Bharatiya Samskarathinte Adiyozhukkukal (Undercurrents of the Indian Civilization) [1] [PDF]

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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Sn.apl-ΩZv



Ckvem-anIv ]ªn-jnwKv lukv tImgn-t°mSv, Xncp-h\- ¥ - ]- p-cw, Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Xriq¿, IÆq¿



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Sn. apl-ΩZv P\\w : ae-∏pdw Pn√-bnse sImSn-™n, 1917-˛¬. ]nXmhv : X´-cm-´n¬ AlvaZv Ip´n amXmhv : Imcm-S≥ ]mØp Bdp hb- p-≈-t∏mƒ ]nXmhv ac-W-s∏-´p. AtXmsS kvIqƒ hnZym- ` ymkw c≠mw- X - c - Ø n¬ sh®v Ah- k m- \ n- ∏ n- t °- ≠ n- h - ∂ p. ]n∂oSv hnZym-`ymkw ]≈n-Z¿kp-I-fn-te°v amdn. ^tdm-°nse duZØp¬ Deqw Ad-_nIv tImtf-Pn¬\n∂v Ad_n˛C-kvem-anI ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. ]n∂oSv Imk¿-t°ms´ Benbm Ad-_nIv tImtf-Ppambn _‘-s∏-´p. AhnsS A[ym-]-I-\m-bn. CS-°m-eØv apkvenw eoKp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw hn`P-\m-\-¥cw Pam-AsØ Ckvem-an-bn¬ BIr-jvS-\m-bn. AXn¬ AwKXzw t\Sn. 1950-˛¬ sIm®n-bn¬ Pam-AØv {]h¿Ø-I-\mbn \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p. XpS¿∂v Pam-AsØ Ckveman tIcf imJ-bpsS Jønw (sk-{I-´-dn), BIvSnwKv Aao¿, IqSn-bm-tem-N-\m-k-an-Xn-bw-Kw, tI{µ {]Xn-\n[n k`mwKw F∂o ÿm\-߃ hln-®p. 1959 apX¬ 1970 hsc Pam-AsØ Ckvem-an-bpsS apJ-]-{X-amb {]t_m-[-\Øns‚ apJy ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ckvem-anIv ]ªn-jnwKv lukns‚ A[y-£-\mbpw tkh-\-a-\pjvTn-®n-´p-≠v. sF.-]n.-F-®ns‚ hf¿®-bn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ]¶v hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. 1988 Pqsse 10-˛\v \ncym-X-\m-bn. IrXn- I ƒ: `mc- X ob kwkv I m- c - Ø ns‚ ASn- s bm- g p- ° p- I ƒ Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw Ckv e m- a nse \thm- ∞ m\ {]ÿm- \ - ß ƒ A_p¬ AAv e m bphm- ° ƒ bpK- i n¬]n- I ƒ Ckv e m- a nse C_m- Z Øv B[p\nI Nn¥- I ƒ X¿_n-bØv : F¥v, F¥n-\v, Fßs\? kv{Xo Ckvem-anepw CXc kwkvIm-c-ß-fnepw [¿a- k - a cw knlv ¿ cq]hpw bmYm¿Yyhpw (hn- h ¿Ø- \ w) \n¿am- W hpw kwlm- c hpw (hn- h ¿Ø- \ w) JXv a p- ∂ p- _ p- ∆ Øv (hn- h ¿Ø- \ w) ssZh- k - ¶ ¬]w Ime- L - ´ - ß - f n- e qsS (hn- h ¿Ø- \ w)



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



D≈-S°w BapJw `mKw 1 1. [¿a-kw-ÿm-]-I¿ Irjv W s‚ IY Ipcp- t £- { X- b p≤w {]hm- N - I - X zhpw Ah- X m- c hpw Ah- X m- c - ß ƒ `mc- X ob {]hm- N - I cpw apkv e nw- I fpw 2. am\-ZWvUw AZr- i y- b m- Y m¿Yy- ß - f n- e p≈ hnizmkw GI- s sZ- h Xz hn`m- h \w ]c- t emI hnizmkw ]mc- e u- I nI [m¿anI ho£Ww aX- ÿ m- ] - I s‚ hnizm- k yX {]hm- N - I s\ AwKo- I - c n- ° ¬ 3. a\p-tjym¬∏-Øn-bpsS IY Um¿hn- \ nkw \c- h w- i - N - c n{Xw \nbm- ≠ ¿Xmƒ a\p- j y≥ {]mIrX aX- t _m[w a\p- j y- N - c n- { Xhpw `mc- X hpw 4. ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jWw ]pcm- X - X z- \ n- c o- £ - W - Ø ns‚ {]m[m\yw DXv J - \ - \ hpw Kth- j - W hpw Ime- \ n¿Wbw AWp- i m- k v { X- Ø ns‚ klmbw kXym- t \z- j W hnIm- c - Ø ns‚ A\n- h m- c yX 5. `mc-X-∏-ga a\p- j y- N - c n- { X- Ø ns‚ Bcw`w `mc- X - Ø ntem? "C¥y' F∂ \ma- t [bw C¥ymNcn- { X- Ø nse hnhn[ L´- ß ƒ 6. `mc-Xob aX-km-ln-Xy-߃ thZ- k w- l n- X - I ƒ {_m“- W - ß ƒ Bc- W y- I - ß ƒ AYhm h\y- I r- X n- I ƒ D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I ƒ sshZnI kmlnXyw F∂m¬



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{][m\ D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I ƒ sshZnI kmlnXy ]´nI kv a rXn- I ƒ CXn- l m- k - ß ƒ ]pcm- W - ß ƒ thZmw- K - ß ƒ jUv Z ¿i- \ - ß ƒ 7. h¿K hn`-P\w h¿K- k n- ≤ m¥w h¿W- t a- [ m- h nXzw C¥y- b n¬ h¿K-ta-[m-hnXzw Ckvem-anI ZrjvSym hwi- ] m- c - º cyw Pe- { ]- f - b - I Y Ncn- { X- ] - c X Xmh- g n- I ƒ bms^- Ø ns‚ hwi- ] - c - º c lmans‚ hwi- ] - c - º c tians‚ hwi- ] - c - º c \ncq- ] Ww `mjm- h ¿K- ß ƒ ico- c m- I rXn aX- h ¿K- ß ƒ 8. kn‘p-XS kwkvImcw taml≥P- Z m- t dmbpw lc- ∏ bpw \K- c - k w- h n- [ m\w Ir{Xn- a - I p- f hpw Ipfn- a p- d n- I fpw hoSp-Iƒ 95 tZl- { ]- I r- X nbpw thj- ` q- j m- Z n- I fpw Ifn- t °m- ∏ p- I ƒ t£{Xhpw tZhm- e - b hpw ap{Z- I ƒ Krtlm- ] - I - c - W - ß ƒ hntZ- i - _ ‘w iv a im- \ - ß ƒ Ime- \ n¿Wbw 9. Bcy-˛Z-kyp-{]iv\w kwL¿j- Ø ns‚ cq£X Akpc t\Xm- ° ≥am- c psS hn\miw kwL¿j ImcWw imco- c nI e£Ww ]Wv U n- X ≥am- c psS A`n- { ]mbw Zkyp-°ƒ {Zmhn-U-cm-bn-cp∂p Xncp-bm-^nYpw {ZmhnUpw 10. kn‘p-X-Shpw saskm-s∏m-t´-an-bbpw



saskm- s ∏m- t ´- a nb kpta- c n- b ≥ kwkv I mcw saskm- s ∏m- t ´- a n- b ≥ Ncn- { X- Ø n- ∂ m- [ mcw aX- h n- i zmkw aXhpw kmaq- l nI \oXnbpw lΩp- d m- _ nbpw A{am- s ^epw 11. aX-]-c-amb ASp∏w ssk‘h kwkv I m- c - Ø nse aXw tZh- ] qP 12. kmwkvIm-cn--ssIIyw ih- k w- k v I mc{Iaw B`- c W \n¿amW coXn hkv { Xm- e - ¶ mc coXn {]fb IY-bpsS hym]vXn Nn{X- Ø ns‚ adp- h iw t\ml {]Ya ZqX≥ GIXz Z¿i\w t\ml- b psS A\p- b m- b n- I ƒ km_n aX- Ø ns‚ ]ucm- W n- I X 13. Zkyp Z¿i\w thZw F∂m¬ thZ-Ønse apJy {]Xn-]mZyw EtKzZw \¬Ip∂ kqN-\-Iƒ Zmi- c m- ⁄ - b p≤w `n∂-hn-cp-≤-amb c≠v Nn¥m am¿K-߃ Kth- j - I ≥am- c psS \nK- a - \ - ß ƒ D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I - f nse Z¿i\w c≠p- X cw hnZym- i m- e - I ƒ ]p\¿P≥a- h mZw D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I ƒ sshZnI aXsØ hna¿in- ° p∂p {_m“- W ≥am- c psS Kpcp- ° ≥am¿ A{_m- “ - W ¿ Zkyp- Z ¿i- \ - Ø n¬\n- ∂ p- b n¿s°m≠ aX- ß ƒ



`mKw 2 14. Bcy≥am¿ aqe IpSpw_w "{]Xv \ Hm°kv ' "\c- k nwlw' "t_mLm- k v t Imbv ' tZh- ∑ m¿ an´m\n h¿Kw lnss‰‰p hwiw Acmapw Bcy\pw Acmapw Jp¿- B \pw C{µ≥ sIm≠p- h ∂ "bZp- ° ƒ'



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ `mjm sshPmXyw Ncn- { X- ] - c X skan-‰nIv h¿Kw tiay-h¿K-°m-cpsS BZy Xd-hmSv B[p-\nI ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS \nK-a-\-߃ skan- ‰ n- ° p- I m- c psS ]em- b \w Ad- _ n- I ƒ saskm- s ]m- t ´- a n- b - b n¬ B[p- \ nI Kth- j Ww Ftd°v km{amPyw A°mUv km{amPyw laq- d m_n CS- b Xzw skan- ‰ n- ° p- I m- c psS Ipe- s Øm- g n¬ skan‰n-°p-Im¿ CuPn-]vXn¬ am\o- t Øms‚ km£yw ss__n- f ns‚ {]kv X m- h \ tbmtk- ^ ns‚ Ncn{Xw tbmtk- ^ ns‚ X{¥w tZiob hntcm[w slIv t kmkv `c- W - Ø ns‚ t\´- ß ƒ CS- b - c m- P m- ° - ∑ m- c psS tZio- b X aqkm- \ - _ n- b psS ImesØ ^n¿- H u≥ `c- W - Ø nse Nne h¿K- ß ƒ skan-‰nIv {]hm-l-Øns‚ hym]vXn ^n\ojy Im¿tØPv ^n\o- j ycpw ]Wn- I fpw {Io‰v ssat\mkpw "abo≥'Imcpw Cdm≥ sskdkv AYhm tImciv Zp¬J¿ss\≥ bmPq- P v - ˛ - a m- P qPv Zp¬J¿ss\≥ F∂ kw⁄°v \nZm\w sskd- k ns‚ hwiw BZphwihpw Bcy-h¿Khpw Jp¿- B \pw Ncn- { Xhpw BZp- h w- i - Ø ns‚ Bhm- k - t I{µw `c- W - h ¿Kw C¥y- b n¬ i‡nbpw {]`m- h hpw Al-¶m-chpw Zpc-`n-am-\hpw AXn- { I- a hpw {Iqc- X bpw hmkv X p- h nZy [\- i - ‡ nbpw P\- i - ‡ nbpw



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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_lp- s sZ- h - h mZw Cdapw Bcy\pw BZns‚ hn\miw lqZns‚ kap-Zmbw Hcp {]mNo\ tcJ-bpsS IY ba-\nse {]mNo\ cmjv{S-߃ an\m- b n- b ≥kns‚ Imew an\m- b n- b ≥ cmjv { S- Ø ns‚ tI{µw epJv a m≥ epJv a ms‚ kZp- ] - t Ziw t{ImUo- I rX XXz- ⁄ m\w kaqZv hwihpw Bcy≥amcpw kaq- Z ns‚ Bhm- k - t I{µw kaqZv hwi- Ø ns‚ khn- t i- j - X - I ƒ Ime- L ´w inev ] - I em sshZKv [ yw Im¿jnI P\X _lp- s sZ- h Xzw t_mLm- k v t Imbv J\\w lnss‰‰v k pw ss__nfpw sshZnI tZh-∑m¿ an´m- \ n- I ƒ kaqZpw anØ- ∂ nbpw ckm-h-l-amb Hcp IØv cXv\-®p-cp°w Bcy- h w- i - Ø ns‚ aqe- X - d - h mSv skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS hym]vXn skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS BZn tI{µw c≠m- a sØ BZv kaqZp hwiw Bcy kwkvImcw EtKzZ kwlnX EtKzZ Imew tZh- X - I ƒ Bcy- k - a p- Z m- b - Ø ns‚ Ncn{Xw IpSpw- _ - P o- h nXw EtKz- Z - Ø nse kmlnXyw Jp¿- B - t \mSp kmZriyw `mc-Xob XXz-Nn¥ XXz- N n- ¥ - I ≥am- c psS {]]©hymJym\w aX-ß-fpsS DZv`-hhpw hnIm-khpw thZ- Ø nse ssZh- k - ¶ ev ] w krjv S n k¶ev ] w krjv S n- { Iaw



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



24. aXhpw bp‡n Nn¥bpw a\x-imkv{X hnZ-Kv[≥am-cpsS \nK-a\w imkv { X- Ø ns‚ ]cn- a nXn d ¬ {]`p- h ns‚ Cuiz- c ≥ Jp¿- B s‚ ho£Ww ssZhn- I - \ n- b - a - h y- h - ÿ nXn c≠p- h n[w "A¬lJv ' thZ- Ø nse "EXw' GI- X zhpw \m\m- X zhpw b⁄w AYhm bmKw ssZh- a mWv F√m- ‰ n- s ‚bpw A[n- \ m- Y ≥ ssZhw kI- e - ⁄ ≥ 25. I¿a-Imfiw Aiz- t a[ bmKw Ncn- { X- ] - c X Igp- X - b mKw ku{Xm- a Wn bmKw kpc- ] m\w {_mlv a - W - ß ƒ H‰- t \m- ´ - Ø n¬ 26. D]-\n-j-±m¿i-\n-I≥am¿ {]hm- l W ssPhen D±m- e I BcpWn KuX- a ≥ bm⁄- h ¬Iy≥ kXy- I ma Pm_m- e ≥ kbp- K zm- s sc- I z≥ 27. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse GI-Xz-Z¿i\w thZhpw D]-\n-jØpw {_lv a hpw Bflmhpw {_lv a w AZzn- X obw {_lv a w krjv S n- I ¿Ømhv ssZzXhpw AssZz- X hpw {_lv a - Ø ns‚ KpW- \ m- a - ß ƒ 28. BXvamhv BXv a mhv `mc- X ob kmln- X y- ß - f n¬ £p{Zm- I miw a\ v kp]v X m- h ÿ Bflm- h ns‚ Ah- ÿ m- ¥ - c - ß ƒ Bflm- h ns‚ Ah- ÿ m- { Xbw Jp¿- B - \ n¬ Pohm-Xvamhpw ]c-am-Xvamhpw XΩn-ep≈ kam-Kaw A¥y- \ mƒ kq^n- I - f psS "^\m'bpw "_Jm'bpw ]Z- \ makqNn Ah- e w- _ - I r- X n- I ƒ



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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BapJw `mc-Xob aX-kw-kvIm-c-sØ-∏‰n Adn-bm-\p-≈ B{Klw a\- n¬ IS∂p-Iq-Sn-bn´v Imew C»n-bmbn. ]t£, Ign-hn-s‚bpw D]m-[n-I-fp-sSbpw ]cn-anXn {]kvXpX B{K-l-]q¿Øn°p apºn¬ hºn® hne-ßp-X-Snbmbn \n∂p. auem\m A_p¬Iemw Bkm-Zns‚ "X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥' hmbn-®-t∏mƒ Pn⁄mk Cc-´n®p. sslµh thZ-ß-fnepw D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnepw kvYew-]n-Sn® ssZh-k-¶¬]-߃ AXn¬ \njv]£-ambn \ncq-]n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. A]q¿W-Xbpw A]-cym-]vX-Xbpw Ds≠¶nepw {]kvXpX \ncq-]Ww Hcp Imcyw sXfn-bn®p: _lp-ssZ-hXz kn≤m¥w am{X-a√, GI-ssZh hnizm-khpw {]mNo-\-`m-c-Xob kmlnXy-߃ {]-N-cn-∏n-®n-cp∂p. Aßs\ `mc-Xo-b-tcbpw `mc-Xo-b-kw-kvIm-c-tØbpw ]‰n IqSp-X¬ ]Tn-°-W-sa-∂p-d-®p. XZzn-j-b-I-amb IrXnIƒ In´m-hp-t∂-S-tØmfw tiJ-cn®p. Ah-bp-ambn \nc-¥cw a√-Sn®p. Nnc-Ime kº¿°w tlXp-hmbn ]pXnb Nne \nK-a-\-߃ a\- n-epZn®p. Ah {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ tXm∂n. Aßs\ "{]t_m-[\w' amknI-bn¬ "`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ' F∂ io¿jI-Øn¬ Hcp teJ\ ]c-ºc Bcw-`n®p. AXp- hm-bn® {]i-kvXcmb Nne kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw Ncn-{Xmt-\z-j-I-∑mcpw teJ-\-߃°p {K\v Y - c q]w \¬Ip- h m≥ Bh- i y- s ∏´p. Aß- s \- b mWv "`mc- X ob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ' H∂mw `mKw ]pd-Øn-d-°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®Xv. C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS BK-a-\-Øn\p apºp-≈ `mc-Xob PohnX-Øns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-I-fmWv CXn¬ apJy-ambpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p≈Xv. B hnZqc ImeØv km_n-a-X-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p `mc-X-Øn¬ IqSpX¬ {]map-Jy-sa∂v ChnsS ka¿Yn-°p∂p. temI-Ønse G‰hpw {]mNo\ {]hm-N-I-aXw km_n-k-am-sW∂pw AXv alm-\mb t\mlbp-sSbpw ioYn-s‚bpw aX-am-sW-∂p-ap-≈ Nne apkvenw ]WvUn-X∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn\v Cu IrXn-bn¬ ap≥K-W\ I¬]n-®n-cn-°p∂p.



\qlpw C¥y≥ ]pcmW h¿Wn- X - \ mb a\phpw hmkv X - h - Ø n¬ HcmƒX-s∂-bm-hm-sa∂ Nne-cpsS A\p-am-\sØ ]n¥m-ßp-I-bmWv sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv. t\ml-bpsS ]n∑p-d-°m-cn¬ Hcp kwLw C¥y-bn¬ AYhm, kn\v[n¬h∂v A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n®p F∂ {In. 10˛mw iX-IØnse apkvenw Ncn{X ]WvUn-X-\mb A_p¬l-k≥ akq-Zn-bpsS A`n- { ]m- b - Ø n\v Dt]m- Z v _ - e - I - a mbn CX- c - k m- £ y- ß fpw CXn¬ FSpØpImWn- ® n- ´ p≠v . kn\v [ p- X m- g v - h - c - b n¬ Aøm- b ncw h¿j߃°p apºv \ne-\n-∂Xpw Cu \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]q¿hm¿[-Øn¬ J\\ Kth- j Ww hgn Is≠- Ø n- b - X p- a mb kwkv I m- c - Ø n\v ASn- Ø d ]mInb Ic- ß ƒ Ah- c p- t S- X m- b n- c n- ° m- s a∂v A\p- a m- \ n- ° p- I bpw Ah¿ {ZmhnU hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ `qK¿` imkv{X⁄- ∑ m- c psS A`n- { ]m- b - t ØmSv tbmPn- ° p- I bpw sNbv X n- ´ p≠v . Aßs\ t\ml-bpsS ]p{X-\mb bm^n-Yns‚ k¥m\ ]c-º-c-bn¬s]´-h-cmWv {Zmhn-U-∑m¿ F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ Hcp-hn[w FØn-t®¿∂ncn-°p∂p. Ncn-{X]chpw aX-]-chpw kwkvIm-c-]-c-hp-amb ]pXnb Nne \nKa-\-ß-fmWv Cu `mK-Ønse {][m\ D≈S-°-sa-¶nepw AtXm-sSm∏w Ncn{X \n¿amW cwKØv B[p-\nI imkv{Xob kn≤n-Iƒ ssIh-cpØn-Ø∂ D]m-[n-I-fn-te°pw am¿K-ß-fn-te°pw Ah D]-tbm-Kn®p Ncn{Xw \n¿an-°p-hm≥ klm-b-I-amb XØz-kn-≤m-¥-ß-fn-te°pw hnc¬ Nq≠n-b-Xmbn ImWmw. B ]cm-a¿i-߃ A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb hmb-\-°msc kw_-\v[n-®n-S-tØmfw A{]-k-‡-ambn tXm∂m-sa¶nepw `qcn-]£ kmam\y hmb-\-°msc kw_-\v[n-®n-S-tØmfw D]Im-c-{]-Z-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v tXm∂n. AXn-\m¬ Nne am\y-kp-lr-Øp°ƒ°v {]Xn-Iq-em-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw B hiw FSp-Øp-I-f™n-´n√. kl{km- _ v Z - ß ƒ°p apºv `mc- X - Ø n¬ \ne- h n- e n- c p∂ aXtØbpw kwkvIm-c-tØbpw ]‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ Hcp ]pkvXIw F√m hni-Zmw-i-ß-fn-te°pw shfn®w hoip-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°m-hX√. CXnse \nK-a-\-߃ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn \ne-\n∂p hcp∂ [mcW-Iƒ°pw sFXn-ly-߃°pw XnI®pw A\p-Kp-W-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂n√. F∂p sh®v B \nK-a-\-߃ Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-ambn Xnc-kvI-cn°p-∂Xv icn-bm-hn√. kn‘p Xmgvh-c-bnse J\-\-K-th-j-W-ß-fpsS ^ew ]pdØv hcpw-hsc Bcy-∑m-cmWv `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ BZna inev]n-Iƒ F∂m-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m s]mXp-[m-cW. F∂m¬ Cu \q‰m-≠ns‚ XrXob Zi-I-Øn¬ \S-Ø-s∏´ Kth-jWw hgn B [mcW sX‰m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v sXfn-bn-°-s∏´p. AXpt]mse C∂v \nehn-ep≈ ]e [mc-W-Ifpw Xncp-Ø-s∏-´pIq-sS-∂n√. D]- c yp‡ J\- \ - Ø n¬\n∂p]e- _ v - [ - a mb Ah- i n- j v S - ß - f mWv A°m-esØ `mc-X-sØ-∏-‰nbpw `mc-Xo-b-sc-∏-‰nbpw Nne hnh-c-߃



\ap°v \¬In- b Xv . AhnsS\n∂v In´nb Bbn- c - ° - W - ° n\v ap{ZIfnepw a‰pw ssk‘- h - ∑ m¿ D]- t bm- K n- ® n- c p∂ Nn{X en]n- b n¬ GXm\pw kwK- X n- I ƒ tcJ- s ∏´p InS- ° p- ∂ p≠v . F∂m¬ Ah icn°pw hmbn-°-s∏-´n-´n√. a‰v e£-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-I-∑m¿ a\- n-em-°n-sb-SpØ Nne Imcy-ß-fmWv temI-Øns‚ apºn-ep-≈Xv. Ah-bm-Is´, CXc hymJym-\-߃°v Akm-[y-amwhn[w JWvUn-X-ß-f-√-Xm\pw. F∂n-cp-∂mepw kml-NcysØfn-hpI-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ Ah AwKo-I-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. kml-N-cy-sØ-fn-hp-I-fpsS ]n≥_-e-ap≈ \nK-a-\-߃°v am{Xta Cu IrXn-bn¬ ÿew A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p≈q. B sXfn-hp-Iƒ Hmtcms∂-SpØv kz¥-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ {]Y-a-ZrjvS-Øn¬ Zp¿_ehpw _men-i-hp-sa∂v tXm∂n-tb°mw. ]t£, {Ia-{]-Imcw \nc-Ønsh®v ka-{K-ambn ho£n-°p-tºmƒ CuSp‰ Hcp irwJ-e-bpsS kaRvP-k-k-Ωn-fn-X-amb IÆn-I-fmbn A\p-`-hs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw. CXmWvXm\pw Kth-j-W-]-c-amb \nK-a-\-ß-fpsS kmam\y kz`mhw. Hcp DZm- l - c W- Ø n- e qsS C°mcyw hni- Z - a m°mw. ssk‘h kwkvImcw km_n-a-X-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v \mw A`n{]m- b - s ∏- S p∂p. J\- \ - Ø n¬ e_v [ - a mb Ah- i n- j v S - ß - f n¬ \n∂v sXfnbpw{]Imcw, B P\X Ipfn°pw Ipfn-ap-dnIƒ°pw \¬In-bncp∂ {]m[m-\y-am-Wv CXn-\m-kv]Zw. Hmtcm ho´n\pw InWdpw Ipfnap-dnbpw Ipfn-ap-dn-bn¬ \n∂v Aip-≤-Pew ]pd-tØ°v If-bm-\p≈ Im\-Ifpw Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. IqSmsX sI´n-∏-SpØ Ir{Xn-a-Ipf-ß-fp-tSbpw Ah°v Np‰pw ]WnX Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fp-tSbpw Ah-injvS-ßfpw Is≠Øn. CXn¬\n∂v Ah¿ Ipfn°pw tZl-ip-≤o-I-cW-Øn\pw I¬]n-®n-cp∂ {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-Ip∂p. km_n aX-Øn¬ Znt\\ aq∂v XhW {]m¿Yn-t°-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-psh∂pw Hmtcm {]m¿Y-\°pw Ipfn A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw D≈ kwKXn kn‘pX-S-hm-kn-Iƒ B aX-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-W-sa∂ \nK-a-\sØ ]n¥mßp∂p. km_n-I-fpsS Hcp ]pcm-X\ tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂p l¿dm≥ F∂v Ncn{Xw hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v. {In. 13˛-mw iX-I-Øn¬t]mepw Ah-cpsS ]pcm-X\ tZhm-e-b-߃ B {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ÿnXn sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xmbn apkvenw ]WvUn-X-∑m-cn¬ Nne¿ km£yw hln-°p∂p. l¿dm-t\m-SSpØ bas‚ Nne `mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂v kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-ß-fn¬ \ns∂-∂t]mse Ir{Xna Ipf-ß-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃ J\-\-Øn¬ Is≠Ønb-Xmbn ]pcm-hkvXp \nco-£-I¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. Cu hkvXpXI- f psS shfn- ® - Ø n¬ ssk‘- h - k w- k v I mc ku[w ]Sp- Ø pb¿Ønb Ic-߃ km_n-b-∑m-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Hcphn[w Xocpam-\n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. as‰mcp Imcyw IqSn CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ Nq≠n°mWn-°m-\p≠v.



14



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



C∂sØ Nne `mc-Xob kw⁄-Isf AXn{]mNo-\-amb CXc `mjmkw-⁄-I-fp-ambn kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°m-\p≈ {iaw Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \S-Øn-bn-´p≠v. {Zmhn-U-kw-⁄sb ""Xncp-bm-^nYp'' ambn kwtbmPn-∏n-®Xv Hcp DZm-l-cWw. Ncn{X Kth-jW cwKØv CØ-cw kwtbmP\ {]{In-b-Iƒ k¿h-km-[m-c-W-amWv. Htc \maw hnhn[ `mj-Ifn¬ hyXykvX cq]-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-I-sb-∂Xv ]pXp-a-bp≈ Hcp Imcy-a√. Ad-_n-I-fpsS "C_v-\p-_mP' ]m›m-Xy-`m-j-I-fn¬ Aven pace Bbpw "C_v-\p-ko\m' Avicenne Bbpw "C_v-\p-dpjvZv ' Averroes Bbpw cq]m- ¥ - c - s ∏- ´ Xv ChnsS {]tXyIw kv a ¿Ø- h y- a mWv . CXpt]mse `mc- X o- b - c psS thZhymk≥ Ad- _ n- k m- l n- X y- ß - f n¬ "_oZ_'bpw Bcy-`-S≥ "A¿P-_vldp' ambn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p∂p. BIbm¬ CXc kw⁄-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-tºmƒ Hmtcm `mjbpw X\Xmb cq]-ssi-en-Iƒs°m-∏n®v am‰w hcp-ØpI kzm`m-hnIw am{Xam-Ip∂p. Cu \ne°v D®m-cW kmayw t\m°n kw⁄m kwtbmP\w \S- Ø p- ∂ Xv s]mXp- h n¬ AwKo- I r- X - a mWv . F∂m¬ kmlNcysØfn-hp-I-fpsS ]n≥_-e-an-√msX, shdpw D®m-cW kmZriyw Bkv]-Z-am°n kw⁄m-kw-tbm-P\w sNøp-∂Xv ]e-t∏mgpw sX‰mbn-cn°pw. a‰v sXfn-hp-Iƒ A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn-°p∂ ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ kwtbm-P\w AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v bmsXmcp Xct°-Span-√-Xm\pw. hnhn[ aX-kw-kvIm-c-ß-tfmSv _‘-s∏´v Pohn-°p-∂-h-cmWv `mcXob P\X. At\I PmXn- I fpw D]- P m- X n- I fpw aX- h n- ` m- K - ß fpw Ahm-¥c hn`m-K-ß-fp-ap-≠o -\m-´n¬. ]t£, Ah¿ ]c-kv]cw a\ n-em-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂n√. sX‰mb [mc-W-Ifpw hntZz-j-I-ep-jn-Xamb hnIm-c-ßfpw Ah¿ At\ym\yw h®p ]pe¿Øp∂p. CXv \m´n\m-]-ØmWv. aX-ku-lm¿Zhpw kln-jvWp-X-bp-amWv Cu \m´ns\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw A\p-t]-£-Wobw. Jp¿-Bs‚ ho£-W-Øn¬ a\p-jy-k-ap-Zmbw Hc-—-\-Ω-am-cpsS k¥-Xn-Ifpw Aßs\ GtImZc ktlm-Z-c-ß-fp-at{X. ]t£, hnim-e-X-c-amb B kmtlm-Zcy t_m[w C∂v \mw Fhn-sSbpw ImWp-∂n√. ]c-kv]cw a\- n-em-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂-]£w ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw `mc-Xo-b¿°v ]c-kv]cw tbmPn°m≥ Ign-t™-°p-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°p∂p. a\p-jy≥ H∂m-hWw, \∂m-hWw˛ CXmWv aX-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw Znhy ktµiw. sslµh aXhpw CXn-\-]-hm-Z-a√. EtKz-Z-Ønse Ahkm-\sØ a{¥w Cßs\ hmbn°w: ""bma-\kvXp thm at\m bYm h p klmkXn.'' "H∂mbv hct´ k¶¬]w \n߃˛ s°m∂mbv hct´ am\kw;



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



`mKw H∂v



15



16



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



17



H∂mbv hct´ \n߃°pƒ°mºpw \∂m-bv_v`-hm-∑m¿ tbmPn-∏n≥!' tacn-°p∂v ΩZv- - 10˛-7˛-1974



Sn. apl-



A[ymbw H∂v



[¿a kwÿm-]-I≥ ""bZm bZm ln [¿Ωky •m\n¿`-hXn `mcX A`yp-∞m-\-a-[¿Ωky XZm-flm\w krPm-aylw. ]cn-{Xm-Wmb km[q\mw hn\m-imb N ZpjvIrXmw [¿Ω-kw-ÿm-]-\m¿∞mb kw`-hman bptK bptK.''1 (tl `c- X - h w- i - P - \ mb A¿Pp\m, Ft∏m- s g- t ∏mƒ [¿a- Ø n\v £Xhpw A[¿a-Øn\v A`yp-∂-Xnbpw `hn-°p-∂pthm, At∏m-sgms° Rm≥ Bhn¿`q-X-\m-Ip∂p. injvS P\-ßsf c£n-∏m\pw ZpjvS P\ßsf in£n- ∏ m\pw, A- ß s\ [¿aw kwÿm]n- ∏ m- \ p- a mbn bpKwtXmdpw Rm≥ Bhn¿`-hn°p∂p.) {ioIr-jvW≥ A¿Pp-\-t\m-Sp-]-tZ-in-®-Xm-WnXv. KoX-bpsS Imew sXms´-¶nepw [¿a-ÿm-]-I∑m-cn-ep≈ hnizmkw `mc-Xo-b-cn¬ \ne\n¬°p-∂p-sh∂v CXn¬ \n∂p a\- n-em°mw. [¿a kwÿm-]-\-Øns‚ bmYm¿Yy-sØ-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\v



18



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



apºv KoX D]-tZ-in® {io IrjvWs\ Npcp-°-Øn-sem∂v ]cn-N-bs∏SpØmw.



IrjvWs‚ IY sslµh hnizm-k-a-\p-k-cn®v, hnjvWp-hns‚ Hº-Xm-asØ As√¶n¬ F´m-asØ Ah-Xm-c-amWv {ioIr-jvW≥. At±-l-Øn\v hmkptZ-h≥ (hkp-tZ-hs‚ ]p{X≥) F∂ t]cp≠v. temI-Øns‚ ]m]ßsf X∂n-te-°v- I¿jWw sNbvXv (hen-s®-SpØv) C√mbva sNøp∂-h≥ F∂mWv IrjvW-i-_vZ-Øns‚ A¿Yw. kz¥w AΩm-a\pw ZpjvS-\p-amb Iwks\ \n{K-ln-°p-hm≥ th≠n-bmWv {ioIr-jvW≥ Ah-X-cn-®Xv. t`mP-hw-i-P-\mb Iwks‚ ktlm-Z-cn-bmb tZh-Inbpw bZp-hwi-P-\mb hkp-tZ-h\pw XΩn¬ hnhmlw \S∂p. `¿XrKr-l-Øn-te°v t]mIp-tºmƒ tZh-In-sbm-∂n®p Iwk\pw t]mbn. hgnat[y Hc-icocn tI´p, tZh-In-bpsS F´m-asØ aI≥ Iwks\ h[n-°p-sa∂v. Abmƒ {Ip≤-\mbn ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS t\sc hmfq-cn-sb-¶nepw hkptZ-hs‚ A`-bm¿Y\ kzoI-cn®p tZh-Insb sIm∂n√. Abmƒ B \h-Z-º-Xn-amsc ImcmKr-l-Øn¬ sh°p-Ibpw tZhIn {]k-hn-°p∂ Hmtcm Ip™n-s\bpw Xs∂ G¬]n-°-W-sa∂v imkn-°p-I-bp-am-Wp≠m-bXv. Iwk≥ ]nXm-hmb D{K-tk-\s\ cmPm-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂v {`jvS-\m°n Imcm-Kr-l-Øn-en-Sp-Ibpw aYp-c-bn¬ cmPm-hmbn hmgpIbpw sNbvXp. tZh-In-bpsS F´m-asØ inip-hm-bn-cp∂p IrjvW≥. Nnß-am-kØn¬ Hc¿[-cm-{Xn-bmWv IrjvW≥ `qPm-X-\m-bXv. hkp-tZ-h≥ iniphns\ tKmIp-e-Øn¬, \µ-tKm-]s‚ ]Xv\n-bmb btim-Z-bpsS AcnIn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn InS-Øp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS s]¨ss]-X-ens\ sIm≠ph∂v tZh-In°v sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ IrjvW≥ Aºm-Sn-bn¬ hf¿∂p. tZh-In-bpsS F´m-asØ ]p{X-\mWv Irj-vW-s\-∂-dn-™-t∏mƒ At±-lsØ h[n-°m≥ Iwk≥ ]e AS-hp-I-fp-sa-SpØp. A°m-eØv Aºm-Sn-bn¬ P\n® inip°-sf-sbms° h[n-°p-hm≥ Iwk≥ DØc-hn´p. F¶n-epw IrjvW≥ ssZh-KXym h[-Øn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-SpI-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. Hcn- ° ¬ Irjv W s\ Iwk≥ Xe- ÿ m- \ - a mb aYp- c - b n- t e°v £Wn®p. B £Ww IrjvW≥ kzoI-cn®p. At±lw AhnsS sN∂v Iwks‚ bmK-im-e-bn¬ IS∂v, AXn¬ sh®ncp∂ henb hns√SpØv HSn®p. XpS¿∂v ]e kwL-´-\-ßfpw \S∂p. Ah-bn-se√mw IrjvW-\mWv hnP-bn-®Xv. Ah-km\w Iwks‚ h[hpw \S∂p. A\-¥cw IrjvW≥ Imcm-Kr-l-Øn¬ \n∂v kz¥w amXm-]n-Xm°-∑m-tcbpw Iwks‚ ]nXm-hmb D{K-tk-\-t\bpw hntam-Nn-∏n®p. D{K-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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tk-\s\ aYp-c-bn¬ cmPm-hmbn hmgn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hkp-tZ-h≥ ]p{Xs\ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v kµo-]-Xn-bpsS B{i-aØn-te-°-b®p. hnZym-`ymkw ]q¿Øo-I-cn®v IrjvW≥ Kpcp-Ipew hn´p. bmZ-h-hw-i-amWv A°m-eØv aYpc `cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Ah¿°v D{K\mb Hcp i{Xp-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂p˛ Pcm-k-‘≥. At±lw A\-h[n {]mhiyw aYp-c B{I-an®p. F¶nepw {ioIr-j-vWs‚ klm-b-tØmsS bmZ-h-hwiw Xs∂-bmWv bp≤-ß-fn¬ Pbw hcn-®Xv. Pcm-k-‘≥ Iwks‚ izip-c-\m-bn-cp∂p. Iwks‚ ]p{X-∑m¿°p th≠n-bmWv At±lw aYpc B{I-an-®n-cp-∂Xv. bmZ-h-hw-i-am-Is´, bp≤-Øn¬ hnPbn-®p-sh-¶nepw kmº-Øn-I-ambpw a‰pw XI¿∂p. BI-bm¬ {ioIrjv-W≥ aYpc Pcm-k-‘\v hn´p-sIm-SpØp Zzmc-I-bn-te°v amdn-Øma-kn®p. A\-¥cw {ioIr-jv-Ws‚ hnhmlw \S∂p. cp‹nWn, Pmw_-hXn, kXy- ` ma, an{X- h nµ, kXy, Imfnµn, e£v - a W, `{Z F∂o F´v kv { XoIsf At±lw thfnIgn®p. CXn\p ]pdta ]Xn- \ m- b ncw kv{XoIsf {ioIr-jvW≥ thfn Ign-®-Xmbn ImWm-sa-¶nepw AXv cq]-Im-Xn-i-tbm-‡n-]-c-amb B[ym-flnI h¿W-\-bm-bn-´mWv hymJym\n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈Xv. Zzmc-I-bn¬ At\Iw X¿°-߃ am[yÿw hgn {ioIr-jv-W≥ ]cn-l-cn®p. hfsc cmPm-°-∑msc {]Xn-jvTn-°p-Ibpw ÿm\-{`-jvScm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F√mw [¿a-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬. ]t£, At±lw cmP ]Zhn C—n-®n√. cmPm-°-∑m¿ kXyhpw [¿ahpw ]men°-W-sat∂ At±-l-Øn-\p-t±-iy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. ]mWvUp-hns‚ k¥-Xn-I-fp-ambn {ioIr-jv-W\p khn-ti-j-amb _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ ]nXr-k-tlm-Zcn (AΩmhn)bmb Ip¥n-bmWv ]©-]m-WvU-h-cpsS amXmhv. [rX-cm-jv{S-cmWv A∂v cmPyw `cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Zptcym-[\\pw a‰pw ]mWvUp-]p-{X-∑msc hfsc t{Zmln-®n-cp∂p. Ahsc Ac-°n-√-Øn-en´v sIm√p-hm≥ t]mepw Zptcym[-\≥ {ian-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. AXn-\m¬ Ah¿ kztZiw shSn™v h\hmkw sNtø≠n h∂p. {ioIr- j v W ≥ [rX- c m- j v { S- h w- i - t Øbpw ]mWvU-h-∑m-tcbpw k‘n-bm-°p-hm≥ hfsc ]mSp-s]s-´-¶nepw Zptcym[-\m-Zn-Iƒ hg-ßn-bn√. ]©-]m-WvU-h-∑m-cn¬ a[y-a-\m-bn-cp∂p A¿Pp-\≥. Ct±lw BZnbn¬ ]m©men F∂ kv{Xotbbpw ]n∂oSv {ioIr-jv-Ws‚ ktlm-Zcn-bmb kp`-{Z-tbbpw IeymWw Ign®p. CtXmsS {ioIr-jv-W\pw A¿Pp-\\pw XΩn-ep≈ aaX ZrV-X-c-ambn. Aß-s\-bn-cns° Ipcpt£{X bp≤w s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏´p. C∂sØ U¬ln-tbm-S-SpØp InS°p∂ Hcp ÿe-am-bn-cp∂p Ipcp-t£{Xw.



