BAB-1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF INDONESIA-fix [PDF]

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CHAPTER I HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF INDONESIA



Indonesia is a country which is located in Southeast Asia. The approximate geographic center is at 5ES and 120 EE. It lies between the Indian and Pacific oceans and between the continents of Asia and Australia, south of Malaysia and the Phillippines, and northwest of Australia. The estimates of the Indonesia’s total area based on the Indonesian government are the total land area is 1.9 million square kilometers and total sea area 7.9 million square kilometers, including an exclusive economic zone.



HISTORICAL BACKGROUND A. PREHISTORY Archeological evidence indicates that ancestors of modern humans occupied sites in Central and East Java as early as 1.9 million years ago; presumably, these hominids were widely distributed in other areas. Fossils were



found



in 2003



of a tiny species



of ancients hominid ( homo



floresiensis) that lived up until at least 18,000 years ago on the island of flores in the Lesser Sunda Islands. There is evidence of modern humans as early as about 40,000 years ago, but they may have been present much earlier. By about 5,000 years ago, the circulation of peoples within the archipelago and the absorption of influences from outside had begun to create a diverse but related complex of culture often identified as Austronesian.



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What is today Indonesia lay at or near the center of this complex, which eventually spread east throughout the Pacific, and west as far as Madagascar.



B. EARLY HISTORY Although Indonesian



peoples clearly had contact with the outside



world at an early date (cloves, found only in Maluku, had made their way to the Middle East as early as 4,000 years ago), physical evidence in the archipelago is much later. Sites containing Indian trade goods now date at about 400 B.C., and the first inscriptions (in eastern Kalimantan and West Java) at about 375 – 400 B.C. The first formal kingdoms of which we have extensive knowledge are Srivijaya (flourished c. A.D. 550 – C. 1050), a Buddhist trading polity whose power was centered in the region of present-day Palembang and reached to coastal areas on the Malaysian peninsula



and



elsewhere,



and



Mataram,



in Central Java,



where



magnificent Buddhist and Hindu monuments such as Borobudur and Prambanan were constructed in the eight and ninth centuries. The greatest of the subsequent Hindu_buddhist states, the empire of Majapahit centered in East Java, slaimed hegemony from the late thirteenth to early sixteenth centuries over a wide trading region stretching from Sumatera to Maluku. Islam entered the archipelago in about the eleventh century, but significant conversions did not take place for two centuries or more, beginning with Pasai (North Sumatera) at the turn of the fourteenth century and going on to Makassar and Central Java in the seventeenth century. Contacts from China



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deepened between the tenth and fourteenth centuries as a result of growing trade, but Mongol attempts to control Javanese power (in the late thirteenth century) failed, and early Ming dynasty (1368 – 1644) efforts to exercise great political and economical influence were fleeting. It was at this time also that western visitors began appearing, starting with Marco Polo in the late thirteenth century and continuing with the Portuguese and Spanish in the sixteenth century. They were soon followed by the Dutch (1596) and the English (1601). Europeans affected trade and politics in specific places and periods, but for most of the archipelago beyond Java and parts of Maluku, colonial rule did not set in until the mid- or late nineteenth century.



C. COLONIAL PERIOD Dutch power in the archipelago grew very gradually, and colonial rule was not a goal of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), which dominated trade from Amsterdam and, after the early seventeenth century, a fortified port called Batavia (now Jakarta) in West Java. But on Java local realities produced, by the mid-eighteenth century, a symbiotic Dutch-Javan relationship that survived the bankruptcy of the VOC in the 1799 and soon took the shape of a colonial administration, which grew and consolidated during the late 1800s. In the first decades of the twentieth century, a modern Dutch colonial state extended its control to ost of the area we now call Indonesia. Simultaneously, some of



the peoples



ruled



by this state



discovered nationalism; the first groups date from the early 1900s, and by



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the 1920s and 1930s an array of modern political organizations and leaders, including the well-known nationalist figure Sukarno (1901 – 70), came to the fore. The struggle between the Dutch colonial government and the Indonesian nationalist movement was well under way when the Japanese occupied the Indies in 1942. They remined until the end of World War II in August 1945.



