in
.
'lock', 'doll'. Examples:
I
/laa/ /laaw/ /law/
'to take leave' 'Lao' 'he, him' 9
Tape 1
Lesson 1 1 .5
.
Semivowels
There are two semivowels in Lao, /w/ (bilabial) and /y/ (palatal). The /w/ requires special comment, for which see below; the /y/ is quite similar to Eng-
lish/ in 'year', 'yard'. Examples:
/waa/
/yaa/
`to stretch the arms out full length to the sides; a fathom' 'medicine; tobacco (plant)'
A special remark on the Laa /w/ is required. Lao does not have a voiced labiodental (v) regularly, bui- it is found occasionally as an alternate of the labial
A
sem:_vowel /w/.
Lao /w/ is realized in two different ways. (1)Most of the time it is a sound that is made by placing the upper teeth against the lower lip and then pronouncing a labial [w] sound. This gives a predominantly [w]-like quality to the sound, but there is also present an initial labiodental, [v]. We might symbolize it phonetically as [ w]. This [v] is of varying intensity, but is always present to some degree. (2)- On the other extreme, in some utterances, especially in word-initial or syllable-initial position, Lao /w/ becomes an unmistakable labiodental [v], with no suggestion whatever of the [w] element. In other words, the [v] element of the sound varies from a barely perceptible labiodental preceding a semivowel [w] to the totality of the sound, while the [w] element varies from the predominant element in a [vw] combination to zero. The following words, for example, are almost invariably said with the [v]: /wiaDcan/[viaDcan]'Vientiane', and /siiwit/ [siivit] 'life'. This phenomenon is entirely unpredict10
.
Tape 1
Lesson 1
able, and any complete lexicon would have to indicate which words are known to be pronounced [vvi] and which [v]. It is noteworthy that the standard or-thography makes no distinction, using the same character for both. (In standard Thai, a language closely related to Lai, the [v] seems to be entirely absent, only the labial [w] being found.) 1.6
Trills
Although, strictly speaking, the palatal trill sound r does not belong to Lao phonology, official recognition has bee:a given to a symbol for this sound (5 ) in the writing system of the language. This has been done to provide for the transcription into Lao of foreign words in which this sound occurs. Examples: /ameerikaa/
'America', /paarii/ 'Paris', as well as quite a few Thai loan words. We shall symbolize this phenomenon as /r/, but it must be pointed out that this phoneme (if it is such) is generally realized as /1/, /h/, or /n/ the latter always being used in syllable-final position, unless the /r/ is dropped altogether in favor of an open syllable. Examples: /rTa/ (Thai)
'boat, embarcation' [hak] 'to love' /rak/ (Thai) /oprom/ (Thai) [oplorn]'teach, train' /dollar/ (French)[donlaa] 'dollar' /raksaa/(Thai) [haksaa] or [laksaa]'take care of'
1.7
[hTa]
Palatalization
Palatalization is the lir_guistic process whereby sounds once produced in areas toward the back of the mouth are transferred to a forward position, especially the palatal area. 11
Tape 1
Lesson 1
This phenomenon, common to languages everywhere, is also present in Lao. The evidence points to the existence of words otherwise identical in structure and meaning, but differing in the point of articulation where one of their consonant sounds is produced. The widespread use of the form of the word with the sound produced far forward in the mouth, in contrast to the limited use of the word with the sound produced in the back of the mouth, would indicate that the process of palatalization has been under way for a long period of time.
Examples: Widely Used
Less Used
/era/ 'paper' /cep/ 'to hurt'
/kra/ or /khra/ /kep/
/si9/ or /ci9/
(future indicator) 1.8
Consonant Chart
The complete list of Lao consonants as described in the preceding pages is here presented in the form of a chart in which are indicated manner of production and point of articulation of each sound, as well as its relation to each of the other sounds:
12
Manner of Production
Voiced
ph
c
D
k
kh
n
r
h
P
Alv. Pal . Vel .Glot.
th
d
t b
n
1
m
f
Point of BiLab. Articulation Lab. Dent. Voiceless As sirated
Voiceless
NASALS
Voiceless
STOPS
Unaspirated
Voiced
SPIRANTS
Voiced
Unaspirated
LATPRALS
Voiced
SEMI-VOWELS Voiced TRILL
Tape
Lesson 1
I.