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Ipcp-t£{X bp≤w ]mWvUp-hn-s‚bpw Ipcp-hn-s‚bpw k¥-Xn-Iƒ XΩn¬ FXn¿]£-ß-fmbn \n∂v s]mcp-Xnb {]kvXpX bp≤-Øn¬ {ioIr-jv-W≥ kzm`m- h n- I - a mbpw ]mWv U - h - ] - £ - Ø m- b n- c p∂p. F∂m¬ Xs‚ ssk\y-sØ-s°m≠v Iuc-h-∑m-scbpw {ioIr-jvW≥ klm-bn-®p-sh∂mWv IY. bp≤-Øn\v apºv Iuc-h-∑msc {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXv Zptcym-[\\pw ]mWvU-h-∑msc {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXv A¿Pp-\\pw klm-bm¿Y-\-bp-ambn {ioIr-jvWs\ kao-]n-®p-sh∂pw, Ccp-h¿°pw At±lw klmbw hmKvZØw sNbvXp-sh∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Ipcp]p-{X-∑msc {ioIr-jvW≥ Xs‚ ssk\y-sØ-s°m≠pw ]mWvU-h∑msc Xm≥ t\cn´pw klm-bn®p. Ipcp-t£{X bp≤-Øn¬ A¿Pp\s‚ tXcm-fn-bm-bn-´mWv {io Irjv-Ws\ ImWp-∂Xv. tk\-Iƒ c≠pw apJm-ap-J-ambn AWn-\n-c∂p. {ioIr-jvW≥ A¿Pp-\s‚ tX¿sX-fn-®p-sIm≠p h∂p. A¿Pp-\≥ adp-]-£sØ BI-am-\-sam∂v ho£n®p. Ccp-]-£Øpw bp≤-Øn-\v AWn-\n-c-∂Xmbn At±lw I≠Xv kz_-‘p-°-sf-bmWv. ]nXm-°-∑m¿, ]nXm-al-∑m¿, Kpcp-`q-X-∑m¿, AΩm-h≥am¿, tkmZ-c-∑m¿, ]p{X-∑m¿, ]u{X∑m¿, Nßm-Xn-am¿, izip-c-∑m¿, kplr-Øp-°ƒ apX-emb _‘p-°sf I≠-t∏mƒ A¿Pp-\s\ ssh¢_yw _m[n®p; Ah-b-h-߃ Xf¿∂p; hmb- h - c ≠p; X\p- h n- d ®p; tcmam- © - a p- ≠ mbn; KmWv U o- h - N m]w (hn√p)Ic-Øn¬ \n∂v Xms\ hgpXn hoWp; tZl-amsI Fcn-s]m-cnsIm≠p. At±lw IrjvW-t\mSv ]d™p: ""BcpsS Bh-iy-Øn\vth≠n, \mw cmPy--tØbpw kpJ-t`m-K-ß-tfbpw Imw£n-°-Wtam, B Kpcp-\m-Y-∑m¿, ]nXm˛ ]nXm-a-l-∑m¿, ]p{X˛]u{X-∑m¿, AΩm-h∑m¿, izipc-∑m¿, kyme-∑m¿ F∂o _‘p-°ƒ Poh-t\bpw [\tØbpw ]cn-Xy-Pn®p bp≤-Øn-\nXm h∂p\n¬°p∂p. A√tbm a[pkq-Z\m, Ch¿ Rßsf sIm√p-∂-h-cm-sW-¶nepw icn, ss{Xtem-Im[n-]-Xy-Øn\v th≠n-t]mepw Chsc h[n-°phm≥ Rm≥ B{K-ln°p- ∂ n√. F∂n- ´ t√ `qan- b psS B[n- ] - X y- Ø n\v th≠n Rm\Xv sNøpI.?''2 A¿Pp-\≥ Zp¿_-e-\m-hp-I-sb-∂m¬ ]mWvU-h-∑m¿ ]cm-P-b-a-Sbp-I-sb-∂mW¿Yw. AXn-\m¬ IrjvW≥ kµ¿`-Øns‚ Kuchw A¿Pp-\s\ [cn-∏n®p. F∂n´pw At±-lsØ ]nSn-Iq-Snb ssh¢_yw \oßn-bn√. At∏mƒ {io IrjvW≥ [¿a-ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ Bh-iyI-Xbpw A[¿a-\m-i\-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-Xbpw At±-lsØ sXcys∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-\mbn, B[ym-flnI XØz-ß-fpsS kmc-k¿h-kz-amb KoX D]- t Z- i n®p. Aßs\ A¿Pp- \ \v ⁄mt\m- Z - b hpw I¿a- i ‡nbpw e`n®p. KoX-bn¬ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-tSbpw thZ-XØzß-fptSbpw kmcw apgp-h≥ AS-ßn-bn-´p-s≠∂v hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp∂p."alm-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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`m-cX'Øn¬ {]]-©\w sNbvX bp≤-kw-`-h-ß-fpsS Hcp `mK-amWv `K-h-ZvKoX. ]Xn-s\´v A≤ym-b-ß-fn-embn 700 t«mI-ß-fp-≠n-Xn¬. `mc-Xob Nn¥-I-∑m-cn¬ ]ecpw KoX°v hymJym-\-sa-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. {][m\ temI-`m-j-I-fn¬ KoX-bpsS ]cn-`m-j-Iƒ h∂n-´p≠v. C¥y≥ XØz-im-kv{X-Øns‚ {][m-\- tc-J-bmWv `K-h-ZvKoX. bp≤- Ø n¬ Iuc- h - ∑ m¿°mWv ]cm- P bw ]‰n- b Xv . Ah- c n¬ sIt¶a-∑m-cmb ]ecpw h[n-°-s∏´p. F√mw {ioIr-jvWs‚ A\p{K-lm-in- p-Iƒ sIm≠v Xs∂. Iuc-h-∑m-cpsS amXm-hmb Km‘mcn bp≤-°-f-Øn¬ h∂v kzP\-߃ acn®pInS-°p-∂Xv I≠v hne-]n°p-Ibpw IrjvWs\ i]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-ht{X. B im]w At±l-Øn\v ^en-s®-∂mWv ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv: ""ap∏-Ømdp h¿jw Ign-bptºmƒ IrjvWs‚ hwihpw CXp-t]mse ]c-kv]cw Ie-ln®p \in°p-Ibpw an{X-߃ CXpt]mse hne-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw; IrjvW≥ Xs∂ \oN-l-kvX-ß-fm¬ ac-W-a-Sbpw''˛ CXm-bn-cp∂p Km‘m-cn-bpsS im]w! 3 {ioIr-jvW≥ Zzmc-I-bn¬ aZyw \ntcm-[n-®n-cp∂p. F∂m¬ bZp°fpw, hrjvWn-Ifpw aZy-]m\w sNbvXph∂p. ]e Zp¿hr-Øn-Ifpw AhnsS \rØ- a mSn. Irjv W ≥ Hcp Xo¿Ym- S - \ - Ø n\v ]pd- s ∏´p. AtXmsS bZp-°-fpsS Zp¿hr-Øn-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ h¿[n®p. IrjvW≥ aSßnh∂-t∏mƒ Zzmc-Im-]-´Ww Hcp B`y-¥-c-k-a-c-cw-K-ambn amdnbn-cp∂p. IrjvW≥ aZy-a-Øc-- mb bmZ-h-∑msc {]l-cn®p sIm∂p. bmZ-h-∑m-cn¬ tijn-®-h¿ IrjvWs‚ _‘p-°-tfmSv Ie-ln®p. Aßs\ P\-߃ ]c-kv]cw s]mcpXn acn®p. {ioIr-jvW≥ sIm´mc-Øn¬ sN∂p, A¿Pp-\s\ hcp-Øp-hm≥ lkvXn-\-]p-c-tØ°v kmcYnsb Ab®p. ""Rm≥ temI-tØmSv bm{X ]d-bm≥ t]mIp∂p; A¿Pp-\≥ h∂v F√m-h-tcbpw c£n-®p-sIm≈pw˛'' sIm´m-c-Ønse kv{XoI-tfmSv {ioIr-jvW≥ ]d™p. At±lw cmP-[m\n hn´p. h\Øn¬ sN∂v tbmK- \ n- c - X - \ mbn InS- ° p- I - b m- b n- c p- ∂ - t ∏mƒ, Hcp thSs‚ Akv { Xw A_- ≤ - Ø n¬ {ioIr- j v W s‚ Imen¬ Xd®p. thS≥ ]›m-Ø-]n®p am∏n-c∂p. {ioIr-jvW≥ Ahs\ km¥-z\s∏- S pØn. ASpØ £W- Ø n¬ B alm- ] p- c p- j ≥ sshIpWv T w {]m]n®p. lnµp-°-fpsS Hcp Ah-Xmc ]pcp-j-\mb {ioIr-jvWs‚ IYbpsS cXv\ ®pcp-°-am-WnXv. CXn¬ Ncn-{Xmwiw F{X-tØm-f-aps≠∂v \ap-°-dn-™p-IqSm. GXm-bmepw {ioIr-jvW≥ A¿Pp-\\v D]tZ-in-®-Xmbn ]d-bp∂ KoXm-XØz-߃ Gh¿°pw kzoIm-c-tbmKy-amWv. Iq´-Øn¬ Hcp XØz-amWv \mw Bcw-`-Øn¬ D≤-cn® t«mIß-fn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. [¿aw ]pe¿Øp- I - s b- ∂ - X mWv a\p- j y- P - ∑ - Ø ns‚ km£m¬



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



e£yw. [¿a-kw-ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ t]cn¬ a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ kI-ew _en-I-gn-°Ww. ]cn-]m-h-\-amb Ipe-_-‘tam IpSpw-_-kvt\-ltam at‰-sX-¶nepw hnIm-ctam [¿a ÿm]-\-Øns‚ apºn¬ {]Xn-_-‘am-bn-°qSm. CXmWv KoX-bpsS ktµiw. Cu ktµiw Xs∂-bmWv F√m kXy-{]-hm-N-I-≥am-cpw temI-Øns‚ apºmsI Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n´p-≈Xv. F∂m¬ \ΩpsS ]cn-K-W\°v IqSp-X¬ hnj-b-am-bn-´p-≈Xv as‰m-∂mWv: [¿aw £bn®v, A[¿aw h¿[n-°p∂ L´-ß-fn-se√mw [¿a-ÿm-]-I-∑m¿ Bhn¿`q-X-cm-hp-sa∂pw, [¿am-\p-km-cn-I-fmb injvS P\-ßsf c£n-°p-Ibpw A[¿a i‡n-Isf \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-XmWv Ah-cpsS BK-a-t\m-t±-iy-sa∂pw KoX ]d-bp∂p. CXv Ckvem-anse {]hm-N-IXz kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ as‰mcp {]Xn-]m-Z-\-ssien-bmWv. CXn¬\n∂v a\- n-em-t°-≠Xv KoX-bpsS Imew apX¬s°¶nepw `mc-Xo-b-cn¬ {]hm-N-IXz hnizmkw, As√-¶n¬ [¿a-kw-ÿm]-I∑m-cpsS BK-a-\-k-¶¬]w \ne-\n¬°p-∂ps-≠-∂mWv. [¿aw F∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ KoX hnh-£n-°p-∂Xv B ]Z-Øn\v \¬I-s∏-Sm-dp≈ ]cn-an-X-amb A¿Y-a√. Jp¿-B-\nse "Zo≥' F∂ i_vZ-Øn-\p≈ A¿Y-ssh-]peyw B i_vZ-Øn-\p≠v. A[¿a-Im-cnI- t fmSv kacw sNøp- ∂ Xv t]mepw [¿a- a mWv ; F∂√, AXn¬ Ihn™ as‰mcp [¿a-an-s√-∂mWv KoX-bpsS aXw: ""kz[¿Ωa]n Nmth£y \ hnI-ºn-Xp-a¿-lkn. [¿Ωym≤n bp≤m-—-vtdtbmf \yXv £{Xn-bky \ hnZytX.''4 (kz[¿aw t\m°n-bmepw ap≥\n-›-b-Øn¬ \n∂v \o hyXn-N-en-°m\¿l-\√. Fs¥-∂m¬, [¿am-\p-km-cn-bmb bp≤-sØ-°mƒ t{ibkvI-c-am-bn´v £{Xn-b\v as‰mcp [¿a-an√.) BI-bm¬ aX-kw-ÿm-]-\hpw [¿a-kw-ÿm-]\hpw hmkvX-hØn¬ H∂pXs∂-bmWv. Ah XΩn¬ ]d-b-Ø° A¥-c-an√.



{]hm-NI - X - zhpw Ah-Xm-chpw XØz- Ø n¬ ASp- ∏ - a ps- ≠ - ¶ nepw k¶¬]- Ø n¬ A¥- c - a p≠v {]hm-N-I-Xzhpw Ah-Xm-chpw XΩn¬. {]hm-N-I-∑mcpw Ah-Xm-c-]pcp-j-∑mcpw Bhn¿`q-X-cm-Ip-∂Xv [¿a-kw-ÿm-]-\-Øn\v th≠n-bmWv. ]t£, {]hm-N-I≥ ssZhtam, ssZhmw-itam A√. tIhew a\p-jy\mWv. At±-l-Øn\v ssZh-Øns‚ ktµiw e`n-°p-∂p-sh∂v am{Xw. F∂m¬ Ah-Xmc k¶¬]-Øn¬ ssZhw H∂p-In¬ icocw [cn-°pI As√-¶n¬ ]c-Im-b-{]-thiw sNøpI F∂ A¿Y-apƒs°m-≈p∂p. C∏-d™ c≠p cq]-ßfpw GI-ssZ-h-Øns‚ al-Xz-hp-ambn CWßp-∂-X√. a\p-jy-a-\- p-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ F√m Cta-Pp-Iƒ°p-a-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



23



Xo-X-\mWv ssZhw F∂s{X Ckvem-anI in£Ww. ""Ah¿ h¿Æn°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw AXo-X\ -- m-bn-cn-°p∂p A√mlp''5 F∂mWv Jp¿B≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv. Ckvem-anse {]hm-N-I-Xz-hn-`m-h\w Cß-s\-bmWv: A√mlp a\pjy-cn¬\n∂v Nne kh-nti-j- hy-‡n-Isf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂p. Xs‚ \n¿tZ-i-ß-f-S-ßnb ktµiw Ah¿°v \¬Ip∂p. B ktµiw P\ßsf D]-tZ-in-°m\pw AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp PohnX coXn sI´n-∏-SpØv amXrI ImWn-°m\pw B hy‡-nIsf Npa-X-e-s∏-SpØp∂p. Cß-s\-bp≈ hy‡n-Iƒ°mWv Ckvemw "\_n-am¿' Ft∂m "dkq¬am¿' Ft∂m ]d-bp-∂Xv. \_n F∂m¬ {]hm-N-I≥; dkq¬ F∂m¬ ZqX≥. ssZhhpw {]hm-N-I\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w DS-abpw ASn-abpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-amWv. Hcp hy‡n B[ym-flnI aWvU-e-ß-fn¬ F{X D∂Xn {]m]n-®mepw, ssZh-Zm-k≥ F∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬\n∂v At±lw ]pd-ØpI-S-°p-∂-X√. F∂m¬ a\p-jy\v kn≤-am-hp∂ B[ym-flnI ]Z-hn-I-fn¬ DXvIr-jvS-am-bn-´p-≈Xv {]hm-N-I-Xz-ÿm\w Xs∂-bmWv. {]hm-N-I-∑m¿°v ssZh-Øns‚ ktµiw e`n-°p-∂-sX-ßs\? CXns‚ kphy-‡-amb Nn{Xw \ap°v e`n-®n-´n√. F¶nepw Htc-I-tZi cq]w Jp¿-B≥ \ap°v \¬In-bn-´p≠v. AZr-iy-tem-IØv Hcp {]tXyI-Xcw krjvSn-I-fp≠v. Ahsc "ae-°p-Iƒ' F∂mWv Jp¿-B≥ hnfn®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Ah-cpsS icn-bmb bmYm¿Yyw \ap-°-dn-™p-IqSm. F¶nepw Ah¿ ssZh-Øns‚ B⁄m-\p-h¿Øn-I-fmb Zmk-∑m-cmsW∂pw Ah¿ aptJ-\-bmWv ssZh-k-tµiw {]hm-N-I-∑m¿°v AhX-cn∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂pw Jp¿-B≥ {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p≠v. ssZh-k-tµi- Ø n\v Jp¿- B ≥ \¬Inb kw⁄ "hlv b v ' F∂mWv . hlv b v AYhm ssZh-k-tµiw a\p-jy¿°v e_v[-am-hp-∂Xv aq∂v {]Im-cØn-em-Ip∂p: 1. {]hm-N-Is‚ a\- n¬ t_m[\w sNøpI. 2. adbv°p ]nd-In¬ \n∂v Ai-cocn tIƒ°pI. 3. A√mlp Hcp ZqXs\ Ab®v Xm\n-—n-°p∂ Imcyw B ZqX≥ aptJ\ t_m[\w sNøpI. ssZh-k-tµiw e`n-°p-∂Xv Nne-t∏mƒ Pm{K-Xm-h-ÿ-bnepw a‰v Nne-t∏mƒ kz]v\-Z¿i-\-cq-]Øn¬ \n{Zm-h-ÿ-bn-ep-am-bn-cn°pw. {]hmN-I-∑m-cpsS kXy-k-‘-X-bnepw Bflm¿Y-X-bn-ep-ap≈ hnizm-k-sam∂p-am-{X-amWv Ahsc AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m[mcw. F∂m¬ Nnet∏mƒ Xß-fpsS kXy-k-‘X sXfn-bn-∏m-\mbn {]hm-N-I-∑m¿ Akm[m-cW kn≤n-Iƒ ImWn-°m-dp≠v. CXn\v "BbØv' (AS-bmfw) F∂p ]d-bp∂p.



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



{]hm-N-I-∑m¿°v ssZh-Øns‚ ktµ-i-߃ e`n-°p-∂Xv ae-°pIƒ aptJ-\-bms-W∂v ]d-™p-ht√m. ae°v F∂ Ad_n i_vZØns‚ A¿Yw ZqX≥ F∂mWv . CXc skan- ‰ nIv `mj- I - f n¬ "amemJ' F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xpw CtX A¿Y-Øn-emWv. ae-°p-Iƒ a\pjytcm ssZh-ßtfm A√. ssZh-im-k-\-Iƒ {]Xy-£cw A\p-k-cn°p∂ ssZh-Øns‚ Zmk-∑m¿ am{X-amWv. Ah-cn-ep≈ hnizmkw Ckvem-anse ASn-ÿm-\-hn-izm-k-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv. {]hm-N-I-∑m¿°v ssZh-kt-µiw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp am[ya-ambn ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂XpsIm-≠mWv, ae-°p-I-fn-ep≈ hnizm-k-Øn\v Ckvemw C{X-ta¬ {]m[m\yw Iev]n-®n-´p-≈Xv. ae-°p-I-fn¬ hnizm-k-an-√mØ Hcmƒ ssZh-k-tµ-i-Ønepw Jp¿-B-\nepw hniz-kn-°pI kw`-hy-a√. ssZhk-tµiw sIm≠p-h-cp∂ ae-°ns‚ t]¿ "Pn_v-co¬' (K{_n-tb¬) F∂m-Ip∂p. Ah-Xm-c-k-¶¬]hpw {]hm-N-I-Xz-hn-izm-k-hp-ambn hni-Zmw-i-ßfn¬ s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-s≠∂Xv icn-bmWv. F∂m¬ XØz-Øn¬ ]db-Ø° A¥-c-sam-∂p-an√. Ah-Xmc ]pcp-j-∑mcpw {]hm-N-I-∑m-sct∏mse ssZh-Øm¬ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-h¿ Xs∂. Ahcpw ssZhØns‚ ktµ-i-ßfpw hn[n-hn-e-°p-I-fp-amWv P\-߃°v {]t_m[\w sNøp-∂Xv. A[¿aw XpS®p \o°n [¿aw ÿm]n-°pI F∂ `mcn® I¿Ø-hy-amWv Ah¿°v \n¿-hln-∏m-\p-≈Xv. Cu \ne-I-fnsem∂pw {]hm-N-I-∑mcpw Ah-Xm-c-]p-cp-j-∑mcpw XΩn¬ hyXym-kan√. F∂m¬ {]hm-N-I≥ Hcn-°epw Bcm-[y-\√. Fs¥-∂m¬ At±l-Øn\v ssZh-Xz-Øn¬ eh-teiw ]¶n√. At±-lhpw ssZhhpw XΩnep≈ _‘w ASn-abpw DS-abpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-am-sW∂v ]d-™pht√m. Ah-Xmc ]pcp-j≥ ssZh-Xz-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-am-sW∂ k¶ev]-Øn¬ Bcm-[y-\mbn hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. CXmWv Ccp k¶ev]ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ {][m-\-A¥cw.



Ah-Xm-cß - ƒ lnµp-°-fpsS hnizm-k-{]-Imcw ]Ø-h-Xm-c-ß-fp≠v: am’yw, Iu¿aw, hmcmlw, \c-knwlw, hma\w, ]c-ip-cm-a≥, {iocm-a≥, {ioIrjvW≥, _e-cm-a≥, Iev°n. Ch-bn¬ I¬°n Hgn-®p≈ HºXv AhXm-c-ßfpw Ign™p t]mbn. Ien-bp-K-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-°m-\n-cn-°p∂ I¬°n am{X-amWv Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂Xv. C∏-d™ Hmtcm Ah-Xm-csØ°pdn®pw lnµp-°ƒ°v ]pcm-W-ß-fp≠v. ]pcm-W-߃ ]Xn-s\´m-Ws{X. CXn¬ "`hn-jy-]p-cmWw' hcm≥ t]mIp∂ Imcy-ß-sf°p-dn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ {KŸ-amWv. "`mK-hXw' F∂ {KŸhpw `mhnIm-cy-ß-sf-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p≠v. Ah-km\ Ah-Xm-c-sØ-∏‰n `hn-jy-]p-cm-W-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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Cß-s\-bmWv: ""GX-kvan-∂-¥tc tæ—˛ BNm-tcyW ka-\znXx alm-aZ CXn-JymXx injy-im-Jm-k-a-\znXw.''6 (At∏mƒ tæ—≥ [A\y-tZ-i-°m-c≥] Bb Hcp BNm-cy≥ [Bflob-Kpcp] At±-l-Øns‚ injyK-W-ß-tfm-sSm∏w {]Xy-£-s∏Spw. At±l-Øns‚ \maw alm-aZ [apl-ΩZv] F∂m-bn-cn°pw.) Nne-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-{]-Imcw Ah-Xm-c-߃ Ccp-]-Øn-\m-emWv. Ccp-]-Øn-aq∂pw Ign™p. GXm-bmepw Cu Ah-Xmc k¶¬]w BZn Bcy- ∑ m¿°p- ≠ m- b n- c pt∂m F∂p kwi- b - a mWv . Bcy- ∑ m- c psS G‰hpw {]mNo-\-amb {KŸw EtKz-Z-as{X. AXn¬ Ah-Xm-c-sØ-∏‰n kqN- \ - s bm- ∂ p- a n- s √- ∂ mWv thZ- h n- Ø p- I - f mb Nne ]m›m- X y≥ ]WvUn-X-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. C¥y-bn¬ ]n¬°m-e-ØpZv`-hn® Nne sslµ-h-a-X-\-ho-I-cW {]ÿm-\-߃ Ah-Xmc k¶¬]sØ FXn¿Øn-´p≠v. I_odn({In. 1440-˛1518) s‚ ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm\w HcpZm-l-cWw. {]kn≤ Ncn{X-Im-c-\mb tUm. Xmcm-Nµv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""At±lw (I_o¿) AhXm-c-hm-ZsØ ]c-ky-ambn \ntj-[n-®n-cp∂p...........(At±lw ]d™p:) "{]]-©-Øns‚ DS-a-ÿ-\m-b-ssZhw, Zp¿_-e-∑mcpw {]_-e-∑mcpw XΩn-ep≈ Ak-aXzw I≠n-´v, {io cma-\mbn Ah-X-cn®p F∂v Ah¿ (lnµp-°ƒ) ]d-bp∂p.' I_o¿ ]d-bp-∂p: "P\n-°p-Ibpw acn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ bmsXm-cm-fpsS apºnepw inc- p-Ip-\n-°p-hm≥ ]mSp-≈-X√; Bfp-Iƒ ]d-bp∂ Zim-h-Xm-c-ß-fp-ambn F\n°v Hcp _‘-hp-an√.''7 BIbm¬ Ah-Xm-c-k-¶¬]w Bcy-a-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-]-camb Hcp kn≤m-¥-am-sW∂v tXm∂p-∂n√. B kn≤m¥w ]n¬°me krjvSn-bm-bn-cn-°m≥ sXfn™ km[y-X-bp≠v. F∂m¬ Ah-Xmc k¶¬]-Ønse XmØzn-I-hiw, AXm-bXv, [¿a-kw-ÿm-]-\m¿Yw alm-]p-cp-j-∑m¿ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-SpI F∂ hiw kp{]-[m-\-amWv. AXv Ckvem-anse {]hm-N-IXz hnizm-k-tØmSv XnI®pw s]mcp-Øs∏-Sp-∂p-ap≠v. Hmtcm hn`m- K - Ø n- s ‚bpw kmt¶- X n- I - k w- ⁄ - I ƒ XΩn¬ hyXymkw ImWpI km[m-c-W-amWv. ]t£, XØz-Øn¬ Ah H∂mbn- c n°pw Xm\pw. kmt¶- X nI kw⁄- I - f n- e p≈ sshhn[yw ap≥\n¿Øn, XØz- Ø n- e p≈ ASp∏w Ah- K - W n- ° p∂ ]£w bmsXmcp hn⁄m-\hpw ]ptcm-K-an-°p-I-bn√. CXp-t]m-se-bmWv aX]-c-amb kmt¶-XnI kw⁄-I-fpsS ÿnXnbpw. Xß-fpsS aXm-Nm-cy-∑msc ]pcm-X-\-`-mc-Xo-b¿ Ah-Xm-c-sa-∂mWv hnfn- ® n- c p- ∂ Xv . Ah- c psS Hcp kmt¶- X nI kw⁄- b t{X AXv .



26



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



AXns‚ hn`m-h-\-bp-ambn Ckvem-anI hn`m-h\ s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂ns√∂v sh®v, `mc-X-Øn¬ {]hm-NI \ntbmKw D≠m-bn-´n-s√∂v hnNmcn-°p-∂Xv icn-bm-hn√. Fs¥-∂m¬ Jp¿-B-\nse kmam\y XØzØns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ `mc-X-Ønepw ssZh-Zq-X-∑mcpw {]hm-N-I∑mcpw h∂n-´p-s≠∂v Dd-∏mWv. Jp¿-B-\n¬ A√mlp ]d-bp∂p: ""F√m Hmtcm P\-k-ap-Zm-b-Ønepw \mw ZqXs\ \ntbm-Kn-®n-´p≠v. "A√m-lp-hn\v C_m-ZØv sNøWw; XzmKq-Øns\ ssIsh-Sn-bWw.' (CXm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ ZuXyw! '')8 KoX-bn¬ ]d™ [¿a-kw-ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ as‰mcp kmt¶-XnI kw⁄-bmWv GI-ssZ-h-Øn-\p≈ C_m-ZØv. "C_m-ZØv' F∂m¬ ]c- a - a mb Hc- [ n- I m- c - i - ‡ n- ° p- a p- º n¬ k¿hm- fl \m Xe- I p- \ n®v AXns‚ B⁄m\n-tcm-[-߃ A£cw{]Xn \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-I-sb∂-mWv A¿Yw. CXp-X-s∂-bmWv [¿a-kw-ÿm-]\wsIm≠pw hnh£n-°p-∂Xv. A[¿a-Øn\v ta[m-hn-Xzhpw B[n-]-Xyhpw t\Sn-s°mSp-°p-Ibpw AXns\ \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ bXv\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ ZpjvSi-‡n-I-fpsS t]cmWv "XzmKqØv'. AXns\ ssIsh-Sn-bpI F∂p ]d-™m¬ AXns‚ ta[m-hnXzw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I-sb-∂m-W¿Yw. Npcp-°-Øn¬ alm-]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS Bhn¿`m-h-Øns‚ Dt±-iy-ambn KoXbpw Jp¿-B\pw ]d-™n-´p-≈Xv B¥-cm¿Y-Øn¬ H∂p Xs∂bmWv. dkq¬am¿ F√m Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-Ønepw \nbp-‡-cm-bn-´ps-≠∂mWv {]kvXpX Jp¿-B-\nI kq‡w ]d-bp-∂Xv. thsd ]te-S-ßfn¬ CtX Bibw Jp¿-B≥ Bh¿Øn-®p-d-∏n-®n-´p≠v. Hcn-SØv ]dbp∂p: ""Hmtcm P\-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-ap≠v, ssZh-Zq-X≥. Xß-fpsS ZqX≥ h∂m¬ P\-߃°n-S-bn¬ [¿am-\p-kmcw hn[n Iev]n-°-s∏Spw.''9 as‰m-cn-SØv ]d-bp∂p: ""Hcp ap∂-dnbn-∏p-Im-c≥ ({]hm-N-I≥) Ign™pt]mbn-´n-√mØ H‰ P\-hn-`m-K-hp-an√.''10 ""F√m Hmtcm P\-X-°p-ap≠v Hcp am¿K-Z¿in ({]hm-N-I≥).''11 F√m Hmtcm P\-hn-`m-K-Ønepw ssZh-Zq-X≥am¿ h∂n-´p-s≠-∂mWv D]-cn-kq-Nn-X-amb Jp¿-B≥ hmIy-߃ Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn {]kvXm-hn°p-∂Xv. F¶n¬ a\p-jy-\m-K-cn-I-X-bpsS AXn-{]m-No-\- tI-{µ-ßfn-sem-∂mb `mc-X-Ønepw {]hm-N-I≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-´p-s≠∂p kn≤w. AXn-\m¬ `mc-Xo-b-cpsS [m¿anI k¶¬]w GtXm Hcp {]hm-N-I-a-X-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-am-sW∂p Xo¿®!



`mc-Xob {]hm-NI - cpw apkvenw-Ifpw as‰√m P\-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fn-epsa-∂-t]mse `mc-Xo-b-cnepw {]hm-N-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



27



I≥ AYhm {]hm-N-I≥am¿ h∂n-cn-°p-sa-∂p≈ kwKXn Jp¿-Bs‚ kmam\y {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ°v AwKo-Icn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. F∂m¬ Bcm-bn-cp∂p Cu {]hm-N-I≥? At±l-Øns‚ Ducpw t]cpw GXm-bn-cp∂p? Cu {]iv\-Øn\v JfinXhpw IWn-i-hp-amb Hcp-Øcw e`n-°pI Ffp-∏-a√. `mc-X-Øn¬ \nbp-‡-\mb {]hm-N-Is‚ IY Jp¿-B≥ ]d-™n-´n√. ]d-™n-cp∂p-sh-¶n¬ At±-lsØ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ bmsXmcp sshap- J yhpw ImWn- ° p- a m- b n- c p- ∂ n√. t\ml (\qlv ) , A{_lmw (C_vdmlow), tamkkv (aqkm), tbip-{InkvXp (Cukm) XpSßn H´-t\Iw alm-]p-cp-j-∑msc apkvenw-Iƒ {]hm-N-I-∑m-cmbn AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p≠v. Jp¿-B≥ hnh-cn®-Xp-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS {]hm-N-I-Xz-Øn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ°p bmsXmcp kwi-b-Øn\pw CS-bn-√m-Ø-XmWv ImcWw. F∂m¬ Jp¿-B-\n¬ {]tXy-I-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-s√-∂p-h®v, `mcX-Øn¬ {]hm-NI \ntbm-Kta D≠m-bn-´n-s√∂p hnNm-cn-®p-IqSm. F√m P\-k-ap-Zm-b-߃°pw \nbp-‡-cmb {]hm-N-I-∑msc Jp¿-B≥ ]cnN-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n-√t√m. A√mlp Jp¿-B-\n¬ Acp-fn-s®-øp∂p: ""(Hm apl-ΩZv \_o), Xm¶ƒ°v apºpw \mw ZqX-∑msc \ntbm-Kn-®n-´p≠v. Ah-cn¬ Nne-cpsS hrØm¥w Xm¶ƒ°p \mw IY\w sNbvXp X∂p. (F∂m¬) \mw IY\w sNbvXp-X-cm-Ø-hcpw A°q-´-Øn-ep≠v.''12 F√m {]hm-N-I-∑m-cnepw hniz-kn-°-W-sa-∂mWv Jp¿-Bs‚ A\pim-k\w. bmsXmcp {]hm-N-I-t\mSpw hnth-N-\m-a-t\m-`mhw A\ph¿Øn-°m≥ ]mSn√. apl-ΩZv \_n(k)bpsSbpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsSbpw icn-bmb \ne-]mSv {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm≠v Jp¿-B≥ ]-d-bp∂p: ""ssZh-Zq-X≥ Xs‚ \mY-¶¬\n∂v Ah-X-cn®p In´n-b-Xn¬ hnizkn-®n-cn-°p∂p. (AXp-t]m-se-bmWv) kXy-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw. Ah-sc√mw A√m-lp-hnepw Ahs‚ ae-°p-I-fnepw thZ-ß-fnepw ZqX-∑m-cnepw hniz- k n®p. ZqX- ∑ m- c n¬ Hcm- t fmSpw hnth- N \w ImWn°p- ∂ n√! (CXs{X Ah-cpsS \ne-]mSv.)''13 Cu \b-{]-Jym-]-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv apkvenw-Iƒ ]q¿h {]hm-N-I-∑m-cn-se√mw hniz-kn-°p-∂Xv. B alm-flm-°-fpsS \ma- ß ƒ D®- c n- ° p- t ºmƒ Ah¿ "Asse- l n-   emw' F∂m- i wkn°p∂p. "At±- l - Ø n\v kam- [ m\w `hn°s´' F∂mWv B hm°ns‚ A¿Yw. BI-bm¬ `mc-Xob {]hm-N-I-∑m-scbpw AwKo-Icn-®m-Z-cn-∏m≥ ta¬ {]am-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ IS-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. Jp¿-B-\n¬ t]cp-≤-cn-®n√ F∂Xv Hcp {]Xn-_‘-am-hp-∂n√. C{km-tb¬ hwi-Øn¬ \nbp-‡-cmb {]hm-N-I-∑mcn¬ ]e-cp-sSbpw \ma-߃ Jp¿-B≥ {]kvXm-hn-®n-´n√. iaq-th¬, bi-ømhv, bl-kvtI¬, bnc-aymhv, \nln-Ωmhv F∂o t]cp-Iƒ DZm-



