Avsec Basic [PDF]

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Aviation Security Basic Handout



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Trainee Reference Book



Aviation Security Basic (AVSEC Basic) Course



For Restricted Circulation Published by Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS)



Issue Date: 21 February 2019



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PREFACE Civil aviation is a powerful force for progress in our modern global society. A healthy and growing air transport system creates and supports millions of jobs worldwide. It forms part of the economic lifeline of many countries. It is a catalyst for travel and tourism and the world's largest industry. Beyond economics, air transport enriches the social and cultural fabric of society. In recent years the aviation industry has seen the emergence of world-wide attacks against the safety and security of the travelling public, airports, aircraft and other persons working within the aviation industry on and off airport and air navigation facilities. The counter-measures to these acts against civil aviation can be effective only as long as the people responsible for protecting civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference receive appropriate training to carry out their jobs efficiently and effectively. This Trainee Reference Book has been developed by The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS), to enable trainees to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to be better able to implement Aviation Security preventive measures. This is in accordance with the appropriate National Civil Aviation Security Program, Airport / Airline Security Programs and Aviation Security Standards and Recommended Practices prescribed by ICAO.



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AVIATION SECURITY TRAINING PROGRAMME International Legislations Annex – 17 Standard3.1.7: Each Contracting State shall require the appropriate authority to ensure the development and implementation of a national training programme for personnel of all entities involved with or responsible for the implementation of various aspects of the national civil aviation security programme. This training programme shall be designed to ensure the effectiveness of the national civil aviation security programme. Standard 3.1.8: Each Contracting State shall ensure the development and implementation of training programmes and an instructor certification system in accordance with the national civil aviation security programme Standard 3.4.2: Each Contracting State shall ensure that the persons implementing security controls possess all competencies required to perform their duties and are appropriately trained according to the requirements of the national civil aviation security programme and that appropriate records are maintained up to date. Relevant standards of performance shall be established and initial and periodic assessments shall be introduced to maintain those standards. Standard 3.4.3 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the persons carrying out screening operations are certified according to the requirements of the national civil aviation security programme to ensure that performance standards are consistently and are reliably achieved. National Legislations Aviation Security Order / Circular Order 1 / 2018



The objective of the National Civil Aviation Programme (NCASP) is to safeguard Civil operations against acts of unlawful interference regulations, practices and procedures which take of the safety regularly and efficiency of flights.



Security aviation through account



Order 2/2018



In exercise of powers conferred by Section SA of the Aircraft Act, 1934 (XXII of 1934), read with rule 3 (b) of the Aircraft (Security) Rules, 2011 Director General, Bureau of Civil Aviation Security, for the purpose of the safety of passengers, crew, ground personnel and the general public in all matters relating to safeguarding against acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation" directs that the National Civil Aviation Security Training Programme (NCASTP) which has been



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reviewed and updated to comply with Standards of Annex-17 and security related provisions of Annex-9 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, shall be implemented by all agencies connected with aviation security in India.



Aviation Security Training Package (ASTP)



The Aviation Security Basic Training is based on the Aviation Security Training Package (ASTP) issued by International Civil Aviation Organization



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AVIATION SECURITY BASIC TRAINING PROGRAM LIST OF MODULES



1



Module No.



Subject



Page Number



Opening Activities, Course Introduction And Administration



2



Abbreviation/ Acts & Rule/ Roles of Various Agencies Overview of International civil aviation security



3



Working at the Airport0



4



Access Control-People



5



Access Control-Vehicle



6



Landside security



7



Recognition of Explosive Devices & other prohibited articles



8



Building and Area Search Procedure



9



Patrolling and Guarding



10



Screening & searching of passenger and baggage



11



Conventional X-ray



12



Protection of parked aircraft



13



Physical inspection of baggage



14



Carriage of Arms & Ammunition by Air



15



Emergencies & Contingencies



16



Escorting People & Consignment



17



Protecting aircraft catering uplift



18



Protecting cargo, Mail & Courier



19



Behavior –Detection



20



Insider Threat



21



Cyber Security



22



Profiling passengerconditionPassenger Profiling and Security



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Module-1 Introduction to the Course



Module Objective 



To understand the course objective, structure and methodology







To understand the Terminologies related to Aviation Security and Vital Installations







Act and rules related to AVSEC



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To learn about the organisations involved in Aviation security and of the applicable legislation followed for Civil Aviation







Need for Security Awareness



Teaching Methods 



Slide Presentations



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Lectures by certified instructors



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Group discussions



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Demonstrations



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Role- playing and practical exercises



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Site visits to the Airport



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Tests and Homework



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Overnight reading Assignments



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Progress Tests



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Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



Course Objective: After completion of this course, the trainees will be able to:  Understand the nature of the threats to civil aviation; 



Understand civil aviation from an international, regional and national perspective







Work in and move around an airport safely;



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Communicate and cooperate with other airport agencies;







Carry out access control duties to control the movement of people and vehicles ;







Guard and patrol airport operational facilities, vulnerable areas, and aircraft;







Recognize ‘Prohibited Articles’ including weapons and explosive and incendiary devices;







Understand the concepts of screening and searching passengers and baggage; and



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Respond to security incidents or airport emergencies. Terminologies Related To AVSEC and Vital Installations at Airport Terms that are defined in the I C A O A v i a t i o n S e c u r i t y M a n u a l (Doc 8973) and the Annexes are used in accordance with the meanings and usages given therein. A wide variety of terms are in use throughout the world to describe facilities, procedures and concepts for airport operations and planning. As far as possible, the terms used in this document are those which have the widest international use.



Accompanied hold baggage: Baggage which is accepted for carriage in the hold of an aircraft and which is checked in by the passenger who is on board. Acts of unlawful interference. These are acts or attempted acts such as to jeopardize the safety of civil aviation, including but not limited to: • unlawful seizure of aircraft • destruction of an aircraft in service, • hostage-taking on board aircraft or on aerodromes, • forcible intrusion on board an aircraft, at an airport or on the premises of an aeronautical



facility, • introduction on board an aircraft or at an airport of a weapon or hazardous device or



material intended for criminal purposes, • use of an aircraft in service for the purpose of causing death, serious bodily injury, or



serious damage to property or the environment, • communication of false information such as to jeopardize the safety of an aircraft in flight



or on the ground, of passengers, crew, ground personnel or the general public, at an airport or on the premises of a civil aviation facility. Aerodrome Entry Permit (AEP). The photo identity card, smart card or temporary permit issued by the Director General, BCAS, Ministry of Civil Aviation or any person authorized by the Central Government for entry into the aerodrome or part of an aerodrome. (Ref. rule 2(c) of The Aircraft (Security) Rules, 2011). Aerodrome: Any definite or limited ground or water area intended to used, either wholly or in part, for the landing or departure of aircraft, and includes all buildings, sheds, vessels, piers and other structures thereon appertaining thereto. Aerodrome Operator: A person, organization or enterprise responsible for operation and management of an aerodrome Aircraft: Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Aircraft in flight: An aircraft from the moment when all its external doors are closed following embarkation until the moment when such doors are opened for disembarkation. Aircraft in service: An aircraft shall be considered to be “in service” from the beginning of the pre-flight preparation of the aircraft by ground personnel or by the crew for a specific flight until twenty-four hours after any landing and in the case of a forced landing, the flight shall be deemed to continue until the competent authorities take over the responsibility for the aircraft and for persons and property on board. Aircraft not in service: An aircraft that either is parked for a period of more than 12 hours or is not under surveillance sufficient to detect unauthorized access. Aircraft security check: An inspection of the interior of an aircraft to which passengers may have had access and an inspection of the hold for the purposes of discovering suspicious objects, weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles and substances. Aircraft security search: A thorough inspection of the interior and exterior of the aircraft for the purpose of discovering suspicious objects, weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances. Aircraft stand. A designated area on an apron intended to be used for parking an aircraft. Airport. Any area in a Member State which is open for commercial aircraft operations Airside: The movement area of an airport, adjacent terrain and buildings or portions thereof, access to which is controlled. Appropriate authority for aviation security: The authority designated by a State within its administration to be responsible for the development, implementation and maintenance of the national civil aviation security programme. Apron: A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance. Annexure 17 (to the Chicago convention): Annex 17 to the Convention with the title “Standards and Recommended Practices — Security — Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of Unlawful Interference”. Aviation Security Group. A unit of specialized Government agency authorized by the Director General, BCAS to safeguard civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference and protection of property at the aerodrome handling civil aviation. (also see rule 13 of the Aircraft (Security) Rules, 2011) Apron passenger vehicle. Any vehicle used to convey passengers between aircraft and passenger buildings AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Background check: A check of a person’s identity and previous experience, including, where legally permissible, any criminal history, as part of the assessment of an individual’s suitability to implement a security control and/or for unescorted access to a security restricted area. Baggage: Personal property of passengers or crew carried on an aircraft by agreement with the operator. Baggage Breakup Area: The area where all the arrival passenger’s bags are delivered to them. Baggage sorting area: Space in which departure baggage is sorted into flight loads. (The area is also known as Baggage Makeup Area) Baggage storage area: Space in which checked/hold baggage is stored pending transport to aircraft and space in which mishandled baggage may be held until forwarded, claimed or otherwise disposed of. Behavior Detection Within an aviation security environment, the application of techniques involving the recognition of behavioural characteristics, including but not limited to physiological or gestural signs indicative of anomalous behaviour, to identify persons who may pose a threat to civil aviation Bomb alert: A status of alert put in place by competent authorities to activate an intervention plan intended to counter the possible consequences arising from a communicated threat, anonymous or otherwise, or arising from the discovery of a suspect device or other suspect item on an aircraft, at an airport or in any civil aviation facilities. Bomb threat: A communicated threat, anonymous or otherwise, which suggests, or infers, whether true or false that the safety of an aircraft in flight or on the ground, or any airport or civil aviation facility or any person may be in danger from an explosive or other item or device. Cabin baggage: Baggage intended for carriage in the cabin of an aircraft. Cargo: Any property carried on an aircraft other than mail, stores and accompanied or mishandled baggage. Cargo area. All the ground space and facilities provided for cargo handlings. It includes aprons, cargo buildings and warehouses, vehicle parks and roads associated therewith. Cargo building. A building through which cargo passes between air and ground transport and in which processing facilities are located, or in which cargo is stored pending transfer to air or ground transport Catering stores: All items, other than catering supplies, associated with passenger in-flight services, for example newspapers, magazines, headphones, audio and video tapes, pillows and blankets, and amenity kits. Catering supplies: Food, beverages, other dry stores and associated equipment used on board an AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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aircraft. Note: Stores (Supplies). a. For consumption - Goods, whether or not sold, intended for consumption by the passengers and the crew on board an aircraft, and goods necessary for the operation and maintenance of the aircraft, including fuel and lubricants. b. To be taken away - Goods for sale to passengers and crew of an aircraft with a view to be taken away on landing. Certification. A formal evaluation and confirmation by or on behalf of the appropriate authority for aviation security that a person possesses the necessary competencies to perform assigned functions to an acceptable level as defined by the appropriate authority Check-in: The process of reporting to an aircraft operator for acceptance on a particular flight. Co-mail: Abbreviation of aircraft operator company mail, shipped within the company’s network of stations. Co-mat: Abbreviation of aircraft operator company materials, shipped within the company’s network of stations. Contingency plan: A “proactive” plan to include measures and procedures addressing various threat levels, risk assessments and the associated security measures to be implemented, designed in order to anticipate as well as prepare all concerned parties having roles and responsibilities in the event of an actual act of unlawful interference. Convention. The convention relating to International Civil Aviation signed at Chicago on the 7th day of December, 1944 Corporate aviation: The non-commercial operation or use of aircraft by a company for the carriage of passengers or goods as an aid to the conduct of company business, flown by a professional pilot employed to fly the aircraft. (Note that corporate aviation is a subset of general aviation.) Courier service: An operation whereby shipments tendered by one or more shippers are transported as the baggage of a courier passenger on board a scheduled aircraft operator service under normal passenger hold baggage documentation. Crew member: A person assigned by an operator to duty on an aircraft during a flight duty period. Crisis management: Contingency measures implemented in response to increased threat levels as well as implementation of measures and procedures in response to the emergencies to include acts of unlawful interference. Dangerous goods: Articles or substances which are capable of posing a risk to health, safety, property or the environment and which are shown in the list of dangerous goods in the Technical Instructions or which are classified according to those Instructions. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Deportee: A person who had legally been admitted to a State by its authorities or who had entered a State illegally, and who at some later time is formally ordered by the competent authorities to leave that State. Note. — The competent authorities may provide an escort for such persons. Diplomatic pouch (bag): A shipping container having diplomatic immunity from search or seizure when accompanied by the required official documentation. Direct transit area. A special area established in an international airport, approved by the public authorities concerned and under their direct supervision or control, where passengers can stay during transit or transfer without applying for entry to the State. Disruptive passenger: A passenger who fails to respect the rules of conduct at an airport or on board an aircraft or to follow the instructions of the airport staff or crew members and thereby disturbs the good order and discipline at an airport or on board the aircraft. Emergency plan. A plan setting forth the procedures for coordinating the response of different aerodrome agencies or services and of those agencies in the surrounding community that could be of assistance in responding to an emergency. Explosive Detection System (EDS). A technology system or combination of different technologies which has the ability to detect, and so to indicate by means of an alarm, explosive material contained in baggage or other articles, irrespective of the material from which the bag is made. Explosive Device Detection System (EDDS). A technology system or combination of different technologies which has the ability to detect, and so to indicate by means of an alarm, an explosive device by detecting one or more components of such a device contained in baggage or other articles, irrespective of the material from which the bag or article is made. Explosive substance. A solid or liquid substance (or a mixture of substances) which is in itself capable, by chemical reaction, of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings. Included are pyrotechnic substances even when they do not evolve gases. A substance which is not itself an explosive but which can form an explosive atmosphere of gas, vapour or dust is not included. Express cargo. Goods other than mail and accompanied or baggage involuntarily or inadvertently separated from passengers or crew which is required to be carried on priority basis by an aircraft operator. Facilitation. The efficient management of the necessary control process, with the objective of expediting the clearance of persons or goods and preventing unnecessary operational delays. Freight. See Cargo. Gate-no Show: Passenger who has checked in (may have registered baggage), but not reported for boarding. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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General aviation operation: An aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport operation or an aerial work operation. Hijacking (Acts of Unlawful seizure of Aircraft): Any person who on board an aircraft in flight: (i) Unlawfully, by force or threat thereof, or by any other form of intimidation, seizes, or exercises control of that aircraft, or attempts to perform any such act, or (ii) is an accomplice of a person who performs or attempts to perform any such act, commits the offence of hijacking that aircraft. High-risk cargo or mail. Cargo or mail presented by an unknown entity or showing signs of tampering shall be considered high risk if, in addition, it meets one of the following criteria: a) specific intelligence indicates that the cargo or mail poses a threat to civil aviation; or b) the cargo or mail shows anomalies that give rise to suspicion; or c) the nature of the cargo or mail is such that baseline security measures alone are unlikely to detect prohibited items that could endanger the aircraft. Regardless of whether the cargo or mail comes from a known or unknown entity, a State’s specific intelligence about a consignment may render it as high risk. Human Factors principles. Principles which apply to design, certification, training, operations and maintenance and which seek safe interface between the human and other system components by proper consideration to human performance. Human performance. Human capabilities and limitations which have an impact on the safety, security and efficiency of aeronautical operations Identification cards: See Permits. Inadmissible person: A person who is or will be refused admission to a State by its authorities. Such persons normally have to be transported back to their State of departure, or to any other State where the persons are admissible, by the aircraft operator on which they arrived. (See appropriate Standards in Annex 9 — Facilitation, Chapter 5.) Interline Baggage: The baggage of passengers subjected to transfer from the aircraft of one operator to the aircraft of another operator in the course of their journey. Interline Passenger: Passenger who is transferred between aircraft of different air carriers during the course of his journey. In-flight security officer: A person who is authorized by the government of the State of the Operator and the government of the State of registration to be deployed on an aircraft with the purpose of protecting that aircraft and its occupants against acts of unlawful interference. This excludes persons employed to provide exclusive personal protection for one or more specific people travelling on the aircraft, such as personal bodyguards. In-flight supplies. All items intended to be taken on board an aircraft for use, consumption or purchase by passengers or crew during the flight, which typically include catering and cleaning stores and supplies. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted



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Integrated/consolidated cargo. A consignment of multiple packages which has been originated by more than one person, each of whom has made an agreement for carriage by air with another person other than a scheduled aircraft operator. Interline baggage: Baggage of passengers subject to transfer from the aircraft of one operator to the aircraft of another operator in the course of the passenger’s journey. Isolation Bay: A designated parking bay at the airport far away from the main passenger terminal, exclusively designed for the purpose of parking the affected aircraft in order to handle contingencies and other threat situations. Also known as Isolated Aircraft Parking Position (IAPP) LAGs: Liquids, aerosols and gels, in any volume, for sale at airport outlets (excluding food and beverages for consumption in the airport premises and not intended for carriage into the aircraft passenger cabin) or on board aircraft during the day(s) of the journey, either in the airside area or in a security-restricted area. Landside: Those parts of an airport, adjacent terrain and buildings or portions thereof that are not airside, as identified by States and relevant entities in their security programmes. Mail: Dispatches of correspondence and other items tendered by and intended for delivery to postal services in accordance with the rules of the Universal Postal Union (UPU). Mishandled baggage: Baggage involuntarily, or inadvertently, separated from passengers or crew. Movement area: That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the maneuvering area and the apron(s). Non-restricted area: Areas of an airport to which the public have access or to which access is otherwise unrestricted. Off-airport processing facilities. A passenger or cargo transport link terminal at an urban population centre at which processing facilities are provided. Passenger area. All the ground space and facilities provided for passenger processing, including aprons, passenger buildings, vehicle parks and roads. Permits: A permit system consists of cards or other documentation issued to individual persons employed on airports or who otherwise have need for authorized access to the airport, airside or security restricted area. Its purpose is to identify the individual and facilitate access. Vehicle permits are issued and used for similar purposes to allow vehicular access. Permits are sometimes referred to as airport identity cards or passes. Person with disabilities (with reduced mobility):Any person whose mobility is reduced due to a physical incapacity (sensory or locomotor), an intellectual deficiency, age, illness or any other cause of disability when using transport and whose situation needs special attention and AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted



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the adaptation to the person’s needs of the services made available to all passengers. Pier: A corridor at, above or below ground level to connect aircraft stands to a passenger building Pilot-in-command: The pilot designated by the operator, or in the case of general aviation, the owner, as being in command and charged with the safe conduct of a flight. Prohibited Items. A list of items i.e. weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances which may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference with civil aviation operations. Such list is established by the DG, BCAS based on a risk assessment Regulated agent: An agent, freight forwarder or any other entity who conducts business with an operator and provides security controls that are accepted or required by the appropriate authority in respect of cargo, courier and express parcels or mail. Restricted articles: Articles which are, in the specific context of aviation security, defined as those articles, devices or substances which may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference against civil aviation or which may endanger the safety of the aircraft and its occupants, or installations and the public. Sabotage: An act or omission, intended to cause malicious or wanton destruction of property, endangering or resulting in unlawful interference with international civil aviation and its facilities. Screening: The application of technical or other means which are intended to identify and/or detect weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances which may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference. Security / Aviation Security: Safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. This objective is achieved by a combination of measures and human and material resources. Security audit. An in-depth compliance examination of all aspects of the implementation of the national civil aviation security programme. Security accident. An occurrence which results in death or grievous hurt to a person or major damage to the property. Security checks for LAGs and STEBs. Visual checks or security controls, performed by security staff, for signs of interference, in particular tampering with seals, theft and the introduction of potentially dangerous devices, articles or substances. The checks should be made at the first point of entry on the airside and should be made on all supplies of LAGs and STEBs to establish that they have been protected, that there is no evidence or suspicion of tampering, and that the necessary documentation is in order. Security clearance. Compliance with the security controls specified in the National Civil Aviation Security Programme with regard to any aircraft, entity, person or object. It is a status granted to individuals or entities allowing them access to classified information, access to restricted AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted



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areas or to conduct business after completion of a background check. Security control. A means by which the introduction of weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances which may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference can be prevented. Security equipment: Devices of a specialized nature for use, individually or as part of a system, in the prevention or detection of acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation and its facilities. Security exercise. A full-scale security exercise is a simulated act of unlawful interference with the objective of ensuring the adequacy of a contingency plan to cope with different types of emergencies. A partial security exercise is a simulated act of unlawful interference with the objective of ensuring the adequacy of the response to individual participating agencies and components of the contingency plan, such as the communications system. Security incident. An occurrence in relation to civil aviation security which takes place either on the ground or in flight, which results in: - in injury to a person, damage to property, fire and breakage; - contravention or breach of security laws, regulations, national civil aviation security programme and orders issued by the Central Government under the provisions of the Aircraft Act, 1934. Security inspection. An examination of the implementation of relevant National Civil Aviation Security Programme requirements by an aircraft operator, airport or other entity involved in security. Security investigation. An inquiry into any act or attempted act of unlawful interference against civil aviation and/or any alleged or suspected instance of non-compliance with a State’s National Civil Aviation Security Programme or other legal and/or regulatory requirements pertaining to civil aviation security. Security programme. Written measures adopted to safeguard international civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. Security restricted area. Those areas of the airside of an airport which are identified as priority risk areas where in addition to access control, other security controls are applied. Such areas will normally include, inter alia, all commercial aviation passenger departure areas between the screening checkpoint and the aircraft, the ramp, baggage make-up areas, including those where aircraft are being brought into service and screened baggage and cargo are present, cargo sheds, mail centres, airside catering and aircraft cleaning premises. Security survey. An evaluation of security needs including the identification of vulnerabilities which could be exploited to carry out an act of unlawful interference, and the recommendation of corrective actions. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Security tamper-evident bags (STEBs). Specially designed bags that should only be used for the sale of LAGs by airport outlets or on board an aircraft. Security test. A covert or overt trial of an aviation security measure which simulates an attempt to commit an unlawful act. Sensitive Aviation Security Information. Information that, if accessed by or disclosed to unauthorized persons, could create or be used to exploit a vulnerability or facilitate an act of unlawful interference against civil aviation. Service panel. Aircraft external access point used for providing aircraft services including water, lavatories and ground electrical outlets, and other service compartments that have external clip-down panels. Small arms. A general description applied to all hand-held firearms. State of Registry. The State on whose register the aircraft is entered. (See also the definition in Annex 6.) State of the Operator. The State in which the operator’s principal place of business is located or, if there is no such place of business, the operator’s permanent residence. Sterile area. The area between any passenger inspection or screening checkpoint and aircraft, into which access is strictly controlled (see also security restricted area.) Stores (Supplies). - For consumption - Goods, whether or not sold, intended for consumption by the passengers and the crew on board an aircraft, and goods necessary for the operation and maintenance of the aircraft, including fuel and lubricants. -



To be taken away - Goods for sale to passengers and crew of an aircraft with a view to be taken away on landing.



Terminal: The main building or group of buildings where the processing of commercial passengers and freight and the boarding of aircraft occurs. Threat Image Projection (TIP). A software programme approved by the appropriate authority that can be installed on certain X-ray equipment, which projects virtual images of threat articles such as guns, knives, and improvised explosive devices within the X-ray image of a real bag under examination or complete virtual images of bags containing threat articles, and provides immediate feedback to the X-ray equipment operators of their ability to detect such images. Trace detection equipment. A technology system or combination of different technologies which has the ability to detect very small amounts of explosive materials, and so to indicate, by means of an alarm, any such materials contained in baggage or other articles subjected for analysis. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Transfer cargo and mail. Cargo and mail departing on an aircraft other than that on which it arrived of the same operator. Transfer passengers/baggage: Passengers/baggage making direct connections between two different flights. Transit cargo and mail. Cargo and mail departing on the same aircraft as that on which it arrived. Transit passengers/Baggage: Passengers/Baggage departing from an airport on the same flight as that on which they arrived. Travel document: A passport or other official document of identity issued by a State or organization which may be used by the rightful holder for international travel. Unaccompanied baggage: Baggage that is transported as cargo and may or may not be carried on the same aircraft with the person to whom it belongs. Unclaimed baggage: Baggage that arrives at an airport and is not picked up or claimed by a passenger. Unidentified/Unattended baggage. Baggage at an airport, with or without a baggage tag, which is not picked up by or identified with a passenger. Unpredictability. The implementation of security measures in order to increase their deterrent effect and their efficiency, by applying them at irregular frequencies, different locations and/or with varying means, in accordance with a defined framework. Unruly passengers: Persons who commit on board a civil aircraft, from the moment when the aircraft door is closed prior to take-off to the moment when it is reopened after landing, an act of: • assault, intimidation, menace or wilful recklessness which endangers good order or the safety of property or persons; •



assault, intimidation, menace or interference with a crew member in the performance of duties or which lessens the ability to perform duties;



•



wilful recklessness or damage to an aircraft, its equipment, or attendant structures and equipment such as to endanger good order and safety of the aircraft or its occupants;



•



communication of information which is known to be false, thereby endangering the safety of an aircraft in flight;



•



Disobedience of lawful commands or instructions for safe, orderly or efficient operations.



Vehicle Entry Permit. Vehicle permits issued and used to allow vehicular access to restricted areas of the airports. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Vital installation. Any facility on or connected with an aerodrome, which, if damaged or destroyed, would seriously impair the functioning of the aerodrome. Vulnerable point: Any facility on or connected with an airport, which, if damaged or destroyed, would seriously impair the functioning of the airport. Example ATC, Fuel storage area etc



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ABBREVIATIONS 1. AAI - Airports Authority of India 2. AC – Aerodrome Committee 3. ACCR - Aerodrome Committee Control Room 4. ACI - Airport Council International 5. ADP – Airfield Driving Permit 6. AEP - Aerodrome Entry Permit 7. ASC - Airport Security Committee 8. ASG - Aviation Security Group 9. ASTI – Aviation Security Training Institute 10. ASTP - Aviation Security Training Package 11. ATS – Air Traffic Services 12. AWB – Air Way Bill 13. AVSEC – Aviation Security 14. BBA – Baggage Break-up Area 15. BCAS - Bureau of Civil Aviation Security 16. BDDS - Bomb Detection and Disposal Squad 17. BSA /BMA – Baggage Sorting Area/ Baggage Make-up Area 18. BTAC - Bomb Threat Assessment Committee 19. BTCP - Bomb Threat Contingency Plan 20. BTL - Baggage Tally List 21. BTRC- Bomb Threat Review Committee 22. BWAF - Bomb Warning Assessment Form 23. CASO - Chief Aerodrome Security Officer 24. CAT - Computer Aided Tomography 25. CBD:- Chemical and Biological Device. 26. CBRN – Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear weapon



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27. CBW- Chemical and Biological weapons 28. CC – Central Committee 29. CCTV - Closed Circuit Television 30. CCS – Cabinet Committee on Security 31. CISF - Central Industrial Security Force 32. CLIP- Caller Line Identification Procedure 33. CMG- Crisis Management Group 34. COE - Controller of Explosives 35. COSAH - Committee of Secretaries on Aircraft Hijacking 36. CRPF – Central Reserve Police Force 37. CTCP – Counter Terrorist Contingency Plan 38. CTP – Combined Test Piece 39. CTX – Computed Tomography X-Ray 40. DAW – Directorate of Air Worthiness 41. DFMD - Door Frame Metal Detector 42. DGR – Dangerous Goods Regulation 43. DGCA - Directorate General of Civil Aviation 44. DIP- Diplomatic Mail 45. EDDS - Explosive Device Detection System 46. EDS - Explosive Detection System 47. ETD - Explosive Trace Detector 48. EPX - Enhanced Performance X-Ray 49. EVD - Explosive Vapour Detector 50. HDB - HIGH DENSITY BLINKING 51. HHMD – Hand Held Metal Detector 52. HUM - Human Remains



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53. IATA - International Air Transport Association 54. IAPP – Isolated Aircraft Parking Position 55. ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization 56. IED - Improvised Explosive Device 57. IFSO – In-flight Security Officer 58. IMS – Ion Mobility Spectrometry 59. LAG – Liquids, Aerosols and Gels 60. LTPE - Low Temperature Plastic Explosive 61. LPR – License Plate Reader 62. MANPADS - Man Portable Air Defense System 63. MCA - Ministry of Civil Aviation 64. MHA - Ministry of Home Affairs 65. MRTD



- Machine Readable Travel Document



66. MZDFMD - Multi Zone Door Frame Metal Detector 67. NCASTP - National Civil Aviation Security Training Programme 68. NCASQCP - National Civil Aviation Security Quality Control Programme 69. NCASP - National Civil Aviation Security Programme 70. NDA- Non Disclosure agreement 71. NSG – National Security Guards 72. OTP – Operating Test Piece 73. PB-IED – Person Borne Improvised Explosive Device 74. PFNA- Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis 75. PIDS- Perimeter Intruder Detection System 76. PRM – Person with Reduced Mobility 77. PSc - Pseudo Colour 78. PSO – Personal Security Officer 79. PTSD – Post Trauma Stress Disorder 80. QRT – Quick Reaction Team 81. RCB- Resume Current Bag



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82. RDX -Research& Developed Explosive 83. REM- Roentgen Equivalent Man 84. SARP – Standards and Recommended Practices 85. SLPC – Secondary Ladder Point Checks 86. SOP – Standard Operating Procedure 87. STEB – Security Tampered Evident Bag 88. STP – Standardized Training Package 89. SPG – Special Protection Group 90. TCV - Threat Containment Vessel 91. TIP – Threat Image Projection 92. VB-IED – Vehicle Borne Improvised Explosive Device 93. VCS -Variable Color Stripping 94. VDU - Visual Display Unit 95. VPB- View Previous Bag 96. UVSS - Under Vehicle Search System 97. UVSM - Under Vehicle Search Mirror 98. XBIS – X-ray Baggage Inspection System



Aircraft Acts and Rules of 1934 & 1937 Aircraft Acts of 1934 It extends to the whole of India and applies also(a) To citizens of India wherever they may be; (b) To, and to the persons on, aircraft registered in India wherever they may be; (c) To, and to the persons on, aircraft registered outside India but for the time being in or over



India; and. (d) To an aircraft operated by a person who is not a citizen of India but as his principal place of



business or permanent residence in India.



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Section 5



Power of Central Government to make rules for Civil Aviation



Section 5 A



Power to issue directions (DGCA or any other officer empowered by Central Govt)



Section 10



Penalty for act in contravention of Rule made under Section 5 of the Aircraft Acts. (2 years imprisonment or fine up to Rs. 10 Lakhs or both)



Section 11 A



Penalty forimprisonment failure to comply withuptoRs. directions issuedorunder (2-3 years or fine 10 Lakhs both)section 5A (2 years imprisonment or fine up to Rs. 10 Lakhs or both)



Section 11 B



Penalty for failure to comply direction issued under Section 9A (2 years imprisonment or fine uptoRs.with 10 Lakhs or both) imprisonment or fine up to Rs. 10 Lakhs or both)



Aircraft Rules of 1937



imprisonment or fine uptoRs. 10 Lakhs or both)



The Aircraft Rules 1937, extends to the whole of India and apply also (unless the contrary intention appears) (a) To, and to persons on, aircraft registered in India wherever they may be, expect cases falling under sub-rule (4). (b)



To, and to persons on, all aircraft for the time being in or over India. Rule 8



Carriage of arms, ammunitions, explosives, military stores etc.



Rule 13



Photograph at aerodromes or from aircraft in-flight.



Rule 24



Prohibition on consumption of intoxicating and psychoactive substances.



Rule 24 A



Carriage of persons suffering from mental disorders or epilepsy in aircraft



Rule 24 B



Carriage of prisoners in an aircraft



Rule 24 C



Carriage of animals, birds and reptiles in aircraft



Rule 25



Prohibition of Smoking in aircraft



Rule 27 Rule 90



Carriage of persons in unauthorized parts of aircraft Entry into Public Aerodromes (Access Control)



Rule 156 Rule 159



Inspection of aircrafts – (Empowers some of government officials authorized by Central Government to enter aircraft for inspection, but are not exempted from frisking/searching) No person shall voluntarily obstruct any person acting in the exercise of his powers or in the discharge of his duties under these rules.



The Aircraft (Carriage of Dangerous Goods) Rules, 2003 Rule 12: Requirement of training: No person shall engage himself in any manner in the transport of dangerous goods unless he has undergone proper training commensurate with his responsibilities. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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The Aircraft (Security) Rules 2011 Rule 3 Duties of Appropriate Authority Rule 4 Appeal Rule 5 Planning, design and layout of the Aerodrome security requirement Rule 6 Aerodrome perimeter, Rule 7 Provision of lighting, road, patrolling and observation post Rule 8 Aerodrome security programme Rule 9 Security clearance for operations at aerodrome Rule 10 Handling of unattended or suspect baggage Rule 11 Business establishment at aerodrome Rule 12 Protection of facilities owned by aerodrome operator Rule 13 Aviation Security Group Rule 14 Duties of Chief Aerodrome Security officer Rule 15 Ground handling service Rule 16 Contingency Plan Rule 17 Disembarkation of Unruly Passenger Rule 18 Entry into aerodrome Rule 19 Entry into security restricted area Rule 20 Prohibition to carry weapons or explosive Rule 21 Security check before embarkation Rule 22 Certification of Screeners Rule 23 Prohibition on carriage of certain goods (in cabin baggage) Rule 24 Security Programme (Aircraft Operator) Rule 25 Security clearance for operation (Aircraft) Rule 26 Deployment of staff (for security duties) Rule 27 Security search of aircraft Rule 28 Access control of aircraft Rule 29 Locking of cockpit door Rule 30 Deployment of IFSO Rule 31 Security control for hold baggage Rule 32 Identification and reconciliation of hold baggage Rule 33 Transfer baggage Rule 34 Carriage of prisoners in aircraft Rule 35 Carriage of cargo, mail, catering items and other stores Rule 36 Detention of aircraft Rule 37 Security control for Cargo and Courier bags Rule 40 Prohibition on carriage of certain goods (in cargo and courier) Rule 41 Protection of security cleared cargo or mail or courier bag etc Rule 42 Regulated agent Rule 43 Catering supplies Rule 44 Supply of other stores Rule 45 Reporting of security accident or incident Rule 46 Investigation of security accident or incident Rule 47 Power of the Inquiry Officer Rule 48 Inspection AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Role of Various Agencies in Aviation Security Roles / Functions / Duties /Responsibilities of BCAS International Legislation Annex 17 Standard 3.1.5



Each Contracting State shall establish a national aviation security committee or similar arrangements for the purpose of coordinating security activities between the departments, agencies and other organizations of the State, airport and aircraft operators, air traffic service providers and other entities concerned with or responsible for the implementation of various aspects of the national civil aviation security programme.



Laying down AVSEC norms in accordance with ICAO Annex-17 to Chicago convention for Airport Operators, Airline operators and their security agencies responsible for implementation AVSEC measures. Monitoring the implementation of Security rules and regulations and carrying out survey of security needs. Ensure that the persons implementing security controls are appropriately trained and possess all competencies required to perform their duties. Planning policy on civil aviation as per ICAO guidelines, to prepare contingency plan, to prepare NCASP and formulation of Policies. Coordination among different organizations on AVSEC matters. Conducting surprise / dummy checks to test professional efficiency and alertness of security staff. Conducting mock exercise to efficacy of contingency plan and operational preparedness of various agencies. Advisory role the Govt. of India on Security matters Technical Evaluation of equipment used in aviation security. Responsibilities of DG,BCAS: International Legislation Annex 17 Standard 3.1.2



Standard 3.1.4 AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



Each Contracting State shall designate and specify to ICAO an Appropriate authority within its administration to be responsible for the development, implementation and maintenance of the national civil aviation security programme. Each Contracting State shall require the appropriate authority to define and allocate tasks and coordinate Restricted



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activities between the departments, agencies and other organizations of the State, airport and aircraft operators, air traffic service providers and other entities concerned with or responsible for the implementation of various aspects of the national civil aviation security programme. National legislation Aircraft Security Rules 2011 Rule 03 Duties of DG,BCAS Responsibilities of DG,BCAS 



Establish, Develop, implement, maintain and review the NCASP, NCASTP, NCASQCP in India in accordance with Annexure 17.







Issue necessary directions on AVSEC







Respond immediately to meet any increased security threat







Allocate the responsibilities and ensure coordination amongst various agencies responsible for implementation of the various aspects of the NCASP.







Designate an authority at each aerodrome serving Civil Aviation who shall be responsible for coordinating and implementation of security controls.







Establish Aerodrome Security Committee (ASC) at each aerodrome serving civil aviation for coordinating the implementation of security controls and procedures as specified in the airport / aerodrome security programme.







Arrange for security audit, test, survey and inspection to be conducted on a regular basis



Role of Aviation Security Group (ASG) National legislations Aviation (Security) Rules 2011 Rule 13 Aviation Security Group (ASG) Rule 14 Duties of Chief Aerodrome Security Officer (CASO) Aviation Security Order / Circular Circular 10/2000 Induction of CISF in the airports for aviation security duties. Circular 17/2001 Components of ASG CISF (Central Industrial Security Force) CISF has been entrusted with security of airports in India since 2000. They are designated as Aviation Security Group (ASG). The In-charge of CISF at an airport is designated as the Chief Aerodrome Security Officer (CASO) and is responsible for enforcement of security measures at an airport. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Unit’s or Components of ASG 



Anti-hijacking unit







Protection unit







Intelligence and surveillance unit







Support unit



These units will perform following functions: Anti-hijacking unit: 



Guarding of access control points to prevent unauthorized entry.







Pre-embarkation checks of passengers and hand baggage.







Security of sterile area, apron and ramp policing







Guarding of aircraft on ground.



Protection Unit:  Protection of perimeter, ATC. 



Carry out mobile and foot patrols.







Guarding of cargo complex.







Guarding of terminal buildings.







Functioning as Quick Reaction Team (QRT) Cordoning of aircraft in case of in case off unlawful interference.







Intelligence and surveillance unit:  They will keep surveillance in terminal building, passenger lounge, security hold, apron and any other area assigned by CASO 



Keep liaison with intelligence agencies to receive regular inputs.



Support Unit:  Control room which will work round the clock. 



Administrative work.







Staff for training.







Supporting service staff. a. b. c. d. e.



Security aides/ Orderlies Safai Karmacharis, Washer men, Barbers, Cooks,



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BDDS Unit: The ASG’s BDDS unit is responsible for the following functions a) Attend to Bomb Threat Calls b) Attend to unclaimed baggage calls c) Detection of suspected baggage for explosives d) Disposal/demolition of confirmed threat/IED by RSP e) Store explosives used in demolition/disposal of IEDs f) Carry out anti-sabotage and random checks of aircraft, airports, terminal building & cargo complexes with special emphasis on BMA g) Participate in the Bomb Threat Assessment Committee Role of Airport Operator National legislations Aviation (Security) Rules 2011 Part II Security Measures at Aerodrome NCASP 2018 Chapter 4.2.2



The AVSEC responsibilities of Airport Operators



AVSEC responsibilities of Airport Operators: 



Convene the Aerodrome Committee meetings







Issuance of vehicle permits & ADP for access of vehicles in operational areas







Preparation of various Contingency Plans for the airport which is required to be approved by Appropriate Authority.







