Bahdinan Kurmanji [PDF]

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Dg



JAR



iPêeM



.^



y



lO



U,



BAHDINAN KORMANJI



A GRAMMAR OF THE



KURIANJI OF THE KURDS



OF MOSUL DIVISION AND SURROUNDING ' DISTRICTS OF



KURDISTAN.



BY



CAPTAIN E. F. JARWNE, ASSISTANT POLITICAL OFFICER, DOHUK



BAGHDAD :



PRINTED



AT



THE



GOVER^ 1932,



PRESS,



INTRODUCTION.



Meaning of Bahdinan



Kurmanh.



Kurds divide Kurdistan into five great divisions : SoRAN comprising



roughly



Sulaimania,



Rania,



and



their neighbours on the north-east.



Bahdinan with the greater



Zab and



Zakho



Khabur



separating it from the other four areas.



BoHTAN comprising the areas north and west of Zakho. Hakkari the areas nortli of the first three divisions. MiLLi



deriving its name from



the tribe of that name,



and west of the Bohtan division.



This spoken



work



in



the



is



an



account



second-named



of of



the



dialect



these



five



of



Kurdish



divisions, the



Bahdinan.



Although it professes to deal with only one book



will be



dialect



the



found to be almost of as much use to students



of the Bohtan and Hakkari dialects



as



it



may



be



to



those



working in the Bahdinan area itself.



For



there



is



little



difference



in accidence and syntax



between the dialect of Bahdinan and those of its neighbours,



From



the



including



dialect



on



the



east,



Ruwanduz



Neri.



of the Soran, however, and in particular,



from that of Sulaimania, it differs considerably and syntax :



immediate and



in



accidence



and in forms of words other than those derived



from Persian.



A difference is insisted on by the the extent of separating the Sulaimania call



Kurdi,



are called



from



the remaining



Kurmanji.



Kurds



themselves



dialect,



which



to



they



dialects of Kurdish, which



Meaning of word Kurmanji.



The word Kurmanji means the tongue of the ' Kurmanj ' which presumably oiice meant the people, in some form or other, whom we now call Kurds ; in Bahdinan, at any rate,



the word is now used to denote the people, Kurds, Jews! Christians, or Yezidis who are not



' Ashiret ' and



is



thus



especially used of non-tribal elements living amidst or under the patronage of a tribe.



The academic question whether Kurdish is the offspring or



the



parent of



Persian



has



been



ably



discussed



by



Major E. B. Soane and therefore there is no need to attempt to



settle



it



here ;



close



relationship



there



certainly



is



between the two languages, and a knowledge of one of them' is an aid in



the acquirement of the other.



Most Kurds



maintain that their language is a corruption of Persian,



with



an admixture of Kurmanjised Arabic and Turkish words. Characteristics



In



comparison



with



the



of Kurmanji.



Soran



dialect,



the



peculiar



characteristics of Kurmanji are :



(1) its simplicityalmost paucityof expression; its .



economy



of



prepositions and adjunctions ; its



- abruptness and practicality ;



(2) its regard of the transitive verbs as passives in the past tenses.



Dialects.



It is not au exaggeration to



say



that every tribe or



valley of a hundred villages has its peculiar characteristics ; in Kurmanji at any rate these are rather variations of pro¬ nunciation



and



peculiarities



usages of syntax.



Note,



of form,



than



of



idiomatic



for instance, the variations in the



Oblique case of the 2nd Pers.



Plur. of the Personal Pronoun ;



in the Muzuri, ' hungo' ; in Dohuk, ' hawa' ; in the Bohtan, ' ewa.'



The difference of inhabitants,



in



the



the



various



resources at the disposal of ^the districts,



causes



variations in



the vocabulary used to render certain single English thus; to- translate the EngHsh word saddle-bags



be



explained



that



it



words :



ought



to



in north-west Bahdinan a pair of saddle



bags is made in one piece and called ' tir '; in the



opposite



corner of Bahdinan the two bags are made in separate pieces and called ' juhal'. In presenting the



prehensible to the



Kurmanji language



enlighten if attempt were of



a



single



in



a



form



com¬



Englishman, it would confuse raiher than



root-sound;



made to an



describe



the



variations



endeavour, therefoie, has been



made to define the irreducible minimum of original or



main



sounds, of vi'hich the others are merely variations.



The main sounds are set forth in



the



representation of



the system of phonetical media. used in the book. The



Kurds themselves



attempting to subjugate their



of rules of grammar. obedience to



a



smile



at the thought of anyone



language to



a



regular



The writer sees in it a



few, broad practical rules.



system



propensity



for



A propensity by



no means to be despised.



It is not difficult to obtain



an elementary knowledge of



the language ; but in order to speak with



the



and accent as the Kurds themselves it



necessary



oneself up



to



long



a



companion and



the early stages of the practice of the must



be



fluency to



give



periods of social intercourse with them.



Tb>s book will be best used as



given



is



same



considered



as



language.



guide



The



in



rules



broad indications of general



usages rather than as unadjustable and inflexible laws.



TABLE



OF CONTENTS.



Paragraph.*



Page.



Introduction



Phonetical System



Part I.



Accidence, Nouns and adjectives Demonstratives and Pronouns Adverbs Conjunctions



.



Prepositions



The Verb ' to be ' The Regular Verb Irregular Verbs



The Causative and other Verbs The Compound Verbs Part



...



1



12



1 9



20



14&15



21



15&16



22



16&17



23



18-22



25-31



22



31



32&33



34



33



39



37



40



40



47



4S&46



48



47&48



49_S6



49



II.



Syntax of the sentence



...



Appendix.



Form of the noun



Style of Kurmanji Examples of Kurmanji



...



Conversational Expressions Compliments etc.



Vocabulary.



English into Kurmanji



...



paragraph is numbered in brackets at the top of, left of, each paragraph.



65



and



on



the



PHONETICAL SIGNS OF



USED



IN



KURMANJI



REPRESENTATION



SOUNDS.



Vowels.



a



pronounced like a in ' father ' and (in Amadiyah) like a in bail,



a



sound varies between a ir^' flat ' and u in



ê



sounds like a in ' gate ' or e in ' bete ' (French)



e



pronounced like e in ' pet '



i



like ' ee ' in ' meet '



i



like ' i ' in ' sit '



Ö



pronounces as a



Scotchman



rush '



pronounces ' o ' sound



in ' boat ' but sometimes as ' o ' sound



in ' broad '



Û



as ' oo ' in ' boot '



u



as ' u ' in ' put '



ii



as ' u ' in French ' rendu '



ai



sound varying between the 'i' sound of 'bite' and 'oy' sound in 'boy'



,



'



aw



pronounced as an u sound following a long ' a '



ew



pronounced the mouth



as



the



' ou '



sound



pronounced



with



small.



Consonants.



The



following



consonants



are pronounced just as they



are in English:



b, p, t, d, j, ch, r, s, sh, f, g, (hard), h, 1, m, n, v, w.



Vll



The



following



signs for consonant sounds are also used



in this grammar :



zh



like French



rr



much rolled



' j ' in



' jour '



' r '



kh



as



' ch ' sound in



gh



resembling Arabic



q



a guttural ' k '



h



resembling



the



' loch ' ' ghain '



Arabic



but less guttural,



pectoral



' h '



but



less



pronounced



t



a



' t ' pronounced with



the tip



of the tongue



just



between the teeth like the Italian -' t ' 7.



pronounced English.



with



more



pronounced



hiss



than



in



CHAPTER I.



NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.



(1)



Qualification of Nouns by other Nouns and by Adjectives.



{a)



Singular



Noutis.



Qualifying nouns and adjectives usually follow Singular nouns they qualify and are connected to them by particles



e or a.



e is usualiy



used



when



the qualified noun is



mas¬



culine and a when that noun is feminine. Examples :



the father of the girl.



bab e kichk



the mother of the boy.



daik a kurrk



the old man



mêr e pîr



the little woman



zflin a buchûk



i^



khatt e khwar izli ga e pir



ht.



the



crooked line from the



old ox {i. e. animals



Use experienc ed



for



the



difficult



work.) a fela means " the Christian's house " but



Note.-



mal e fela means



" the Christian's property."



(b)



Plural Nouns.



When the qualified noun is plural in sense the particle is et. Examples



:



mal et gûnd dwar et asker sê mêr et kalas



. drav et qulib zivirit kluidan e



khvi'a



dar et drezh



the houses of the village the animals of the troops three-miser-men



counterfeit money comes back to its own coiner, long sticks



*Except for the variation for the masculine and feminine, this connecting particle corresponds to the ' izafeh ' in Persian.



2



KURMANJI



GRAMMAR.



Exception.



Cardinal numbers, and demonstrative



and interrogative



adjectives precede the noun they qualify. Examples :



dû bahîv



two almonds



aw mêr



that man



chand kes



,



how many men



kizh derga



which door



hindek miröv



some men



' khösh, khwash '



Also the Adjective. khösh mêr



nice man



khosh tarn



nice taste delicious



(2) The The particle ye which is



treated here



because



of



Particle YE. may be the Avestic relative 'hya,' its



relation



particle described above which is



to



the



connecting



possibly also derived from



the Avestic relative.



In actual use



noun



and



is



the



particle



ye



is



treated



as a qualified



connected to a following qualifying



noun* or



clause, by the connecting particles



The connecting ted in speech



particles e and et



are



usually contrac¬



when used with ye, as follows j



ye e becomes ye



ye et becomes



yet



The following examples explain the use of the ye. mal a mazin ye a min



the big house, that of me



i.e. the big house of mine



kûrr e min ye e mirri



my son, he that died



miwish et wan ye et bash



their grapes, the good ones



aw bra ye e min nafa ye a min i. e.



that



is



a



brother



to me



(who is of) use to me. ye min guti min kiri



lit.



that



I



have



said,



I



have



done



i. e. words cannot be unsaid, once they have been said,



ek awa ye Iber hukm e zhini



one,



that



(man),



that



(is)



at



woman's beck,



j'e



paîzî dûrin



chênin



dê



'lhavîni



who



sows



in



autumn



harvest in summer



will



ACCIDENCE,



NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES



ye 'zhmishka bibet de hinbana



3



who robs mice will (have to)



köshit



gnaw at sacks,



(bibet from birin-remove) (This particle ye



tive.



is used



as



much



as ku for the rela¬



See below, para. 16.) (3)



Of nouns.



press gender.



Gender.



Unqualified nouns have no inflexions to ex¬



If it is needed to distinguish especially the sex,



the adjectives nir meaning 'ma le' and me meaning 'female' may be used.



These naturally



are not used with



words



themselves have a meaning of particular sex. Examples



hêstir-mule



:



(either male or female) but hêstir e nIr means



the male mule and



hêstir a me means the female mule.



khabar a me ser ye mêr



kevii



effeminate



words



f;ill



'. n



those of a man (i. c. soft words win hard men.) Of



Adjectives.



Adjectives are not inflected. Examples :



mat a min sagha



hama körêa



my aunt is alive but she is



blind (a is the 3rd Pers. Sing, of the copula which requires a



final a immediately preceding it to be changed to e) as in kora blind where the final a changes to e before the copula.)



hasp e chak u mahin a chak



the



good horse and the good



mare,



dîk e mazin u mirishk a mazin the big cock and the big hen. (4)



Unqualified



The



nouns are



Plural.



made plural by the addition of a



an to the noun. Examples :



aqle-Kûrmanjapashîtêt



the sense of the



Kurds comes



afterwards, bar



a stone



baran



stones



sad



hundred



sadan



hundreds



goyi



member of Goyan



göyan



members of the



tj-ibe



Goyan tribe



4



KURMANJI GRAMMAR. (5) The Singular.



The



singular



nature of the noun is



emphasized by the-



addition of ek to the simple form. Examples : mer



the man



merek



one man



aw merek



that one man



(6) Indefiniteness.



There is no definite article in Kurmanji.



Indefiniteness



IS emphasised by the addition of eki to the noun, miroveki jareki



rözheki



a man



a day



once



(7) The Diminutive.



Affixing a k or the S5-llables kok, ok gives a diminutive sense very often to a noun or an adjective. Examples :- -



kûrr



son



kûnk



boy



zhin kuchik_



woman small



zhink kuchkök



tiny



lass



manjalök



small cauldron, saucepan



PSîzok



autumn flower



(8) Method of Expressing the Relations of Case in



Kurmanji



I. In Kurmanji there is only one



"case-termination.'^



This will be termed in this work 'the ending of the ob¬ lique case.' It consists of the vowel i (occasionally pronounced like a short e)



A'ofe.This possibly represents the genitive case termination of the old Persian.



.



II-The nominative and vocative* relations are expres¬ sed by the crude or undeclined form of the noun. The other case relations are expressed by the oblique case-ending with or without the use of Prepositions and postpositions.



ACCIDENCE, NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES



5



Examples :



liirch pasi dekhwat



the bear eats the sheep



azman a devî dakök a seri



lit. tongue of the mouth, ham¬



îiazani khösha janî



Ignorance is pleasant to the soul



mer of the head,



The



above



examples



are



respectively examples of the



'Objective, Genitive, and Dative relations of case. Use "of the Oblique ending with prepositions,



tken a kwari aw debet



what you put in to the cornbin,



a khwari



that comes out at the bottom,



tab izh ashi têt kûrr izh ashl khabr dat



the father comes from the mill the son gives news from the mill.



t)ahari kushti pahîzi shûstî



killed in the



spring,



washed



in the aiiitumn.



'bdarikûtan



to beat with wood



■'bdermanî



with (by means of) medicine.



*Note -In the vocative the nominative form of the noun is used. The vocatives O or YA may precede the noun -, O may follow the :noun



:



YaShêkh Khûdewö



OShekh OGod



O Ham5 Kûrrö



Babo



O Father, old fellow.



A postposition



(9)



Postpositions.



da



is



used



a locative relation.



O »=""'^1 .^^ ^°y



after words or expressions



Nouns followed by postposi¬



tion da are sometimes preceded by preposition di.



'lbazhêrîda



in the bazaar



digelida



in the gully



A postposition ra is used (especially in the Bohtan and Yezidi districts) usually after nouns or pronouns preceded by preposition bi.



-bikira



with whom?