28



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



l-cWw. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Ahsc {]hm-N-I-∑m-sc∂ \ne-bn¬ apkvenwIƒ _lp-am-\n-°p∂p. F∂m¬ `mc-Xob aXm-Nm-cy-∑m-cn-semcp hy‡n-sbbpw apkvenwIƒ {]hm-N-I-\mbn AwKo-I-cn-®n-´n-s√-∂Xv icn-bmWv. F¥m-WnXns‚ Imc-Ww? Ah-cpsS bYm¿Y hy‡nXzw apkvenw-Iƒ°p Xncn®-dn-bm≥ Ign-™n√ F∂-Xp-Xs∂. H∂m-a-Xmbn, ]pcm-X-\-`m-c-Xo-b¿°v hy‡n-I-fpsS Poh-N-cn{Xw Ipdn-®p-h-bv°p∂ ]Xn-hn-√m-bn-cp∂p. X∂n-anØw `mc-Xob aXm-Nmcy-∑m-cpsS hy‡n-Xztam {]t_m-[-\tam Ckvem-anI am\-Z-WvU-a-\pk-cn®p hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ apkvenw-Iƒ°v Ign-™n√. Ncn-{X-Imc∑m- s c- t ∏mepw AXy¥w Ipg- ° nb Hcp ÿnXn- h n- t i- j - a m- W nXv . ]WvUn‰v Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp Fgp-Xp∂p: ""C¥y-bpsS {]mNo-\-N-cn{Xw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \ap°v hen-sbmcp hnj-a-ap≠v. ]pcm-X\ Bcy-∑m¿˛Ct¥m-B-cy-∑m¿ F∂mWv Chsc hnfn-®ph-cp-∂Xv˛ Ncn{Xw Ipdn-®p-h-bv°p-∂-Xn\p Xosc D’p-I-cm-bncp-∂n√.''14 c≠m-a-Xmbn `mc-Xo-bm-Nm-cy-∑m-cpsS hy‡n-Xz-߃ bp‡n-°n-Wßm-Ø sFXn-ly-ß-fmepw sI´p-I-Y-I-fmepw Bh-cWw sNø-s∏´n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. Ah¿ Ncn{X ]pcp-j-∑mtcm shdpw IYm-]m-{X-ßtfm F∂v Xocp-am-\n-°pI t]mepw hnj-a-amWv. F∂n-´t√, Ah-cpsS hy‡nXzw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xv? IqSmsX `mj, BNmcw, aX-hn-izmkw, C¥y-°m¿ XΩn¬ØΩn-ep≈ sshcp-[y-߃ apX-em-b \nc-h[n {]Xn-_-‘-߃ thsdbpw. ]pcm-X\ `mc-X-Øn-te°v Xncn™pt\m°p-∂-]£w, C∂-sØ-°mƒ hfsc k¶o¿-Wam-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ Ahÿ F∂p-ImWmw. ]ckv]-c-hn-cp-≤-amb \nc-h[n ssZh-k-¶¬]-߃, Ah-Xm-c-kn-≤m¥w, ]p\¿P-∑-hmZw, NmXp¿h¿-Wy-kw-kvImcw, Hcp XØz-Ønepw tbmPn∏n-°m-\m-hmØ Z¿i-\-߃ BZn-bmb k¶o¿W-X-Iƒ \nd™ `mcX-sØ-bmWv apkvenw ]fin-X-∑m¿°v ImWm≥ Ign-™Xv. ssZhnI ktµiw sIm≠-\p-Kr-lo-X-amb Hcp kapZm-b-Øns‚ e£-W-ßsfm∂pw Ah¿°v {]Xy-£-ambn ImWm≥ km[n-®n√. X∂n-anØw Ah¿ `mc-Xob {]hm-N-I-∑msc Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw apXn¿-∂n√. F∂m¬ ]ucm- W nI apkv e nw ]fin- X - ∑ m- c n- e mcpw `mc- X ob kwkvImcw ]Tn-°p-hm≥ {ian-®n-´n-s√∂p [cn-°-cpXv. Nne hn⁄m\-Ip-Xp-In-Iƒ AXn-\p-th≠n hfsc ]mSp-s]-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. ]t£, `mc-Xo-b-a-Xm-Nm-cy-∑m-cpsS hy‡n-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®p icn-bmb Hcp \nKa-\-Øn-se-Øp-hm≥ Ah¿°pw Ign-™n-´n√. kp{]-kn≤ tZi-k-©mcnbpw ]fin-X-\p-amb A_q-d-bvlm≥ apl-Ω-Zp¬ _odq\n ({In. 973˛1048) C°q-´-Øn¬s]-Sp∂p. At±lw `mc-X-Øn¬ h∂p ]Xn-aq-∂p-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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h¿jw `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-sØ-∏‰n ]T\w \SØn. `mc-Xo-b-`mj ]Tn®p. ]e {_m“W ]fin-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw injyXzw kzoI-cn®p. A∂sØ `mc-Xo-b-cpsS Ncn-{X-sØ- ]p-c-kvI-cn®p Ad-_n-`m-j-bn¬ Hcp {KŸw cNn®p˛"InXm-_p¬lnµv'. IqSmsX `mc-Xob Z¿i-\-ßtfbpw hn⁄m-\-ß-tfbpw At±lw Ad-_n-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvI-bp-ap-≠mbn. ]t£, AsXm∂pw `mc-Xob aXm-Nm-cy-∑m-cpsS hy‡n-Xz-Øn-te°v shfn®w hoip-∂n√. `mc-Xo-bsc a\- n-em-°phm- \ p≈ {ia- Ø n¬ ]cm- P bw kΩ- X n- ° p- I - b mWv A¬ _odq\n sNbvXXv: ""Fs‚ Ign-hns‚ ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-Kn®p In´m-hp-t∂-StØmfw tcJ-Iƒ tiJ-cn-®n´pw Ah-cpsS F√m \ne-I-sf-°p-dn®pw ]cn-]q¿W-ambn Adn-bm-\p≈ {ia-Øn¬ Rm≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´n-cn-°pI-bm-sW-∂p-thWw ]d-bp-hm≥.''15 C¥y-°m-cpsS aX-sØbpw kwkvIm-c-sØbpw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn¬ as‰mcp aX-°m-c-∂p≈ hnj-a-X-I-sf-∏‰n A¬ _odq\n ]d-bp-∂p: ""C¥y-°m¿°pw \ap°pw XΩn-ep≈ AI¬®°v ]e Imc-W-ß-fpap≠v. P\-k-©bw ]c-kv]cw tbmPn-°p∂ hnj-b-ß-fn-se√mw \mapw Ah-cp-ambn hntbm-Pn-∏m-Wp-≈Xv.''16 `mj, aXw, BNmcw BZn-bm-b-h-sb√mw {]kvXpX AI¬®°v Imc-W-ß-fmbn At±lw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p. apkvenw-I-fpsS aX`mj F°m-eØpw Ad-_n-bmWv. Ah-cpsS {]m¿Y-\-Iƒ, kvtXm{X߃, Io¿Ø-\-߃ F√mw Ad-_n-bn-emWv. aX-]-c-amb kmt¶XnI i_vZ-ßfpw Ad-_n-bn-ep-≈-XmWv. `mc-Xo-b-cpsS aX-`m-j-bmhs´, kwkvIr-Xhpw. As√-¶n¬ kwkvIr-X-a-b-amb {]mtZ-inI `mjIƒ. `mjm-]-c-amb AI¬®-aqew apkvenw-I-fpsS aXm-Nm-cy-∑m-cpsS hy‡nXzw `mc-Xo-b¿°pw `mc-Xob ]pWy-]p-cp-j≥am-cpsS hy‡nXzw apkvenw-Iƒ°pw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ {]bm-kw- t\-cn´p. apkvenw-Iƒ XßfpsS aXm-Nm-cy-∑msc \_n, dkq¬, Jeo^, Camw XpS-ßnb Ad_n kw⁄- I - f n- e mWv kv a cn- ° m- d p- ≈ - s X- ¶ n¬, `mc- X o- b ¿ Xß- f psS ]pWy-]p-cp-j-∑msc Ejn, al¿jn, ap\n, amap\n, Kpcp apX-emb \maß-fn-emWv hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. CØcw kmt¶-XnI kw⁄-I-fpsS bYm¿Y- s]m-cpƒ ]c-kv]cw Adn-bp-∂n√. \_n F∂Xv apl-Ω-Zns‚ Hcp ]cym-b-]-Z-am-sW-∂s{X Nne `mjm-\n-L-≠p-I¿Øm-°ƒt]mepw [cn-®p-h-im-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ {]hm-N-I≥ F∂p-am-{Xta AXn-\¿Y-ap≈q. AXp-sIm-≠mWv C_vdmlow \_n, aqkm \_n, Cukm \_n F∂pw a‰pw apkvenw-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv. IqSmsX apkvenw-I-fpsS aX-km-ln-Xy-߃ H´p-ap-°mepw Ad_n-`m-j-bn-emWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. `mc-Xob aX kmln-Xy-ßtfm, kwkvIr-X-Ønepw. AXpw hymh-lm-cnI `mj-bn-e-√-Xm\pw. AXn]p-cm-X-\hpw kwkvIrX ]fin-X-∑m¿°p-t]mepw Zp¿{K-l-hp-amWv Ah- b psS `mjm- s sien. AXy¥w \nKq- V - ß - f mb XØz- ß ƒ



30



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



t]mepw Ihn-X-I-fntem, Ihn-X-t]m-ep≈ KZy-ß-fntem BWv {]Xn]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈Xv. thZ-߃, D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ apX-em-bh a\- n-em-hW- s a- ¶ n¬, kwkv I r- X - ] - fi n- X - ∑ m¿°p- t ]mepw Zo¿L- I m- e sØ X] pw ITn-\-{h-Xhpw th≠n-h-cp∂p. BI-bm¬ `mc-Xo-b-cpsS aXkm-ln-Xy-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v `mc-Xob aXm-Nm-cy-∑m-cpsS hy‡n-XzsØ-∏‰n icn-bmb Hcp \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cpI CXc aX-ÿ¿°v £n{]-km-[y-a√. CXn-s\√mw ]pdta ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv `mc-Xo-b¿ aX XØz-߃ A\y-∑m¿°v shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ _lp-ep-_v[≥am-cm-bn-cp∂p. Aßs\ sNøp-∂Xv \njn-≤-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS [mcW. tizXm-iz-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xp -t\m-°pI: ""thZmt¥ ]caw Kplyw ]pcm-Ievt] {]tNm-ZnXw \m{]-im-¥mb ZmXhyw lm ]p{Xmb injymb hm ]p\x.'' (]pcm-X\ ImesØ thZm-¥-Øn¬ ]c-a-c-l-ky-amb Cu ⁄m\w ]d-™n-´p≠v. Aim-¥-\mb hy‡n°v AXv ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°-cpXv. Abmƒ {]nb-]p-{Xt\m injyt\m Bbmepw sIm≈mw.)17 ]p{X-∂pw injy-∂pw-IqSn ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ ]mSn-√mØ Hcp cl-ky-⁄m\w apkvenw-I-sf-t∏m-ep≈ A\y-a-X-ÿ-∑m¿°v Adnbn-°p∂ {]iv\w Xs∂ D¤-hn-°p-∂n-√t√m. iq{Z-∑m¿°pw iq{Z-∑msc-t∏m-ep-≈-h¿°pw thZw D]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xns\ [¿a-imkv{Xw I¿i\-ambn hne-°n-bn-cn-°p-I-bmWv. Bcym-h¿Ø-Øn\p ]pd-Øp-≈-hsc√mw iq{Z-∑m-cm-bmWv KWn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. sslµ-h-[¿a imkv{Xß-fn¬ G‰hpw {]am-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂ a\p-kvarXn ]d-bp∂p: ""]ufivd-Im-›u-{U-{Z-hnUmx Imwt`m-Pm-b-h \m-»Imx ]mc-Zm-]¬ln-hm-›o\mx Incm-Xm-Z-cZmx Jimx:''18 (]u{fiw [Imcq-j-cmPyw AYhm DØ-c-_w-Kmƒ], Hu{Uw [Hdo ], {ZhnUw [sX∂n¥y], Imwt`mPw [sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ Imivao-chpw Im^n-dn-ÿms‚ `mK-ßfpw], bh\w [{Ko°v, Atd_ym apX-em-bh], iIw [knØn-b-tZiw], ]mcXw, ]m¬loIw, No\w [No\], IncmXw [lnam-e-b-Øn\p kao-]-ap≈ Hcp tZiw], ZcXw [hnj-ap-≠m-Ip∂ Hcp tZiw], Jiw F∂o cmPy-߃ ]men-®-h-sc√mw iq{Z≥am-cmbn `hn®p.) C°q-´-Øn¬ bh-\-∑m-cm-bmWv apkvenw-Isf `mc-Xo-b¿ IW-°m°n-bn-cp-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ Ah¿ C∂pw apkvenw-Isf "tPm\¿', "tPm\I¿', "tbm\¿' (bh-\¿) F∂p hnfn-®p-h-cp∂p. iq{Z-∑m¿°pw iq{Z-∑m-cmbn KWn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°pw Xß-fpsS thZ-km-ln-Xy-߃ Adn-bn-°p-hm≥ ]mSn-s√-∂mWv sslµ-h-[¿a-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. `K-h-ZvKoX A[ymbw 4, t«mIw 7, 8 2. Ibid A[ymbw 1, t«mIw 33-˛35. 3. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hmfyw 4, t]Pv 502 4. KoX A[ymbw 1, t«mIw 31 5. Jp¿-B≥ A[ymbw 6, kq‡w 100 6. `hn-jy-]p-cmWw ]¿∆w 3, ImWvUw 3, A[ymbw 3, t«mIw 5 7. Influence of Islam on Indian Culture p.163 8. Jp¿-B≥ A[ymbw 16, kq‡w 36 9. Ibid A[ymbw 10, kq‡w 47 10. Ibid A[ymbw 35, kq‡w 24 11. Ibid A[ymbw 13, kq‡w 7 12. Ibid 4: 78 13. Ibid 2 : 285 14. hniz-N-cn{X kw{Klw t]Pv 11 15. A¬_odq\n I≠ C¥y t]Pv 17 16. Ibid p.1 17. D≤-cWw: hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ By cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xy-mb≥, t]Pv 622 18. a\p-kvarXn A[ymbw 10, t«mIw 44 19. Ibid 4: 81 20. Ibid 4: 99 21. B]-kvXw-_-[¿Ω-kq{Xw 22. A¬_odq\n I≠ C¥y t]Pv 15



31



32



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



imkv{Xw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂Xv. a\p-kvarXn ]d-bp∂p: ""tbmlyky [¿Ω-am-NjvtS bss›-hmZn iXn-{hXw tkmkw{hXw \ma-Xax kl-tX-ss\-h-a-÷Xn.''19 (bmsXmcp {_m“-W≥ iq{Z\v [¿ahpw {hXhpw icn-bmbn D]-tZ-in°p-∂pthm Ah≥ B iq{Z-t\m-Sp-IqSn A‘w-{h-X-sa∂ A‘-Im-cØn¬ a·-\m-Ip∂p.) iq{Z-cp≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬ sh®p-t]mepw thtZm-®m-cWw ]mSp-≈X√. ""\ iq-{Z-P\ k∂ns[u''20 (iq{Z-∑m-cpsS kao-]-Øn¬ thZw sNm√-cp-Xv). ""thZw tI´ iq{Zs‚ ImXn¬ Cubhpw Ac°pw Dcp°n-sbm-gn-°Ww, thZ-ap-®-cn® iq{Zs‚ \mhv AdpØp th¿s∏-SpØWw.''21 -Cß-s\-bp≈ Hcp kml-N-cy-Øn¬ apkvenw aX-]-fin-X≥am¿°v `mc-Xob aXm-Nm-cy≥am-cpsS hy‡nXzw hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-™ns√-¶n¬ AXn¬ Ahsc Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn´p Imcy-an√. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ AXn\p ImcWw `mc-Xo-b-cpsS tem`-a-t\m-`m-h-amWv. Dkv_-°n-kvXm\n¬ \n∂v C¥y-bn¬ h∂v ]Xn-aq∂v h¿jw \nc-¥-c-ambn {iaw \SØnb A¬_o- d q\n ]cm- P - b - s ∏- S p- I - b m- W p- ≠ m- b - s X∂p ]d- ™ pht√m. CXns‚ ImcWw At±lw Xs∂ shfn- s ∏- S p- Ø p- ∂ Xp ImWpI: ""Ah¿ (`mc-Xo-b¿) \sΩ ]nim-Np-°-sf-t∏m-se-bmWv IW°m-°p-∂Xv. \ΩpsS thjhpw BIr-Xn-bpw Ah-cpsS Ip´n-Isf t]Sn∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ D]m-[n-I-fmbn kzoI-cn®p hcn-Ibpw sNøp∂p.''22 CX-c≥am-tcmSv C{Xbpw Ad-t∏mSpw Ah-⁄-tbmSpw IqSn s]cpam-dn-bn-cp∂ Hcp hn`m-K-Øns‚ aX-X-Øz-ß-sfbpw kmwkvIm-cnI aqey-ß-sfbpw a‰p-≈-h¿s°-ßs\ {Kln-°m-s\m°pw? CXmWv `mcXob aXm- N m- c y≥am- c psS hy‡nXzw hne- b n- c p- Ø p- h m≥ apkv e nwIƒ°p Ign-bm-Xn-cp-∂-Xns‚ Hcp {][m\ Imc-W-sa∂p tXm∂p∂p. F∂m¬ C∂sØ \ne AX√; C∂v `mc-Xo-b-cpsS ASn-ÿm-\ aX-km-ln-Xy-߃ ]eXpw D]-e-_v[-amWv. Ah-bn¬ NneXv {]mtZinI `mj-bn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-´n-´p-ap≠v. Ah hmbn®v `mc-Xob-a-Xm-Nm-cy≥am-cpsS hy‡nXzw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-t™°pw. ]t£, apkvenw ]fin-X≥am¿ B hgn°v th≠{X {i≤ sNep-Øp-∂ns√∂p tJZ-]q¿hw ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. auem\m A_p¬Iemw Bkm-Zn-s\t-∏m-ep≈ alm-]-fin-X≥am¿ Cu cwKØv Imse-SpØp h®n-cp∂p. `mc-Xo-b-cpsS ssZh-k-¶¬]-ß-sf-∏‰n At±lw Xs‚



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



33



hnJym-X-amb Jp¿-B≥ `mjy-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-®n-´p≠v. ]t£, AXp Xotc A]q¿Whpw A]-cym-]vX-hp-amWv. IqSmsX `mc-Xo-b-cpsS ASnÿm-\-km-ln-Xy-ß-sf-b-√, Ah-sb-°p-dn® ]m›m-Xy≥ ]fin-X≥amcpsS \ncq-]-W-ß-sf-bmWv At±lw apJy-ambpw Ah-ew-_n-®n-´p-≈Xv. ]m›m-Xy≥ aX-ho-£Ww as‰m-∂mWv. Ah-cpsS \nK-a-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp aX-sØ-°p-dn®p h√ Xocp-am-\hpw FSp-°pI hnj-a-as{X. thZ-߃, D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ, CXn-lm-k-]p-cm-W-߃ apX-em-b-hbmWv `mc-Xo-b-a-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-km-ln-Xy-߃. Chsb \njv]£-_p≤ym ]Tn®p icn-bmb Hcp \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm-\mWv {ian-t°≠Xv. F∂m¬ AXn\v tbmKy-cmb hy‡n-Iƒ \ap-°n-∂n√. tIhew A]-cym-]v-Xhpw ]cn-an-X-hp-amb Hcp {ia-Øns‚ ^eamWv Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. CXn¬ ht∂°m≥ [mcmfw km[y-X-bp≈ kvJen-X-߃ Adn-hp≈ alm≥am¿ kvt\l-_p≤ym Xncp-Øp-sa∂ {]Xo-£-tbmsS Nne A`n-{]m-b-߃ ChnsS {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂p. kXym-t\z-j-W-hn-Im-c-a-√msX as‰mcp \n£n]vX-Xm¬]-cyhpw CXns‚ ]nd-In¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-´n-s√∂v GXm-≠p-d∏mbn ]d-bm≥ Ignbpw.



A[ymbw c≠v



am\-Zfiw \nc-h[n



\mK-cn-I-X-Iƒ temI-Øp-Zn-°p-Ibpw Db-cp-Ibpw AkvXan-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v. Ch-bn¬ Nne-sX-¶nepw icn-bmb ssZhk-tµ-i-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ ImcyØn¬ Ncn{Xw kwi- b n- ° p- ∂ n√. PqX- \ m- K - c n- I X Hcp- Z m- l - c Ww. tamk p apX¬ {InkvXp-h-sc-bp≈ {]hm-N-I-∑m-cmWv AXn\v ASnØ- d - ] m- I n- b Xv . ]t£, tbip- h ns‚ Ime- a m- b - t ∏m- t g°pw AXv Bflmhv \jvS-s∏´v tIh-e-samcp ]mc-º-cy-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-´n-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ PqX-kw-kvIm-csØ ip≤n-sN-øm-\mbn tbip-{InkvXp \SØnb {ia- ß - s fm∂pw hnP- b n- ® n√. Ah- k m\w ss{Ikv X - h Xzw as‰mcp \mK-cn-I-X-bmbn hf-cp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ ss{IkvXh \mK-cn-I-Xbpw Poh-—-h-ambn cq]w amdn. At∏m-gmWv Atd-_n-bm-bn¬ Ckvemw Bhn¿`-hn-®Xv. Ckvem-ans‚ \h-ssNX\yw ss{I-kvXh \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS i‡n-sI-Sp-Øp-Ibpw k¿hYm ]ptcm- K - a - t \m- ∑ p- J hpw hnπ- h m- fl - I - h p- a mb as‰mcp \mK- c n- I X kwÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXv kakvX temI-\m-K-cn-I-X-I-fn¬ kzm[o\w sNepØn. Ckvemw ]pkvX-I-Ønepw apkvenw-Iƒ ivaim\-Øn-ep-ambn HXp-ßn-b-tXmsS Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-Xbpw tNX-\-



34



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



b‰ a´n-embn. Ncn{X hnZym¿Ynsb kw_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw AXn-]p-cm-X-\-amb Hcp kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ km£m¬ ASn-ÿm-\-ß-sf-s¥∂p \n¿Wbn-°pI Xptemw hnj-a-at{X. Nne AS-bm-f-ß-sfm-gnsI as‰mcp hn[n\n¿Wm-bI tcJbpw Abmƒ°p-]e-_v[-am-hp-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°m-hX√. {]kvXpX AS-bm-f-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-®p-thWw, AXv cq]-sa-SpØXv ssZhn-I-X-Øz-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øntem, `uXnI XØz-ßfpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øntem F∂p \n¿W-bn-°pI. ssZh \n¿Zn-jvS-ßfmb XØz-ß-fpsS AkvXn-hm-c-Øn-t∑¬ s]mßn-h-∂n-´p≈ kwkvImc-ku-[-Øn-s‚-Xmb Nne e£-W-߃ Jp¿-B≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p≠v. Ahsb Hcp am\-Z-fi-ambn kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. Ah Xmsg hnh-cn-°p∂p.



AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßf - n-ep≈ hnizmkw ssZh-\n¿ZnjvS XØz-ß-fn¬ {]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-am-bn-´p-≈Xv AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-ß-fmWv. a\p-jys‚ ⁄mt\-{µn-b-߃°p hnt[b-am-hmØ bmYm¿Yy-sØ-bmWv "AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yyw' F∂n-hnsS hyh-l-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. ssZhw, ssZh-Zq-X≥am¿ (ae-°p-Iƒ), ac-Wm-\¥c PohnXw, kz¿Kw, \cIw BZn-bm-bh DZm-l-cWw. CØcw bmYm¿Yy-ß-fpsS `mhm-`m-h-ß-sf-∏-‰ntbm kz`mh KpW-ß-sf-∏‰ntbm Hcp Xocp-am-\-hp-sa-Sp-°p-hm≥ a\p-jy-_p-≤n°p km[y-a√. ImcWw, Ahs‚ ⁄m\ ZrjvSn°v Ah AtKm-N-c-ß-fs{X. AhbpsS bmYm¿Yyw I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ ]‰p∂ bmsXmcp D]-I-c-Whpw D]-e-_v[-a√. a\p-jys‚ ⁄m\-Zr-jvSn°v tKmN-c-am-hp∂ GXp hnjbhpw Zriy {]]- © - Ø n¬s]- ´ - X mWv . AZriy {]]- © - h p- a mbn Ahs‚ C{µn-b-߃t°m D]-I-c-W-߃t°m bmsXmcp _‘-hpan√. F∂m¬ ssZhw Xnc-s™-SpØv {]hm-N-IXz ]Zw A\p-{K-ln® Nne hy‡n-Iƒ°v AØcw bmYm¿Yy-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ kq£vahpw kpZr-V-hp-amb ⁄m\w e`n-°p∂p. AXpw AZr-iy-am¿tKW. {]hmN-I-∑m-cpsS kXy-k-‘hpw ss[cy-]q¿h-hp-amb {]h-N-\-a-√msX CXc-∑msc kw_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw Ah-bpsS kXym-hÿ At\z-jn-°p∂-Xn\v as‰mcp hgn-bp-an√. CXmWv AZr-iy-{]-]-©-Øns‚ icn-bmb \ne-]mSv. Jp¿-B≥ {]kvXpX AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßsf "ssK_v' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv; Zriy-{]-]-©sØ "ilm-ZØv' F∂pw. ssK_ns‚ bmYm¿Yyw ssZh-Øn\v am{Xta Adnbq. {]hm-N-I≥am¿°v AZriy-bm-Ym¿Yy-ß-fn¬ NneXv Ah≥ Adn-bn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂p. {]hm-NI- ∑ m¿ Ah P\- ß sf DZv t _m- [ n- ∏ n- ° p- I bpw sNøp∂p. GXp \ne°pw Hcp {]hm-N-I≥ aptJ-\-b-√msX AZriyw Adn-bpI km[y-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



35



a√. AXmWv Jp¿-B≥ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv: ""AZr-iyw Adn-bp-∂-h\m-Ip∂p A√mlp. Ahs‚ AZr-iy-sØ-∏‰n B¿°pw Adn-bn∏p \¬Ip-∂-X√˛Ah≥ CjvS-s∏´ ZqX-∂-√msX.''1 AXn-\m¬ ssZhw, ssZh-Zq-X≥, kz¿Kw, \cIw, I¿a-^ew, acWm-\-¥c PohnXw XpS-ßnb AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßsf kw_-‘n® hn`m-h\ GsXmcp kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ ImWp-∂pthm, B kwkvIm-cØns‚ \njv]Øn {]hm-NI {]t_m-[-\-am-bn-cn-°msX \n¿hm-l-an√. Fs¥-∂m¬ AØcw AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-߃ {]hm-N-I-∂-√msX a‰m¿°pw e_v[-a√. BI-bm¬ ta¬∏-d™ AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßfn-ep≈ hnizm-ksØ ssZh-\n¿ZnjvS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ {]Y-a-e-£W-ambn \ap°v AwKo-I-cn°mw. Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""Cu {KŸw (Jp¿-B≥) Hcp am¿K-Z¿i-\-amWv ˛ A°m-cy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√. AZriy-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂ `‡-P-\-߃°v''2 ssZhnI am¿K-Z¿i-\-ß-f-S-ßnb Jp¿-B≥ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v {]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-amb D]m[n AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-Øn-ep≈ hnizmk-am-sW∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ AXn¬ \n∂v Hcp Imcyw hywKy-¥-tcW kn≤-am-hp-∂p≠v. ssZhn-I-am¿K-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw ASn-ÿm-\]-c-amb khn-ti-jX AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-ß-sf-°p-dn® {]Xn-]m-Z-\-ambn-cn-°p-sa-∂-XmWXv. ssZhw, ssZh-Zq-X≥, I¿a-^ew, kz¿K-\-c-I߃, ac- W m- \ - ¥ c PohnXw AYhm ]c- t emIw F∂n- h - s b- ∏ ‰n {]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b-a-X-{K-Ÿ-߃ hy‡-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p≠v.



GI-ssZ-hXz hn`m-h\w {]hm-N-I-∑m-cm¬ {]t_m-[n-X-amb aX-X-Øz-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\-ß-fn¬ cq]wsIm≈p∂ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ c≠m-asØ e£Ww GI- s sZ- h Xz hn`m- h - \ - a mWv . F√m Hmtcm {]hm- N - I \pw Cu BZ¿isØ Du∂n-bp-d-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ kn≤m-¥n-°p∂p. ]t£, Cu cwKØv Hcp Ncn{X bmYm¿Yyw \mw khn-tijw {i≤nt°-≠-Xp≠v. GsXmcp {]hm-N-I-s‚bpw A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ At±-lØns‚ bYm¿Y {]t_m-[-\-Øn¬ \n∂v A\-¥c ImeØv hyXn-Nen-®n-´p≠v. AtXmsS ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw A\mNm-c-ßfpw krjvSn-]q-Pm-]-c-amb k{º-Zm-b-ßfpw a‰pw Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ \pg™p IS∂p, Aßs\ Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ AXv X\n _lp-ssZ-h-Xz-abamb Hcp kwkvIm-c-ambn A[x-]-Xn°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Cu kmam-\y-kz-`m-h-Øn¬ \n∂v PqX-aXtam {InkvXp-a-Xtam Ckvemw aXtam H∂pw Xs∂ Hgn-h√. C∂sØ apkvenw-I-fn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw acn®p a¨a-d™ alm-]p-cp-j≥amsctbm Ah-cpsS ivaim-\-ß-sftbm ]qPn-°p-∂-h-cmWv. BI-bm¬ A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS hyXn-N-e-\sØ ho£n®v, kwkvIm-csØ hnebn-cp-Øp∂ ]£w bmsXmcp kwkvIm-c-sØbpw krjvSn-]q-P-bn¬



36



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



\n∂v ip≤-am-bn-°m-WpI C°m-eØv km[y-a√. sslµ-h-kw-kvIm-c-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ A‘-hn-izm-k-߃°pw A\m-Nm-c-߃°pw krjvSn-]q-P-Iƒ°pw Iøpw IW-°p-an√. F∂m¬ `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ DXv]Øn GI-ssZ-h-Xz-k-¶¬]-Øn¬ \n∂m-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°p-hm≥ Ignbpw. C∂sØ ss{IkvX-h-temIw s]mXp-hn¬ {XnXz-hm-Zn-I-fmWv. ]nXmhv, ]p{X≥, ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv ˛ Cu aq∂pw IqSnb H∂mWv AhcpsS ssZh-k-¶¬]w. F∂m¬ tbip-{InkvXp Hcp {]hm-N-I-\m-bncp- ∂ p- s h∂pw, GI- s sZ- h - X z- s Ø- b - √ msX as‰mcp ssZh- k - ¶ ¬]sØbpw At±lw D]-tZ-in-®n-´n-s√∂pw A\-¥c ImeØv ss{IkvXh kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ \pg-™p-I-S-∂-XmWv {XnXz-hn-izm-k-sa∂pw Jp¿B≥ \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp∂p. \ne-hn-ep≈ kphn-ti-j-߃ Xs∂ AXn-te°v sXfn-hp-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p-ap≠v. CXp-t]m-se-bmWv \ne-hn-ep≈ `mc-Xob aX-Øn-s‚bpw ÿnXn. as‰√m aX-ß-sfbpw At]-£n®p IqSp-X¬ ]g-°-ap≈ H∂m-b-Xn\m¬ `mc-Xo-b-aXw IqSp-X¬ Itø-‰-߃°pw hyXn-bm-\-߃°pw hnt[- b - a mbn Ft∂- b p≈q. F∂n´pw ip≤- a mb GI- s sZ- h Xz k¶¬]sØ {]tZym-Xn-∏n-°p∂ Nne tcJ-Iƒ C∂pw {]mNo\ `mcXob kmln-Xy-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv AZv`pXw. EtKz-Z-Ønse ]e a{¥-ßfpw hninjym, "\mk-Zob kq‡w' CXn-te°p-Ø-tamZm-l-c-W-amWv. t]msc-¶n¬ D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ip≤-amb GI-Xz-k¶¬]sØ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.



]c-temI hnizmkw ac-Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-Øn-ep≈ hnizm-k-amWv as‰mcp e£Ww. ac-W-tØmsS a\pjy PohnXw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂n-s√∂pw ac-Wm-\¥-chpw Pohn-Xw XpS-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-amWv {]hm-N-I≥am¿ ]Tn-∏n-®n-´p≈Xv. CXn-s\-Xnsc `uXnI Nn¥-I≥am¿, ac-W-tØmsS a\p-jy-PohnXw F-t∂-°p-ambn Ah-km-\n-®p-sh∂v hmZn-°p∂p. a\p-jys‚ I¿a-^-esØ apJy-ambpw A\-¥c Pohn-X-tØm-SmWv {]hm-N-I-aX-߃ _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv. AXm-bXv Cu Pohn-X-Øn¬ kpIrXw {]h¿Øn-®-h\v B Pohn-X-Øn¬ kZv^-ehpw, ]m]w sNbvX-h\v Zpjv^-ehpw D≠mhpw. Cu XØz-amWv {]hm-N-I≥am-sc√mw kzP\-Xsb DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®n-cp-∂-sX∂p Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""(kXv-I¿anIƒ°p) kphn-ti-jhpw (ZpjvI¿an-Iƒ°p) Xm°oXpw \¬Ip-∂-hcm-bn-´-√msX ssZh-Zq-X-∑msc \mw \ntbm-Kn-°p-∂n√.''3 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-chpw I¿a-^-e-sØ-∏‰n Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p≠v. ]t£, as‰mcp k¶¬]-Øn-emWv I¿Ω-^ew C∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. ]p\¿P-∑-k-¶¬]-Øn¬. Cu P∑-Øn¬ ]pWyw sNbvX-h≥ ASpØ P∑-Øn¬ kpPm-X\pw ]m]w {]h¿Øn-®-h≥ \oN-\p-ambn ]cn-W-an-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



37



°p-sa-∂mWv `mc-Xo-b-cpsS hnizmkw. F∂m¬ ]pcm-X\ `mc-Xo-b¿ ]p\¿P≥a-Øn¬, As√-¶n¬ AXns‚ {]kvXpX hymJym-\-Øn¬ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂n√. {]XypX, ]mc-eu-InI I¿a-^-e-Øn-emWv Ah¿ hniz- k n- ® n- c p- ∂ Xv . ]p\¿P- ∑ - h mZw, AYhm AXns‚ C∂sØ hymJym\w ]nev°me krjvSn-bm-sW∂v Nne \ncq-]-I≥am¿ hy‡am-°n-bn-´p≠v. {io. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""thZ-Ønse Ejn-am¿ Cu temI-Øp-\n∂v hn`n-∂-amb as‰mcp temI-ap-s≠∂v hniz- k n- ® n- c p∂p. Ahn- t S- ° mWv ac- W m- \ - ¥ cw kXv I ¿an- I ƒ t]mhpI. Ah¿ AhnsS B\-µ-]q¿∆w Pohn-°p-∂-XmWv. Xmsg-bp≈ ]mXmfw A‘- I m- c - a bamb \c- I - t em- I - a mWv . Ahn- t S- ° mWv ZpjvI¿an-Iƒ t]mhp-∂Xv.... sshZnI ImesØ Ejn-am¿°p ]p\¿P∑-hm-Z-hp-ambn _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.''4 thZ-Im-eØv Pohn® {]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b¿ ]c-tem-I-Ønse I¿a^-e-ß-fnepw kz¿K-\-c-I-ß-fn-ep-amWv hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]t£, ]n¬°m-eØv kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ [m¿an-I-t_m[w Atº XI¿∂p. Xmgv∂-hn-`m-K-߃ Zmcn-{Zyhpw ASn-a-Øhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw A\p-`-hn®p s]mdp-Xn-ap-´p-Ibpw kº-∂-Xbpw kpJ-Po-hn-Xhpw Hcp ]nSn Ipeo\≥am-cpsS IpØ-I-bm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ AXn-s\-Xn-cn¬ cq£-amb hna¿i\w s]mßn-h∂p. ]c-tem-I-hn-izmkw P\-lr-Z-bß-fn¬ \n∂v A¥¿[m\w sNbvXp. XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ aX-t\-Xm-°ƒ°v ]p\¿P≥a-hmZw Bhn-jvI-cn-t°-≠n-h∂p. [¿aw icn°pw ]men-°mØ-h¿ ho≠pw Cl-Øn¬ Xs∂ P\n-°p-sa∂pw, B P≥a-Øn¬ kq-Ict\m ip\-It\m iq{Zt\m Bbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw Zm¿i\nI cwKØv kn≤m-¥n-°-s∏´p. P\-߃ A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Zpcn-X]q¿W-amb PohnXw ap÷≥a-Ønse I¿a-^-e-am-sW∂pw hcpw P≥aØn¬ kpJ-Po-hnXw e`n-t°-≠-Xn\v kXvI¿a-a-\p-jvTn-°p-I-b√msX as‰mcp ]cn-lm-c-an-s√∂pw XZzmcm h∂p-IqSn. Cl-Øn¬ sh®pXs∂ `oIc in£ A\p-`-hn-t°≠n hcn-I-sb-∂Xv a\p-jys\ kw_‘n-®n-S-tØmfw IqSp-X¬ `oXn-X-am-Wt√m. GXm-bmepw {]kvXpX Bibw {]N-cn-®-tXmsS hna¿i-\-߃°v Hc-dp-Xnbpw s]mdp-Xnbpw h∂p. Cß-s\-bmWv ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ \n∂v ]p\¿P≥a kn≤m¥-Øn-te-°p-≠mb ]cn-Wm-asa-∂v kmwIr-Xym-b≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏Sp∂p: ""Aß- s \- b p≈ hna¿i- I - ∑ m- c p- ≠ m- b - t ∏mƒ D]- \ n- j - X v I mesØ [m¿an-I-t\-Xm-°ƒ°v ]p\¿P≥a-hmZw Bhn-jvI-cn-t°-≠Xmbn h∂p. Chn-sS-bp≈ kmap-Zm-bn-I-t¢-i-߃, Hmtcm Bflmhpw aS-ßn-h∂v, Xm¥m-߃ sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xn-\p≈ in£ A\p-`-hn-t°≠-Xn\v th≠n-bp-≈-XmWv F∂-h¿ hmZn®p. kmap-Zm-bn-I-t¢-i-ßsf ap≥\n¿Øn-bmWv, kap-Zm-b-Ønse {]`p-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw Nqj-I≥amcp-sSbpw apºn¬ Cß-s\-sbmcp {]iv\w Bhn¿`-hn-®Xv. F∂m¬



38



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



]p\¿P≥a-hmZw sIm≠v {]kvXpX t¢i-ß-fn¬°q-Sn-Øs∂ AXn\p≈ \nhm-c-Whpw km[n-X-ambn. hfsc ka¿Y-amb Hcp I≠p-]nSn-Ø-am-bn-´p≠v CsX-∂-Xn\v kwi-b-an√.''5 Npcp-°-Øn¬, {]mNo-\-`m-c-Xo-b¿ ]c-tem-I-Ønepw ac-Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-Ønse kpJ-Zpx-J-ß-fn-ep-amWv hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]p\¿P≥ahmZw A\-¥-c-Im-eØv IS∂p-Iq-Snb Hcp "_nZv-AØpw' Ir{Xn-a-kn≤m-¥-hp-amWv.