Provision & maintenance of Perimeter / fencing, Perimeter road, perimeter lighting, apron, gates / entry points, security hold area, frisking points/booth, Provision of Security Stamps, hand baggage checking counter, isolated parking bay, Cooling pit etc







Provision & maintenance of electronic equipment / devices like X-ray BIS, DFMD, HHMD for passenger screening







Sign boards for educating the passengers / airport employees







Co-ordination in the event of any contingency at the airport.







To conduct Airport Security Committee (ASC) meetings.







Inline Screening.(Wherever Applicable)







Airport Fire Services (AFS)







Air Traffic Services







All operational and administrative expenses of ASG



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Issuance of Temporary airport entry passes



Appreciate the Need for Security Awareness Security and Non-Security staff shall learn how to recognize suspicious patterns of behavior, while understanding the importance of avoiding racial and ethnic stereotyping. Role of Airline Security



National legislations Aviation (Security) Rules 2011 Part V Security Measures by Aircraft Operators Aviation Security Order / Circular Order 03/2009 Security functions to be carried out by Aircraft Operators Order 05/2009 Norms for deployment of Airline Security staff for Security functions (Recommendations by Shri Arun Mishra Committee) Security functions to be carried out by Aircraft Operators 



Security of Aircraft







Screening of Registered Baggage







Surveillance in departure hall







Screening and escorting of screened cargo / unaccompanied baggage







Security of catering items.







For security and surveillance in BMA and for accompanying the screened baggage up to aircraft.







Security in Baggage break-up area.







Secondary security checks.







Security of parked / idle aircraft.







Security of Control Room (including bag tags, boarding cards, etc.)







Aircraft Search (Pre-flight anti sabotage Checks)







The Security Supervisor shall ensure that the Aircraft Release certificate is signed by all the concerned departments and signature is obtained from the Commander of the flight.



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AIRCRAFT RELEASE CERTIFICATE- FOR USE AT INDIAN AIRPORTS



FLIGHT NO. AIRCRAFT REGN NO. AIRPORT OF DEPARTURE



DATE TYPE OF AIRCRAFT TIME OF DEPARTURE



ENGINEERING



This is to certify that anti-sabotage measures as per inspection schedule have been carried out and no objectionable/suspected item has been found on board:



COMMERCIAL Signature : Name : Designation



(a) (b) (c)



:



Time :



This is to certify that all registered baggage have been identified/reconciled along with passengers on board. The total number of passengers as per system has been tallied and all are on board. All cargo, mail, newspaper, courier bag etc. have been loaded after they have been the security cleared.



CATERING Signature : Name : Designation



:



Time :



This is to certify that all catering items and equipment have been checked by the caterer/ catering staff/ security staff before being put on board and the crew have received them without any complaints with regard to the security measures Signature : Name : Designation



:



Time :



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This is to certify that all equipment attached to the aircraft were checked thoroughly and only sealed/security cleared baggage and inspected containers loaded into the aircraft. SECURITY Signature : Name : Designation



:



Time



:



This is to certify that all security measures have been carried out for the above flight. Signature : Name : Designation



:



Time



:



COMMANDER I accept the aircraft in view of the above certification. Signature : Name : Designation



:



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Module 2 Overview of International Civil Aviation Security Module Objective: 



Describe threats to Civil Aviation







Nuclear , Biological , Chemical and Radio-active material threats







Sabotage of aircraft , airport and armed attack







Type of offender (mentally challenged / disgruntled employees, criminals, terrorist etc.)







Vulnerability of Civil Aviation operations







Unlawful seizure of aircraft







Aviation Security Convention







National Legislations







Regional Civil aviation Conference







Key responsibility of states and appropriate authority







NCASP / SOP



Teaching Methods 



Slide Presentations







Lectures by certified instructors







Group discussions







Demonstrations







Role- playing and practical exercises







Overnight reading Assignments







Progress Tests







Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



International Legislations Annex 17 Standard 3.1.1



Standard 3.1.2



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Each Contracting State shall have as its primary objective the safety of passengers, crew, ground personnel and the general public in all matters related to safeguarding against acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation. Each Contracting State shall establish an organization and develop and implement regulations, practices and procedures to safeguard civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference taking into account the safety, regularity and efficiency of Restricted



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flights. Standard 3.1.3



Each Contracting State shall keep under constant review the level and nature of threat to civil aviation within its territory and airspace above it, and establish and implement policies and procedures to adjust relevant elements of its National Civil Aviation Security Programme accordingly, based upon a security risk assessment carried out by the relevant national authorities



National Legislation NCASP 2018 Chapter 12



Adjustment of programme and Contingency Plan



Aviation Security Order / Circular Circular 2/2018 Categorization of Airports Primary Objective of Aviation Security The primary objective of the Aviation Security is the safety and security of passengers, crew, ground personnel, general public, airports, aviation installations and all other matters relating to safeguard against acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation operations. Aviation Security Principles  Civil Aviation shall operate from a Safe and Secure environment;  Develop and implement Legislation and procedures necessary to ensure a safe and



secure environment;  Security measures shall be consistent with Standards  Prosecute or extradite persons who carry out acts of unlawful



interference Nature of Threats Conventional / Traditional threats to Civil Aviation  Sabotage of Aircraft  Sabotage of Airports  Unlawful seizure of aircraft; and  Armed attacks on / off airport facilities.



New and Emerging threats to Civil Aviation  Suicide Attack on the Airport/Aircraft Facilities  Use of Aircraft as a weapon of mass destruction



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 Use of Nuclear weapon, Radioactive Substances and Dangerous Goods.  Use of Chemical and Biological warfare  Air to air attack by Missile  Ground to Air attack by Missile (MANPADS)  Cyber Terrorism  Use of Magnetic System  Attack through the electronic system to misguide the air traffic communication.



TYPES / CHARACTERISTICS OF OFFENDERS  Mentally deranged persons / Psychotics  Persons seeking revenge - Disgruntled employees /Dissatisfied passengers  Terrorists individuals and groups  Criminals individuals and groups



TERRORISM Terrorism is an act of placing someone in extreme fear. It is the unlawful use of violence against the Public to intimidate a Government. Factors contributing to terrorism:  Religious factors  Economic conditions of a country  Natural disasters  Political factors  Social recognition



The supports needed by the terrorist organizations:  Financial support  Motivated manpower  Support of Public  Arms & Ammunition  Media  Training



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Who are the Terrorists?  Terrorists are generally people who feel alienated from society and have a grievance or



regard themselves as victims of an injustice.  Terrorists are devoted to their political or religious cause and do not regard their violent



actions as criminal.  Terrorists are ruthless and show no fear, pity or remorse.



Characteristics of Terrorists  Target specific individuals on an aircraft, such as Diplomats or VIPs  Engender fear of flying in the general public and disrupt normal life; and  Obtain the release of prisoners, perhaps from their own group  They operate in small groups or complex networks  They are usually well organized  Have access to necessary resources such as money, technical expertise, weapons,



explosives and sometimes supported by governments or States; and  Aims are political in nature



Characteristics of Criminals Attacks on Civil Aviation by criminal groups or individuals are rare and their motivation is:  Monetary gain or  Extortion  Personal gains  Difficult to classify  Unpredictable



CBRN – chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear attack 



Chemical warfare







Biological warfare







Radiological substances







Nuclear weapons



A growing concern among security professionals is that terrorists will someday use CBRN materials, in an attack against an unsuspecting public. Chemical weapons are those that are effective because their chemical action can cause death, permanent harm or temporary incapacity. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted



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Some toxic chemicals, such as phosgene, hydrogen cyanide and tear gas, may be used for both civil and peaceful, and hostile purposes. When they are used for hostile purposes, they are considered chemical weapons. Biological weapons are weapons that achieve their intended effects by infecting people with deliberate release of dangerous bacteria, viruses or fungi, or biological toxins (e.g. Anthrax, Small pox, ricin, a natural toxin occurring in plants). Radiological weapon is designed to spread radioactive material such as uranium, plutonium etc with the intent to kill and cause disruption upon a city or nation. Nuclear: Death and injury caused from caused from the effects of an explosion that includes blinding light, intense heat (thermal radiation), initial nuclear radiation, blast, fires started by the heat pulse, and secondary fires caused by the destruction. Why is civil aviation considered as an attractive target? 



Instant Publicity







Aircraft is mobile







Different nationalities on board







Aircraft can be easily taken in control







Aircraft itself can be used as a missile







Small amount of explosive is sufficient to cause huge damage to aircraft







Adverse impact on tourism thereby furthering the terrorist cause







Excellent Means of extortion







Economic damage to the country







Economic damage to the airline







Airline carry the flag of the nation







Large number of people in a confined area



Where can the threats come from?



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



Terrorist disguised as a passenger with the intent to hijack the plane







A terrorist may infiltrate a piece of luggage containing an explosive device directly onto the conveyor belt







Using naïve passenger to infiltrate a bomb into their luggage







Explosive device concealed at the check in area set to explode during the operations







Direct attack







Explosive device placed at the boarding gate area







Passenger used after check-in







Interline passengers and baggage







Cargo/Courier infiltration







Catering infiltration







Airport employees







Terrorist disguised as an airport worker







Explosive device or weapon left on board to be used on the second leg of the flight



UNLAWFUL SEIZURE OF AIRCRAFT (HIJACKING) What are the techniques used for hijacking? In order to execute a hijack of an aircraft, the perpetrator must be able to coerce the pilot-incommand. Therefore, it is necessary to: • Smuggle weapons onto the aircraft (examples of how this has been done ranges from concealment in toys to false prosthetics) •



Possible collusion with or bribery of airport or airline staff



•



Armed assault. This has been has been used on several occasions



The types of weapons used vary and may include pistols, automatic weapons, explosive charges, knives, or flammable material. SABOTAGE Sabotage techniques Most sabotage devices targeted against aircraft are either explosive or incendiary devices and can even be a combination of the two. The saboteur needs to have access to the aircraft to plant the device or place the device on the aircraft using passenger baggage, air cargo, catering or other stores loaded onto the aircraft prior to flight. The most common means of infiltrating sabotage devices in the past have been: AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Infiltration of device into baggage;







Collusion with airport or airline staff to place device on aircraft;







Subterfuge, use of an unsuspecting dupe



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Sabotage of airports Certain critical areas of an airport are vital to the continued operation of an airport, namely:  Runway; 



Passenger terminal buildings;







Navigational aids;







Electrical power supplies;







Air Traffic Control communications;







Aviation fuel storage;







Rescue and fire-fighting services.



Any sabotage to the above facilities can seriously impair the functioning of the airport. Suicide bomber While most successful saboteurs move away from the event of the device activation the suicidal saboteur is ready to kill himself for the cause. Whether a religious, political or nationalistic fanatic, these individuals or groups present a formidable threat to today’s security measures. These offenders may endeavor to achieve sabotage by: • Carrying the device on their person; or •



Providing the means to have a device boarded through their checked baggage.



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Historical Review of the past incidents 1



First hijacking in the world



The first recorded aircraft hijack took place on February 21, 1931 in Lima, (Peru).



2



1969



Year of maximum Hijackings



First hijacking in India



30th Jan, 1971, Indian Airlines flight from Srinagar to Jammu taken to Lahore.



Outcome



Rule 8 A of Aircraft Rule 1937 was being implemented. { superseded by Rule 21 of Aircraft(Security) Rules 2011}



Second hijacking in India



Indian Airlines Aircraft hijacked on 10th Sep, 1976, Mumbai to Delhi taken to Lahore.



Outcome



Shri B.D. Pandey committee was formed in 1976



18th Jan, 1978



Formation of DCAS as a cell under DGCA on the recommendation of Shri B.D. Pandey Committee



2nd August, 1984



A Bomb Explosion at Chennai (Meenabakkam) airport.



Outcome



Bomb Threat Contingency Plan was Implemented.



3



4



5



23rd Jun, 1985 



6



Post Kanishka Tragedy



Sabotage of Air India aircraft Kanishka Tragedy over Atlantic Ocean.  Explosion at Narita airport (Japan) during transfer of baggage to Air India aircraft. Justice B.N Kirpal, Commission was setup. On 1st April 1987 BCAS was formed as a Regulatory Authority on Civil Aviation Security under MCA. Following security measures were introduced     



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Identification of baggage-Mandatory Reconciliation of baggage was introduced Re-identification of registered baggage on interline station by passenger. Checking of baggage manually even after X-ray screening Inspection of security arrangements of national aircarriers at foreign stations by BCAS officers



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3rd May 1986



Sabotage of Air Lanka aircraft at Colombo airport. Explosives send through tea consignment in cargo. LTTE rebels bombed Air Lanka plane at Colombo airport, killing 16 people



2nd April 1986



Bombing of TWA 840. 04 passengers died while 117 survived. The bomb contained one pound of plastic explosive. It is suspected it had been placed under the seat cushion on a previous journey by a Lebanese woman



Outcome



Aircraft security check & security search were improved.



8



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29th Nov 1987 Korean Air Bombing resulted in death of 115 persons on board aircraft. A bomb was planted inside an overhead storage bin in the airplane’s passenger cabin by North Korean agents. Outcome



Transit Security checks were given high importance.



21st Dec 1988



Pan Am 103 incident resulted in death of 259 persons on board aircraft, as well as 11 persons on the ground at Lockerbie (Scotland).



Outcome



Marking of Plastic Explosive for the purpose of detection. Golden principle adopted. No passenger no baggage and all bomb threat calls to be taken seriously. Procedure for carriage of mishandled baggage was introduced.



11



24th Dec 1994



Air France aircraft seized at Algerian airport by four persons dressed as airline staff - three hostages killed. Aircraft flown to Marseilles (France) where four hijackers killed.



12



Nov 1996



ET 961 Ethiopian Airlines was hijacked by asylum seekers. Crashed in Comoros Island due to insuffient fuel.



24th Dec 1999



Hijack of Indian Airlines (IC-814) operating from Kathmandu (Nepal) to Delhi (India). Finally taken to Kandahar (Afghanistan)



Outcome



    



10



13







24 July 2001



Introduction of CISF as ASG in Feb 2000 Secondary Ladder point checks (SLPC) introduced in January 2000 Introduction of Sky Marshals Modernization / up gradation of electronic detection devices Preventing an Hijacked aircraft to take off from Indian soil, once it lands Review of contingency plans



Colombo Airport (Bandaranaike Airport) attack by LTTE.



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   



11th September 2001 Outcome



Attack by Al Qaida using 04 Aircrafts as a weapon of Mass destruction in USA.



14



15



    



22nd December  2001 16



17



Outcome



Strengthening of cockpit doors Locking of cockpit doors Implementation of strict pre-embarkation security checks Deployment of sky marshals Ban on steel / metallic cutlery with sharp edges. Richard Reid (Shoe Bomber), a member of Al Qaeda, boarded American Airlines from Paris to Miami. Passenger was on Aerial suicide mission. Shoe Scanning through XBIS was introduced. Carriage of Lighters & Matchbox in the aircraft is prohibited.



August 2006



Heathrow Airport Attack: Attempt to blow up 11 aircraft with the liquid explosive ( TATP)



Outcome



Restrictions on carriage of more than 100ml of liquid in cabin baggage



30th June 2007 Glasgow Airport Attack. A dark green Jeep Cherokee loaded cabin baggage with propane canisters was driven into the glass doors of the Glasgow International Airport terminal and set ablaze. A second bomb was later found in the car parking. Outcome



20



 



Raising of Perimeter wall to the prescribed height Access control system strengthened Security of parked aircraft at night Deployment of QRT



28th November Arkia Airlines (Israel) shot at by shoulder launched surface-to-air missiles on 2002 departure from Mombassa, Kenya.



18



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Focus on Landside security.



25th December Northwest Airlines Flight 253 was attacked by a man using a small explosive 2009 device hidden in his underwear, causing only a small fire inside the plane, which is extinguished by a flight attendant; the man was subdued by passengers and crew; there were 3 injuries. Outcome



Introduction of Body Scanners



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24th January Domodedovo International Airport bombing. A passenger exploded himself 2011 Moscow in the Moscow airport, International arrival hall, baggage claim area. Airport Attack Outcome



Random screening at the entry gate of the terminal building. Strengthening of security towards city side. Landside security was recommendation.



08th June 2014 Jinnah International Airport (Karachi) was attacked by 10 militants armed with automatic weapons, a rocket launcher, suicide vests and grenades carried out the attack. 36 people were killed, including all 10 attackers, and at least 18 were wounded. Outcome 22



Proper implementation of security measures aimed at preventing or minimizing the effect of ramming vehicle attacks should be incorporated, such as: physical barriers, for example bollards, crash-rated planters, speed breakers and chicane to be placed in curbside and other appropriate areas. 17th July 2014



23 24



Recommended Practices on landside security, security awareness training,



Outcome 22nd March 2016



A Malaysian Airline flight MH 17 flying over Ukraine and Russia border was bought down by a Buck missile fired by the militant. Aircraft crashed near Grabovo in the Donetsk region. Total Passenger 280, crew 15, Total 295 Pax. Annex 17 included provision on attacks against MANPADs Three coordinated nail bombings occurred in Belgium two at Brussels Airport in Zaventem. Two suicide bombers, carrying explosives in large suitcases, attacked a departure hall.



12th June 2016 A man has set off a homemade explosive device at Shanghai international airport, injuring four people as well as himself at Pudong International Airport, Shanghai. The man then took out a knife and stabbed his own neck. 25



28th June 2016 The Atatürk Airport terrorist attack, consisting of shootings and suicide bombings. Gunmen armed with automatic weapons and explosive belts staged a simultaneous attack at the international terminal. Outcome



Landside security became a standard.



Aviation Security Countermeasures National regulations on Aviation Security shall comply with the specifications made in the international conventions and in ICAO's Annex 17. For example, training programme, quality control programs, airport and airline security programs can contribute to optimal aviation security on a national level. The civil aviation industry has developed various countermeasures to counter the threats. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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These countermeasures can be categorized as:  Legislative  Technical 



Physical



Legislative Measures



International Conventions (Legal Instruments) International Conventions are International legal Instruments by which Contracting States affirm their intention to enforce the terms and provisions contained in these Conventions. The Chicago Convention of 1944 on International Civil Aviation was instrumental in the formation of International Civil Aviation Organization on 4th April 1947. The organization serves as a forum for cooperation in all fields of Civil Aviation among its 192 member states. India became signatory to the Chicago Convention on 04th April 1947. The ICAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations and is responsible to promote safe and orderly development of International Civil Aviation throughout the world. It sets standards and regulations necessary for Aviation safety, security, efficiency and regularity, as well as for Aviation environmental protection. ICAO has legislative powers by means of the SARPs provided by Annex 17. It also organizes obligatory security audits at States worldwide. The ICAO Security Manual contains guidelines on how to implement the SARPs as provided by Annex 17. International Conventions Chicago Convention1944 The Chicago Convention, officially called the Convention on International Civil Aviation, was signed on 7 December 1944. In 1947 it led to the establishment of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The governments that signed this convention agreed on certain principles and arrangements to allow a safe and orderly development of International Civil Aviation. Furthermore, this convention defines that international air transport services should be established on the basis of equal opportunities. This convention has 19 Annexes in total. The most important one concerning security issues is Annex 17, containing a description of Standards and Recommended Practices that apply to aviation security. Annex 17- Security, Safeguarding civil aviation against the act of unlawful intervention. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Tokyo Convention 1963 The Tokyo Convention was established in 1963. The official name of the convention is the Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft. The Tokyo convention only applies to offences that are committed on board an aircraft in flight. This convention focuses on offences that jeopardise:  The safety of the aircraft. 



The safety of the persons on board the aircraft.







The good order on board the aircraft.







The penal code of the State of registry of the aircraft.



This convention grants certain rights to the Pilot in Command (PIC), in order to ensure the safety and order on board of his aircraft:  Lawful commander of the aircraft 



Restrain passengers when they cause problems using reasonable measures.







Allow the crew to ask assistance from other passengers to overpower unruly passengers.







Disembark unruly passengers at the next port of call.



This convention also contains some obligations. The State of landing should:  Restore the control of the aircraft to the pilot in charge. 



Allow the pilot in charge to disembark unruly passengers, disregarding the State's visa or immigration requirements.







Take delivery of unruly passengers.







Take unruly passengers into police custody until the prosecution or extradition is accomplished.



The Hague Convention 1970 The official name of the Hague Convention, established in 1970, is the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft. This convention made the unlawful seizure of an aircraft (hijacking) an international offence.



Contents of the Hague Convention This convention obliges the States to:  Make the unlawful seizure of an aircraft punishable by severe penalties. 



Extradite or prosecute offenders without exception. Both the State of landing and the State of registry of the aircraft can exercise jurisdiction over these offenders.



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



Restore the control of the aircraft to the pilot in charge, not allowing the aircraft to take off to another destination while the offenders are still in control of the aircraft.







Report every occurrence to ICAO.



The Montreal Convention 1971 The official name of the Montreal Convention, established in 1971, is the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation. The primary focus of this convention was the sabotage of an aircraft. This convention, established the term aircraft in service, A parked aircraft which is under surveillance sufficient to detect unauthorized access. Contents of the Montreal Convention This convention defines the following offences:  Violence against a person on the aircraft. 



Destroying or damaging the aircraft, thus endangering the safety of aircraft in flight.







Placing on board a device likely to endanger the safety of aircraft in flight.







Destroying or damaging air navigation facilities, likely to endanger the safety of aircraft in service.







Communicating false information, such as a bomb threat, likely to endanger the safety of aircraft in flight.



This convention obliges the States to:  Make attempts and accomplices to offences also punishable by severe penalties.











Extradite or prosecute offenders without exception. Both the State of landing as the State of registry of the aircraft can exercise jurisdiction over these offenders.







Take all practical measures, like pre-board screening of passengers, in order to prevent offences.







Restore the control of the aircraft to the pilot in charge, not allowing the aircraft to take off to another destination while the offenders are still in control of the aircraft. Report every occurrence to ICAO.



Protocol to the Montreal Convention 1988 The official name of this protocol, added to the Montreal Convention in 1988, is the Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation. With this protocol, the definition of offences is broadened to all unlawful acts against a person or an airport serving international civil aviation, causing or likely to cause:  Injury or death at an airport  



The destruction or serious damage to the facilities of the airport



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The disruption of the airport's services



This protocol was created following a series of attacks on international airports that occurred after the creation of the Montreal Convention in 1971. The Marking of Plastic Explosives Convention 1991 (MEX CONVENTION) The official name of the Marking of Plastic Explosives Convention, established in Montreal in 1991, is the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purposes of Detection Convention. This convention focuses on the detection of explosives. By 1990, a series of explosions on board an aircraft had a taken place, resulting in the loss of uncountable live s and the destruction of multiple aircrafts. These explosions were most probably caused by bombs placed in checked baggage of passengers who finally did not board the aircraft. Contents of the Marking of Plastic Explosives Convention This convention allows the use of existing vapour detection technology to detect plastic explosives. Marking agents should be added to plastic explosives by the manufacturer. This convention obliges the States to:  Prevent the production of unmarked explosives 



Prevent the movement of unmarked explosives through their territory



Beijing Convention 2010 The Beijing Convention formally, the Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation is a 2010 treaty by which state parties agree to criminalize certain terrorist actions against civil aviation. The Beijing Convention modernizes and consolidates the Montreal Convention, 1971 and Supplementary Protocol, 1988. Using civil aircraft as a weapon and using dangerous materials to attack aircraft or other targets on the ground was treated as an offence. The illegal transport of biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons is also criminalized under the Convention. The Convention specifically provides for the criminal liability of directors and organizers of an offence, as well as the liability of those who knowingly assist an offender to evade investigation, prosecution or punishment. Any person making a threat to commit an offence may be criminally accountable when the circumstances indicate that the threat is credible. Under certain conditions, agreement to contribute or contribution to an offence, whether such an offence is actually committed or not, may be punishable.



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Beijing Protocol 2010 In 2010 in Beijing, the Protocol Supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft was adopted. The Protocol makes amendments and additions to the original convention. The Beijing Protocol supplements the Hague Convention, 1970. The Protocol expands the scope of The Hague Convention to cover different forms of aircraft hijackings, including through modern technological means. National Legislations Enactment of Acts in India to implement International Legal Instruments:India is a signatory to all the above conventions. The terms and provisions of international conventions are given legal backup in India by virtue of following Acts:



The Aircraft Act 1934, Section 4 as amended from time-to-time







The Tokyo Convention Act – 1975







The Anti-Hijacking Act 1982 and its amendment in 1994 was repealed as new The AntiHijacking Act 2016







Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Safety of Civil Aviation Act, 1982 Amended in 1994



Other National laws related to implementation and enforcement of National Civil Aviation Security Programme and other related matters are as under: The Aircraft Act, 1934 



The Aircraft Rules, 1937







The Aircraft (Carriage of Dangerous Goods) Rules 2003







The Aircraft (Security) Rules 2011







The Airport Authority of India Act. 1994







The Explosive Act







The Other Minor Acts connected with crimes against civil aviation and related matters.







Orders and regulations o



Gazette Notifications, AVSEC Orders, AVSEC Circulars and Directions issued by appropriate authority to implement ‘National Civil Aviation Security Programme’.



o



Airports Authority of India Regulations, 2000



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Technical Measures Annex 17 Anex 17 to the Chicago Convention was adopted in 1974 by the Council of ICAO. Its purpose is to safeguard International Civil Aviation against acts of unlawful interference. Annex 17 contains Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) that apply to aviation security STANDARD PRACTICE: -Specification necessary for the safety and regularity of international air navigation. ICAO contracting states will conform in accordance with the Chicago Convention. When they fail to do so, they are required to inform ICAO about this. In Annex 17, standards always contain the word shall. Examples of standard practice:  Pre-embarkation security checks of passengers, crew, ground personnel 



Screening of hold baggage’s







Background checks of personnel







Each contracting state must have a written NCASP



RECOMMENDED PRACTICE: Specification desirable for the interest of safety and regulatory of international air navigation. ICAO contracting states will endeavour to conform in accordance with the Chicago Convention. When a state does not comply with a Recommended Practice, they are invited to inform ICAO about this. In annex 17, recommended practices always contain the word should. Examples of recommended practice:  SLPC 



Deployment of IFSO (Sky Marshals)







Use of Body scanners



Contracting states must notify ICAO about every difference to a standard. The Standards and Recommended Practices are adopted and incorporated as Annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. There are 19 Annexure to the Chicago Convention. Annex 17 deals with safe guarding civil Aviation against the act of unlawful interference. The first edition of Annex 17 was being issued on 22nd March 1974. ICAO conducts Security Audit of each contacting state in order to review the compliance of Annex-17. Annex 17: Aviation Security. Annex 18: The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air. ICAO Security Manual The ICAO Security Manual for Safeguarding Civil Aviation against Acts of Unlawful Interference, (Doc 8973) Restricted, is the principal guidance document developed by ICAO to assist States in the implementation of the AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted



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technical specifications contained in Annex 17. Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) Directorate General of Civil Aviation is an attached office of the Ministry of Civil Aviation. The Directorate General of Civil Aviation is the regulatory body in the field of Civil Aviation primarily dealing with safety issues. It is responsible for regulation of air transport services to/from/within India and for enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety and airworthiness standards. It also co-ordinates all regulatory functions with International Civil Aviation Organization. The headquarters are located in New Delhi with regional offices in the various parts of India. Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) BCAS is the regulatory authority for civil aviation security in India. It is headed by Director General, Bureau of Civil Aviation (DG, BCAS). DG, BCAS is the appropriate authority for implementation of Annexure 17 to Chicago convention of International civil aviation organization (ICAO). DG, BCAS is responsible for the development, implementation and maintenance of the National Civil Aviation Security Programme. Key Responsibilities of States and Appropriate Authority International legislation Annex 17 Standard 2.1.1



Standard 2.2.1



Standard 2.2.2



Standard 4.1.1



Each Contracting State shall have as its primary objective the safety of passengers, crew, ground personnel and the general public in all matters related to safeguarding against acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation. Each Contracting State shall apply the Standards and shall endeavor to apply the Recommended Practices contained in Annex 17 to International civil aviation operations. Each Contracting State shall ensure that measures designed to safeguard against acts of unlawful interference are applied to domestic operations to the extent practicable, based upon a security risk assessment carried out by the relevant national authorities. Each Contracting State shall establish measures to prevent weapons, explosives or any other dangerous devices, articles or substances, which may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference, the carriage or bearing of which is not authorized, from being introduced, by any means whatsoever, on board an aircraft engaged in civil aviation.



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Rule 3 Duties of DG, BCAS NCASP 2018 Chapter 01 Primary Objective To meet the primary objective of the country the Government of India has established a dedicated organization namely the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) and is in existence since 01st April 1987. The organization is headed by the Director General, BCAS (DG, BCAS) under the Ministry of Civil Aviation to develop and implement regulations, practices and procedures to safeguard civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. The Aircraft Security Rules 2011 provide legal structure and clearly defines the responsibilities and methods of implementation. CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY SET UP IN INDIA International Legislation Annex 17 Standard 2.1.2



Each Contracting State shall establish an organization and develop and implement regulations, practices and procedures to safeguard civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference taking into account the safety, regularity and efficiency of flights.



Standard 2.1.3



Each Contracting State shall ensure that such an organization and such regulations, practices and procedures: a) Protect the safety of passengers, crew, ground personnel and the general public in all matters related to safeguarding against acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation; and b)



are capable of responding rapidly to meet any increased security threat.



History The BCAS initially set up as Directorate of Civil Aviation Security (DCAS) on 18 Jan, 1978, as a cell under the DGCA on the recommendation of the B D Pandey Committee, in the wake of the hijacking of Indian airlines on the 10th Sept 1976. The BCAS was organized into an independent organization on 01st April 1987 under the Ministry of Civil Aviation on the recommendation of Justice Kirpal Commission formed to investigate Kanishka tragedy. BCAS is the regulatory authority for civil aviation security in India. It is headed by an officer of the rank of Director General of Police and is designated as Director General, Bureau of Civil Aviation (DG, BCAS) DG, BCAS is the appropriate authority for implementation of Annexure-17 to Chicago AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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convention of International Civil Aviation Organization. DG, BCAS is responsible for the development, implementation and maintenance of NCASP. DG, BCAS under powers conferred to him by Government of India through MCA notification number 1797 dt. 03rd July 1997 under section 5A of aircraft act 1934, has the authority to issue the AVSEC Orders and Circulars. Organization chart of BCAS



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National Civil Aviation Security Programme (NCASP) International legislation Annex 17 Standard 3.1.1



Each Contracting State shall establish and implement a written national civil aviation security programme to safeguard civil aviation operations against acts of unlawful interference, through regulations practices and procedures which take into account the safety, regularity and efficiency of flights.



National legislation Aircraft Security Rules 2011 Rule 03 (i) Duties of DG,BCAS Develop, implement, maintain a NCASQCP to determine compliance with and validate the effectiveness of its NCASP. AVSEC Order 01/2018



National civil Aviation Security Programme



National Civil Aviation Security Training programme (NCASTP) International Legislation Annex 17 Standard 3.1.6: Each Contracting State shall require the appropriate authority to ensure the development and implementation of a National Training Programme for personnel of all entities involved with or responsible for the implementation of various aspects of the National Civil Aviation Security Programme. This training programme shall be designed to ensure the effectiveness of the national civil aviation security programme. National legislation Aircraft (Security) Rules 2011 Rule 03 (f) Duties of DG, BCAS Establish, develop and implement NCASTP NCASP 2018 Para 5.3.8 AVSEC Training Programme Chapter 09 Personnel Para 9.4



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Aviation Security Order / Circular Order 02/2018 National Civil Aviation Security Training Programme Establish, develop, and implement, a NCASTP for personnel of all entities involved with or responsible for the implementation of various aspects of the NCASP which shall be designed to ensure the effectiveness of the Security Programme. Aerodrome Security Programme International Legislation Annex 17 Standard 3.2.1:



Each Contracting State shall require each airport serving civil aviation to establish, implement and maintain a written airport security programme appropriate to meet the requirements of the national civil aviation security programme



National legislation Aircraft (Security) Rules 2011 Rule 08 Aerodrome Security Programme AVSEC Order 06/2018 NCASP 2018 4.2.2.1 i)



Aerodrome Security Programme establishing and maintaining a written Airport Security Programme



Aircraft Operators Security Programme International Legislation Annex 17 Standard 3.3.1



Each Contracting State shall ensure that commercial air transport operators providing service from that State have established, implemented and maintained a written operator security programme that meets the requirements of the national civil aviation security programme of that State.



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shall be made after the approval of the DG, BCAS. NCASP 2018 4.3.i



No aircraft operator shall commence operation at aerodrome without obtaining the clearance of security arrangements and the approval of the aircraft operator security programme from the Director General, BCAS in compliance of rule 24 of The Aircraft (Security) Rules, 2011.



Aviation Security Group (ASG) SOP’s / Aviation Security measures at Airports: National legislation Aircraft (Security) Rules 2011 Rule 14 Duties of the Chief Aerodrome Security Officer Aviation Security Order / Circular Circular 01/2001 Aviation Security measures



Anti hijacking measures  Frisking of passengers and search of hand baggage 



Armed support to frisking / searching staff







Escorting of passenger to aircraft







Apron and perimeter security







Security of catering items







Surveillance in Departure areas







Use of electronic aids-DFMD,HHMD,XBIS,CCTV







Secondary Ladder Point Checks







Pre flight security checks / search of aircraft







Deployment of sky marshals







On the job supervision by airline staff



Anti sabotage measures 



Screening and protection of registered baggage until loaded into aircraft hold







Identification / Reconciliation of registered baggage







Anti sabotage check of aircraft at originating station







Guarding of aircraft







Access control of aircraft







On the job supervision by airline staff



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



Security of air crew baggage / aircraft document bags / fuel







Security of catering items







Security of cargo, courier, human remains, postal mail, company stores







Non acceptance of last minute items by passengers



 Passengers to ensure they are aware of contents of their baggage’s Measures against terrorist attacks 



Guarding of aircraft and airport facilities







Apron / airport access control







Deployment of Quick Reaction Teams (QRT)







Perimeter wall of standard height







Perimeter road for patrolling







Perimeter lighting







Watch towers \ Patrolling- foot or mobile







Police stations in close proximity of airport







Efficient communication system



Security of personnel 



Aerodrome entry permit (AEP) / Aerodrome Entry Card (AEC) issued after security vetting/background checks







Display of AEP/AEC to detect misuse







Frisking of all AEP/AEC holders before entry to airside







Never leave your baggage unattended







Never lend your uniform / AEP to others







Never accept a packet for carriage without screening







On the job supervision / surveillance







Always display a positive security attitude



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Module-3 Working at the Airport Module Objective  Describe and recognize the main features of an airport (Typical airport layout) 



Locate all main airport and airline building and services on an airport







Visit to airport for familiarization







Specify the boundaries between non – restricted and restricted area of an airport







Move about an airport complying with the airport safety rules







Apply the rules of an airline / airport permit system







Post review of airport visit



Teaching Methods 



Slide Presentations







Lectures by certified instructors







Group discussions







Demonstrations







Role- playing and practical exercises







Overnight reading Assignments







Progress Tests







Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



International legislations Annex 17 Standard 2.3 Standard 3.2 Standard 4.2



Security and facilitation. Airport operations Measures relating to access control



National legislations Aircraft Rules 1937 Rule 90 Entry into public aerodromes



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Aviation (Security) Rules 2011 Rule 18 Entries into Aerodrome Rule 19 Entry into Security Restricted Area NCASP 6.4.5 6.6



Conditions for issue of AEPs Aerodrome Entry Permit (AEPs)



Aviation Security Order / Circular Order 02/2008 Authorization for issue of Airport Entry Pass. Order 04/2010 Issuance of Temporary Airport Entry Passes by the Airport Operators under Rule-90(1), Rule 90(3) and Rule 90 (4) of Aircraft Rules 1937. Order 07/2015 Aerodrome Entry permit Guidelines - Temporary Area Order 06/2009 Issue of AEP to foreigner(s) Arrival / Departure Areas



Passenger check-in and departure area



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Airport Administration Building



Air Traffic Control Tower (ATC)



ATC Complex



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Arrival Hall / Baggage Claim Area



Operations Building



Fuel storage area



Fuel farms



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Cargo Hold



Maintenance area



Air Navigation Aids



Catering Establishment



Catering Unit



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Airport safety rules - moving about the airport When moving about the airside areas of the airport either on foot or in a vehicle all security personnel: 



MUST know the boundaries between airside, landside, SRA and Controlled areas.







MUST know the location and correct name of all airport buildings, services and aircraft operating areas.







MUST maintain radio contact with the airport ground operations control (or ATC) when moving in the vicinity of taxiways and runways.







MUST use vehicle hazard lights and wear a reflective safety vest.







MUST observe airport speed limits and comply with movement rules.







MUST follow prescribed vehicle routes on the apron and other aircraft maneuvering surfaces.







MUST NOT stand, walk, move, park or drive close to an aircraft when the red revolving light on top and below the aircraft is lit (shows that engines are running, or that start-up, pushback or towing is about to take place).







MUST NOT park any vehicle in a dangerous location.







MUST NOT assume that it is safe to cross a taxiway or runway because it appears to be clear.







MUST NOT disobey ground control (or ATC) movement instructions.







MUST NOT cross a runway unless you have received clearance from ground control or ATC tower even when responding to a security incident [does not apply if the runway is closed.



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AIRPORT PERMITS SYSTEMS:The airport permit system is a set of rules which controls the access of people and vehicles to restricted areas Typical Aerodrome Entry Permit for PEOPLE should contain:  photograph of the holder  



Airport(s)/ Terminal(s) access zones/areas







period of validity







name of permit holder







name of employer/agency/organization







permit serial number







Designation of the Holder







Signature of the issuing Authority and AEP holder



The most usual types of airport permits are:  PERMANENT VISITOR such as diplomat or Protocol official from national or foreign diplomatic mission(s) 



TEMPORARY VISITOR







VEHICLE including airport authority, airlines, agencies, organizations



EXAMPLES OF AIRPORT SRA PERMITS FOR PEOPLE Photograph of Holder (Colour coded background)



Signature of Issuing Authority



Airport Name and Logo



Expiry Date dd/mm/yy



Issuing Authority Date & Stamp



Airport Name and Logo



Expiry Date dd/mm/yy



Name of Permit Holder



Name of Permit Holder



Name of Employer Agency/Organization



Name of Employer Agency/Organization



Signature of Holder



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Signature of Holder



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Expiry Time and Date



Visitor’s Name Name



of Visitor’s Sponsoring Agency/Organization Signature of Holder



Permit Serial No. Airport Area to be visited



TO BE ESCORTED AT ALL TIMES BY SRA PERMIT HOLDER WITHIN SRA



Height: 6.5cm The following types of Airport Entry Cards (AEC) are issued in India Sr. No Alphabets on AEP 01 02 03



Area of Access Arrival hall



A



Departure Hall



D T



Width: 8.5cm



Terminal Building (Other than security Hold, Custom & immigration but including baggage claim area of domestic terminal). Terminal Building security hold area.



04



S



05



P



06 07



B F



Air traffic control except ATC tower.



07 08



FtF



Air Traffic Control tower



08 09



Ft. C



Cargo Terminal without cargo SHA-Domestic & International



10 11



Cd Ci.



12



Cs.



13



I



Apron area Baggage handling area.



Cargo Terminal without cargo SHA-Domestic Cargo Terminal without cargo SHA-International Cargo SHA pertaining to C of Ci Boarding gates to immigration/Baggage claim area



Note : Other permits 1. Web based bar coded photo identity card for casual labour are issued to Casual workers who are hired on daily wages.