Jhin bine bilawinî da kurr bitarabigahen



. ,



bizhinra



,,



with the woman.



marry young that sons for you wiU come m time.



Postposition va is used especially after words which ex¬ press an ablative relation.



u WÎ va



IzJpihqasr-iva



from that (reason)



on account of the castle.



*Note.-Theve is no case-termination in the plural forms, example : -



wan malham e dilanin



they are balm of hearts.



KURMANJI GRAMMAR.



(10) Comparison of Adjectives. The



Comparative



is



formed



by



the



addition



of the



ending Ter to the adjective. Examples : Positive.



.



Comparative.



Meaning.



Buchûk



Buchûkter



small.



Drêzh



Drêzhter



long.



Pahn



Pahnter



wide.



Aqil



Aqilter



sensible.



Bisakhawet



Bisakhawetter



generous.



Mêj-



Mêrter



manish, manly.



Zîrek



Zlrekter



energetic.



Tûzh



Tûzhter



shart.



Giran



Giranter



heavy, dear.



Tarr



Tarrter



damp, wet.



Hishk



Hishkter



dry.



Sanaa



Sanaater



easy.



Zahmet



Zahmetter



difficult.



Biliud



Biiindter



high.



Nizim



Nizitnter



low.



The English Superlative is rendered by comparative in conjunction meaning " than all." Positive.



with



the use of the



the expression,



Superlative." *



izh hami



Meaning of the



" Superlative ".



narm



izh hami narmter



softest.



zaf



izh hami zafter



most.



bebakht



izh hami bebakhtter



most lacking in



buchûk



izh hami buchiikter



tiniest,



nazik



izh hami nazikler



most delicate.



conscience,



'J'he following are irregular : Positive.



.Comparative.



Meaning.



mazin



master



big.



chak



chêter



good.



gallek



peter



many.



' Correctly speaking there is no Superlative in Kurmanji.



ACCIDENCE, NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES



Examples :



dû



rûvi



chêterin izhshêreki



,



ama



izhhami—two foxes are better than two



are best of all.



sharr izh



,



dfi



, -.



sher



lions and



-



cheterin two



lions



'



.



batali chêtira— fighting is better than laziness



hingvin izh sheker



shirintera -honey



is sweeter than



sugar.



Adverbial



Superlative.



The utmost possible degree



is



expresed



by



prefixing



Herchi or Hachu to the Positive or Comparative. Examples



.



hachu ZÛ bit warra hêra— come here as quickly as possible, hachu drengtir hat he came with the utmost delay. (11)



Adjectives



are



Intensive



Adjectives.



strengthened by



placing before



them



the following :



.



gallek, qowî. as gallek



bash Very



good,



.



qowi aqil



Very intelligent. The



(ii) The Cardinal



Numerals.



Numbers :



ek, yek



11.



yazdeh



21.



bîst-u-yek



1.



2.



dû



12.



dwazdeh



22.



bîst-u-du



sê



13.



sêzdeh



23.



bîst-u-se



4.



char



14.



chardeh



30.



sih



5.



penj



15.



panzdeh



40.



chil



6.



shash



16.



shazdeh



50.



penjil, penjî



haft



17.



haftdeh



60.



shest,



7.



8.



hasht



18.



hashtdeh



70.



haftê



neh, nuh



19.



nehdeh



80.



hashtê



deh



20.



bist



90.



sat,



1,000.



3.



^



9. 10. 100.



'483. 58,301.



333. 1,000,000.



The



char



penji u



deh (Yezidis)



sad



hazar



50,000.



not penjîhazar



sat-u-hashte-u-sê



penji u hasht hazar u sê sat u yek se sat u sih u sê milyönek



substantive



denoting



the



things



numbered



is



alwavs in the Singular.



Sadan, Hazaran hundreds, thousands, is rarely



heard.



8



KURMANJI



The



First



GRAMMAR.



Ordinal



Numbers.



ye awwal, ye beri



Sixth



ye dûwe



Second



Thirdye sêye Fourth Fifth



ye shashe



Seventh ye hafte Eighthye hashte



ye chare ye penje



Ninth



ye nuhe



Tenth



ye dehe



Fractions.



i nivek i 'zbse yek I 'zhchar ek i zhpenjek and so on (the zh may be omitted) dêhêk r^. zhbista



Two and a half twentieths (the Tapu



share)



duwuniv.



Adverbial



Twice dujara



sêjara



Thrice



Thirty



times



sihjara



etc.



Nouns



Jûtek Hafta



A pair.



Ketek



A single one.



Ketket



One by one.



A week. Days of the Week:



Saturday sh.-unb



Wednesday



Sunday



Thursday



ekshamb



Monday



dushamb



Tuesday



sêshamb



Friday



charshemb penjshanib



aiiia or rözh a jema



The four Seasons of the Year. char qaul



et sali



Spring bahar



Autumn



Summer havini



Winter zivistan



paiz



Months of the Year. Hêv et sali



January



kaniin a mazin



February March



shewat



July tirmah August - tabakh



adar



September



êlûl



April nîsan



October



May



giilan'



November



cheri. a



June



hêzêran



December



kaniin a buchûk



The



What o'clock is it ?



Tjmf



of



cheri a beri ,



diie



Day.



saat cliaiul a ?



It is ten minutes to eight.



saai hasht, kem deh duqîqa.



CHAPTER II.



DEMONSTRATIVES AND PRONOUNS. (12)



\



Meaning.



Demonstrative



Adjectives.



Nominative Case.'



Oblique Case. VI



av



this



wi, we-"ha



aw, aw-. -ha, wo. .-ha



that



avan, ava



av, van, va



these



awan,



wan, wa, wan. ..ha



those



awa



awa ha, awan...et,



wa ha, wa et, hanna



hanna



Demonstrative



Pronouns.



Nominative.



Oblique Case,



Meaning.



this that



ava



VÎ, avi



awa



we, awl, awe



van, va



these



avan, va



wan, wa, wanha, waha



those



avvan, awa, awanha awaha



JVo/«The word



Her prefixed



to the demonstrative



emphasises



the particular irntity of the noun to which the pronoun or adjective refers :



herava



this same (one).



herawa



that same (one).



hervan



these same (ones).



herwan



those same (ones).



Examples of the use of the Demonstratives :



ava chêtera izh awêha



this one



is



better than



your



one.



chi bêin ê— what do they call it ? da kel bet e till boiling should come to it. av



kteb



herawha is



that?



this



book



the



same ,



one



as ,



bela, ava u awha heryek a-this and that are one and the same.



10



KURMANJI



av kteba



GRAMMAR.



awktêbha



u



that



herwakîyeka



aw mirSvha Note.



This



expressed by



this



book



and



book are exactly similar,



kind



that man.



of, that kind of, such



the use of the



adverb



Hosa,



as



this ,



Wosa



such



as



that,



are



meaning literally thus



in this manner.



hosa miroveki



hosa



jamera



such a man as



naman



such



this.



warriors as



those



are



no



more.



wusa fa'aleki davêt jizaeki shadîd



such a



crime



wants



severe punishment..



(13)



The



Meaning.



I,



Personal



Pronouns. Oblique.