]mc-eu-InI [m¿anI ho£Ww GsXmcp kwkvIm-c-Ønepw kZm-Nm-c-Zp-cm-Nm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn® Nne k- ¶ ¬]- ß - f p- ≠ mhpw. A\o- i z- c - h m- Z - Ø n- e - [ n- j v T n- X - a mb tIhe `uXnI kwkvIm-c-߃ t]mepw AXn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ß-f√. Ah-bn-ep-ap≠v Nne kZm-Nm-c-ßfpw Zpcm-Nm-c-ßfpw. AXn-\m¬ tIhe-amb kZm-Nm-c-Zp-cm-Nmc k¶¬]w Hcp {]hm-N-I-a-X-Øns‚ e£W-am-sW∂v ]d-™p-IqSm. F∂m¬ [¿am-[¿a-k-¶¬]w as‰m-∂mWv. AXns‚ ho£-W-KXnbpw `n∂-amWv. AXnse kZm-Nm-c-Zp-cm-Nm-c-k-¶¬]w ac-Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-Øn¬ A\p-`-hn-°p-hm-\n-cn-°p∂ kpJ-Zpx-J-ß-tfbpw c£min-£-I-tfbpw B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p. AXm-bXv ac-Wm-\-¥cw kpJm\p-`q-Xn°pw kZv^-e-kn-≤n°pw Imc-W-am-hp∂ I¿a-amWv kZm-Nmcw; As√-¶n¬ [¿aw. hn]-co-X-am-bXp Zpcm-Nm-chpw A[¿ahpw. Cu ho£m-K-Xn-bmWv F√m {]hm-N-I≥amcpw [¿am-[¿a-ß-fpsS \n¿hN-\-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. Jp¿-B\pw Aßs\ Xs∂. as‰mcp hn[w ]d-™m¬, a\p-jym-flm-hns‚ DXvI¿j-Øn\v ImcW-am-hp-∂Xv [¿ahpw A√m-ØXv A[¿a-hp-amWv. At∏mƒ ]c-temI-Po-hn-X-Ønse kpJ-Zpx-J-ß-sfbpw a\p-jym-flm-hns‚ DXvI¿jm]-I¿j-ß-sfbpw B{i-bn-®mWv aX-[m¿anI k¶¬]w \ne-sIm-≈p∂Xv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv [m¿anI ]cn-[n-Isf AXn-ew-Ln-°p-∂Xv Bfl- t {Zm- l - a m- s W∂v Jp¿- B ≥ {]tXyIw Xm°o- X p- s N- b v X Xpw: ""A√m-lp-hns‚ koa-Iƒ ([m¿anI ]cn-[n-Iƒ) h√-h\pw AXn-ewLn-°p-∂-]£w kz¥w Bflm-hns\ t{Zmln-®-Xp-Xs∂.''6 CtX ho£-W-K-Xn-bmWv `mc-Xob kwkvIm-chpw AwKo-I-cn-®n´p-≈Xv. `mc-Xo-b-Z¿i-\-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fn-sem-∂mb sshti-jnI Z¿i\w B ho£-W-KXn hy‡-am-bn-Øs∂ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. "sshtijn- I - k q{Xw' F∂ Z¿i- \ - { K- Ÿ - Ø ns‚ Bcw- ` - Ø n¬ AXns‚ I¿Øm- h mb IWm- Z ≥ (Dt±iw {In. ap. 150) ]d- b p∂p: ""Rm≥ [¿asØ hymJym- \ n- ° p- I - b mWv . euIn- I - k p- J hpw ]mc- { XnI kpJhpw bmsXm-∂n-\memtWm e`n-°p-∂Xv, AXmWv [¿aw.''7 ""B [¿a-sØ-°p-dn®p {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\v {]mam-Wn-I-am-bn-´p≈Xv thZ-amWv.''8



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



39



ac-Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-Ønse kpJ-Zpx-J-ß-tfm-SmWv [¿am-[¿aßsf `mc-Xo-b-kw-kvImcw apJy-ambpw _‘n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]t£, AtXm-sSm∏w sFln-I-t£-ahpw [¿am-flm-°ƒ°v e_v[-am-hp-∂psh-¶n¬ AXv [¿a-Øns‚ as‰mcp ^e-amWv. ]c-temI tam£-Øn\p ]pdta Cl-tem-I-t£-asØ `‡-P-\-߃°v Jp¿-B\pw hmKvZØw sNøp-∂p-≠t√m: ""B-Wm-Is´, s]Æm-Is´, kXy-hn-izm-kn-bm-bns°m≠v h√-h\pw kXvI¿aw {]h¿Øn-®m¬ Ah\v t£a-]q¿Wamb Hcp kpJ-Po-hnXw (ChnsS) \mw {]Zm\w sNøp-∂XmWv. X߃ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xn¬ G‰hpw D-Ø-a-amb I¿a-Øns‚ tXmXn¬ B kXvI¿an-Iƒ°v (]c-Ønepw) Ah-cp-tS-Xmb I¿a-^ew \¬Ip-∂Xm-bn-cn°pw!''9 [¿am-\p-jvTm-\-Øns‚ AYhm kXvI¿a-Øns‚ kZv^-e-ß-fmWv ]mc-{Xn-I-tam-£hpw sFln-I-t£-ahpw. Ch c≠pw F√m ssZhn-Ia-X-ßfpw hmKvZm\w sNbvXn-´p≠v. imiz-X-tam-£-Øn-\mWv k¿thm]cn {]mapJyw I¬]n-®-sX-t∂-bp≈q. `mc-Xo-b-cpsS aXhpw C∏-d™-Xn\v FXn-c√. kpZo¿L-amb [m¿an-tIm-]-tZiw \¬Inb tijw {ioIr-jvW≥ A¿Pp-\s\ DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®-Xmbn KoX D≤-cn-°p∂p: ""£n{]w `hXn [¿Ωmflm iiz-—m¥ow \nK-—Xn Iut¥b {]Xn-Pm-\oln \ ta `‡x {]W-iyXn.''10 (ta¬{]-Imcw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ `‡≥ AXn-thKw [¿am-flm-hmbn `hn-°p-Ibpw Ah\v imiz-X-amb a\x-im¥n e`n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. tl Ip¥o- ] p{Xm, {]Xn⁄ sNøpI, Fs‚ `‡- \ m- b - h ≥ Hcp ImeØpw \mi-a-S-bp-∂-X√ F∂v.)



aX-ÿm-]I - s‚ hnizm-kyX aX- ÿ m- ] - \ - Ø n- e qsS _lp- P - \ - ß - f psS `‡n- _ - l p- a m\w NqjWw sNøp-hm≥ Nne kzm¿Y-X-Xv]-c≥am¿ DZy-an-t®°pw. F∂m¬ Ah¿°v kXy-k-‘-Xtbm Bflm¿Y-Xtbm D≠m-hn-s√∂v hninjym ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√t√m. AXn-\m¬ Hcp aX-Øns‚ kXy-Xbpw Ak-XyXbpw hnth-Nn-°p-∂-Xn\v B aX-ÿm-]-Is‚ bYm¿Y Poh-N-cn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠Xv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amWv. F√m am\-Z-fi-ßfpw sh®v Af∂p Xn´-s∏-Sp-Ønb tijta At±-l-Øns‚ aXw ssZh\n¿Zn-jvStam kzbw-Ir-Xtam F∂v Xocp-am-\n-°m≥ ]‰q. ssZh-\n-bp-‡-\mb {]hm-N-I≥ k¿thm-]cn DXvIr-jvS -[m¿anI \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp∂ Bfm-bn-cn°pw. kXy-k-‘X, BXvam¿YX, hniz- k v X X BZn- b mb KpW- ß - f n¬ At±- l sØ Ih- ® p- h - ° p∂ as‰mcp hy‡n kap-Zm-b-Øn-ep-≠m-hp-I-bn√. Nn¥n-°p∂ GsXm-cp-



40



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Ø∂pw AØcw DXvIr-jvS-Kp-W-߃ {]hm-N-I\v A\n-hm-cy-am-bn´p-≈-Xm-sW∂v a\- n-em-°m≥ {]bm-k-an√. as‰m-cmƒ°pw A\p-{Kln- ° - s ∏- S m- Ø Xpw AXy¥w \nKq- V - h p- a mb Hcp ⁄m\- a m¿Kw X\n°p e_v[-am-bn-´p-s≠-∂m-Wt√m {]hm-N-Is‚ Ah-Im-i-hmZw. At±-l-Øns‚ DXvIr-jvS-kz-`m-h-N-cy-I-f-√msX B hmZsØ AwKoI-cn-∏n-°p∂ as‰m-cp-]m-[nbpw \ΩpsS apºn-en√. {]hm-N-I-Xz-hmZn DXvIrjvS kz`mhn-bm-bm¬ Xs∂ t]mcm; B hkvXpX BZyta kphn-Zn-X-am-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw. F¶nte At±-l-Øns‚ hmZw P\߃ ]cn-K-W-\-bn-se-Sp-°p-I-bp≈q. hnizm-ky-X-sb∂ KpW-amWv {]hm-N-Is\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw G‰hpw {][m-\-am-bn-´p-≈Xv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv {]hm-N-I≥am¿ {]hmN-IXz {]Jym-]-\-tØm-sSm-∂n®v, Xß-fpsS hnizm-kyX kzP-\-ßsf A\p-kva-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ FSpØp]d-™n-´p-≈Xv. t\ml, lqZv, kzmenlv, temØv, ipsF_v (bnt{Xm), tamkkv apX-emb {]hm-N-I≥am¿ Xß-fpsS {]hm-N-IXzw {]Jym-]\w sNbvXXv Cu hm°p-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p: ""C∂o eIpw dkq-ep≥ Aao≥'' (\n߃°p hniz-kvX-\mb Hcp ZqX-\s{X Rm≥)11 apl-ΩZv \_n(k)bmIs´ {]hm-N-I-Xz-{]-Jym-]-\-Øn\v F{Xtbm apºv Xs∂ hniz-kvX-X-bn¬ k¿h{X JymXn t\Sn-°-gn-™n-cp∂p. X∂n-anØw Bfp-Iƒ At±-lsØ "A¬-A-ao≥' F∂mWv hnfn-®ncp-∂-sX∂v Ncn{Xw ]d-bp∂p. `mc-Xob aXm-Nm-cy≥amsc kw_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw Cu cwKØv \ap-s°mcp hnjaw t\cn-Sp-∂p≠v. Ah-cpsS bYm-X-Y-amb Poh-Ncn{Xw Bcpw Fgp-Xn-h-®n√. Ahsc Np‰n-∏‰n {]N-cn® IY-I-fm-Is´, AXn-cp-I-hn™ {]iw-k-bp-sSbpw AXn-i-tbm‡n Ie¿∂ kvXpXnbp-sSbpw thj-a-Wn-™mWv \mw ImWp-∂Xpw. AXn-\m¬ Ah-cpsS bYm¿Y Pohn-XsØ ∏‰n Hcp ]nSn-]mSpw \ap°p e`n-°p-∂n√. F∂ncp-∂mepw Hcp Imcyw a\- n-em-hp∂p. Ah-cpsS kXy-k-‘-Xsbtbm Bflm¿Y-Xsbtbm hnizm-ky-Xsbtbm i{Xp-°ƒt]mepw tNmZyw sNbvXn-´n-√. Ah¿ D∂X [m¿anI \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂mWv CXn¬ \n∂pw A`yq-ln-t°-≠Xv.



{]hm-NI - s\ AwKo-Ic - n-°¬ ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® am\-Z-fiw-sh®p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-]£w `mcXo-b-a-Xm-Nm-cy≥am-cn¬ Nne-sc-¶nepw {]hm-N-I-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°m≥ km[yX- b p≠v . Hcmsf {]hm- N - I - s \∂v AwKo- I - c n- ° p- ∂ - X ns‚ A¿Yw Abmsf Bcm- [ n- ° p- I - s b- ∂ √; BZ- c n- ° p- I - s b∂p am{X- a mWv . ss__n-fn¬ ]d™ {]hm-N-Isc \mw BZ-cn°pw t]mse. bmsXmcp krjvSn-sbbpw Bcm-[n-°phm≥ Ckvemw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n√. F∂m¬ alm-flm-°sf BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw X≈n-∏-d-bm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



41



Bh-iy-amWv. Ah-cpsS Aaqey D]-tZ-i-ßsf am\n-°pI; Ah¿ \¬Ip∂ in£-W-sØbpw ioe-\-sØbpw AwKo-I-cn-°pI; Ah¿ Pohn®p ImWn® amXrI Ign-bp-∂n-S-tØmfw ]n¥p-S-cpI, CXmWv {]hm-N-I≥amsc BZ-cn-°p-I-sb-∂-Xn-\¿Yw. {]hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS-sb√mw auenI {]t_m-[-\-߃ H∂m-bn-cp∂p-sh-∂mWv Jp¿-B≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. BZ¿i-e-£y-ßfn¬ Ah XΩn¬ Imcy-amb A¥-c-sam∂pw ImWp-I-bn√. F∂m¬ am¿K-߃ hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-bn-cn°pw. Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""\nß-fn¬ Hmtcm hn`mK-Øn\pw Hmtcm I¿a-am¿Khpw \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-bp-amWv \mw (ssZhw) \n›-bn®p X∂n-´p-≈Xv. A√mlp C—n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ \nßsf BkIew Htc-sbmcp P\-hn-`m-K-am-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. (]t£, Ah≥ Aßs\ C—n-®n√. Fs¥-∂m¬) \n߃°v \¬In-b-Xn¬ \nßsf ]co-£n°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv Ahs‚ Dt±iyw. AXn-\m¬ kpIr-X-ß-fn¬ Rm≥ Xm≥ F∂ a´n¬ (a’-c-]q¿hw) apt∂-dpI. Ah-km\w A√m-lp-hn¶- t e- ° m- W t√m \nß- f psS aS°w. At∏mƒ \n߃ `n∂X ssIs°m-≠n-´p≈ Imcy-ß-sf-∏‰n \nßsf Ah≥ Adn-bn-®p-sIm≈p-∂-XmWv.''12 ]q¿h-\-_n-am-sc√mw kXy-am¿Kmh-ew-_n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ Ah-cpsS am¿K-Z¿i\w a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn\v A\p-I-c-Wob amXrI-bmWv. ]Xn-s\´p ap≥{]-hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS \ma-߃ FSp-Øp-]-d™ tijw apl-ΩZv \_n(k)tbmSmbn A√mlp DW¿Øp∂p: ""A√mlp k∑m¿Kw Im´n-s°m-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-h-cs{X Ah¿. AXp-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS am¿K-Z¿i-\sØ A\p-K-an-°pI.''13 BI-bm¬ ]q¿h-a-X-ß-tfbpw {]mNo\ thZ-ß-tfbpw \ntj-[n°p-hmt\m am‰n-a-dn-°p-hmt\m A√ apl-ΩZv \_n(k) h∂n-´p-≈Xv. ]ns∂tbm, Ahsb ÿnco- I - c n- ° p- h m\pw ]n¥m- ß p- h m- \ p- a mWv . C°mcyw Jp¿-B≥ ]e ÿe-ß-fnepw Bh¿Øn®p ]d-™n-´p≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, 2:97; 3:2; 5: 48; 6: 92 t\m°pI. Cß-s\-sb√mw ]d-b-W-sa-¶n¬ XmØzn-I-ambn aX-ß-sf√mw H∂m-bn-cn-°Ww. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Aß-s\-bm-Wp-Xm\pw. Htc kcnØn¬ \n∂v \n¿K-fn®, hnhn[ ssIh-gn-I-fmWv bYm¿Y aX-߃. ]t£, ]n¬°m-eØv ]e Itø-‰-ßfpw \S-Ø-s∏´p. C√m-Xn-cp∂ ]eXpw IS∂pIqSn. D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]eXpw tNm¿∂p-t]mbn. Imem-¥c-Øn¬ Ah Ae-t¶m-e-s∏´p Ir{Xna aX-ß-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p. C∂p \mw ImWp-∂Xv AØcw aX-ß-sf-bmWv. Ah At\ym\yw IgpØ-dp-°p-hm≥ XZ-\p-bm-bn-Isf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-psh-¶n¬ AXnsem´pw B›-cy-s∏-Sm-\n√. F∂m¬ bYm¿Y aXw CXn¬ \n∂pw ]cn-ip-≤-as{X!



42



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. Jp¿-B≥ 72: 26, 27 2. Ibid 2: 1, 2 3. Ibid 18: 56 4. hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]Pv 552 5. Ibid P. 553 6. Jp¿-B≥ 65: 1 7. ""bmtXmf `ypZ-b\nx t{ibk kn≤nx k [¿Ωx'' 8. sshti-jn-I-kq{Xw, D≤-cWw: hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]Pv 825 9. Jp¿-B≥ 16 : 97 10. `K-h-ZvKoX 9: 31 11. Jp¿-B≥ 26: 107, 125, 143, 162, 178; 44: 18 apX-em-bh t\m°pI. 12. Ibid 5: 48 13. Ibid 6: 90



A[ymbw aq∂v



a\p-tjymXv]-Øn-bpsS IY `mc-X-Øns‚



{]mNo\ Ncn-{X-Øn-te°v {]th-in-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv a\p-tjym-Xv]-Øn-sb-∏‰n B[p-\nI imkv{Xw FØn-t®¿∂ \nK-a\-߃ samØ-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xp-]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v Icp-Xp∂p. ss__n-fnse "DXv]Øn' ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv: ""btlm-h-bmb ssZhw \nesØ s]mSn-sIm≠v a\p-jys\ krjvSn®n´v Ahs‚ aq°n¬ Poh-izmkw DuXn, a\p-jy≥ Poh-\p≈ tZlnbm-bn-Øo¿∂p.''1 Cßs\ Hcp kp{]-`m-X-Øn¬ a\p-jys\ aÆn¬ \n∂v ssZhw krjvSn-®p-sh-∂mWv ss__nƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv. a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-bpsS Imehpw ss_-_nƒ {]kvXm-h-\-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ IW-°m-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



43



°-s∏-´n-´p≠v. {In. ap. 4004˛mam≠n-em-Ws{X AXv \S-∂Xv. B[p-\nI imkv{Xw ss__n-fns‚ {]kvXpX krjvSnhnh-c-Whpw Ime-\n¿W-bhpw sX‰m-sW∂pw a\p-jy≥ e£-°-W-°mb h¿j߃°p-apºv CXc Pohn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]cn-W-an®p ]cn-jvI-cn-®p-≠mb-Xm-sW∂pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬ Ft∏m-gmWv, GXn-S-ØmWv BZn-a-a-\p-jy-h¿Kw D¤-hn®Xv? C°m-cy-sØ-∏‰n \c-hw-i-imkv-{XØn\v IWn-i-ambn Hcp Xocp-am-\-Øn-se-Øm≥ C∂pw Ign-™n-´n√. ]t£, Npcp-ßn-bXv A©p-e£w kwh-’-c-߃°p-apºv a\p-jy≥ DZv`-hn®p F∂v imkv{X-Im-c≥am¿ Dd-∏n®p]d-bp∂p. \c-hw-i-imkv{X-⁄≥amsc D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v tUmIvS¿ F. Aø-∏≥ (C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ns‚ `qK¿` \nco-£-W-h-Ip-∏p-ambn _‘-ap≈ Hcp {]Xn`m-im-en-bmWv Ct±lw) Xs‚ "`mc-X-∏-ga' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ Fgp-XnbXv ImWpI: ""a\p-jys‚ DZv`hw 5,00,000 sIm√-߃°v apºmsW∂v Xo¿®-bmWv. a\p-jy\pw a\p-jy-°p-c-ßp-Ifpw Npcp-ßn-bXv c≠-c-t°mSn kwh-’-c-߃°p-apºv Htc "apcSn'¬\n∂v Xcw Xncn™-h-cmWv. a\p-jys\ a‰p P¥p-°-fn¬\n∂v th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ khnti-j-X-Iƒ \memWv. 1) \nh¿∂p \n¬°¬ 2) ssIIƒ, ssIIfpsS s]cp-hn-c¬, Ch a‰p P¥p-°-tf-°m-f-[nIw D]-tbm-Kn-°¬ 3) Xe-t®m-dns‚ hep-∏hpw hnIm-khpw 4) Bbp-[-ß-fp-≠m-°pI, `mj ssIImcyw sNøpI.''2 c≠-c-t°mSn kwh-’-c-߃°p-apºp apX¬ A©p-e£w kwh’-c-߃°v apºp-h-tc-bp≈ AXn-Zo¿L-amb Hcp Ime-b-f-hn-\p-≈n¬ a\p-jy≥ DZv`-hn®p F∂p ]d-bmt\ \c-hw-i-im-kv{X-Øn\v Ign-™n´p-≈q-sh-∂mWv apI-fn-ep-≤-cn-®-Xn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-hp-∂Xv. ]t£, c≠p tImSn kwh-’-c-߃°p-ap-ºp-Xs∂ a\pjy kZr-i-cmb P¥p°ƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v imkv{X-⁄≥am¿°-`n-{]m-b-ap≠v. AØcw Pohn-I-fpsS ]√p-Iƒ lnam-e-b-km-\p-°-fn¬\n∂pw a‰pw Is≠-SpØ-Xmbn Ah¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. {io. Aø-∏≥ Xs∂ ]d-bs´: ""\m¬°m-en-bmb Hcp hm\-c-{]m-b≥, Ccp-Im-en-bmbn \nh¿∂-Xns‚ Ncn{Xw \ap°p ]q¿W-ambn Adn-bm≥ Ign-™n-´n√. lnam-eb km\p°- f n¬ a\p- j y- k - Z r- i - c mb "hm\- c - ß ƒ' c≠p- t ImSn kwh- ’ - c ߃°p apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-bn¬ \n∂p \ΩpsS BZn-]n-Xm-°ƒ ]cn- W - a n- ® p- ≠ m- b - X mhmw. Ah- b psS ]√p- I ƒ am{Xta CXphsc Is≠-Ø-s∏-´n-´p≈q. B{^n-°-bn¬, c≠p Imen≥ta¬ \nh¿∂p \S∂v h\y-ar-K-ßsf \mbm-Sn-bn-cp∂ Hcp PmXn "hm\-c≥am¿' (Apes) D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp-Iƒ I≠p-In-´n-bn-´p≠v.''3 Um¿hns‚ ]cn- W ma kn≤m- ¥ - Ø ns‚ ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n- e mWv B[p-\nI imkv{X-⁄≥am¿ a\p-tjym-Xv]-Øn-bpsS Ncn{Xw sa\s™- S p- ° p- h m- \ p- Z y- a n- ° p- ∂ Xv . AXn- \ m¬ ]cn- W m- a - h m- Z - s Ø- ∏ ‰n



44



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



samØ-Øn-sem∂p a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xp≠v.



Um¿hn-\nkw ]cn-Wma kn≤m¥w Hcnw-•o-jp-Im-c-\mb Nmƒkv-Um¿hn (1809˛1882) t\mSp _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv {]Nm-c-s∏-´n-´p-≈Xv. F∂m¬ ]cnWm-a-hm-Z-Øns‚ BZna {]tW-Xmhv At±-l-a-s√∂pw Nne¿°-`n-{]mb-ap≠v. Um¿hn≥ ]Tn-∏n¬ Aam-¥-°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂p. FUn≥_tdm bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ sshZyw ]Tn-°m≥ tN¿∂p-sh-¶nepw ]co-£bn¬ tXm‰-Xn-\m¬ sshZy-]-T\w At±-l-Øn\v Dt]-£n-t°-≠n-h∂p. F∂m¬ \nco-£-W-]m-Shw At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. sXs° Atacn-°-bpsS IS-temcw k¿th sNøp-hm≥ ]pd-s∏´ "_oKnƒ' F∂ I∏- e n¬ Hcp {]IrXn imkv { X- ⁄ - s \∂ \ne- b n¬ At±lhpw t]mbn. ImWp-∂-sX¥pw tiJ-cn-°p-hm\pw \nco-£n-°p-hm-\p-ap≈ hmk\ {]IrXn At±-l-Øn\v kΩm-\n-®n-cp∂p. At±lw kky-߃, ]md-Iƒ, {]mWn-Iƒ, P¥p-°ƒ, t^mkn-ep-I¬ (ineo-`-hn® AÿnIƒ) F∂nh tiJ-cn®p. Hmtcm Xpd-ap-J-Øp-\n∂pw Xs‚ tiJ-c߃ Cw•-≠n-te-°-b®p. ]e IS-tem-c-ßfpw Xm≠n, Hcp Znhkw _oKnƒ sXs° Ata-cn-°-bpsS ]Sn-™m-dp≈ Kme-]m-tKmkv Zzo]pI-fn¬ \¶q-c-an´p. Ahn-SsØ P\-ß-fpsS AXn-{]m-Ir-X-amb kz`mhw I≠-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øn\v tXm∂n, Htc-Xcw Pohn-Iƒ Xs∂-bt√ amdn-amdn ]e-Xcw Pohn-I-fmbn ]cn-W-an-®-sX∂v. B Zzo]p-I-fnse ]£n-Isf I≠-t∏mƒ B tXm∂¬ H∂p-IqSn Dd®p. Um¿hn≥ Xs‚ ssIh-i-ap≈ t^mkn-ep-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®p. BZysØ Pohn-Iƒ ]Xps°-∏-Xps° C√m-Xm-hp-∂Xpw ]Icw ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw kmZriyhpw Nne-Xn¬ am{Xw hyXym-k-hp-ap≈ Pohn-Iƒ D≠m-hp-∂Xpw At±lw Is≠Øn. Aßs\ ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-Øns‚ _oPw At±-lØns‚ a\- n¬ A¶p-cn®p. 20 h¿jw Xs‚ hmZ-Øn\v ]‰nb sXfn-hp-Iƒ tiJ-cn®p. _oKnfn-em-cw-`n® ]T\w XpS¿∂p. Aßs\ kp{]-kn-≤-amb Xs‚ "h¿tKmXv]Øn' (Origin of Species) F∂ IrXn 1859˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn®p. CXnemWv h¿K-]-cn-Wma kn≤m¥w ka¿Yn-®n-´p-≈Xv. Pohn-I-fpsS ]cn-Wm-a-sØ-∏‰n Um¿hn≥ \¬Inb hni-Zo-I-c-WØn-\mWv Um¿hn-\nkw (Darwinism) F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. a\p-jys‚ G‰hpw ASpØ ]q¿hn-I¿ hm\-c-∑m-cm-sW∂pw hm\-cs‚ hme‰p \c-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p-sh∂pw Um¿hn≥ kn≤m-¥n-®-Xmbn Hcp [mc-Wbp≠v. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Um¿hn≥ Aßs\ Xo¿Øp]d-™n-´n√. hm\c\pw \c\pw Htc ]q¿hn- I - \ n¬ \n∂p Dcp- Ø n- c n- ™ - X m- s W∂p am{Xta At±lw ]d-™n-´p≈q.4 Um¿hn≥ Xs‚ _oKnƒbm-{X-bn¬ A©p-sIm√w Ign®p. AXn\n-Sbn¬ ]e kwK-Xn-Ifpw a\- n-em°n. Nne \nK-a-\-ß-fn-se-Øn-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



45



t®¿∂p. Cu \nK-a-\-ß-sf-bmWv Um¿hn-\nkw F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv. P¥p-°ƒ DXv]m-Z\w \S-Øp∂p. DXv]m-Z-\-tØmXv hfsc Db¿∂XmWv. km¬a≥ F∂ a’yw {]Xyp-Xv]m-Z\ ImeØv 28 aney≥ ap´-Iƒ DXv]m-Xn-∏n-°p∂p. Cu ap´-I-sf√mw hncn™v Ip™p-߃ ]pd-Øp-h∂v ]q¿W hf¿®-sbØn, CtX tXmXn¬ ]ptcm-K-an-®n-cp∂p-sh-¶n¬ H‰ PmXn a’yw sIm≠p-Xs∂ kap{Zw \nd-tb-≠-Xmbn-cp∂p. ]t£, A{]-Imcw Hcn-°epw kw`-hn-°p-∂n√. ImcWw, {]IrXn ChnsS Hcp \nb-{¥-W-ta¿s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. Pohn-Iƒ `£-WØn\pw ÿe-Øn\pw th≠n ISpØ a’cw \S-Øp∂p. Cu ka-cØn¬ _e-lo-\-ß-fm-bh \in-°p-Ibpw A¿l-X-bp-≈h am{Xw AXn-Po-hn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. CXmWv {]IrXn \S-Øp∂ Xnc-s™Sp∏v; AYhm "{]IrXn \n¿[m-cWw.' Pohn-Iƒ {]kvXpX kwL-´-\-ß-fn¬ B¿Pn® KpW-߃, As√¶n¬ sshhn-[y-߃ ASpØ Xe-ap-d°p ssIam-dp∂p. Cu {]{In-bbn-eqsS At\I Xe-ap-d-Iƒ aptºm´p \oßp-tºmƒ BZna amXm-]nXm-°-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXym-k-s∏´v ]pØ-\mb KpW-hn-ti-j-ß-tfmSp IqSnb Pohn-Iƒ DZv`-hn-°p∂p. Aß-s\-bmWv h¿K-]-cn-Wmaw kw`hn-°p-∂-sX∂v Um¿hn≥ kn≤m-¥n-°p∂p. Cu kn≤m-¥sØ ]n∂oSv ]mc-º-cy-imkv{Xw Iptd-°qSn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.



\c-hwiNcn{Xw \c-hw-i-im-kv{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Um¿hn-\n-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-ØnemWv a\p-jy-N-cn{Xw sa\-s™-Sp-°m≥ {ian-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v ]d-™pht√m. AXn-{]m-No\ Pohn-I-fp-tS-sX∂v Ah¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ Ahin-jvS-ß-fs{X {]kvXpX Ncn-{X-\n¿am-W-Øn-\m-kv]Zw. Cu Ahin-jvS-߃ \nc-¥c Kth-jW \nco-£-W-߃°v hnj-b-am°n. Ahbn¬ Nne a\p-jy-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠Øn. AXn-\m¬ arKw a\pjy-Xz-Øn-te°p ]ptcm-K-an-°p∂ CS-th-f-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp∂ Pohn-I-fp-tS-Xm-hWw Ah-sb∂v A\p-am-\n-°-s∏´p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, c≠p-Im-en-t∑¬ \S-°p-Ibpw h\y-ar-K-ßsf th´-bmSn Xn∂p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp Xcw hm\-c≥am¿ (Apes) B{^n-°-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂psh∂v Ahn-sS-\n∂v e_v[-amb t^mkn-ep-I-fn¬ \S-Ø-s∏´ KthjWw sXfn- b n®p. CXp- t ]mse \nh¿∂p \S- ° p- I bpw F∂m¬ ]q¿W a\p-jyXzw {]m]n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≈ Nne PohnI-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃ Pmh-bn¬ \n∂pw No\-bn¬ \n∂pw Is≠-SpØn-´p≠v. BZyw ]d™ Pohn°v "Pmhm a\p-jy≥' (Pithecanthropus) F∂pw, c≠m- a - t Ø- X n\v "s]°n- ß p- a - \ p- j y≥' ( Sinanthropus) F∂pw imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ t]cn-´n-cn-°p∂p. F∂m¬ a\p-jy-h¿Kw ]e imcocnI ]cn- j v I m- c - ß - t fbpw ]n∂n´v kºq¿W a\p- j y- X z- Ø n- t e°v Imse-Sp-Øp-h-®Xv Ft∏mƒ, FhnsS sh®v F∂p Xocp-am-\n-°p-hm≥



46



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



imkv{X-⁄\v C\nbpw Ign-™n-´n√. H∂m-a-tØbpw c≠m-a-tØbpw lna-bp-K-߃°n-S-bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww Pmhm˛No\m a\p-jy-cpsS DZv`-hsa∂v hnZ-Kv[≥am¿ Duln°p∂p.5 B L´-Øn-\m-Is´, e£-°-W°mb kwh-’-c-ß-fpsS ssZ¿Ly-ap-≠p-Xm\pw. Pmhm-a-\p-jy\pw No\m-a-\p-jy\pw km£m¬ a\p-jy-c√; a\p-jy-k-Zri Pohn-Iƒ am{X-amWv. a\p-jys‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fn¬s]´ \nh¿∂p \S-°¬ apX-emb KpW-߃ Ah-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p am{Xw. AØcw Pohn-I-fp-tS-sX∂v Kth-j-I-∑m¿ Icp-Xp∂ inem-bp-[-߃ C¥ym D]-`q-J-fi-Øn¬\n∂pw B{^n-°-bpsS ]e `mK-Øp-\n∂pw Is≠Sp-Øn-´p≠v. F∂m¬ C¥y-bn¬ \n∂v e`n® I∑-gp-Iƒ°v Xmc-Xtay\ ]g°w Ipd-bp-as{X. Pmhm-a-\p-jy≥ \nh¿∂p \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Xe Db¿Øn \S∂n-cp-∂n√. B C\-Øn¬ s]´ \me©p Xe-tbm-Sp-Iƒ hnZ-Kv[≥amcpsS ]cn-tim-[-\°v hnj-bo-`-hn-®n-´p≠v. kwkm-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ignhns‚ e£-W-߃ A¬]-amtb AXn¬ I≠p≈q. tUm. bqPn≥Zp_mbv F∂ imkv{X-Im-c-\mWv Pmhm-a-\p-jys‚ Ah-in-jvS-߃ I≠p-]n-Sn-®Xv. Xs‚ Bbp-jvImew apgp-h≥ AtX-∏-‰n-bp≈ Kthj-W-Øn¬ At±lw sNe-h-gn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. s]°n-ßp-a-\p-jy≥ F∂ t]cn¬ \c-hw-i-im-kv{X-⁄-∑m¿ hnfn°p∂ BZna No\m-a-\p-jys‚ Ah-in-jvS-߃ Is≠-Ønb IY hnNn-{X-amWv. s]°n-Mvsa-Un-°ƒ tImtf-Pn¬ s{]m^-k-dm-bn-cp∂ tPm. tUhn-Uvk≥ ªm°n-\mWv {]kvXpX Ah-in-jvS-߃ e_v[am-bXv. No\-bnse acp-∂p-jm-∏p-I-fn¬ ]√p-th-Z-\°v sImSp-°m-dp≈ acp-∂p-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ ineo-`-hn® (Fossil) ]e-Xcw ]√p-Iƒ sh°mdp≠v. tUm. ªm°v Hcp jm∏n¬, ]√p-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ hen-sbmcp AW-∏√v Is≠Øn. B ]√p-In-´nb ÿew s]°n-ßn¬ \n∂v hfsc Zqc- a - √ mØ Nu°u- ´ n- b ≥ Kpl- b m- b n- c p∂p. Nu°u- ´ n- b ≥ Kplbn¬\n∂v 45˛Hmfw No\m-a-\p-jy-I-]m-e-ßfpw Aÿn-Ifpw I≠pIn´n. lrt{Zm-K-_m-[n-X-\m-bn-cp∂p tUm. ªm°v. F∂n´pw At±lw cm{Xn-ap-gp-h≥ em_-d-´-dn-bn-en-cp∂p ]Wn-sb-SpØncp∂p. Hcp Znhkw cmhnse Xs‚ `rXy≥ I≠Xv tUmIvS-dpsS arX-tZ-l-amWv. At±l-Øns‚ aSn-bn¬ s]°n-ßp-a-\p-jys‚ Xe-tbm-Sp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. imkv{Xo-bm-t\z-j-W-Øn¬ hnZzm-∑m¿ A\p-jvTn-®n-´p≈ hne-s∏´ XymK-߃s°m-cp-Øa ZrjvSm-¥-am-WnXv.



\nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy≥ ]pcm-X\ a\p-jy-s\-°p-dn®v \ap°p IqSp-X¬ Adnhp \¬In-bXv \nbm-≠¿Xmƒ (Neanderthal) a\p-jys‚ Ah-in-jvS-ß-fmWv. Ah e`n® IY ckm-h-l-amWv. P¿a-\n-bnse Upk≥ F∂ sNdp-]p-g-°SpØv "\nbm-≠¿' F∂p t]cmb Hcp ÿe-ap≠v. Ahn-SsØ Hcp



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



47



Kpl-bn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øn-cp∂ Iqen-°m¿°v Iptd Aÿn-Iƒ In´n. Ah¿ AsX√mw s]dp- ° n- s b- S pØv tUmIv S ¿ ^pƒtdm´p F∂ Hcmƒ°v kΩm-\n®p. F®v. jm^v lukns‚ ]cn-tim-[-\°v Ah hnt[-b-ambn. P¿a-\n-bnse t_m¨ (Bonn) bqWn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bnse ico-c-imkv{X hnZ-Kv[-\m-bn-cp∂p s{]m^-k¿ jm^v lukv. 1857˛¬, X\n°v Hcp {]tXyI PmXn a\p-jys‚ Ah-in-jvS-߃ ssIh-∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂v jm^v lukv {]kn≤w sNbvXp. At±lw {]Xn-`m-im-en-bm-bn-cp∂p. {]kvXpX Ah-in-jvS-ß-fn¬ At±lw \nc-¥c \nco-£Ww \SØn. B[p-\nI a\p-jys‚ ]ptcm-Km-an-bmWv \nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy-s\∂v At±lw kn≤m-¥n®p. CtX Ime-ØmWv {^©p-Im-c-\mb _qsj-Z-s]¿sXkv F∂ hnZKv[≥, X\n°v ]mco-kn¬ \n∂v A[nIw Zqc-a-√mØ tkmw \Zo-X-SØn¬ \n∂v ssIh-∂n-´p≈ I∑-gp-Iƒ a\p-jy-\n¿an-X-am-sW∂p sXfn-bn-°p-hm≥ {ian-®n-cp-∂Xv. A©p-e-£-tØmfw h¿j-ß-fpsS ]g-°-ap≈ Nne aÆ-´n-I-fn¬ \ns∂-Sp-Ø-Xm-bn-cp∂p {]kvXpX I∑gp-Iƒ. CXns‚ A¿Yw A©p-e£w h¿j-߃°p apºv a\p-jy≥ inem-bp-[-߃ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wt√m. jm^vlu-kns‚ \nK-a\-߃ Xmsg sImSp-°p∂p. * \nbm-≠¿Xmƒ Xmgvh-c-bn¬ \ns∂-SpØ Aÿn-Iƒ \mfn-Xphsc \ΩpsS Adn-hn¬ s]´n-´n-√mØ, Btcm-Ky-hm-\mb Hcp PmXn a\p-jys‚ Ah-in-jvS-ß-fmWv. * B a\p-jys‚ Imew AXy¥w {]mNo-\-amWv; bqtdm-∏nse sI¬‰v (Celt) h¿K-߃°pw F{Xtbm apºv. * lna-bp-K-Ønse ]pXp-Xmb P¥p-°-fpsS ka-Im-en-I-\m-bn-cp∂p \nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy≥. t_m¨ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bnse as‰mcp s{]m^-k¿ {]kvXpX \nKa-\-ßsf FXn¿°p-Ibpw thsdmcp hymJym\w {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. t]Sn®p Kpl-bn¬ t]msbm-fn® Hcp djy≥ ]´m-f-°m-c-t‚XmWv {]kvXpX Aÿn-Iƒ F∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ A`n{]mbw. ]t£, Cw•-≠nse hnZzm-∑m-cn¬ ]ecpw jm^vlu-kns‚ hmZ- t ØmSv tbmPn- ° p- I - b mWv sNbv X Xv . Um¿hn- \ n- k - Ø n¬ Ah¿°p≈ aXn-∏m-bn-cp∂p AXn\p ImcWw. Nne¿ ]c-ky-ambn A\p-Iq-en-°p-Itbm {]Xn-Iq-en-°p-Itbm sNømsX \njv]-£-X ]m-en®p. "C\nbpw sXfn-hp-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v ]n∂o-Smhmw Xocp-am\w tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv'-˛ CXm-bn-cp∂p tXmakv lIvk-en-bpsS \ne]mSv. \nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy-s\-°p-dn®p ]T\w ]ptcm-K-an®p. Ahs‚ ico-cm-Ir-Xn-t]mepw Xn´-s∏-SpØn. A©Sn Hcw-Kpew As√-¶n¬ A©Sn A©w-Kpew Dbcw. 1600 kn.-kn. Xe-tbm-Sns‚ L\w, DS-



48



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



ens‚ \ofw IqSpw, ]t£ AwK-ß-fpsS \ofw Xmc-X-tay\ Ipdbpw, hoXn-IqSn, \ofw Ipd™ ImeSn, IÆns‚ aosX s\‰n-sb√p Db¿∂p \n¬°pw, hmbv`mKw \o≠Xv ˛ Cß-s\-sbm-s°-bmWv Kth-j-I≥am¿ \nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jys‚ BIrXn Nn{Xo-I-cn®p h®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ \nd-sa-¥m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw tZlw tcmam-hr-X-am-bn-cpt∂m At√-sb∂pw Ah¿°p Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™n√. Xe-tbm-Sn\v I´n IqSn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw, Xe-t®m-dns‚ ap≥`mKw hnI-kn-°msX ImWp∂-Xp-sIm≠v Nn¥m-i‡n B[p-\nI a\p-jy-s\-t∏mse hf¿∂n-´p≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw A\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. \nh¿∂p \S-°p-hm≥ km[n-®-t∏m-gmWv a\p-jy\v ssIIƒ IqSpX¬ {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-hm\pw Bbp-[-߃ \n¿an-°p-hm\pw Ign-™sX∂v imkv-{X-Im-c≥am¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. AXn-\m¬ Bbp-[\n¿amWw a\p-jy-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn¬ henb ]¶v hln°p-∂p≠v. inem-bp-[-ß-fmWv H∂m-asØ ]Sn-bn¬ a\p-jy≥ D]tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ B L´-Øn\v inem-bp-K-sa∂p ]d-bp∂p. inem-bp-KsØ imkv{X-Im-c≥am¿ c≠mbn Xcw Xncn-°p∂p. {]mNo\ inem-bpKw, \ho\ inem-bpKw F∂n-ßs\. A\-¥cw, bYm-{Iaw sh¶-e-bpKw, Ccp-ºp-bpKw F∂o bpK-߃ hcp∂p.



{]mIrX aX-t_m[w kmwkvIm-cnI hnIm-k-Øn¬ Bbp-[-\n¿am-W-sØ-t∏m-se-Øs∂ kuµ-cy-t_m-[-Øn\pw [¿a-t_m-[-Øn\pw henb ÿm\-am-Wp-≈Xv. \nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy≥ I√p-sIm≠pw F√p-sIm≠pw ]e-X-c-Ønep≈ Bbp-[-߃ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p. Nn∏nIƒ sIm≠pw F√p-Iƒ sIm≠pw B`-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂Xv Ahs‚ kuµ-cy-t_m-[-Øns‚ e£-W-amWv. acn-®p-t]m-b-hsc Ipgn-®n-Sp-tºmƒ ]tc-X-\p-th≠n `£y-t]-b-ßfpw B`-c-W-ßfpw ih- t Øm- s Sm∏w ad- h v s N- b v X n- c p- ∂ psh∂Xv Ahs‚ aX- t _m- [ tØbpw ac-Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-Øn-ep≈ hnizm-k-tØ-bp-amWv ImWn°p-∂Xv. tUm. Aø-∏≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""]q¿W a\p-jyXzw {]m]n-°p∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ BZna a\p-jy≥ XXz-hm-Znbpw ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Pohn-X-Øn¬ hnizm-kn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v ImWn-°p∂ sXfn-hp-Iƒ ]eXpw ivaim-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv In´n-bn-´p-≈Xv. ]cn-Wm-a-K-Xn-bn¬ Pmhm-a-\p-jy-tc-°mƒ A¬]w Db¿∂ \nbm-≠¿Xmƒ (Neanderthal) a\p-jy¿ ihw ad-hp-sN-bvXn-cp∂ ka-bØv Nmbn-ey-s∏mSn arX-tZl- Ø n¬ hnX- d n- b n- c p∂p. A¥y- b m- { X- ° m- c psS Bh- i y- Ø n- \ mbn `£y-t]-bm-Zn-Ifpw ih-°p-gn-bn¬ \nt£-]n-®n-cp∂p.''6 as‰m-cn-SØv At±lw Ipdn- ° p∂p: ""\nbm- ≠ ¿Xmƒ a\p- j y≥ I√p- s Im≠pw F√psIm≠pw ]e Xc-Øn-ep≈ Bbp-[-߃ D≠m-°n-bn-cp∂p. Nn∏nIƒ sIm≠pw F√p- sIm≠pw B`-c-W-߃ D≠m-°n-bn-cp∂p. acn-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



49



®pt]mbhsc Ipgn-®n-Sp-tºmƒ Ah¿°p-th≠n `£Ww, B`-c-W߃ apX-em-bh ih-tØm-sSm∏w \nt£-]n-°p-∂-Xn\p ]pdsa ihØn≥ta¬ Nph∂ Nmbw tX°p∂ k{º-Zm-bhpw Ah¿°p-≠m-bncp∂p. aX-t_m-[-Øns‚ A¶p-c-ß-fmWv Cu {Inb-I-fn¬ ebn-®n-cn°p-∂Xv.''7 Kth-j-I-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-{]-Imcw, GI-tZiw aq∂p e£w h¿jw-\nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy≥ bqtdm-∏nepw B{^n-°-bnepw GjybpsS Nne `mK-ß-fnepw A[n-h-kn-®n-cp∂p. Ahn-S-ß-fn-se√mw B h¿Kw \in-®p-t]mbn. bqtdm-∏n¬ bYm¿Y a\p-jy¿ Ah-cpsS ÿm\w Itødn. GXm≠v Fgp-]-Xn-\m-bncw h¿j-߃°p-ap-ºm-WnXv kw`hn-®Xv. Atd-_y-bnepw B{^n-°-bnepw \m¬]-Xn-\m-bncw h¿jw apºp-hsc \nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v sXfn-hpIƒ ASpØ ImeØv Is≠Øn. ^e-kvXo-\n-∂-SpØ Im¿sΩ¬ ae-bn¬ bYm¿Y a\p-jy\pw \nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy\pw CS-I-e¿∂p Pohn-°p-Ibpw c≠p h¿K-°m-cp-tSbpw ico-c-{]-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ k¥Xn-Iƒ AhnsS D≠m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. No\m-a-\p-jy\pw \nbm≠¿Xmƒ a\p- j y\pw \camwk- ` p- ° p- I - f m- b n- c p∂p. At\ym- \ yw sIm∂p-Xn-∂p∂ h¿Kw £tW\ \in®p t]mhp-∂-Xn¬ A¤p-Xan√. e£-°-W-°mb h¿j-߃°p-ap-ºp-Xs∂ a\p-jy≥ aX-t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ hkvXpX B t_m[w {]Ir-Xym-bp-≈-Xm-sW∂ Jp¿-Bs‚ hmZ-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_e-I-as{X!



a\pjyNcn-{Xhpw `mc-Xhpw a\p-jy-N-cn{Xw Ft∏mƒ, FhnsS Bcw-`n®p Fs∂m∂pw Xn´s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Kth-j-I-∑m¿°v C\nbpw Ign-™n-´n-s√∂p \mw ]d-™pI-gn™p. ]Xn-\m-bncw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ ]g-°-ap≠v a\pjy Ncn-{X-Øns\∂v imkv{X-⁄≥am¿ A`yq-ln-°p∂p. F∂m¬ AXn\v A\ntj-[y-amb tcJ-I-sfm-∂p-an√. \m¬]tXm AºtXm \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°n∏p-d-ap≈ Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn-°p∂ Nne tcJ-Iƒ X߃°v ssIh∂n- ´ p- s ≠∂p am{Xta imkv { X- I m- c ≥am¿ Ah- I m- i - s ∏- S p- ∂ p≈q. AXn\p apºp≈ Ncn-{Xm-XoX Ime-sØ-°p-dn®p h√Xpw Adn-bp-∂Xn\v `qK¿` hkv X p- ° - f mWv GIm- { ibw. F∂m¬ Cu cwKØv C\nbpw ]ptcm-K-an-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´m-Wn-cn-°p-∂Xv. C¥y-sb- w-_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ]d-bp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-Øn-te°p shfn®w hoip∂ Imcy-amb tcJ-I-sfm∂pw ssIh∂n- ´ n√. Pmhm- a - \ p- j y- t ‚tbm s]°nßp a\p- j y- t ‚tbm \nbm≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy-t‚tbm Ah-in-jvS-ß-sfm∂pw `mc-X-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n-®n-´n√. F∂m¬ inem-bp-[-߃ In´n-bn-´p≠v. thZ-߃, ]pcm-W߃ apX-emb ]gb kmlnXy IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw inem-en-Jn-X߃, sNt∏-Sp-Iƒ XpS-ßnb tcJ-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Ncn-{Xmw-i-߃ tiJ-



50



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



cn-°p-hm-\mWv apJy-ambpw B[p-\nI C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ {ian°p-∂Xv. Ihn-I-fpsS k¶¬]-kr-jvSn-I-fmWv thZ-]p-cm-Wm-Zn-Iƒ. Ahbn¬ apßn-Ø∏n Ncn-{Xmw-i-߃ tiJ-cn-°pI Ffp-∏-a-s√∂v ]dtb-≠-Xn-√t√m. IqSmsX I¬]nX IY-I-sfbpw Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-ßtfbpw XΩn¬ th¿Xn-cn-°p-hm≥ ]e-t∏mgpw Ign-bp-∂-Xp-a√. DZm-lc-W-ambn, {ioIr-jvW≥ Hcp Ncn{X ]pcp-jt\m, shdpw IYm-]m{Xtam F∂ Imcyw Ct∏mgpw X¿°-Øn-en-cn-°p-I-bmWv. C∂sØ cq]-Øn-ep≈ ]pcm-X\ kmln-Xy-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ ]n¬°m-e-sØ-gpXn-∏n-Sn-∏n® Nne `mK-ß-fp-ap-s≠∂v \ncq-]-I∑m¿ ka¿Yn-®n-cn-°p∂p. "C¥y-°m¿°v Ncn-{X-an√, Ncn-{X-i-I-e-ß-tf-bp≈q' F∂mWv Hcn°¬ {_n´ojv ]m¿e-sa‚n¬ hn≥Ã≥ N¿®n¬ lmky-kz-c-Øn¬ {]kvXm-hn-®Xv. \ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I-∑m-cpsS A{i-≤bpw A\m-ÿ-bpamWv At±-l-sØ-s°m≠v CXp ]d-bn-®Xv. {Ko°p-Im-cpsS B{IaW ({In. ap. 323)Øn\p tij-amWv `mc-X-Øn¬ Ncn-{X-Imew Bcw`n-®Xv. AXn\p apºp≈ Imew, `mc-X-sØ- w-_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ncn{Xm-Xo-X-Im-e-amWv. F{Xbpw A]q¿W-amWv C¥y-bpsS Ncn-{X-sa∂ kwKXn \mw ad-°-cpXv. D≈-Xp-Xs∂ sshtZ-inI Ic-ß-fm¬ FgpX-s∏-´-Xs{X. Npcp-°-Øn¬ C¥ym Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]cn-anXn hfsc hy‡- a mWv . AXns‚ ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ FØn- t ®- c p∂ \nK- a - \ ߃°pw Cu ]cn-anXn _m[-I-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂p hninjym ]d-tb≠-Xn-√t√m.



Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. DXv]Øn 2:7 2. `mc-X-∏-ga t]Pv 22,23 3. Ibid P. 23 4. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hmfyw 6, t]Pv 690 5. 6,00,000 sIm√w apºm-cw-`n®v, GI-tZiw {In. ap. 22,000 sIm√w hsc \o≠p\n∂ B Zo¿L-Im-e-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \mtem At©m {]mhiyw `qan-bpsS ]e `mKØpw lna-bpKw Bh¿Øn-°-s∏´p. (`mc-X-∏-ga t]Pv 21) 6. `mc-X-∏-ga t]Pv 6 7. Ibid P. 27, 28



A[ymbw \mev



]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jWw



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



51



Ncn-{Xm-XoX Ime-ß-fnse kw`-h-߃ a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ C∂v Nne am¿K- ß ƒ \ne- h n¬ h∂n- ´ p≠v. AXns\ klm- b n- ° p∂ imkv{Xkn≤m¥-ßfpw I≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. ]t£ hnZ-Kv[∑m¿°-√msX B am¿K-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-hkvXpXIƒ a\- n-em-°pI km[y-a√. a\p-jys‚ `uXn-Im-h-in-jvS-߃, a\p-jy≥ D]-tbm-Kn® inembp-[-߃, temtlm-]-I-c-W-߃, a¨]m-{X-߃, a\p-jy≥ Xma-kn® Kpl-Iƒ, Ah-bn¬ ap{Z-Ww-sNbvX Nn{X-߃, Iem-\n¿an-Xn-Iƒ, {]Xn-a-Iƒ, a\p-jys‚ arX-i-cocw AS°wsNbvX ivaim-\-߃ BZn-bmb ]pcm-X-\m-h-in-jvS-ß-fmWv Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Im-esØ kw`h-߃ I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\p≈ Hcp am¿Kw. ]t£, Ah \¬Ip∂ kqN\-I-fn¬\n∂v Ncn-{X-\n¿amWw \S-ØpI £n{]-km-[y-amb Imcy-a√. \nc-¥c Kth-j-Whpw \nco-£-Whpw AXn-\m-h-iy-amWv. AXp-sIm≠p-Xs∂ AXv km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS tPmen-b-s√∂pw ]cn-Nb kº∂-cmb {]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fpsS IrXy-am-sW∂pw hy‡-amWv. ]pcm-hkvXp \nco-£-W-Øn\v B[p-\n-I-imkv{Xw Nne am¿Kßfpw kq{X-ßfpw Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-´p≠v. Ah-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ {]mY-anI ]cn-N-b-sa-¶nepw Ncn{X hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°p-≠m-hWw. F¶n¬ am{Xta B[p-\nI Ncn{X Kth-j-I-∑m-cpsS \nK-a-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v HscØpw ]nSnbpw Ah¿°v e`n-°p-I-bp≈q. A√m-Ø-]£w B \nK-a-\-ß-f{Xbpw tIhew Ahn- i z- k - \ o- b - a mbn tXm∂n- t b°pw. AXn- \ m¬ {]kvXpX am¿K-ß-tfbpw kq{X-ß-tfbpw ]‰n ChnsS Hcp kw£n]vX-hn-h-cWw \¬Ip-∂-Xm-h-iy-am-sW∂v Icp-Xp∂p.



]pcm-XXz\nco-£W - Ø - ns‚ {]m[m\yw ]pcm-XXz \nco-£Ww hfsc ]ptcm-K-an® Hcp Ime-am-WnXv. ]pcmXXz imkv{Xw (Archaeology) \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv CuPn-]vXnse kp{]-kn≤ ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ (Pyramids) tIhew A¤pX hkvXp-°-fmbn-cp∂p. C∂m-Is´, Ah ]pcm-X\ CuPn]vXns‚ Ncn{Xw hnfn-t®mXp∂ hne-s∏´ tcJ-I-fm-Ip∂p. {]mNo-\-Im-esØ CuPn-]vXp-Im¿ ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ZrV-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw AhnSsØ {]`p-h¿K-Øns‚ B⁄m-i‡n A\n-X-c-km-[m-c-Whpw AewL-\o-b-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw A∂sØ ASn-a-h¿K-ß-fp-tSbpw km[mc-W-°m-cp-tSbpw PohnXw A-Xy¥w t¢i-`q-bn-jvT-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw B Iq‰≥ ih-Ip-So-c-߃ aqI-`m-j-bn¬ hnfn-t®m-Xp∂p. ]t£, ]pcmXXz hnZ-Kv[-∑m-cpsS {ih-W-]p-S-߃°-√msX B IY {ihn°m≥ Ign-™n√. Kn -bnse ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ ]Wn-b-W-sa-¶n¬ a\p-jy-e-£-ß-fpsS F¥p-am{Xw Imbn-I-i-‡nbpw F{X-am{Xw tZio-b-k-ºØpw sNehp sNbvXn-cn-°-W-sa∂p t\m°pI! F®v.Pn. sh’v Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Cu



52



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



]nc-an-Up-I-fn¬ G‰hpw hen-b-Xn\v 450 ASn-bmWv s]m°w. AXn¬ 48,83,000 S¨ Xq°w hcp∂ I√p-I-fp≠v. Cu Is√ms° h©n-Ifn¬ Ib‰n, \oe \Zn-bn-eqsS sIm≠p-h∂v a\p-jy-cpsS Ic-_-ewsIm≠v ]nSn- ® p- I - b ‰n, bYm- ÿ m- \ w h®n- ´ p- ≈ - X mWv . Ch- b psS \n¿amWw Hcp alm-bp-≤-tØ°mƒ A[nIw CuPn-]vXns\ £oWn∏n-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww!1'' ASn- a - e - £ - ß - f p- s Sbpw km[m- c - W - ° m- c p- s Sbpw imco- c n- I hpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Ign-hp-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n NqjWw sNbvXn-´-√msX B Iq‰≥ ih-°-√-d-Iƒ sI´n-s∏m-°m-\m-hn-s√∂v hfsc hy‡-amWv. CXn¬ \n∂p-Xs∂ a\- n-em-hp-∂p≠v, CuPn-]vXnse {]mNo\ `cW-ta-[m-hn-I-fmb ^d-thm-∑m-cp-sSbpw {]`p-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw B⁄mi-‡n-bpsS A{]-Xn-tcm-[y-Xbpw km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS Pohn-X-t¢-i-ßfpsS ]mc-ayhpw! CuPn-]vXn-s\-t∏m-se-Øs∂ ]pcm-X\ \mK-cn-I-Xbpw hn⁄m\-im-J-Ifpw hf¿∂ph∂n-´p≈ Hcp a\p-jy-hmk tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂p saskm-s]m-t´-anb. {Ko°p-`m-j-bn¬ "\Zn-I-fpsS CS' F∂mWv B ]Z-Øn-\¿Yw. "^pdmØv' (bq{^-´okv) F∂pw "ZnPveØv' (ssS{Kokv) F∂pw t]cp≈ c≠p \Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-emWv saskm-s]m-t´-anb ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv {Ko°p-Im¿ AXn\v B t]¿ sImSpØXpw. ln{_p- ` m- j - b n¬ "\{lmbow' F∂pw Ad- _ n- ` m- j - b n¬ "amss_-\-∂-lvssd≥' F∂pw "CdmJv' F∂pw AXns\ hnfn-°p∂p. F√mw AtX A¿Y-Øn¬ Xs∂. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bpsS {]mNo\ Ncn{Xw C∂pw kphn- Z n- X - a mWv . Cdm- J nse {]mNo\ \K- c - ß ƒ Fßs\ hf¿∂p-sh∂pw, Ahn-S-Øp-Im-cpsS hn⁄m-\-im-J-Iƒ F{]-Imcw ]ptcm-KXn {]m]n-®psh∂pw C∂v GsXmcp Ncn-{X-hnZym¿Yn°pw Adnbmw. C°m-cy-ß-sfms° shfn-®-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-∂Xv ]pcm-hkvXp \nco-£-W-am-Ip∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬, ]pcm-XXz imkv{XØns‚ {]m[m\yw Hcn-°epw Ah-K-Wn®p X≈m-h-X√. F∂m¬ Zu¿`m- K y- s a∂p ]d- b s´, as‰√m cwK- ß - f n- e p- s a- ∂ - t ]mse Cu cwKØpw C∂-sØ apkvenw-I-fpsS ]¶v Xptemw hnc-f-amWv.



DXvJ\ - \ - hpw Kth-jW - hpw `qan-°-Sn-bn¬ a¨a-d™p InS-°p∂ Ncn-{X-tc-J-Iƒ J\\w sNbv s X- S p- ° p- ∂ Xpw J\- \ - Ø n¬ In´p∂ ]pcm- h - k v X p- ° - s f- ∏ ‰n ]T\w \S-Øp-∂Xpw IqSp-X¬ ]ptcm-K-an®p hcn-I-bmWv. AXn\v Nne imkv{Xob \nb-a-ß-fp≠v. B imkv{Xob \nb-a-ß-sfbpw am¿K-ßsfbpw kn≤m- ¥ - ß - s fbpw hni- Z o- I - c n- ° pI ChnsS Dt±- i y- a n√. F∂m¬ ]pcm-XXz \nco-£-I-∑m-cpsS \nK-a-\-߃ ASn-ÿm\ clnX-amb shdpw Dulm-t]m-l-ß-fm-sW∂v km[m-cW hmb-\-°m¿ sX‰n-≤-cn-°m-Xn-cn-t°-≠-Xn-\mbn AXn-{]-[m-\-amb Nne Imcy-߃



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



53



ChnsS kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. `qan-°-Sn-bn¬ Hcp ]pcm-X\ \K-c-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-߃ InS-∏ps≠∂v Fßs\ Adnbmw? CXn\p Nne- am¿K-߃ imkv{X-Im-c∑m¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p≠v. h√ Bh-iy-Øn\pw \new Inf®p adn°p-tºmƒ ASn-bn¬ ]gb aXn-ens‚ AS-bmfw It≠°mw. B AhinjvSw XI¿∂-Sn™ sI´n-S-ß-fpsS Hcp `mK-am-bn-cn°pw. AhnsS kq£v-a-\n-co-£Ww \S-Øp-∂-]£w GtXm ImeØv \in®p \mamh-ti-j-amb Hcp \K-c-Øns‚ ]e Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw Is≠-∂p-hcpw. AØcw Ah-in-jvS-߃ hmbn®p ]Tn-°m≥ hnZ-Kv[≥-am¿°v km[n°p-∂-XmWv. Nne-t∏mƒ Ipgn-°m-sX-Øs∂ ]pcm-X\ \K-c-ß-fpsS Ah-injvS-߃ InS-°p∂ ÿew Is≠-Øm≥ Ignbpw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, ]cn-kc ÿe-ß-fn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn Hcn-SØv , Hcp {]tXyI taSp ImWp-∂p-sh∂p hbv°pI. kq£va ]cn-tim-[-\-bn¬, XI¿∂Sn™ Ah-in-jvS-ß-fpsS Iqºm-c-am-W-sX∂v It≠°mw. B taSns‚ ]cn-k-c-ß-fn¬ DS™ a¨]m-{X-°-jW-ßtfm CjvSn-I-Itfm Ds≠¶n¬ hnti-jn®pw. AØcw taSp-Iƒ Inf-®p-t\m-°p∂ ]£w ]pcmX\ \K-c-ß-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃ e`n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. ]pg-°-c-I-fn¬\n∂pw Kpl-I-fn¬\n-∂p-amWv {]mNo\ inem-bp-KØn¬ a\p-jy¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ I√m-bp-[-߃ [mcm-f-ambn e`n®n- ´ p- ≈ - s X∂v A\p- ` - h - ÿ - ∑ m¿ ]d- b p∂p. aW¬ Iqºm- c - ß ƒ Im‰ns‚ {]h¿Ø\w aqew \nc-∏m-bn-Øo-cp-tºmƒ AXn-\n-S-bn¬ inem-bp-[-߃ ImWm-dp-≠s{X. kzn‰vk¿em-≠nse Hcp XSmIw h‰nh-c-≠-t∏mƒ AhnsS {]mNo-\-a-\p-jy¿ \n¿an® hoSp-I-fpsS Ah-injvS-߃ Is≠-Øn-b-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. `qan-°-Sn-bn¬ sI´n-Stam aXntem Dt≠m F∂v Adn-bm-hp∂ thsdmcp am¿K-an-XmWv: th\¬°m-eØv Hcp -h-btem at‰m ]cntim-[n-°pI. ASn-bn¬ Npa-cp-s≠-¶n¬ AXns‚ apI-fn-ep-≈ sNSnIƒ°v CXc sNSn-Isf At]-£n®v ]® IqSn-°mWpw. ImcWw, aXn-en-t∑¬ Xßn-\n¬°p∂ \\hv aÆn-ep-≈ \\-hn-s\-°mƒ IqSpX-ep-≠m-hp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v B \\hv hen-s®-SpØ sNSn-Iƒ thKw sXgpØp hfcpw. s\t√m tKmXtºm BsW-¶n¬ Ffp-∏-Øn¬ hnfbp-Ibpw sNøpw. {]mNo-\-Im-eØv Hcn-SØv P\-hm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cpt∂m F∂-dn-bm≥ aÆp ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ aXn. P\-hm-k-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ t^mkv^-dkv ehWw IqSp-X-ep-≠m-bn-cn°pw. Cßs\ ]e am¿K-ß-fp-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®mWv `qK¿`-\n-co-£Ww \SØp-∂Xv. J\\ k{º-Zm-bhpw ]cn-jvI-cn-®p-h-cp∂p. Ct∏m-gsØ k{º-Zmbw GXm-≠n-ß-s\-bmWv: J\\w \S-Øp∂ ÿew sNdp-N-



54



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Xp-c-ß-fmbn (Grids) th¿Xn-cn®p, Hmtcm NXp-c-tØbpw \of-Ønepw hoXn-bnepw F. _n. kn. Un, 1, 2, 3, 4 F∂n-ßs\ \º-dn´v AS-bm-fs∏-SpØpw. At©m Btdm AwKpew Bg-Ønte Hc-h-kcw Ipgn°p-I-bp≈q. B Ipgn-I-fnse aÆns‚ \nd-hy-Xymkw kq£va-ambn ]cn-tim-[n°pw. Hmtcm NXp-c-Ønepw ImWp∂ hkvXp-°fpw AhbpsS ÿm\w ka-\n-c-∏n¬\n∂p F{X AwKpew Xmsg-bm-sW∂ hkvXp-Xbpw IrXy-ambn tcJ-s∏-SpØpw. In´p∂ km[-\-ßfpw AhbpsS Xchpw kz`m-hhpw dnt∏m¿´n¬ ImWn-t°-≠Xv hfsc Bhiy-amWv. Fs¥-∂m¬ Ah-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Kth-j-I∑m¿°v Nne \nK-a-\-ß-fn-se-Øn-t®-tc-≠Xv. ka-\n-c-∏n¬\n∂v C{X Xmg-Øv-h®p C∂ km[\w I≠p-In-´n-sb-∂-dn-bp-∂-Xns\ B{i-bn®n-cn-°p∂p, {]mtbW B km[-\-Øns‚ Ime-\n¿Wbw. aÆns‚ \nd-hy-Xymkw Nne-t∏mƒ Hcp ]pcm-h-kvXp-hns‚ apgp-h≥ Ncn{Xw shfn-°p-sIm-≠p-h-cp-hm≥ klm-bn-s®-∂p-hcpw. C‰-en-bnse t]mws]\-Kcw Ipgn-®-t∏mƒ Ft∂m NØp aÆm-bn-Øo¿∂ Hcp \mb-bpsS BIrXn I≠p- ] n- S n- ° m- s \mØp. aÆns‚ \nd- h y- X ym- k - Ø n¬\n∂mWv Cu ]co-£-W-Øn\v {]tNm-Z\w e`n-®Xv. Nmc-Øn-\p-≈n¬ I≠ Zzmc-Øn¬ "πmÿ Hm^v ]mcokv' (Hcp Xcw kna‚ v) F∂ {ZmhIw Hgn-®p-t\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ AZv`p-X-sa∂p ]d-bs´, Hcp \mb-bpsS cq]-amWv In´n-bXv. c≠m-bncw h¿j-߃°p apºv (G.Un. 79˛¬) A·n-]¿h-X-Øns‚ s]m´n-sØ-dn-bn¬ NØp-t]m-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p B Pohn F∂v Kth-j-I-∑m¿ Xocp-am-\n®p. hoSp-I-fpsS ac-Øq¨ {Zhn®p s]mSn-bm-b-tijw AXns‚ ÿew I≠p-]n-Sn-°m\pw aÆns‚ \nd-hy-Xym-k-amWv \nco-£-Isc klmbn-°pI. Cw•-≠nepw a‰pw ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØp {]`p-°-∑m-cpsS arXtZ-l-߃ I∏-en¬ adhp sNøp∂ Hcp ]Xn-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu hkv X pX I≠p]nSn- ° - s ∏- ´ Xv "k´¨lq' F∂n- S - Ø p- \ n∂v Hcp I∏¬J-_¿ (Ship burial) Is≠-Øn-b-tXm-sS-bmWv. AhnsS J\\w sNbvX-t∏mƒ Ccp-ºm-Wn-bpsS Xpcp-ºp-aqew aÆns‚ \ndw amdn-bXmbn I≠p. B ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ \S- Ø - s ∏´ Kth- j - W - a mWv {]kvXpX I∏¬J-_-dns‚ IY ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cp-hm≥ CS-h-cpØn-bXv.



Ime-\n¿Wbw ]pcm-X-Xz-\n-co-£-W-Øn¬ G‰hpw hnj-a-I-c-amb H∂mWv Ime\n¿Wbw. Hcp ]pcm-X-\-hkvXp GXv Ime-Øn-s‚-Xm-sW∂v Xocpam-\n-°m≥ hfsc {]bm-k-ap≠v. Imew ]g-Ipw-tXmdpw km[\w F∂mWp-≠m-b-sX∂p \n›-bn-°pI IqSp-X¬ {]bm-k-I-c-am-bn-cn°pw. Ncn{X- I m- c - ∑ m¿ Im- e sØ Ipdn- ° p- h m≥ D]- t bm- K n- ° p∂ bpK- ß ƒ˛ {]mNo-\-in-em-bpKw, \ho-\-in-em-bpKw, Xm{a-bpKw, sh¶-e-bpKw, Ccp-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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ºp-bpKw F∂n-Xym-Zn-Iƒ˛icn-bmb Hcp Ime-\n¿W-b-sØ-b√ Ipdn°p-∂sX∂v \mw {]tXyIw a\- n-em-°Ww. AØcw {]tbm-K-߃ Xmc-X-tay-\-bp≈ ImesØ˛GXv GXn-s\-°mƒ apºp-≈Xv, As√¶n¬ ]nºp-≈Xv F∂-Xns\˛am{Xta Ipdn-°p-∂p≈q. Hcp kw`hw sh¶-e-bp-K-Øn¬ \S-∂p-sh-∂p- ]-d-™m¬ Ccp-ºp-bp-K-Øn\v apºmW-Xp-≠m-b-sXt∂ A¿Y-ap≈q. F∂m¬ Cu bpK-\n¿Wbw Xs∂ F√m `q{]- t Z- i - t Ø°pw Htc- a m- X ncn _m[- I - a √. Fs¥- ∂ m¬, {]kvXpX bpK-߃ bYm-{Iaw IS-∂p-t]m-bn-´n-√mØ \nc-h[n `q{]tZ-i-ß-fp≠v. Ht´sd cmPy-ß-fn¬ sh¶-e-bp-Ktam teml-bp-Ktam D≠m-bn-´n-s√-∂s{X imkv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS \nK-a\w. inem-bp-KØn¬\n∂v Ccp-ºp-bp-K-Øn-te°p t\cn´p {]th-in® cmPy-ß-fp-ap≠v. ]›n-ta-jy-bnse sh¶-e-bpKw Cw•-≠nse sh¶-e-bp-K-tØmSv kam\- a - √ . ]›n- t a- j y- b nse sh¶- e - b p- K - Ø n¬ Cw•≠v inem- b p- K Øn¬\n∂p aptºm´p IS-∂n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. BI-bm¬ C∂ kw`hw C∂ bpK-ØnemWv \S-∂-sX∂p Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ ]d-bp-tºmƒ, AXv GXp `q{]-tZ-i-sØ-°p-dn-®mtWm ]d-bp-∂-sX-¶n¬ AXn\v am{Xw _m[-I-am-t°-≠-XmWv. Ahn-SsØ Hmtcmtcm bpK-ß-fp-sSbpw Imeb-f-hp-Iƒ {]tXyIw ]cn-tim-[n®v Ime-K-W\ sNtø-≠-Xp-am-Ip∂p. icn-bmb \nc-t]-£-amb Ime-\n¿Wbw Akm-[y-am-b-Xn-\m-emWv, B[p- \ nI Ncn- { X- I m- c - ∑ m¿ kmt]- £ - I mew˛GXv GXn- s \- ° mƒ ]g°w IqSn-bXv, As√-¶n¬ Ipd-™Xv F∂ Xmc-X-ay-Imew˛ kzoIcn-®n-´p-≈Xv. km[-\-ß-fpsS \n¿am-W-coXn, Ah \nt£-]n® aÆ´n apX-em-bh ]cn-tim-[n-®mWv C°mcyw Kth-j-I≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv. `qK¿`- Ø ns‚ Bgw IqSpw- t Xmdpw Ime- ∏ - g - ° hpw IqSp- s a- ∂ mWv s]mXp kn≤m¥w. ]pcm- h kv X p \nco- £ - W - Ø n¬ a¨]m- { X- ß - f psS {]m[m\yw FSpØp ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. Ffp-∏-Øn¬ DS™pt]mhp-∂Xpw, F∂m¬ \in- ° msX hf- s c- ° mew Ah- t i- j n- ° p- ∂ - X p- a m- W t√m a¨]m{Xw. £tW\ DS-bp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v a¨]m-{X-ß-fpsS hnX-cWw Npcp-ßnb Hcp hrØ-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cn-°pI kzm`m-hn-Ias{X. A[n-I-Imew Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ a¨]m-{X-°-jW-߃ {]mtbW F√m ]pcm-X\ \K-c-ß-fn¬\n∂pw e`n-°p-hm≥ km[y-Xbp-≠p-Xm\pw. ]≠p- apX¬t° Ipi-h-∑m¿ a¨]m-{X-߃ ]e-Xcw h¿W-߃sIm≠pw Nn{X-th-e-IƒsIm≠pw tamSn-s∏-Sp-ØpI ]Xnhm-bn-cp∂p. C°m-c-W-Øm¬ ]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-j-Is‚ "A£-c-ame' F∂v a¨]m-{X-°-jW-߃ hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. a¨]m-{X-ßfpsS BIr-Xnbpw \ndhpw Ae-¶m-c-am-Xr-Ibpw a‰pw ]cn-tim-[n®v Ah°p Ime-\n¿Wbw sNøm≥ Ignbpw.