P40,101091.2)4i1is
the The Phonology Drills depend for their validity on basic principles of repetition and cumulative effect. In each drill you will find a significant monosyllable at the apex of
build-up of
the pyramid. Descending line by line, there is a non-contras-ing phonosignificant morphemes of contrasting or far as possible, a logical elements. Each line constitutes, as significant utterance in itself. Attention has been given to those phonological elements which represent difficulties in the consonants, vowels, pitch reproduction of the Lao sound system as outlined in the phonological description. the voice of the In each Phonology Drill you will hear You will Lao native speaker uttering one line of the pyramid. speaker in the pause prorepeat this utterc3nce after the native each line after the vided for this purpose, continuing to repeat native speaker until you have reached the last line of the pyramid.
The Summary Texts are an assembling of the full utterances reading. The native of each drill in connected presentation as a Text without a pause; speaker will first say the entire Summary
drills.
this has been done to recall to your mind all the preceding speaker says one complete utterIn the second reading the native will repeat the ance; this is followed by a pause in which you heard. You will then hear the sentence or phrase you have lust followed by a pause where you will, next utterance which is again after the native speaker, and so on, to the
in turn, again repeat end of the exercise.
Drills, To further assist you in learning these Phonology pyramids in phoeach Lao pyramid is accompanied by similar will netic transcription and in English. These three pyramids where the usually appear on the same page; however, in cases both of the acLao version is too long to permit this, one or 14
.
Tape 1
Lesson 1
companying versions will appear on the opposite page. Where possible, all three versions of the Summary Text will also appear on the same page. The phonetic and English vetsions are provided merely as an aid to pronunciation and comprehension and do not appear on tape. Consonants
Aspirated and Unaspirated
A.
41
d
a td
phii pha9 phii phae) phii phOot pha. pen phii phOot phaphilkhio phii phOot phaphikkhio pen phii phOot
fat
fat priest too-fat priest priest is too fat fat priest(s) priests are too fat
4
15
-
Tape 1
Lesson 1
. 1d
6
C met d
6
c taw il d J 6
C taw 1 tifi d
6
J
2-
c tau nul dtm ,
1.
ti 1 C MilOst diAJIJ
,
,
paj
phn paj ph5n phaa paj ph5n phaa ph3o paj ph5n phaa ph3o paj phfin pg.aph5n phaa phiki paj phim go
he went he led away
he led father away he led father away yonder whorn did he lead away yonder?
e
Tape 1
Lesson 1
d cet d /v
tei 1'1
S
d
riu'UJivi'UJ LI
1
thi'UJci'Lthizi'td
Taj phuu paj phlru paj koo paj
phub5pajkob5paj
phuu paj koo paj phil bTo paj koo 135-o paj go who goes who goes goes who doesn't go doesn't go
who goes goes who doesn't go doesn't go
17
Tape 1
Lesson 1
B.
Ul
-
(1
C MCI
t
Ural CUM t
/11111
. 0
C MOM190
4
t
.0
Wal C MO C M9/11190 t
' 1 .0 WM C MO= C M9M190 t
b
1 4
. 0
M111 00 C MO(C1 CM9M190
theet th1n* theet than theet tham 93.t thin theet thTa tham 9it than theet tre till:a tham ')Tt than tg.ng theet trE thr:a tham 9Tt
preach you preach you preached (at) first (when) you preached the first time you preached from the very first you began to preach from the very first
18
Tape 1
Lesson
nn nnni memo')
Mono:atm L
knemihnnn:acm
tiaD
tiaij tEm tam tiaj ta-rn tam tiin tiaD ram
tam tiin tiaij trm te thTt taa tam tiin tiaij fam tie
bed low bed
bump the low bed bump the feet of a low bed bump the feet of a very low bed Thit Taa bumped the feet of a very low bed
19
1
Tape 1
Lesson 1
r
14111J
i
umo'diu
niunfoirip b
Clciiiitnelirai
bi
rinclanniiiV134111D Lo
2-
j
I
Hinicionancieunioib
,
tham thaaD tharn taam thaa. j tham
tj taam thaaxj tham tg.D So fa taam thaa. xj tham thlaw tg.D t53 tre taam thaap tham
dharma (Buddhist law) the way of the dharma follow the way of the dharma begin to follow the way of the dharma begin from then to follow the way of the dharma Thaaw began from then to follow the way of the dharma
20
Tape 1
Lesson 1
C. 2 dn.
2C 21 611J2° CeZ1
C 11 1F11.12C 21
k
r.