Nominative.



me



min



az



Thou, Thee



tu



He, Him, She, Her, it



aw



We, Us



am



You, You



htin



They, Them



.



ta awl, WÎ, e ma



hawa, ewa, hiingo



wan.



awan, awa, awe



wa



Examples :



az tSm



I am coming,



awe gut bo hawa



(14)



aw iriin dekushit



bêin ê



He said to you.



He will kill,



They call it.



The Possessive Pronouns are formed by the use of



the oblique forms of the personal pronouns with the connec¬ tive particles :



mal a min khabar e wi Note.



My



house,



jenab



e



ta



Your



excellency-



His words e i.e., he is right.



The complinK-ntary use of the



2nd Person Plural



2nd Person



Singular is not so common as in other Easiern languages.



(15) The



Reflexive kho



Pronoun for all cases is or



khwa



This must be used whenever it is desired to refer to



subject of the clause by a pronoun. bring



the



For instance, ' we shall



our children ' is not to be translated : Am biicliQket ma daênin but



Am buchtiket khwa daênin



DEMONSTRATIVES AND PRONOUNS.



11



Examples :



Töl a khwa Iser dishmin



Don't leave revenge (untaken) on



e khwa nahêla



the head of your enemy



Her yek u asl e kho



everyone according to his origin



Bikho kirî derman nina



there is no undoing



one's



own



deeds



Note. Personally ' is translated. (16)



The



Binefes a kho or bizat e khwa.



Relative



Pronouns.



Besides the relative in ye, yea, yeet, mentioned above the



relative ku is used ; or the relative pronoun may be omitted. Examples of the Relative



Zhin ku hat, zhin yea hati



The relative is



The woman who came



indeclinable



and



must



be



assisted



by



pronouns to express the oblique cases.



Mer ku kich a we hat, mer



the man whose daughter came



ye kich a we hat



Mer ku kich a kho ena, mer



the



ye kich a kho Sua



man



who



brought



his



daughter



Mer ku bêin-e Hama



the man whom they call Ahmad



The relative is very frequently omitted as :



Mar gasti zhwêrisî detersit



(he who is) bitten by a snake fears a rope.



(17)



The Indefinite Relatives.



The commonest are :



her kuorhaku



everyone who-



her chu or hachu



whatever



soever



hindisome, how much hachuwakhtwhenever



hingiwhilesoever .



herchu hachu (or hachi)



hachuerdiwherever



may also mean ' whoever '



Examples of their use :



hachi karrek he kûrrek he



whoever



has a debtor has a



son



hindi av bosh bit ash khosh ter bit



the



more



the



water



the



better the mill



hindi min



as far as I am concerned



hingi aw ma' qui bu



as long as he was chief



hachu rut a khabr put a



(. e., the poor man's voice is. unheeded



KURMANJI



12



(18)



GRAMMAR.



Interrogatives.



The commonest are :



ki



who



chand



how many



chi



what



kengi



when



,



(ki and chi are both used as both interrogative adjec¬



tives and as interrogative pronouns) kizh, kizhk



which



böche



why



kani, ka



where



kêrê



what place, where (kêdere is used by



kiva, kive



vifhither



' chawa



how



the Yezidis) -



chandjara



chandi, ta kengi



how long



ka



whether



an



how often



or.



Examples : -chi töv mêra



what kind of man ;



ki mer



which man ?



az nazanim, ka debet an nahêt



I do not know



whether



he



will come or not kani aw ?



where is he ?



kive chu ?



where has he gone to ?



Note. The ordinary interrogative particle gelo aw mashghula .



(19)



like the Persian ' aya' is gelo



is he busy ?



Indefinite Nouns and Pronouns.



The commonest are : kes



a person,



her



every, each



anyone



chu



anything,



ing all, every



di, ditir



other



hami



hindek



certain



jami



all, every



fulan kes



so and so



fulan



certain



yeki



a,



chand



some



ba'z



some



yekudu



each other



ba'zeki



someone



someone



gallek



many



Examples of their use :



kes nahat



no one has come



chu nina



it is nothing



chu kes nahat . her kes, hami kes



no one at all has come everyone



noth-



DEMONSTRATIVES



chudi nina kidi



chand rozhadi yekaditir



hindi nisana zinet a bahai ;i



hindi zhinin hindi zhanin



AND



PRONOUNS.



1*



there is nothing else who else in a few days time



one to the other some Aprils adorn the spring some



are



women,



some



are



furies



wan hazh yekudu naken



they do not like one another.



CHAPTER III.



(20) ADVERBS. There is no particular form adverb.



1.



in



Kurmanji



to



mark



the



Three types may be noted :



Pure



Adverbs.



2.



Adjectives



3.



Adverbs formed by use of a



use



:



The



following



is



a



list



used



as



adverbs.



preposition with a noun.



of



the



commonest adverbs ir



beli, are, naam



yes



na na



ihtimal



probably



nê-



not



na khêr



no



na



not



no



belki



perhaps



dbit



possibly



meger



perhaps



nadûr



possibly



hel bet



of course



mu'ayyan



without doubt



wa, wasa, hosa



so



chawa



how



ho, wûho



pichek much, many



jjallek



rather, slightly



anjakh



scarcely, only



bevênavê



willynilly



qawi,



very



herwaki gallekna



slightly



verily



nihayet



exceedingly



hata



even



muayan



purposely



khaflat



by chance



bêsebub



without reason



zor.



gallek haqiqat



tekva



pekva



altogether



tekel jarek



just similarly



eger



otherwise



bikulli



totally



bo chê



why



denly



hindi



to such an extent



totally,



sud



her, qat



absolutely



bitini



digel



withal



hindek



slightly



her



in any case,



hama



only, just



alone



merely purely gallek



gallek



bit



nûha nûhö



at



the most



nûka



now



very



kem



kem



at the very



least



bit



nûka u pêva



now



and forth



hence



15



CONJUNCTIONS.



elan



at present



vêgavê



wêjere



then



wegave



then



avjara



this time



chCijara



never



^allekjara



often



kemjara



seldom



jarek izh jara



once



jara jara



now then



beri hingi



previously



upon a



time always.



her jara hamu



every time



jara daiman



continually



dumahi,



eventually



nihayet at that



wakhtida ZÛ



early



jarekidi, disan



again



now



qat, abad



never



pwêmabêni



in the meantime



izhmêzhi



long ago



dreng



late



time "



kêre kêdere



where



avraz



uphill



vêre.



here



nishiv



downhill



vêdere.



virra, Ihêra,



serva, zhöiva



above



hêra



Inav



inside-



dörmadörva



all round



wêdere



were



there



Iwêre



zhêrva



below



pishtva



behind this place here



kîve



whither



hive



hither



vîjehi



höva



thither



erdeki



somewhere



hö, wö, wöva



thither



hachu erdi



wherever



kani ka



where ?



virakh



on this



hamu, her je



everywhere



warakhiha



on that side



hindekje



certain places



(21)



side



CONJUNCTIONS.



Conjunctions in Kurmanji are few in number and rarely



used.