D. INDEPENDENCE PERIOD On August 17, 1945, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta proclaimed the independent Republic of Indonesia with Sukarno as president and Hatta as vice president. Allied forces (mostly British and Brithish Indian troops) did not arrive until six weeks later, by which time the republic had begun to establish itself and nationalist pride had burgeoned. The period OctoberDecember 1945 was filled with violent conflict in which Indonesians made it clear they would defend their independence with their lifeblood. Forcing the Dutch to negosiate with the repulic for an end to hostilities, the British withdrew in late 1946. The Republic subsequently survived two Dutch “police actions” and an internal communist rebellion, and on December 27, 1949, The Hague formally recognized the sovereignty of a federated Republic of the United States of Indonesia, which a year later was formed into a unitary Republic of Indonesia. (adopted from http:www.memory.loc.gov.), date july 12th, 2013 at 08.00 p.m.



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GLOSSARY LIST Absorption



Archipelago



Allied forces



Archipelago



Ancestors



Austronesian



Ancients hominid



Hostilities



Approximate geographic



Indian trade goods



Archeological evidence



Inscriptions



Burgeoned



Internal communist rebellion



Bankruptcy



Island



Cloves



Java local realities



Coastal areas



Kingdoms



Colonial rule



Land areas



Colonial administration



Lesser Sunda Islands



Complex of culture



Lies between



Consolidated



Lifeblood



Continents



Magnificent



Conversions



Middle East



Deepened



Modern humans



Defend



Movement



Diverse



Negotiate



Dutch East India Company



Northwest



Early date



Occupied



Empire



Oceans



Estimates



Ost



Evidence



Peninsula



Exclusive economic zone



Physical Evidence



Exercise



Police actions Subsequently



Extended



Present day



Extensive



Presumably



Fleeting



Pride



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Fore



Proclaimed



Fortified port



Recognized



Fossils



Sea area



Growing trade



Sites



Hominids



Slaimed hegemony



Southeast Asia



Violent conflict



Sovereignty



Western visitors



Struggle Take place



Wide trading region



The circulation



Widely distributed



Tiny species



Withdrew



Trading polity



COMPREHENSION Select the correct way to complete the following sentences 1.



What does the text mainly discuss? a. The history of Indonesia before independence b. The history of Indonesia post colonialism c. The History of Indonesia before and after the Independence d. The history of Indonesia post Independence



2.



According to the text, when did Islam enter in North Sumatera? a. 11th century b. 17th century c. Seventieth century d. 14th century



3.



What are the magnificent Buddhist and Hindu monument in Central Java? 6



a. Muara Takus and Prambanan b. Borobudur and c. Prambanan and Borobudur d. Borobudur and Jago 4.



What was the greatest Hindu-Buddhist states in East Java? a. Mataram b. Panjalu c. Majapahit d. Kediri



5.



What continent does Indonesia lay between…..…… a. America Continent and Europe Continent b. Australia continent and Asia Continent c. Australia and Africa Continent d. America and Asia Continent



6.



Where did the modern human’s ancestors occupy sites? a. West and middle Java b. East and Central Java c. Central Java and East Java d. East and west Java



7.



When were the two magnificent Hindu-Buddhist monument in central Java constructed? a. 8th – 19th centuries b. 8th – 18th centuries



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c. 18 th – 19th centuries d. 8th – 9 th centuries



Topic for Class Discussion 1.



What is Indonesia?



2.



Where is Indonesia located?



3.



How width the total land area of Indonesia ?



4.



Where are the sites of the ancestors of modern humans based on Archeological Evidence?



5.



How width the total sea area of Indonesia including an Exclusive Economic Zone?…….



Complete the following sentences in your own words based on the text. 1. Based on the Indonesian government, how width of Indonesi’s total area................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ 2. Indonesia



locates in Southeast Asia and



Indonesia



lies between



Asia................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ....... ….................................................................................................................... ........…......................................................................................................



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3. The



phases



of



Indoneasia



before



independence



period



are…............................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ 4. What are the physical evidences that proved Indonesian people clearly had



contact



with



the



outside



world............................................................ ................................................. ....................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................



5. Sriwijaya is.................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ 6. The formal



kingdoms



at



the early history



of



Indonesia in Java



are................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ 7. The phases of religions



entered at the early history of



Indonesia



are................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................