C111F111112C 21
0
c311Aun2c 21111J 0 0 k :---,
0
non C 111F11111M11.3 2'1 t 110 1 C
8 MARRIAGE FIRST PART
I. j4ei409ation 04 2/41eauty See instructions for this section in Lesson 1, page 3. 11..
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ing.nylupttnncq1Fira cupnemuln. 29VSqn ii L. I 2. I so b " or SO
1J1%6
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Tape 35
Lesson 18 A:
But according to the civil calendar?
B:
Well, that would be, say around the middle of May, 1951.
A:
And that was a religious marriage?
B:
Of course.
A:
What is your wife's maiden name in full?
B:
Ma lie, the daughter of Khamphoo Kingkeo.
A:
When and where was she born?
B: A:
B:
She was born in the Old City of Pakse, in '31, I think. You don't knoW any more exact date?
That's the thing, she also always gives me trouble because I don't remember her birthday.
A:
What sort of education does she have?
B:
She finished elementary school. I think it was the Girls' School in Pakse.
A:
On what dates? 298
Tape 35
Lesson 18 71.
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Tape 35
A:
From about the age of six to the age of thirteen. Figure it out. That comes out from about 1937 to 1944. Right?
B:
Something like that.
A:
Fine. That'll do for today. We'll go on next time.
B:
a
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Reconnaissance 1.
time of capture 300
Tape 35
Lesson 18
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page 11. nnuan.nnrcou
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301
Tape 35
Lesson 18
2.
What was your mission at the time of capture? to reconnoiter
I was reconnoitering the roads to see if they were OK for tanks. 3.
concrete bridge In what condition was that concrete bridge"
4.
n
side-by-side
Fine. Two tanks went across side-by-side. 1,
5.
military activ:ty What other military activities did you notice?
6.
ford
7.
We were trying to find a ford suitable fo,r tanks. to accomplish a mission
Was your mission accomplished? 8.
to be taken prisoner No, I was taken prisoner.
9.
"to knock out° 302
,
Tape 35
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Tape 35
Lesson 18
10.
We "knocked out" the concrete bridge, didn't we? wooden bridge
.
Yes, but we used the wooden bridge. 11.
sin le-track railroad brid e D'idn't you also use a single-track railroad bridge?
12.
to hold
No, because it only held one tank at 'a time. *
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304 __
Tape36
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VI. Adeviortation. 104 Pa4licipalion
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Tape 36
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See instructions for this section in Lesson 1, page 21.
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Tape 36
Lesson 18 VIII.
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Tape 36
Lesson 18
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A:
Tell me, please, was your wife ever a member of any organization? e.
B:
As far as I know, no.
A:
No movement, no party?
B:
Nothing.
A:
Was your wife ever married before she married you?
B:
What sort of questions are you asking me?
A:
Answer the question, if you don't mind.
B:
No, she wasn't.
A:
Do you have any children? 312
.
.eed400f 19 MARRIAGE SECOND PART
I. 50stevio9ation 104 .24steNing. See instructi.ons for this section in Lesson 1, page 3. t f v k 0 V 31 r,suica1eti1129t1C CO 0 1C1JVCq1CPr.gthiNtli'l , 0 1,1,
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Tape 37
Lesson 19
B:
I do.
A:
Can you give me their names and birth dates?
The oldest is Phayot. He was born on the eve of the Buddhist New Year, 2459. That would be in the fall of 1952. But don't ask me the exact date according to the civil calendar. You can check it easily.
B:
A:
Where was he born?
B:
In Pakse.
A:
Yes.
B:
Then you have Yeunyong. He was born on May 1st, 1954. That I know, becauSe that's tilt- workers' holiday among us.
A:
Any more?
B:
There's just the little one; her ilame is Rusmie, and she was born on September 21, 1957. a.
A:
The last two were also born in Pakse, I suppose? 314
Tape 37
Lesson 19
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Tape 37
Lesson 19 B:
Yes.
A:
Were you ever separated from you wife for any length of time? Once she went to her sister's for a week. Her sister was very sick.
B:
A:
And your wife lives with you, of course?
B:
Where else should she live?
A.
Good, good. I have no more questions as regards your marriage.
316
Tape 37
Lesson 19
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See instructions for this section in Lesson 1, page 9.