A list of those more frequently used is given here : List of Conjunctions.



u



and



hinde



as far as



zhi zhik con¬



cerns



also (Suffix



hum hum



both, and



yan



either, or



ya



yan



or



kan, ka



whether



an



either or



eger



though



an



ama hama



or



other-



wise



yet



meger



nevertheless



nakii



not that



eger



if



hama



be



wa lo



though



hachu



whatever



it that



digel, ku



though



granted



KURMANJI



16



GRAMMAR.



iua



therefore



izhberku



since



ma dam ku



so long as



chûnku



because



da



in order that



zhber wi



therefore



hata



until



waku



when



khCize ku



o that



ta



until



lo



therefore



gain



introduces



ques¬



tions



bilamaneki



(22)



Prepositions



in



so to say...



PREPOSITIONS.



Kurmanji



may



be



divided into



two



kinds :



(a)



Real prepositions, requiring no connection between



them and the noun they govern.



(Ö) Nouns



used



as



prepositions



which



require



the



connecting particles described in para. (1). The following lists include most of the prepositions in general use. (a)



Real Prepositions.



from, by, because of



i-ih, 'zh



le, '1



in, on, with, to



di



in, at,



near



to, for



a



'to, for



bo



gel, degel, 'dgel



with, together with



bi, pi, 'b, 'p



by, with, by means of



be



without



ber



on, at, near, in front of



'Iba, nik, dûv, jum



near, at side of, in house of



izh ber



because of



ta, hata



to, till, up to



15 ku



because



(b)



ber,



'Iber,



Noun Prepositions.



pêsh, 'lpêsh,



in front of, on the account of



berahi



shun,



shun, pisht,



'Ipisht,



behind, after, in succession to



dûv



in the presence of



lal (a) ser,



'Iser,



salal



zhûr,



zhrirva,



above, upon, on top of



PREPOSITIONS.



17



atraf (et) gir, dor



1 ound



tenisht, beramber, muqabil



alongside of, opposite



dumahi



as a result of, in consequence



nezik



near



■tê, têda dinav,



nav,



inside 'Inav, navbên,



amongst



'lmabên navrez



in the very centre of



'zh khêr, 'zh bil



without, excepting



haqq, khusûs



concerning



CHAPTER IV.



(23) THE The '



This



is, etc.



is



the



Enclitic



simple



copula



to a consonant ;



meaning



merely



There are



am,



art,



gives them



two forms ; one, used affixed



the other, used affixed to a vowel.



Person.



2



4fter consonant.



fl i 2



L3



Plur.



Copula.



It is affixed to nouns, adjectives, etc. and



a predicative sense.



Sing,



VERB.



After vowel.



-im



-ma



-i



-i or a



-a



-a



ri i 2



-in



-na



-in



-na



13



-in



-na



Examples : I am ill



az nasaghim tu kêfkhöshi



' thou art comfortable, happy



aw Iber hukm e zhin-a



he is at woman's beck



am islamin



we are Mussulmans



hun kurmanjin



you are peasants



wan malham e dilanin



they are balm to hearts



az birsi..ma



I am hungry



tu körê-i or körê-a



thou art blind



aw wustai-a



he is tired



>



am fêla-na



we are Christians



hun yezdi-na



you are Yezidis



wan jû-na



they are Jews



The Negative :



Either na or ne is prefixed to the predicate ; or the copula is affixed to the syllable nin, thus : az nin-im



I am not



am



tu nin-i



thou art not



hun nin-in



nin-in



you are not



we are not



awnin-a



he is not



wan nin-in



they are not



THE



VERB



TO



19



BE'.



Examples :



az ne liasaghim or az nasagh hin-im



I am not ill



tu nebirsia or tu birsi nini



thou art not hungry



aw nekörê-a or aw kSra nina



he is not blind



am nefela-na or am tela ninin



we are not Christians



wan najû-na or wan jCi ninin



they are not Jews



(24) CONJUGATION OF THE VERBS. ' Bun '^' to BE '. Present Gnomic Present.



bi Negative.



Present Indicative.



az bim



az debim



tu be



tu debê



aw bit



Stem



az nabim tu nabs



(debê)



(be) or aw debit bitin



(nabe)



aw nabit



or



or



nabitin



debitin' am bin



am debin



am naliin



2



hun bin



hun debin



hun nabin



3



wan bin



wan debin



wan nabin



1



Meaning : become,



I am not



am,



I



become,



I



am becoming,



Present Subjunctive.



Future.



I do not



becoming, etc.



Negative (both Future



and Subjunctive)



az debim



az bibim, bim



nabim



tu dêbê



tu bibe, be



nabe



aw debit, dêbê



aw bibit, bit, bibe, be



nabit (nabe rane)



am debin



am bibin, bibin



nabin



hun debin



hun bibin, bin



nabin



wan debin



wan bibin, bin



nabin



Negative.



The Imperative.



2



bi or ba



be



riabi or naba



do not be



3



bit



let him be



nabit



let him not be



2



bin



be (plural)



nabin



do



not



be



(plural) bin



let them



not



(plural)



be



nabin



let



them



* The ending of the 3rd Person Singular in Present Tense lengthened to -itin.



not



be (plural)



is



often



20



KURMANJI



GRAMMAR.



Examples :



Waku miri mala 'un nabit gûr tang nabit



if a dead man



is not accursed his grave will not be narrow herrö am debin a



mêwan et



wi



every



day



we



become



his guests. bela bibin let them be so. nabit a chu



dbit it becomes, i.e. perhaps.



it will come to nothing



hamia debin a chand ?



How many will they all come to ?



ye isRdrav mam e khwa sharm biket,-



he who is ashamed



to accept his uncle's money.



buchuk et khwa de sava bin*



his children



will never



grow (be undersized) The



Past



Past Stem



The Preteritet



Tenses. bii bi Negative.!



az burnt



I was, or I became



az nabfim



I was not, etc.



tu bûi



I was not, did



tu nabûî



thou



not



become aw bu



he was, he became



aw nabû



am bun



we



am nabCin



were,



wert



not.



etc.



we



became hull bun



you



were,



you



hun nabiin



they



wan nabûn



became wan bun



they



were, became



The Imperfect.



Negative.



az deböm§



I



tu debiii



thou used



used



to



be,



az nadebûm (rare) az nabiim j



was becoming to be,



tu nadebûî, tu nabiii



wert becoming aw debû



he



used



to



be,



aw nadebû, aw nabii



was becoming



am debûn



we



used



to



be.



were becoming.



hûn debiin



you



used



to



etc. the



second



form



being



the most generally used.



be,



were becoming. wan debun



.they used to



be,



were becoming * The future prefix is sometimes separated from the verb.



t Often pronounced bim, bî, bi, bin, etc. X Often pronounced nabim, nabî, nabî, nabîn, etc. *> Often pronounced debim, debi, debi, debîn, etc. or 'dbim, 'dbi, etc.



II Often pronounced nadebim, nadebi, etc.



21



THE VERB 'TO BE'.



Examples :



hêsh khalas nabi ?.



Ts it not yet finished ?



wa bu



am beri wa debun (t'bun)



it was so.



to be so bu bahar



nabû a



, , bahar debit



it became spring,



chu



it



nothing am behivi t'bun



came



to



nothing



-i. it was spring



nabû



chu



we were in despair



.



it turned out bad.



it



... bi-zhm



wife, {i.e. widow)



bi pûch



,



we used



chak debi



was



,-, lit.



was



'



.



it was shaping



well



Tenses Formed from the



Past



Participle.



bûi, bi



The Past Participle



, Negative, t



The Perfect.



az biiima



I have been



az nabûima



tu bûla



thou hast been



tu nabûia



aw bûia



he has been



aw nabûia



am bûina



we have been



am nabûina etc.



etc.