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2.



Members of Parliament can enter Airport up to check in counters & arrival hall without an AEC, on the basis of showing their ID Card.



3.



X Zone for other areas. e.g basement



Typical permit for VEHICLES should contain:  Registered number of vehicle 



Name of organization







Area and validity







Period of validity







Access gates to be used







“AIRSIDE” safety status of vehicle



EXAMPLES OF AIRPORT SRA PERMITS FOR VEHICLES



VEHICLE ENTRY PERMIT BCAS



VEP NO.-



Name of the AirportNAME OF THE VEHICLE OWNER / OPERATORREGISTRATION NO. OF VEHICLEMAKE OF VEHICLEVALIDITY OF VEHICLE INSURANCEVALIDITY OF VEPGATE NO.ESCORT REQUIREMENT- Y / N HOLOGRAM



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ZONE DEFINITIONS TR – SR MAPT— CT-



TARMAC SERVICE ROAD MANOEUVERING AREA PASSENGER TERMINAL CARGO TERMINAL



VEP GUIDELINES 1. The holder of this permit shall comply with Apron Safety Regulations as per The Gazette of India notification dated 03rd July 2003 2. The holder of this permit to whom the permit is issued for vehicle/ equipment will be responsible for adherence to all the Rules and regulations and should carry all the original documents i.e. Registration certificate , Fitness Certificate , Pollution Certificate and Speed governor certificate as per the guidelines issue by RTO, DGCA ,BCAS and “Name of the Airport Operator” 3. Original and valid Permit must be affixed to and permanently displayed on the front of the vehicle. 4. In case of any incident /accident or loss of this permit, please contact /inform Airside Apron control on telephone no.______________ 5. Vehicle Driver shall possess a valid ADP. 6. Any other guideline as per local requirement of the airport may be incorporated in addition to the above guidelines.



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MODULE – 4 Access Control – People Module Objectives 



Understand the operations at a pedestrian security control checkpoint







List information to be recorded in an access control point logbook







Be familiar with the use of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)







Be aware of suspicious or unusual behaviour at access control points.



Teaching Methods 



Slide Presentations







Lectures by certified instructors







Group discussions







Demonstrations







Role- playing and practical exercises







Overnight reading Assignments







Progress Tests







Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



What is Access Control? Access control means the security procedure applied to ensure that only authorized persons, authorized vehicles and authorized items carried by such persons or transported in such vehicles are allowed access into the premises, area or zone being controlled. International Legislation Annexure 17 Standard 4.2.1



Each Contracting State shall ensure that the access to airside areas at airports serving civil aviation is controlled in order to prevent unauthorized entry.



Standard 4.2.2



Each Contracting State shall ensure that security restricted areas are established at each airport serving civil aviation based upon a security risk assessment carried out by the relevant national authorities.



Standard 4.2.3



Each Contracting State shall ensure that identification systems are established in respect of persons and vehicles in order to prevent unauthorized access to



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airside areas and security restricted areas. Identity shall be verified at designated checkpoints before access is allowed to airside areas and security restricted areas. Standard 4.2.5



Standard 4.2.6



Each Contracting State shall ensure that the movement of persons and vehicles to and from the aircraft is supervised in security restricted areas in order to prevent unauthorized access to aircraft. Each Contracting State shall ensure that persons other than passengers, together with items carried, being granted access to security restricted areas are screened.



Recommended 4.2.8 Each Contracting State should ensure that identity documents issued to aircraft crew members provide a harmonized and reliable international basis for recognition and validation of documentation to permit authorized access to airside and security restricted areas by conforming to the relevant specifications set forth in Doc 9303, Machine Readable Travel Documents. Recommendation. 4.2.9 Each Contracting State should ensure that checks specified in 4.2.4 be reapplied on a regular basis to all persons granted unescorted access to security restricted areas. National Legislation Aircraft Rule 1937 Rule 90



Entry into public aerodromes – (1) No person shall enter or be in the terminal building of any Government aerodrome or public aerodrome or part of such building or any other area in such aerodrome notified in this behalf by the Central Government unless he holds an admission ticket issued by the aerodrome operator or an entry pass issued by the Commissioner of Security (Civil Aviation) or any person authorized by the Central Government in this behalf. (2) No person shall, without permission in writing, by general or



special order, of the Central Government or any officer authorized in this behalf – (a) Enter or remain or cause any other person to enter or



remain in the Movement area (b) Leave or throw or cause to be thrown any animal, bird or



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(c) Permit any animal under his possession or control or



otherwise to stray in the Movement area; and (d) operate any vehicle in the Movement area.



Aviation (Security) Rules 2011 Part III Aerodrome Access Control NCASP 6.4



6.4.2



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Access Control Persons 6.4.1 No person shall enter or be in the terminal building of any licensed aerodrome or part of such building or any other area, including the movement area but excluding runway, unless he is a benefice passenger or a crew member embarking, disembarking or in transit or holds a valid aerodrome entry permit issued by the Commissioner, provided that (a) the Airport Operator may permit visitors to certain areas of the terminal building specially marked for the visitors. For short time entry, every individual shall be issued with one daily permit with a direction to establish his or her identity at the time of allowing access at the entry point on the basis of identity card and random screening shall be done at the entry gate of terminal building. In order to strengthen the security aspects and prevent misuse of fake/cancelled tickets for entry into the airport, the following instructions shall be strictly implemented: (i) Airport operator will coordinate with airlines for arrangement of 2D bar code scan of the E-tickets at the terminal building entry gates. All the e-tickets in paper and digital form should be verified against identity at the entry gates. (ii) Until the above system is operational, all persons exiting need to show their AEP/Visitor's Entry Ticket or justification from the airline concerned through their staff liaising with the ASG staff at the gate in person. The documents or devices through which the non-AEP holder entered should be examined by the ASG staff at the gate. A record of such exits should be kept by the ASG at the gate and all gates should be immediately alerted against multiple entry by such persons. The crew members of foreign airlines operating to / from India will not be issued AEPs. They will be allowed entries in the Restricted



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aerodrome on the basis of General Declaration and passport and / or airline issued ID card / Crew Member Certificate (CMC). 6.4.4



Hon’ble Members of Parliament shall be allowed entry into the terminal buildings (up to arrival and departure hall) of civil aerodrome/ civil enclave in the country on the basis of their valid identity cards issued by Parliament Secretariat, New Delhi.



Aviation Security Order / Circular Order 04/2010



Circular 14/2000 Circular 02/2009 Circular 18/2009



Issuance of Temporary Airport Entry Passes by the Airport Operators under Rule-90(1), Rule 90(3) and Rule 90 (4) of Aircraft Rules 1937. Entry to the airport Access control of Casual/Daily Labourers Courtesy to Members of Parliament at airports



Defense in Depth Layers of security measures build upon each other to protect civil aviation operations. Therefore if one layer fails or is deficient, another will hopefully prevent the act of unlawful interference. These layers may consist of:  Security Restricted areas and Restricted areas 



Airport identification permits for personnel and vehicles







Physical Security measures ( fences, gates, locks, patrols etc)







Detection systems for weapons and Explosives



The first line of defence is the integrity of the airport perimeter and landside / airside boundaries, while other protective measures for Security Restricted Areas provide another layer.



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Purpose of Access Control To control the movement of people and vehicles from landside (non-security restricted areas) into airside (controlled and security restricted areas) Access Control Challenges 



Size of the airport and boundary







Number of workers at an airport







The requirement for people and vehicles to have legitimate access to controlled and security restricted areas for operational purposes







Airports are often 24-hour per day operations



Access Control Points 



Must be manned at all times they are open or in use, or otherwise locked or closed.







All persons working at the airport must use the SRA access points when entering SRA, (includes aircraft crew and airline employees).



External Access Control Points



Internal Access Control Points



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Access Control Point for Staff



Access control system can be  Physical - Controlled by security guard using equipment such as a turnstile for people and a



drop-arm barrier for vehicles 



Automated Access Control Systems (AACS) -Coded card (with or without PIN) -Proximity card (RF) (with or without PIN) -Biometric Systems. -IRIS -Face Geometry



Coded card



Hand Geometry



IRIS Scan system



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Requiring Access for legitimate need 



Airport Employees







Airline & Tenant Employees







Employees of other Airport Organizations( Police/customs/immigration)







National Government Representatives







Diplomatic Representatives







Emergency Services







Visitors



Passengers 



Require valid boarding card and Travel Identification documents







Family and friends should NOT be allowed to accompany passengers into the Security Restricted Area.



Access Control Point Equipment 



Barriers, gates, turnstiles, etc.







Communication equipment, such as radio, telephone, etc.







Weapons & Explosive detection equipment e.g. metal detectors, x-ray equipment , explosive trace detection







Search equipment for vehicles, e.g., lights mirrors







Control point log/book and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)







Facilities (location and environmental conditions)



Contents of Access Control Point Log 



Time control point was opened or handed over to a new shift







The status of check point equipment







Record of incidents at the control point







An inventory of items and/or equipment kept at the control point for its operation



Control Point Log Entry 



Control point location



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Details of incident to include:-Name of visitor and serial number details of permits -Registration number of vehicle -Purpose of access -Additional important details -Details of who made the log entry -Dates and times - Nature of the incident - Responding agencies etc.



Recognizing behavior that may be suspicious 



Unknown person without a permit.







Attempt to gain access to restricted area.







Carrying a parcel.







Circumstances not normal.







Incident can be called “suspicious”.



TYPICAL STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE (SOP) FOR A SPECIFIC ACCESS CONTROL POINT, EITHER WITHIN A BUILDING OR EXTERNAL, WILL INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS: The security personnel on duty at an access control point must ensure that only



authorized persons and embarking passengers, properly documented, are allowed access into an airport restricted and controlled area.  Security personnel shall check that all persons entering a controlled area are in



possession and displaying a valid airport identification permit.  Security staff will also check that embarking passengers are in possession of valid



travel documents including an airline boarding card which indicates the airline flight and passenger details.  In the event that any person gains or attempts to gain unauthorized access to an



airport restricted area, security personnel will endeavour to prevent such entry and will immediately notify the security supervisor.  Details of all incidents will be recorded in the access control point log.



Note: This typical SOP is to be replaced by the local Standard Operating Procedures.



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EXAMPLE OF THE CONTENTS OF A TYPICAL CONTROL POINT LOG CONTROL POINT LOCATION:



LOG ENTRY:



NAME OF VISITOR:



REGISTRATION NUMBER OF VEHICLE:



PURPOSE FOR ACCESS:



COMMENTS :



_



LOG ENTRY MADE BY:



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ACCESS CONTROL - PEOPLE EXAMPLE ACCESS CONTROL POINT LOG Checkpoint # …6….Incident log Date



Time



Details of Incident



Name & Initials



12 Dec 2008 15:30



Took over checkpoint 6 from D Shift. I Guard. All equipment listed in SOP accounted for and serviceable. Comms check to security control. OK



Mr. ABC



12 Dec 2008 15:30 12 Dec 2008 15:30



Took over checkpoint 6 from D Shift. I Guard



Mr. ABC



12 Dec 2008 16: 30 12 Dec 2008 16: 30 12 Dec 2008 17:43



12 Dec 2008 18: 10 12 Dec 2008 18: 10



12 Dec 2008 18:30



All equipment listed in SOP accounted for and serviceable. Comms check to security control. OK Visit to check point by B shift supervisor. All in order Comms check to security control. OK



I Supervisor



A green Toyota car reg. AA - A- 1234 approached checkpoint. Driver requested directions to main cargo terminal. Driving License MH – 02 – 12 -34567 Name G Driver. Directions given as requested. Handed over checkpoint to N I Guard



Mr. ABC



Took over check point 6 from AN Other. All equipment listed in SOP accounted for and serviceable. Comms check to security control. OK



N I Guard



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N I Guard



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Module – 5 Access Control – Vehicles Module Objectives 



Verify that vehicle access control point equipment is in working order







Carry out control of vehicle access at vehicle access control point.







Carry out search of vehicles to detect prohibited articles.







Apply Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for vehicles.







Describe the procedures for dealing with irregularities or security incidents



Teaching Methods 



Slide Presentations







Lectures by certified instructors







Group discussions







Demonstrations







Role- playing and practical exercises







Overnight reading Assignments







Progress Tests







Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



General Principles 



Access to airside or Security Restricted Areas must be allowed only to those vehicles with a clear operational requirement.







The admission of vehicles to airside areas should be restricted for reasons of security and safety and to avoid congestion on aircraft movement areas



International Legislation Annex 17 Standard 4.2.3



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Each Contracting State shall ensure that identification systems are established in respect of persons and vehicles in order to prevent unauthorized access to airside areas and security restricted areas. Identity shall be verified at designated checkpoints before access is allowed to airside areas and security restricted areas. Restricted



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Standard 4.2.5



Each Contracting State shall ensure that the movement of persons and vehicles to and from the aircraft is supervised in security restricted areas in order to prevent unauthorized access to aircraft.



Standard 4.2.7



Each Contracting State shall ensure that vehicles being granted access to security restricted areas, together with items contained within them, are subject to screening or other appropriate security.



National Legislation Aircraft Rule 1937 Rule 90 Entry into public aerodromes Aircraft (Security) Rules 2011 Rule 18.7 (c) Entry into aerodrome No person shall: Operate any vehicle without entry permit from the DG, BCAS in the movement area. NCASP 2011 6.5 Control of Access - Vehicles Aviation Security Order / Circular Circular 36/2005 Access of vehicle up to the Tarmac on Security/ Medical and Protocol ground Challenges 



Size of the airport and boundary







Number of workers at an airport







Airports are often 24-hour a day operations







The requirement for people and vehicles to have authorized access to controlled and security restricted areas for operational purposes



Authorized Vehicles 



Immigration and other Government Agencies







Airport/Airline vehicles







Emergency Services







Visitors







Vehicles may be required to be searched depending on the local AVSEC Programme







Special procedures for vehicles carrying aircraft crews, high value goods, prisoners and deportees



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Access Control Point Equipment The security personnel taking over duty at an access control point should always make sure of the operational status of the access point by checking that all equipment at the control post is in working order. 



Barriers, gates, turnstiles, etc.







Communication system, such as radio, telephone







Weapons & Explosive detection equipment e.g. metal detectors , explosive trace detection







Search for vehicles, e.g., lights, angled mirrors







Control point log/book and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) including stop lists



Access Control Point Log 



Time control point was opened or handed over to a new shift







The status of check point equipment







Record of incidents at the control point







Record visits to the control point by supervisors







Details of vehicles without passes







Details of vehicles admitted; ( depending on frequency and local SOP)



Typical Vehicle Permit All motorized vehicles and equipment used on the airside in the vicinity of aircraft should be “safety inspected” prior to the issue of an airside access permit. Permits for vehicles should contain the following information:



Registration number of vehicle







Name of organization/agency







Area of validity







Period of validity







Designated access gate to be used







AIRSIDE safety status of vehicle



Examining Vehicle Permits 



Vehicle number on permit matches actual vehicle registration number



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Name of organization is correct and bona fide







Permit is valid and not expired







Permit valid for access point







Authorizing signature correct / bona fide.



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Checks carried out on a vehicle before allowing it access to airside 



Check vehicle permit for validity







Check the vehicle for presence of any Restricted / Prohibited article







Only drivers having ADP are allowed to drive in the airside







Driver/occupants should have AEP







Frisk the driver/occupants







Check all items being carried in the vehicle



Search of a vehicle will require a trained vehicle searcher and specialist equipment, but effective checks can be made by well briefed staff who may not have received formal training on detailed searching. Before commencing a search of a vehicle, the searcher must have the authority to search and search for the restricted article. The following search equipment should be available to conduct the search effectively:



Adequate lighting ( flashlight, torches and dragon light )







Under Vehicle Search System (UVSS)







Under Vehicle Search Mirror (UVSM), Mirrors on extended or telescopic handle.



Attention to be paid during searching a vehicle 



The interior of the vehicle.







The trunk, boot or load carrying area .







The engine compartment.







The underside of the vehicle.







The roof of a vehicle







Any external apertures.



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



Some vehicles such as those carrying bonded goods, high value cargo or in-flight catering will often be sealed.







The driver however is often in possession of a document that shows the number of the seal that was affixed when the load area was sealed.







By ensuring that the serial number of the seal corresponds with that shown in the document and shows no sign of being tampered with, access may be granted without further search or check.



To control the movement of vehicle at access point following equipment is required:-



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



Physical Controls equipment



   



Barriers in front of gate Crash Rated Electro-hydraulic Bollard System Crash Rated Electro-Hydraulic Tyre Killer Crash Rated Electro-Hydraulic Road Blocker







Communication system Search Equipment







Radio /Telephone/Alarm Under Vehicle Search Mirror (UVSM) HHMD for checking of personnel ETD/ EVD Dragon Light Flash Light Under Vehicle Search System



Documentation Other facilities











 



      



Log book/Record book. Signs/Adequate lighting.



Physical Controls equipment



Crash Rated Electro‐hydraulic Bollard System



Crash Rated Electro‐Hydraulic Tyre Killer



Crash Rated Electro‐Hydraulic Road Blocker



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PROCEDURE FOR DEALING WITH SECURITY INCIDENTS / ATTEMPTS The procedures for dealing with irregularities, or security incidents at an access control point. In case of discovery of suspect explosive device 



Do not touch the device







Do not open







Do not unwrap







Do not shake or handle







Do not turn or unscrew







Do not cut strings, etc.







Do not lift or remove covers







Notify a supervisor



Discovery of suspect person 



Check for valid AEP, reason for entry







Frisk / search for suspect items







In case of any doubt Notify supervisor



GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTENTS OF A LOCAL STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE (SOP) FOR DEALING WITH A PROHIBITED OR “SUSPECT” ITEM DISCOVERED DURING SEARCH OF A VEHICLE.  Remain calm and polite. 



Do not alarm vehicle driver.







Do not allow the vehicle to enter the airport.







Do not try to restrain the driver or use physical force.







Immediately notify supervisor.



NOTE: These guidelines are to be replaced with the local airport Standard Operating Procedures



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Module-06 LANDSIDE SECURITY Module Objective:     



Understand What is Landside Security Determine the measures on ground Determine Scope, responsibilities, threats & vulnerabilities Determine Enhanced Security Measures Determine Physical Measures



Teaching Methods 



Slide Presentations







Lectures by certified instructors







Group discussions







Demonstrations







Role- playing and practical exercises







Overnight reading Assignments







Progress Tests







Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



Legal framework International legislation



Annex 17 Standard 4.8.1 Standard 4.8.2



Standard 4.8.3



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Each Contracting State shall ensure that landside areas are identified. Each Contracting State shall ensure that security measures are established for landside areas to mitigate the risk of and to prevent possible acts of unlawful interference in accordance with risk assessments carried out by the relevant authorities or entities. Each Contracting State shall ensure coordination of landside security measures in accordance with Standards 3.1.6, 3.2.2 and 3.2.3 between relevant departments, agencies, other organizations of the State, and other entities, and identify appropriate



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responsibilities for landside security in its national civil aviation security programme. National Legislation NCASP 2018 6.11 AVSEC Order 18/2011 AVSEC Circular 02/2007



09/2005 22/2010



Measures relating to Landside---Objectives and principle Strengthening of security towards cityside of airports Minimum Standards for Civil Aviation Security Equipment Crash Rated Electro-hydraulic Bollard System. Appendix-A Crash Rated Electro-Hydraulic Tyre Killer. Appendix-B Crash Rated Electro-Hydraulic Road Blocker. Appendix-C Security regulations for Off-airport Check-in facility Security Announcement and Security signages



Security in the landside area is difficult to monitor and control due to public accessibility and the limitations of implementing security measures. There are many obstacles to overcome while keeping focused on terminal design, passenger throughput and the generation of revenues from sources like retail operations. When considering basic requirements for airport security, all landside area operations remain as vulnerable targets and yet basic tenants of physical security are applicable. Improved technologies and prudent use of CCTV have been considered for airport security in coordination with airport law enforcement, airport operations and the cooperation of tenants. The physical security measures and the operational security measures described in this chapter shall be implemented to protect the landside, public areas of the airport. The development and implementation of appropriate security measures shall be based on a security risk assessment process carried out by the relevant authorities and/ or entities, in collaboration with national and local authorities and the airport operator, to detect, deter and mitigate the risk in landside areas. Landside security measures should be adapted to the airport environment by States and relevant entities, and implemented by the relevant local entities in accordance with national requirements. These measures should be commensurate to the threat and risk, and should be described in the Counter Terrorist Contingency Plan (CTCP). Random Screening of passenger and baggage at entry gates on the basis of behavior detection and risk assessment. A coordinated approach - The Appropriate Authority, in coordination with all stakeholders including law enforcement agencies (e.g. police, port authority and border control), aircraft operators, security service providers, local public transport and retail representatives shall include all concerned stakeholders when developing and implementing landside security measures. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted



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Landside mitigation measures — key elements Attacks on landside may be carried out on public areas of an airport where attackers may not need to defeat the security measures normally in place prior to entering security restricted areas. Potential modes of attack may include, but are not limited to, the following: a) b) c) d) e)



Person – Borne IED (PBIED) and MANPADS; IED placed inside or near airport key points (non – suicide attack); Armed assault at a public area of an airport; Vehicle – Borne IED (VBIED) attacks and terminal ram-raiding; and An attack by means of chemical, biological and/ or radiological agents.



Landside security arrangements: It is necessary to ensure that security measures are established for landside areas to mitigate the risk of and to prevent possible acts of unlawful interference in coordination with relevant departments and agencies; and in accordance with risk assessments carried out by the relevant authorities or entities. The following aspects will be implemented by airport operator, ASG (CISF/ State Police), State/ UT administration and other entities concerned; a) The identification of landside/ airside barriers; b) CTCP, the mock drill frequencies, participation and appropriate responsibilities of all concerned for coordination of landside security measures between relevant departments, agencies. c) Airport – level training programme to impart required security training for securing landside areas. d) Provision of physical security measures like check points/ barriers on the access road to airport terminal and Bullet resistant equipment; e) CCTV surveillance on the landside areas – coverage and recording system; f) Security arrangements in the funnel area, particularly landing and take – off points; g) Appropriate security measures for landside areas to mitigate the risk and to prevent possible acts of unlawful interference in accordance with risk assessments carried out by the relevant authorities. Arrangements to mitigate the risk of vehicles being used to crash into the terminal building with improvised explosive devices (i) Manned vehicle inspection stations to control access in and around the airport terminal during elevated threat levels are necessary at the airport to provide a location at a safe distance in which to inspect vehicles that are approaching the airport terminal on the access roadway. In some instances, vehicle inspection stations are also necessary at vehicle parking locations if they are located within the proximity to the terminal building. Consideration has been given to including the following features at vehicle inspection stations: (ii) Turnstiles roll gates, or vehicular crash barriers that will stop or impede “gate crashing”. A AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted



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sheltered checkpoint station has been provided on each vehicle gate to permit maximum visibility over the immediate area of the gate and to provide easy access for the guard to carry out inspecting duties. (iii) Sufficient space has been provided to direct a person or vehicle to one side for further inspection without blocking access for those following. Sufficient space has also been provided for emergency vehicles and other authorized vehicles to by-pass the vehicle inspection stations. (iv) Communications, including emergency and duress alarms, between any sheltered security checkpoint station and the airport security services office, as well as a duress alarm by which emergency assistance may be summoned shall be provided at the vehicle entry points on the landside. (v) Vehicle check system with License Plate Reader (LPR) have been installed on the approach road to the terminals. (vi)Armed personnel at alighting and boarding point shall be deployed by ASG. As per the BCAS Circular No. 2/2007 dated 14.2.2007, Crash Rated Electro hydraulic bollards have been installed on the approach road to the airport terminals. Arrangements to protect and police the passenger drop-off and pick-up areas and terminal frontages to prevent vehicles being left unattended (i) Roads to the terminal shall allow for un-congested flow during peak hours so as to ensure law enforcement personnel have the ability to effectively monitor and move vehicles. (ii) Drop off and loading zones have been set as far away from the terminal as practical to minimize the blast effects of a vehicle bomb. The use of moving sidewalks or access to luggage carts to help Passengers Bridge the gap shall be essential. (iii) Emergency Vehicle (Fire and Police) Parking / staging areas near the terminal, potential inspection areas, and congested areas have been provided. (iv) During periods of heightened security, it shall be ensured that vehicles cannot gain access to the terminal by bypassing inspection area. It will also be ensured to evaluate the ability of the potential to “jump curbs”, travel across open landscaping, or drive the wrong way down a road. (v) In order to minimize traffic to the terminal, alternative routes to non-terminal based operations, such as access to the Air Cargo operations, Rental Car agencies, hotels, etc. have been provided. Clear signage and sufficient dedicated driving lanes to permit drivers unfamiliar with the airport to find their destinations quickly and easily. (vi) During periods of heightened security, exit points with alternate routes have been provided to enable customers to choose other options or means to access the terminal (such as buses or pedestrian). This will help in de-congestion and inspection requirements. The security arrangement is vested with ASG. (vii) CISF will ensure that No vehicle shall be left unattended at any point of time in front of the terminal building. Immediately after drop-off and pick-up the vehicle shall be removed from the frontage zone of the terminal. (viii) It shall be the responsibility of CISF and local police to protect the passenger drop-off and pick-up areas and terminal frontages to prevent vehicles being left AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted



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unattended which can be used to commit an act of unlawful interference. (ix) NAKAS on approach road of the airport terminals shall be established for checking of vehicles at these points; Surveillance and patrols of the public areas of the terminal: Securing the public area from terrorist attack to provide safe and secure environment at the airport is of paramount importance to ensure safety and security of general public, passengers, employees and materials. The following tasks shall be carried by the concerned entities at the airport for the purpose:a) Deployment of armed patrols on the city side of the terminals b) Patrolling in the parking lots on city side of the airport terminals; c) Backup support on city side of the Terminals through deployment of QRT to strengthen protection level and to react in the event of any contingency; d) Hand Free RT sets for Morcha / pickets sentries for communication e) Surveillance /Patrolling in General parking situated around 100 m away from the Terminals f) Surveillance/ Patrolling in General parking lot g) Surveillance /Patrolling in VIP parking lot h) A dedicated road has been constructed for the movement of VIP Vehicles from and to Terminals. i) Only authorized VIP vehicles allowed parking in the VIP parking area by CISF,for which the Airport Operator issue passes j) VIP parking area will be secured by the ASG armed patrolling and barrier checking k) Car parking area is situated at a distance of 100 meters (approx.) from the Terminal building; l) The vehicle check system installed at the entrance lane to Parking and it is under CCTV surveillance. m) Bullet Proof Morchas n) The vehicles cleared from the road outside Terminals by local Traffic Police & assisted by the ASG patrolling parties; o) A component of CISF/ local police personnel shall be deployed for patrolling on the city side. p) Gypsies shall be provided for the QRT of ASG duly equipped with VHF sets; q) Sufficient RT Sets shall be provided to the QRT of ASG; r) 02 elevated concrete fortified Morchas / pickets , covered with cone type roofs & anti grenade nets have been provided at entry naka to the terminals, departure and arrival forecourt. s) Hydraulic Bollards & Manual Tyre killers have been provided at all the roads leading to terminals. Procedures for the protection of tickets, boarding passes, baggage tags and other documents The following procedures shall be followed: AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted



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(i) Responsibility of checking of travel documents and establishing the bonafide of passengers, their baggage and cargo consignment to be transported by air rests with the aircraft operator. (ii) Documentation: Tickets presented by passengers shall be examined to confirm they are genuine, in date and appropriate to the intended flight and destination. Where there are doubts about the validity of any document produced by a passenger, check-in is to be discontinued until the matter has been resolved satisfactorily. (iii) Passenger identity checks: Each passenger’s passport or identity d o c u m e n t shall be examined at check-in for normal security procedures, for immigration obligations and for the prevention of fraud. The purpose of identity checks at check-in is to: (a) Establish the passport or identity document is genuine and that its period of validity covers the period of the intended journey (b) Confirm that the name on the booking matches the name on passport or ID document (c) Match the photograph in the passport or ID document with the passenger and establish that any necessary visa are present (instructions on the checking of visas are issued separately) (d) When there is any doubt about a passenger's identity or the validity of documents presented, check-in is to be discontinued until the doubt has been cleared Identity documents shall be carried in original by a bonafide passenger for security control with respect to departing passengers: i. Passport; ii. Voter Photo Identity card issued by Election Commission of India; iii. Aadhaar or m-Aadhaar issued by Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI); iv. PAN Card issued by Income Tax Department; v. Driving License issued by RTO; v. Service Photo Identity Card issued by State/Central Government, Public Sector Undertakings, local bodies or Public Limited Companies; vi. Student Photo Identity Cards issued by Government Institutions/Government recognized Educational Institutions; vii. Nationalized Bank Passbook with attested Photograph; viii. Pension card / Pension documents having photograph of the passenger; ix. Disability Photo ID Card/handicapped medical certificate issued by the respective State/UT Governments/Administrations Note:- * serial number ii to iv- if a passenger shows a photo ID Card from a digital locker account of the departing passenger same shall be considered as a valid document for entry into the aerodrome. Arrangements around the check-in facilities to protect passengers on flights deemed to be of higher risk AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted



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(i) Suspicious activities of persons and passengers shall be kept under surveillance by CCTV and CISF surveillance staff and prompt action shall be taken to check such activities to prevent any unlawful interference at the airport. (ii) The Aviation Security Group's armed personnel shall be deployed in the check-in area to keep an eye on the movement of passengers and staff in that area and react to a situation. (iii) The airlines will conduct profiling of passengers prior to check in and any suspicion will be reported to ASG personnel. Security awareness public announcements ( e.g., warning passengers not to leave articles unattended). (i) Passengers and public awareness is very essential for effective implementation of civil aviation security in the country. Therefore, frequent public announcement and display of security signage shall done by the airport operator concerned as per the template circulated vide BCAS Circular no. 22/2010 dated 1.12.2010 (ii) The passengers shall be advised not to leave the baggage unattended and also not to touch any unidentified object. If any unidentified object is observed by the passengers, employees, workers at the airport, they shall report the same to the nearest ASG personnel. (iii) Signage about Police Post and Control Room details shall be displayed conspicuously on the city side of the terminals of the airport and same is established by the Airport Operator. Possible mitigating measures - Landside security measures should be proportionate to the risk while remaining operationally sustainable in the long run in order to ensure a reasonable balance between aviation security, safety and operational requirements, and passenger facilitation. Ground procedures: Missiles are easily transportable and can be operated from any open area, including the flat roof of a building. Consequently, landing, and to a greater extent, take-off paths, which are frequently over open terrain, are the areas from which attacks are likely to be launched. Contingency plans should therefore include: a) A requirement for detailed surveys of probable launch sites to be conducted from time to time and for similar inspections to be carried out immediately prior to landing or takeoff; b) Surveillance of probable launch sites by irregularly scheduled security patrols; c) Recruitment of local residents who can assist by immediately reporting any unusual or suspicious activity; d) Prior identification of high-risk flights for which special procedures will be required on take-off and landing; and e) Clearance of areas from which attacks may be launched so as to eliminate places of concealment for launch sites.



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Module 07



Recognition of Explosive Devices and Offensive Weapons Module Objective: 



Define and classify Prohibited articles







Recognize prohibited articles







Recognize dangerous goods







List and identify the main components of improvised explosive and incendiary device







Describe security response on discovering a prohibited article



Teaching Methods 



Slide Presentations







Lectures by certified instructors







Group discussions







Demonstrations







Role- playing and practical exercises







Overnight reading Assignments







Progress Tests







Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



Legal framework International legislation Convention 1991



Montreal Convention on Marking of Plastic Explosives 1991



Annex 17



Standard 4.1.1 Each contracting State shall establish measures to prevent weapons, explosives or any other dangerous devices, articles or substances, which may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference, the carriage or bearing of which is not authorised, from being introduced, by any means whatsoever, on board an aircraft engaged in civil aviation.



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National Legislation Aircraft Act 1934, Section 10



Penalty for act in contravention of rule made under this Act:- shall be punishable under Section 10 of Aircraft Act, 1934 with imprisonment which may extend to two years and shall also be liable to fine [which may extend to ten lakh rupees.]



Aviation (Security) Rules 2011 Rule 20 Prohibition to carry weapon or explosive Aviation Security Order / Circular Order 05/ 2005 Permissible & Prohibited Items to be carried by the passenger Restricted / Prohibited Article



“Articles which are, in the specific context of aviation security, defined as those articles, devices or substances which may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference against civil aviation or which may endanger the safety of the aircraft and its occupants, or installations, or the public.” Restricted articles are not allowed to be taken into security restricted areas and, if feasible, prevented from entering public areas of an airport unless their carriage is authorized and adequate safety and security measures are in place. Additionally, restricted articles not allowed be taken inside an aircraft cabin or placed in an aircraft hold without authorization. For clarification and identification purposes, potential restricted articles are be generically grouped as follows: a) dangerous goods listed in Table 3-1 of Doc 9284: i) prohibited for transport in accordance with Part 8. Unless proper measures are taken, Part 8 dangerous goods cannot be carried in passenger baggage, but might be acceptable as cargo; ii) permitted for transport in accordance with Part 8, but whose carriage in the cabin may be restricted by a security ban; iii) permitted for transport in accordance with Part 8, but whose carriage in the cabin may not be permitted under aircraft operator policy; or iv) permitted for transport in accordance with Part 8, but whose carriage in the cabin is not permitted; and b) restricted articles that are not considered dangerous goods, but whose carriage is nonetheless prohibited in the cabin and, for security reasons, are not transferable to hold AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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baggage.



Restricted Articles Some articles though prohibited from carriage in the cabin of an aircraft may be transported by passengers in their hold baggage so long as the articles will not endanger the aircraft, are properly packed, and are authorized for carriage by the airline operator concerned. Persons tasked primarily with the detection of prohibited articles should also be aware that there are certain articles or substances which are classified as “dangerous goods” by the ICAO Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air. (Doc 9284).



Some of these articles and substances classified as prohibited articles will also fall under the classification of dangerous goods. With the exception of a small number of permitted items, dangerous goods must not be carried by passengers on their person or in their carry-on baggage or hold baggage. Any article not normally classified as Prohibited articles shall also be excluded from carriage by passengers or any other person in the cabin of an aircraft or in hold baggage, or carried into the Security Prohibited Area of an airport based upon the threat assessment done by the Intelligence bureau.



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Handling of Prohibited Items Many prohibited articles may be carried by the public legally, but could be used to commit an act of unlawful interference or would endanger the safety of the aircraft when carried in the aircraft passenger cabin, may be transported as hold baggage provided that they do not endanger the safety of the aircraft and are properly packed, sealed and authorized for carriage by Aircraft Operator. Such items should be processed in one of the following ways: 



Placed in the passengers hold baggage, unless the item would endanger the safety of the aircraft.







Confiscated and subsequently properly disposed of or destroyed.







Confiscated and kept in storage by the airport authorities or relevant aircraft operator for later return to the passenger.







Removed and once properly prepared and packaged, transported in the hold of the aircraft for later return to the passenger at his ticketed destination.



Categories of Restricted Articles 1



Weapons



2



Dangerous Articles



3



Dangerous substances



4



Explosive



Category -1: Weapons Weapons are articles designed to kill, injure, immobilize or incapacitate a person. EXAMPLES OF WEAPONS Handguns, flare guns, blow guns and darts, electric dart guns, rifles, shotguns pellet guns, spear guns and dart, knives with blades over 10 cms, mace, tear gas shell, martial arts weapons, pepper spray, blades or spiked finger rings and wrist bands, sword canes and umbrella swords etc.



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Category 2 : Dangerous articles Any article that can be used to threaten the safety of the aircraft. Any article that can be used to threaten the safety of the aircraft Starter pistols, toy guns, replica of weapons, sharp pointed scissors and letter openers, chisels, ice picks, large Screwdrivers and knitting needles, pocket knives with blades over 4cm but less than 10cms, chilly powder etc.



Category 3: Dangerous Substances Substances which are capable of posing risk to the health of passengers and crew or the security / safety of aircraft or property.  Flammable liquid fuel e.g. Petrol / gasoline, diesel, lighter fluid, alcohol, ethanol. 



Gas & gas containers e.g. Butane, propane, acetylene, oxygen - in large volume.







Non safety matches







Turpentine & paint thinner







Acids and Alkalis e.g. spillable ‘wet’ batteries







Corrosive or Bleaching Substances - e.g. mercury, chlorine



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



Radioactive material. - e.g. Medicinal or commercial isotopes







Poisons







Infectious or biological hazardous material. - e.g. infected blood, bacteria and viruses







Material capable of spontaneous ignition or combustion.







Fire extinguishers



Additional Items Prohibited for Flights assessed at Higher Risk A risk assessment made by individual member states may indicate that certain aircraft operations are at higher risk of an act of unlawful interference being committed against them. In these circumstances individual member states may wish to include one or more of the following items in the states’ list of Prohibited articles which may not be carried on the person and within cabin or hold baggage as appropriate. 



Knitting needles







Knives with blades less than 6 cm







Metal cutlery







Scissors with blades less than 6 cm







Liquid Aerosol and Gels (LAG)- each item not exceeding 100ml, total 1litre allowed



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Category 4: Explosives Material that causes a sudden, almost instantaneous, release of gas, heat, and pressure, accompanied by loud noise when subjected to a certain amount of shock, pressure, or temperature.



The vast majority of explosives manufactured are lawfully used. The armed forces use propellants to propel bullets, shells and rockets and explosives to destroy a target. Pyrotechnic materials are used in signaling, in safety devices such as car air bags, and for entertainment in the form of fireworks and theatrical pyrotechnics Low explosives For many years, black powder was the most common low explosive used throughout world. But black powder or gun powder as it was commonly called, produced a large amount of smoke and was dangerous to use. Pyrotechnic materials and propellants are often known as low explosives. The main distinction between these materials and high explosives is in the way that they produce their effect. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Pyrotechnics and propellants, when initiated by heat, rapidly change from a small volume solid or liquid to a large volume of hot gases. Pyrotechnic materials and propellants are easily bought in the form of matches, fireworks or firearms propellants or can be improvised. They are therefore commonly misused by terrorists in incendiaries and blast bombs. The “pipe bomb” is usually a length of steel pipe with screw-on end caps, filled with a pyrotechnic material.



High explosives As far as explosives detection is concerned, most modern high explosives fall into several groups:  Nitro-glycerine based e x p l o s i v e s are often called “commercial explosives”.



