Assignment in Stat Module 1 [PDF]

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Princess Micaela B. Tolentino BSA 3A Module 1



1.



What can we measure about the four objects listed below?



Be as specific as possible. a. Laundry Detergent – the properties used for the measurement of this object are color, odor, quality of the powder, availability of quantity etc. The quality of the powder for instance, using ordinal level of scales the respondents may be asked how do they rate the quality of the powder from very satisfied to not very satisfied. b. Employees – the properties used for the measurement of this object are gender, ethnicity, work experience, age, performance rating etc. For instance, Gender can be measured using nominal scale if an employee is male or female. c. Factory Output – this object can be measured through production numbers, profit earned, good available for sale etc. it can be measure as numerical (Ratio and Interval). d. Job Satisfaction – the properties used for the measurement of this object are company atmosphere, compensation, employee benefits, challenging work. The company atmosphere can affect the job satisfaction towards the attitude of his/her surrounded work group.



2.



You have been asked to develop an index of student morale in your department.



a.



What constructs or concepts might you employ



1. Level of intelligence 2. Academic Performance 3. Group Influence 4. Social Groups and Friends 5. Learning Environment 6. Mental Health 7. Time Pressure



b.



Choose several major concepts and specify their dimensions



1. Level of intelligence – the measurement of emotional quotient score of the student on assessing their morale to determine the relationship of the latter in the level of emotional quotient of the student. 2. Academic Performance – the measurement of student achievement across various academic subjects in determining the mood of an individual (positive and negative attitude). 3. Social Groups and Friends – morale of students affects by social groups and friends they belong. It is either high or low morale depending on how people treat them. 4. Learning Environment –Learning environment affects the student morale through several factors e.g. seating, noise and ambiance. Students with good learning environment have been shown to be more motivated, engaged and have a higher overall learning ability. 5. Mental Health – mental health has an impact in the morale of every student including financial worries, parental pressure, culture shock, etc. as students tend to be less able to effectively manage stress and pressure, and thus, their ability to become productive would diminished. 6. Time Pressure – time pressure has shown to increase stress and anxiety in students, leads to low morale of an individual changing their behavior on a specific task. Exercises: 1.



What are the essential differences among nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales? How do these differences affect the statistical analysis techniques we can use? The level of measurement is important in doing statistical analysis. Nominal scale provides the least amount of detail, ordinal scale provides the next high amount of detail, and interval and ratio provide the most amount of detail. These differences affect the statistical analysis techniques at which each levels of measurement provide a different level of detail. These are important concept of statistics, which should be understand to implement statistical tools correctly. Proper knowledge of data types is necessary to analyze data sets with appropriate statistical methods.



2.



You have data from a corporation on the annual salary of each of its 200 employees.



a.



Illustrate how the data can be presented as ratio, interval, ordinal, and nominal data.



Ratio –measuring the annual salary of the 200 employees (a question on salary income 100,000)



Interval – performance rating of 200 employees using Likert scale. Ordinal – 200 will be rank in low income, middle income, high income. Nominal – 200 employees will grouped as full-time, part-time, casual, fixed term, shift workers, daily hire and weekly hire, probation, apprentices and trainees, and outworkers. b. Describe the successive loss of information as the presentation changes from ratio to nominal. The successive loss of information as the presentation changes from ratio to nominal may cause an effect to those employees who want a fair evaluation of salaries. Berneth, Walker, & Harris, “future research exploring such possibilities would not only extend the reported research but also help to explain unique reactions in the workplace.” If the employees were to be aware of the specifics of the research, that may cause the tense between employees; for example, they may be concerned with the individual being ranked on a different pay grade. Each element of the measurement scale will present information for the business that will allow them to make appropriate changes to existing employees and potential future employees; overall this will benefit the business. (Kate CM,2021)



3. Below are listed some objects of varying degrees of abstraction. Suggest properties of each of these objects that can be measured by each of the four basic type of scales. a.



Store customers



Nominal – group them by race, ethnic, background, civil status, etc. Ordinal – Rank them by very frequent buyers, frequent buyers, infrequent buyers. Interval – the scale of attractiveness of the store Ratio – average size of monthly purchases



b.



Voter attitudes



Nominal – grouped as Republican, Democrat, Independent, etc. Ordinal – voters’ preferences of the candidate Interval – can be measure using Likert-type scale Ratio – Count of Votes of candidates in different district.



c.



Preference for a particular common stock



Nominal – Industry classification of common stocks. Ordinal – Rank order of a particular as to preferences Interval – rating of preference for the stock by converting the results of paired comparison rating into presumed interval scale. Ratio – six-month changes in price of various preference stocks



d.



Profitability of various divisions in a company



Nominal – classification of sources of division of profits, e.g. assembly, trading, price changes, etc. Ordinal – Ranking of divisions by the size of profits in 200x. Interval – the use of Semantic Differential Scale in evaluating the profit performance image of various divisions. Ratio – Profits for each division in 200x.