The Pluperfect.!



az biii bum, az bi bim I had



been



tu bûî bûi, tu bi bi



Negative. §



az nabiii bum, az nabi bim I had not been, etc.



tu nabui bûî, tu nabi bi



thou hast been



aw^ bûi bû, aw bi bi



aw nabOi bu, aw nabi bi



he had been



am bûi bun, am bi bin



am nabûî biii bun, am nabi bin



we had been etc.



The Past Subjunctive. ||



etc.



Negative.lf



az bûi bama, az bi bama



az nabui bama, az nabi bama



tu biii baia, tu bi baia



tu nabui baia, tu nabi baya



aw bûî baya, aw bi baya



aw nabui baya, aw nabi baya



am bûi bana, am bi bana



am nabui bana am nabi bana



etc.



etc.



' Often pronounced bima, bia, bia, blna, etc., .-ind fnabima, nabw



^^ '^i Often pronounced bî bim, bi bî. bî bî,. etc., and



§ nam bin



' "* II Often pronounced bibama, bibaia, etc., and t nabibama, nabibaîa, etc.



22



KURMANJI GRAMMAR.



The Past Subjunctive (Short Formi



az bam



Negative.



,



az nabam



tu bai



''



tu nabai



aw ba



aw ban



am ban



am ban



etc.



etc.



Meaning : I might have had, been etc.



(25) CONJUGATION OF



THE REGULAR VERB IN



KURMANJI.



From



a



study



of



the



Conjugation given



above,



the



following principles may be observed.



(a) Personal endings. In the Present Tenses the personal endings are always : Singular.



Plural.



1.



-m



-in



2.



-i



-in



3.



-t



-in



Noie. 2nd Person Singular is sometimes e and the 3rd



Person



Singular is sometimes-e-and-tin.



In the Past Tenses the personal endings are always : Singular.



1.



-m



2.



-i



Plural.



-in or -n



-in or -n



3.



-in or -n



(b) The future is denoted by the prefix de or' da.



(c) The prefix de (often pronounced 't or it) is used with



the present and imperfect tenses and expresses imper-



fectness or continuity.



id) The prefix bi (often pronounced 'b or ib or the



sign



of



the



Subjunctive.



The



Imperative



pi)



is



usually



resembles the 2nd and 3rd persons of the Present Subjunctive except that the personal ending 2nd person is short in the Imperative,



varying



Singular of the



Hetween i., e. & a.



(c) The negative of the Future and Subjunctive is na, of the other tenses na.



if) The Nominative Pronouns are rarely omitted and the verb must agree with them in number and person.



THE REGULAR VERB



23



THE VERB STEMS. General Notes on their



The



Kurmanji



verb



can



Formation.



be conjugated



according to



regular rules when certain parts of the verb are known. These essential parts are : The Infinitive



The Present Stem The Past Stem



The infinitive ends in -n preceded by a short vowel or a long vowel. The



Past



Stem.



The Past Stem is formed by cutting off the final n of the Infinitive together with any short vowel that precedes it. The Infinitive may also be divided into Root + Ending



In Kurmanji -the following endings are met with : -tin



-din



-stin



-shtin



-an



-in



The Present Stem.* The Present Stem is found generally speaking bv cutting off the "Ending".



This broad rule is modified however by certain vari.ations which occur with the several types of Infinitives. * See note below.



The Types of Infinitives and their Present Stems.



Below' is given as complete as possible a note



various types of the Infinitives with



of



the



the principles for the



formation of the Present Stems. Infinitives ending in -tin. Past Stem



girtin



sieze



bhistin An



s



or



sh



hear preceding



Present Stem



girt



gu"



bhist the



bins ending



tin



is



sometimes



changed to a (z or zh) respectively in the Present Stem :



.



khwastin



seek



khwast



khwaz



kûshtin



to kill



kûsht



kCizh



24



KURMANJI GRAMMAR. An f preceding the ending tin is changed to v in the



Present Stem :



akheftin keftin



speak fall



akheft keft



akhev kev



vangaftin



plough



vangaft



vangfu-



Ar preceding the ending tin is changed to er in the Present Stem :



henartin hizhmartin



send count



henart hizhmart



henêr hizhmêr



vashartin



hide



va shart



va sher



If the ending -tin is preceded by a long vowel, that is, Root ends in a long vowel then the letters sh or zh are added to the root to form the Present Stem, as avê-tin



throw



rivet



avêzh



firo-tin



sell



firöt



firösh



sotin



burn



sot



sözh



Infinitives ending in -din



An preceding the ending -din is changed to in or en in the Present Stem.



(This is the " Causative Verb) ".



shkandin



break



shkand



shkên



standin



take



stand



stên



iVofe. Sometimes the din is omitted and (he verb then appears likeIhe verbs endmg in -an but the Present Stem remains unaltered, as



revan(din)



abduct



revên



reva(nd)



Infinitives ending in -stin and -shtin. shûstin



wash



shûst



shu



gheshtin



arrive



ghêsht



ghe



rû nishtin



sit down



rû nisht



ru ni



These verbs must be distinguished from those ending in -tin of which the last consonant of the root is s or sh as. bhistin, kûshtin above. Infinitives ending in -an



kutan



beat



kuta



gerian



seek



geria



ger



the



contracted form of the



Not to be confused verbs in -andin above.



with



"



kiit



.



THE REGULAR VERB



25



Infinitives ending in -in (one of the commonest types of verbs in Kurmanji.)



kirrin



buy



kirrt



^'l



birrin



cut



birn



bin



hassuin



sharpen on a hone



hassm



*REMARK :-Philo-logically,



the forms



Stems " are in reality the original



, .f p,,,^,,.



shown above as



Pre. en:



roots of the Verb.



(26) THE TENSES OF THE REGULAR VERB. Tenses formed from



the Present Stem.



These tenses are the : Gnomic Present.



Present Indicative. Future.



Present Subjunctive. Imperative.



(( The Gnomic Present is formed by joining the personal endings of the Present (see (25) above) to the Present Stem, khwastin



to seek



Present Stem



khwaz



azkhwazim



seek



am khwazin



we seek



tukhwazi



thouseekest



hun khwazin



you seelc



awkhwazit



he seeks



wan khwazm



they seek



Use :To express customary action in indefinite time or



with compound verbs {see para. (39) below). Examples.



duwar et bash aliq et kho bkhozedaken



ga u hasp sherr ken gûlk



ser pê kevit



the good animals increase themselves their fodder.



the ox and the horse hght, the



calf gets



amongst



their



eet



{i.e.; the innocent get involved



with the guilty )



jan a miröv der kevit nav a miröv der nakevit



a man's life may fall out (of sight) but not a man's name.



(») The Present Indicative is formed by prefixing the continuative particle to the Gnomic Present.



az dekhwazim



I am seeking



am dekhwazin



we are seeking



tu dekhwazi



thou art seeking



hun dekhwazin



you are seeking



aw dekhwazit wan dekhwazin



he is seeking they are seeking



Use : As the present Indicative in Englisjn.