Trade or generic names for Nitroglycerine explosives include “Dynamite”, “Gelignite”, “Blasting Gelatine”, “Special Gel” and “Frangex”, and usually come as paper- wrapped sticks.  TNT based. TNT (trinitrotoluene) is a hard, yellowish white solid that can easily



be melted and cast. For this reason it has long been used to fill bombs and shells. TNT is sometimes found as blocks and is often supplied in the form of flakes. Terrorists have sometimes disguised TNT by casting it into any shape.  Plastic explosives. Plastic explosives are usually mixtures of the powerful



explosives RDX (cyclonite or hexogen) or PETN (pentaerithritol tetra nitrate) with oil or grease, making a puttylike material. Plastic explosives are easily moulded into any shape and have many military and industrial uses. They are commonly used by terrorists. It is well known that a few hundred grammes of plastic explosives can destroy an airliner. “C4”, “PE4” and “Semtex H” are well known plastic explosives.  Fuel/oxidant mixtures. Fuel/oxidant mixtures comprise something that burns,



such as oil, and an oxygen-containing chemical which liberates oxygen quickly on heating, such as ammonium nitrate. Mixtures of almost any fuel with any oxidant will produce either a pyrotechnic or high explosive effect. Most modern commercial explosives are fuel/oxidant mixtures. (ammonium nitrate and fuel oil) and “Power gel” are examples. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



ANFO



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LOW EXPLOSIVES



HIGH EXPLOSIVES



It burns



It explodes



It requires ignition



It requires detonation



Magnitude of destruction is less



Magnitude of destruction is more



Unsafe to handle



Safe to handle



Unsafe to store



Safe to store



Needs confinement to explode



Does not need confinement to explode



Hygroscopic in nature



Non-Hygroscopic in nature



Identification of explosive S. No



Explosive



Color



Physical Form



1



RDX



White



Crystalline



2



PETN



White



Crystalline



3



Sheet Expl



White



Flexible



4



C–4



White



Plastic/Putty like substances



5



TNT



Pale Yellow



Block (Brick Shaped)



6



PEK



Yellow



7



Tetryl/CE



Yellow



8



Cordtex



Chocolate / White / Orange



9



LTPE



Black



10



Semtex



Black/orange



Slurry



11



Gun powder



Black



Granular



Cartridge/plastic mass Granular/Powder Cord Flexible/cartridge



Pyrotechnic S .No



Explosive



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Physical Form



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Safety Fuse



Dirty black



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Yarn/jute bounded



Civil Explosives 1



Gelatin



Yellow



Stick



2



Dynamites



Yellow



Cartridge wrapped in paper



3



ANFO



Greenish



Slurry with white crystal of AN



Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Components An IED is the explosive device designed, fabricated, placed and activated with an intention of causing injury/death or to create panic and chaos amongst public or to cause intensive damage to property. IED’s could be of any size and shape. IED could be manufactured in any innocuous objects such as Brief case, Suitcase, Tiffin carrier, Sweet packet, Gift item, Radio, Laptop computer, TV, VCR, Telephone, Cycle, Scooter, Car, Vehicle etc. It may be operated electrically or mechanically and designed to explode while handling or by use of any delay mechanism or remote control etc. Its components are: • Explosive material (main charge) •



Detonator



•



Power source



•



Switch/ Mechanism



Explosive To attack the aviation industry the terrorist will prefer using high explosive as it is safe to carry, small quantity is sufficient to cause a huge damage, it is also easy to conceal. Detonator There are various devices used for initiating explosives and connecting charges. These include detonators, fuses and shock tube. A detonator is a small cylinder containing an initiating explosive and, usually, a “booster” charge of high explosive. It is used to initiate AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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the detonation of high explosives. In blasting and demolition, the detonator is normally stored separately from the high explosives and inserted only when the charges are placed and the area is evacuated.







Non Electric detonators are open at one end. A fuse is inserted into the open end and the spark from the fuse impinges on the initiating explosive and fires the detonator. The plain detonator is sometimes used with percussion caps and other devices which can produce a flame. This is half filled and half empty for inserting safety fuse.











Electric detonators have wires emerging at one end. They are fired by passing an electric current through the wires. In terrorist and criminal use, a battery together with an improvised electrical delay circuit (timer and power unit) is commonly used to initiate the detonator.



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Power Source Power sources of bomb could be from normal batteries such as 1.5V, pencil and torch cells, 6V, 9V etc. There are flat batteries, which can be used for letter bombs. Latest batteries manufactured in pure plastic containers, which are difficult to view in x‐ray machine.



IED Initiating Mechanism or Switches used in an IED These are also known as Bomb Initiating Mechanism. It normally is based on four principles they employ such as:  



ANTI HANDLING DELAYED







AMBIENT CONDITION







REMOTE CONTROL/ COMMAND



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ANTI HANDLING Anti-Handling Bombs when it is inadvertently removed, lifted or opened it may explode. Anti-handling switches may vary from a small micro switch to improvised switch such as clothpeg or loop made from normal electrical wire. It is otherwise called as “Victim operated switch”. DELAYED Delayed Bombs delay was achieved by normal clockwork mechanism like watch or timepiece. Delay can also be used by chemicals cleverly concealed in ordinary objects and these chemicals when come in contact with Improvised explosives causes fire or explosion. Chemicals such as sulphuric acid, cupric chloride, nitric acid slowly eats away the metal, the breaking of metallic wire will trigger the firing mechanism. AMBIENT CONDITION Switches The triggering mechanism is activated by environmental factors such as gas, smoke acoustic, barometric, humidity, proximity, light, sound etc. REMOTE CONTROL Normal remote control bombs are activated by transmission of electromagnetic waves. Type of Switches / Mechanism Anti Handling



Delayed



Ambient Condition Remote Control



Pressure



Clock Work



Proximity



Radio control



Pressure release



Electronic Timer PTD Timer Thermal delay



Gas/ smoke sensitive Barometric/ humidity



FM Transmission Command wire Infra-red beam Laser



Water Drip



X-ray sensitive Infrared sensitive Metal sensitive Acoustic sensors Light / Dark sensitive



Cell phone



Pull Collapsing Circuit Tension Vibratory Lift



Water Add Pyrotechnics



Pager Satellite Phones



EFFECTS OF EXPLOSION a) Blast Effect



b) c)



High pressure -Up to 40, 00,000 PSI. Velocity of Detonation of TNT -25,000 KMPH. Fragmentation Speed of fragments may be up to 6000 KMPH. Thermal High Temperature of 3000 – 4000 0 C.



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Translation Bodies are lifted 30 to 60 feet above ground level and thrown 100 mts. away. e) Concussion In the air a vacuum or suction effect is created behind the moving blast wave. f) Earth and water shock Damage takes place miles away. g) Secondary effects Fire, damage to building, vehicles etc It is estimated that 50 PSI of pressure cause eardrum to rupture and 250 PSI of pressure applied on lungs of a human being, can cause his death. The high pressure of 40 lakh pounds per square inch (PSI) and high velocity of atmosphere moving at thousands of KMPH will cause death to anyone situated in the blast zone. This is why we find many people are killed beyond recognition at the point of detonation. d)



DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IED AND IID: IED Four components (Explosives , detonator , power source and switch)



IID



It require detonator



Three components {Incendiary material (Low Explosives) , Initiating mechanism and Igniter ( Lighter)}) It requires Igniter



Magnitude of destruction is more



Magnitude of destruction is less



Requires triggering mechanism



Required ignition mechanism



Difference between Bomb and Improvised explosive device. BOMB



IED



Service Explosives



Improvised Explosives



Made by ordnance factory



Made by Anti National elements(ANES)



Standard mechanism used



Improvised mechanism used



Used by Army & Security forces for safety & security of the country



Used by ANES to kill innocent public & create terror in public Very difficult to diffuse as mechanism is unknown.



Can be diffused easily as mechanism is known Places of Concealment of Explosives 



On the person







In cabin baggage







In hold baggage



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In Cargo or Mail



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In vehicles



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Methods of Concealment It can be Disguised, Dismantle & Camouflaged         



Explosives in Shaving Cream Tubes Liquid Explosives in Whisky Or Wines Bottles Explosives in Birth Day Cake Blasting Gelatin Embedded in Chocolate TNT Cast in Toy Shapes, Doll Head, animals, Wall Painting. IED in false Bottom of Baggage. Explosive Jacket. Preparation Of Explosive From Local Material Detonator Hidden In Pen, Calculators and Shoe Sole.



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ACTION ON DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES DO’s  Notify Supervisor  Evacuate immediately to a safe distance.  Open all windows and doors  Place sand bags around the suspected object  Inform bomb disposal squad.  Inform fire brigade, hospital and ambulance.  Handle the package alone if you are duty bound to handle. DONT’s         



Do not touch Do not pass any Metallic Objects Do not throw Water Do not open Do not unwrap Do not shake or handle Do not turn or unscrew Do not cut strings Do not lift or remove covers



Modern Methods of Explosive Detection (EDDS & EDS) Most explosives consist of organic compounds of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. The explosive detector is designed to detect these organic compounds. When contraband has narcotics or explosives are handled by a person it leaves microscopic particles behind the hand and clothes. The same person if touches the handle of bag, zip or lock may harbor microscopic quantities of substances. These microscopic substances can be detected with help of explosive vapour / trace detectors. TYPES OF EXPLOSIVES DETECTORS:  ETD 



EVD







Canine (Sniffer dog)



Principle of Explosive Vapor Detector (EVD) Operation: The explosive vapor detectors are designed to capture vapor emitted from the explosive. Success of these explosive vapor detectors depend upon sensitivity, selectivity, vapor concentrations and residence time in which the bomb is concealed and placed in the environment. It works on the principle of Gas chromatography.



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Principle of Explosives Trace Detectors Operation (ETD) In this method, the particles/ traces of explosives are taken from surfaces. Collection of sample from surface of bag is very important for better detection. A specialized paper disk known as sample trap is used to swipe the contaminated surface and inserted into the desk top analyzer for analysis. E T D works on the p rinciple of ION Mobility Spectrometry.



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Advantages and Disadvantages of ETD / EVD Advantages:  Portable  Auto-calibrated.  Can detect all types of explosives  Constant adjustment of operating conditions in line with the changes in the atmosphere. Disadvantages:  As a machine it may malfunction.  It may give false alarm.  Expensive  Only certified staff can operate.  Airtight materials will defeat sampling technique, vapour will not be available.  Warm-up time 20-30 minutes



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Module 08 Building and Area Search Procedure Module Objective 



Describe building and search area procedure







List the three basic types of “sterile” passenger holding areas







Conduct a physical search of a holding area for prohibited items







Understand response action to deal with “suspect” items located in a holding area in accordance with Standard Operating Procedures







Maintain the sterility of a holding area



Teaching Methods  



Slide Presentations Lectures by certified instructors







Group discussions







Demonstrations







Role- playing and practical exercises







Overnight reading Assignments







Progress Tests







Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



International Legislations Annex 17



Standard 5.1.3 Each Contracting State shall ensure that arrangements are made to investigate, render safe and/or dispose of, if necessary, suspected dangerous devices or other potential hazards at airports.



National Legislation



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with the area concerned. The main reason for this being that outside personnel will be unlikely to know the layout of the aircraft or terminal building and the various places in which a device could be concealed and therefore will not so easily be able to spot anything which is out of place or unfamiliar. Search plans should be prepared in advance and staff trained to use them. A search Coordinator must be nominated to provide control of the search process and if necessary take the decision to evacuate. Searches should be briefed on action to be initiated if suspicious object is found. When a suspect device is discovered the possibility of secondary devices should not be discounted. The use of hand-held communications is useful for coordination of the search and is often the only way of ensuring appropriate and speedy lifesaving procedures for search and evacuation. However, once a suspect device has been located those using hand-held communications should immediately move away and ensure that they and anyone else in the area move outside the cordon as quickly as possible. Radios should not be used to transmit within 25 metres of a suspect device. Before starting the search, strict control of access must be implemented in the area being searched, this is necessary to ensure devices are not introduced into the area once it has been cleared. Effective and systematic searching takes time, if the warning received indicated a possible detonation time for the device which will prevent a thorough search being conducted then the best and safest option is evacuation of all personnel to a safe area and waiting for the arrival of specialist explosive disposal personnel. Sterile Holding Area concepts / Basic Screening plans: • Decentralized, usually at the aircraft boarding gate •



Semi-centralized, usually after the duty-free shop area



•



Centralized, usually before the duty-free shop area



Decentralized Screening Points at Boarding Gates



TERMINAL



1 Concourse



2



3



Pier



7



4



6



5



Screening Points



Boarding Gates



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boarding at the boarding gate, jet-way or terminal door leading directly to an aircraft or adjacent apron area. Passengers screening takes place when the passenger boarding process begins. •



Requires screening point at each boarding gate



•



Passengers screened immediately before boarding



•



Staff/equipment must be available to handle optimum passenger load in limited time



•



Screening point manned only when screening is in progress



Semi-centralized Screening Points at Holding Areas Screening Points



1 Concourse



2



3



Mobile Lounge



Pier 4



7



Holding area



6



5



Boarding Gates



Semi-Centralized: Screening of passengers is carried out at the entrance to an area designed to hold all passengers for a particular flight. This holding area is secured (i.e. made “sterile”) by means of walls or suitable barriers, together with controlled access points. The holding area may also be a vehicle designed to carry passengers to a distant aircraft. Screening takes place as passengers arrive at the holding area and passengers remain within the holding area until the boarding actually begins.



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Centralized Screening Point at Concourse



TERMINAL 1



2



3



Pier 7 Screening Point



6



4 5



Boarding Gates



Centralized: Screening of passengers is carried out at the entrance to a concourse containing several gates, with no specific relationship to a particular flight. Screening can therefore take place a considerable time before a particular flight is due to depart Passenger remain in the concourse area until a short time before their flight commences. PHYSICAL SEARCH OF A HOLDING AREA FOR PROHIBITED ITEMS Initiation of a Search The Coordinator can initiate a search by:  Sending a message to the search teams over a public address system. It should be coded to avoid unnecessary disruption and alarm to the public; 



Use of personal radios, pagers or mobile/cell phones; or







A telephone cascade system: the Coordinator rings, say, three members, who in turn each ring a further three members and so on until all the teams have been alerted.



What searchers should look for? It is difficult to give guidance to search teams about the appearance of suspect explosive devices as they can be disguised in many ways. Searchers should be briefed to  Look for unidentified objects or anything: 



That should not be there







That cannot be accounted for



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That is out of place







Do NOT TOUCH suspicious objects







Notify the Search Coordinator of progress of search and discovery of any suspicious objects.







Mark the location of suspicious object with a prominent object (but not touching the device)







Withdraw from the immediate area and await further instructions



Guidance for Searching Terminal Buildings Search Plans It is vital to have search plans prepared in advance, and staff trained in them. The objective is to make sure that the whole terminal building is checked as quickly and effectively as possible. Search plans must be readily available at all times, architect’s drawings, checked for accuracy and appropriately adapted, are suitable for this purpose. Sufficient spare copies should be available for use during search operations. Searchers and the Coordinator can then eliminate sections from the plan as they are declared clear. Search procedure /technique:There are three types of search procedure/technique. first should divide the area into three level. Search Sectors



Before searching an area, searcher







The first step in preparing a search plan is to divide the terminal building into Sectors. The building may already be segregated into various zones and therefore it may be convenient make these the sectors. Each sector must be of manageable size for the number of searchers nominated to it. Use 02 searcher per room or an area of 250 Sq.ft. Remember that effective and systematic searching takes time. The sector may be one large room - such as a check-in area, concourse, baggage reclaim area, or perhaps a number of small airline operations offices in an office suite. It is most important that cloakrooms, stairs, corridors and lifts are included in the search plans and also car parks and other areas outside the building.



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Search Teams Search teams should be formed from staff nominated to search those areas with which they are most familiar. Numbers required will depend upon the size of the search task. Reserves should be appointed in case of absence. Staff should be trained and rehearsed. Search Priorities Those areas which are to be used as evacuation assembly areas, together with those areas where the greatest number of the public or staff are likely to be vulnerable, should be searched first. Consider also, as a priority, those public areas to which the perpetrator may have had easy access such as restrooms, elevators, stairways and hallways. Those areas to which access is normally controlled may be searched last. Do not overlook car parks, the outside area of the terminal building and the perimeter. How to Search The conduct of searches will depend on local circumstances and local knowledge. The overriding principle is that they should be conducted in a systematic and thorough manner so that no part is left unchecked. The searchers need to practice, to get a feel for the logical progression through their area (whether it be in a terminal building, baggage reclaim area or administrative or operations office suite) and the length of time it will take. With this in mind the method outlined in this typical example is of a Room Search in a sector, it should be adapted to reflect the peculiarities of the actual area being searched.



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Example Room Search  A search should begin at the entrance to the room. 



Each searcher or team should first stand still and look around the room.







They should note the contents of the room and make a quick assessment of those areas that will need special attention.







They should look for any unusual lights (including small light sources knows as Light Emitting Diodes which are often used in the arming circuits of improvised explosive devices).







They should also listen carefully for any unusual noises - particularly ticking or whirring sounds.



If anything unusual is seen, the searcher or team should alert the Coordinator who will decide whether to evacuate the building. If nothing unusual is seen, the search should begin. The search should be conducted methodically, moving in one direction around the area to be searched. It should be carried out in three sweeps. 











The first sweep: -



Around the edges of the room,



-



Walls from top to bottom and the floor area immediately beneath the wall.



-



Look inside fireplaces,



-



Behind curtains and window blinds,



-



Behind and beside furniture around the edges of the room.



-



The sweep should finish at the doorway where it began.



The second sweep: -



Furniture and the floor.



-



Furniture should not be removed but drawers should be opened and searched



-



Gaps in and under furniture should be explored.



-



If the floor covering shows signs of recent disturbance, it should be lifted.



The third sweep: -



Cover the ceiling,



-



Light Fixtures



-



Removable panels



-



Areas in which objects might be concealed.



-



Start at one corner and systematically search the whole surface.



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be informed immediately so that the sector can be marked ‘CLEAR’ on the search plans. Searching should continue until the whole area has been cleared. Do not forget that secondary devices are not unknown. If a suspicious object is found follow the golden rules:  DO NOT TOUCH OR MOVE THE OBJECT. 



If possible leave a distinctive marker near (not touching) the object.







Move away from the device to a designated control point, leaving lights on.







Inform search team leader or Coordinator.







The Coordinator should implement the evacuation plan.







Stay at the control point and draw an accurate plan of the location of the suspicious package or device for the assistance of the police and explosive disposal experts. 



The person finding the object should be immediately available for interview by the police or security services. 



Don’t use more searcher than necessary.







Use 02 searcher per room or an area of 250 Sq.ft







Mark the area after searched







Don’t assume that only one device is planted







Don’t trust anything and don’t assume the face value of objects.



If the item detected is a weapon:  Immediately safeguard the item; and 



Notify the search coordinator (supervisor).



If the item located is an explosive device or object that appears to be an explosive device:  Do not touch the object; 



Mark the location; and







Notify the search coordinator (supervisor).



Record the following details in screening point log, when an item is found  Location of holding area 



Time and date searched and by whom







Result of Search







Details of item(s) detected







Action taken on finding the item(s)/object(s)







Name of person who found it.







Time and date of notification







Action taken for safeguarding/disposal of item(s)/object(s)



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Module 9 Patrolling & Guarding Module Objective:  Know the principle of Defense in Depth 



Understand how physical barriers contribute to Defense in Depth







Describe how security patrols & guards fit into the concept of security







Know vulnerable areas in physical barriers at the local airport







Understand Standard Operating Procedures for dealing with signs of interference or intrusion of the airport physical barriers







Comply with the airport regulations governing the airside movement of security vehicles







An overview of the legislation.



Teaching Methods 



Slide Presentations







Lectures by certified instructors







Group discussions







Demonstrations







Role- playing and practical exercises







Overnight reading Assignments







Progress Tests







Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



International Legislation Annex 17 Standard 4.8 Each contracting State shall ensure that security measures in landside areas are established to mitigate possible threats of act of unlawful interference in accordance with a risk assessment carried out by the relevant authorities Standard 4.2.3 Each contracting state shall ensure that identification systems are established in respect of persons and vehicles in order to prevent unauthorized access to airside areas and security prohibited areas. Identity shall be verified at designated checkpoints before access is allowed access to airside areas and security prohibited areas. National Legislation Aircraft (Security) Rules 2011, Rule 6 AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Every aerodrome operator shall construct a perimeter wall around the aerodrome. Aircraft (Security) Rules 2011, Rule 7 Provision of lighting, road for patrolling and observation posts Airports and aircraft are subject to attack. One of the security measures used to protect airport and aircraft is by carrying out patrolling and guarding of aviation facilities. During increased threat conditions it may be necessary to increase security of the airport terminal and restrict access to only those persons who are actually travelling on a flight that day and authorized airport and airline personnel. Basic Concept of Security •



•



•



•



DETER Observable security infrastructure such as fences, lights, sensors and CCTV and the obvious presence of well trained and technically skilled security personnel, contributes to this profile. DELAY Security fences, anti-climbing devices, installation security, and securing of the aircraft doors can contribute to delay, sufficient to increase the likelihood of apprehension by security personnel, other airport personnel DETECT Preventing acts of unlawful interference by detecting. Detecting attempts by unauthorized persons to gain access to aircraft, security restricted areas or controlled areas; detecting prohibited articles on persons and baggage. Deployment of security personnel at static security posts or mobile security patrols, may contribute to the detection process. RESPOND Effective response to a security incident requires the availability of security personnel at short notice to attend the scene of the occurrence within the time bought by the delay and detection systems in place.



To deter an unlawful act against civil aviation requires the presentation of a security profile, sufficient to persuade a would-be perpetrator that the airport, airline or air cargo is a "hard target" and that there is a high risk of failure and/or apprehension. Defense in Depth Defense in Depth (also referred to sometimes as layers of security) and that layers of security measures build upon each other to protect aviation and operations. Therefore if one layer fails or is deficient, next is designed to prevent the act of unlawful interference being successful. These layers may consist of:  Security Restricted areas and Restricted areas 



Airport identification permits for personnel and vehicles







Physical Security measures ( fences, gates, locks, patrols etc)



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Detection systems for weapons and Explosives



Principles of airport protection based on:  Controlling movement of people and vehicles 



Dividing airport into non-restricted and restricted areas







Protecting airport with physical barriers







Preventing penetration of airport barriers



NON RESTRICTED AND RESTRICTED AREA SEPARATION ACHIEVED BY:  Provision of physical barriers such as fences, use of buildings and natural obstacles 



Limiting authorized access to controlled gates and designated access points



INTEGRITY OF BARRIER CARRYING OUT FOOT OR MOBILE PATROL:  Search guards protecting access points and vulnerable facilities, building and installations 



Security personnel carrying out foot or mobile patrols



PHYSICAL BARRIERS



Objectives of Physical Barriers  Define area to be protected 



Create physical and psychological deterrent







Delay intrusion and assist detection/apprehension







Provide controlled access points for people and vehicles



Elements of a Physical Barrier  Effective security fencing as per ICAO standard 



Efficient security lighting







Limited access control points







Use of building, structures. natural barriers such as water, geographic terrain







Any access points must be protected



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Security personnel carrying out foot or mobile patrols



ADDITIONAL PROTECTION REQUIRED FOR:  Landside/airside storm sewers, ditches protected by grilles, bars, railings 



monitored by surveillance, patrols, inspections, anti-intrusion alarm devices and additional lighting In order to be effective physical barriers require guarding and patrolling by security personnel







Guarding is basically a static duty







Patrolling is a mobile function either by foot or in a vehicle







Increased threat situations require additional guards and patrols



Security patrolling







OBJECTIVE OF SECURITY PATROLLING IS TO: Deter and prevent unauthorized access







Detect attacks and attempted attacks against airport buildings, aircraft, installations







Ensure effectiveness of physical barriers (door, windows and openings)







Respond quickly to attacks and attempted attacks



SECURITY GUARDING



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Objective Of Security Guarding Is To:  Protect vulnerable areas/vital airport facilities 



Control movement of people/vehicles







Deter and prevent attacks against airport facilities



Vulnerable Points in Barriers Requiring Special Protection:  Places where natural barriers used as boundary 



Waterways and storm sewers, service ducts







Buildings used to form part of boundary







Uncontrolled access points for vehicles (e.g. public roadways running through airport areas)



Methods for Airport protection  Effective boundary fencing 



Efficient security lighting







Controlled movement of people/vehicles







Buildings protected by physical means (door locks, window bars, alarm systems)



Vulnerable barrier points physically protected (landside/airside sewers, storm drains



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Guidelines Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) # Security Guard Duties Dress Security Guards assigned to patrol duties are to be dressed smartly in a clean uniform; a high standard of Personal appearance is required at all times. They are to ensure that their actions comply with the Security Unit code of conduct and always present the [state name of airport] in a positive way. Patrol Area [Describe area to be patrolled e.g SRA Apron Area & Controlled Area] Duration of duties These duties are to be carried out during the hours of [state time frame – example 06:00 to 20:00hrs] unless instructed otherwise by the Security Team Leader. Duties to be performed When on duty personnel are to:  Carry out a mobile / foot patrol of the area shown in the attached map. 



Before starting patrol duties and using a vehicle carry out a search of the vehicle and immediate area for Prohibited items. 



Ensure the vehicle is serviceable and note any unserviceable equipment in the log book. If the vehicle is considered dangerous to drive then it is not to be used and the situation reported to the team leader. 



Ensure that the vehicle has a serviceable orange anti-collision light which is to be switched on when the vehicle is moving within the SRA or controlled area. 



Wear a high visibility jacket or vest at all times when operating the vehicle or moving around the SRA or Controlled area on foot. 



When on patrol carry out the following specific duties: examples o Check [list specific buildings] for evidence of intrusion. o Verify the security of aircraft on remote stands. [state location ] o Patrol specific vulnerable areas [state location]in perimeter fencing. o Check all cargo containers (ISO - ULD) and cargo storage areas. o Escort persons, aircraft as detailed by the Team Leader. o Ensure all persons operating within the SRA are displaying a valid SRA pass.







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



Any unserviceable equipment or tasks not completed are to be briefed to the relief shift on take over. Action on attempt of unauthorized access If an unauthorized person attempts to gain access to the SRA or Controlled Area inform the duty team leader and police by the quickest possible means then detain the person if possible. Rest and toilet breaks Rest and toilet breaks are to be taken as notified by the Team Leader. Communication Communication from this post is to be made using the radio using the call-sign. [state radio call-sign for post ]. A communications check is to be carried out every 60 minutes with [the central security control centre] to ensure the communications equipment is serviceable. Note: Communications check every 30 minutes during times of darkness. Reporting procedures for security incidents All security incidents and other occurrences, which may become the subject of a complaint or comment about [state name of airport], are to be made both verbally and in writing according to the standard security department report format and procedures. The chain of command for reporting procedures is [state chain of command – example Security Team Leader - Deputy Security Manager – Security Manager.] Airport Safety Rules The attached safety rules are to be followed by all security unit personnel whilst operating within the SRA and Controlled areas of [state name of airport],



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Guidelines Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) # Security Patrol Duties Dress Security Guards assigned to patrol duties are to be dressed smartly in a clean uniform; a high standard of personal appearance is required at all times. They are to ensure that their actions comply with the Security Unit code of conduct and always present the [state name of airport] in a positive way. Patrol Area [Describe area to be patrolled e.g SRA Apron Area & Controlled Area] Duration of duties These duties are to be carried out during the hours of [state time frame – example 06:00 to 20:00hrs] unless instructed otherwise by the Security Team Leader. Duties to be performed When on duty personnel are to: • Carry out a mobile / foot patrol of the area shown in the attached map. • Before starting patrol duties and using a vehicle carry out a search of the vehicle and immediate



area for Prohibited items. • Ensure the vehicle is serviceable and note any unserviceable equipment in the log book. If the



vehicle is considered dangerous to drive then it is not to be used and the situation reported to the team leader. • Ensure that the vehicle has a serviceable orange anti-collision light which is to be switched on



when the vehicle is moving within the SRA or controlled area. • Wear a high visibility jacket or vest at all times when operating the vehicle or moving around the



SRA or Controlled area on foot. • When on patrol carry out the following specific duties: examples 



Check [list specific buildings] for evidence of intrusion.







Verify the security of aircraft on remote stands. [state location ]







Patrol specific vulnerable areas [state location] in perimeter fencing.







Check all cargo containers (ISO - ULD) and cargo storage areas.







Escort persons, aircraft as detailed by the Team Leader.







Ensure all persons operating within the SRA are displaying a valid SRA pass.



• The vehicle and all security equipment is to be operated properly as instructed during training.



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• Any unserviceable equipment or tasks not completed are to be briefed to the relief shift on take



over. Action on attempt of unauthorized access If an unauthorized person attempts to gain access to the SRA or Controlled Area inform the duty team leader and police by the quickest possible means then detain the person if possible. Rest and toilet breaks Rest and toilet breaks are to be taken as notified by the Team Leader. Communication Communication from this post is to be made using the radio using the call-sign. [state radio callsign for post ]. A communications check is to be carried out every 60 minutes with [the central security control centre] to ensure the communications equipment is serviceable. Note: Communications check every 30 minutes during times of darkness. Reporting procedures for security incidents All security incidents and other occurrences, which may become the subject of a complaint or comment About [state name of airport], are to be made both verbally and in writing according to the standard security department report format and procedures. The chain of command for reporting procedures is [state chain of command – example Security Team Leader - Deputy Security Manager – Security Manager.] Airport Safety Rules The attached safety rules are to be followed by all security unit personnel whilst operating within the SRA and Controlled areas of [state name of airport], This SOP comes into force from / Date of Issue Replaces SOP # dated **/**/** (which is to be destroyed under secure conditions) Name of Issuing Authority



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Module – 10 Screening and Searching of Passengers Module Objectives •



The purpose of this module is to: Describe how access control procedures for Security Restricted Areas are applied to passengers and their baggage



•



Understand the procedures that apply to passenger screening areas and the use of Walk through Metal Detectors. Know key elements of an effective search of passengers and baggage



•



Describe procedures for discovery of restricted articles on passengers and in baggage



•



Rough Metal Detectors & Hand Held Metal Detectors



•



Be familiar with procedures for screening and searching of passengers and baggage according to local Standard Operating Procedures



International Legislation Annex 17 Standard 3.4.3



Standard 4.4.1



“Each Contracting State shall ensure that the persons carrying out screening operations are certified according to the requirements of the national civil aviation security programme to ensure that performance standards are consistently and reliably achieved.” “Each Contracting State shall establish measures to ensure that originating passengers of commercial air transport operations and their cabin baggage are screened prior to boarding an aircraft departing from a security restricted area.”



Recommendation 2.3 “Each Contracting State should whenever possible arrange for the security controls and procedures to cause a minimum of interference with, or delay to the activities of, civil aviation provided the effectiveness of these controls and procedures is not compromised.”



National Legislation The Aircraft (Security) Rules, 2011 Rule 21 Security Checks before Embarkation Rule 23 Prohibition on carriage of certain goods AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Screening of Passengers and carry-on baggage



Aviation Security Order / Circular Order 05/2005 Order 15/2011 Circular 23/ 2005 Circular 16/2010 Circular 01/2017



List of banned items Prohibition of articles in Security Restricted Area of airports Procedure for passenger & carryon baggage screening Screening of Passenger through ETDs Measures to facilitate transport/Transfer of Organs at Airport



Access Control Procedure and Passenger Screening Sterile area is the area between any passenger inspection or screening control point and aircraft into which access is strictly controlled. Passengers and their baggage are required to undergo pre embarkation checks before entering the Sterile area, wherein they are screened (passenger frisking and baggage screening) so as to prevent prohibited articles being carried aboard aircraft. The sterility of this area is maintained by searching, securing and ensuring that any personnel or items other than the passengers entering the sterile area also undergo the same type of security checks. Pre embarkation check at an airport and maintaining the sterility of the SHA is the responsibility of the state and is carried out by ASG. Levels of Search There are various levels of search. The table below details the various types and the degree of intrusiveness. Level of Search Level 1



Remove Clothes? No



Touch Comments Passenge This is a hand search of the outer levels of the persons Yes r? clothing (as worn and without removing them) and a hand search of the passenger’s body through that clothing. It may involve the use of a Hand Held Metal Detector (HHMD) to indicate items which may have caused the Archway Metal Detector to alarm. Passengers may request a private search.



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Yes



Yes



(outer layers only)



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Used after a level 1 search if suspicions till exist that the person may still be in possession of a prohibited item, or there is any other reason to search the person to a greater depth than a level 1 search allows. May also be used when person requests a private search. Carried out in private away from the view of other persons / passengers. Requires the persons consent and a witness of the same sex as the person being searched.



Level 3



Yes



Yes



This level of search is usually only carried out by personnel who have had specialist training i.e Police or customs. It is carried out on persons suspected of attempting to or committing a crime. It may involve the removal of all clothes examination of body orifices and the use of x-ray or other detection equipment. It may also include detention of the person and placing that person under observation for a number of days to allow the examination of body waste.



SEARCH PRINCIPLES •



All hand carried items must be screened and/or searched. Preferably pass through x-ray equipment.



•



It is important to adopt a systematic approach so that no part of the body, items of clothing or areas of the bag are overlooked.



•



Search should normally be carried out in open but should not be exposed to public view: Classified or Private documents. Large amounts of currency, jewellery etc. For female passengers privacy shall be maintained.



•



Private search used when necessary to search in sufficient depth to establish if prohibited article is present.



•



Two searchers of the same sex as person being searched.



•



All indications of metal on the person by technical equipment must be resolved.



•



Persons who cannot be cleared by normal screening process must be searched by hand.



•



Any person who cannot be cleared by the total screening process must be denied access to the security restricted area and/or not be allowed to board an aircraft. Passenger Screening Locations (Refer Module 08 for details) Sterile Holding Area concepts / Basic Screening plans: •



Decentralized, usually at the aircraft boarding gate



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Semi-centralized, usually after the duty-free shop area



•



Centralized, usually before the duty-free shop area



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SCREENING POINT LAYOUT



Stages Involved In Passenger Inspection / Screening Process  Searching and Securing Sterile holding area    



Passenger Screening with technical equipment Physical search of passenger X-ray examination of baggage Physical inspection of baggage



Location No. 1 Direct passengers through walk-through metal detector and ensure baggage loaded correctly on the X-Ray conveyor belt Location No. 2 Monitor walk-through metal detector and conduct check with hand-held metal detector Location No. 3 Observe X-Ray monitor and identify items to be inspected Location No. 4 Physically inspect items requiring attention Location No. 5 Supervise busy screening point AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Screening Checkpoint Manpower AVSEC Circular 23/2005 



Travel Document Checker / X-ray Load officer/ Profiler







Passenger Searcher







X-ray Officer (Operator)







Bag Searchers / ETD Operators



Equipment required for Screening  Equipment designed to scan persons DFMD HHMD Body Scanners ETD  Equipment designed to screen baggage 



X-ray BIS



Equipment designed to detect explosives -



Explosive Trace Detectors Explosive Vapour Detectors







Frisking booths







Search table







Room for discreet / consent search







Disposal bins







Discreet alarm system







Communication devices – RT / Telephones







Security check stamp







Hand gloves



Screening Equipment checks and Operating Procedure HHMD DFMD Explosive detectors Door Frame Metal Detector (DFMD)/ Walk Through Metal Detector (WTMD): The DFMD also known as Walk Through Metal Detector is a screening equipment which is used to detect metallic items carried by passenger on person. It detects metallic items which weigh 30gms or above. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Operators Test Piece is used to check the serviceability of DFMD. DFMD gives an audio and visual alarm. Advantages  Helps to identify metallic item including ferrous and nonferrous metal 



Gives a rough idea of the location of the metallic item







High through-put rate







Easy to operate







Safe for all passengers including pregnant women, passengers with cardiac pace makers.



Disadvantages: 



Cannot detect any non-metallic prohibited items.







Cannot Detects any metal less than 30 gms







Not portable







False alarm



Hand Held Metal Detector (HHMD) HHMD is used to detect the metallic items on a person’s body. HHMD gives an audio and visual alarm. Advantages  Helps to identify metallic item including ferrous and nonferrous metal 



Detects even 0.5 grams of metal







Gives exact location of the metallic item







Convenient to passenger since it is touch free concept







Safe for all passengers including pregnant women, passengers with cardiac pace makers.



Disadvantages: 



Cannot detect any non-metallic prohibited items.







False alarm



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passengers by Reasoned Selection may be required.



Advantage of hand search Hand search of people or baggage has following advantages. • No special equipment required •



Most senses may be used



•



Direct interpretation



Limitations of hand search  It requires consent and co-operation from person who is being hand searched;  Electrical, electronic or mechanical items will need to be examined by technical



equipment such as x- ray or trace detection e.g. mobile phones, laptop computers, cameras etc.;  It can be time consuming compared to technical screening equipment when many



passengers or bags are involved;  Hand search is vulnerable to human feelings such as bad habits, inconsistency,



tiredness etc.; and  It can be unpleasant and unhygienic for the searcher.



Hand search of passengers is also known as Pat down Search There are two types of pat-down searches.  Whole body pat-down search. 



Pat-down search limited to the area of an alarm



Special Category Passengers There is another type of passenger known as Special Category passengers. These include:  Passengers with Diplomatic Status 



VIPs







Potentially Disruptive Passengers-







Persons in custody







Dangerous Prisoners and Persons Suffering from Mental Illness







Deportees



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A passenger may be granted diplomatic immunity under the Vienna Convention, some States require that such persons should be subjected to screening. However, sealed diplomatic pouches in their possession must not be manually or physically searched. All other carry-on items shall be processed in the normal manner. Searching Baggage (Reference Documents: Avsec Circular 23/2005 & 34/2005) You should take the same methodical approach to searching bags as is required for searching people, but bag search is easier in that close personal contact with the person or passenger is not necessary. Because of the lack of personal contact with the passenger the bag searcher may be male or female, irrespective of the sex of the owner of the bag. Physical Inspection of Baggage required: 



When an X-Ray examination has not been able to accurately determine the contents of baggage







When a prescribed percentage check of baggage is required







In the event of the breakdown of X-Ray equipment







As prescribed in local Standard Operating Procedures and conducted when higher level of threat exists either locally or internationally



Sequence of Search In outline, when you search a passenger's bag the correct sequence is:1. Start the search with the bag and it’s owner in front of you. During the search the bag must remain in the view of the passenger. 2. Ask the passenger for permission to search the bag. 3. When given permission to search, ask the passenger to unlock and open the bag. 4. Turn the bag so that it faces you. 5. Check the outside appearance and construction of the bag for signs of



interference or tampering that might indicate the presence of an IED. Also check the contents of any outside pockets. 6. Check the contents and the inside of bag for prohibited items and dangerous goods. 7. On completion of your search, replace all the contents neatly, close and fasten the



bag. Return the Return the bag to the passenger and thank them for their cooperation. Discovery of Explosive Device • Remain calm •



Call supervisor covertly



•



Supervisor to call for police assistance



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Discovery of Weapon (Reference Document Avsec Circular 8/2017) • Close the bag •



Remove it from passenger’s reach or



•



Keep the bag within the x-ray equipment tunnel.



•



Ask for relevant documents.