Ademortation
seuleosi#19.
See instructions for this section in Lesson 1, page 9. 317
Tape 37
Lesson 19
The Rifleman identity book
1.
Since you lost your identitybook, we -Naust ask you some questions about yourself.
serial number
2.
I'm a private first class. My serial number ow'
is 37 042 814.
full strength
3.
What's the full strength of your squad?
to guarantee rights
4.
Before I answer, will you guarantee me my
rights as a prisoner? 5.
prisoner of war
6.
As a prisoner of war, you have certain rights. recoilless rifle
A
318
Tape 37
Iv. Afdd&tq Twintiaohirfit See instructions for this section in Lesson 1, page 11. intrinalakmno
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Lesson 19
Tape 37
You asked me in the beginning about our
recoilless rifles? 7.
back-blast Yes, you mentioned you were hurt by the back-blast of a bazooka.
8.
morale
Not seriously. My morale is still good. 9.
front lines How were conditions in the front lines?
10.
hot meal
Fine. We were still letting hot meals in the front lines. 11.
frontage How much frontage did your company have?
12.
meter I'd say about 350 meters. 320
_122e 37
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Lesson 19
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Tape 40
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Lesson 20
2.
Tape 40 96C19t1,1r110.2tIsitl.
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345
A:
Do you believe the Phathet Lao propaganda?
B:
What do you mean?
A:
For instance, do you believe that every Phathet Lao is obliged and entitled to immigrate to the Kingdom of Laos?
B:
That's a hard question. I'd put it this way: obliged - no; entitled to it - yes.
A:
Do you believe that the Kingdom of Laos has the
right to hold on to all the territories that are held by it at present? B:
Who's got a better right to them, I'd like to know?
A:
Look, my friend. I'll ask the questions and you answer them. OK? 346
.tecuoa 21 PERSONAL DATA FIRST PART
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Tape 41
Lesson 21 B:
OK.
A:
What is the general opinion among you people about our government, since the end of the war?
B:
The general opinion is that you're too partial to the Lao, and that you're always ready to come to terms with them at our expense.
B:
Do you think there'll ever be a war between you and us? What am I, a prophet? I'll tell you: I don't think there'll ever be such a war, but a lot of people in this country think it would be worthwhile.
A:
Why would it be worthwhile?
B:
There was a war between you and France, right?
A:
Well?
B:
Well, the French were defeated, and look how well they're doing now. All with your help. I.
A:
I see you have a sense of humor. Tell me, what 348
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Lesson 21
do you think of the form of government that exists in the Kingdom of Laos? B:
The form of government in itself is not so bad. It's just the parties in power I don't like so much.
A:
All right. We'll go on with this topic next time.
350
Lesson 21
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See instructions for this section in Lesson 1, page 9.
351
Lesson 21
Tape 41
The Rifleman (cont.) 1.
trench But the main fighting was in a trench extending around that hill.
2.
ambush patrol
Didn't you also go out on ambush patrols? 3.
truck driver Not I; I'm a truck driver by profession.
4.
vehicle
What kind of engine does your vehicle have? 5.
four cylinder gasoline engine
It's a regular four cylinder gasoline en ine. 6.
gravel and dirt roads You drove mainly over ravel and dirt 4Ji
352
Tape 41
Lesson 21
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Lesson 21
roads, didn't you?
7.
hard-surface asphalt road Not always; some were very good hardsurface asphalt roads.
8.
crew-served weapon What crew-served weapons were in your area?
9.
rocket launcher I would say light machine guns and a few rocket launchers.
10.
left flank
Wasn't your whole left flank exposed? 11.
fence and ditch
12.
No, there was a big fence and ditch in front of us. interrogation That's all. There will be another interrogation tomorrow.
354
Tape 41
Lesson 21 Wal,
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Tape 42
Lesson 21
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Lesson 21
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359
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Tape 42
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Do you ever read any of our papers? n
B:
No. I told you I don't read English. I look at the pictures sometimes.
A:
Who are your favorite writers?
B:
Yuwa and Noyn Sai.
A:
Who are your favorite composers?
B:
I don't know so much about composers. Maybe Wartee Sengsi.
A:
And among classical composers?
.
4'
B:
To tell you the truth, if I do sometimes hear a 362
leidon .2.2 PERSONAL DATA SECOND PART
I. 5 del/ger/44am 04 ii.iieninf See instructions for this section in Lesson 1, page 3. ^u .1
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Tape 43
Lesson 22
A:
piece of classical music, I usually don't know who composed it. So you're not so wild about classical music. What sort of music do you like?