26



KURMANJI GRAMMAR. Examples.



waku



hirch



Sk



pir



^^



debitin



(debitin) ,



, . ^



,



when the bear becomes old the



dekenin



cubs laugh at him (common variation of the 3rd



.



Sing. Pres. Indie.)*



tu chi dechini aw dehelini



what you sow you reap



(de hel ini)



The Negative of both Indicative and Gnomic is : az nakhwazim tu nakhwazi aw nakhwazit am nakhwazin



I do not seek thou dost not seek he does not seek we do not seek, etc.



I am not seeking art not seeking is not seeking are not seeking



verbfhusT-^^"^''""''"^ ""^ ^^ '^™^'"' ^^' ^^^ "^«»"^e and the sa ye ma '1 ber dar e ma natrawit 1 dar e khalqi derawit



our dog does not bark at our door, but barks at (other's) people's doors. (Kurdish saying) natrSwit for na de rawit



Examples.



mal e kulus nachit a gori .,,,..



the wealth of the miser does hot «0 to the grave (with him)



suwarek btim toze nakat



a single horseman raises no dust



sorgul be istn nabit



no rose without thorn



{Hi) The Future is formed bv prefixing de da to the 'Gnomic.



az dakhwazhn I will seek am dakhwazin tu dakhwazi thou wilt seek hun dakhwazin dakhwazit he will seek wan dakhwazin



we shall seek you will seek they will seek



Negative Future:



az nakhwazim I wilt not seek am nakhwazin. we will not seek tu



nakhwazi



thou wilt not seek



nakhwazit



he will not seek



etc.



etc



USE :To express the future as in English, and very frequently also to render the English future Perfect and ^conditional.



I^reslntltfm^ is'^ol'„"\r„ÎSenI5^ti!L'.^^^- ^^"^" °^ '^"^^^ ^^^^ '-^



THE REGULAR VERB



27



Examples :



Dahêm or dehem.



I will come.



Haka hun zQ nachin aw derevit.



If you do not go quickly



he will have fled.



Haka hun zu nahati ban aw derevit.



If you had not come



quickly he would have fled.



.



Chi tken a kwari aw debet a khwari.



What you put in the



corn-bin will come out at the bottom.



Ye zhmishka bibet de hinbana koshit.



He who takes from



the mouse will (have to) gnaw at the bag.



{iv) The Present Subjunctive is formed by prefixing bi to the Gnomic Present.



az bikhwazim I" may seek



am bikhwazin



we may seek



tu bikhwazi



thou niyst seek



hun bikhwazin



you may seek



aw bikhwazit



he may seek



wan bikhwazin they may seek



The



Negative Subjunctive is



the



same



as the



Future



Negative.



Use - uses of this tense are to denote actions whose execution



is doubtful and after such verbs



as



dare,



'can,' ' wish,' ' fear to,' ' must,' etc. Examples :



Az nawêrim bichim.



I dare not go.



Tu nazani



You do not know how to talk.



bakhevi.



Nashia bichit.



He could not go.



Hun daven hichin



you wish to go



_



Haka 'zhta bet fursat khûrta naka Izabûni.



If you may



get a chance do not oppress the weak.



Zhin bini 'blawini da kurr 'btira bigahên.



Marry young



that you may have children.



The



Imperative is here treated with the Present Sub¬



junctive as except for the 2nd Sing.



It exactly resembles it_



bikhwazi, bikhw^aze, bikhwaza seek.* bikhwazit let him seek,



bikhwazin Jet them seek or seek you. Negative.



nakhwazi, nakhwazit, etc.



The Negative Imperative follows the same rules as the Negative Subjunctive.



* Sound varying between short a and short e.



^



28



KURMANJI GRAMMAR. Examples of the use of the Imperative and Subjunctive :



nuha bida dêha bistêne, give nine and receive ten. miröv khûndar bit qarrdar nabit,



let



a



man



be



a murderer,.



let him not be a debtor,



miröv dik e rözheki bit bela mirishke saleki nabit, let a man be cock for one day,



and he needn't be a hen for a year,



kem bikhwa her gav bikhwa,



'Izhina nagerra



eat little but often.



'ikhizma bigerra, don't look



for a woman,



look for relations,



bikhwa gösht suvvar ba gösht u " le da gösht "



eat flesh,



ride



flesh and sleep with flesh,



khizmet bika piran waki pir dabe khizmet bibine, look after the old; when you are old you may see yourself looked after.



(27) THE SUBJECT AND OBJECT OF THE PRESENT TENSES.



The and



Subject



Intransitive



in the verbs



Present Tenses is



in the



of



both



Nominative



Transitive



Case and the



verb agrees with it in number and person.



In the case of Transitive Verbs the Direct Object may be indicated by the Oblique Case. (If the Direct Object is a pronoun



this is always put in the Oblique Case in the Present



Tenses.)



Examples :



khoyani



mirov



bikûzhit



hasti



va



dasherit,



he



who



kills



a



relation buries his hones,



tu min nave u az ta navim,



you do not like me, and



I do not



like you.



ye dest e khwa va kat



jeh e khwa



ferha kat,



he



who



opens



his hand widens his position.



(2cS) TENSES FORMED FROM



THE PAST STEM.



The following tenses are formed from the Past Stem. (fl)



The Preterite.



{b) The Imperfect. Past Stem :



'



khwasf.



Preterite



.



az



khwastim



am



khwastin



tu



khwasti



hun



khwastin



aw khwast



"i



wan khwastin For



Imperfect



az



dekhwastim



am



dekhwastin



tu



dekhwasti



hun



dekhwastin



aw dekhwast



wan dekhwastin



meaning:



see below.



J



\otc. Personal Pronouns are seldom omitted in conversation.



THE



REGULAR



Meaning of the



The concord



VERB



Past Tenses.



of the Past Tenses is ruled according to a



peculiar and characteristic usage of this branch of Kurmanji. The



logical object of the past tense is denoted by the



Nominative Case and the verb agrees with it in number and person,



the logical



siibject



being



denoted by the Obhque



Case : the subject of Intransitive Verbs in the Past is denoted by the Nominative Case. Examples : thou soughtest me



ta az khwastim min tu khwasti



I sought thee



hov^'a aw khwast



you sought him



awi Imn khwastin



he sought you



ma tu khwasti



we sought thee



wan az khwastim



they sought me



ta am khwastin



thou soughtest us



awi am khwastin



he sought us mm



1



1



ta



You



awi



He



) sought something



)



tishtek khwast



ma



We You



hawa



They-)



wan



but mm



I You



ta



He



awi



) kiteba khwastin



) sought the books We



ma



You



hawa



They J



wan



J



tlote-the. Direct Object of the Past Tenses is put in the Nomi¬ native case and the verb agrees with it in number and person : if no direct object is expressed, the verb agrees with the object understood. Early comprehension of this peculiarity is



indispensable to a study



of Bahdinan Kurmanji. Philo-logically the construction may be compared to the Old Persian, where the agent of the act was put m the Oblique Case (originally the genitive) and the object of the action became the subject, in use with the Past Participle.



The Preterite signifies quite clearly a definite action completed ; the an acton in the process of completion or repetition, or



Imperfect



performed customarily.