If Passenger is holding the relevant documents, then: a) Examine the weapon to see it is unloaded and packed as per prescribed norms b) Get the baggage checked-in c) No need to detain the passenger d) Complaint to be made to DGCA. e) Local police to be informed. If Passenger is not holding relevant documents, then: a) Not allowed to proceed. b) Detained and handed over to Police. If Passenger neither has a license nor claims to possess one, then: a) Detain the passenger b) Handover to police for legal action under Arms Act 1959 and Aircraft Act 1934. If Passenger is a serving Police/ Defence Service/ Central Armed Forces Personnel, then a) Confirm his identify through a valid photo Identity card issued by the Department/ Ministry concerned. b) Check the movement order/ Authority slip. c) If identity beyond doubt, obtain necessary declaration from him. d) No need to detain the passenger e) Get the baggage checked-in f) Inform local police g) Copy of complaint to be forwarded to the controlling authority of the person. Security Procedures for Screening of Passengers with Special Needs and Medical Condition (Reference document AVSEC CIRCULAR 04/2014) Persons with special needs: Certain passengers who will require handling in a special manner when being processed through the passenger screening checkpoint. These may include the following classes of person:  Babies in strollers and Children (will require consent of adult);  Pregnant women;  Differently able persons (physically challenged);  Passengers in wheelchairs;



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 Persons with medical conditions [limbs in plaster]; and  Passengers with religious reasons that effect how they are searched by hand



Screening of Wheelchair Passengers 1) When a passenger arrives at a screening point in a wheelchair / scooter, he/she must be accompanied either by another travelling passenger or a representative of the airline before he proceeds through security. The accompanying passenger or representative of the airline is responsible for the passenger throughout the whole process of screening; 2) If a passenger arrives at a screening point in a wheelchair and he/she is not accompanied by another travelling passenger or Airline representative, the airline’s Customer Service should be contacted for assistance; 3) At the screening point, depending upon the ability of the passenger to walk, he/she will be requested to walk through the DFMD unaided. If he/she cannot walk, it is the responsibility of the accompanying travelling passenger or airline representative to push the passenger in the wheelchair unless it is self-driven; 4) There may also be non-travelling support personnel in attendance to board the aircraft and lift the passenger into his / her seat. This support person must be accompanied. 5) If there is a requirement for the passenger to be lifted at the screening point, the support person or the airline representative will perform the lifting for the passenger. 6) The support person will be escorted by an airline representative at the time of boarding/ disembarkation. 7) If the passenger can stand but cannot walk, he/she can be screened by undergoing a patdown while he/she stands beside the wheelchair or scooter. 8) If a passenger cannot stand, he/she should be offered a chair for screening and subjected to a pat-down thereafter. 9) If there is an alarm by the DFMD, HHMD or other technology, the same must be resolved. If the alarm cannot be resolved, the passenger will not be permitted beyond the checkpoint. 10) The passenger’s wheelchair or scooter will be inspected, including the seat cushions and any pouches/ pockets. It will be tested for traces of explosives. Removable pouches will be x-ray screened. 11) Any carry-on bag or document with the wheelchair passenger shall be passed through the x-ray screening. 12) If a person objects to proceeding through the DFMD on justified medical or other ground, he/she will be allowed passage through alternative way by the frisking officer and then subjected to screening by pat down search and HHMD where permissible. 13) If a person refuses to undergo screening, the frisking officer will inform the supervisor, who will direct what further action is to be taken. The concerned passenger will not be allowed entry past the screening point. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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14) Only when satisfied that a person is not carrying any prohibited or dangerous article, the screening officer shall allow the person to proceed beyond the screening point.



Screening of Passenger with Prosthetics 1) During screening of prosthetics ASG may use X-ray, ETD and visual check depending on the circumstances. 2) The passenger should inform the ASG of the existence of a prosthetic, his or her ability and of any need for assistance before screening begins. Passengers can use Notification Card to communicate discreetly with security officers. However, showing this card or other medical documentation will not exempt a passenger from additional screening when necessary. 3) Dignity and privacy of the passengers should be borne in mind during the entire process of security screening. Where the officer needs to see the prosthetic, care should be taken against exposing any sensitive areas. ASG will also use technology to test the prosthetic for traces of explosive material. If explosive material is detected, the passenger will have to undergo additional screening. 4) Passenger with prosthetics or braces/support appliances must be accompanied by an airline representative, preferable of the same gender as the passenger. 5) The airline staff and any other accompanying person shall be frisked and checked before allowing them access to the passenger with prosthetics at the screening point. 6) The passenger will first pass through the DFMD and necessary security checks. 7) The passenger should then be taken to a private screening point and made to sit comfortably. He/she will receive additional screening including a pat-down. If necessary, screening through ETD trace will be adopted. While dealing with prosthetic device and during taking off and putting on of clothes, privacy of the passenger should be maintained. 8) Screening of the prosthetic appliance will include x-ray screening, ETD detection and visual inspection. During visual inspection, care should be taken that sensitive parts are not exposed. 9) The screening in the private screening area will be carried out by two officials, one to handle the HHMD and pat-down and the other to inspect the prosthetics, braces and support appliance and subject them to additional screening. Screening of Passengers who cannot remove Shoes, Medical Device or Bandages 1) Passengers who cannot remove their shoes due to a medical condition should inform the supervisor, SHA before screening. 2) Passenger can be screened using DFMD and/or a whole body pat-down. 3) The shoes may be subjected to additional screening like ETD, etc. 4) Passengers can be screened without disconnecting external medical devices and AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted



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submitting them for x-ray. Such devices include Insulin pumps, Hearing aids, Cochlear implants, Spinal stimulators, Bone growth stimulators and Ostomies. 5) Under most circumstances, a passenger can conduct a self-pat-down of these devices followed by ETD screening of his/her hands. 6) The devices should also be physically checked against any outside interference in the manufacturing. 7) Casts, braces and support appliances will be thoroughly inspected without exposing sensitive areas as far as possible. ETD screening will also be used to test for traces of explosive materials, where possible. 8) In case of bandages and/or dressing, while caution will be observed during patdown, it needs to be ensured that the covered area is free of threat item. Metal detector, observation and self- pat-down followed by ETD checks may suffice in most cases. 9) Passengers with metal implants will be subjected to a thorough pat-down, and the metal alarm should be resolved satisfactorily. The full body pat-down should include the following: a) It should concentrate on upper legs and torso; b) Special attention should be given to the chest and abdomen areas of the body; c) Particular focus should be on any skin surface abnormalities or wires or tubes exiting the body that may be signs of an implanted device. Ambulance Passengers Due to exigencies of their exceptional medical conditions/illness, some passengers are directly taken through the security gates to the aircraft for boarding. In such cases, as far as possible, the Airport Operator should provide its own ambulance. 1) The passenger and all occupants of the vehicle should be subjected to a preembarkation security check at the security gate by the ASG staff under the supervision of an officer not below the rank of an Inspector. The ambulance should be permitted to proceed to the aircraft only after this check has been completed; 2) In case the ambulance is privately owned or hospital provided, it must be led by follow- me vehicle of the airport operator. The ASG staff shall check to ensure that the vehicles do not carry anything objectionable and are not being accompanied by unauthorized persons or persons who have no need to be in the vehicles. Such ambulance will be escorted by ASG staff; 3) All occupants of the vehicles, unless exempted, must be screened at the gate before allowing entry into the airport; 4) The movement of the ambulance should be coordinated well in advance by the airline with CASO and airport operator. Screening of Medication and Associated Supplies 1) All medications and associated supplies (i.e. syringes, sharps disposal container, pens, infusers … etc) are allowed through the checkpoint only after they have been screened. 2) Medication and related supplies are normally x-rayed. 3) Passengers have the option of requesting a visual inspection of medications and associated supplies with due reason. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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4) Any medication that cannot be cleared visually must be submitted for x-ray screening. 5) BCAS has issued detailed guidelines regarding carriage of liquids, aerosols and gel (LAGs) on board vide AVSEC Circular No. 18/2006. Medically necessary LAGs are permitted in excess of 100 ml on need basis after they have been screened. These items are subject to additional screening through visual inspection and ETD swipe, if necessary. If a passenger has medically necessary LAGs, he or she needs to : 1) Limit the amount to what is reasonably necessary for the itinerary; 2) Separate these items from the other LAGs; 3) Declare the items; and, 4) Present these items for additional inspection on reaching the security check point. X-ray Screening of Respiratory Equipment 1) Supplemental oxygen and other respiratory related equipment are permitted through the check-point once they have been screened. This will be subject to DGCA regulations also. 2) If a passenger can disconnect from the oxygen, the oxygen container will undergo x-ray screening. 3) Passengers who cannot disconnect from respiratory equipment will be screened by undergoing a pat-down. 4) Respiratory equipment that is not x-rayed will be visually and physically inspected, and will be subject to ETD screening. Transportation of Human Organ All 'Human Organs/Tissues for Transplant' shipped or distributed through airlines shall be securely packaged with proper labeling, maintenance of preservation and biohazard precautions will be ensured. 'Human Organs / Tissues for Transplant' shall be carried as an accompanied baggage provided they meet the appropriate packaging requirements. Infectious substances, as classified in category A or B vide UN 28141UN 2900/ UN 3373 in ICAO Technical Instructions for 'the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, 2005-2006' and as per The Aircraft (Carriage of dangerous Goods) Rules, 2003 are not permitted for transport in carry-on or checked baggage and must not be carried on a person. Ministry of Health / NOTTO will sensitize all authorized hospitals/medical institutes/eye banks accordingly. 'Human Organs / Tissues for Transplant' that have a minimal likelihood of containing pathogens must be packaged and marked appropriately to further minimize the risk of exposure as under:  A leak proof primary receptacle (s);  A leak-proof secondary packaging; and  An outer packaging of adequate strength for its capacity, mass and intended use, and with at least one surface having minimum dimensions of 100 mm x 100 mm. For liquids, absorbent material in sufficient quantity to absorb the entire contents must be placed between the primary receptacle(s) and the secondary packaging so that, during transportation, any release or leak of liquid substance will not reach the outer packaging and will not compromise the integrity of the cushioning material. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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When multiple fragile primary receptacles are placed in a single secondary packaging, they must be either individually wrapped or separated to prevent contact between them. If refrigerated or frozen specimens are to be transported, the following conditions must be met: When dry ice or liquid nitrogen is used to keep specimens cold, all applicable requirements of these instructions must be met. When used, ice or dry ice must be placed outside the secondary packaging or in the outer packaging. Interior supports must be provided to secure the secondary packaging in the original position after the ice or dry ice has dissipated. If ice is used, the outside packaging must be leak proof. If carbon dioxide, solid (dry ice) is used, the packaging must be designed and constructed to permit the release of carbon dioxide gas to prevent build-up of pressure that could rupture the packaging; The primary receptacle and the secondary packaging must maintain their integrity at the temperature of the refrigerant used as well as the temperatures and the pressures which could result if refrigeration were lost. Hospitals/Medical Institutes shall ensure that the shipping container will maintain required temperature for a minimum of 24 hours to avoid any deterioration effect of human organs/tissues during transportation. Such packaging must be marked as under:  Label which says: "Human Organs / Tissues for Transplant".  Date & Time of departure from the Hospital/Medical Institute/Eye Bank  Donor/Tissue Information Form or Tissue Detail Form  Address to be delivered with contact person name and phone number  Address of the Hospital/Eye bank with contact person name and phone number.  this label should be kept in water proof condition. Packaging shall be secured using a tamper-evident seal. Screening: Such organs/tissues shall be exempted from security screening and will be security cleared By means of physical checking of the container as mentioned in Para above. Such packages, if not accompanied, must be treated as an 'express cargo' and due procedures will be followed. Passenger carrying such container shall not be exempted from Pre-embarkation security check. Passenger's Responsibilities: The passenger who intends to carry such organ/tissue shall carry the following documents in original: a. Valid Identity Proof of the passenger; b. Valid travel documents; c. A certificate in triplicate with signature, full name, designation and office seal of the Competent Authority of Hospital/ Medical Institution /Eye Bank in its letter head specifically mentioned that " The organs/tissues which are supposed to be transported by air is/are free from pathogens. Packaging was done and sealed under supervision of a responsible officer of the hospital/medical institution/eye bank and it does not contain anything other than human specimens. Carriage of such organ by air will not endanger the aircraft and the AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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passengers on board" (i) Applicable permission of Customs authority for such carnage (in case of carrying to a foreign country); (ii) Applicable permission of Indian Mission for such carriage (in case of carrying from a foreign country); The passenger carrying such human organ/tissue shall inform the concerned Airlines at the earliest so that proper and urgent facilitation may be provided on the day of air travel. Airlines shall endorse the status in passenger's ticket. Upon reaching airport the passenger has to inform the airline regarding carriage of exempt human specimens. Airlines Responsibilities: 1. Airline shall make a provision that carriage of human organs/tissues/corneas will be incorporated in the passenger's ticket while booking is made online or otherwise; 2. Airline security staff will check and verify all required documents as stated above and being satisfied will act as under without waste of time: 3. If the package is an accompanied cabin baggage Airline security staff will escort the passenger till his/her boarding at the aircraft. 4. Security Hold Area (SHA) In-charge of ASG shall be intimated by the airline security regarding such carriage of live human organ / brain tissues etc. to avoid any delay in security checks. 5. Pilot In-Command and cabin crew will also be intimated so that proper arrangement may be made for carrying of such organs in the passenger cabin of the aircraft. 6. Flight Captain/Commander may request Air Traffic Control to accord priority landing and taking off for the aircraft carrying human organs/tissues for transplant so as to avoid its deterioration. 7. Airline security shall keep a copy of the certificate issued by the authorized hospitals/medical institute/eye bank for future record. 8. The container should be kept in the correct position / orientation as indicated. 9. If there is any doubt about the content of the package/box airlines security staff will inform his/her supervisor for taking further necessary action. ASG Responsibility: 1. The package/container marked as "Human Organ/Tissue for Transplant" should not be security screened. 2. ASG security personnel shall security clear such package by means of physical inspection as mentioned in Para above. 3. ASG security personnel in the SHA shall keep a copy of the certificate issued by the authorized hospitals/medical institutes (Annexure-II) for future record. 4. If there is any doubt about the contents, Screener will inform it to SHA In-charge for taking further necessary action. Miscellaneous: a. Airport operator will display a signage in a suitable location of the airport depicting the procedures for passengers' awareness. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Airport Manager on receipt of such information regarding carriage of human organs for the purpose he/she will extend all possible facilities to the bonafide passenger and shall intimate the airlines concerned. ASG (CISF/State Police) and Airlines will train their security personnel accordingly.



Module-11 Conventional X-Ray Module Objectives 



Switch on a typical x-ray machine and operate it safely







Interpret images on an x-ray monitor and identify items that may be prohibited or dangerous







Know the safety precautions to be followed when using or working around x-ray equipment



Teaching Methods 



Slide Presentations







Lectures by certified instructors







Group discussions







Demonstrations







Role- playing and practical exercises







Overnight reading Assignments







Progress Tests







Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



International Legislation Annex 17 Standard 3.4.3 “Each Contracting State shall ensure that persons carrying out screening operations are certified according to the requirements of the national civil aviation security programme to ensure that performance standards are consistently and reliably achieved.” AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Standard 4.4.1 “Each Contracting State shall establish measures to ensure that originating passengers of commercial air transport operations and their cabin baggage are screened prior to boarding an aircraft departing from a security restricted area.” Standard 4.5.1 Each Contracting State shall establish measures to ensure that originating hold baggage is screened prior to being loaded onto an aircraft engaged in commercial air transport operations departing from a security restricted area. Standard 4.5.4 Each Contracting State shall ensure that transfer hold baggage is screened prior to being loaded onto an aircraft engaged in commercial air transport operations, unless it has established a validation process and continuously implements procedures, in collaboration with the other Contracting State where appropriate, to ensure that such hold baggage has been screened at the point of origin and subsequently protected from unauthorized interference from the originating airport to the departing aircraft at the transfer airport. Standard 4.6.1 Each Contracting State shall ensure that appropriate security controls, including screening where practicable, are applied to cargo and mail, prior to their being loaded onto an aircraft engaged in passenger commercial air transport operations. National Legislation NCASP 7.1 Screening of Passengers and carry-on baggage 7.7.3 Screening of hold baggage 7.8.1 to 7.8.3 Air cargo screening Aviation Security Order / Circular Circular 25/2004 Minimum Specification for X-BIS Circular 11/2017 Specification of X-BIS Circular 23/2005 Procedure for Passenger and carryon Baggage screening Circular 34/2005 Procedure for screening of Hold Baggage Circular 31/2006 Security Measures of Unaccompanied baggage X-ray Examination of Baggage – Introduction, Principles & Characteristics X-rays were invented by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German physicist when he was experimenting on Cathode rays in 1895. The standard unit for measuring the quantity AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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of ionizing radiation is ‘Roentgen’ denoted by ‘R’. Principles of X-ray System If an x-ray beam is projected on to a fluorescent screen, the coating on that screen will glow. When an object is placed between the beam and the screen, the object will absorb some of the x-ray, causing a shadow to appear on the screen. Denser the object, darker will be the shadow. Example: A revolver absorbs a high proportion of the x-rays and will therefore case a dark shadow. A hair dryer, although similar in shape, absorbs fewer x-rays and so produces a lighter image.



.



Advantages and Disadvantages of X-ray BIS AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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X-Ray Screening – Advantages      



Less manpower engaged Film safe Does not cause any hazard to food and drugs Time saving Convenience to passengers Prohibited items can be easily detected without opening the bag.



X-Ray Screening – Disadvantages / Limitations  Cost of equipment  Lack of penetration of X-rays makes it difficult to screen dense items  Operator skills lost if not used regularly  Image interpretation depends upon screener skills.  Clarity of image of the baggage depends upon the orientation/ positioning of the baggage on conveyor belt. GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTENTS OF A LOCAL STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE (SOP) DETAILING X-RAY EQUIPMENT SAFETY RULES The local SOP should ideally contain the following: List of "DOs" • DO check conveyor belt before operating equipment; •



DO check X-Ray chamber before operating equipment;



•



DO make sure leaded curtains are not damaged;



•



DO check leaded curtains are hanging straight down; and



•



DO check exterior of X-Ray for loose wires/connections.



List of "DON'Ts" •



DO NOT reach into the chamber when X-Ray is on;



•



DO NOT allow passengers to reach inside the chamber for their baggage;



•



DO NOT allow any person to loiter in the area to observe the screening process;



•



DO NOT allow children to play with the leaded curtains or touch the conveyor belt; and



•



DO NOT place objects such as coffee, plants, bottles on top of the X-Ray machine. These guidelines are to be replaced by the local SOP.



NOTE:



GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTENTS OF A LOCAL STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE (SOP) DETAILING THE PROCEDURE FOR THE STARTING UP OF AN X-RAY MACHINE AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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The local SOP should ideally contain the following instructions: Before operating the XRay equipment: • Check that nothing is obstructing the conveyor belt. • •



Make sure there is a table available for physically searching baggage. Make sure that the conveyor belt and monitor screen are not dirty.



•



Check the exterior of the X-Ray machine for loose wires or connections.



Switching on the X-Ray machine:



NOTE:



•



Check that machine is plugged in.



•



Insert key into control panel and switch machine on.



•



Adjust brightness and contract controls.



•



Test the forward, stop and reverse movement of the conveyor belt.



•



Test the X-Ray monitor image definition by using the manufacturer's test piece for 30- gauge wire. These guidelines are to be replaced by the local SOP.



In-line Baggage Screening System for Hold Baggage Screening Inline hold baggage handling system (HBS) is a multi level X-Ray screening system and has been installed at various international airports. The inline hold baggage handling system (HBS) has been integrated with airport baggage handling in order to provide complete hold baggage processing and screening system



There are various levels of search in an In Line Screening Systems. Level 1 Level screening is to be undertaken by a CT-EDS machine with automatic explosives detection facilities. All baggage images will be referred to Level 2 with suspicious area highlighted, if any, where a certified screener will accept or reject the baggage. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Level 2 Level 2 screening is remote workstation(s) whereby operator(s) can analyze the image generated by the Level 1 CT-EDS machine. The workstation is equipped with enhanced imaging / manipulation systems to assist operator to diagnoses the screened image. 100% of level-l screened baggage images should be referred to level 2. Level 3 There are several technologies available for level 3 screening, and the selection usually depends upon BCAS regulations and / or budget constraints. These include: 1) A workstation may be installed at level -3 to retrieve the image created by Level - I CT-EDS. should be able to pull the image of the baggage created by Level-l machine by a barcode reader/ scanner. 2) A standalone Dual Energy and dual view X-BIS shall be installed at Level-3 to screen the baggage again. 3) Explosive Trace / Particle detection Check. 4) Explosive Sniffer Dogs. Cleared bags will be sent to BMA. Unclear baggage shall be sent to Level 4. Level 4 All un‐cleared / suspected bags at level 3 are reunited with their owners for further inspection and interview. This process is normally manual and should be done in a safe area.



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Module 12 Protection and Search of Parked Aircraft Module Objectives: 



Understand the need for protection of parked aircraft.







Explain security procedures used to protect unattended aircraft.







Describe the reasons for aircraft security checks and searches / aircraft access points.







Define the types and timing of aircraft security checks and searches







Describe appropriate action to be taken if aircraft security measures are compromised.



Teaching Methods 



Slide Presentations







Lectures by certified instructors







Group discussions







Demonstrations







Role- playing and practical exercises







Overnight reading Assignments







Progress Tests







Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



International Legislation Annex 17 Standard 4.3.1



Standard 4.3.2



AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



Each Contracting State shall ensure that aircraft security checks of originating aircraft engaged in commercial air transport movements are performed or an aircraft security search is carried out. The determination of whether it is an aircraft security check or a search that is appropriate shall be based upon a security risk assessment carried out by the relevant national authorities. Each Contracting State shall ensure that measures are taken to ensure that any items left behind by passengers disembarking from transit flights are Restricted



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removed from the aircraft or otherwise dealt with appropriately before departure of an aircraft engaged in commercial flights. Standard 4.3.3



Each Contracting State shall require its commercial air transport operators to take measures as appropriate to ensure that during flight unauthorized persons are prevented from entering the flight crew compartment.



National Legislation Aviation (Security) Rules 2011 Rule 27 Security Search of an Aircraft NCASP Chapter 6.6



Protection of Aircraft



Aviation Security Order / Circular Order 05/2009 Norms for deployment of Security Personnel Order 9/2018 Procedure for aircraft security checks and search Responsibility of protecting aircraft lies with the aircraft operator (airline). The Security Principle Defense in Depth  Levels or layers of security measures build upon each other to protect aircraft and airline operations 



First line of defense is the integrity of the airport perimeter and landside / airside boundaries







Security Restricted Area measures provide another layer







Security staff operating in immediate proximity of aircraft or patrolling the apron provide another layer







Crew and other airline staff on board the aircraft provide another layer.



PROTECTION OF AIRCRAFT Procedures for normal conditions  Aircraft crew and maintenance staff to challenge and identify all persons attempting to board the aircraft to ensure only authorized people allowed on board. 



Where security staff are operating in the on or around the aircraft they should identify all persons approaching, or attempting to access the aircraft or any part thereof







SRA pass holders are obligated to challenge persons without appropriate identification on display while in the SRA or attempting to board an aircraft







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Procedure for Increased threat condition  Increased threat situation requires the airline concerned to coordinate all security measures and ensure procedures and measures are properly implemented. 



Dedicated point guards in close proximity to each aircraft







Increased frequent random foot or mobile security patrols







Additional portable security lighting and backup power supply.



Control of Access to the aircraft 



During periods of increased threat, security staff must be positioned to observe, challenge, identify and authorize access.







Check the credentials of all persons seeking access to the immediate vicinity or to the interior of the aircraft and confirming that each has a legitimate requirement for that access







Search persons, bags, tools and cleaning equipment to ensure they do not conceal weapons, explosives and/or their components.







Detect and/or deter unauthorized access, and report to the captain, airline representatives or security authorities any attempted or unauthorized access and /or discovery of suspect or prohibited items.



Airline Procedures for Unattended Aircraft 



Aircraft are parked in a well-lit area







The area should be easily observed







All external doors must be closed







Aircraft should be parked away from fences or buildings to prevent easy access







Access stairs, passenger loading bridges and hold loading equipment must be removed from the vicinity of the aircraft and immobilized



Guarding Duties  Establish the integrity of the aircraft upon taking up duty 



Search for suspect explosive devices in immediate area.







Challenge all persons approaching aircraft







Check authorization of persons claiming a need to access the aircraft







Make visual inspection of the exterior



Aircraft Intrusion  A Security Search of aircraft must be conducted 



Carried out by airline personnel or security staff who are properly trained for aircraft type



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In accordance with airline’s specific procedures



Aircraft Security Checks / Searches Why must an aircraft search be carried out? There are legal and business reasons for carrying out aircraft searches What should the Searchers look for? 



That should not be there.







That is out of place







That cannot be accounted for



When to search? There are 4 instances when searches are usually conducted:  Pre-flight; 



Transit Flight;







Post flight; and







When the Aircraft is under increased threat.



Aircraft Security checks should be conducted when Aircraft is in service or during pre-flight operations. For routine origination flight, checks should be performed immediately after passengers disembark or immediately prior to loading operations. Guidelines for Pre Flight Security Check The search should normally be carried out just prior to the time that the aircraft is taken into service.  Regular search of aircraft for suspect explosive devices and weapons shall be conducted prior to commencing each flight. A similar search will be required when an aircraft is suspected of being the target of an act of unlawful interference.  Aircraft operators shall conduct pre-flight security checks only after all maintenance and



cleaning staff have vacated the aircraft and prior to passengers embarking; 



Flight and cabin crew, besides engineering and security staff, may conduct these checks provided they are adequately trained.







A security checklist shall be used by airlines staff during such pre-flight security checks.







Aircraft operators shall ensure that an aircraft is protected from unauthorized interference from the time the aircraft search or check has commenced until the aircraft departs.



Guidelines on Pre Flight Security Check for Transit Flights Searches for Transit Flights are necessary when: AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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



Passengers disembark at the transit station.







Any catering supplies or stores are loaded.







Passengers remaining on board must identify their belongings before the search commences.







If no passengers disembark, remain in a sterile area and access is limited to persons authorized and supervised by the airline or its handling agent, no search may be required Guidelines on Pre Flight Security Check for Post Flights







Post-flight searches are usually conducted of the areas to which passengers may have had access to ensure that nothing is left on board that may cause a hazard to the aircraft.







When an aircraft that has disembarked passengers and has had a post-flight search it may not need to be searched again before departure provided that access has been controlled throughout the time it is on the ground. (local procedures will apply)



When the Aircraft is under increased threat Apply SOP Note: The Security Supervisor shall ensure that the Aircraft Release certificate is signed by all the concerned departments and signature is obtained from the Commander of the flight. A copy of the signed aircraft release certificate shall be kept for record with the security department, and will be put up for scrutiny during checks and audit by the BCAS officers. Responsibility for Searches Searches are to be conducted by the staff members most familiar with the area they are searching, therefore: Flight crew and designated airline engineer staff are usually responsible for searching all those areas that have a direct bearing on the safe operation of the aircraft including: 



Aircraft cockpit;







Exterior of the aircraft and control surfaces;







Engine nacelles; and



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Technical areas.



Cabin Crew and/or trained Security staff are usually responsible for searching the interior of the aircraft including: 



Passenger cabins;







Seats;







Baggage storage lockers







Lavatories / WC;







Galleys; and







Other areas such as the baggage hold A Checklist should be employed and samples will be provided later in module.



Action on locating a SUSPECT ITEM Action by Searcher: Do not touch



 



Notify supervisor







Evacuate Aircraft







Remember description of object/item







Mark area where object item is located



Action by supervisor: 



Inform airline manager







Inform crew if already on board







Inform airport manager(Airport Operator)







Inform BDDS



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Appendix 39 AIRCRAFT SECURITY SEARCH CHECKLIST 1. Regular search of aircraft for suspect explosive devices and weapons may be conducted prior to commencing each flight, based on a risk assessment conducted by the appropriate authority. A similar search is required when an aircraft is suspected of being the target of an act of unlawful interference. The difference between the two types is only in the degree and thoroughness of the search undertaken, and these will be dictated by the total circumstances applicable to each situation. 2. The large number of aircraft in service throughout the world makes it impossible to provide guidance for recommended aircraft inspection procedures that will be adequate in all cases. Aircraft operators should develop an aircraft search procedure checklist for each type of aircraft in service and include this checklist as part of flight crew security kits. Use of such a checklist by ground crews is particularly helpful at locations where the only persons familiar with the particular type or configuration of aircraft are flight crew compartment and cabin crew members. 3. An isolated aircraft parking position may be the best location at an airport in which to search an aircraft subjected to a specific threat, but contingency plans should recognize that it may not always be possible to access this location. 4. Aircraft searches should be carried out in good lighting conditions. This may require the use of auxiliary power units or the attachment of ground power lines to an aircraft. 5. To avoid duplication of effort, a search of an aircraft should be conducted systematically by staff familiar with the particular aircraft, provided with a checklist and assigned to specific areas of the aircraft. Attention should be given to those areas to which passengers have had access, such as main cabins, galley areas and toilets, but a search should also include the flight crew compartment exterior and cargo holds. 6. Control of access to the aircraft should be imposed before starting a search, which should be carried out with the minimum number of persons on board. Control of access is necessary in order to ensure that devices are not introduced into an aircraft once it has been cleared, and should be maintained until aircraft doors are closed prior to push back. 7. Searchers should be briefed not to touch suspicious objects but to notify the search coordinator, mark the location with a prominent object not touching the device, and withdraw from the immediate area to await further instructions. If a suspect device is discovered, the possibility of secondary devices should not be discounted. 8. Hand-held communications are useful for coordination of a search and are often the only way of ensuring appropriate and rapid lifesaving procedures for search and evacuation. However, if a suspect device has been located, those using hand-held communications should immediately move away and ensure that they and anyone else in the area move outside the cordon as quickly as possible. Radios should not be used to transmit within 25 m of a suspect device. 9. All entrance doors, hatches, inlet and exhaust ducts, service and access doors, etc., should be opened to allow the necessary access to all areas to be inspected. However, a check should be made to ensure that all doors and covers that were opened for inspection purposes are closed on conclusion of the search. 10. It is difficult to give guidance to search teams about the appearance of suspect explosive devices as they can be disguised in many ways. Search teams should be briefed to AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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look for unidentified objects or anything that: • should not be there; • cannot be accounted for; or • is out of place. 11. The following areas should be searched: a) aircraft interior: • seats, including pouches, cushions and undersides; • log book and flight manual stowage; • crew oxygen mask stowage; • entire floor, including area forward of rudder pedals and beneath all flight crew compartment seats; • ceiling, side and rear walls; • life jacket stowage; • crew coatroom and baggage stowage area; • table and drawer of third crew member’s position; • area around rudder and/or brake pedals; and • inside first aid kit; b) forward entrance: • stairway, including underside; • connection of stair to fuselage, as well as shelf at this point; • escape chute stowage; • cabin attendant seat, life raft stowage and seat back; • forward windscreen and storage unit, including compartments; • oxygen mask compartment; • walls and ceiling; and • fire extinguisher stowage; c) flight deck companionway: • walls, ceiling and floor; • coatroom; • overhead baggage storage – entire area with baggage removed; • compartments above baggage rack and coatroom; • drinking fountain, cup dispenser, cup disposal compartment and drain valve access; and • area above and along sidewall of stowage compartment, forward side of forward toilet; d) forward compartment: • coatrooms and enclosed mask and vest stowage; • flight attendant and passenger seats, including undersides; • passenger berth(s); • walls, ceiling and floor; • crew and passenger life vest stowage; • portable oxygen stowage cupboard; • seats, including pouches and oxygen mask compartments; • table between rear lounge chairs and its compartment; • escape chute stowage; and • literature containers; e) forward galley: AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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• remove all containers, food boxes and ovens, if not already removed; • open and inspect all galley compartments, bar and refrigerator; • inspect containers removed from galley and bar; • oxygen mask stowage at bar; • galley service door, including tape stowage and hinge recess; • escape chute stowage; and • compartments above service doors; f) forward toilets: • remove soiled and waste material not already removed; • remove containers under sinks and inspect contents and areas around sink; • towel container and tissue dispenser; • toilet, including seat, lid, shroud, etc.; • mirror and compartments; • walls, ceiling and floor; • door; • oxygen mask stowage; • access to drinking fountain; and • waste water receptacle; g) main cabin: • seats, including pouches, oxygen mask stowage, cushions and undersides; • pillow racks, blankets and handrail; • floor – do not remove carpet unless presence of foreign object is suspected; • side walls, including windows and curtains; • bulkheads and foot recesses and oxygen mask stowage; • ceiling; • light recesses; • compartments at aft end of each handrail and behind rear cabin seats; • stretcher equipment stowage above hat rack; • demonstration life vest stowage; • emergency escape rope compartments; • escape chute stowage; • main door and recess with door closed; • magazine racks; • life raft stowage; • life vest pouches; • passenger berths; • oxygen cabinet; • cargo tie-down stowage; • literature containers; • first aid kit, only if unsealed; • passenger oxygen service units – drop them down and inspect; • oxygen and CO2 cylinder stowage drawers, forward sides of numbers 1 and 3 galleys and aft toilets; • overwing emergency exit release covers; • aft entry door cabin attendant’s seat; • drinking fountain, cup dispenser, cup disposal compartment and drain valve access at AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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floor; and • portable emergency exit lights – remove light and inspect; h) centre galley and bar: • remove all containers, food boxes and ovens, if not already done; • open and inspect all galley compartments, bar and refrigerator; • inspect all containers removed from the aircraft; • walls, ceiling and floor; • glass stowage in bulkhead forward of bar; • first aid kit in compartment aft side of aft unit, only if unsealed; • compartment above service door; • service door and recess; • escape chute stowage; • cabin attendants’ seats in aisle no. 2 galley; • oxygen mask compartment in ceiling; and • portable emergency exit light – remove light and inspect; i) rear galley area and bar: • flight attendants’ seat; • galley – remove all containers; • open and inspect all compartments; • walls, ceiling and floor; • compartments in front bulkhead; • inspect containers removed from aircraft; • diplomatic mail locker; • galley service door hinge recess; • escape slide stowage at each door; • aft entrance door hinge recess; • life raft stowage; and • oxygen bottle ceiling stowage; j) aft toilets: • remove soiled and waste material not already removed; • remove containers under sinks and inspect contents and areas around sink; • towel container and tissue dispenser; • toilet, including seat, lid, shroud, etc.; • mirror and compartments; • walls, ceiling and floor; • door; • oxygen mask stowage; • access to drinking fountain; and • waste water receptacle; k) aft wardrobes and coatrooms: • remove coats and cabin baggage and inspect entire area; • sky cots and flight cradles; • oxygen mask stowage; • first aid kit, only if unsealed; and • life vest stowage; l) aircraft exterior – fuselage – areas behind and/or in the following doors and openings AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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should be checked: • ground pneumatic connector panel; • cabin compressor air inlets, access panels and air outlets; • doppler navigation antenna door; • heat exchanger control access panels and outlet guide vanes; • radio rack air outlet; • beacon holder with beacon removed; • security locker and contents; • flashlights – also check batteries; • seals of first aid kits and life raft panels for proper condition; • accessory compartment door; • auxiliary tank fuel sump doors; • cabin pressure safety valves and regulator valve; • aft waste water service panel and waste system service panels; • access door to stabilizer mechanism; • tail cone access door; • aft and forward potable water service panels; • aft and forward cargo doors; • ground air conditioning connector door; and • external power fuser door and receptacle; m) cabin compressor compartment – entire compartment, especially area of hollow spaces and cavities; n) accessory compartment – entire compartment as well as all installations; o) cargo compartments: • forward cargo compartment, especially area underneath hinge snap panel of cargo door; • waste water tank compartment; • flight kit boxes; • aft cargo compartment, especially area of cargo door hinge joints; and • zone immediately behind aft cargo compartment; p) landing gear wheel wells and gears: • nose wheel well – area behind access and zip fastener panels; • entire main wheel wells and zone of wing roots; and • gears and wheels, including tires, rims, brakes and other parts such as struts, drag braces, beams, arms, actuators, frames and trucks; q) wings: • trailing edge flap sections; • snap covers to fuel x-feed tube and to fire extinguisher bottles; • pressure refuelling adapters; and • fuel vent openings; and r) engines and pylons: • engine air intake, exhaust and fan duct; • engine oil and pneumatic heat exchanger air inlet scoop; • engine oil refill cover and heat exchanger air outlet door; • constant speed drive oil refill cover; and • open engine cowl doors and fan cascade vanes – entire engine installation and all AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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openings on cowl doors and pylons to be checked.



MODULE 13 Physical Inspection of Baggage Module Objectives 



Search of various types of carry-on baggage in presence of passenger physically







Recognize prohibited and dangerous items that may be camouflaged, contained or hidden in carry-on baggage with specific concerns relating to electronic items







SOP to deal with prohibited and dangerous items detected in baggage







Behaviour of search team personnel / selection of bags for physical search and techniques Teaching Methods 



Slide Presentations







Lectures by certified instructors







Group discussions







Demonstrations







Role- playing and practical exercises







Overnight reading Assignments







Progress Tests







Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



International Legislations Annex 17 Standard 4.4.1



Each Contracting State shall establish measures to ensure that originating passengers of commercial air transport operations and their cabin baggage are screened prior to boarding an aircraft departing from a security restricted area.



National Legislation Aviation (Security) Rules 2011 Rule 14 (iv)



Duties of CASO:- Screening of passenger and their hand baggage



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Rule 21



Security Check before Embarkation



NCASP 2018 Chapter 7.1.8



Screening of Hand Baggage



Aviation Security Order / Circular Order 05/2005



Permissible & Prohibited Items to be carried by the passenger



Circular 19/2003 Circular 21/2004



Physical checks of hand baggage Use of hand gloves for frisking passages and physical check of their baggage Procedure for passenger & carryon baggage screening Circular Procedure for dealing with cases wherein arms and /or ammunition are detected during screening of a passenger or his baggage. Procedure for Screening of Hold Baggage



Circular 23/2005 Circular 08/2017



Circular 34 / 2005



Technical equipment used for the screening of persons and baggage has limitations. Walkthrough metal detectors and hand-held metal detectors, for example, cannot detect non-metallic weapons and explosives and even conventional X-ray equipment has difficulty in imaging or defining explosive material effectively. To compensate for such limitations or to introduce a random/ unpredictability element into the selection process, an additional manual hand search of passengers, cabin baggage and registered baggage is required after being screened by technical means. Reasoned selection means that the selection is based on the X-ray image, concentrating the effort on those bags most likely to conceal a prohibited item. Random selection should be used for hand searching one out of every ten bags in case of registered baggage; one out of 15 in case of Cargo and one out of 20 in case of hand bag. You should take the same methodical approach to searching bags as is required for searching people. Cabin baggage of a female passenger will be searched by a female screener only. Cardinal Rules  Courtesy 



Tact and







Caution



Method for Hand Search In the interest of effective security and passenger facilitation, a manual search of the baggage AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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should be conducted in accordance with the following basic guidelines: a)



The physical inspection of cabin baggage should always be carried out in the presence of the person presenting it;



b)



Ask the passenger for permission to search the bag. When given permission to search, ask the passenger to unlock and open the bag. Turn the bag so that it faces you.



c)



Baggage should be opened, and examined to ensure that there is no false bottom. A straightedge gauge rule, rod or other device should be used to establish whether there is a significant discrepancy in external and internal measurements.



d)



Particular attention should be paid to the lining, trim, seams, rims, studs, zip fasteners, locks, hinges, wheels and handles to identify signs of tampering or repair which may indicate the concealment of a prohibited article;



e)



The contents of the bag should be removed layer by layer, each being examined until the bag is empty. The empty bag should then be lifted by hand and assessed for balance and empty weight. If there is suspicion that the bag is not of uniform weight, or not of a weight consistent with being empty, the bag itself should be examined for concealment of prohibited items, if necessary, it should be screened by X-ray;



f)



Electrical items that might conceal a firearm, weapon or explosive device (e.g. razors, calculators, radios, clocks, cameras, personal stereos and their cassettes) should be examined to ensure they have not been tampered with, or of the expected weight, are balanced and have no additional batteries. If necessary an item should be screened by Xray to ensure that it has no additional power source or that there is no organic material within what should be an inorganic shell;



g)



Articles such as vacuum flasks, books, umbrellas and crutches should be examined in sufficient depth, by X-ray if necessary, to establish their bonafides;



h)



Attention should be given to the contents of containers and bottles capable of holding volatile liquids. Liquids shall be rejected when there are grounds for suspecting that they may be used to commit an unlawful act;



i)



Screener should examine for greasy stains and small holes in the exterior of the case and for the smell of almonds, nail polish, glue, perfume or other masking vapours ,which might indicate the presence of explosives;



j)



While checking the hand baggage physically, it should be ensured by the screener that the hand baggage are repacked properly in the presence of the passengers and their belongings are not left around or tampered with.



k)



It shall also be ensured that hand baggage of female passengers are checked by a female screener only;



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The Passenger must be present and the Bag Must Be Kept In View of the Passenger. Why? Answer:- There are two reasons for this: To prevent any accusation of the planting a prohibited item which is found during the search. If you find a prohibited item such as a weapon, explosive or incendiary material, or even an IED, this will need to be proved in court. If the bag is removed from the sight of the passenger, it could be difficult to rebut a charge of the item being planted, or to disprove a claim of innocence by the passenger. 