AWp-im-kv{X-Øns‚ klmbw



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-j-W-Øn¬ AWp-im-kv{X-Øns‚ klm-bw-IqSn C∂p D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn hcp-∂p≠v. tdUntbm Im¿_¨ ]co-£W-sa-∂mWv AXns‚ t]¿. DXvJ-\-\-Øn¬ e`n-°p∂ acw, F√v apX-emb hkvXp-°-fpsS Imew tdUntbm Im¿_¨ ]co-£Ww hgn I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Ignbpw. Icn-bpsS Hcp hI-t`-Z-amWv tdUntbm Im¿_¨. AXnse AWp-°-fpsS FÆw Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Kthj-I-∑m¿ Ime-\n¿Wbw sNøp-∂Xv. Poh-\p≈ F√m hkvXp-°-fnepw {]kvXpX AWp-°-fpsS BI-ØpI ka-am-sW∂pw Poh≥ t]mbm¬ Ah Ipd-™p-h-cp-sa∂pw hnZ-Kv[-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂p. C{]-Imcw Xs∂ as‰mcp ]co-£-W-ap≠v˛^vtfmdo≥ ]co-£Ww. aÆn-ep≈ ^vtfm-dos\ F√p-Iƒ hen-s®-Sp°pw. Htc-ÿ-e-Øp≈ ^vtfmdo≥ Xpey-am-bn-cn-°p-at√m. AXn-\m¬ AhnsS Htc ImeØv \nt£-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ c≠p F√p-Iƒ hen-s®-Sp-°p∂ ^vtfmdo\pw ka\n-e-bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww. AYhm Aß-s\-b-√msX ImWp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ^vtfmdo≥ IqSp-X-ep≈ F√v, Ipd™ F√n-s\-°mƒ Bbp v A[nI-cn-®-Xm-sW∂p \n›-bn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. tUmk≥ F∂ Hcp h°o-ens‚ I≈-t°- n\v Xpºp-≠m-°m≥ Ign-™Xv Cu ^vtfmdo≥ ]co-£Ww am¿tKW-bmWv. B IY-bpsS Npcp°w: tUmk≥ kmbv]n\v Fßp-\nt∂m Hcp a\p-jy-X-e-tbmSpw Nnºm≥kn F∂ Ipc-ßns‚ Hcp XmSn-sb√pw In´n. Abmƒ hfsc ]Wn-s∏´v Ah°v kz¥w hI-bmbn \ndw sImSpØv ]n¬‰vUu¨ F∂n-SØv Ipgn-®n´p. ]gb Aÿn-Iƒ [mcmfw In´m-dp≈ Hcp ÿeam-bn-cp∂p ]n¬‰vUu¨. {_n´ojv ayqkn-b-Ønse `qK¿`-im-kv{X⁄\pw Xs‚ ]cn-N-b-°m-c-\p-am-bn-cp∂ Hcmƒ°v tUmk≥ B \nt£]w ImWn-®p-sIm-SpØp. henb I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ]n¬‰v Uu¨ a\p-jys‚ IY temI-saßpw {]kn-≤-ambn. At\Iw teJ-\-ßfpw {KŸ-ßfpw AXns\ Np‰n-∏‰n ]pd-Øp-h∂p. a\p-jys‚ ASpØ ]q¿hn-I≥ Nnºm≥kn-bm-sW-∂p-t]mepw temIw sX‰n-≤-cn°m-\n-S-bmbn. Dt±iw Ac \q‰m-≠p-Imew apgp-h≥ imkv{X-⁄-∑msc I_-fn∏n® {]kvXpX tUmk≥ h©-\-bpsS D≈p-I≈n ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠ph- ∂ Xv {_n´o- j v a yq- k n- b - Ø n- s e- X s∂ as‰mcp imkv { X- I m- c - \ mb Hm°v e n- b s{X. ^v t fm- d o≥ ]co- £ - W - Ø n- e q- s S- b mWv At±lw ]n¬‰vUu¨ a\p-jys‚ cl-kyw-]p-d-Øn-´Xv. Cßs\ imkv{Xo-bm-t\z-jW cwKØv \S-°p∂ I≈-t°-kp-Iƒ I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\p≈ am¿K-ßfpw C∂p \ne-hn¬h-∂n-´p≠v. AXn-\m¬ \q‰n-°-W-°n\p h¿j-ß-fmbn Cu cwKØv Kth-jW \nco-£-W߃ \SØn, Aaqey hn⁄m-\-k-º-Øp-Iƒ kw`m-h\ sNbvX ]m›m-Xy≥ ]fin-X-∑msc temIw AXy-[nIw _lp-am-\m-Z-c-ß-tfmSp-IqSn kvacn-°p∂p. F∂p-sh®v ]m›m-Xy-hn-Zzm-∑m¿ Cd-°p-aXn



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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sNøp∂ F√m Nc-°p-Ifpw tNmZyw sNømsX AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≈W-sa-∂n√. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS _em-_ew ]cn-tim-[n-®p-thWw GXv A`n- { ]m- b hpw sIm≈p- I tbm X≈p- I tbm sNøp- ∂ Xv . AXmWv hn⁄m-\-tØm-Sp -Im-Wn-t°≠ \oXn.



kXym-t\z-jW hnIm-cØ - ns‚ A\n-hm-cyX CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ Ncn{X \n¿am-W-cw-KsØ _m[n® Nne A\mimky {]h-W-X-I-sf-∏‰n Hcp hm°v ]d-™p-sIm-≈s´. ]uc-kvXycpsS ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-\n¿am-W-Øn\v hen-sbm-c-f-thmfw t\XrXzw sImSp-ØXv ]m›m-Xy≥ ]fin-X-∑m-cmWv. ]uc-kvXy cmPy-ß-fn¬ ]m›m-Xy≥ tImbva-Iƒ tImf\n ÿm]n-®n-cp∂ Hcp Ime-L-´-ØnemWv {]kvXpX Ncn-{X-\n¿amWw an°-hmdpw \S-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ B Ncn- { X- \ n¿am- X m- ° ƒ Xß- f psS cmjv { So- b Xm¬]- c y- Ø ns‚ kzm[o-\-X-°-Sn-a-s∏´v Ncn-{X-\n¿am-W-Øn¬ th≠{X kXy-k-‘Xbpw hnizm-ky-Xbpw ]pe¿Øn-bn-s√∂pw, ]uc-kvXy-cm-Py-ß-fpsS Ncn-{XsØ ]£-]m-X-]-c-amb Hcp {]tXyI ho£-W-tIm-Wn-eq-sSbmWv ho£n-®-sX∂pw ]cs° Bt£-]-ap≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, `mcX-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-\n¿am-W-Øn¬ "`n∂n-∏n®p `cn-°pI' F∂ XßfpsS Bkq-{Xn-X-\bw {_n´o-jp-Im¿ icn°pw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn-bn´p≠v. CsXmcp \·-bm-Ym¿Yy-amWv. AXn-\m¬ ]Sn-™m-d-∑m-cpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-amb \nK-a-\-߃ kwi-b-Zr-jvSn-tbm-sS-b-√msX t\m°m≥ km[y-a√. F∂m¬ ]£-]m-X-°p‰w Btcm-]n-°-s∏´ ]m›m-Xy-cmWv Hcp Imcyw ]d-™n-´p-≈-sX-∂p-h®v {]Y-a-Zr-jvS-Øn¬Xs∂ AXns\ ]p—n®p X≈p-∂Xpw icn-b√. ]ns∂tbm, B kwKXn ka¿Yn-t°≠-Xn-\mbn Ah¿ Ah-ew-_-am-°nb sXfn-hp-Ifpw tcJ-Ifpw ]cntim-[n®v, Ah-bpsS _em-_-e-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv AXns\ AwKo-I-cn-t°-≠Xpw Xnc-kvI-cn-t°-≠Xpw. kXym-t\z-j-W-hn-Imcw GsXmcp Ncn{X hnZym¿Yn°pw A\n-hm-cy-as{X. `mc-X-Ønse Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Ime kw`-h-߃ hnh-cn-°p-tºmƒ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ {]h-W-X-I-fmWv s]mXp-hn¬ \mw ImWp-∂Xv. Hcp Iq´¿ AsXms° ]m›m-Xy≥ hnZzm-∑m-cpsS ]£-]m-X-P-\y-amb sI´p-I-Y-I-fmbn ]p—n®p X≈p-Ibpw, ]pcm-W-ß-fn-sebpw CXn-lmk-ß-fn-sebpw Nne kqN-\-Isf B[m-c-am°n XnI®pw hn]-co-X-amb as‰mcp Ncn-{X-ho-£Ww Na®p hnSp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. ]pcm-W-ß-fnepw CXn-lm-k-ß-fnepw kqNn-X-amb IY-IƒXs∂ ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-ßfpw Ht´sd Ahy-‡-ß-fp-amWv. Ah XΩn-ep≈ sshcp[yw Ah-km-\n∏n-°m≥t]mepw \ΩpsS amaq¬tk-h-I-∑m¿-°p Ign-bp-∂n√. Ahy‡hpw ]q¿hm-]-c-hn-cp-≤-hp-amb H∂ns\ as‰m-∂n-s‚ hymJym-\Ønt\m hni-Zo-I-c-W-Ønt\m B[m-c-am-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-bmWv?



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



as‰mcp hn`mKw bmsXmcp _p≤n-hn-Nm-chpw \S-Øm≥ Iq´m°msX ]m›m-Xy≥ ]fin-X-∑m¿ ]d-bp-∂-sX¥pw IÆp-a-S®p G‰p ]d-bp∂p. DXv]-Xn-jvWp-°-sf∂p kzbw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ Ch-cpsS \ne-]mSpw bp‡n-k-l-a√. A‘-amb A\p-I-cWw bmsXmcp _p≤nPo-hn°pw `qj-W-a√. Npcp-°-Øn¬, ]m›m-Xysc A∏Sn ]p—n®p X≈p-∂Xpw A‘-ambn A\p-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw, c≠pw AXn-cp-I-hn-®nep-I-fmWv. icn-bmb am¿Kw a[y-am¿K-a-t{X. AXm-bXv imkv{XcoXym sXfn-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂ hkvXp-X-Iƒ \mw hkvXp-X-Ifmbn AwKo-I-cn°pI. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp∂ \nK-a-\-߃°pw kn≤m-¥-߃°pw {]mapJyw \¬IpI. A{]-Imcw sXfn-bn-°-s∏Sm-Øh kwi-bm-kv]-Z-ambn IW-°m-°p-Ibpw bmsXm-∂n\pw sXfnhm-bp-∂-bn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI. CXmWv hn⁄m\ {]tW-Xm°ƒ kzoI-cn-t°≠ am¿Kw. hmb-\-°m-cs\ sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p-I-sb∂Xpw alm-]m]w Xs∂-bmWv. ]m›m-Xy≥ ]fin-X-∑m-cn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw kXym-t\z-jW am¿K- Ø n¬ hcn® XymK- ß ƒ°pw A[zm- \ - ß ƒ°pw as‰ßpw XpeyX ImWp-I-bn√. Ahsc I≠-am\w ]p—n®p X≈p∂ amaq-emcm-[-I-∑m¿°v CØcw XymKm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fpsS h√ ]mc-º-cy-hpapt≠m? ]m›m-Xy≥ ]fin-X-∑m¿ ssh⁄m-\nI cwKØv sh´n-sØfn- b n® ]mX- I - f n¬ k©- c n- ® p- s Im- ≠ mWv ]uc- k v X y¿ h√Xpw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv. kz¥w ZrjvSn-bp-]-tbm-Kn®p bmsXm∂pw I≠p]nSn°p-hm≥ amaq-em-cm-[-I-cmb Cu ]WvUn-X-∑m¿°v Ign-™n-´n√. F∂ncns°, Ahsc IÆ-S-®m-t£-]n-°p-∂Xv IrX-Lv\-X-b-s√-¶n¬ as‰¥mWv? ]m›m-Xy≥ ]WvUn-X-∑mcpw a\p-jy-cmWv. Ah¿°pw a\p-jyk-l-P-amb sX‰p-]‰mw. Ah-cpsS \nK-a-\-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw Aim-kv{Xob-amhmw; BWv Xm\pw. ]t£, AXn-s‚- t]-cn¬ Ahsc ]p—n-®p-X≈pI Ffp-∏-am-sW-¶nepw, \oXn-b√; hn⁄m-\m-t\z-j-I¿°v `qjW-hp-a√. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ]n≥_-e-ap-≈ \nK-a-\-߃ \mw AwKo-Icn-°pI Xs∂-thWw. Ah Bcp-∂-bn®p F∂Xv Hcn-°epw {]i-v\am-h-cpXv. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ]n≥_ew t]msc-∂p-tXm-∂p∂ \nK-a-\-߃ \mw AwKo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xn√. Ign-hp≈-h¿ Ah-sb-°p-dn®p Kth-j-W\n-co-£Ww XpS¿∂p \S-Øp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. Aßs\ Ahsb Xncp-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv. F∂m¬ {ia-I-c-amb Cu I¿Ø-hyw \nd-th‰p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw £n{]-km-[y-amb Bt£-]-i-c-߃ sXmSp-Øp-hnSm-\mWv amaq¬ {]nb-cpsS hmk\. Cu \bw F∂pw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´nt´-bp≈q; C∂pw Aß-s\-Øs∂. CXp-t]m-se-Ø-s∂-bmWv ]m›m-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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Xy≥ ]WvUn-X-∑msc IÆ-S-®-\p-I-cn-°p∂ \b-Øns‚ ÿnXnbpw. kXym-t\z-jW hnIm-c-a-√msX as‰mcp hnIm-chpw hn⁄m-\-cwKØv `qj-W-a√. ]£-]mX hnIm-c-sØ-°mƒ B]-¬°-c-ambn as‰m∂p-an√!



Ipdn∏v: 1. temI-N-cn-{X-kw-{Klw t]. 73



A[ymbw A©v



`mc-X∏ - g- a "`mcXw', "C¥y' Fs∂ms° ]d-bp-tºmƒ \mw hnh-£n-°p-∂Xv Gjym `qJ-WvU-Øns‚ a[y-`m-K-Øp-\n∂v sXt°m´v \o≠p-In-S-°p∂Xpw `q]-S-Øn¬ DØc A£mwiw 80 4',28''\pw 370 17',53''\pw, ]q¿h-tc-Jmwiw 680 7',33''\pw 970 24' 47'' \pw CSbv°p ÿnXn-sN-øp∂-Xp-amb `qhn-`m-K-sØ-bmWv. CXns‚ Ct∏m-gsØ hnkvXo¿Ww 32,76, 141 NXp-c{i Intem-ao-‰dpw, P\-kwJy 55 tImSn-bp-amWv. F∂m¬ Ign™ Ime- ß - f n¬ `mc- X - Ø ns‚ hnkv X o¿W- Ø nepw AXn- c - f hnepw ]e-t∏mgpw am‰-߃ kw`-hn-®n-cp-∂n-´p-s≠∂p Ncn{Xw ]dbp∂p. Hcp ImeØv t]¿jy≥ km{amPyw C¥y-hsc \o≠pInS-∂ncp-∂p-hs{X. 1947 BKÃv 14-˛\p `mc-X-Ønse Hcp `mKw ]mIn-ÿm≥ F∂ t]cn¬ th¿s∏-´p-t]mbn. Cßs\ `mc-X-Øns‚ `qan imkv{X]-chpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb AXn¿Øn-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw hyXym-k-s∏´n-cp-∂-Xm-bn-´mWv Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \mw ImWp-∂Xv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw CX-c- `q-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂v C¥ym-`q-J-fisØ th¿Xn-cn®p \n¿Øp∂, {]Ir-Xn-]-c-amb Nne AXn-c-S-bm-f-߃ AXn{]m-No\ Imew apX¬ Xs∂ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. D]-`q-J-fiØns‚ aq∂p-`m-K-ßfpw kap-{Z-ß-fm¬ Np‰-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. AXp-sIm≠mWv AXv Hcp]`qJ-fi-am-bXv. {]kvXpX Bgn-Iƒ `mc-XsØ a‰p `qJ-fi-ß-fn¬\n∂v th¿s]-SpØn \n¿Øp∂p. hS-°p-`mKw ]¿hX-\n-c-I-fmWv. kp`-{Zhpw Kw`o-c-hp-amb tIm´-Iƒ IWs° \o≠pIn-S-°p∂ {]kvXpX ]¿hX ]w‡n-bmWv Gjy-bpsS a‰p `mK-ßfn¬\n∂v D]-`q-J-fisØ hyXn-cn-‡-am-°p-∂Xv. Gjy-bnse aq∂v D]-`q-J-fi-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw hep-XmWv `mcXw. ]mao¿ D∂-X-XSw apX¬ sX°p-In-g-°mbn \o≠p-In-S-°p∂ B ]¿h-X-\n-c°v 1500 \mgnI-tbmfw ssZ¿Ly-ap≠v. \mep-\m-gn-I-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ Db-c-ap≈ \qdp sImSp-ap-Sn-Iƒ B ]¿h-X-\n-c-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p. temI-Øn¬ ht®-‰hpw s]m°w IqSnb "Fh-dÃv' sImSp-apSn AXn-sem-∂m-Ip∂p.



60



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



29,028 ASn-bmWv AXns‚ Dbcw. "lnam-ebw' F∂ t]cn¬ {]kn≤-amb {]kvXpX ]¿h-X-\n-c-bmWv ]pcm-X\ `mc-XsØ hntZ-iobm-{I-a-W-ß-fn¬\n∂v c£n®p t]m∂Xv. ]pcm-X\ ImeØv lnamebw Xm≠n C¥y- b n- t e°p hcm≥ H‰ am¿Kta D≠m- b n- c p∂p≈q˛"ssI_¿Npcw'. AXn-{]m-No-\-Im-eØv `mc-X-Øns‚ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ÿnXn C∂-tØ-Xn¬\n∂v Xptemw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ncn-{Xm-t\zj-I-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. 5000 h¿j-Øn-\p-apºv ]©m_v, cP-]pØm\, _olm¿, _wKmƒ F∂o {]tZ-i-ß-fpƒs°m-≈p∂ DØc `mc-X-ta-Je sh≈-Øm¬ aqS-s∏-´n-cp-∂p-sh∂p Nne¿ ]d-bp∂p. CsXmcp AZv`p-X-ambn tXm∂mw. F∂m¬ CØcw am‰-߃ `mc-XØn\v am{X-a√, a‰p ]e `qhn-`m-K-߃°pw kw`-hn-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn Ncn{X Kth-j-I-∑m¿°-`n-{]m-b-ap≠v. Icn-¶-Sepw Imkv]n-b≥ ISepw Bd¬ ISepw apºv H∂mbn tN¿∂p InS-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-b-s∏Sp∂p. sXs° C¥y- b psS ÿnXnbpw ap≥Im- e Øv C∂- t ØXn¬\n∂v `n∂- a m- b n- c p∂p. AXns‚ ]Sn- ™ m- d p- ` mKw aU- K mkv I ¿hsc \o≠p- I n- S - ∂ n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂p ]d- b - s ∏- S p∂p. e¶m- Z zo]v (kntem¨) U°m-t\mSp tN¿∂mWv \ne-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv. {]mNo-\Im-eØv `mc-X-Øn¬-\n∂v Bkvt{X-enb hsc Ic-am¿K-ambn Xs∂ t]mIm-am-bn-cp-∂p-hs{X. kn‘p \Zn kap-{Z-Øn¬ tNcm≥ kzev]ta Zqc- a p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p- ≈ q- s h∂pw kc- k z- X n- \ Zn kap- { Z- t ØmSp IqSnt®¿∂mWv InS-∂n-cp-∂-sX∂pw ]d-bp∂p. ]pcm-X\ ImeØv `mcX D]-`q-J-fi-Øn¬ hkn-®n-cp∂ P\߃°p XΩn¬ h√ ASp-∏tam kº¿°tam D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Hcp P\X F∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m≥ X° bmsXmcp _‘hpw Ah¿°n-Sbn¬ C√m-bn-cp∂p. tUm. Xmcm-Nµv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""kwkvIr-X-Ønse {]mNo\ IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v \ap°v a\- n-em-hp-∂Xv C¥y-bnse hnhn[ tKm{X-߃ ]e {]tZ-i-ß-fn-ep-amWv ]m¿Øn-cp-∂-sX-∂mWv. Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ bmsXmcp kº¿°-hp-an-√m-bn-cp∂p. Zp¿K-a-ß-fmb `b-¶-c-h-\-߃ Ahsc At\ym\yw AI-‰n-bn-cp∂p.''1 BI-bm¬ {]mNo\ ImesØ `mcXw GIo-Ir-X-am-bn-cp-∂n√. aXtam kwkvIm-ctam `mjtbm hym]mc _‘tam H∂pw `mc-Xob P\-h¿K-ßsf GIo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂n√. AJ-fi-`m-cXw {]mNo-\-Im-esØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw XnI-®p-samcp Ab-Ym¿Y k¶¬]-am-bn-cp∂p.



a\p-jy-Nc - n-{X-Øns‚ Bcw`w `mc-XØ - ntem? a\pjy Ncn-{Xm-cw`w C¥y-bn¬\n-∂m-sW∂v Nne¿ A`n-{]m-bs∏-Sp∂p. kntem-Wnse "BZw-ae'sb∏‰n ap≥Imew apX¬ apkvenwIƒ°n-S-bn¬ Hssc-Xnlyw {]N-cn-®n-´p≠v. a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ BZna ]nXm-sh∂v PqX˛ ss{IkvXh˛apk¬am-∑m¿ hniz-kn-°p∂ BZw



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



61



B ae-bn-emWv t]m¬ kz¿K-Øn¬\n-∂n-d-ßn-bXv. AhnsS ImWp∂ Im¬∏m-SmWv Cu IY°v \nZm\w. AXv BZ-an-t‚-Xm-sW∂p apkvenwIƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv C¥y-bpsS Hcp `K-am-bncp-∂t√m kntem¨. At∏mƒ {]kvXp-X sFXn-ly-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\-Øn¬ a\pjy Ncn-{Xm-cw`w C¥y-bn¬\n-∂m-sW∂v ]d-bp-hm≥ ck-ap≠v. F∂m¬ CØcw sFXn-ly-߃°v Ncn-{X-]-c-amb bmsXmcp ASn-ÿm-\-hp-an√. BZw F∂Xv Hcp hy‡n-bpsS \matam, A√ a\p-jy≥ F-∂¿Y-Øn-ep≈ kmam-\y-\m-atam F∂p Xo¿Øp ]dbm-\m-hn√. ln{_p-`m-j-bn-ep≈ ss__nƒ ]gb \nb-a-Øn-emWv BZmwi_vZw BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn®p ImWp-∂-sX∂v Ncn-{Xm-t\zj-I-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂p. ln{_p-hn¬ B i_vZ-Øn\v a\p-jy≥ F∂pw A¿Y-ap≠v. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw ]d-bp-∂Xv ImWpI: ""a\p-jy-i_vZ-Øns‚ ]cymbw IqSn-bmWv ln{_p-`m-j-bn¬ BZmw.''2 Jp¿-B\pw BZw-i-_vZsØ a\p-jy-]-cym-b-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ {]tbmKn-®n-´p≠v. Htc kw`hw c≠n-S-ß-fn¬ Bh¿Øn-®-t∏mƒ Hcn-SØv BZw F∂pw as‰m-cn-SØv a\p-jy≥ F∂¿Y-ap≈ "_i¿' F∂pamWv Jp¿-B≥ {]tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv. A[ymbw 2, kq‡w 34˛-¬ ssZhw ae-°p-I-tfmSv BZ-an\v kmjvSmwKw sNbvhm≥ \n¿tZ-in-®-Xmbn ]dbp∂p. AtX Imcyw A[ymbw 15, kq‡w 28, 29˛¬ Bh¿Øn-®t∏mƒ, BZ-an\v ]Icw _i¿ F∂mWv Jp¿-B≥ {]tbm-Kn-®Xv. Cu {]tbm-K-Øn¬\n∂v BZ-an-s‚bpw _i-dn-s‚bpw A¿Yw H∂m-sW∂p kqNn-X-am-hp∂p. IqSmsX, ae-°p-I-fpsS kmjvSmw-K-Øn-e-¥¿`-hn® XØzw GsX¶n-ep-samcp a\p-jy-hy-‡n-sb-am{Xw _m[n-°p-∂-X√. {]XypX, am\h- I p- e - Ø n\v s]mXpth _m[- I - a s{X. Jp¿- B s‚ Zrjv S n- b n¬, ssZth— bYm-hn[w \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ AZr-iy-k-Xzß-fmWv ae-°p-Iƒ. Ah-tcmSv BZ-an\v kmjvSmwKw \an-°p-hm≥ B⁄m-]n-®-Xns‚ Xm¬]cyw, `qan-bn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ {]mXn-\n[yw hln°p∂ a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ CwKn-X-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®p h¿Øn-°phm-\p≈ Blzm-\-at{X. Cu kwK-Xn-bm-Is´, GsX-¶n-ep-samcp a\pjy-hy-‡nsb am{Xw _m[n-°p-∂-X-√t√m. AXn-\m¬ ]cm-ar-jvS- Jp¿B≥ kq‡- Ø n¬ a\p- j y≥ F∂ A¿Y- Ø n- e mWv BZw F∂ i_vZw {]tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v hnNm-cn-°p-hm-\mWv IqSp-X¬ \ymbw ImWp-∂Xv. a\p-jys‚ Ncn-{Xm-cw`w `mc-X-Øn¬\n-∂m-sW∂ k¶¬]-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-an-s√-¶nepw, e£-°-W-°n\v h¿j-߃°p -ap-ºp-Xs∂ `mc-X-Øn¬ a\p-jy-hmkw Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp≠v. DXvJ\\ imkv{X-⁄-∑msc D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v {io. sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥ tcJ-



62



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv ImWpI: ""DXvJ-\\ imkv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS ASpØ ImesØ Kth-j-W-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn C¥y-bnse BZn-a-\n-hm-knI-fpsS `uXn-I-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ ]e Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw I≠p-In-´nbn-cn-°p∂p. Cu Ah-in-jvS-ß-fn¬ Nne-Xn\v c≠p e£-Øn-e-[nIw sIm√sØ ]g- ° - a p- s ≠∂p Nne imkv { X- ⁄ - ∑ m¿ A\p- a m- \ n°∂p.'' 3 {]mNo\ inem-bp-K-sØbpw \ho\ inem-bp-K-sØbpw {]Xn-\n[m\w sNøp∂ H´-\-h[n Bbp-[-ßfpw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw `mc-X-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂pw I≠p-In-´n-bn-´p-≈-Xmbn imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn sX∂n-¥y-bnse \¿aZm Xoc-ßfn¬\n∂pw ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ Xmgvh-c-I-fn¬\n∂pw e`n® ]e D]I-c-W-ßfpw {]mNo\ inem-bp-K-Ønse {]mIrX a\p-jy¿ D]-tbmKn-®-h-bmWv. _√mcn Pn√-bnepw ssakq-cnepw \S-Ø-s∏´ Kth-jW- ß - f n¬\n∂p \ho\ inem- b p- K - Ø nse a\p- j y¿ D]- t bm- K n® At\Iw D]-I-c-W-߃ I≠p-In-´n-bn-´p≠v.4 Ncn-{X-Øns‚ A\-¥-c-L-´-ß-fn¬ ]e-t∏m-gmbn a\p-jy-X-e-ap-dIƒ `mc-X-Øn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Aßs\ Ah-cpsS `mjbpw aXhpw kwkvIm-c-hp-sa√mw ChnsS {]N-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿ `mc-Xo-b-cmbn amdp-I-bpw-sNbvXp. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Hcp an{i-kw-kvImc-amWv `mc-Xo-b-kw-kvImcw. AXns‚ IpØI GsX-¶n-ep-samcp {]tXy-I-h¿K-Øn\v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-h-X√.



"C¥y' F∂ \ma-t[bw C¥y-bpsS t]cn-s\-°p-dn®v kzev]-sam∂v ]cm-a¿in-t°-≠-Xp≠v. BZn-bn¬ Cu D]-`q-J-fi-Øn\v C¥y F∂ t]cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. B \ma-t[bw Xs∂ CXc \mSp-I-fn¬\n-∂p≈ Cd-°p-a-Xn-bmWv. F∂n- c p- ∂ mepw, B \ma- t [- b - Ø n\v Ime- ∏ - g °w hfsc IqSpw. {]mNo\ Cdm-\n-b-°m-cpsS aX-km-ln-Xy-ß-fnepw a‰pw B \maw ImWp-∂p≠v. ]fin‰v s\lvdp Fgp-Xp∂p: ""lnµp F∂ hm°v \ΩpsS ]pcm-X-\-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ Hcn-SØpw ImWm-\n√. Hcn-¥y≥ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ CZw-{]-Ya-ambn AXn-s\-°pdn®v {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂Xv {In. ]n. F´mw iX-I-Ønse Hcp Xm{¥nI {KŸ-Øn-em-sW-∂-dn-bp∂p. AhnsS "lnµp' F∂-Xn\v Hcp P\X F∂m- W ¿Yw; Hcp aX- Ø ns‚ A\p- b m- b n- I ƒ F∂√. ]t£, "AhkvsX'bnepw ]pcm-X\ t]¿jy-\nepw B hm°v ImWm-\p-≈Xp-sIm≠v AXv hfsc ]pcm-X-\-am-sW∂p Xo¿®-Xs∂. A∂pw AhnsS-\n∂v Hcm-b-n-ctam A[n-Itam sIm√-°m-e-tØm-fhpw ]›n-ta-jybn-sebpw at[y-jy-bn-sebpw P\-߃ AXp-]-tbm-Kn-®Xv C¥y-bnse AYhm kn‘p-\-Zn-bpsS A°sc Xma-kn-°p∂ P\-sØ-°p-dn-°m\mWv. "C≥Ukv' F∂v Cw•o-jn¬ ]d-bp∂ \Zn°v ]≠pw C∂pap≈ C¥y≥ \ma-t[-b-amb "kn‘p' F∂-Xn¬ \n∂mWv lnµp,



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



63



lnµp-kvXm≥ F∂pw Ct¥mkv, C¥y F∂p-ap≈ hm°p-Iƒ hcp∂Xv.'' 5 {]mNo\ t]¿jy-\n¬ kIm-c-Øn\p ]Icw lIm-c-am-Wp-]-tbmKn®p ImWm- d p- ≈ Xv . DZm- l - c - W - a mbn, kwkv I r- X - Ø nse "tk\' t]¿jy- \ n¬ "tl\'bpw "tkma' "tlma'bpamWv . CXp- t ]mse \ΩpsS "kn‘n's\ Cdm≥Im¿ "lnµv' F∂m-Wp-®-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. "lnµv' kndn-b-\n-te°pw bh-\-`m-j-bn-te°pw ]I¿∂-t∏mƒ "CµnI'bmbn. {Ko°p-Im-cn¬\n∂v bqtdm-∏n-te°v sN∂-t∏mƒ AXv "C≥Uy' F∂p®-cn-°-s∏´p. Ah-km\w `mc-X-Øn-te°v Cd-°p-aXn sNbvX-t∏mƒ "C¥y'bpambn. CXmWv C¥y F∂ \ma-t[-b-Øns‚ IY. ]pcmX\ Ad-_n-Ifpw Cu \m´ns\ "lnµv' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp∂Xv. C¥y-bnse Ccpºv Ad-_n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ kp{]-kn-≤-am-bn-cp∂p. C¥y≥- C - c p- º p- s Im≠v \n¿an® hmfns\ Ad- _ n- I ƒ "apl- ∂ Zv ' , "lnµp-hm\n', "lpµphm\n' F∂n-ßs\ h¿Wn-°m-dp≠v. {]hm-N-Is‚ Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\p apºp-Xs∂ Ad-_n-°-hn-Iƒ B hm°p-Iƒ XßfpsS Ihn-X-I-fnep]tbm-Kn-®-Xn\v [mcmfw DZm-l-c-W-߃ ImWmw. am{X-a√, Ad-_n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS s]¨Ip-™p-߃°v "lnµv' F∂v \ma-I-cWw sNøpI k¿h-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p. ]pcm-X\ ImeØv `mc-Xo-bcpw Ad-_n-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-bmWv CsX√mw Ipdn°p-∂Xv. Cu _‘w-aqew H´-t\Iw C¥y≥hm-°p-Iƒ Ad-_n-bn-te°pw Ad-_n-hm-°p-Iƒ C¥y≥ `mj-I-fn-te°pw ]I¿∂n-´p≠v. kwkvIrX-hm-°p-I-fn¬ NneXv Jp¿-B-\nepw ÿew ]nSn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. DZm-lc-W-ambn, C©n-°v "k≥P-_o¬' F∂pw I¿∏q-c-Øn\v "Im^q¿' F∂p-amWv Jp¿-B≥ {]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv. kwkvIr-X-Ønse "irwKt_c'Øns‚ Ad_n cq]-amWv "k≥P-_o¬.' Im^qdpw I¿∏q-chpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w kphy-‡-amW-t√m. Atd-_y-°v {]mNo\ kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ "A¿h-ÿm≥' F∂mWs{X t]¿. {InkvXp-hn\v 3000 h¿j-߃°p apºp-Xs∂ Ad-_nIfpw C¥ybpw XΩn¬ ASp- Ø - _ ‘w ]pe¿Øn- b n- c p- ∂ - X mbn ImWp∂p. ^nen∏v sI. ln‰n F∂ Ata-cn-°≥ s{]m^-k¿ Xs‚ "lnÃdn Hm^v Zn Ad_vkv' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p: ""Its (Arabia) South eastern people were possibly the ones who acted as intermediaries between Egypt, Mesopotomia and the Punjab-the three focal centres of earliest trade." (]pcm-X\ ImesØ apJy-hym-]m-c-tI-{µ-ß-fmb CuPn]vXv,



saskm-s]m-t´-anb F∂o \K-c-ß-fp-sSbpw ]©m-_n-s‚bpw CS-bn¬ a[y-h¿Øn-I-fmbn \ne-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv Atd-_y-bpsS Z£nW ]q¿h`m-KsØ P\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww.) Ckvem-an\p apºv Ad-_n-Iƒ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ ]e tZh-∑mcpw



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



C¥y-bn¬\n∂v Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvX-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v A\p-am-\n-°s∏-Sp∂p. "kphmAv' (inh≥), "D m' (Dj v) apX-em-bh DZm-lcWw. BI-bm¬ ]pcm-X-\ Imew apX¬ Ad-_n-Ifpw `mc-Xo-bcpw XΩn¬ `uXn-Ihpw B[ym-fln-I-hp-amb _‘w \ne-\n-∂p-t]m-∂ncp∂p. AXmWv C¥y≥ hm°p-Iƒ Ad-_n-bnepw Ad_n hm°pIƒ C¥y≥ `mj-I-fnepw IS∂pIqSm≥ Imc-W-sa∂v a\- n-em°mw. Cu \m´n\v ]ucm-WnI Bcy≥ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ImWp∂ \maamWv `mcXw. `c-X≥ F∂ Bcy-cm-Pmhv `cn-®n-cp-∂ cmPyw F∂ A¿YØn-em-hWw B \maw kzoI-cn-°-s∏-´Xv. ]pcm-W-{]-Imcw c≠p `c-X-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬ `cWw \S-Øn-bn-´p≠v. {iocm-as‚ A\p-P\pw ssItI-bn-bpsS ]p{X-\p-amb `c-X-cm-Pm-hmWv H∂m-a≥. Ct±lw Atbm[y-bnse A[n-]-Xn-bmbn cp∂p. Zpjy-¥-cm-Pm-hn\v imIp-¥-fbn¬ P\n® ]p{X-\mWv c≠masØ `c-X≥. Ct±lw C¥ym cmPyw apgp-h≥ Pbn-®-S-°nbXmbn sFXnlyw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. CtX `cX-t\mSp _‘-s∏´mhWw `mc-X-\maw \ne-hn¬ h∂Xv. C¥y°v ]ucm- W nI kmln- X y- ß - f n¬ as‰mcp t]cp- I qSn ImWp∂p ˛"Bcy-mh¿Øw.' Bcyw F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿Yw ]hn{Xw, t{ijvTw, D∂Xw Fs∂m-s°-bmWv. Bcy-P-\-Øns‚ A[n-hmkw aqew ]pWy-am-bn-Øo¿∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-hWw C¥y°v B t]¿ h∂Xv. ]t£, lna-hm\pw hn‘y\pw at[y-bp≈ DØ-c-ta-J-e-bmWv Bcymh¿Øw F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-sX∂pw Z£n-tW¥y Bcymh¿Ø-Øn\p ]pd-Øm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂p. EtKzZ-Øn-s‚bpw bPp¿th-Z-Øn-s‚bpw ImeØv Bcy≥ P\-X-bpsS A[nhmkw DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬ ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-ht{X.