B:
Mostly Eastern music. Also Lao folksongs.
A:
What do you do outside of working hours?
B:
I either go to the movies or to the "Y."
A:
And what do you do at the "Y."
B:
I swim, and sometimes I play soccer. I also do a little weightlifting.
A:
What is your favorite sport?
B:
Swimming and soccer, both.
A:
Do you go to the temple?
B:
I usually go.
A:
Do you consider yourself religious? 364
Tape 43
Lesson 22
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Tape 43
Lesson 22 B:
I keep the commandments as far as possible.
A:
Do you have an interest in cience?
B:
An interest, yes, I guess. But I can't say I understand much abnut science.
A:
Do you go to parties?
B:
Sure. Who doesn't go to parties? I sometimes give parties in my house, too.
A:
You must know how to dance, too?
B:
Some folk dances. Ballroom dancing - not so much.
A:
All right. That'll be enough for this time. Thank you.
366
Tape 43
Lesson 22
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367
Tape 43
Lesson 22
II
Special Staff Officer 1.
communications officer Are you the communications officer for this regiment?
2.
replacement Yes, I'm a new replacement.
3.
circuit diagram What is a circuit diagram?
4.
schematic Iliaaam A schematic diagram showing all radio or wire stations. 368
I.
Tape 43
Lesson 22
Zikaing
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See instructions for this section in Lesson 1, page 9.
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Tape 43
Lesson 22 5.
signal platoon I am interested in your siszr_Lal platoon.
6.
executive officer
I just selected the executive officer for this platoon this morning. 7.
"special demolition work"
8.
What do you include in the term "special demolition work?" to hinder
Obstacles of all kinds that might hinder the enemy. 9.
mess
Who is responsible for the mess at regi10.
ment? supply officer
The supply2ficer, who has other functions, too. 11.
regimental surge2n I suppose you have a.regimental surgeon.
12.
medicalilatoon Yes, he's in charge of the medical platoon. 370
Lesson 22
Tape 43
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Tape 44
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Lesson 22
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What do you make of this gent?
B:
A fairly uninteresting fellow, I would say.
A:
H'm. I can't say he's fascinating. But what do you think, say, of his general appearance?
B:
His general appearance was pretty good. Cleanly dressed, spoke to the point.
A:
He slays me with his comments. Did you get that cocky attitude of his?
B:
He did all right. He didn't get nervous. He didn't
3V3 8 0
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.Be Awn 23 OBSERVATIONS OF THE INTERROGATORS FIRST PART
I. eo.osue44citoot 04 21.14,1419
You will now hear the interrogator of the preceding lessons discussing the interrogation with another officer. Do not expect to gain command of all the details obtained from the subject by the interrogator until later in the lesson; concentrate on: language rather than content. n.
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Tape 45
Lesson 23
have any reason for getting nervous, either. A:
Yes, but, you know, some of them get nervous when
they're asked all sorts of questions. B:
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He strikes me as an average fellow, without much education and without many problems. Seems he didn't have anything to hide, either.
No, no, everything fitted together very nicely. There were a few things he didn't quite i.emember, but those were things no one quite remembers. I don't think it can be said that he's got very definite views about many things. That, as a matter of.fact, is hard to know. It could be that in certain areas he Made himself out more naive than he really is. Say, did you notice that, in spite of his lack of education, he had a couple of answer.s here and there that were right to the point? Especially in political matters. Right, I did notice. Doesn't that make you suspicious? I'll tell you. I'm not so sure. With these guys you can't tell. He's barely literate, but he might understand more about politics than a college 382
42,
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Lesson 23 i1*. 1,
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Lesson 23
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That really happens.
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In. Caouteurdida 104 .2aleffin9. The conversation heard at the beginning of the lesson will now be repeated in its original form. By this time you should be able to understand it fully. Listen this time to clarify the details obtained by the interrogator.
385
Tape 45
Lesson 23
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2.
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intersection Were you captured at the intersection of the two rivers? point of land No, at the ford in the river at the point of land. channel
How deep is that channel? 4.
crest of the hill
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386
Tape 45
Lesson 23
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The following military terms will be given first in English, then in Laotian. Space will be given after each set of equivalent terms to repeat the term in Laotian. Each term will then be used in a sentence, both in English and in Laotian. Again space will be allowed for you to repeat only the Laotian.