To prevent any accusation of theft from the baggage. If the bag is lost to sight, and the passenger claims that you had stolen some item from the bag, it could be difficult to disprove this claim. Even if the accusation could not be supported by evidence, suspicion could be damaging to both you and your employers reputation.



Ask the passenger to open the bag Why? There are three reasons for asking the passenger to unlock the bag. It emphasizes the fact that you have been given permission to search.







It offers you some protection against activating a non-terrorist security protection system: activating an alarm system (in a courier security bag), a self- destruct mechanism, or a spoiler dye spray built into the locking mechanism.







It offers you some protection against activating a terrorist anti-handling device. The owner of the bag is unlikely to open it, if the owner knows it will endanger him/her. During the search, withdraw from non-essential social contact with the passenger, remain polite, but discourage small talk. A terrorist may try to distract you:-







by offering to help you in your search







by keeping up a stream of distracting conversation or talk







by trying to establish a positive rapport with you or try to annoy you with the aim of making you carry out a less thorough search. Consider wearing surgical/ disposable gloves when you are searching. There are two reasons for wearing gloves. First, they can help to make any search more impersonal and secondly, they offer you some protection. Before Opening the Bag Check the construction of the bag for signs of interference or tampering that might indicate the presence of an IED. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Is the balance of the bag right for its size and shape? Does the bag feel lopsided? Also at this time check all outside pockets.



4



2 3



2



3 1 2



When you examine the outside of the bag look for these things:1. Are there signs of tampering with, or repair to the outside of the bag? Look for any loose wires, studs or rings which could be a safety-switch for an IED. Small holes through which an IED could be armed by pushing a thin rod e.g. a knitting needle through the shell of the bag. 2.



Have the handles been changed or altered?



3.



Are all screws, nuts, and rivets used in the construction of the bag the originals or have they been replaced with other types or altered in some way?



4.



Does the bag have more locks than is normal for the type of bag?



Open the Bag 



When the bag is opened, is there a strong smell, e.g. acid, almonds, nail polish, glue, aftershave or scent, which might hide the smell of explosive or incendiary material? Look at the lining of the bag:-







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



Some explosives leave greasy marks. Are there signs of handling on the fabric of the lining? Are there oil stains on the lining?







Feel the lining. Is there a difference, in texture and feel, of any part of the bag?







If while checking the bag you find something that does not seem quite right about the bag structure, you should empty the bag completely and have the bag passed through the x-ray machine again. Tell the x-ray operator what you suspect and the areas to inspect more closely. Are there any signs of a false bottom? Make a check on the bag for a false bottom. Use a straight edged rod to check internal and external measurements. There should not be excessive thickness.



Search Principles • • •



All hand carried items must be screened and/or searched preferably passed through x-ray equipment It is important to adopt a systematic approach so that no part of the body, items of clothing or areas of the bag are overlooked Search should normally be carried out in open but should not expose to public view: – –



Classified or Private documents. Large amounts of currency.



–



Valuable items. ( jewellery etc.)



•



Private search used when necessary to search in sufficient depth to establish if prohibited article is present.



•



2 searchers of the same sex as person being searched required.



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•



All indications of metal on the person by technical equipment must be resolved



•



Persons who cannot be cleared by normal screening process must be searched by hand.



Check the contents of the bag for an IED or weapon. Throughout your search of the bag contents, remain cool and disassociated from the passenger. Do not make any verbal comment on the contents, either in admiration or disgust. Your complimentary comments on an expensive item of clothing or electronic item are just as uncalled-for as less complimentary remarks you might make on the state of any soiled clothing. Start your search of the bag contents by feeling round the outer edge of the contents. Make sure that you reach right into the corners of the bag and right down to the bottom. You will find that, by using your fingertips, the contents of the bag will separate into definite layers. Feel between these layers and press them firmly from above and below searching for hidden items. Certain bags such as duffle type bags or where the size and contents of the bag makes a layer search impossible will need to be emptied and the contents searched before being replaced in the bag. If you find rolled up clothing or soiled clothing from the bag, unroll and unwrap the clothing discreetly, an innocent passenger will not thank you for airing ‘dirty linen’ in public. Attention should be given to the contents of containers and containers capable of holding liquids. Liquids shall be rejected when there are grounds for suspecting that they may be used to commit an unlawful act. Remember only limited amounts of liquids are allowed in cabin baggage. Items that could conceal an IED, e.g. a pair of binoculars, a vacuum flask, a book which might be hollowed out, collapsible umbrella, a camera, a soft toy which seems unusually heavy, an aerosol which dents easily (because it is no longer pressurized) , remove it from the bag and examine it closely. When examining the item be careful. Accidental damage to an expensive camera or similar item can be caused quite easily. If, when checking an item, you find something not seem quite right, you should have that item passed through the x-ray machine again. Remember to tell the x-ray operator what you suspect about the item. You should pay special attention to any electrical or electronic items which could be used to conceal an IED. For example: Personal electronic equipment. (Laptop computers)  Calculators  Radios  Clocks  Personal music equipment.  Battery powered cameras



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The best option for all electrical and electronic items is to pass them through x-ray equipment or to use trace detection equipment. Simply turning on an electrical item either using it’s own power source or external electrical outlet is not satisfactory since the fact that an item appears to function does not mean it has not been tampered with or conceals an IED. When a person requests hand search of a computer, Video camera or similar articles, the articles must be examined by following means :(i) That the equipment being searched operates satisfactory and, (ii)



There is no sign of the case being tempered with or modified including case holding screw damage and,



(iii)



The behavior of the passenger does not give cause for concern and ,



(iv)



There is no other reason to be concerned as to the items or its contents.



On completion of your search, close and fasten the bag, then return it to the passenger. The passenger should leave the search area: With the impression that you were thorough and efficient in your search. If you are cursory in your inspection, and skimp the search, the passenger may well wonder just why you did bother searching in the first instance and how safe it is to travel.  Without cause for complaint. If you carry out the search impartially, without emotion other than politeness, and hand the bag back in the same order as you found it, then even the most unreasonable passenger will find it difficult to fault you. Standard Operating Procedure Cabin baggage of a female passenger will be searched by a female screener only. 10% of hold baggage will be physically searched at random after screening by X-ray BIS. In case of cabin baggage 20 % of bags will be searched at random after screening by X-ray BIS. 25% to 30% during alerts Procedure When a Prohibited or Dangerous Article is found During Screening: The dangerous goods and prohibited articles shall not be allowed for carriage on persons or in cabin baggage on board an aircraft. These will be seized by the screening officer. However, if the screening officer suspects that a person was trying to carry such items on board with the intention to commit an act of unlawful interference with aviation, the screener will inform his supervisor, who will take further action, as deemed appropriate. Different procedure will apply for weapons found on the person and those detected in cabin baggage. Detection of explosive devices in cabin baggage may dictate yet another different response. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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It is important for the searcher to remain calm and not to cause a panic among other passengers, which may make the situation worse. The searcher’s supervisor should be summoned covertly and should in turn take action to summon assistance from the local policing authority. The discovery of a weapon in passenger’s cabin baggage may be dealt with by simply closing the bag and removing it from the passenger’s reach. If the item is confirmed as a suspect explosive device DO NOT TOUCH IT but carry out standard suspect explosive device procedures. In the case of a weapon or explosive device being detected during the screening process, the relevant person shall be handed over to local police for further action in case he is not in possession of valid documents. However, in case he is in possession of necessary documents, no need to detain the passenger. Check the documents, verify the arm is in unloaded condition, properly packed. The bag shall be checked-in and same procedure will be followed as in the case of declared weapon. A report shall be sent to DGCA and Local Police will be informed.



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Module 14 HANDLING OF FIREARMS FOR CARRIAGE BY AUTHORISED PASSENGERS Module Objectives 



Search of various types of carry-on baggage in presence of passenger physically







Recognize prohibited and dangerous items that may be camouflaged, contained or hidden in carry-on baggage with specific concerns relating to electronic items







SOP to deal with prohibited and dangerous items detected in baggage







Behaviour of search team personnel / selection of bags for physical search and techniques



Teaching Methods 



Slide Presentations







Lectures by certified instructors







Group discussions







Demonstrations







Role- playing and practical exercises







Overnight reading Assignments







Progress Tests







Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



International Legislations Annex 17 Standard 4.4.1



Each Contracting State shall establish measures to ensure that originating passengers of commercial air transport operations and their cabin baggage are screened prior to boarding an aircraft departing from a security restricted area.



National Legislation Aviation (Security) Rules 2011 Rule 14 (iv) Rule 21



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Duties of CASO:- Screening of passenger and their hand baggage Security Check before Embarkation



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NCASP 2018 Chapter 7.1.8



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Screening of Hand Baggage



Aviation Security Order / Circular Order 05/2005



Permissible & Prohibited Items to be carried by the passenger



Circular 19/2003 Circular 21/2004



Physical checks of hand baggage Use of hand gloves for frisking passages and physical check of their baggage Procedure for passenger & carryon baggage screening Procedure for dealing with cases wherein arms and /or ammunition are detected during screening of a passenger or his baggage. Procedure for Screening of Hold Baggage



Circular 23/2005 Circular 08/2017



Circular 34 / 2005



Procedure for Carriage of Arms and ammunition On person or in hand baggage:  PSO’s of VVIP’s Can carry weapon in unloaded condition in the cabin baggage. The weapon and ammunition should be kept separately.  SPG’s when accompanying SPG Protectee



Can carry weapon in unloaded condition in the cabin baggage. The weapon and ammunition should be kept separately.  Sky Marshals



Can carry weapon on board aircraft. They should possess the Weapon Authorization Card (WAC) issued by BCAS and ID card issued by NSG. They travel as per scheduled given by BCAS and issued with all airport AEP. They need to undergo Breath Analysis test conducted by respective airline medical department at the originating station. Weapon In registered baggage: 



PSO’s of VIP’s







Can carry weapon in registered baggage. Should produce valid identity card and duty slip/movement order authorizing them to carry specific weapons and ammunition while on bonafide duty traveling by air.







Dignitaries of high risk category



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Can carry authorized weapon and ammunition in registered baggage.







Any person on bonafide duty







Can carry weapon in registered baggage. Should produce valid identity card and travel order authorizing them to carry specific weapons and ammunition while on bonafide duty traveling by air.







Bonafide passenger holding valid license 



As per the existing instructions, one licensed firearm (revolver/pistol/shot gun) and/ or 50 cartridges are allowed to be carried by a passenger in his/her hold baggage.







Passenger has to declare carriage of weapon to the airline and fill up a Weapon Declaration Form.



 



The airline station manager authorizes the carriage of weapon. The passengers license will be checked for expiry date, area of jurisdiction, weapon number, make and model number, number of cartridges allowed etc. The weapon and ammunition is stowed in area inaccessible to the passengers and crew members during the flight. In case of an aircraft that does not have separate cargo holds the airline should inform passengers that the weapons cannot be allowed for carriage in registered baggage of passenger. However if the weapon and ammunition is required to be carried necessary arrangements for a securely locked, tamper proof container for keeping registered baggage containing weapon / ammunition shall be made by the aircraft operator.



Procedure for carriage of licensed arms/ ammunition in hold baggage:  Station Managers/ Airport Managers of all airlines are permitted to allow the carriage of



one licensed fire arm and/ or fifty cartridges belonging to a bonafide passenger, provided that: o



o



o



The passenger carrying firearms and/ or ammunition is in possession of valid license in accordance with The Arms Act, 1959. In the case of a foreign national checking of documents like permission from Government of India and the Government of the concerned country for carriage of firearms and/ or ammunition by air. A passenger can carry his authorized or licensed fire-arm and/ or ammunition in his accompanied hold baggage, after declaring it to the check-in staff of the airline operator if screening of hold baggage is done after the check-in process, or to the screener at the security check point if the screening is done prior to check in process. If the passenger does not have a hold baggage, the firearm is stored inside a locked



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container that is placed in a tamper – proof stowage receptacle in the baggage compartment, and is inaccessible to unauthorized persons on the ground or during flight. On declaration by the passenger, the check-in staff or security screener, as the case may be, will refer the passenger to security supervisor of the airline operator. The security supervisor will ask the passenger to fill and sign a prescribed form for carriage of arms/ammunition. The supervisor will verify all the relevant documents to ensure that the weapon is licensed or authorized in the name of the passenger concerned. The Station Manager/ Airport Manager shall verify all the relevant documents to ensure that the arms and/ or ammunition are licensed in the name of the passenger concerned. The arms and/ or ammunition shall be carried only in the registered baggage of the passenger The registered baggage containing arms and/ or ammunition shall be carried only in aircraft having separate cargo holds so as not to be accessible to passenger. The arms and/ or ammunition are so packed, protected and secured so as to avoid the possibility of their being a source of danger. Ammunition is transported separately from the firearm in a suitable container, is placed in the aircraft baggage compartment, and is inaccessible to unauthorized persons on the ground or during flight. Ammunition for personal firearms is carried as hold baggage, in accordance with ICAO DOC 9284 and the Aircraft (Carriage of Dangerous Goods) Rules, 2003. The firearm should be unloaded and, if necessary, dismantled based on threat perception. Fire-arm will be checked by a trained staff of the airline operator or Aviation Security Group to ensure that it is not loaded. The fire-arm will be carried in a hard sided container which must be locked. Transported ammunition must be securely packed in fiber (such as cardboard), wood or metal boxes or other packaging specially designed to carry small amounts of ammunition. Fire - arm magazines/ clips do not satisfy the packaging requirement unless they provide a complete and secure enclosure of the ammunition. The ammunition may also be located in the same hard sided case as the fire- arm, as long as it is properly packed as described above. The nature of the goods is clearly and conspicuously marked on the package containing them. Black powder and percussion caps used with black powder type fire-arms are not permitted in cabin baggage as well as in hold baggage. The baggage containing fire-arm and/or ammunition will not be conveyed to baggage make-up area through the conveyor belt. After the baggage has been subjected to prescribed security controls and cleared, the security staff of the concerned airline operator will escort it till it is loaded onto the aircraft hold. The registered baggage containing fire – arm and/ or ammunition shall be handed over to the passenger at the destination only in the arrival hall and not on the tarmac.



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In order to streamline the procedure for carriage of weapons and ammunition by Personal Security Officers (PSOs) of VVIPs /VIPs and/ or persons / passengers, and to prevent unauthorized carriage of weapons, explosives or any other dangerous devices within India which may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference on an aircraft engaged in civil aviation operations, operating to and from civil airports in India, the following instructions are issued for compliance by all concerned:VVIPs like President, Vice President, Prime Minister and SPG protectees: The Personal Security Officers shall carry their weapons and ammunition on their person or in their hand baggage in fully unloaded condition SPG Personnel are hereby permitted to carry One Pistol with 60 cartridges; and one Sub Machine Gun/ Assault Rifle with 150 cartridges.



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In Flight Security Officers (IFSOs):



In order to provide adequate security coverage to aircrafts registered in India and engaged in civil aviation operations to and from all civil airports in India, permission has been granted by the Central Government to IFSO while on duty in such aircraft, for carriage of weapons and ammunition on board such an aircraft. o The I F S O shall be in possession of their Identity Cards and authorization, issued by



Director General, BCAS from time to time, for carriage of weapons and ammunition on board an aircraft. o Station Manager / Airport Manager of the concerned airlines shall ensure that the pilot- in-



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command is notified as to the number of armed persons and their seat allocation on board the aircraft. 



PSO(s) of other VIP / dignitary of high risk category: Whenever allowed by the government of India to accompany such a VIP/ dignitary during his/ her journey by air or any person on bonafide duty with weapon and ammunition while travelling by air shall carry the authorized weapons and ammunition in his/ her registered baggage only in the manner specified below:



o The Personal Security Officers or the persons on duty mentioned in para above shall carry



with them their valid Identity Cards and Duty Slips / Movement Orders authorizing them to carry specific weapons and ammunition while on bonafide duty travelling by air and shall produce the same to the Airport / Airlines Security Officers/ Manager. o Chief Aerodrome Security Officer of Aviation Security Group (ASG)/ In-charge Airport



Security Unit shall check the Identity Card and Duty Slip/ Movement Order of the PSOs of VVIP/ SPG protectees and shall ensure their genuineness. o Concerned Airlines Security Manager / Officer shall check the Identity Card and Duty Slip/



Movement Order of the PSOs and persons mentioned above and shall ensure their genuineness. In the case of regular passengers the Station Manager/ Airport Managers of all airlines are authorized to allow carriage of only one licensed revolver or pistol or shotgun and fifty cartridges belonging to a bonafide passenger. In case, a passenger is having more than one weapon and /or 50 cartridges, the passenger must have written approval from DGCA. The following conditions shall be strictly followed for carriage of weapons and ammunition in the Registered Baggage by a bonafide passenger, PSOs or VIPs or any dignitary or high risk category or any person who has been allowed to carry his weapon and ammunition on duty while travelling by air. Henceforth such categories of persons have been referred to as passengers:o Such a passenger shall declare the carriage of his/ her authorized/ licensed weapon and ammunition to the concerned air carrier in writing on the prescribed form to be provided by the airlines operator before security check of his / her Registered Baggage. Original copy of such declaration shall be retained at the Boarding Station, second copy shall be kept in the flight’s file and third copy shall be given to the passenger. o Prior to acceptance of weapon and ammunition from a bonafide passenger having valid license or authorization issued by the competent authority as mentioned above, the concerned airlines operator shall ensure that the carriage of weapons and ammunition in Registered Baggage of such a passenger is allowed only when an authorized and duly qualified person of the airlines has determined that the weapon is not loaded. o The Station Manager / Airport Manager of the concerned airlines shall verify all the relevant AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted



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documents to ensure that the weapon(s) and ammunition is / are licensed / authorized in the name of the passenger concerned and shall ensure that only authorized number(s) of weapon and ammunition are allowed in the Registered Baggage. The weapons and ammunition shall be stowed in an area that is inaccessible to any person including air crew while the aircraft is in flight and shall not be carried in the cockpit or retained by a member of the crew. Therefore, the weapons and ammunition shall be carried only in the Registered Baggage of the passenger and such baggage shall be stored in a securely locked, tamper-proof container which shall be located in the baggage compartment of aircraft or in aircraft having separate cargo holds so as not accessible to passengers. In case an aircraft does not have separate cargo / baggage hold for safe and secure storage of a securely locked, tamper-proof container for keeping passengers Registered Baggage containing their authorized weapons and ammunitions, concerned airlines shall be responsible to inform their passengers not to carry arms and ammunition with them as the same shall not be allowed to be carried in the Registered Baggage in such an aircraft. However, if weapons/ ammunition are required to be carried in such an aircraft which does not have cargo / baggage hold, necessary arrangements for a securely locked , tamperproof container for keeping Registered Baggage containing authorized weapons / ammunition shall be made by the aircraft owner /airlines operator. The Registered Baggage shall be handed over to the concerned person/ passenger at destination in the arrival hall only. The above procedures are also applicable to Private Aircraft owners (Corporate Aviation/ General Aviation) and their body guards carrying weapons also. At foreign airports, where I n d i a n r e g i s t e r e d a i r c r a f t a r e operating, the discretion to permit the carriage of personal weapon and ammunition in the Registered Baggage will vest with the Airport Manager of the concerned airlines in consultation with the Airlines Security Officer if available. Same will be the case vice-a-versa for foreign aircraft operating from India. In all such cases, the passenger shall carry valid documents and also subject to the provision that such carriage do not violate the local /national and International laws, rules and regulations. The above instructions shall be subject to any further restrictions applicable in countries of transit and destination. The Units of Armed forces/ para-military forces While traveling on duty by a civil commercial flight in domestic sectors within India may be allowed by the concerned aircraft operator to carry their service fire-arms and ammunition in hold baggage subject to the following conditions:o The Unit Commander or his authorized representative must submit to the Chief Aerodrome Security Officer and to the station In-charge of concerned airlines security the Unit’s official travel orders and an inventory of weapons and ammunition being transported. o The Unit commander must declare in writing the weapons & ammunition to the airline operator. o Weapon must be unloaded and collectively secured in a crate and banded or individually locked in a hard-sided case.



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o Ammunition must also be securely packed in fibre (such as cardboard), wood or metal



boxes or other packaging specifically designed to carry small amounts of ammunition. o The Unit commander must certify to the station in-charge of the airlines security at the



airport that the weapons are unloaded. o Live grenades, mines, bombs, explosives, black powder and percussion caps used with



black powder type fire-arms, tear gas shells and munitions and other dangerous goods/devices shall not be allowed on board the aircraft (neither in Cabin nor in Hold baggage), without specific written permission from Director General of Civil Aviation, Govt. of India.  Carriage of licensed firearm and / or ammunition by a sportsperson while traveling by air. As per the existing instructions, one licensed firearm and/ or 50 cartridges are allowed to be carried by a passenger in his/ her hold baggage. If a sportsperson is traveling by air in domestic sectors to participate in some shooting event within India for which he/ she is required to carry more than one licensed firearms and/ or more than 50 cartridges, such sportsperson may be allowed by the concerned aircraft operator to carry the required number of licensed firearms and/ or ammunition in his hold baggage subject to the following conditions: 



The sportsperson must declare orally or in writing about carriage of the firearms and/ or ammunition and will produce the following documents at the security check point of hold baggage for inspection by the screener of concerned aircraft operator: o Valid license/ authorization of fire arms and ammunition; o Evidence of identity which can be established by a photo identity card issued by a government agency or the sponsoring sports club. o Bonafide for carriage of arms and ammunitions on the basis of a written document issued by the president or secretary of the sports club sponsoring him/ her for the shooting event.  The fire-arm must be unloaded.  The fire-arm must be carried in a hard-sided container.  The container must be locked.  Transported ammunition must be securely packed in fibre (such as cardboard), wood or metal boxes or other packaging specially designed to carry small amounts of ammunition.  Fire -arm magazines/clips do not satisfy the packaging requirement unless they provide a complete and secure enclosure of the ammunition.  The ammunition may also be located in the same hard sided case as the fire- arm, as long as it is properly packed as described above.  Black powder and percussion caps used with black powder type fire arms are not permitted neither in cabin nor hold baggage.  Authorization for carriage of firearms and ammunition by the sports persons in an aircraft shall be obtained from DGCA in accordance with provisions of the Aircraft (Carriage of Dangerous Goods) Rules 2003. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019 Restricted



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 Procedure for dealing with cases wherein arms and/ or ammunition are detected during screening of a passenger or his baggage. The following procedure shall be followed for dealing with cases wherein arms and/ or ammunition are detected during screening of a passenger or his baggage. There may be following possibilities regarding carriage of arms and ammunition together or separately:  Arms and/ or ammunition are detected in the registered baggage of a passenger at the time of X-ray screening and the passenger has failed to declare the same to the Airlines Security staff as required under the Aircraft (Carriage of Dangerous Goods) Rules 2003.  Arms and/ or ammunition are detected in the hand baggage or on the person of a passenger at the time of frisking / x-ray screening of hand baggage in the Security Restricted Area (SRA) or at the ladder point. Course of Action: Authorized arms and/ or ammunition are allowed to be carried only in the hold of an aircraft. Even if the arms and/ or ammunition are detected in the hand baggage or on person with valid license/ authorization, the carriage of the same shall be allowed in the hold baggage only and the following course of action shall be followed by the ASG (CISF/ State Police)/ Airline operator/ Airport operator (wherever ILBS installed), as the case may be, to deal with the situations as mentioned in paras above: 



If the passenger is having a valid license with him, the ASG (CISF/ State Police)/ Airline operator/ Airport operator security staff, as the case may be, shall examine the weapon physically to see that it is unloaded and packed as per the prescribed norms, obtain declaration from the passenger as required under the Aircraft (Carriage of Dangerous Goods) Rules 2003 and thereafter allow him to proceed for check-in etc. There is no need to detain the passenger. However, a complaint shall be made about the incident to the Director General, DGCA for necessary action at their end under the Aircraft (Carriage of Dangerous Goods) Rules 2003. Local police shall also be informed.







If the passenger does not have a valid arms license with him at that time but claims to possess the same, he cannot be allowed to proceed. The passenger shall be detained and handed over to local police for necessary legal action in this regard.







If the passenger claims that he is a serving Police/ Defence Services/ Central Armed Forces personnel and is entitled to carry his service arms and ammunition, the ASG (CISF/ State Police)/ Airline operator / Airport operator security staff shall confirm his identity through a valid photo identity card issued by the Department/ Ministry concerned and movement order/ authority slip. If his identity and bona fides are beyond doubt, the ASG (CISF/ State Police)/ Airline operator/ Airport operator security staff can obtain necessary declaration from him as required under the Aircraft (Carriage of Dangerous Goods) Rules 2003 and thereafter allow



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him to proceed for check-in etc. There is no need to detain the passenger. However, a complaint shall be made about the incident to the Director General, DGCA for necessary action at their end under the Aircraft (Carriage of Dangerous Goods) Rules 2003. Local police shall also be informed and a copy of such complaint shall also be forwarded to the controlling authority of such person. 



In case the passenger neither has a valid arms license with him nor claims to possess the same, the ASG (CISF/ State Police)/ Airline operator / Airport operator security staff shall hand him over to the local police along with the arms and ammunition with a complaint about the incident for taking necessary legal action under the Arms Act 1959 and Aircraft Act 1934 and the rules framed there under.



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MODULE – 15 EMERGENCIES & CONTINGENCIES Module Objective 



List the different types of emergency/ emergencies involving aircraft / airport and response







Describe typical response to a bomb threat involving an aircraft / airport/Facility







Describe the procedure for searching an area in respect to a bomb threat







Specify the action to be taken when a suspect item is located.







Contingency plan to deal with unlawful interference



Teaching Methods 



Slide Presentations







Lectures by certified instructors







Group discussions







Demonstrations







Role- playing and practical exercises







Overnight reading Assignments







Progress Tests







Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



International Legislations Annex 17 Standard 5.1.4



Each Contracting State shall ensure that contingency plans are developed and resources made available to safeguard civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. The contingency plans shall be tested on a regular basis.



Standard 5.1.5



Each Contracting State shall ensure that authorized and suitably trained personnel are readily available for deployment at its airports serving civil aviation to assist in dealing with suspected, or actual, cases of unlawful interference with civil aviation.



Standard 5.3.1



Each Contracting State concerned with an act of unlawful interference shall provide ICAO with all pertinent



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information concerning the security aspects of the act of unlawful interference as soon as practicable after the act is resolved. Recommendation. 5.3.2 Each Contracting State should exchange information with other Contracting States as considered appropriate on the management of response to an act of unlawful interference, at the same time supplying such information to ICAO. Standard 3.4.8



Each Contracting State concerned with an act of unlawful interference shall require its appropriate authority to reevaluate security controls and procedures and in a timely fashion take action necessary to remedy weaknesses so as to prevent recurrence. These actions shall be shared with ICAO.



National Legislation The Aircraft (Security) Rules, 2011 Rule 10 Handling of unattended or suspect baggage Rule 16 Contingency Plan Rule 45 Reporting of Security Accidents or Incidents to the DG, BCAS NCASP Chapter 10 Management of response to acts of unlawful interference Aviation Security Order / Circular Order 07/2010 Responsibilities of BDDS/ Dog Squad Order 08/2010 Deployment of IFSO- Sky marshals Order 02/2011 Deployment of suitably trained personnel to deal with case of Unlawful interference Order 08/2011 Potentially disruptive passengers Order 17/2011 Bomb Threat Contingency Plan Order 19/2011 Contingency Plan for handling hijacked aircraft Order 05/2016 Information to other agencies on receipt of bomb threat calls Order 06/2016 Establishing and maintaining data base of Hoax Bomb Threat calls Circular 43/2005 Contingency Plan for handling aircraft hijack situation. Circular 29/2006 Anti-hijacking Mock Exercise at Airports. Circular 01/2009 Counter terrorist Plan at Airports Circular 08/2009 Formation of CC at IGI Airport Circular 19/2009 Contingency Plan for handling Hijack Situation Circular 25/2009 Arrangements in case of hijacked aircraft landing at defense controlled airports Circular 08/2010 Operations/ Mock exercise by NSG Circular 18/2010 Minimum standards for BDDS equipment AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Circular 20/2010 Circular 21/2010 Circular 03/2017 Circular 12/2017 Circular 13/2017



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BDDS equipment for BDDS squads Prompt Communication of incidents Minimum standards/ Specification with regard to Bomb Suit Provision for Bullet Resistant Vehicles to QRT at airports Prioritizing of BDDS equipment- reg



TYPES OF AIRPORT EMERGENCIES Emergencies involving aircraft. These include: 



Incidents involving-Aircraft on airport







Incidents -Aircraft off airport



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Incident-Aircraft in flight



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Incident-Aircraft on ground



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Sabotage, including bomb threat







Unlawful seizure Emergencies not involving aircraft. These include:







Fire







Sabotage, including bomb threat at airport







Natural disaster







Terrorist attack of ATC/terminal building







Terrorist attack of airport







Breakdown of runway







Emergencies at airport(fire, collapse of airport building Medical emergencies. These include:







Collapsed person







Sudden death







Industrial accidents







Delivery of newborn







Communicable disease alert



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Collective food poisoning.



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Bomb threat can be received to any aircraft which is on ground or in flight, at any airport, vital installation, or any civil aviation facility like ATC, cargo facility, navigational aid area or any person. The call received can be genuine, politically motivated, hoax or malicious call to disturb safe operation of flight .Bomb threat is also conveyed by any helpful person who informs concerned airline or airport agencies regarding bomb threat, which he overheard or came to know, etc. Bomb Threat Calls are made by 



Terrorist in order to check the efficiency of airport security.







Mentally ill, practical jokers or those who want to play prank.







Delayed passenger / Disgruntle passenger can give malicious bomb threat call to civil aviation.



Whenever we receive a bomb threat call for any aircraft or any civil aviation facility, there are four phases of handling that bomb threat 



Receipt







Report







Risk Assessment







Response



Bomb Threat and its response Action in case of Bomb Threat Call: Considering that the safety of lives / property under circumstances of a bomb threat is directly linked to the prompt and appropriate decision of the BTAC, it shall be the moral obligation on the part of senior most officials within each agency to attend the BTAC whenever possible. However, also considering that the senior most official within each agency may not be present at the airport round the clock due to the nature of official duty / routine work performed, the next senior most official within such agency authorized as alternate member of BTAC may attend the BTAC. We often get b o m b t h r e a t calls at airport. Analysis of these calls reveals that such calls are given by delayed passengers, those who has been denied seats by airlines, drunken people, trickster, media crazy people, jilted lovers, dismissed or suspended employees, love birds, competitors, politically motivated people etc. In case if you ask these callers about the details of bomb or reason for bombing, their name, place or telephone number etc they will immediately put the receiver down. It is therefore suggested that telephone operators, Control room staff etc are to be trained to ask following questions:AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Where is the bomb?



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When will it go off?



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What does it look like?/ What type of device is used?



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Who are you?



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Why are you doing this?



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Actions on Receiving a Bomb Threat Call 



Remain calm



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Ensure caller ID has registered calling number and note it down



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Switch on voice recording facility(if it is not automatic)



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Allow the caller to complete his conversation first without interruption.



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Note exact time of call



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Try to prolong call (if possible) to get maximum information.



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Ask open–ended questions instead of leading questions.



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Alert colleagues and supervisors who can also listen to conversation.



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Observe callers sex, voice, language, approx age, background noise etc.



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Note actual words and Record other details







Inform all details to supervisor Supervisor to interview the receiver of threat call in order to complete the bomb threat report form (BTRF) and relay the information without delay to the respective BTAC coordinator of the affected airport for which the threat has been received for. Other information to be reported by the recipient of a Bomb Threat Call 



The background noise from where the call is been made







Identification of gender



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Exact time of call



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Actual wording







Approximate age



The response to the above questions and background details will help the bomb threat assessment committee members to evaluate the call to “SPECIFIC” or “NON SPECIFIC” As per BCAS mandates all publically advertised telephone number must have:a) Caller Line Identification Procedure (CLIP) facility. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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BTRF



Actions to be taken by the Aircraft Operator On receipt of the threat call the air carrier will take immediate actions as under a) Rush to attend the BTAC meeting after leaving instructions to next senior official to :execute actions given as under b) Where passengers have fully/partially boarded, quickly disembark such passengers/ crew in an orderly manner with hand baggage and bring them back to SHA through departure hall for further action. c) Ask crew and ground staff on board / in cargo hold to look for and report any unidentified article before they themselves finally disembark due to bomb threat. (The crew and ground staff should be cautioned not to touch, open or attempt to remove any unclaimed article/device but report to the coordinator). d) Ask airline Engineers / staff to keep aircraft in ready to tow position for removal to Isolation Bay/Area in case BTAC declares the threat call as specific e) Identify passenger’s joining the check in Queue after receipt of bomb threat call and refer such passengers to Airport Security for inquiry/investigation. f) Mobilize sufficient staff even if it is recess / relief time to ensure their availability to empty aircraft holds and to layout all unloaded baggage/stores for their anti-sabotage check as required under specific/ non-specific threat. g) Actively participate in the evaluation of threat by BTAC and in deciding follow up actions. h) Move to the aircraft under threat and get the tasks performed from the staff as decided in the BTAC and in a coordinated manner with other agencies. Evaluation of Call The Bomb Threat Assessment Committee (BTAC) shall be established at the affected airport. The Bomb Threat Assessment Committee (BTAC) Bomb Threat Assessment Committee shall consist of the following officials with respective status as mentioned against each:No



Officials



Agency



Status



a



Airport Director or his representative



Airport Operator



b



CASO or his representative Security Manager / Station Manager of affected airlines Watch Supervisory Officer (WSO) Airworthiness Officer Representative of local police



ASG (CISF or State Police)



Member



Aircraft Operator ATC DGCA State Police



Member Member Member Member



c d e f



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ASG (CISF\ State Police) Officer I/C BDDS Member FRRO/Asst FRRO * Immigration Member Deputy Commandant * Customs Member i RD, BCAS or his representative (Wherever located) BCAS Observer j * (Should be present in case threat relates to international terminal, international airlines or import/export cargo terminal) g h



EVALUATION OF THREAT CALL The BTAC uses the “Bomb Warning Assessment Form (BWAF) as a guideline for systematic and scientific evaluation of the Bomb Threat Call. The procedure of building of an assessment system to lead the bomb warning assessors to a logical conclusion to classify the threat is called as POSITIVE TARGET IDENTIFICATION (PTI) Accordingly the call is classified as under:SPECIFIC THREAT: A warning where the threat permits identification of a specific target, or where the caller has positively identified himself or the organization involved and is judged credible. The BTAC evaluates the call based on the information given by the caller and threat perception. The call is evaluated as “Specific”, if the information is of serious and elaborate nature. NON SPECIFIC THREAT: A warning that can be related to one or more targets but where there is doubt about its credibility or about the effectiveness of the existing counter measures. The call is evaluated as “Non Specific”; if the call is of general nature such as there is a bomb in the evening flight ‘or’ flight going to Mumbai has a bomb. HOAX CALL: A warning that may not identify a target or a specific group of targets or which otherwise lacks credibility. Action in case of Specific Bomb Threat Call 



The aircraft will be shifted to isolated parking bay.







ASG will cordon the aircraft from a safe distance of 50m and control the movement of unauthorized people. Deploy airline security staff at ladder point to frisk/check belongings of all authorized persons entering isolation bay / affected aircraft.



 



Airline (GSD) will ensure sufficient loaders, bus trolleys are available for speedy offloading.



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All registered baggage, cargo; unaccompanied baggage will be off loaded and kept 100 meters away from aircraft. The registered baggage will be line up properly for re-



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identification by passengers (with sufficient gap for dogs to move around and also for movement of passengers during re- identification) unclaimed baggage to be opened / kept in cooling off pit by BDDS. Offload Catering items/ bonded stores and place them in the catering vehicle. Catering vehicle to be parked 100 meters away from the aircraft and searched. First aid kits and Engineering stores to be subjected to thorough search. First aid kit may be opened and resealed by BDDS if doctors are not available for resealing. Detail and ensure that senior airline officials from Security, Flight Crew, Engineer, Catering Cargo, Commercial, GSD, etc. with sufficient staff are available to assist anti sabotage check. Thorough search of aircraft will be conducted by BDDS, Airline Engineers, Airline Security, ASG, Airworthiness Officer, etc. They work as a team and conduct aircraft search with checklist.







Prevent refueling of aircraft till completion of anti- sabotage check of aircraft.







Cargo, unaccompanied baggage, mail will not be reloaded unless it is X-rayed or sniffed by dog. It will be kept in a protected area.







Re- issue of fresh boarding cards and hand baggage tags to passengers who have deplaned and brought back to departure hall.







Crowding of too many employees and parking of vehicles near aircraft to be avoided.







Radios should not be used to transmit within 25 meter of a suspect device.







Agencies carrying out search will sign a completion certificate and which is given to ATC by airline







Rescreen passengers and their 100% hand baggage check by airport security and hold crew/ passengers in security hold until clearance is received from the coordinator from isolation bay. Deploy sufficient staff to cross check baggage tag numbers on hold baggage, with counterfoils held with crew/ passengers and ensure proper and uniform marking of identified hold baggage. Upon receiving clearance from coordinator at isolation bay, arrange to escort crew in airline coaches to isolation bay. Ensure crew alights from bus at a safe distance of 100 M and after identification of hold baggage, crew proceed towards aircraft for secondary ladder point frisking /100% hand baggage check by airline security before boarding the aircraft.















Gets clearance for passenger boarding from the crew







Arrange to escort passengers in airline coaches (one coach at a time) to isolation bay. Ensure passengers alight at a safe distance of 100 M and not more than 10 passengers at a time should proceed with their baggage coupons/boarding pass to identify their hold baggage. Upon identification of hold baggage, ensure that crew / passengers proceed to aircraft under airline escort and do not loiter on airside.



  



Secondary ladder point frisking /100% physical hand baggage check by airline.



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matches with those checked in and number of boarding card stubs collected at the ladder point. Make efforts to track the passenger of hold baggage which remain unidentified from details of passenger on baggage tag and through announcement inside aircraft. Note: Under no circumstance will unidentified baggage be taken inside the aircraft for identification by the passenger or baggage loaded on aircraft with verbal reconciliation arrived on board between the passengers and airline staff).







Report details of baggage finally left unidentified, to the coordinator.







Detail a security officer to accompany BDDS when unidentified baggage is decided to be moved to explosive disposal area.







Suspend loading of unaccompanied / rush tag baggage.