C¥ymNcn-{X-Ønse hnhn[ L´-߃ C¥y≥ ]pcmW IY-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ncn-{Xm-XoX kw`h-ßsf hymJym-\n-s®m-∏n-°p-hm≥ ASpØ Ime-Ømbn Hcp {iaw \S-°p-∂p≠v. AXns‚ Hcp-t±iyw temI-sØ-ßp-ap≈ kwkvImc \mK-cn-I-X-I-fpsS BZna inev]n-Iƒ `mc-Xo-b-cm-sW∂v hcp-Ø-emWv. CXn\v c≠p hi-ß-fp≠v. H∂v A`n-am-\-Øn-t‚Xpw at‰Xv A]-am-\Øn-t‚-Xp-amWv. temI-Øp-≠mb \n¿amW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS AhIm-in-Iƒ C¥y-°m-cm-sW-¶n¬, kwlmc {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS DØc-hm-Zn-Ifpw Ah-cm-sW∂p hcpw. F∂m¬ c≠m-a-Xp-]-d™ ^ew H´pw A`n-am-\-I-c-a√ Xs∂. Cu Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-cn¬ Nne¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂Xv `mc-X-Øn¬\n∂mWv a\p- j y- N - c n- { X- Ø ns‚ Bcw- ` - s a- ∂ mWv . a\p- t jym- X v ] Øn apX¬ {In. ap. 6000 hsc-bmWv `mc-X-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ H∂m-asØ L´sa∂v Ah¿ hmZn-°p∂p. {In. ap. 6000˛emWs{X alm {]f-b-ap-≠mbXv. {]f-b-Øn¬ c£-{]m-]n® GI hy‡n sshh-kzX a\p (hnh-



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kzms‚ ]p{X-\mb a\p) BsW∂p ]pcm-W-߃ ]d-bp∂p. AXpt]mse BZysØ a\p-jy-hy-‡nbpw Hcp a\p-hm-bn-cp-∂p: kzbw-`ph a\p. Cßs\ ]pcm-W-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v ]Xn-\mep a\p-°ƒ (NXp¿Z-ia-\p-°ƒ) D≠v. ss__nƒ {]Imcw a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ BZn-]n-Xm-hmb BZmw {In. ap. 4004˛emWv krjvSn-°-s∏-´Xv. F∂m¬ C¥y≥ ]pcm-W-{]Imcw, kzbw-`p-h a\p-hns‚ Imew IrX-bp-K-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Øn-emWv. ]pcm-W-ßsf D≤-cn®v "Bcy-`m-cXw' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ {io. Fw. cmaIr-jvW≥ \mb¿ ]-d-bp-∂p: ""IrX-bp-K-Ønse a\p apX-ep≈ hiw]-c-º-c-bmWv \Ωp-tSXv F∂ ]pcm-WsØ \ntj-[n-°m≥ B[p-\nI-N-cn-{X-Im-cs‚ Iøn¬ tIm∏n-√.''6 At±lw XpS-cp∂p: ""a\p apX¬ {ioIr- j v W ≥hsc 94 Xe- a p- d tb ]p- c m- W - ß - f n¬ h¿Wn- ° - s ∏- ´ n´p≈q.'' 7 {ioIr-jvWs‚ Imew Ien-bp-K-am-cw-`-Øn-es{X: ""{ioIrjvWs‚ Pohn-X-Im-eØv {In. ap. 3104˛¬ Ien Bcw-`n-°p∂p.''8 ]pcm-W-Ønse {]kvXpX {]kvXm-h-\-Isf \ap-s°m∂p hni-Ie\w sNbvXp-t\m°mw. ]pcm-W-Øn¬ \mep bpK-ß-fmbn Imew hn`Pn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p: IrX-bpKw, t{XXm-bpKw, Zzm]-c-bpKw, Ien-bpKw. Hmtcm bpK-Øn-s‚bpw Ime-b-fhpw IW-°m-°n-bn-´p≠v. IrX-bpKw 4800 Znhy-h¿jw. Hcp Znhy-h¿jw 360 a\p-jy-h¿jw. At∏mƒ IrXbpKw 17,28,000 a\p-jy-h¿j-am-bn-cn°pw. t{XXm-bpKw 3600 Znhy-h¿jw (12,96,000 a\pjy h¿jw). Zzm]-c-bpKw 2400 Znhy-h¿jw (8,64,000 a\pjy-h¿jw). Ien-bpKw 1200 Znhy-h¿jw (4,32,000 a\pjy h¿jw). At∏mƒ \mepw-tN¿∂ NXp-cypKw 43,20,000 a\p-jy-h¿j-am-bn-cn°pw. C{Xbpw Imew Ign-bp-tºmƒ temI-a-h-km-\n®v ho≠pw krjvSn-bmcw-`n-°p-sa-∂mWv ]pcm-W-aXw. {ioIr-jvW-s‚bpw kzbw-`ph a\phns‚bpw CS-°p≈ Ime-b-fhv 38 ,88,000 a\p-jy-h¿j-am-sW∂p ta¬ IW-°p-sIm≠v ImWp∂p. F∂m¬ kzbw-`ph a\p-hn-s‚bpw {ioIr-jvWs‚bpw CS-°p -]p-cmW {]Imcw 94 Xe-apd am{X-am-Wp≈Xv. At∏mƒ Hcp Xe-ap-d-bpsS icm-icn Ime-b-fhv \mev]-sØm∂m-bn-c-Øn-ap-∂q-dn¬ ]cw a\p-jy-h¿j-am-sW-∂p-h-cp∂p. CsX-ßs\ a\p-jy-_p≤n kΩ-Xn°pw? IqSmsX cmam-b-W-I-Ym-\m-b-I-\mb {iocm-as‚ Imew t{XXmbp-K-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-am-sW∂v ImWp∂p.9 alm-`m-c-X-Ønse Hcp {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-amb {ioIr-jvWs‚ P\\w Ien-bp-K-Øns‚ Bcw`-Øn¬ {In. ap. 3104˛emsW∂pw ]d-bp∂p.10 Cu c≠v Ime-L-´ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]pcm-W-{]-Imcw Zzm]-c-bpKw F∂ AXn-Zo¿L-amb Hcp L´w Ign-bp-∂p≠v: 8,64,000 a\p-jy-h¿jw! cmam-bW IYm-\mb-I-\mb {iocm-a\pw ]Xv\n koXbpw Pohn-®n-cp-∂Xv C{Xbpw hnZqc-amb Hcp Ime-Øm-bn-cp-∂psht∂m? CΩm-Xncn Nne {]iv\-ß-fmWv ]pcm-W-I-Y-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ Ncn{X \n¿amWw \S-Øm-\p-Zy-an-°p-∂-h¿°v A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



t°≠n hcp∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ ]pcm-W-I-Y-Isf B[m-c-am°n Ncn{Xw \n¿an-°p-∂Xv XnI-®pw Aim-kv{Xo-b-am-Ip∂p. {]kn≤ Ncn-{X-Im-c\mb tUm. Xmcm-Nµv C¥ym-N-cn-{XsØ hn`-Pn-®n-´p-≈Xv A©p L´ß-fm-bn-´mWv. Cu hn`-P\w IqSp-X¬ bp‡n-bp-‡-ambn tXm∂p∂p. At±lw Hmtcm L´-Øn-s‚bpw {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw B L´Ønse Ncn{X \n¿am-W-Øn-\m-[m-c-amb Icp-°fpw sXfn-hp-Ifpw {]tXyIw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p≠v. Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Im-esa-∂p hnti-jn-∏n°-s∏-Sp∂ {]Y-a-L-´-Ønse kw`-h-߃s°m∂pw ]pcm-W-I-Y-I-sfb√, ]pcm-X-\m-h-in-jvS-ß-sf-bmWv At±lw B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv. At±l-Øns‚ Ime-hn-`-P-\-Øns‚ Hcp kw£n]vX hnh-cWw NphsS ImWn-°p∂p. 1. a\p-tjym-Xv]Øn apX¬ {In. ap. 3500 hsc-bp-≈- Imew. ineIfpw teml-ßfpw sIm≠p≈ Bbp-[-ß-fn¬\n∂pw D]-I-c-W-ßfn¬\n∂pw B`-c-W-ß-fn¬\n∂pw a‰p-amWv {]kvXpX L´-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw \ap°v e`n-°p-∂Xv. aÆp-sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb ]m{X-߃, {]Xna-Iƒ, A°m-esØ ih-kw-kvImc ÿe-ß-fn¬\n∂v Is≠-SpØ Ah-in-jvS-߃, ]md-°-√p-I-fnepw Kplm-`n-Øn-I-fnepw \n¿an-X-amb Nn{X-߃ apX-emb ]pcm-h-kvXp-°ƒ \ap°v [mcmfw In´n-bn-´p≠v. Cu L´-Øn¬ {]mIr-X-Po-hn-X-Øn¬\n∂p a\p-jy≥ ]Xp-s°-∏Xps° ]ptcm-K-an-®p-h-cp-t∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Imew F∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ \mw s]m-Xp-hn¬ hnh-£n-°m-dp-≈Xv Cu L´amWv. 2. {In. ap. 3500 apX¬ {In. ap. 600 hsc-bp≈ Imew. Cu c≠mw L´-Øn-emWv Bcy≥ P\-h¿K-߃ C¥y-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n®Xpw Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-chpw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw aX-hp-sams° ChnsS thcp-d-®Xpw. Cu L´-Ønse C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-\m-kv]-Z-ambn-´p-≈Xv ]pcm-X-\-ß-fmb kvamc-I-ßfpw Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw kwkvIrX-Ønse {]mNo\ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw a‰p-amWv. Cu Ime-Øn\v Bcy-∑m-cpsS A[n-hm-k-L´w F∂p ]dbmw. 3. {In. ap. 600 apX¬ {In. ]n. 700 hsc-bp≈ Imew. C°meØmWv ]pXnb P\-h¿K-߃ C¥y-bn¬ IS-∂p-h∂v A[n-hm-kap-d-∏n-®Xv. \qX-\-ß-fmb kwkvIm-c-ßfpw aX-ßfpw XØz-Nn-¥m{]-ÿm-\-ßfpsa√mw DS-se-Sp-ØXpw Cu L´-Øn-emWv. `mc-X-Øn¬ hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb `c-W-Iq-S-߃ CZw-{]-Y-aambn \ne-hn¬ hcn-Ibpw XI¿∂p t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xpw Cu L´-Øn¬Xs∂. hntZ-in-IfpsS k©m-c-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ, IrXn-Iƒ, \Ωp-sS-Xs∂ inem-en-Jn-X-߃, \mW-b-߃, kvamc-I-߃, kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ F∂nh Cu L´Øns‚ Ncn{X \n¿am-WsØ klm-bn-°p∂p. 4. {In. 7˛-mw iXIw apX¬ apKƒkm-{am-Py-Øns‚ ]X\w hscbp≈ Imew. Cu L´-Øn-emWv `mc-X-Øn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ B[n]Xyw ÿm]n-®Xv. {_n´o-jvIm-cpsS B[n-]Xyw Bcw-`n-®Xpw Cu



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L´-Ønse {][m\ kw`-h-ambn IW-°m°mw. t]¿jy≥`m-j-bnse Ncn-{X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, k©m-cn-I-fpsS bm{Xm-hn-h-cW-߃, hnhn[ C¥y≥ `mj-I-fnse kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, \mW-b-߃, inem-en-Jn-X-߃˛ Ch-bmWv Cu ImesØ Ncn-{X-Øn\v B[mcw. C¥ym Ncn-{X-Ønse "a[y-Imew' F∂v hnfn-°p-∂Xv Cu L´-sØ-bmWv. 5. \memw L´w Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xv 18˛-mw iX-I-Øn-es{X. B[p\nI L´-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv AXn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ Ime-sØ-∏-‰n-bmWv. C¥ym-cmPyw Htc `c-W-Iq-S-Øn≥ Iogn¬ GIo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p-sh-∂XmWv Cu L´-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX. AtXmsS C¥y-bpsS ]mc-ºcy-kw-kvImcw ]m›m-Xy≥ kzm[o-\-Øn¬ hcn-Ibpw ]pXnb kcWn sh´n-sØ-fn-bn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. C¥y-bn¬ tZiob {]ÿm-\am-cw-`n®Xpw C¥y kzmX{¥yw {]m]n-®Xpw C°m-e-ØmWv. C°me-Ønse Ncn{Xw hyh-ÿm-]n-X-am-bn-Øs∂ Fgp-X-s∏-´n-´p≠v.



Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. Alvse lnµvIo apJvX-k¿ XmcoJv by tUm. Xmcm-Nµv t]Pv 38 2. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hmfyw 1 t]Pv 809 3. C¥y-bpsS Bflmhv t]Pv 10 4. Ibid P. 12 5. C¥ysb Is≠-ج t]Pv 95 6. Bcy-`m-cXw t]Pv 30 7. Ibid P. 30 8. Ibid P. 29 9. Ibid P. 29 10. Ibid P. 29



A[ymbw Bdv



`mc-Xob aX-km-ln-Xy-߃ hf-sc-b-[nIw aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fp≠v `mc-Xob P\-Xbv°v. C{X-tbsd ]pcm-X\ aX-km-ln-Xy-ß-fpsS DS-a-I-fmb as‰mcp P\-hn-`mKw temIsØ-hn-sSbpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-X√. Nne {KŸ-߃°v \mepw A©pw kl-{km-_vZ-ß-fpsS ]g-°-ap≠v. thZ-kw-ln-X-I-fmWv `mc-Xo-b-cpsS G‰hpw {]mNo\ kmln-Xy߃. kwln-X-I-tfmSp _‘-s∏-Sp∂ {_m“-W-߃, Bc-WyI-߃, D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ F∂o kmln-Xy-ßfpw sshZn-I-km-ln-Xy-kw-LmX- Ø n- e m- W pƒs∏- S p- Ø - s ∏- ´ n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv . IqSmsX CXn- l m- k - ß ƒ, ]pcm-W-߃, Z¿i-\-kq-{X-߃, kvarXn-Iƒ, As√-¶n¬ [¿a-im-kv{X߃˛Aßs\ FÆn-Øn-´-s∏-Sp-ØpI Ffp-∏-a-√mØ {]mNo-\-{K-Ÿßƒ! Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw C∂v D]-e-_v[-ß-fm-Wp-Xm\pw. {]mNo\



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



`mc-Xo-b-sc-∏-‰nbpw Ah-cpsS aX-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb PohnX-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ]Tn-°p-hm≥ ta¬]-d™ IrXn-Iƒ hfsc D]-I-cn°p-sa-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an√. F∂m¬ Ch-sbm∂pw icn-bmb Ncn{X {KŸ-a√. ]fin‰v Ph-l¿em¬s\lvdp Fgp-Xn-bXv F{Xbpw icnbmWv: ""thZ-߃, D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ, cmam-bWw, alm-`m-cXw F∂nßs\ Nne alm {KŸ-߃ Ah¿ (Ct¥m Bcy-∑m¿) cNn®p h®n´p≠v. \ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I-∑m-cpsS \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-tfbpw BNm-c-a-cym-ZI- s fbpw Nn¥m- k - c - W n- I - s fbpw Ah \ap°v hnh- c n- ® p- X cp∂p. F¶nepw Ah icn-°p≈ Ncn-{X-am-sW∂p ]d-™p-IqSm. kwkvIrX `mj-bn-ep≈ GI Ncn-{X-{KŸw I¬l-Ws‚ "cmP-X-cw-KnWn'bs{X. Imivao-cns‚ Ncn-{X-am-WXv.''1 `mc-Xo-b-a-X-km-ln-Xy-ß-sf-∏‰n Hcp hnl-K-ho-£Ww \S-Øp-∂Xv ]n∂oSv {]kvXm-hn-°p∂ hnj-b-ß-fpsS {]m[m-\yhpw ÿm\hpw {Kln-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-I-cn°pw. AXn-\m¬ sshZn-I-km-ln-Xy-Ønse Hmtcm kwLm-X-sØ-∏-‰nbpw eLp-hmbn \ap-s°m∂p ]cn-N-b-s∏Smw.



thZ-kw-ln-XI - ƒ Adnhv F∂¿Y-ap≈ "hnZv' F∂ [mXp-hn¬\n-∂mWv thZ-i-_vZØns‚ \njv]Øn. ]t£, kmt¶-Xn-I-ambn shfn-]mSp aptJ\ e`n® Znhy-amb Adn-hn\v am{Xta thZ-sa∂v t]cp≈q. thZ-߃ Cuizc t{]m‡-am-sW-∂s{X `mc-Xo-b-cpsS hnizmkw. `mc-Xo-b-th-Z-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ At\I {KŸ-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂p≠v. Ah-sbms° Htc Ime-L-´-Øn¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂-h-b√. Dt±iw c≠m-bn-c-tØmfw h¿j-߃ hcp∂ Hcp kpZo¿L Ime-L-´-Øn-\p≈n¬ ]e-t∏m-gmbn \ne-hn¬h∂ Hcp kmln-Xy-{]-]-©-amWv thZ߃. Cu kmln-Xy-kw-Lm-XsØ Nne ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ h®v ]finX-temIw ]e Xc-ß-fmbn ]Ip-Øn-´p≠v. {][m-\-hn-`-P\w kwln-XIfpw {_m“-W-ß-fp-am-bn-´mWv. kwln-X-I-fmWv G‰hpw {]mNo-\ {K-Ÿ-߃. A°q-´-Øn¬ EtKzZ kwln-X-bt{X G‰hpw ]pcm-X\w. AXn\v {In. ap. 3500 sIm√w apX¬ {In. ap. 1500 sIm√w-hsc Ime-∏g°w Kth-jI ]fin-X-∑m¿ I¬]n-®n-´p≠v. ]m›m-Xy≥ ]fin-X∑m-cpsS s]mXp-hmb A`n-{]mbw _n. kn. 2000 apX¬ 1500 hscbp≈ Hcp Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv EtKz-Z-kw-lnX \ne-hn¬ h∂n-´p-≈sX-∂mWv. `mc-Xob ]fin-X-\mb _me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I≥ EtKz-ZØn\v {In. ap. 3500 h¿jsØ ]ga I¬]n-°p∂p. A£-cm-`ymkw \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂-Xn\p apºv Hcp CSb h¿K-amb (Postoral People) Bcy-∑m¿ thZ-߃ kpc-£n-X-ambn \ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m∂- X n- ¬ ImWn® ipjv I m- ¥ nbpw \njv I ¿jbpw AZv ` p- X m- h lw Xs∂. AXy¥w kq£va-X-tbmsS ]Zm-\p-]Zw lrZn-ÿ-am-°nbpw ASn-°Sn Bh¿Øn®p sNm√nbpw a‰p cq]-Ønepw Xe-ap-d-bmbn



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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]I¿∂p sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠mWv kwln-X-Iƒ kpc-£n-X-ambn \ne\n¿Øn-t∏m-∂Xv. EtKz-Z-kw-ln-X°v h≈-tØmƒ Fgp-Xnb hnh¿Ø\-Øns‚ Bap-J-Øn¬ k¿Zm¿ sI.Fw. ]Wn-°¿ ]d-bp∂p: ""thZØn\v ]mT-t`-Z-ß-fn√. C{X ]pcm-X-\hpw `mc-X-Øn-emsI {]N-cn°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp _rl-Zv{K-Ÿ-Øn\v ]mT-t`-Z-ß-fn-√m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv B›-cy-am-Wt√m. {ipXn-hm-Iy-߃°p hyXymkw hcm-Xn-cn-°m-\mbn BZy-Imew apX¬t° sNbvX \njvI¿j-Iƒ sIm≠mWv, k¿h-X»p-≤hpw F√m-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp ]mTw C∂v \ne-hnen-cn-°p-∂Xv.''2 XpS¿∂v B \njvI¿j-Iƒ F¥m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw At±lw hnhcn-°p∂p: ""thZ-Øn\v ]Z-]mTw Fs∂m-∂p≠v. AXm-bXv, kwln-Xbn-ep≈ F√m hm°p-I-sfbpw k‘n-bnepw kam-k-Øn-epw-\n∂v th¿s]-SpØn {]tXy-I-ambn FSp-°p∂p. CXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂p {Ia-]mTw F∂p thsd- s bm- ∂ p≠v . ]Z- ] m- T - Ø nse Hmtcm hm°pw FSpØv AXns‚ apºn-esØ hm°pw ]nºn-esØ hm°pw Iq´n-t®¿Øp≈ ]mT-amWv AXv. AXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂mWv PSm-]mTw. PSm-]m-T-sa-∂m¬ Iq´n-bn-W-°nb ]mT-sa-∂¿Yw. CXn¬ sX‰v IS-∂p-Iq-Sm-Xn-cn-°m-\mWv L\-]mTw. ]Z-]m-Thpw {Ia-]m-Thpw Atßm-´p-an-tßm´pw aptºm´pw ]ntºm´pw Iq´n-bn-W-°n-bmWv L\-]mTw. ]Z-]m-T-Øn¬ {]tXy-Iambn A]-{K-Yn-®n-´p≈ hm°p-Isf XncnsI Iq´n-bn-W°n kwln-Xbm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \nb-a-ß-fs{X {]Xn-imJyw. Ch-s°√mw ]pdta, EtKz-Z-Øn\v Hc-\p-{I-a-Wn-I-bp≠v. AXn¬ Hmtcm a{¥hpw AXns‚ Ejn, Oµ v, tZhX F∂n-hbpw kwln-X-bn-ep≈ {Ia-Øn¬ sImSpØn-cn-°p∂p. C{Xbpw henb \njvI¿j temI-Øn¬ thsd Hcp {KŸ-Øn\pw D≠m-bn-´n-√-Xs∂. CXn≥^-e-ambn ap∆m-bn-c-Ø-™qdp-h¿j-Øn¬ Ipd-bmsX ]g-°-ap≈ kwln-X-bpsS ]mTw C∂pw ]cn-ip-≤-am-bn-Ø-s∂-bn-cn-°p∂p.''3 Cu hmb- \ m- c o- X n- s b- ∏ ‰n A¬_o- d q- \ nbpw kqNn- ∏ n- ® n- ´ p≠v . 4 F∂m¬ F√m kwln-X-Iƒ°pw Cu ]cn-ip≤n Ah-Im-i-s∏-´p-IqSm. Fs¥-∂m¬ ip¢-b-Pp¿th-Z-Øn\v hyXykvX ]mT-ß-fp-s≠∂v \ncq]-I-∑m¿ ka¿Yn-°p∂p. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Ah¿ thZ-ß-fpsS Oµ- p-Ifpw (hrØ-߃) hymI-c-Whpw D®m-c-Whpw kzc-߃t]mepw lrZn-ÿ-am-°n-h-®-Xm-tem-Nn°p-tºmƒ B›cyw tXm∂n- t ∏mhpw. Akm- [ m- c - W - a mb Hcp IrXy- a m- b n- c p∂p AXv . F∂m¬ C∂pw AtX-{]-Imcw ip≤-amb cq]-Øn¬ a{¥-߃ e`n®n-´p-s≠∂v CXn-\¿Y-an√. Aß-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ ip¢-b-Pp¿th-Z-kwln-X-bn¬ am[y-µn-\t‚bpw IWz-t‚bpw hyXykvX imJ-I-fn¬ ]mTt`-Z-ap-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n√.''5 kwln-X-Iƒ \mep {KŸ-ß-fmWv. 1. EIv, AYhm EtKz-Z-kw-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



lnX. 2. bPp v, AYhm bPp¿th-Z-kw-lnX. CXp-Xs∂ c≠p-]-£ß- f mbn Xncn- ® n- ´ p≠v . H∂v ip¢- b - P p¿thZw; at‰Xp Irjv W - b Pp¿thZw. 3. kmaw, AYhm kma-th-Z-kw-lnX 4. AY¿hw, AYhm AY¿h-th-Z-kw-lnX. EtKzZw, bPp¿thZw, kma-thZw F∂o aqs∂Æw "{Xbo' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Aa-c-tImiw F∂ kwkvIrX \nL≠p ]d-bp∂p: ""CXn thZm -kv{Xb kvXbo.'' AY¿h- t h- Z - k w- l nX hfsc ]n∂o- S mWv \ne- h n¬ h∂Xv . _p≤s‚ Ime-Øn\v apºv thZ-]m-finXyw t\Sn-bn-cp∂ alm-]-finX-∑msc "{Xbo ]mcw-K-X¿' F∂p hnfn-®p-h-∂n-cp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂p Xs∂ aq∂p thZ-߃t° A∂v {]mamWyw I¬]n-®n-cp-∂p≈q F∂v A\pam-\n°mw. kmwIr-Xymb≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""_p≤s‚ Imew ({In. ap. 563-˛483) hsc thZ-߃ aq∂m-sW∂v Icp-X-s∏-´n-cp∂p. kpin-£n-Xcmb {_m“-W-]-fin-X-∑msc "{Xbo-]m-cw-K-X¿' (Xn∂w thZm\mw ]mcKp˛{XoWmw thZm\mw ]mcKmx) F∂p hnfn-®n-cp∂p.''6 kwln-X-Iƒ FÆ-Øn¬ \mep-s≠-¶nepw BZy-tØ-Xn¬\n∂v a‰p-≈-h-bn-te°v [mcmfw a{¥-߃ ]I¿Ø-s∏-´n-´p≠v. kma-th-Zkw-ln-X-bn¬ 75 a{¥-ß-sfm-gn®p _m°n-bp-≈-sX√mw EtKz-Z-Øn¬\ns∂-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-XmWv. b⁄-ß-fn¬ sNmt√-≠-Xn-\m-bn-´mWv Ah kw{K-ln-®n-´p-≈Xv. ip¢-b-Pp¿thZØnepw [mcmfw EtKz-Z-a-{¥-߃ ]I¿∂n-´p-≠v. ip¢ bPp¿-thZkwlnX hfsc ]n∂oSv Fgp-Xn-t®¿ØXm- s W∂pw AXns‚ I¿Ømhv bm⁄- h - e v I y- a p\n ({In. ap. 650)bmsW∂pw Nne ]fin-X-∑m¿°-`n-{]m-b-ap≠v. bm⁄-h-evIy\m¬ \n¿an-X-amb B `mK-Øn\v "hmP-k-t\-b-kw-lnX' F∂pw t]cp≠v.



{_mlvaW - ß - ƒ kwln-X-Iƒ°v hfsc tij-amWv {_m“-W-߃ \ne-hn¬ h∂n´p-≈Xv. kwln-X-Ifpw {_m“-W-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ Ime-hy-Xymkw 200 apX¬ 600 hsc- sIm-√-ß-fm-sW∂v ]fin-X-∑m-cn¬ Nne¿ A`n{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Hcp ]m›m-Xy≥ thZ-]-fin-X-\mb am¿´n≥ tlKvsF-X-tcb{_m“-W-Øns‚ BwK-e-`m-jy-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ Ipdn-®n-´p-≈Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""{_m“-W-ß-fn¬ `qcn-`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw \n¿amWw _n. kn. 1400˛s‚bpw 1200˛s‚bpw CS-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bp-hm≥ \mw aSn-°p-∂n√. kwln-X-Iƒ°v {_m“-W-ß-fpsS ImesØ-°mƒ 200 h¿jw apX¬ 500˛-600 h¿jw hsc-bp≈ Hcp ImeL-´-Øns‚ ]ga th≠n-hcpw. Aßs\ kwln-X-Iƒ an°-hmdpw 1400 _n.kn.°pw 2000 _n.kn.°pw CS-°p≈ Ime-L-´-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂h-bm-sW∂v \ap°v In´p∂p.''7 {_m“- W - ß ƒ kwln- X - I ƒ°p tijw D≠m- b - X m- s W- ¶ nepw



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thZ-{]-]-©-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. kwln-Xbpw {_m“Whpw XΩn¬ hyXym-k-ap≠v. kwln-X-Iƒ an°-hmdpw ]Zy-cq-]-ØnemWv. {_m“-W-߃ KZy-cq-]-Ønepw. {_m“-W-ß-fpsS apJy-{]hrØn kwln-X-I-fnse a{¥-ßsf hymJym-\n-°-emWv. b⁄ (bmK) hn[n-Ifpw Ah-bn¬ a{¥-߃°p≈ ÿm\hpw {_m“-W-߃ hnhcn-°p∂p. Hmtcm kwln-X°pw Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam {_m“-W-ß-fp≠v. EtKz-Z-Øn\v sFX-tcbw, Iujo-XIn F∂o c≠p {_m“-W-ßfpw kma- t h- Z - Ø n\v Xmfiy- a - l m- { _m- “ Ww, AYhm ]©- h nwiw, jUvhnwiw, ssPan-\obw F∂o aq∂p {_m“-W-ßfpw ip¢-b-Pp¿thZ-Øn\v iX-]Y {_m“-Whpw IrjvW-b-Pp¿th-Z-Øn\v ssXØn-cob {_m“-Whpw AY¿h-th-Z-Øn\v tKm]-Y-hp-amWv C∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ {_m“- W - ß ƒ. BZn Bcy- ∑ m- c psS Bcm- [ - \ m- k - { º- Z m- b - ß ƒ {]mtbW bmK-ßfpw b⁄-ß-fp-am-bn-cp∂p. C∂p \mw "_en' F∂p ]d-bp∂ I¿a-Øns‚ ]pcm-X\ cq]-am-Ip∂p b⁄w. b⁄ coXnIƒ ]e-Xm-bn-cp∂p. b⁄-ß-fn¬ ]ip, BSv, IpXnc apX-emb arKßsf h[n®p tlman-®n-cp∂p. C{Xbpw hnh- c n- ® - X n¬\n∂v kwln- X - I fpw {_m“- W - ß fpw tN¿∂-XmWv sshZn-I-km-lnXyw F∂v hy‡-am-bt√m. thZ-ßsf a{¥-ß-fmbpw {_m“-W-ß-fmbpw hn`-Pn-®n-´p-s≠∂v ssPan\n ({In. 300) ]d- b p∂p. 8 F∂m¬ B[p- \ nI Ime- Ø p- S - s e- S pØ Nne sslµh \thm-∞m-\-{]-ÿm-\ -t\-Xm-°ƒ thZ-sa-∂Xv kwlnX am{X-am-sW∂v hmZn-®n-´p≠v. Bcy-k-amP ÿm]I\mb {io. Zbm\µ kc-kzXn A°q-´-Øn¬ {]i-kvX-\t{X. F∂m¬ Npcp°w t]c√msX Cu \ho\ hmZw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n√. {]K-ev` ]WvUnX-\mb {io. hnth-I-m\-µ-kzman Zbm-\-µs‚ {]kvXpX \ne-]m-Sns\ tNmZyw sNbvXn-´p≠v. "hnth-Im-\-µ-kzm-an-I-fpsS FgpØpIƒ' F∂ {]kn≤o-I-c-W-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv t\m°pI: ""thZ-߃ kwln-X-Iƒ am{Xam-sW-∂p≈ BZ¿iw hfsc B[p-\n-Ihpw ]tc-X-\mb {io. Zbm-\µ-kzm-an-I-fm¬ D∂-bn-°-s∏-´-Xp-am-Ip∂p. CXv km[m-cW P\-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p-an√. kwln-X-bn¬ ]pXnb A¿Y I¬]\ sNbvXp sIm≠v sshZnI kn≤m-¥sØ apgp-h≥ hymJym-\n-°m≥ Dt±-in-®mWv Cu Imcyw Cßs\ sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv. F∂m¬ sshjay-߃ At∏mgpw Ah-ti-jn-®-tX-bp≈q. Cu kn≤m-¥-ßfpw A¿YI-ev-]-\-I-fp-sa-√m-ap-≠m-bn´p IqSn {_m“-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Ønte°v Xs∂ ]ns∂bpw \n-]-Xn-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.''9 EtKz-Z-Øns‚ BKw-e-`m-jm-hn-h¿Ø-I-\mb an. Sn.sI. {Ko^nØv Xs‚ BapJ°pdn-∏n¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""{]m¿Y-\-Ifpw kvXpXn-I-fp-a-Sßnb a{¥-߃, a{¥-ß-fpsS {]tbm-K-ßfpw hni-Zo-I-cW-ß-fp-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



apƒs°m-≈p∂ {_m“-W-߃ F∂o {Ia-Øn¬ thZ-߃ \mepw Cuc-≠mbn hn`-Pn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p.''10 "B]-kvXw_w' F∂ [¿a imkv{X-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""a{¥ {_m“- W - t bm¿thZ \ma- t [bx'' (thZ- s a- ∂ Xv a{¥- ß fp- s Sbpw {_m“W-ß-fp-sSbpw \ma-t[-b-am-sW∂v kmcw.) BI-bm¬ a{¥-hn-`m-Khpw {_m“W hn`m-Khpw thZ-ß-fn¬ s]´Xm-sW∂v s]mXpth AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p.



BcWyI߃ AYhm h\y-Ir-Xn-Iƒ {_m“-W-ß-tfmSv ]nev°m-eØv tN¿°-s∏´ {KŸ-]-c-º-c-°mWv "Bc-Wy-I-߃' F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv. AcWy (h\)Øn¬sh®p injy∑m¿°p-]-tZ-in®p sImSpØ hn⁄m-\-a-S-ßn-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-hWw Cu {KŸ-k-aq-l-Øn\v Bc-Wy-I-ß-sf∂ t]cp-≠m-bXv. F√m thZ-ßtfmSpw _‘-s∏´v Bc-Wy-ap-s≠∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬ C∂p]-e-_v[-amb Bc-Wy-I-ß-fn¬ \mse-Æ-amWv {]tXyI {]m[m-\yap-≈h. 1. sFX-tc-bm-c-WyIw. CXv EtKz-Z-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sFX-tcb {_m“- W - Ø nse Bc- W y- I - a mWv . A©v ]©nIbpw ]Xn- \ ©v A[ym-bhpw˛ Cß-s\-bmWv sFX-tc-bm-c-Wy-I-Øns‚ {Iao-I-cWw. 2. Iujo-X-Iym-c-WyIw. CXv Iujo-X-In-{_m-“-W-Øns‚ Hcp `mK-am-Ip∂p. sFX-tcb {_m“-W-Ønse hnj-b-ß-fmWv CXn-epw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈Xv. ca-Wob `mj-bn¬ Ah hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´ps-≠∂v am{Xw. 3. ssXØn-co-bm-c-WyIw. ssXØn-cob {_m“-W-tØmSp tN¿∂ Bc-Wy-I-am-WXv. ]Øv A[ym-b-ß-fp≠v. 4. _rl-Zm-c-WyIw. bPp¿th-Z-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ iX-]Y {_m“W-Øns‚ Ah-km\ Imfi-am-WnXv. a‰p-≈-hsb At]-£n®v ]cnam- W - Ø n¬ _rl- Ø m- b XpsIm≠mWv CXn∂v _rl- Z m- c - W yIw F∂ t]¿ kn≤n-®Xv.



D]-\n-jØ - p-Iƒ Bc-Wy-I-ßsf XpS¿∂ph∂ `mK-amWv D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ. Hmtcm thZ-kw-ln-Xm-`m-K-Øn\pw {_m“-Whpw Hmtcm {_m“-W-Øn\pw Bc-Wy-Ihpw Hmtcm Bc-Wy-I-Øn\pw D]-\n-j-Øp-ap-s≠-∂mWv amaq¬aXw. "D]', "\n' F∂o c≠p D]-k¿K-߃ "kZv' F∂ [mXp-thmSv tN¿∂p-f-hmb Hcp- hm-°mWv "D]-\n-jXv.' D]: ASpØp. \n: KmVw. kZv: Ccn-°pI˛CXmWv ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-tºmƒ B hm°n-\¿Yw. ]t£, F√mw tNcp-tºmƒ (Kpcp-hns‚) ASp-Øn-cp∂p {i≤-tbmsS ]Tn-°¬ F∂¿Yw hcp∂p. B[ym-flnI Kpcp Xs‚ ASp-Øn-cp∂p ]Tn-°p∂



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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{i≤m-ep-hmb injy-t\mSv D]-tZ-in®, AXn-Kq-V-amb hnZy-I-f-S-ßnb-Xn-\m-emWv D]-\n-j-Øn\v B \maw h∂-sX∂v hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ°v ""thZm¥w'' F∂pw t]cp≠v. thZ-Øns‚ A¥y-Øn¬ D]-\n-jØv hcp-∂-XpsIm-≠mWv thZm¥w F∂p ]dbp-∂Xv. thZm-¥-Øn\v thZ-Øns‚ Ah-km\w F∂¿Y-Øn\v ]pdta, thZ-Øn¬ \n∂v A¥n-a-ambn {Kln-t°≠ XØzw F∂pw A¿Yamhmw. Fs¥-∂m¬ thZ-Ønse {][m-\-X-Øz-amb {_“-hn-Zy-bmWv D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I - f nse {]Xn]m- Z yw. thZ- Ø ns‚ I¿a- I m- W v U - a mWv {_m“-W-sa-¶n¬ ⁄m\-Im-WvU-amWv D]-\n-jØv. D]-\n-j-—-_vZm¿Yw CXm-sW-¶nepw, ]n∂oSv {_“-hn-Zy-bpƒs°m≈p∂ GXv {KŸhpw D]-\n-j-Ømbn hyh-l-cn-°-s∏´p. Aßs\ \nc-h[n {KŸ-߃ D]-\n-j-sØ∂ t]cn¬ hnc-Nn-X-ambn. AIv_¿ N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS ImesØ ({In. 1542˛-1605) ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ Hcp {KŸsa-gp-Xp-Ibpw A√m-lp-hns‚ Imcy-ß-fpƒs°m-≈n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\m¬ AXns\ "At≈m-]-\n-jØv' F∂p t]cn´p. Cßs\ \nch[n D]-\n-j-Zv{K-Ÿ-߃ ]n¬°m-eØv hnc-Nn-X-ß-fm-bn-´p≠v. D]\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS BsI kwJy 200˛Hmfw hcp-at{X. t_mws_-bnse \n¿W-b-km-K¿ {] p-Im¿ 112 D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v. EtKz-Z-Øn\v 21˛-Dw bPp¿th-Z-Øn\v 109˛Dw kma-th-Z-Øn\v 1000˛-hpw AY¿h-th-Z-Øn\v 21-˛Dw imJ-I-fp-s≠∂pw Hmtcm imJ°pw A\p_-‘-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Hmtcm D]-\n-j-Øp-s≠∂pw {iocma≥ l\pams\ Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xmbn ap‡n-tIm-]-\n-j-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®n-´p≠v. 11 D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ G‰hpw {]mNo-\hpw {]mam-Wn-I-hp-am-bXv ]Xnaq-s∂Æ-as{X. _n. kn. 700˛\pw 100˛\panS-°mWv Ah cNn-°-s∏-´n´p≈-sX∂v kmwIr-Xym-b≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvWs‚bpw tUm. Sn. Fw.]n. alm-tZ-hs‚bpw A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ {]mNot\m-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS Imew _p≤\v apºpw _n. kn. 1000-˛am≠n-\n∏p-d-hp-amWv.



sshZnI kmlnXyw F∂m¬ sshZn-I-km-lnXyw F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ C∂p-t±-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv a{¥-ßfpw {_m“-W-ßfpw Bc-Wy-I-ßfpw D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-amWv. Ch A]u-cp-tj-b-ßfpw AI¿Ør-I-ßfpw {_“-t{]m-‡-ß-fp-amsW-∂s{X {]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b-cpsS hnizmkw. AXn-\m¬ Ahbv°p "{ipXn' ({_“m-hn¬ \n∂v Ejn-am¿ t\cn´p tI´Xv) F∂v t]cmbn. "{ipXn' F∂ \ma-Øn\v as‰m-c¿Yhpw I¬]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. Xeapd Xe-apdbm hIv{Xm-\p-h-Iv{X-ambn ]I¿∂p-h-∂Xv F∂v. A£-cm`ymkw \ne-hn¬ hcp∂ Ime-Øn\v apºv, Hcp CSb h¿K-ambn Np‰n\S-∂n-cp∂ Bcy-h¿K-Øns‚ {]mNo-\-km-ln-Xy-am-Wt√m thZ-



74



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



߃; hnti- j n®pw kwln- X m- ` m- K - ß ƒ. Xß- f psS Aaq- e y- a mb hn⁄m-\-k-ºØv B hn`mKw kwc-£n®p h∂Xv Hm¿a-i-‡n-bpsS GI klmbw sIm≠msW∂v kv]jvSw. {ihWw hgn-bmWv ]n≥ Xe-ap-d-Iƒ ap≥X-e-ap-d-I-fn¬ \n∂v Ah ]I¿s∂-Sp-ØXv. AXpsIm-≠m-hWw thZ-߃ "{ipXn' (tIƒ°-s∏-´Xv) F∂ t]cn¬ {]kn≤-am-bXv. apkvenw-Iƒ Jp¿-B\v Iev]n-°p∂ AtX ÿm\-amWv {]mNo-\`m-c-Xo-b¿ thZ-߃°pw Iev]n-®n-cp-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ krjvSn F∂¿Yap≈ "IrXw' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv thZ-sØ- w-_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw A\m-Z-c-ambn Ah¿ Icp-Xn-bn-cp∂p. Jp¿-Bs\ "aJveqJv' (krjvSn) F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xns\ apkvenw-Iƒ ImWp-∂Xpw AtX \nebn-em-Wt√m. kwkvIrX alm-I-hn-bmb Imfn-Zm-k≥ Hcn-°¬ "a{¥IrX' F∂p-]-tbm-Kn®p t]mbn. `h-`qXn s\‰n Npfn®p shdp∏v {]ISn-∏n®p. "a{¥-IrX' F∂v ]d-hm≥ ]mSn√ F∂m-bn-cp∂p `h-`q-XnbpsS ]£w. Fs¥-∂m¬ Ejn-am¿ a{¥-ßsf cNn-®-h-c√; Z¿in-®h¿ am{X-amWv.12 a{¥-߃ Hmtcmtcm Ejn-am-cm¬ Bhn-jvIr-X-ß-fmWv. Ah {]mtbW IhnXm cq]-Øn-es{X. Ah-bn¬ kvXpXn-Ifpw {]m¿Y-\I-fp-amWv ÿqe-Zr-jvSn-Iƒ°v ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Ah°v ]nd-In¬ Kw`o-chpw \nKq-V-hp-amb Bi-b-߃ \ne-sIm-≈p∂p. a{¥{Z-jvSm-°-fmb al¿jn-am¿ hmZn-®n-cp∂p: ""F∂n¬ Cuiz-c≥ {]thin-®n-cn-°p∂p'' F∂v.13 CXp hgn kwln-X-Iƒ Cuiz-c-h-N-\-amsW∂pw kzbw IrX-a-s√-∂pw hmZn-°p-I-bmWv Ah¿ sNbvXXv. AXn\m¬ a{¥-ßsf B \ne°v Xs∂ hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.