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....................................................................................................................... WRITING PRACTICE WRITE DOWN IN A FULL SENTENCE, THE MAIN IDEA OF EACH PARAGRAPH OF THE TEXT ABOVE. Paragraph 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Paragraph 2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Paragraph 3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Paragraph 4 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Paragraph 5 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Paragraph 6 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



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Paragraph 7 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Vocabulary From the list provided select all of the words that may properly be used to fill each blank space. There is no limit to the number of times you may use each word nor to the number of words that may be used in each blank space. Nouns may be used in either the singular or the plural, and verbs in any tense. Buddhism indigenous contrast principal merchants thought



Rulers Divided Elaborate Traders Role During



culture transfer writing position confirmed historians



1. ................. the early centuries A.D., elements of Indian civilization, especially Hinduism and Mahayana ......................., were brought to Sumatra and Java and stimulated the emergence of centralized state s and highly organized societies.



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2. Scholars disagree on how this cultural .................... took place and who was involved. 3. Apparently, ................... and shippers, not just Indian but Indonesian as well, were primarily responsible. Small ..................... states existed in the coastal regions of western Indonesia at a time when Indian



Ocean



trade was



flourishing. 4. But, unlike the Islamic .................... that was to come to Indonesia nearly 1,000 years later. 5. India in the first centuries A.D. was ................ into a rigid caste hierarchy that would have denied many features of Indian tradition to relatively lowcaste ............................ and sailors. 6. ................... have argued that the ...................... agents in Indianization were priests who were retained by indigenous ................... for the purpose of enhancing their power and prestige. 7. Their .................... was largely, although not exclusively, ideological. In Hindu and Buddhist ...................., the ruler occupied an exalted position as either the incarnation of a god or a bodhisattva (future Buddha). 8.



This ....................... was in marked ...................... to the indigenous view of the local chief a s merely a "first among equals."



9. .............................., Indian-style ceremonies .................... the ruler's exalted status. 10. ..................... in Sanskrit brought literacy to the courts and with it an extensive literature on scientific, artistic, political, and religious subjects.



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Complete the following table. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11



Noun ............................ Inscription ............................ Empire ............................ ............................ ............................



Hostilities ............................ Movement ............................



Verb ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................



Visit ............................ ............................ ............................



Govern



Adjective Archeological ............................ Magnificent ............................



Colonial Fleeting ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................



Adverb ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................



Proclaim ............................ ............................



Oral Practice: use each pair of words in a sentence 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.



Inscriptions , colonize Conversions, coastal Skin, climates Necessary, cooperate Religion, Homogeneous Nation, citizen Independence, efforts



8. Inheritance, ancestors 9. War, nationalism 10. Exchange, communicate 11. Culture, beliefs 12. Communicate, Exchange 13. Entered, significant 14. Glory, achieve



Writing Practice: Use each group of words in a sentence 1. Historical, Inonesia, backgroun 2. Southeast Asia, located, lies 3. Contacts, religions, trade 4. Affected, archipelago, colonial rule 5. Proclaimed, independent.



PREPOSITIONS



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Supply an appropriate preposition for each blank space 1. Dutch power ……... the archipelago grew very gradually, and colonial rule was not a goal of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), which dominated trade ...……....... Amsterdam and,



.....….. the early



seventeenth century, a fortified port called Batavia (now Jakarta) …….. West Java. 2. The struggle …….. the Dutch colonial government .....…. the Indonesian nationalist movement was well ...…… way when the Japanese occupied the Indies ..…… 1942. They remined ...…… the end …… World War II ..…… August 1945. 3. Islam entered the archipelago ..…… ...…… the eleventh century, ..……. significant conversions did not take place .......... two centuries or more, beginning



...….. Pasai (North Sumatera) ..….. the turn ....…. the



fourteenth century ....….. going …… ....….. Makassar and Central Java ….. the seventeenth century. 4. They were soon followed …….... the Dutch (1596) ...….. the English (1601).



Europeans affected trade ....….. politics ….. specific



places ........periods, ..……



….. most of the archipelago beyond Java ..



…… parts of Maluku, colonial rule did not set ..……. until the mid- or late nineteenth century. 5. Although Indonesian



peoples clearly had contact ....….. the outside



world ……. .... an early date (cloves, found only ...….... Maluku, had



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made their way …….. the Middle East as early as 4,000 years ago), physical evidence …… the archipelago is much later. 6. ...……. August 17, 1945, Sukarno …… Mohammad Hatta proclaimed the independent Republic ….....… Indonesia ……. Sukarno as president …… Hatta as vice president. 7. It was ........ this time also that western visitors began appearing, starting ......... Marco Polo ...... the late thirteenth century and continuing .......... the Portuguese and Spanish .. .......the sixteenth century .



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