Cargo, mail, courier, catering, bonded stores, medical / first aid boxes, company stores etc, which is searched/checked/cleared by anti-sabotage check team only will be loaded in the aircraft. If any of the above mentioned stores cannot be searched / checked / cleared the same will not be loaded on the aircraft. Such stores will be further subjected to 24 hrs cooling off in addition to a thorough screening/physical check.











Execute any additional security measure as directed by coordinator / BTAC.







Arrange to get clearance certificate and get the same signed off by airline engineer, airline security, ASG, airworthiness (DGCA), BDDS, coordinator and hand over one copy of the same to coordinator for giving RT/telephone clearance to ATC. Thereafter, hand over one copy each to ATC, BDDS and other agencies for their record.



Action of Non-specific threat call to an aircraft Action in case of Non-Specific Call by Coordinator 



Inform every agency and ask them to search their own area and report.







Get confirmation from all about the search having been completed. Request BDDS and DGCA to stand-by near aircraft / building under threat until search is over and clearance certificate is signed by all agencies.







By Air Carrier Alert staff at X - ray.



 



Carry out inspection of aircraft.  Look for suspected baggage.  Increase physical inspection of registered baggage / mail / cargo.  Proper baggage identification by passengers and crew.  Ground engineering to carry out scheduled anti sabotage checks.  Ensure proper Gate- no- show drill to be followed.  Thoroughly screen air mail.  Suspend airlift of unaccompanied baggage and rush tag baggage.  Frisk staff / passengers at ladder point. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Proper passenger baggage reconciliation.



Search of Aircraft under non- specific Bomb Threat     



Airlines Security and Airlines e n g i n e e r s will carry out search of aircraft under Non Specific Bomb Threat. Coordinator, Air carrier and ASG will ensure action as prescribed for their individual agencies as per Bomb Warning Assessment Form (BWAF). Airline will organize clearance certificate and obtain signatures of all official agencies involved in search. Coordinator after ensuring that all officials/agencies have signed the clearance certificate, will convey the clearance to ATC for release of aircraft. BDDS, fire tender and Ambulance must remain stand by near the aircraft until clearance is conveyed to ATC by the coordinator.



Threat to terminal building Action on specific threat to terminal building  







Coordinator will make continuous announcement on central PA system and in different languages for evacuation of the terminal building. Announcement made should be deliberate and tactful so as to avoid panic ex. “due to security reasons all passengers/staff are requested to evacuate the terminal building and proceed to safe holding area.” All heads of airlines, agencies and departments should evacuate their passengers/staff quietly to the pre designated safe assembly areas.







Passengers who are not security checked will evacuate to city side.











Passengers/staff in Security Hold will evacuate to airside. All heads of airlines, agencies and departments will ensure to hold back few staff who are thoroughly familiar with their work area for subsequent search. All passengers/staff will carry their baggage/personal belongings with them.







Staff will leave all doors and windows open.







Coordinator will ensure to switch off central AC.







Coordinator will ensure to open all Emergency doors. Unclaimed suspect article if spotted during search shall not be handled but reported to BDDS.











Action on non-specific threat to terminal building 



Evacuation of terminal building not required







All heads of airlines, agencies & departments should inform their staff of the received bomb threat Search of terminal building to be undertaken by airlines, agencies & departments in their respective work areas



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Search of common areas to be undertaken by coordinator through his care takers, cleaners & watch and ward staff. Upon locating an unclaimed article during search, the terminal building will be evacuated as in the case of a specific area. Unclaimed article if located will not be handled but reported to BDDS



The contents of the Bomb Threat contingency plan are as follows. 



Airport Director designated as coordinator







Establishment of Bomb Threat Control room







Evaluation of call by Bomb Threat Assessment Committee guided by Bomb Warning Assessment Form (BWAF) Questioning Technique Duties and Responsibilities of various agencies bat airport such as AAI, ASG, Airlines, BDDS, DGCA, Customs and Immigration. Search Procedure Evacuation of building under threat. Procedure to deal with unidentified / suspected baggage.



    



Bomb Threat Review Committee (BTRC) To ensure installation / working of necessary infrastructure and smooth implementation of bomb threat contingency plan each airport is required to constitute a BTRC. The committee will meet once in three months. Action to be taken on finding Suspect Explosive Device All airports are required to have dedicated BDDS and dog squads. The BDDS should be well equipped with necessary manpower and equipment to deal with any type of threat. The four generic steps to be taken by BDDS on finding a suspicious item during a search is as under: 



CONFIRM that the item found actually look like a suspicious item and needs attention of security







CLEAR the area by evacuating all persons including search teams to a safe distance of 100 meters CORDON the area to prevent anyone gaining access to the suspect item CONTROL the situation until specialized staff arrive and take command



 



Counters measures for Bomb Incidents at Airports  Installation of caller ID (CLIP)  Give wide publicity in local newspaper if caller is identified.



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 Prompt evaluation of call with help of BWAF  Training of employees 



Conduct periodical mock up exercise







Up gradation of EDS / EDDS.







Centralized monitoring of CCTV by ASG, Customs, Immigration







Installation of EVD / ETD



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Contingency plan to handle aircraft hijack situation Contingencies related to unlawful seizure of aircraft: For Hijacking / Forcible seizure of aircraft on ground, a contingency may arise in one of the following forms: An aircraft registered in India may be hijacked either within India or abroad and may land in one of the airports in India or abroad. 



A foreign registered aircraft may be hijacked while in India and may land in India or abroad.







A foreign registered aircraft hijacked in some other country may land in India or in one of the neighboring countries, such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan, Male and Sri Lanka, raising the possibility of its take-off and likely landing in India.



Management Occurrences To deal with acts of interference with Civil Aviation, the following Group/ Committee have been established: Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) Committee of Secretaries on Aircraft Hijack (COSAH) Central Committee (CC) Aerodrome Committee (AC)



- Apex Body - Advisory Role - Executive Authority/ Command - Operational Command



Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) The CCS is an apex body headed by the Prime Minister, which decides policies and takes decisions on strategic issues like response to hijacker’s demands involving national security, foreign policy, political implications, strategy / approach to negotiations, forcible termination of hijack etc. Minister of Civil Aviation would also be included in the CCS for management of aircraft hijack situations. Prime Minister : Chairman Assembles at PMO Office Committee of Secretaries on Aircraft Hijack (COSAH) The COSAH is an advisory body, which deliberates on the problems arising out of the contingency. It will brief and advise CCS about developments and decisions to be taken, and communicate Govt. decisions / directions/ guidance to the CC. Cabinet Secretary: AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Addl. Secretary Cabinet Secretariat: Convener Assembles at Cabinet Secretariat, Rashtrapati Bhawan Central Committee (CC) The CC is the executive authority responsible for dealing with the contingency of hijacking, forcible seizure of the aircraft on ground or any other acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation. Director General, Civil Aviation (DGCA) – Chairman DG, BCAS - Convener Assembles at CCCR, ATC Building, IGI Airport New Delhi The Central Committee shall manage the contingency situation till it is terminated. It is empowered to deal with the situation in all respects and take appropriate decisions on its own on the basis of the guidelines of the COSAH. It shall guide the Aerodrome Committee (AC) for handling the situation on ground including negotiations with the hijackers /terrorists and /or forcible termination of Hijack in the light of the policy guidelines laid- down by COSAH / CCS. Aerodrome Committee (AC) The AC is established at every airport and shall be activated on the occurrence of the emergency at the affected airport. The composition of the AC depends upon the situation of the airport State Capital- Home Secretary of the state, District headquarters- District Magistrate Outside the district headquarters- District Collector Defence controlled airports- Station Commander In all the above cases, Airport Director or his representative will be the Convener The AC of the affected airport shall meet at a place earmarked as Aerodrome Committee Control Room (ACCR). It shall assemble immediately on receipt of information of a contingency and take appropriate steps as described in the functions of the AC. The control room of the AC should have a couple of independent telephone lines, hotline to the Police Control Room / Police Station and RT facility. Members of Aerodrome Committee: Home Secretary of the State/ District Magistrate/ District Collector/ Station Commander



Chairman



Airport Director or his representative



Convener



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Representative from R&AW (on arrival) A senior most executive of the affected airline Contingency Plan – For Indian Registered Aircraft The National Contingency Plan for various contingencies is prepared by the BCAS. Each airport is required to develop the under mentioned contingency plans for managing any acts of Unlawful Interference. The same is required to be approved by the BCAS 



Bomb Threat Contingency Plan







Hijack Threat Contingency Plan







Counter Terrorist Contingency Plan



The Airport Management will take the following actions for a hijacked aircraft: On landing, the aircraft is to be directed to the designated isolated aircraft parking position. Aircraft will not be allowed to take off unless its departure is necessitated by the overriding duty to protect human life. The aircraft may be immobilized by: 



Positioning of vehicles / fire tenders on runway







Deflating tyres







Putting of lights of runway / taxi track



Aircraft Operators Responsibilities: On receipt of threat Call the receiver will immediately inform his / her supervisor. The Supervisor will in turn inform the Airport Director / Office / senior most person of airport operator. The following actions will be taken by the aircraft operator: For Flights not yet boarded 



Interiors of pax cabin to be checked.







100% manual checks of hand baggage.







100% physical frisking of pax / crew.







Access control.







Frisking of all personnel entering the aircraft.







Maintenance of Access Control Register.







Pax reporting after hijack call to be questioned by Aviation Security Group.



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



Pax to be deplaned with Hand baggage if already boarded and brought back to the check-in counter via arrival hall under escort.







Interiors of pax cabin to be checked







100% manual checks of hand baggage







100% physical frisking of pax / crew







Access control







Frisking of all personnel entering the aircraft







Maintenance of access control register







Pax reporting after hijack call to be questioned by Aviation Security Group







Pax headcount to be taken







No need to offload baggage / cargo etc.







Pax should not have access to registered baggage







Security measures to be supervised by senior most security staff



For aircrafts in-flight 



Security measures to be reviewed







Set up Reception centre







Documents related to flight to be sealed







Pax manifest at reception centre







Assistance to be provided to the meeters and greeters



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Module-16 Escorting People and Consignment Module Objective 



Escort disruptive / inadmissible / deportees in the restricted areas of an airport







Escort consignments over a predetermined route.







Maintain radio communication with security control centre







Apply contingency plans for emergencies involving disruptive/inadmissible/ deportees and consignments under escort.







Primary reason for escorting typical categories of people requiring escort.



Teaching Methods 



Slide Presentations







Lectures by certified instructors







Group discussions







Demonstrations







Role- playing and practical exercises







Overnight reading Assignments







Progress Tests







Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



International Legislations Annex 17 Standard 4.7.1



Standard 4.7.3



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Each Contracting State shall develop requirements for air carriers for the carriage of potentially disruptive passengers who are obliged to travel because they have been the subject of judicial or administrative proceedings. Each Contracting State shall ensure that the aircraft operator and the pilot-in-command are informed when passengers are obliged to travel because they have been the subject of judicial or administrative proceedings, in order that appropriate security controls can be applied.



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National Legislation Aircraft (Security) Rules 2011, Rule 17 Procedures of disembarkation of unruly passengers. NCASP 7.6



Persons in custody and under Administrative Control



Aviation Security Order / Circular Order 08/2011 Instructions to handle potentially disruptive passengers. Circular 42/2005



Instructions for carriage of prisoners / person under judicial custody / administrative control.



Typical categories of people requiring escort: 



Authorized visitors







Deportees and inadmissible passenger







Medical patients and accompanying personnel







Persons in custody







VIPs.



The primary responsibility for the movement of people is that of the agency as mentioned below. Deportee



Immigrations



Inadmissible pax



Concerned Airlines



Persons in Judicial/ Administrative custody



Law enforcement Officer ( State Police)



Medical Pax



Airline



VVIP / VIPs



Personal Security officers & Special Cell of State Police



Disruptive / Unruly Passenger



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Unruly passengers – Persons who commit on board a civil aircraft, from the moment when the aircraft door is closed prior to take-off to the moment when it is reopened after landing ,an act of : 



Assault, intimidation, menace or wilful recklessness which endangers good order or the safety of property or persons;







Assault, intimidation, menace or interference with a crew member in the performance of duties or which lessens the ability to perform duties;







Wilful recklessness or damage to an aircraft, its equipment ,or attendant structures and equipment such as to endanger good order and safely of the aircraft or its occupants;







Communication of information which is known to be false, there endangering the safely of an aircraft in flight;







Disobedience of lawful commands or instructions for safe, orderly or efficient operations.



Who is considered as a disruptive and unruly passenger? The passenger who creates or has the potential to create disturbance either on board the aircraft or on ground and in the process could endanger the safety of the aircraft, fellow passengers, crew members, airline staff or property thereby hampering the operations. Although such incidents are small as compared to number passengers we carry, it must be recognized that some of these disruptive and unruly passengers have the potential to jeopardize the safety and security of our operations. Besides other factors, the following are the main causes for a passenger becoming unruly,  Excessive drinking 



Nicotine starvation due to smoking restriction







Resentment of authority.







Unreasonable high expectations







Flying phobia and







Travelling in crowded environment for extended time.



Passenger Disturbance Threat Level: Level 1 : Level 2 : Level 3 :



UNRULY / VERBAL ABUSIVE BEHAVIOR PHYSICALLY ABUSIVE BEHAVIOR LIFE-THREATENING BEHAVIOR AND ATTEMPTED or ACTUAL BREACH OF FLIGHT CREW COMPARTMENT DOOR.



Unruly passengers are the concern of airline staff involved in one of the many activities of a flight operation. It begins at check-in and ends at the arrival of a flight at the destination. It is therefore necessary to have a coherent policy and procedures for all services involved, be it on ground and in the air. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Procedure on ground: 



Staff should at all the times be observant during check-in/lounge/boarding of any unusual passenger behaviour, if noticed the same should be promptly brought to the notice of the immediate supervisor.







If the station manager/Duty manager considers him unfit to fly and safety risk he/she should be denied boarding.







Also offload the baggage of said passenger.



Procedure in air: 



Verbal warning to be given to the passenger by senior crew member.







A w r i t t e n warning letter s i g n e d by the commander to be issued to the unruly passenger by the senior crew member. If passenger becomes too violent to be controlled, a restraint should be used on the passenger until the passenger is handed over to the Law Enforcement Authorities on landing into the next station of arrival.



Persons in Judicial/ Administrative custody- Carriage of Prisoners



The following general guidance material refers to persons in lawful custody i.e. persons under arrest or convicted criminals under escort. Procedure: 



No aircraft operator shall allow a prisoner and escorting officers as passengers unless prior permission is obtained from the BCAS by the concerned policing authority that is responsible for transportation of such prisoner with escorts by air.







The policing authority requiring transportation of a prisoner by air shall send their request in writing to the DG,BCAS at least 7(seven) days in advance.



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



The policing authority responsible for carriage of a prisoner by air shall indicate classification of such prisoner as dangerous or otherwise in their application addressed to BCAS.







A prisoner should not be transported on board an aircraft unless escorted by one or more policing authority officers.







Policing authority officers or other authorized persons should notify a responsible representative of the operator well before the date it is proposed to transport a prisoner or as soon as practicable in an emergency, the identity of the person being escorted, the flight on which transportation has been arranged, and whether or not the escorted person is considered dangerous.







Escorting officers shall ensure that a prisoner does not carry contraband, weapons, matches or other potentially dangerous items.







Escorts shall be equipped with adequate restraining devices to be used in the event they determine that restraint is necessary .Under normal circumstances a prisoner should not be shackled to any part of the aircraft, including seats, tables etc.







Escorts shall not carry arms, mace, teargas or similar incapacitating gas generating devices or any dangerous goods /prohibited items specified by the BCAS on board the aircraft. Weapon and ammunition if any may be allowed in registered baggage as per instructions in force.







Escorts shall adequately identify themselves to security personnel, security check points, flight attendants and pilot in command.







Any other security personnel and passengers authorized to carry firearms on board the aircraft should be made aware of the transportation of a prisoner and escorts and their location.







A prisoner along with escorts should be boarded before all other passengers and disembarked after all other passengers have left the aircraft.







They should be seated as far as to the rear of the passenger cabin as is possible but not in a lounge area or next to /directly across from an exit.







They should only be seated in a row for two or more seats and at least one escort should sit between the escorted person and any aisle.







They should be accompanied at all times and kept under surveillance including visits to the lavatory.







No intoxicating beverage shall be served to escorts or prisoner while on board the aircraft.







Prisoner may be served food at the discretion of escorts by should not be provided with metal utensils or a knife.







Aircraft operator should not accept a prisoner and escort(s) as passengers unless concurrence has been obtained in advance from the BCAS and other operators that may be



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involved en route and at the intended final destination. In such cases sufficient advance notification must be given to operator so that prior agreements can be obtained.



Dangerous Prisoners At least two escorts should be required for each prisoner considered dangerous by the escorting agency or in the judgment of a responsible representative of the operator. Not more than one such prisoner and escorts should be carried on any one flight. Persons suffering from mental illness A person suffering from mental illness that is deemed to be a threat to the safety of a flight may be accepted for transportation if accompanied by an attendant physically capable of coping with untoward actions by that person during the flight and skilled in administering sedatives as required and authorized by an appropriate doctor. If a mentally disturb person requires sedation prior to departure each portion of the flight should last no longer than the effective duration of the sedative administered. The aircraft operator, on the advice of representatives of the operators medical and security staffs, as appropriate, should be permitted to deny boarding to such a person. Deportees A person who had legally been admitted to a State by its authorities or who had entered a State illegally, and who at some later time is formally ordered by the competent authorities to leave that State. Each request for transportation should be evaluated and the operators consulted to determine if the person is threat to the safety of the flight or if additional measures such as escorts are necessary. The administrative and financial arrangements for removal of such persons are the responsibility of the government ordering the deportation. The primary responsibility of escorting a deportee is of immigration Law Enforcement Agency of the deporting country Refusal Room: A separate refusal room for the purpose shall be earmarked by the Airport Operator in consultation with the immigration authorities at each international airport. Whenever there is a passenger in the guard room it will be guarded by CISF to ensure that the passenger does not escape from custody and is deported out of India. The following instruction shall be implemented by all concerned:1. The entire infrastructure for the refusal room will be provided by the Airport Operator. The design of the Refusal Room will be sent to BCAS by Airport Operator for security vetting. 2. Necessary facilities in the Refusal Room will be provided by the concerned Airport Operator. 3. Guarding of the Refusal Room is the responsibility of CISF for which a guard of one Head Constable and 04 Constables will be provided. 4. Food and other facilities to the INAD will be provided by the concerned airlines. AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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5. No charges will be levied for the Refusal Room on the Bureau of Immigration.



Inadmissible persons (sometimes referred to as “refusals’’). A passenger who is refused admission to a State by the authorities of that State, or who is refused onward carriage by a State authority at a point of transfer (e.g. due to lack of visa, expired passport etc). Typical consignments requiring security escort 



Valuable cargo and mail







Diplomatic Bags / Mail







Dangerous goods







Vulnerable cargo during high threat situations







Registered baggage







Catering.



PRIMARY responsibility for movement of consignment will be that of the airline or agency involved. SECURITY is responsible to assist airline/police/other agency for the safe movement of the consignment. Procedure for Escorting Consignment:Responsible agency for escorting of consignment should ensure that: • The movement is planned in advance • The consignment and escort proceed along a pre-determined route • The route is varied from consignment to consignment



Register Baggage / Accompanied Baggage Personal Property of passengers or crew for which the sole custody is taken by the aircraft operator & claim tagged is issued. Categories of baggage required escort  Bags Containing Arms / Ammunition  Bags Containing High value items  Baggage of VVIP ’s Any



baggage



which



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in



it



will



be



escorted



in



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area.



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Module-17 Protecting Aircraft Catering Uplift Module Objective  Describe the need for security checks of catering uplift 



Explain typical methods for protection of catering facilities equipment and uplift







Describe a system for sealing catering containers







Inspection of HLV before entering operational area.



Teaching Methods 



Slide Presentations







Lectures by certified instructors







Group discussions







Demonstrations







Role- playing and practical exercises







Overnight reading Assignments







Progress Tests







Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



International Legislation Annex – 17 Standard 4.6.5



Each Contracting State shall ensure that catering, stores and supplies intended for carriage on passenger commercial flights are subjected to appropriate security controls and thereafter protected until loaded onto the aircraft.



Standard 4.6.6 Each Contracting State shall ensure that merchandise and supplies introduced into security restricted areas are subject to appropriate security controls, which may include screening. National Legislations Aviation (Security) Rules 2011 Part VII – Catering Supplies & Stores Rule 43 Catering Supplies Rule 44 Supply of other stores NCASP 4.13



Catering Establishments



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Catering Security Security Programme of Catering Companies Security controls for catering supplies.



Security Controls by the Caterer 



Officer to supervise Security Controls







Premises secured







Access control







Personnel employed for preparation and delivery of catering supplies – regular employee and should have undergone Security Awareness Training







Deliveries of Raw material and equipment to be X-rayed or physically checked







Chilling rooms and refrigerators under strict control







Catering carts should have proper locking systems







Security certificate for each consignment to be loaded in aircraft







HLV’s should be securable



No airline operator shall accept any catering items for loading in the aircraft unless a written contract is signed between both the agencies (Air operator & the caterer) Stages of Catering Security 1. Preparation 2. Pre-Setting 3. Hi-lift/ Transportation



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3. Hi-lift/ Transportation 



The airline security personnel will be present at the catering facility to closely supervise the preparation, packing, pre-setting of the catering uplift and while placing them into the meal carts / containers.







They will ensure that no unauthorized personnel have access to the catering uplift.







All security checked / cleared catering uplift will be sealed prior to loading into the hi-lift van/ vehicle.







Hi-lift van / vehicle will be checked for any prohibited and dangerous item prior to loading of the security cleared catering uplift







The HLV should be properly maintained and the rolling shutters on both sides should have provision for locking arrangements and during an operation the shutters should be locked and sealed.







The transportation of the catering uplift from the catering facility to the airport /aircraft shall be done under escort and strict supervision by the airline security officials/ catering officials.







While transferring the catering uplift from the HLV to the aircraft, airline security official shall check the seals affixed at catering facility for any traces of tampering and then handover the same to the cabin crew.







All security stickers/ seals will be kept under safe custody at all times and a proper record of the security seals used for sealing the catering uplift and HLV will be maintained. Record to be maintained for a minimum of 07 Days.



Systematic Search of a Food Trolley 



Search under the food trolley and check locks.







Open both ends of the trolleys and look for anything unusual inside the trolley.







Check the trays for unusual weight.







Search the top part of the trolley namely the ice tray.







Seal the trolley once it has been security cleared.



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Security Controls for Newspapers and Cleaning supplies etc Newspapers, magazines, cleaning stores and supplies or any other item for loading in the aircraft has to be subjected to the following security controls: The stores and supplies have been obtained from an establishment with whom the air operator has a written contract for the purpose; 



The stores and supplies have been searched by hand or X-ray screened to prevent the introduction of any prohibited article;







Before allowing access to the aircraft, the cleaning staff shall be frisked and all the articles carried by them checked properly by the airline operator; and







Any other security controls prescribed by the DG, BCAS



Response to Tampering Of Security Seals/ Stickers  Inform the supervisor immediately 



Carry out a thorough check of the HLV, catering uplift for any suspicious items







Record the incident.



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Module-18 Protecting Cargo, Mail and Courier Module Objective 



Define airline responsibility for acceptance of cargo and mail consignments.







Describe typical airline security procedures for protecting cargo and mail consignments after acceptance.







Explain the physical security measures and access control for cargo and mail facilities.







Conduct a physical search of a sterile cargo area for prohibited items and deal with suspect items as per SOP.







Maintain sterility of cargo SHA.



Teaching Methods 



Slide Presentations







Lectures by certified instructors







Group discussions







Demonstrations







Role- playing and practical exercises







Overnight reading Assignments







Progress Tests







Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



International Legislation Annex 17 4.6



Measures relating to cargo, mail and other goods



National Legislations The Aircraft (Security) Rules 2011 Rule 35 Part –VI Rule 37 Rule 38 Rule 39 Rule 40



Carriage of cargo, mail, catering items and other stores Cargo, courier bags, mail and regulated agent Security control for cargo & courier bag Registration of Courier agency Identification or reconciliation of the accompanied courier bags Prohibition on carriage of certain goods



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Air Cargo & Mail



Aviation Security Order / Circular



Order 01/2010 & 05/2010



Security of Cargo Complex at airports in the country



Order 01/2006



Security measures for Air Cargo



Order 06/2005



Consignment Security Declaration



Circular 20/2004



Security of Courier bags & unaccompanied consignments by courier companies



Circular 08/2008



Comprehensive security procedures in respect of cargo, express cargo, mail and courier bags



Corrigendum dated 23.6.17



Security of Courier bags/ unaccompanied consignment forwarded by courier companies



Corrigendum dated 02.7.11 Order 11/2015



Security screening of mail



Order 10/2011



Security measures for Company Mail (COMAIL) and Company Material (COMAT)



Security Measures for Regulated Agents



Definition: “Any property carried on board an aircraft other than mail, stores and accompanied or mishandled baggage.” Is termed as Air Cargo Types of Cargo  General Cargo



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Perishable Cargo (PER)



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Valuable Cargo (VAL)



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Live animals (AVI)



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Diplomatic mail (DIP)



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Company Stores ( Comail / Comat)



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Human Remains (HUM)



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Transshipment Cargo



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Express cargo / parcel



Consolidated Cargo



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Transportation of Air Cargo Air cargo may be transported by air, both on passenger and cargo-only aircraft. Many large airlines have very few cargo-only aircraft in comparison to the size of their fleet. Air cargo may also be transport by truck/haulier on a pre or post flight sector, depending on regional or national legislation. Transportation of Air Cargo involves operations at three levels:  Consignors (individual or companies) who send items of cargo by air, 



Agents who provide a link between consigners and airlines;



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Airlines, which carry the Cargo.



How cargo moves



Why is cargo vulnerable / attractive target for terrorist attacks?  Volume carried increasing – Aircraft is seen as fastest mode of transportation 



Cargo system well known



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Able to target specific flights



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Difficult to screen – Nature and size of cargo



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Low risk to terrorist – cannot be identified after the attacks.



Need For Cargo Security: Security standards throughout the civil aviation industry have improved over the years and that the potential terrorist has had to adjust accordingly, choosing a softer (more vulnerable) point of attack. Regulated Agent An agent, freight forwarder or any other entity who conducts business with an operator and provides security controls that are accepted or required by the appropriate authority in respect of cargo or mail.



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The aircraft operator may engage Regulated Agent for carriage of cargo, courier or mail to be carried by air, who shall function as per the procedure laid down by the Director General, BCAS in writing from time to time. (Ref. Rule 42 of Aircraft (Security) Rules, 2011). Known Consignor. A consignor who originates cargo or mail for its own account and whose procedures meet common security rules and standards sufficient to allow the carriage of cargo or mail on any aircraft Known Cargo. A cargo consignment received from a regulated agent or known consignor to which appropriate security controls have been applied; or a consignment of unknown cargo which has been subjected to appropriate security controls Unknown Cargo. A Cargo consignment received from an unknown consignor will be considered unknown cargo, which must be subjected to appropriate security controls. Known cargo can also be considered unknown cargo, if security of the consignment was not maintained after security controls had been applied. Consolidated cargo. A consignment of multiple packages which has been originated by more than one person, each of whom has made an agreement for carriage by air with another person other than a scheduled aircraft operator. Security Control of Normal / General Cargo (As per Avsec Circular 08/2008) Cargo can be security cleared by - X-Ray Screening - Physical Checking - 24 hours cooling off in addition to ETD



Apart from the above security measures staff will also ensure following aspects: - Affixing of prescribed security sticker on the cleared consignments - Prescribed Security Declaration from Cargo Agent - Manifest indicating Security control against each consignment - Protection of security cleared cargo - Escorting of cargo consignment.



HUM: Security Measures for carriage of Dead bodies/human Cremated Remains Following security controls will be applied by the aircraft operator for carriage of dead body/Human Crematal remains. Station Manager/Station Security Manager of the Aircraft Operator will examine and validate accompanying documents as below:-



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In case of movement from a station within India  Death Certificate from a competent Medical Authority; 



Embalming Certificate by the Hospital/competent Authority;



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Permission by the local Police Authorities for carrying dead body/human remains;



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Any document like Driving license or Passport or any other Photo ID Card issued by a Govt./semi- Govt. agency to establish identity of the deceased.



In case of transportation from a Foreign Station  Death Certificate from a competent Medical Authority; 



Embalming Certificate by the Hospital/competent Authority;



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Certificate by the local Police Authority for carriage of dead body/human remains;



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Permission from the Indian Mission for carriage;



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Copies of cancelled passport of the deceased.



1. Identity of the relative/person who accompanies the dead body/human remains shall be



established. 2. In case no relative/person accompanies the dead body/human remains the consignment



will be screened through X-ray, to ensure that it does not contain any prohibited/dangerous item. 3. In the absence of X-ray machine at a particular station, dead body/human remains shall be



inspected visually by a responsible employee of the aircraft operator to ensure that the consignment has dead body/human remains only and nothing else which may endanger safety of the flight. Security Measures for Mail Security Controls for Mail bags by Postal Authorities will be as under: The acceptance, processing and handling of mail to be carried by air shall be done by regular and duly trained staff of the Postal authorities



Letters or parcels weighing less than 200 grams  These may not be X-ray screened or may not be subjected to cooling off period. 



A Certificate to the effect that the postal bag does not contain any letter or parcel which weighs more than 200 grams, shall be obtained by the airline operator from the Postal authorities.



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Airline Operator will ensure that the postal bags with suspected sign of tampering enroute shall be segregated and subjected to additional security controls; and



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If the suspicious bag cannot be checked physically it shall not be accepted for carriage.



Letters or parcels weighing 200 grams and above Airline duties (a) The mail is handled by the regular and duly trained staff of the airline operator; (b) The security staff of the airline operator shall check the condition of the mail bags and accompanied security certificate(s) as specified in these rules. Postal bags with suspected sign of tampering en-route shall be segregated and subjected to additional security controls; and (c) The airline operator shall x-ray screen all the mail bags. (d) In case of suspicious on such baggage shall be checked physically in the presence of an official of the postal authority. If the suspicious bag cannot be checked physically due to one reason or the other, the same shall not be accepted by Aircraft Operator. (e) If any prohibited article is detected during screening of mail/ speed post, the aircraft operator shall withhold such mail initiate legal action.



Diplomatic mail bag (Reference Avsec Order 05/2002) The following points must be verified while accepting diplomatic mail bag:  Visible external marks of their character 



Contain only diplomatic documents or articles intended for official use.



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Name and address of the consignee as well as that of the Foreign Diplomatic Mission.



Security Controls for Diplomatic Bag: 1. Diplomatic bags to be transported as cargo / registered baggage  Screened by X-ray  In case of serious doubts / suspicion about the contents of these bags, the matter shall be



brought to the notice of the Protocol Division of the Ministry of External Affairs who would take appropriate action.  Such suspicious baggage shall not be transported until and unless the doubts are cleared



to the satisfaction of security staff. 2. Diplomatic bags carried as hand baggage



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



Diplomatic Bags carried as hand baggage is exempted from Security Checks provided that the Diplomatic Courier (holder of diplomatic passport) produces official document from foreign diplomatic mission indicating his status and number of diplomatic packages and a certificate by concerned diplomatic mission stating that the packages constituting the diplomatic bag do not contain any substance which would be dangerous and harmful to the aircraft or its passengers.



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Concerned courier / person will be allowed to go till the boarding gate to hand over / receive the diplomatic bag



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Pre-embarkation security checks shall be carried out on the person accompanying the diplomatic bags and other bags carried by him unless exempted.



3. Courier/Express Consignments



For acceptance of courier loads by an airline: 



The courier company has been duly registered with the airline operator; and



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It has established and implemented a security programme approved by the Appropriate Authority.



The airline will ensure that :  the consignment has been handed over personally by a responsible person of the organization; 



Consignment is accompanied signatory of such organization.



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The courier bag has been properly marked externally to facilitate identification with the relevant courier;



by



a



Courier



Certificate



from the



authorized



Security Measures - Screening through x-ray - Each baggage/ bag being viewed from two different angles and - 15 % Physical check on continuous random basis. 



Unaccompanied courier bags shall be treated as express cargo and shall be subjected to the same security controls as specified for express cargo.



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If any prohibited article is detected during the course of screening, such consignment shall not be allowed to be loaded into the aircraft and legal action initiated against the consignor.



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After application of the prescribed security controls, sterility of the cargo/ express cargo/ courier bags etc, whether inside or outside the aerodrome premises, shall be maintained until such time that these are placed on board aircraft. The screened items shall not be left unguarded at any stage until departure of the aircraft.



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Tamper-proof security stickers bearing serial number and date shall be affixed on the screened cargo/ express cargo/ courier bags, indicating clearly the type of security controls applied to them.



Security Controls for Trans-shipment cargo Trans-shipment cargo is a consignment of Cargo originating from an airport within or outside India which arrives at an aircraft operator / Regulated Air Cargo agent’s premises in India, with a valid flight number for carriage on another flight from any airport in India. For cargo originating from India for a foreign station: - Consignment Security Declaration - All security measures to be followed as originating cargo - Escorted till aircraft



For bonded cargo transiting at an Indian airport for further transportation to a foreign station: - Appropriate documentation will be examined and confirmed as accurate. - Escorted to departure aircraft



For cargo originating from a foreign station: - Appropriate documentation will be examined and confirmed as accurate. In case of any discrepancy in the documentation, this will be resolved and a record made of the discrepancies. -



In case the discrepancies remain unresolved, the consignment will be treated as Unknown Cargo and screened accordingly. -



- Escorted to departure aircraft - In case the bonded / transhipment cargo moves through landside, it will be treated as



originating cargo and screened accordingly. Security Measures for Perishable Cargo: Articles Which Are Liable To Deteriorate Or Perish Due To Changes In Climate, Altitude, Temperature Or Any Other Normal Exposure Inherent To Carriage Of Cargo By Air, Or Length Of Time Etc.



Security Measures  Security Declaration by the consignor 



X-ray Screening



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Physical Checks



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Security measures for Company mail (Comail) and Company material (Comat) Comail: Aircraft operator company mail, shipped within the company’s network of stations. Comat: Aircraft operator company materials, shipped within the company’s network of stations. Security Measures  Security Declaration by concerned department signed by a responsible person  X-ray Screening or  Physical Checks



Note: Comail / Comat containing Dangerous Goods to be referred to personnel qualified in handling Dangerous Goods for carriage. Security Measures for Live animals (AVI)



Live animals may be carried as Cargo or as registered baggage. Adequate security measures needs to be carried out for transportation of the same.



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Certificate from Veterinary Doctor – if carried as registered baggage



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Empty cage / box to be screened



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Physical / X-BIS



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Items attached to the body of animal to be security cleared



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Live Animals not to be put through X-BIS



Security of Cargo Complex at airports 



Entry/Exit to Cargo Complex and Sterile Area beyond cargo screening points at the airports shall be guarded by ASG at all airports.



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Module‐19 Behavior Detection and Security Environment Module Objective   



Passenger behavior detection Courtesy and behavior Improving attitude of security staff for pax interface



Teaching Methods        



Slide Presentations Lectures by certified instructors Group discussions Demonstrations Role‐ playing and practical exercises Overnight reading Assignments Progress Tests Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



International Legislation Annex 17 Recommendation 4.1.3



Each Contracting State should consider integrating behaviour detection into its aviation security practices and procedures.



Recommendation 4.1.2 Each Contracting State should promote the use of random and unpredictable security measures. Unpredictability could contribute to the deterrent effect of security measures.



National Legislation NCASP 2018 7.1.1.2 Each entity responsible for implementation of security controls relating to pre-embarkation security checks of passengers and entry of non-passengers into the security restricted area shall consider AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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integrating behavior detection into its aviation security practices and procedures 9.4.6



The Director General, BCAS shall ensure training of Behaviour Detection into aviation security practices & procedures in accordance with NCASTP.



7.1.7.2



Procedure for persons with special needs: (f) All possible and due courtesy shall be extended to them without compromising on security



7.7.2.6 In the interest of effective security and passenger facilitation, a manual search of the hold baggage should be conducted in accordance with the following basic guidelines: (a) The searcher should be tactful, courteous and use caution. 6.4.6.3



7.1.8.2



7.1.7 (f)



Order 24/2011



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All ground handling staff while leaving aerodrome from any gate (s) / designated gate (s) shall be subjected to security check (frisking / baggage search). All other staff, when exiting the security restricted area of airport shall be frisked on a random basis, (vi) Random Search: - In addition to suspect bags, all bags should be subjected to random searches. On an average one bag in ten should be hand searched. This number may be changed in cases of higher risk. 100% pat down search of a person will be carried out whenever the screener deems it necessary. However, at least one out of every five persons will be subjected to pat down (whole body) search on a continuous random basis. Random Screening at the entry gate to Terminal Building



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Behavior Detection Within an aviation security environment, the application of techniques involving the recognition of behavioural characteristics, including but not limited to physiological or gestural signs indicative of anomalous behaviour, to identify persons who may pose a threat to civil aviation Unpredictability. The implementation of security measures in order to increase their deterrent effect and their efficiency, by applying them at irregular frequencies, different locations and/or with varying means, in accordance with a defined framework. Behavioural detection techniques are used to identify persons who may pose a threat to civil aviation. Such persons needs to undergo enhanced security screening. Based on the threat perception, all passengers are classified as two:-



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Threatening Non- threatening



Non- Threatening:- Are those passengers who does not pose any threat to the flight. Threatening:- Are those passengers who have/ possess potential threat to the flight. These are the passengers we need to keep a vigil on. It is not only the passenger who possess threat to aviation industry. Even the nontravelling public are also a concern. Hence, we also need to consider informally interacting with non-passengers, which involves interactive dialogue (including security interviews, casual conversation and targeted questioning) between trained staff and non-passengers to assess the legitimacy of the non-passengers’ presence and their activity. Depending on the result of the assessment, such non-passengers may be subjected to additional screening. In the framework of a risk-based approach to aviation security, behavioural detection is used to identify persons who may pose a threat to civil aviation and should be subjected to additional security measures. This technique involves the recognition of behavioural characteristics, including but not limited to, physiological or gestural signs indicative of anomalous behaviour, and can be applied to the general public, passengers and persons other than passengers (also referred to as non-passengers or staff). Behavioural detection programme are based on the premises that people attempting to evade security measures typically display signs of anomalous behaviour compared to the behaviours of the legitimate travelling population. Such programme pinpoint individuals on the sole basis of their behaviour and not on the basis of their nationality, ethnicity, race, gender or religion. While baggage screening focuses on finding prohibited items, behavioural detection should be concerned with identifying a potential intent to commit an act of unlawful interference. A review of existing behavioural detection programmes shows that choosing persons for additional security controls on the basis of anomalous behaviour can be more effective than selecting persons randomly, and is more likely to lead to further actions such as arrests, seizures and onward referrals to authorities. Through its focus on the intention of individuals instead of prohibited items carried by passengers, behavioural detection potentially allows for the detection of unknown threats not currently addressed by other measures in aviation security like human trafficking, smuggling etc. Behavior detection is done to detect the following: AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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A terrorist with intent to harm the airline A terrorist with intent to cause damage to the terminal building, aircraft etc. Asylum seekers criminals Detection of fraudulent travel documents Traffickers of drugs, contraband and human being



Behavior detection is carried out on Passenger Non-traveling public Staff Detection depends on the effectiveness of the “Behavior detection Process” because of the fact that most individual(s) involved or in the process of doing illegal activities are unable to speak the truth and may present fraudulent documents in order to mask their true intentions and identity. Behaviour detection is a continuous process. A person may display any abnormal sign in his behavior while: a) Entering inside the terminal building b) While waiting at the check-in counter queue c) While check-in d) While screening e) While waiting at the queue at SHA f) At boarding gate g) While boarding h) Inside the aircraft, while on ground. The flexibility inherent in the deployment of security staff for behavioural detection at different locations makes it an ideal tool when unpredictable security measures are intended to be implemented in various locations of an airport. A) At entry gates:- in case a person shows any abnormal sign, the ASG staff shall resolve anomalous behaviours through targeted conversation with persons and/or through additional screening at the x-ray machines so installed near the entry gates for the purpose. B) Any other location:- staff shall resolve anomalous behaviours through targeted conversation with persons and/or through additional screening at the nearest location. If anomalous behaviours cannot be resolved, refer those persons to appropriate authorities such as local law enforcement



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Steps for Behavior detection Threat assessment Profile of your passenger Profile of potential terrorist Interviewing process Passenger appearance and behavior – Suspicious signs (as mentioned below). The staff needs to ensure all the signs displayed by the person is resolved. A passenger who is a possible threat may be identified by the following suspicious signs: 



Sweating



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Shaky voice



Nervousness  No eye contact



Stammering Deep sighs



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Fumbling



Grinds teeth



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Curiosity



Un‐cooperating



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Gestures



Undue interests in security procedures



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Face turns pale or white



Contact with other passengers through signals



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Shivering



Cannot open his bag



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Biting lips



First pax



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Biting nails



Last pax



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Restless



Inability to answer a question or reluctance



SIGNS OF STRESS -



Late for flight Avoid eye contact with Security person Yawning Excessive fidgeting Excessive perspiration Face pale from shaving (neck & face different color/ Fresh shaving after long time Facial Flushing (on neck & ear (pink &red) Faster eye blink rate (increases at stress point more) Increased breathing rate (faster/harder /Deeper & mouth opening) Adams Apple jump (audible gulp) Protruding Neck arteries Repetitive face touching



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Strong body odor Sweaty palms Trembling Whistling



SIGNS OF FEAR FACTOR -



Bag appears to be heavier and does not suit the passenger Bag heavier and requires more efforts (Lift/Carrying/Hold or move and suggest or will sag, hang or stress Bulges in clothing Cold penetrating stare Pure hatred in the eyes towards security personals Looking at others traveling associates Exaggerated emotions (excessive Laughter or chatter/swings/shift to one another) Repetitive grooming Hesitation Identical dress or Luggage (not traveling together) Powerful Grip on bag Rigid posture (limited or restricted range of movement or hiding something on torso) It may be mentioned that we need to understand that all signs displayed by the passenger may not be threating. Looking for security or ASG Unusual Interest on security Display arrogance (shows superior) Improper attire (does not match with geographical background) Widely opening staring eyes (white in eye very much visible)



Signs of DECEPTION -



Appear to be confused or disoriented Pax. continued distracted Appear to be in disguise Pax. has taken observable steps to alter his/her appearance Ask security related questions Does not responds to authoritative commands Maintain covert ties with others Pax. Pats upper body with hand



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a person may have a threatening as well as a non-threatening reason. Sign/ behavior Passenger or those accompanying passenger display unusual nervousness or fear.