SQ



KURMANJI



shöl kir



he worked



her rö shöl



dekir



GRAMMAR.



shiil dekir



Examples of the meaning of ta



az



naviam



he was working



every dav he used to work.



chaveki



min



tu



the Past Tenses .



naviai



disliked me one eye (somewhat)



her



du



chavan,



you



I' disliked you both eyes



(much more).



(29) TENSES



FORMED



WITH



THE



BY



PAST



(/) The



Past



AuXILIARY VERBS PARTICIPLE.



Participle.



This is formed by the addition Past Stem : Meaning :



khwast



of



Past



Grammatically



i to the Past Stem.



Participle :



the



Past



khwasti.



Participle



of



Transitive Verbs is always passive in meaning.



Use :



Its use



almost that of a



with the



predicate



Auxiliary Verb



adjective ;



and



' to be '



it may



brln



is



in fact be



used as an ordinary adjective.



Examples of the use of the Past Participle : dou



jarabandi cheter izhmasti najarabandi



:



tried buttermilk



is better than untried curds,



shûl kiri



mal e khwa



khosh



devia



khalqi



he who has done



his own work him the people loved, jiiwan e haspi



na a'lemti



nadan



dest



e



nazani



do



not



give



the untrained colt into the hand of the ignorant, aql e zhina Iköshe danai has been



placed



waki ra



in the



dbit blav dbit,



laps



of woman



good sense



and when they



get up it is scattered.



{ii) The Is



formed



by



Perfect Tense.



adding



the



enclitic



copula



used



after



vowels to the Perfect Participle. Past Participle :



khwasti



az



khwastima



am



khwastina



tu



khwasti



or khwastia



hun



khwastina



aw khwasti



or khwastia



wan khwastina



Meaning:



I



am



sought,



I



have



been



sought,



have



sought me. * Though



not



logically.



Sec



.second example above.



Literally, the



Kuvf'.ish means : (He by whom) work lias heen done in his own house, is loved by the people.



THE



REGULAR



(«j) The Is



formed



by



VERB.



31



Pluperfect Tense.



adding the Preterite



of



bun



to



the. Past



Participle.



az



khwasti bum



am



khwasti



tu



khwasti bi



hun



khwasti



bun



aw



khwasti



wan



khwasti



bun



bui



Meaning:



{iv)



(or bim, etc.)



bun



Had sought me, I was sought, had been sought.



The Perfect Subjunctive is formed by adding



the Past Subjunctive of the Aiixiliary to the Past Participle az



khwasti



bama,



bam



am



khwasti



bana,



ban



tu



khwasti



baia,



bai



hun



khwasti



bana,



ban



baya,



ba



wan



khvvastu bana,



ban



aw khwasti Meaning : Note.



Might have sought me, I might be sought.



The Pluperfect and Perfect



are rarely used



unless



a



subject



Subjunctive



of



Tr.insitive



in the Oblique Case is



either



Verbs



expressed



or understood.



Examples :



min darek dai



nav cherkh



a



I



have put



wi



a



spoke



in



his



wheel,



haka pashimana shakh le hati



if a repentant man had horns



bana dachin a asmana



thej'



would



reach



to



heaven,



hachu ta zhmin khwasti baya



whatever you had asked me



min daba ta waki



am



I would have given you.



hatin



aw



hesh



when we



nehati bi



iv)



came he had



not



yet come.



A Conditional Perfect



(only used in Apodosis)



is formed by prefixing da to the Perfect Subjunctive, as : haka az



narevi bama



awan



if I had not



az da kushti bama haka



dabanja



habaya



bdest



min



aw



e



min



had



dakushti



(30)



CONJUGATION



t" come.



away



they



been



hand



I



a



pistol



would



in



have



killed him. OF THE



Past Stem :



Gnomic Present.



there



my



ba (or az wi dakQzhim)



hatin



run



would have killed me.



Pres. Indie.



hat.



VERB



Present



Future.



HATIN.



Stem :



(h)



Subjunctive.



hem



têm



dehem



bihem.



bêm



he



tê



dehe



bihe.



be



het



tet



deliêt



bihêt.



bet



hen



ten



bihên.



ben



etc.



etc.



dêhên etc.



etc,



e.



KURMANJI



32



GRAMMAR.



Imperative.



Plural.



Singular. 2nd



Pers.



warra



warrin



3rd



Pers.



bihêt, bet



bihen, ben



The * Negative of the Present is nahêm and that of the



Future and Subjunctive nahêm (or na-êm). preterite. Imperfect.



Perf. '



Pluperfect,



hati bum, bim



dehati



hati



h'ati bui, bi



hati baia, bai



dehat



hati



hayi bii bi



hati baya, ba



dehatin



hatin



hati bun bin



hati bana, ban



dehatim



hati hat



hatin



(31)



HATIN



USED TO



hati bama, bam



FORM A PASSIVE.



When the agent of a verb



is



not expressed and cannot



be understood grammatically, then the by a circumlocution of hatin and the as



.



Perfect.



hatima



hatim



Passive is expressed



Infinitive of the



verb



;



az hatim a girtin



I was captured.



az dahati bama girtin



I would have been captured.



az dehem a girtin



I shall be captured.



Examples :



ser ye hati a birrini nahêt



(32)



A head cut off



cannot



be



ransomed.



a kirrini



PRINCIPAL PARTS OF SOME SEMIIRREGULAR VERBS. Infinitive.



Meaning.



-see, find say



,



Past



Stem.



Present Stem.



Imperative.



dit



bin



bibine



gûtin



gut



bêzh, be



bêzhe, bêa



khvi'arin



khwar



khwa



bikhwa



k



bike



ditin



do



kirin



kir



Temain



man (din)



ma



men



bimêne



throw off



ekhestin



ekhest



ekhe



-êkhe



give



dan



da



de



bide



allow



hishtin



hisht



hel



bihela



heian



hel a



chûn



chu



clii



harra



chön



cho



zan



za



zê



bizê



go



give birth



* For the Negative prefix na ; in the i mperfect nadhatim and nahalim .are both used.



THE



-sta



-ste



-ste



birin



bir



be



bibe



ênan



ena



en, in



bine



stan



take away bring put



(33)



33



CAUSATIVE AND OTHER VERBS.



f da-nian



-nia



-ne



-ne



Idê-nandin



-nand'



-ne



-ne'



COMPARATIVE TABLE STEM



OF



PRESENT



TENSES.



Gnomic ênan



da-nian



dan



birin



götin



inim



danem



dem



bem



bê-im



ini



dane



de



be



bê-i



init



danet



det .



bet



bê-it



inim



danen



den



ben



bê-in



-stan



kirin



ekhestin



binim



-stem



kem



ekhem



bini



-ste



ke



ekhe



binit



-stet



ket



ekhet



bin in



-sten



ken



ekhen



"ditin



Pres. Indie.



*dedanem



tinim



-stem



.



debêii



dedem



debem



dekem



dekhem



Futuii-e



debei



dedem



debem



-stem



dekem



dê-ekhem



bine



dane



bide



bibe



bibine



-ste



*dedanem



dainim



Imperat.



(34)



The



verbs



THE



because



they



Intransitive



CAUSATIVE VERB.



whose



form



of



are



infinitives



this



ending,



usually



Verbs.



bibê