The term in Laotian is not necessarily the exact translation of the English, but the equivalent usage. 0
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Lesson 23 5.
stream bed
Describe some terrain features, such as a stream bed. 6.
forward slope
Well, there are some woods on the forward slope of a small hill. 7.
ravine
Isn't there a small valley or ravine nearby? tt
8.
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Yes, there's a ravine and there's a lot of natural caves* on it. 9.
to store ammunition
Isn't that where you store your ammunition? 10.
rations and supplies No, only our rations and supplies.
11.
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Is there a defile near the ravine? 12.
river bed Yes, this is where the old river bed is located.
388
Tape 45
Lesson 23
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Lesson 23
V. eaaveitiaien 04 Review Listen to the conversation again to be certain that you have fully mastered it before proceeding to the next exercise.
NA. ecutaeuation /04 Pa4ticip4440#s Having completely memoiized the dialog by repeating over and over again the previous sections, you should now be ready to enjoy testing your own ability to perform the roles of the two speakers in this section. With each Conversation for Participation which follows, there will be two readings of the dialog on tape. In the first reading, you will play the role of the second speaker. In the second reading that immediately follows, you will take the part of the first speaker.
As soon as you are able to perform on tape both speaking parts of the dialog without referring to the Book, and with acceptable pronunciation, you may consider that you have achieved control of the dialog, and that you are ready for the Comprehension Test that concludes the lesson. However, do not forget that achieving control of the dialog lesson can mean many things more than merely the ability to memorize and perform the speakers' roles. Once you have completely memorized the dialog and can successfully perform the roles of the 390
Tape 46
Lesson 23
speakers without using your Book, you can work toward perfecting your pronunciation and intonation.
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Tape 46
Lesson 23 f no.
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Tape 46
Lesson 23 16
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VIII. Campuhendion Ted In this test you will hear a series of questions. Each questions will be followed by three possible answers. After each set of question and answers, space will b3 left for you to record the correct answer.
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A:
Tell me, what do you think of this character's military knowledge?
B:
Listen, he's no general, that's for sure.
A:
What rank did he have when he was discharged? Let me look it up. He was a corporal.
B:
As a driver in a rifle company, if I'm not mistaken.
A:
B:
A:
That's it. His military knowledge is actually nil. Still, don't forget, he's in the reserves. He reto news what little knowledge he hFts from time time. Yes. He took part in the Iss la campaign, too. c.37/3-,8
.geidaa .24 OBSERVATIONS OF THE INTERROGATORS SECOND PART
eaoute4tialloos 104 .2141enia9
See instructions for this section in Lesson 23,
page 381.
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399
Lesson 24
Tape 47
And it's clear from what he says that he's well aware of the latest developments in the structure of the Laotian army.
B:
But only at the rifle platoon level, or at the rifle company level at best.
A:
For instance, I noticed that he's very familiar with company organization, and that he has a good grasp of the various-ranks and duties.
B:
You mean the different weapons, rifle, submachine gun, machine gun, and so on?
A:
No, that he's less familiar wlth. But I got the impression he knows how to operate them all, though he's not so well-versed in the mechanism and care, and all that.
B:
I see here in your notes that he was wounded twice and took part in quite a number of battles.
A:
That's right.
B:
Then, at least, it can be assumed he has a fairly 400
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Tape 47
Lesson 24
rich combat background. A:
Yes, but it's all personal experiizzum. Pol was never a squad leader or even a.1,t a4sir.;tant squad leader.
B:
So, then, to sum up: command experience zero.
A:
Admirtistrative experience - also zero.
B:
Combat experience - fairly rich.
A:
What else? I think that's all, huh?
402
Lesson 24
Tape 47
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Tape 47
Lesson 24
Terrain Features (cont.) 1.
meadow
2.
Did you say your platoon was located in this meadow? to dig in
Yes, and it's well "dug swamp
3.
Don't you have another platoon located in that swamp?
marsh
4.
Yes, and the men don't like it. There's a small stream that runs through the marsh.
stone quarry
5.
I believe your third platoon is located behind that stone quarry?
6.
avenues of approach 404
Tape 47
Lesson 24 IV.
Nikki, Tevosiotak94, See instructions for this section in Lesson 23,
page 387.
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