Passenger unable to speak language of country of passport.



Passenger refuses to cooperate with security staff.



Passenger maintains covert ties (secret contact) with others.



Passenger rushes security staff to complete procedures.



Passenger exceptional security.



displays interest in



Threatening reason The terrorist or drug smuggler or their accomplices may display this Sign as they know that they are doing something illegal and do not want to get caught. A terrorist/drug smuggler may have been given a stolen foreign passport in order to hide their true identity but does not know how to speak the national language associated with the document. The terrorist/smuggler is trying to pressure or intimidate the security agent into bypassing security procedures that might reveal their true identity and purpose. Large groups generate attention therefore terrorists/drug smugglers may split up in order to draw less attention to them. If one of the groups is caught during the security check the other members may still be able to continue with the operation. Coded signals, such as nodding, may be used in order to signal the progress of the mission. The terrorist/drug smuggler is trying to pressure the security agent into overlooking details that may lead to their capture. In preparation for an attack or movement of narcotics, the terrorist/drug smuggler will send members of the organizations to check out the



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Non-Threatening reason Fear of flying. Passenger may be intoxicated or under the influence of drugs.



Some countries recognize several different national languages and it is possible that the passenger is from a region in the country that speaks a dialect different to the principal one. Passenger considers the screening process to be an invasion of their privacy.



Secret love affair.



Passenger is late for the flight. Passenger may also want to make business calls or shop for duty free items before the flight. First time fliers who are unfamiliar with airline security, or possibly passengers that are in the security business SECRET



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Passenger arrives unusually late for flight.



Passenger insists on boarding a specific flight for no valid reason.



Baggage and/or contents of baggage inconsistent with passenger’s appearance, profession, ticket class or description of contents.



Passenger claims not to have baggage keys or does not know how to open baggage. Name on Baggage does not match name on ticket or passport. Amount of baggage unusual to ticketed Itinerary.



Appearance and behavior not consistent with price of ticket.



security operation of an airline. This is designed to ensure the success of an operation. The terrorist/drug smuggler is trying to put pressure on the security agent to overlook details that may lead to their capture. The terrorist has targeted a specific flight or needs to meet with other members of the operation at a specific time and place. Baggage being carried by a terrorist/drug smuggler is not always packed by the same person completing the mission. It is therefore possible that the person carrying the bag is not familiar with its contents or dressed in a manner consistent with the cost of the actual baggage. It is not his baggage, may be belonging to terrorist or is carrying an IED. Baggage belongs to third party i.e. Terrorist



This sign indicates the possibility that the passenger is not carrying his own baggage, or is carrying no baggage at all. His true intentions and the purpose of journey is to hijack. Past experience has shown that when planning an attack the ideal place for the terrorist to be is in the front of the plane, as near the cockpit as possible. Due to high price, assures the passenger a definite seat in case of overbooking.



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themselves.



Passenger is genuinely late for the flight, or is hoping for a last minute upgrade.



Passenger is travelling with others or has an important business meeting that they can’t miss. The passenger may have borrowed the baggage.



Might have forgotten the code number or left the keys at home. May have borrowed a baggage from someone. Maybe the bag belongs to some family member. May be transferred or on immigration visa.



Company sponsored ticket.



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Passenger possesses prohibited items such as weapons, ammunition, explosives etc. Passenger wearing loose clothing or clothing that can conceal weapons strapped up to body.



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Maybe partly naïve passenger, framed or a terrorist. Will accompany with 1 or more signs. A terrorist. Definite Hijacker.



Asylum seeker.



Terrorist planning a hijack. Hiding weapons.



Maybe not feeling well. May be travelling to a colder place or may be carrying excess baggage.



Bonafides passenger with valid license



Action to be taken in case a suspicious passenger is detected       



Keep surveillance on the passenger (preferable electronic) Inform Supervisor Check baggage thoroughly Ask questions Verify documents Inform ASG Frisk thoroughly



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Module-20 Insider Threat International Legislation Annex 17 Recommendation 4.1.2 Each Contracting State should promote the use of random and unpredictable security measures. Unpredictability could contribute to the deterrent effect of security measures. Standard 4.2.3 Each Contracting State shall ensure that identification systems are established in respect of persons and vehicles in order to prevent unauthorized access to airside areas and security restricted areas. Identity shall be verified at designated checkpoints before access is allowed to airside areas and security restricted areas. Standard 4.2.4



Each Contracting State shall ensure that background checks are conducted on persons other than passengers granted unescorted access to security restricted areas of the airport prior to granting access to security restricted areas.



Standard 4.2.5 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the movement of persons and vehicles to and from the aircraft is supervised in security restricted areas in order to prevent unauthorized access to aircraft. Standard 4.2.6



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serving international civil aviation operations, are subject to screening and security controls. Recommendation 4.2.8



Each Contracting State should ensure that identity documents issued to aircraft crew members provide a harmonized and reliable international basis for recognition and validation of documentation to permit authorized access to airside and security restricted areas by conforming to the relevant specifications set forth in Doc 9303, Machine Readable Travel Documents.



National Legislation The Aircraft (Security) Rules 2011 Rule 18 Entry into aerodrome Rule 19 Entry into security restricted area Rule 20 Prohibition to carry weapons or explosive Rule 26 Deployment of staff Rule 28 Access control to aircraft INSIDER THREAT A decade and a half after the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks that involved four hijacked aircraft crashing into and destroying the World Trade Center Twin Towers and severely damaging the Pentagon, aviation remains a staple target for terrorists. Although fatal hijackings and attacks on aircraft occurred well before these attacks, 9/11 sparked the international community into launching new aviation security, procedures, regulations, and operations. There are political, economic, and social implications that act as motives of terrorism. Some terrorists claim that acts of violence are the better alternative to other forms of political protesting and promotion. Some join terrorist groups for financial reasons, such as providing for their families. Other people join terrorist groups because they are otherwise outcasts and lack a place in society The insider is rising as one of the key threats to the aviation industry in relation to terrorism. Motives for malicious and intentional insider activity can be political, economic, social, cultural, and personal. Malicious insiders seeking revenge, sabotage, or espionage, and intentional insiders seeking a self-benefiting profit are aware that their access to materials, systems, networks, and infrastructure is valuable to terrorists. They can provide terrorists with access to information about a company or significant building that would aid in an attack, such as the layout of an airport. Terrorists can also recruit insiders to act on their behalf or attempt to become the insider to carry out an attack by gaining authorized access to facilities, systems, and data. In this Module, we will emphasis on the following points • Describe Insider Threat AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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• Categories of people who can be a potential insider threat, motivating factors of insider threat • Past incidents of Insider threat • Factors that make an insider threat a challenge in Civil Aviation • Risk Mitigation against Insider threat To define the insider threat more clearly, we first need to understand what constitutes an ‘insider’ within an aviation context. Essentially in an airport environment, an insider is an individual who exploits their knowledge or access to their airport, airline, or organisation’s assets, for unauthorised purposes. So, the insider could be virtually anyone, including an employee, contractor, consultant or anyone else who has legitimate access to their organisation’s information or assets. This problem is especially difficult to manage when you consider the interdependencies and wealth of information that moves around an airport. Insider threat is the risk posed by workers with inside access and knowledge to exploit vulnerabilities in the Civil aviation systems. Why are insiders so dangerous? The danger presented by an aviation insider is that they already understand the external security of airports and aviation assets and will be able to exploit their knowledge of these security measures. Many aviation insiders potentially also have access to the most critical and sensitive parts of an airport. They are already in a position of trust and might hold an access badge to an airport’s airside, for example. Given this enhanced level of access, they are more likely to be able to identify vulnerabilities and target the weakest areas within their airport. Insiders pose a great risk to security and safety of the aviation industry by challenging security countermeasures, exploiting potential vulnerabilities and increasing their knowledge of security procedures for nefarious purposes. Potential Insider Threats within the Aviation Industry include a wide variety of individuals involved with the aircraft and passengers, including, but not limited to, the following categories:  



Airline employees Concession and restaurant employees







Cleaning and catering crews



   



Construction and maintenance crews Law enforcement, military and/or security personnel Taxi cab, shuttle bus and/or other transportation specialists Current and/or former employees



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Current and/or former contract government employees Air Traffic Controllers



What are the Types of Intent Behind an Insiders act? Historically, the insider threat is considered to be a malicious insider or group who seeks to do harm; however, it is important to remember that the insider threat can be unintentional as well. Personality, behavioral, and lifestyle indicators may alert us to the malicious insider; however, the unwitting or complacent insider could go undetected by peers and supervisors. a. Malicious: Insider seeks to aid or conduct an act that is malicious and intentional in nature to cause damage b. Complacent : Insider takes a lax approach to policies, procedures, and potential security risks c. Unwitting : Insider is not aware of security policies, procedures and protocols which expose the organizations/agency to external risks. Types of Insider Threats The insider threat to the aviation sector spans across all realms of the threat vector to include cyber, criminal, and terrorism. Some of the more notable examples of aviation insider threat across the globe include terrorism/sabotage, security compromise, and physical property theft. Terrorism



Use of insider access to facilitate an act of violence as a means of disruption or coercion for political purposes.



Espionage



Use of insider access to obtain sensitive information for exploitation.



Security Compromise



Use of insider access to facilitate and circumvent security controls.



Sabotage



Use of insider access to destroy equipment or materials.



Physical Property Theft



Use of insider access to steal material items.



Information/Intellectual Theft



Property



Workplace Violence



Use of insider access to steal information or intellectual property. Use insider access to conduct violence in the workplace.



What motivates an insider? The motives of an insider can be varied and can include gaining financial advantage through low-level or organised crime activities. They can be issue-driven (e.g. environmentalist groups), terrorism focused, or an individual may become an insider simply because they are disgruntled or unhappy with the way they have been treated by their organisation. However, the motivation may also be due to a combination of the above factors. Motivation is a AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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complex issue, as two employees may be faced with an identical situation, while only one may decide to act against the interests of their organisation. Insider threat motivators are:• Radicalization- The process by which people come to support terrorism and violent extremism and, in some cases, then join terrorist groups.” • Financial Gain- Some insider threat activity has been motivated by greed or financial need. • Anger/Revenge- Insider threat activity has been conducted by employees who were disgruntled to the point of wanting to retaliate against the organization • Problems at work- Some insider threats have been individuals who felt a lack of recognition at work, has disagreements with co-workers or managers and were dissatisfied with the job, or upset by a pending layoff. • Divided loyality- Insider threat activity has also been conducted by individuals who have pledged allegiance to another person or company or to a country besides India. • Adventure/Thrill Seeker- A person who wants more excitement in life and who in intrigued by covert or sneaky activity is probably motivated by fame. He or she generally has an inflated ego • Blackmail/Extrotion- Blackmail is when a person is easily manipulated due to fear of sensitive information getting out such as gambling, fraud, or illicit relationships. • Extortion is when a person is coerced through force or threat. • Destructive Behaviour- On occasions individual threat activity was related to an individual’s problems with substance abuse. • Family Problems- In the past, there also have been incidents when a person who was experiencing the stress of family or marital conflicts, or separation from loved ones became involved in insider threat activity. Past Incidents of Insider Threat OCTOBER 2010 Two packages containing plastic/non-metallic explosives and a detonating mechanism, were found on separate cargo planes travelling from Yemen to the United States. One week later, al-Qaeda took responsibility for the plot. MARCH 2011 A London based British Airways IT engineer plotted with AQAP’s leader Anwar Al-Awlaki to blow up an aircraft. The investigation uncovered hundreds of encoded messages between the British Airways employee and his AQAP handlers. Messages expressed interest in getting a bomb onboard an aircraft, crashing British Airways computer system to cause international disruption and circumventing security measures. DECEMBER 2013 At an airport in Wichita, KS a 58 year-old contract avionics worker was arrested for attempting to explode a vehicle-borne improvised explosive device at the airport. He stated he was inspired by the teachings of Al-Qaeda’s Osama bin Laden and Anwar AlAVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Awlaki. The worker was arrested while circumventing security measures DECEMBER 2014 At the Atlanta airport, two airline workers, one of them a former employee, were arrested for trafficking over 100 firearms onboard multiple aircraft from Atlanta to New York involving circumventing security measures AUGUST 2015 At the airport in New York, four contact cargo handlers were arrested for stealing $250,000 om currency (yen) from international mail of Japan Airlines flights. OCTOBER 2015 Metrojet Flight 9268, a Russian charter flight from Egypt crashed killing all 224 people onboard. ISIS claims they circumvented airport security and published a photo online of the alleged improvised explosive device (can of soda). Other theories state the bomb was placed in the cargo hold near the fuel lines. An Egypt Air mechanic, two police officers, and a baggage handler were arrested. FEBRUARY 2016 An explosion blew a hole through the fuselage of (Somali) Daallo Airlines inflight on #3159, from Mogadishu to Djibouti. Somali authorities arrested 20 suspects, including two airport workers, seen on CCTV footage passing a laptop to the suspected suicide bomber March 2016 Three suicide bombings ripped through the Zaventem Airport and the Maelbeek Metro station in Brussels, Belgium. The blasts left 31 dead and 270 injured. ISIS has claimed responsibility for the attacks. A known ISIS explosives expert, recorded by an airport surveillance camera, is alleged to have built the bombs used in the attacks and to be one of the suicide bombers that died at the airport. MITIGATING INSIDERS’ THREAT: Proposed Solution The advantage of someone working at an airport possessing sufficient knowledge of routine security systems may be significantly reduced if unpredictable measures are in place like random screening of staff, Surprise check of AEP. Security measures also contribute towards mitigating the risk associated with the insider threat, and include background checks, selection procedures, security awareness training for airport identification holders and training of staff implementing other security controls, as well as perimeter security, access controls, surveillance, aircraft security and quality control In all cases, screening and other security controls carried out in a random and unpredictable manner should achieve outcomes to combat the insider threat.



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Proactive approach to reporting suspicious activities Pre‐employment background checks: Comprehensive background check of all personnel selected for hiring/ employment at the airport should be carried out by the relevant State’s security agencies base on the risk assessment. The policy should focus on preventing the recruitment of a person who is not able to provide a background check which is compliant with the operator’s requirements. Criminal records, detailed review of employment history, travel history, correct identification etc. can provide a reasonable picture of a potential employee. Operators should have a process to ensure that all new entrant staff complete the requirements of the vetting process prior to employment. These measures may be varied depending on the level of risk that is posed by the person’s role and the access to the operator’s sensitive areas. In addition, re‐vetting of airport workers such as the cleaners, duty free shop personnel, catering staff and concessionaire need to be carried out frequently to mitigate collusion to commit acts of unlawful interference. Practical vetting techniques Spot and Stop measures: Operators should consider what measures exist to identify an insider at the earliest stage and to stop or deter him.



SPOT measures: measures aim to identify behaviors or activities of concern, and to identify any changing or suspicious behavior patterns that might help to detect a potential insider. STOP measures: should aim to prevent or deter an insider from exploiting, or intending to exploit their role for unauthorized purposes. Due to changing circumstances in their lives, every person may potentially become vulnerable to being an insider, and if so, their attitudes or behaviors are significantly affected. Such circumstances range from stressful personal crises to deliberate targeting and recruitment by malicious third parties. Circumstances leading to vulnerability might be subtle and difficult to recognize. However the reality would suggest that most such circumstances are caused by financial difficulty, undue pressure from peers and family, perceptions of unfairness at work, or, other inducement or coercion from third parties. Governance: Within the insider threat policy the operator should consider identifying a summary of the roles and responsibilities of relevant departments.



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Module 21 Cyber Threat International legislation Annex 17 4.9.1



Recommendation. 4.9.2



Each Contracting State shall ensure that operators or entities as defined in the national civil aviation security programme or other relevant national documentation identify their critical information and communications technology systems and data used for civil aviation purposes and, in accordance with a risk assessment, develop and implement, as appropriate, measures to protect them from unlawful interference. Each Contracting State should ensure that the measures implemented protect, as appropriate, the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the identified critical systems and/or data. The measures should include, interalia, security by design, supply chain security, network separation, and the protection and/or limitation of any remote access capabilities, as appropriate and in accordance with the risk assessment carried out by its relevant national authorities.



National Legislation NCASP 6.12 AVSEC Order 03/2011



Measures relating to cyber threats



Procedure for protection and handling of security information



What is CYBER THREAT? Cyber Threat can be defined as the possibility of a malicious attempt to damage or disrupt a computer network or system. In Aviation Industry it has been categorized as new and emerging threat. What is Cyber Security? Cyber security is the practice of protecting systems, networks and programs from



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digital attacks. These attacks are usually aimed at accessing, changing or destroying sensitive information; extorting money from users or interrupting normal busine ss process Why Aviation Information & Communication Technology System needs to be protected 1) Rapid growth of civil aviation and significant use of data and use of new technologies. 2) Manual processes are shifting to more efficient automated processes. 3) Paperless and environment friendly approach 4) Huge number of stakeholders 5) Cyber-attack can endanger the safety of an aircraft. 6) Hackers, cyber criminals, “hacktivists” and terrorists are focused on malicious intent, theft of information, profit and disruption. Governance and responsibilities: States, governments, Airport Operator, and relevant entities should work collaboratively towards the development of an effective and coordinated framework for civil aviation stakeholders working at the airport to address the challenges of cyber threats, and increase the resilience of the global aviation system to cyber threats that may jeopardize the safety of civil aviation operation at the airport. The confidentiality, integrity and availability of all Information and Technology systems of the airport shall be maintained. Each entity involved in Civil Aviation Access control and alarm monitoring system Departure control systems Passenger and baggage reconciliation system Screening system and/or explosive detection system Regulated agent and/or known consignor Air Traffic Managemnet systems Reservation and passenger check-in system CCTV surveillance systems Security Command, control and dispatch system Identification DG, BCAS shall define criteria for identification of critical information systems. An information system is considered to be critical when it contains or uses sensitive or privacy data and/or assets; or its operation is indispensable for the safe and secure operation and availability of aviation activities. The identification of critical systems should be conducted through



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classification of all data and/or assets according to a predefined data policy or classification, and the development of a business impact analysis on the criticality for each of the individual system. Airport Operator, ATS, aircraft operators, communications service providers, ground handling agents, maintenance, repair and overhaul service providers, and Security service providers should identify additional critical data and information systems software and hardware used in their operation, which may include, but are not limited to: a) Systems and data identified as critical from an aviation safety perspective, such as: i) Air traffic management systems; ii) Departure control systems; iii) Communication, navigation and other safety-critical systems of an aircraft; iv) Aircraft command, control and dispatch systems; b) Systems and data identified as critical from an aviation security perspective, such as: i) Regulated agent and/or known consignor databases; ii) Access control and alarm monitoring systems; iii) Closed-circuit television surveillance systems; iv) Passenger and baggage reconciliation systems; and v) Screening systems and/or explosive detection systems, whether networked or operating in a stand-alone configuration; c) Systems and data identified as critical from an aviation facilitation perspective, such as: i) Aircraft operator reservation and passenger check-in systems; ii) Flight information display systems; iii) Baggage handling and monitoring systems; and iv) Border crossing and customs systems. Each stakeholder working in aviation industry needs to identify critical information vital to their operations and the consequences of its being misused. Risk Assessment When applying security considerations in airport design, it will be necessary to conduct an airport threat and risk assessment. The Airport Operator shall be responsible to ensure threat and risk assessments of a particular airport and shall approach the Director General, BCAS well in time. Factors to be considered:Threat assessment and risk management Extent of Airport Operation Frequency and volume of aircraft operations Volume of cargo and mail or catering operations Likelihood of an act of unlawful interference Outcome of previous monitoring activities



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Finding of internal quality control measures New and emerging needs Impact Assessment Impact assessment shall be carried out for the appraisal of the positive and negative effects of the introduction of new and/or modified mitigation measures on the existing aviation security systems and on all relevant stakeholders taking an active part in those systems keeping in view aircraft and airport operation and the security, safety and facilitation of passengers and goods. Following areas to be covered while assessing the impact:a) Effectiveness b) International and communication considerations c) Wider economic considerations d) Operations e) Facilitation f) Aviation Security System in place g) Technology h) Health and safety i) Environment j) Costs Detection The Service provider shall ensure the following for detection, protection and maintaining electronic records: a) IT Data Center: Firewall to cover risky user activity by identifying anomalous behavior. b) Investigate suspicious user activity c) Reduce risk and real-time user notifications and blocking d) Anonymize user data to protect employee and outsourced privacy and meet regulations. e) IT Policy for external drive. f) Networks used for critical aviation information and communication technology systems and data are physically and/or logically separated into zones based on function, use and security levels. Where these critical aviation information systems require connectivity to other operational systems, these connections should be minimized to the extent practicable. If separation is not possible, connection and access should be monitored at all times. Appropriate policies and practices should be in place to reduce the number of connections to the minimum required. Protection There should be appropriate provisions for the protection of critical information and communication technology systems (including their hardware and software) and data,



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against cyber-attacks and interference, in relevant national programmes. The programme shall envisage measure to: a) Protect the systems and data against unauthorized access, modification and use; b) Prevent lack of availability and integrity due to flaws in software compilation and/or misuse of configurations; and c) Prevent tampering with the systems and their data. Response: Planning and Readiness Risk response includes the development of a comprehensive approach to reducing or eliminating the vulnerabilities identified, as well as the techniques of risk avoidance, mitigation, transfer and acceptance. Continual review of risk mitigation efforts is an essential element in a cyber-security risk management programme and shall include, to a minimum the following:a) Hacking: an illegal intrusion into a computer system and/or network b) Denial of service attack: i. Act of criminal who floods the bandwidth of the victims network ii. Spam mail in the mail box depriving access of the services c) Virus dissemination which includes malicious software that attaches itself to other software (virus, worms, Trojan horse, web jacking, e-mail bombing etc.) d) Computer vandalism by damaging or destroying data rather than stealing and/or transmitting virus e) Cyber terrorism: Use of internet based attacks in terrorism activities. Technology savvy terrorists are using 512-bit encryption which is impossible to decrypt f) Software piracy: Theft of software through the illegal copying of genuine programme. Distribution of products intended to pass for the original. Reporting Any act or breach in the protection of the confidentiality, integrity and availability of critical information and communications technology systems and data used for civil aviation purposes from interference that may jeopardize the safety of civil aviation shall be immediately reported to the DG, BCAS by the concerned entity. Analysis As and when any act of cyber threat is noticed, it should be immediately reported and analyzed. It may have resulted maliciously or inadvertently. a) Malicious threat has Common Goals and includes Sabotage, Intellectual property theft, Espionage and Fraud.



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b) Inadvertent threat results due to situations caused by Human error, Bad judgment, Phishing, Malware, Unintentional aiding and abetting, Stolen credentials Convenience During any quality control activities, including audits, inspections and tests conducted by BCAS, the following shall be monitored: a) b) c) d) e)



Hardware and software supply chain security; Disaster, emergency and contingency plans; Security reviews and audits; Interdependencies with critical services supply chain; and Systems configuration control and management.



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Module 22 Passenger Profiling and Security Environment Module Objective Passenger behavior detection, Baggage & documents profiling Safety regulation for person and vehicle movement in the operational area Improving attitude of security staff for pax interface VVIP security – laid down procedure Teaching Methods Teaching Methods        



Slide Presentations Lectures by certified instructors Group discussions Demonstrations Role‐ playing and practical exercises Overnight reading Assignments Progress Tests Mastery Test ( Written and Practical )



International Legislation Annex 17 Recommendation 4.1.3 Each Contracting State should consider integrating behaviour detection into its aviation security practices and procedures. Recommendation 4.1.2 Each Contracting State should promote the use of random and unpredictable security measures. Unpredictability could contribute to the deterrent effect of security measures.



Recommendation 2.3



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aviation provided the effectiveness of these controls and procedures is not compromised



National Legislation NCASP 20118 7.1.1.2



Each entity responsible for implementation of security controls relating to pre-embarkation security checks of passengers and entry of nonpassengers into the security restricted area shall consider integrating behavior detection into its aviation security practices and procedures



9.4.6



The Director General, BCAS shall ensure training of Behaviour Detection into aviation security practices & procedures in accordance with NCASTP.



7.1.7.2



Procedure for persons with special needs: (f) All possible and due courtesy shall be extended to them without compromising on security



7.7.2.6



6.4.6.3



7.1.8.2



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In the interest of effective security and passenger facilitation, a manual search of the hold baggage should be conducted in accordance with the following basic guidelines: (b) The searcher should be tactful, courteous and use caution. All ground handling staff while leaving aerodrome from any gate (s) / designated gate (s) shall be subjected to security check (frisking / baggage search). All other staff, when exiting the security restricted area of airport shall be frisked on a random basis, (vi) Random Search: - In addition to suspect bags, all bags should be subjected to random searches. On an average one bag in ten should be hand Restricted



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searched. This number may be changed in cases of higher risk. 7.1.7 (f)



Order 06/2009 Order 24/2011 Circular 23/2005



100% pat down search of a person will be carried out whenever the screener deems it necessary. However, at least one out of every five persons will be subjected to pat down (whole body) search on a continuous random basis.



Exemption from Pre‐embarkation security checks at civil airports Random Screening at the entry gate to Terminal Building procedure for passenger and carryon baggage screening.



Profiling is described as a systematic observation to categorize each passenger by creating a short biographical character sketch to study certain characteristic personal manner or attitude, in order to decide whether the passenger is a threat to the airline or not. Profiling is done to detect the following:











A terrorist with intent to harm the airline







A terrorist with intent to cause damage to the terminal building, aircraft etc.







Asylum seekers







criminals







Detection of fraudulent travel documents



Traffickers of drugs, contraband and Human Trafficking



Characteristics of Profiler         



Alertness Awareness Experience Endurance Sufficient knowledge Flexible Good Interpersonal Skills Good Team Member and Quick decision maker.



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Profiling is carried out on 



Passenger -







Business travelers Couples Traveling alone Traveling with Family Traveling with group Tourists Students Officials and VIPS Unaccompanied Pilgrimage Mourners Sick Prisoners Immigration deportees



Baggage 



Carry On Baggage Hold Baggage Other items.



Travel documents -



Passport (expired; forged; alterations; etc.) Visa; Ticket (last minute purchase; one way ticket; uneconomical routing; etc)



Equipment or tools used for Profiling:    



 



X-BIS Explosive detectors Metal detectors Machine to check passport Ultra violet light Biometrics ( Iris Scan; facial recognition; voice recognition; hand geometry; finger print)



Five Steps for Profiling   



The Interviewing process. Threat assessment. Visual profile of potential terrorist.



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Knowledge of the information in the accompanying documents of the traveler. Knowledge of the average traveler.



Tools essential to the successful performance a. b.



c.



d. e.



Deviations from the norm. Any abnormality displayed either by the passenger, his travel documents and/or his baggage. Lessons from the Past. It is a known fact that terrorist use forged, altered or stolen passports and tickets to hide their identity. The tickets are mostly purchased in the last minute and in cash. Suspicious Signs. Any deviation from the norm along with lessons of the past is good enough to rise a suspicion. These deviations may either be in passenger’s appearance and behavior, documentation and/or baggage. At times in case we see a person in possession on a weapon, it can be for a specific reason for acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation, then it is termed as critical sign and calls for the passenger to be handed over to the law enforcement. Questioning Guidelines. Is used to confirm or resolve any suspicious sign observed during the profiling process. Positive Signs. 1. Diplomats have been through a strict security clearance process and are well known to the Government, therefore, they are unlikely to carry out a terrorist act. 2. Designated VIPs or guests of the airline. These are people who are well known to the airline and the public. They may be famous artists, CEO’s, politicians, etc. There is little risk of these people being involved in a terrorist organization. 3. Direct employees of the Airlines who present a valid employee ID card and a valid ticket. All the airline employees go through background checks to verify the possibility of being involved with a terrorist organization prior to begin hired. 4. Military personnel and their families usually live in secure military compounds. They are more security conscious and it would be more difficult for terrorists groups to have contact with them. 5. Frequent flyers are exposed to the airline security personnel, Immigration and Customs officials very often. The Company has a lot of information about these people such as addresses, phone numbers, etc. 6. A child under 12 years is unlikely to be involved with or used by a terrorist organization to carry out an attack due to their maturity level and lack of experience. 7. Group traveling together. It would be difficult for a terrorist to infiltrate a group without raising suspicion as they all have a common background, known to each other, ticket issued from the same agent etc. Terrorists would not want to be part of a group because of the advance reservations



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and information they would have to supply. f. The Mandatory Baggage Control Questions (MBCQ). 1. Is it your baggage? 2. Did you pack it yourself? 3. Do you know the contents? 4. Was the bag in your custody throughout? 5. Are you carrying any electronic / electrical goods? - If yes, since how long have you owned it? - Did you lend it to someone in the recent past? - Has it ever been repaired? 6. Did you accept any gift / packets etc from any other person to be carried on their behalf? Note: From now till the time you board the aircraft, do not leave your hand baggage unattended or accept any parcel from anyone. Detection depends on the effectiveness of the Profiling Process because of the fact that most individual(s) involved or in the process of doing illegal activities are unable to speak the truth and may present fraudulent documents in order to mask their true intentions and identity. Passenger Classification Correct classification of passenger is the key element in security system. All passengers can be classified as non-threatening and Threatening based on the suspicious sign in appearance and behavior displayed by them Non- Threatening :- Are those passengers who does not pose any threat to the flight. Threatening :- Are those passengers who have/ possess potential threat to the flight. These are the passengers we need to keep a vigil on. Threatening passengers are again of two types. The first type is that who does not know that they pose a threat to the flight. While the other type of passenger are aware of this. - UNAWARE - AWARE Unaware passenger: - Naïve :- Who is unaware that his/ her baggage is in- filtered with explosives. -



-



Partly Naïve :- Who does not have any link with the terrorist organization, but is not aware that he is carrying explosives. Example, a passenger carrying an item on behalf of someone without checking the contents. He knows that the package is not his but is totally unaware that the package given to him is actually an IED. Framed terrorist :- Is one who has connection with a terrorist organization, is carrying materials for them, but is not aware what will be the consequences of carrying the



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same. He is being used by his own organization. Aware passenger - Terrorist/ Hijacker :- is one who will harm by creating unlawful interference and escapes from the target to save his/ her own life. Example bombing of Kanishka, Pan Am etc - Suicidal Terrorist :- is one who is ready to sacrifice his own life while creating unlawful interference. Example Suicide incident in Moscow airport.



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All Passenger Threatening unaware



Non-threatening aware



safe to travel



Unaware



Naive



Partly Naive



Framed Terrorist



Aware Terrorist/ Hijacker Suicidal Terrorist Purpose of Questioning A person can be an innocent non- threatening passenger if has a logical reason for the sign. To eliminate this we need to question. Asking questions will identify signs that are truly suspicious. It is a process of asking a passenger, questions to determine whether he potentially possess a threat to flight. RESOLVE To find a logical, legitimate reason behind a suspicious sign which you can believe, therefore the sign is no longer considered suspicious. The passenger is then classified as regular/ non-threatening passenger. CONFIRM Unable to find a logical, legitimate reason behind a suspicious sign, therefore the sign is considered truly suspicious. The passenger is then classified as selectee or threatening passenger and will be subjected to enhanced security procedure.



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provide signs for suspicion. These may be: 



Profile of passenger does not matching to the type of baggage



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Baggage not matching with profession as declared



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Baggage not matching with class of travel or duration of trip.







Baggage contents are confusing – not matching travel requirements.







Passenger not having the baggage keys or does not know how to open the baggage







Name on the baggage does not match with the name on the ticket







Passenger carrying weapons, explosives , prohibited articles & Dangerous goods



Documents - Suspicious Signs The travel documents of a passenger may also provide signs for suspicion. The signs may be:











Last minute purchase of ticket



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One way ticket







Unusual / uneconomical routing of the ticketed



Ticket appears to be corrected forged or stolen 



Passport appears to be forged, altered or otherwise invalid



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Name on the passport does not match with the name on ticket



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Personal identification information does not match with that on Passport







Passenger not familiar with the details in travel documents







Passenger originating from a suspicious country







Passenger’s nationality does not matches with his / her profile



Action to be taken in case a suspicious passenger is detected 



Keep surveillance on the passenger (preferable electronic)







Inform Supervisor







Check baggage thoroughly







Ask questions







Verify documents



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Inform ASG



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Frisk thoroughly



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COURTESY AND BEHAVIOUR Courtesy and Behaviour at the airport: 



Image of the organization







Satisfied customer is the best goodwill promoter







High Profile personnel travel through airport







Larger Media publicity



Personal Presentation: 



Good Appearance







Posture / gesture while dealing with the passenger.







Clothing – pressed, neat and clean (good turnout)







Facial expression / body language







Good and effective communication skills.







Conversation with passenger- Fresh breath, voice tone /voice modulation







Right staff at right place at the right time.



Passenger Profile: 



VVIPs/ VIPs / CIPs







Diplomats



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Business Traveler



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Celebrities



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Tourists



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Group travelers



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Airline / airport employees



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Families



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Emergency Traveler



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Students



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Unaccompanied Minors



Why does a passenger get upset? A passenger may get upset for a wide range of reasons from personal too impersonal. Sometimes their anger is justified, sometimes not. Some of the reasons are as under:  Already upset at someone / something/ somewhere 



Tired, stressed, frustrated.







Travel expectations have not been met. e.g Seat allocation; meal request;







Feels nothing is right for him



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Feels unpleasant attitude



Effects of courtesy and behaviour: 



Professional competency / survival







Recommendation of high level







Good reputation of security staff







Confidence of passenger on security staff







Image of airlines in comparison to other



DOS AND DONTS: D O’s 



Positive Attitude







Well conversation







Smiling face







Honesty







Cooperation with the passenger



DONT’s 



Don’t chew, eat during dealing with passenger



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Don’t give wrong information







Don’t relax during duty







Don’t irritate on the behavior of pax.



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VVIP / VIP SECURITY PROCEDURES Certain categories of VVIP/VIPs while travelling by air through the civilian airports in the country are exempted from security checks as per the directions issued by the regulatory authorities from time to time. Exemption from pre‐embarkation security checks at civil airports. The Bureau of Civil aviation security vide their circular has exempted the following VVIPs / VIPs from pre embarkation security checks all civil airports in the country. The pre embarkation checks involve screening of passengers and their carryon /hand baggage at the security hold area by the ASG and the secondary ladder point checks carried out by the aircraft operator prior to boarding. As per BCAS AVSEC Order 06/2015, following are the categories of personnel and their accompanying spouse are exempted from pre‐embarkation security checks:1. President 2. Vice President 3. Prime Minister 4. Former president 5. Governors of States 6. Former Vice president 7. Chief Justice of India 8. Speaker of Lok sabha 9 . Union Ministers of Cabinet rank 10. Chief Ministers of States 11. Dy Chief Minister of states 12. Dy Chairman Niti Aayog 13. Leader of opposition in Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha 14. Holders of Bharat Ratan Decoration 15. Ambassadors of foreign countries, Charge D’ Affairs and High Commissioners and spouses 16. Judges of Supreme Court 17. Chief Election Commissioner 18. Comptroller/auditor General of India 19. Deputy Chairman Rajya Sabha & Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha 20. Minister of State of the Union Council of Ministers 21. Attorney General of India 22. Cabinet Secretary 23. Lt. Governors of Union Territories 24. Chiefs of staffs holding the rank of full General or equivalent rank 25. Chief Justices of High courts AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Aviation Security Basic Handout



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26. Chief Ministers of Union Territories 27. Deputy Chief Ministers of Union Territories 28. Visiting Foreign dignitaries of the same status as at Sl. Nos. 1 to 4,7,8,9 above 29. His Holiness the Dalai Lama 30. SPG Protectees 31. Former Prime Minister of India are also exempted from pre‐embarkation checks at all civilian airports in the country Note: Spouse of the president of India is exempted from pre‐embarkation security checks at all civil airports even when he/she is not accompanying the president.



It is reiterated that except the categories specified above, all other categories of passengers, travelling by air through the civil airports in the country, are to be subjected to pre-embarkation security checks without making any exception in any particular case.



AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



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Aviation Security Basic Handout



AVSEC BASIC Handout/2019



SECRET Page 252 of 252



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