{][m\ D]-\n-jØ - p-Iƒ thZ-ß-fpsS Ah-km\ `mK-amWv D]-\n-j-Øp-I-sf∂pw AXn\m¬ Ah°v thZm¥w F∂v t]cp-s≠∂pw \mw I≠p. {][m\ D]\n-j-Øp-Isf Ime-\n¿Wbw sNbvXp, \mep ]mZ-ß-fn-embn kmwIrXym-b≥ Xcw Xncn-®n-´p≠v. AXn-ß-s\-bmWv: 1. {]Y-a-]m-Z-Ønse D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ({In. ap. 700): (i) Cuiw (ii) OmtµmKyw (iii) _rl-Zm-c-WyIw. 2. ZznXo-b-]m-Z-Ønse D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ({In. ap. 600˛-500): (iv) sFXtcbw (v) ssXØn-cobw. 3. XrXo-b-]m-Z-Ønse D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ({In.ap.500˛-400): (vi) {]iv\w (vii) tI\w (viii) ITw (ix) apfiIw (x) amfiqIyw. 4. NXp¿Y-]m-Z-Ønse D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ({In. ap. 200-˛100): (xi) Iujo-XIn (xii) ssa{Xn (xiii) tizXm-iz-Xcw. ChnsS Hmtcm kwln- X - t bmSpw _‘- s ∏´p \n¬°p∂



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



75



{_m“Ww, Bc- W yIw, D]- \ n- j Øv F∂n- h - b psS Hcp ]´nI ImWn°mw.



sshZnI kmlnXy ]´nI kwlnX



{_m“Ww



Bc-WyIw



D]-\n-jØv



EtKzZw



1 sFX-tcbw 2 Iujo-XIn



1 sFX-tcbw 2 Iujo-XIn



1 sFX-tcbw 2 Iujo-XIn



1 XmWvUy-alm, AYhm



ssPan-\o-tbm-]- 1 OmtµmKyw \n-jZv {_m“Ww 2 tI\w ]©-hnwiw



kma-thZw



2 jUvhnwiw 3 ssPan-\obw iX-]Yw



1_rl-Zm-cW - yIw 2 Cuiw



IrjvWb - P - p¿ thZw



ssXØn-cobw



1 ssXØn-cobw 2 ITw 3 ssa{Xn 4 tizXm-izXcw



AY¿h-thZw



tKm]Yw



ip¢-bPp¿ thZw



ssXØo-cobw



1 {]iv\w 2 apWvUIw 3 amWvUqIyw



Ipdn∏v : Cutim-]-\n-jØv ip¢-b-Pp¿th-Z-Øns‚ Ah-km-\sØ A[ym-b-am-bmWv C∂v \ap°v e`n-°p-∂Xv. sFX-tcbw, Iujo-XIn, OmtµmKyw, tI\w, _rl-Zm-cWyIw, ssXØn-cobw F∂n-hbpw Hcp {_m“-W-Øn-s‚tbm Bc-Wy-I-Øn-s‚tbm Awi-am-bn-´mWv \mw ImWp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ ITw, tizXm-izXcw, {]iv\w, apWvUIw F∂nh Aß-s\-b√. Ahbpw \jvS-s∏-´p-t]mb GtXm {_m“-W-Øn-s‚tbm BcWy-I-Øn-s‚tbm A\p-_-‘-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww. ]t£, B {_m“-W-ßfpw Bc-Wy-I-ßfpw C∂v D]-e-_v[-ß-f√. ssa{Xnbpw amWvUq-Iyhpw {][m\ D]-\nj-Øp-I-fpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ ]n∂oSv Iq´n-t®¿°-s∏-´-h-bm-sW∂v \ncq-]-I-∑m¿ IcpXp∂p.



kvarXn-Iƒ



76



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



as‰mcp Xcw aX-km-lnXy kwLm-X-Øn-\mWv "kvarXn' F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv. Ch-bn¬ apJy-ambpw lnµp-°-fpsS BNm-c-k-{º-Zm-bß-fmWv {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈Xv. AXn-\m¬ Ah "[¿a'imkv{Xw F∂ t]cnepw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. {ipXn-sb-t∏m-se-Øs∂, kvarXnbpw B[nIm-cnIhpw {]am-W-tbm-Kyhpw Xs∂. Ccp-]Xv kvarXn-Iƒ C∂v \nehn-ep≠v. 1. a\p 2. A{Xn 3. Imiy-]≥ 4. lmco-X-I≥ 5. bm⁄h¬Iy≥ 6. Di-\kv 7. AwKn-ckv 8. ba≥ 9. B]-kvXw-_≥ 10. kwh¿Ø- I ≥ 11. ImXymb≥ 12. _rl- k v ] Xn 13. ]cm- i - c ≥ 14. Km¿Ky≥ 15. iwJ≥ 16. enJn-X≥ 17. `£≥ 18. KuX-a≥ 19. iX-]Y≥ 20. hkn-jvT≥ F∂o BNm-cy-∑m-cpsS t]cn-emWv Ah Adn-bs∏-Sp-∂Xv. B¿.kn. U‰v ]d-bp∂p: ""Ch-bn¬ G‰hpw {]mNo-\-ßfmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂h B]-kvXw-_-[¿a-kq-{Xhpw KuX-a-[¿a-kq{Xhpw hkn-jvT-[¿a-kq-{X-hp-amWv. _p≤s‚ Ime-tØm-S-SpØv a\pkv a r- X nbpw cNn- ° - s ∏´p. CS- ° m- e - Ø p- ≠ mb ]cm- i - c - k v a r- X nbpƒs∏sS as‰-√m -[¿a-im-kv{X-ßfpw ]n¬°m-e-ß-fn¬ \n¿an-X-ambn-´p-≈-XmWv.''14 ""KuX-a≥, t_m[m-b-\≥, B]-kvXw-_≥, hkn-jvT≥ F∂n-hcpsS [¿a-kq-{X-߃°v _n.kn. 600˛-300 hsc ]ga I¬]n-°m-hp-∂XmWv. Ah-bn¬ KuX-a-kq-{X-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ ]g°w IqSpw.''15



CXn-lm-kß - ƒ `mc-Xo-b-cpsS as‰mcp kmlnXy kwLm-X-amWv CXn-lm-k-߃. ]pcm-hrØw, AYhm ]pcm-X\ IY F∂mWv Cu hm°n-\¿Yw. IYmI-Y-\-co-Xn-bmWv Ch-bn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Ah [¿aw, A¿Yw, Imaw, tam£w F∂o Imcy-ßsf D]-tZ-in-°p∂p. cmam-bWw, alm`m-cXw F∂o c≠p _rlXv Imhy-ß-fmWv C∂v CXn-lmk \maØn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. cmam-b-W-Øn¬ Atbm[y `cn-®n-cp∂ cmPhw-i-Øn-s‚bpw, alm-`m-c-X-Øn¬ lkvXn-\-]pcw tI{µ-am°n `cn®n- c p∂ cmP- h w- i - Ø n- s ‚bpw hotcm- N nX IY- I - f mWv {]]- © \w sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv. cmam-bWw H∂√; ]e-Xp≠v. hmevaoIn, Xpf-ko-Zmk≥, Iº≥ F∂n-h-sc√mw cmam-bWw cNn-®n-´p≠v. IqSmsX B[ymfln-I-cm-am-bWw F∂ as‰m-∂p-ap≠v. F∂m¬ thZ-hym-k-ap\n FgpXn-b-sX∂v hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ alm-`m-cXw Ht∂-bp≈q. AXn¬ Hcp e£-Øn¬]cw t«mI-ß-fp≠v. KpWm-Vy≥ sshimen `mj-bn¬ cNn® "_rlZv IY' bpw AXn¬ \n∂v kwkvIr-X-Øn-te°v ]cmh¿Ø\w sNbvX "IYm-k-cn-Xvkm-Kc'hpw CXn-lm-k-ambn IW-°m°-s∏-Sp-∂n√. Fs¥-∂m¬ AXn\v s]mXp-hmb Hcp IYm X¥p-hn√. AXn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏´ IY-Iƒ hoc IY-I-fp-a√. IqSmsX [¿aw, A¿Yw, Imaw, tam£w F∂o KpW-߃ km[n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n hnhcn-®n-´p-an√. F∂m¬ {]kvXpX e£-W-߃ XnI-™-h-bmWv cmam-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



77



b-Whpw alm-`m-c-Xhpw. kp{]-kn≤ B[ym-flnI IrXn-bmb `K-hZvKoX alm-`m-c-X-Øns‚ Hcp `mK-amWv.



]pcm-Wß - ƒ `mc-Xo-b-cpsS as‰mcp aX-km-ln-Xy-kw-Lm-X-amWv ]pcm-W-߃. Ch-bn¬ k¿Kw (temI-krjvSn), {]Xn-k¿Kw (\miw), hwiw, a\z¥-c-߃ (a\p-°-fpsS hmgvN-Im-e-߃), hwim-\p-N-cnXw (hwi-ßfpsS XpS¿®-bmb Ncn{Xw) Cßs\ A©p hnj-b-ß-fmWv apJyambpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°pI. ]pcm-W-߃ ]Xn-s\-´mWv. 1. {_“w 2. ]mZvaw 3. hnjvWp-]p-cmWw 4.hmb-hyw 5. alm-`m-K-hXw 6. \mc-Zobw 7. am¿°-WvtUbw 8. Bt·bw 9.`hnjyw 10. {_“-ssh-h¿Øw 11. ssewKnIw 12. hmcmlw 13. kvImµw 14. hma\w 15. Iu¿aw 16. am’yw 17. KmcpUw 18. {_“mWvUw F∂n-h-bt{X AXv.



thZmw-Kß - ƒ thZ-ß-fpsS D≈-S-°-tØm-S-s√-¶nepw Ah-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp∂ a‰p Nne IrXn-I-fp≠v. Ch°v thZmw-K-sa∂v ]d-bp∂p. thtZm-‡amb I¿a-߃ hgn-t]mse A\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂-h-bt{X {]kvXpX hIp∏v. in£, hymI-cWw, Oµ v, \ncp‡w, tPymXnjw, I¬]w F∂o Bdv hnj-b-amWv thZmw-K-ß-fn¬ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ "thZmw-K-jƒ°w' F∂ t]cn¬ Ah hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. in£ thZ-hm-Iy-ß-fpsS D®m-cWw XpSßnb Imcy-ßsf kw_-‘n°p-∂Xpw, hymI-cWw thZ-`mj sX‰p-Iq-SmsX D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠p-∂Xn-\m-h-iy-amb \nb-a-ßsf kw_-‘n-°p-∂Xpw, Oµ v thZ-Ønse Ihn-X-I-fpsS hrØw apX-em-b-h-sb- w-_-‘n-°p-∂-Xp-amWv. thZØnse ISpØ ]Z-ß-fpsS A¿Yw sImSp-°p∂ \nL-≠p-hn-\mWv \ncp-‡-sa∂v t]¿. bmkvIm-Nm-cys‚ \ncp‡w DZm-l-cWw. tPymXnj-sa-∂m¬ \£-{X-K-Wn-X-imkv{Xw AYhm {Kl-imkv{Xw (Astrology) BWv. BNm-c-{I-a-ßsf hnh-cn-°p∂ imkv{X-amWv I¬]w.



jUvZ¿i-\ß - ƒ CXn-\p-]p-dta H´-\-h[n Z¿i-\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ \ne-hn¬ h∂n-´p≠v. Z¿i-\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ Akw-Jy-amWv. F∂m¬ Bdv Z¿i-\-߃ IqSp-X¬ {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p. kmwJyw, tbmKw, \ymbw, sshti-jnIw, ]q¿h-ao-amwk, DØ-c-ao-amwk F∂n-h-bm-Wnh. Ch°v "jUvZ¿i-\߃' F∂p t]¿. Hmtcm Z¿i-\-sØ-°p-dn®pw \nc-h[n IrXn-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep≠v. `mc-Xob ]pcm-X-\-km-ln-XysØ eLp-hmbn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI-bmWv Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv. XpS¿∂p {]Xn-]m-Zn-°m≥ t]mhp∂ hnj-b-ß-fpsS {]mam-Wyhpw B[n-Im-cn-I-Xbpw a\- n-emt°-≠-Xn\v Cu Npcp-ßnb hnh-cWw D]-I-cn°pw.



78



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. hniz-N-cn-{X-kw-{Klw t]Pv 11 2. BapJw t]Pv 4 3. Ibid P. 5 4. A¬_o-dq\n I≠ C¥y t]Pv 83 5. hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]Pv 543 6. Ibid P. 553 7. Ah-Xm-cnI t]Pv 35, 36 8. D≤-cWw: hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]Pv 543 9. FgpØp \º¿ 240˛-ambm-h-Xn-∏-Xn∏v (1940) 10. D≤-cWw: C¥y-bnse h¿W-k-acw t]Pv 71 11. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hmfyw 2, t]Pv 591 12. `mc-Xob XØz-Nn¥ by tZhn-{]-kmZv Nt´m-]m-[ymb t]Pv 339 t\m°pI. 13. Ibid P. 336 14. History of Civilization of Ancient India P. 136 15. Ibid P. 133



A[ymbw Ggv



h¿K hn`-P\w temI-Øp≈ a\p-jyscsb√mw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Nne ASn-ÿm\ h¿K-ß-fmbn Xncn®p \n¿Øp-hm≥ {ian-®n-´p≠v. ico-cm-IrXn, `mjmkm-PmXyw F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Imc-∑m¿ h¿K-hn-`-P-\-Øn-\p-Zy-an-®n-´p-≈Xv. F∂m¬ ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{XIm-c-∑m¿ Bfp-Isf Xcw Xncn-®n-cp-∂Xv hwi ]mc-º-cy-Øn-s‚tbm aX-hn-izm-k-Øn-s‚tbm ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p. GXm-bmepw h¿Khn-`-P\w imkv{Xo-b-am-sW∂v ]d-™p-IqSm. Fs¥-∂m¬ k¶-c-h¿Ka- √ msX C∂v temI- s Ø- h n- s Sbpw Ah- t i- j n- ° p- ∂ n- s √- ∂ - X mWv bmYm¿Yyw. h¿K-kn-≤m¥w Hcp {^©p- { ]- ` phpw Adp- ] n- ¥ n- c n- ∏ - \ p- a m- b n- c p∂ tImav S v Un. tKm_n-t\m-hmWv bqtdm-∏n¬ BZy-ambn h¿K-kn-≤m¥w D∂-bn-®Xv. {In. 1853-˛¬ At±lw t\m¿Un°v h¿K-hmZw Bhn-jvI-cn®p. bqtdm∏nse kI- e - a m\ kmwkv I m- c nI ]ptcm- K - X nIƒ°pw \n¿amW



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



79



{]h¿Ø-\-߃°pw km-£m¬ tlXp-`q-X-∑m¿ shfp-Ø-\n-d-ap≈, Zo¿L-Im-b-cmb t\m¿Un°v h¿K-am-sW∂pw, Ah¿°-√msX P\\m-b-IXzw hln-°m-\¿l-X-bn-s√∂pw At±lw hmZn®p. ]m›m-Xy≥ P\X B hmZw kl¿jw kzmKXw sNbvXp. kzev]w Xma-kn-®msW-¶nepw P¿a≥Im¿ {]kvXpX kn≤m¥w kzmb-Ø-am-°n-b-tXmsS A]-IS taJe _lp-Zqcw hym]n-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠mbXv. bqtdm-∏n¬ am{X-a√ CuPn]vXv, saskm-s]m-t´-anb, C¥y F∂p th≠ temIsØ-hnsS kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw hf¿∂n-´pt≠m, Ahn-sSsb√mw AXn-\p≈ Imc-W-°m¿ Bcy-h¿K-am-sW∂v Ah¿ hmZn®p. ln‰- v e dpw At±- l - Ø ns‚ imkv { X- I m- c - ∑ mcpw Ncn- { X- I m- c - ∑ mcpw {]kvXpX hmZw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ FSpØ X{¥-߃°pw AS-hpIƒ°pw Iøpw IW- ° p- a n√. Bcy∑m- c psS Nn”- a m- b n- c p∂p kzkvXnIw. X߃ Bcy-∑m-cms-W∂ AhIm-i-hm-Z-Øn≥ta¬ \mkn-Iƒ kzkvXn-IsØ HutZym-KnI Nn”-ambn AwKo-I-cn®p. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ h¿K-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øns‚ BZysØ D]-⁄m-Xm°ƒ C{km-tb¬ h¿K-am-bn-cp∂p. ss__nƒ ]gb \nb-ahpw a‰v PqX-km-ln-Xy-ßfpw CXn\p km£yw hln-°p-∂p≠v. "btlm-h-bpsS P\w' F-∂mWv Xßsf C{k-mtb¬°m¿ hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≈Xv. Cu kwKXn Jp¿-B\pw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p≠v: ""R߃ ssZh-]p-{X-∑mcpw ssZh-Øns‚ CjvS-P-\-ß-fp-ams-W∂v PqX-{In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ Ah-Imi-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p!''1 temI-hm-gvN°v ssZh-Øm¬ {]tXyIw Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Hcp h¿K-amWv Xß-sf∂v blq-Zn-Iƒ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn "temI-Ncn{X'Øn¬ {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m\pw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p∂p.2 ]m›m-Xy-cn-te°v Cu h¿K-ta-[m-hn-Xz-kn-≤m¥w kw{I-an-®Xv PqX∑m-cn¬\n∂pw {Ko°p-Im-cn¬\n-∂p-amWv. ]m›m-Xy-cpsS B[ym-flnI t\Xr- X zw blq- Z - ∑ m¿°m- b n- c p∂p. `uXnI \mb- I Xzw {Ko°pIm¿°pw. F∂m¬ Xß-fm¬ D∂n-X-amb Cu h¿K-ta-[m-hnXzw Ahkm\w blq-Z-∑m¿°p-Xs∂ FXn-cmbn {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p-sh-∂Xv Ncn{X-ssh-Nn-{Xy-as{X. ln‰ve-dpw At±-l-Øns‚ \mkn-∏-Sbpw blq-Z∑msc Iq´-s°me \SØn. X∑qew Ah-cn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`m-K-Øn\v P¿a-\n-sbbpw Ahn-SsØ Xß-fpsS _‘p-an-{Xm-Zn-I-sfbpw kºØp-°sfbpw Dt]-£n®p Ae™p Xncn-tb≠n h∂p. D∂X io¿j\mb Hcp imkv{X-\m-b-I-\m-bn-cp∂p tdm_¿´v sF≥-kvss‰≥. PqX\mb GI Imc- W - Ø m¬ At±- l - Ø n- \ p- t ]mepw P¿a\n A`bw \¬In-bn√. "hmsf-Sp-Ø-h≥ hmfm¬ \in°pw' F∂m-Wt√m B]vXhmIyw. h¿K-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn¬ Du‰wsIm≠n-cp∂ Cu \mkn-I-fpsS KXn Ah-km\w F¥mbn F∂v Ign™ c≠mw -a-lm-bp-≤-Øn¬ temIw



80



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



I≠-XmWv. ]t£, Ah-cpsS ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ kn≤m-¥-ßfpw h¿Ko-bhm-Zhpw ]cn-jvIr-X-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ t]mepw C∂pw kPo-h-ambn \nesIm-≈p∂p. sXt° B{^n-°-bnepw Ata-cn-°-bnepw shfpØ h¿K°m¿ Idp- Ø - h - t cmSv A\p- h ¿Øn- ° p∂ {Iqc- \ bw Ip{]- k n- ≤ - a mWt√m. h¿K-hn-`-P\ kn≤m-¥-Øn\v imkv{Xo-b-amb bmsXm-c-Sn-Ø-d-bpan-s√∂pw AXv Nne kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS ambm-krjvSn am{X-am-sW∂pw sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS Hcp eLp-]-{XnI kbp-‡nIw sXfnbn-®n-´p≠v.3 \c-hw-i-im-kv{X-Im-c-∑mcpw B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw sXmenbpsS \ndw, ico-c-Øns‚ Dbcw, Xe-ap-Sn-bp-sSbpw aq°n-s‚bpw BIrXn BZn-bmb Nne e£-W-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv a\p-jysc hnhn[ h¿Kß-fmbpw h¿W-ß-fmbpw Xcw-Xn-cn-°m≥ DZyan-®n-´p-≈Xv. F∂m¬ Ah¿ kzcq-]n® e£-W-ß-sf√mw XnI™, Ie¿∏n-√mØ Hcp ip≤-h¿KsØ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-hm≥ temI-Øn∂n√. C∂p≈ GXv h¿Khpw k¶-c-at{X.



h¿W-ta-[m-hnXzw C¥y-bn¬ h¿Wm-{i-a-[¿a-Øn\pw h¿K-ta-[m-hn-Xz-kn-≤m-¥-Øn\pw Ip{]kn≤n t\Snb Hcp cmPy-amWv \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ \ΩpsS C¥y. AXn{]m-‡\ Imew apX¬ ChnsS tZhm-kp-c-bp-≤-ßfpw Bcy-Z-kyp-kwL¿j-ßfpw PmXn-t∏m-cp-Ifpw h¿W-k-a-c-ßfpw \S-amSn hcp∂p. Cu kwL- ´ - \ - ß - f n¬ Blp- X n- s N- ø - s ∏´ a\p- j ym- fl m- ° ƒ°v ssIbpw IW-°p-an√. CsXmcp A\n-tj[y Ncn{XkXyw am{X-amWv. Bcy-∑m-cpsS G‰hpw {]mNo\ kmln-Xy-sa∂v an°- N-cn{X Kth-jI≥amcpw kΩ-Xn-°p∂ EtKz-Z-Øn¬ Xs∂ NmXp¿h¿Wy-Øn\v ASnØd ]mIn-b-Xmbn ImWmw.4 CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-hWw A\-¥c ImeØv `mc-X-Øn¬ NmXp¿h¿Wy hyhÿ \S-∏n-em-bXv. B [¿a-Øn¬ G‰hpw D∂-Xh¿Ww AYhm PmXn {_m“-W-cm-bn-cp∂p. ImcWw, Ah¿ {_“mhns‚ t{ijvTmw-K-amb apJ-amWv. G‰hpw Xmgv∂ h¿Ww iq{Z-∑mcpw. Ch¿ {_“m-hns‚ ImemWv. {_m“-W-∑m¿°v {]tXy-I-mh-Im-ißfpw ]Z-hn-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah [¿a-kq-{X-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-®n´p-ap≠v. PmXn hyXym-km-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ [m¿anI \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Hcp ImeØv `mc-X-Øn¬ \ne-hn-en-cp-∂-Xm-sW-∂-Xn¬ Ncn{Xw kwi-bn°p- ∂ n√. F∂m¬ NmXp¿h¿Wy hyh- ÿ n- X n°v ]pXn- s bmcp hymJym\w C∂sØ DXv]-Xn-jvWp-°ƒ sImSpØp ImWp-∂p≠v. ]pcm-X-\-ssl-µh kmln-Xy-Øn¬ a\p-jysc \mep PmXn-bmbn Xncn®n- ´ p- ≈ Xv P\- \ - Ø n- s ‚tbm h¿K- Ø n- s ‚tbm ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n- e s√∂pw, I¿a-ß-fp-sSbpw KpW-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-sW-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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∂p-amWv Ah-cpsS hymJym\w. CXn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-ambn ]pcm-X\ kmln-Xy-ß-fn¬\n∂v Nne D≤-c-Wn-Ifpw Ah¿ FSpØpImWn-°p∂p≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v `K-h-ZvKo-X-bn¬\n∂v Cu t«mIw D≤-cn°p∂p: ""NmXp¿h¿Æyw abm krjvSw KpW-I¿Ω hn`m-Kix Xky-I¿Øm-c-a]n amw hn≤y-I¿Øm-c-a-hybw.''5 (KpW-ß-sfbpw I¿a-ßsfbpw hn`-Pn®p \mep -h¿W-߃ [{_m“W≥, £{Xn- b ≥, sshiy≥, iq{Z≥ F∂o PmXn- I ƒ ] F∂m¬ krjvSn-°-s∏´p. Cßs\ NmXp¿-h¿Wy-kr-jvSn-bpsS I¿Øm-hm-sW¶nepw, Rm≥ H∂n-s‚bpw I¿Øm-h-√mØ Ahy-b-\m-Ip∂p.) CXp- t ]mse alm- ` m- c - X - Ø n¬\n∂pw Hcp t«mIw D≤- c n®p ImWp∂p: ""GI-h¿Æ-anZw ]q¿Æw hnizam-koZv bp[n-jvTnc I¿Ω-{Inbm hnti-tjW NmXp¿h¿Wyw {]Xn-jvTnXw.'' Bibw GXm≠v ta¬]-d-™-Xp-Xs∂. ta¬Im-Wn® ]pØ≥ hymJym-\-Øns‚ icnbpw sX‰pw ChnsS ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xn√. F∂m¬ Cu hymJym\w Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v h¿j-߃ `mc-X-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂p-t]m∂ h¿W-k-a-csØ \ntj-[n°p-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-a√. AsXmcp Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-bmbn Ah-ti-jn°pI Xs∂ sNøp∂p.



h¿K-ta-[m-hnXzw Ckvem-an-I Z - rjvSym am\-h-k-a-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw hniz-km-tlm-Z-cy-Øn-s‚bpw aX-at{X Ckvemw. Ckvem-anI ZrjvSym a\p-jy-sc√mw Htc A—-\-Ω-am-cpsS k¥-Xn-Ifpw GtIm-Z-c-k-tlm-Z-c-ß-fp-am-Ip∂p. Jp¿-B-\n¬ A√mlp ]d-bp∂p: ""tl am\h kap-Zm-bta, Hcp ]pcp-j-\n¬ \n∂pw Hcp kv{Xobn¬\n-∂p-amWv \nßsf \mw krjvSn-®Xv. \mw \nßsf ]e h¿K-ßfpw tKm{X-ß-fp-am-°n-sh-®Xv \n߃ ]c-kv]cw Xncn-®-dn-tb≠-Xn\p th≠n-bt{X. ssZh-Øn-¶¬ \nß-fn-te-‰hpw t{ijvT≥ IqSpX¬ ssZh-`-‡n-bp-≈-h-\m-Ip∂p, \n›bw.''6 am\-h-k-a-Xz-sØ-∏‰n Hcp XØz-{]-`m-jWw \SØn hnc-an-°p-Ib√ {]hm-N-I≥ sNbvXXv. B kn≤m¥w {]hrØn aptJ\ \S∏n¬h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Jpssd-io-hw-i-P¿°v Ad-_n-Iƒ°n-Sbn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ _lp-am-\y-ÿm\w {]kn-≤-amWv. Ah-cpsS Iq´Øn¬s∏´ I\y-Ibpw Ipeo-\-bp-am-b- ssk-\-_ns\ {]hm-N-I≥,



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



ap≥s]mcp ASn-a-bm-bn-cp∂ sskZn\v thfn-I-gn-®p-sIm-SpØp. F∂m¬ B hnhm-l-_‘w hf-sc-°mew XpS¿∂p \n∂n√. kwK-Xn-h-im¬ sskZv ssk\-_ns\ hnhm-l-_-‘-Øn¬ \n∂v tamNn-∏n®p. A\¥cw B Ipeo-\sb hnhmlw sNbvXXv {]hm-N-I≥ Xs∂-bmWv. Cu amXr-Im-\-S-]Sn hgn At±lw Ckvem-anse ka-Xz-kn-≤m¥w A¿Y- i - ¶ - ° nSw \¬ImØ hn[- Ø n¬ \S- ∏ n¬ hcp- Ø p- I - b mWv sNbvXXv. a\p-jy-k-a-XzsØ ÿnco-I-cn-°p∂ CØcw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ F{X- t h- W - s a- ¶ nepw {]hm- N - I s‚ Ncy- b n¬\ns∂- S p- Ø p- ≤ - c n- ° m\p≠v. {]hm-N-Is‚ hntbm-Km-\-¥cw al-Ømb {]kvXpX Ckvem-anI kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ {]tbm-K-h-¬°-c-W-Øn¬ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°v Nne ]mI-∏n-g-Iƒ kw`-hn®p. Ah-km\w Ckvem-anI i‡n-bpsS Zu¿_ey-Øn\v AXv Imc-W-ambn `hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {]hm-N-I\p tijw `c-W-t\-Xr-Xz-Øns‚ A¿l-∑m¿ Jpssd-in-Ø-d-hm-´p-Im-cm-sW∂pw, Jpssd- i n- I - f psS Iq´- Ø n¬- X s∂ {]hm- N - I s‚ G‰hpw ASpØ IpSpw-_-ß-fm-sW∂pap≈ Nne hmZ-ßfpw {]Xn-hm-Z-ßfpw s]m´n∏p-d-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AXns‚ t]cn¬ I£n-Iƒ cq]w {]m]n-°p-Ibpw \nc-h[n kwL-´-\-߃ \S-am-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXp ImWn-°p-∂Xv, h¿K-ta-[m-hn-Xz-hm-Zhpw hwi-ta-∑m-kn-≤m-¥hpw F{X ]cn-jvI-cn® kap-Zm-b-sØbpw \in-∏n-°m≥ t]mcp∂ alm-am-c-I-ß-fm-sW-∂s{X. F∂m¬ h¿K-ß-fp-sSbpw tKm{X-ß-fp-sSbpw AkvXnXzw Hcp bmYm¿-Yy-amWv. h¿Ko-bm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ta[m-hnXz kn≤m-¥sØ am{X-amWv Ckvemw \ntj-[n-°p-∂Xv; h¿K-ß-fp-sSbpw hwiß-fpsSbpw AkvXn-Xz- sØ-b√. AXw-Ko-I-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ Bhiy-IX hnh-cn-°p-I-bp-amWv Jp¿-B≥ sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv. ]c-kv]cw Xncn®-dn-bp-hm≥ h¿K-hn-`-P\w DX-Ip-∂p. BI-bm¬ Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿°v h¿K-hn-`-P\w Hcm-h-iy-amWv. Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ h¿K-hn-`-P-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Ncn-{X-c-N\ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xpw. Nne ASn-ÿm\ khn-ti-j-X-Isf Bkv]-Z-am°n am\-h-cm-insb hnhn[ h¿K-ß-fmbn Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Xcw Xncn-®n-cn-°p∂p. {][m-\ambpw \mep Imcy-ß-fmWv Cu hn`-P-\-Øn-\m-kv]-Z-am°n ImWp∂Xv. 1. hwi-]m-c-ºcyw 2. `mj 3. ico-cm-IrXn 4. kmwkvIm-cn-Im-Nmc-߃. Ch-tbm-tcm-∂n-s\-∏-‰nbpw ChnsS kw£n-]vX-ambn hnhcn°mw:



hwi-]m-cº - cyw ss__nfpw {]mNo-\-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw hwi-]m-c-º-cysØ ASnÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. ss__n-fn-s‚bpw {]mNo\ apkvenw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cp-sSbpw ho£W-Øn¬ temI-sØ-ßp-ap≈ a\p-jy-a-lm-P-\-k-©bw BZn-bn¬



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



83



GI-hw-i-am-bn-cp∂p. Htc A—-s‚bpw AΩ-bp-sSbpw a°ƒ. BZn-aa-\p-jys‚ t]cs{X "BZmw' AYhm "BZw.' At±-l-Øn¬ \n∂p ssZhw Hcp kv{Xosb krjvSn®p. Ah-cpsS t]cmWv "l∆.' Ahsc ssZhw BZ-an\v CW-bm°n. B c≠p Zº-Xn-am-cn¬\n-∂mWv a\pjy-k-ap-Zmbw P∑wsIm≠Xv. a\p-jy-hwiw s]cpIn. Ah¿ \m\m-Zn-°p-I-fn-te-°p- hym-]n-°m≥ XpSßn. Hcp hn`mKw AXn-{Iaw {]h¿Øn-®-Xn-\m¬ Ah-tcmSp ssZhØn\v A\njvSw Df-hmbn. AXn-{I-an-Isf Hcp ]mTw ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ ssZhw \n›-bn®p. Hcp alm Pe-{]-fbw!



Pe-{]-fb IY a\p-jy-cpsS CS-bn¬ \oXn-bp-≈-h\pw kmXzn-I-\p-amb Hcp hy‡nbp-≠m-bn-cp∂p˛ema-°ns‚ ]p{X-\mb t\ml. At±-l-Øn\v ssZhØn-¶¬\n∂v \n¿tZ-i-ap-≠mbn: ""kIe PU-Øn-t‚bpw Ah-km\w Fs‚ ap≥]n¬ h∂n-cn-°p∂p; `qan Ah-cm¬ AXn-{IawsIm≠p \nd™n-cn-°p∂p; Rm≥ Ahsc `qan-tbm-SpIqSn \in-∏n°pw; \o tKm^¿acw-sIm≠p Hcp s]´Iw D≠m-°pI.''7 t\ml s]´Iw D≠m°n. At±-lhpw IpSpw-_hpw AXn¬ Ibdn. AXn¬ `qan-bn-ep≈ arK-ß-fn¬\n∂pw BIm-i-Øn-ep≈ ]d-h-Ifn¬- \ n∂pw BWpw s]Æp- a mbn Cuc- ≠ v - C - W - I - s fbpw Ib‰n. \mev]Xp cmhpw \mev]Xp ]Iepw ag-s]bvXp. Hcp alm Pe-{]fbw! kIe Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw {]f-b-Øn¬ \in®p. t\mlbpw s]´I-Øn¬ Ib-dn-bhcpw am{Xw c£-s∏´p. sh≈w AXns‚ IrXyw \nd-th-‰n-b-tijw ]n≥h-en™p. t\mlbpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw I∏en¬ \n∂n-dßn. A\-¥cw t\ml-bpsS ]n∑p-d-°m-cmWv `qX-e-saßpw hym]n-®Xv: ""`qan-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ kIe Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw \in-®pt]mbn;..... t\mlbpw Ah-t\m-Sp-IqsS s]´-I-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-hcpw am{Xw tijn®p. sh≈w `qan-bn¬ \q‰-ºXp Znhkw s]mßn-s°m≠n-cp∂p.''8 ss__nfn¬ h¿Wn-°-s∏´ Cu {]f-b-IY samØ-Øn¬ Jp¿B\pw D≤-cn-®n-´p≠v˛hni-Zmw-i-ß-fn¬ Gd-°ptd sshhn-[y-ap-s≠¶nepw. CØ-c-samcp {]f-b-IY {]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b-km-ln-Xy-ß-fnepw ÿew]nSn-®-Xmbn ImWmw.



Ncn-{X-]c - X t\ml-bpsS ImeØv kw`-hn-®-Xmbn ]d-bp∂ {]f-b-IY temI{]-kn-≤-am-sW-¶nepw, AXv kw`-hn-®Xp Xs∂tbm F∂v ]ecpw kwi-bn-°p∂p. F∂m¬ Cu ASpØ ImeØv Gjym-ssa-\-dn¬ Is≠-Ønb Hcp I∏-ens‚ Ah-injvSw {]kvXpX IY-bpsS kw`hy-X-bn-te°v Aev]w shfn®w hoip-∂p≠v. {io. Sn.kn. i¶-c-ta-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



t\m≥ At±-l-Øns‚ "iZm-_vZ-߃°-∏p-d-Øp-\n-∂p≈ i_vZ-߃' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Hcp temI-{]-f-b-sØ-∏-‰nbpw t\mlbpsS I∏-en-s\-∏-‰nbpw {InkvXp-a-X-N-cn-{X-Øn-ep≈ IY ]e¿°pw kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cn-°p-at√m. temIw apgp-h≥ Hcp alm-{]-f-b-Øn¬ apßn-sb∂pw t\ml-bpsS I∏-en¬ GXm\pw a\p-jycpw arK-ßfpw c£-s∏-´p-sh-∂p-amWv IY. Cu kw`-h-߃ hmkvX-h-Øn¬ \S-∂h-bm-sW-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-ap-≈n-S-tØmfw sXfn-hp-Iƒ CXp-hsc e`n®n- c p- ∂ n√. ]t£, ASpØ ImeØv Gjym- s sa- \ - d n¬ Acm- d m‰v (Araraat) ]¿h-X-\n-c-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ GI-tZiw Bdm-bncw ASn Dbc-ap-s≈mcp apIƒ\n-c-∏n¬, Hcp I∏-ens‚ hn√n amXncn Hcp km[\w Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p. \ne-\n-c-∏n¬\n∂v teiw Db¿∂p \n¬°p∂Xpw Ipd®p XSn-®-Xp-amb Hcp tcJ-t]mse am{X-am-WXv Ct∏mƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. I√pw aÆpw emhbpw \nd™p Dd®p InS-°p-IbmWv a‰p-`m-K-ß-sf√mw. GI-tZiw \m\q-‰-º-XSn \ofhpw \q‰-ºXSn hoXn-bp-ap≈ Hcp Xma-c-bn-X-fns‚ BIr-Xn-bmWv `oa-amb Cu hn√n-°p-≈Xv. GI-tZiw ]Xn-s\-´Sn Ipgn-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ ASn-`mKw I≠p. t\ml-bpsS I∏-ens‚ Af-hp-Iƒ tI´p-tIƒhn {]Imcw \ap°-dnbmw. Ah Cu Af-hp-I-tfmSv tbmPn-°p-∂p≠v. Xp¿°n-bnse thyma-tk-\mw-K-ß-fmWv BZy-ambn Cu km[\w Is≠-Øn-bXv. Ah-cpsS ssk\y-h-Ip∏v hI Kth-j-W-im-e-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c߃ tiJ-cn-®p-h-cp∂p.''9 t\ml-bpsS s]´Iw Ah-km\w Acm-dmØv ]¿h-X-Øn¬ sN∂pd- ® - X mbn DXv ] - Ø n- ] p- k v X Iw 10 hy‡- a m- ° n- b n- ´ p≠v . ]t£, "A¬PqZo' F∂n-S-ØmWv I∏-ep-d-®-sX∂p Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p. Cu sshhn[yw auem\m A_p¬ Iemw BkmZv Xs‚ "X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥' F∂ D¿Zp `mjy-Øn¬ ]cn-l-cn-®n-´p≠v. Acm-dm‰v ]¿hX-Ønse "PqZo' F∂p-t]-cmb inJ-c-Øn-emWv Ah-km\w I∏¬ Dd-®-sX∂v At±lw ka¿Yn-°p∂p.11 BI-bm¬ t\ml-bpsS ImeØp-≠m-b-Xmbn ]d-bp∂ {]f-b-IY Hcp Ncn{X h-kvXp-X-bm-hm≥ km[y-X-bp-s≠∂v {]kvXpX I≠p-]n-SnØw sXfn-bn-°p∂p.



Xmh-gn-Iƒ t\ml-bpsS ImesØ {]f-b-Øm¬ I∏-en¬ c£-s∏´ At±-lØns‚ IpSpw- _ - s am- g n®p at‰- h cpw \nt»jw \in- ® p- s h- ∂ mWv ss__nƒ aXw. AX-\p-k-cn®p ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb a\p-jy-scms° t\mlbpsS k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬s]-´-h-cmWv. I∏-en¬\n∂v ]pd-Øp-h-∂ ImeØv t\ml°p aq∂p ]p{X-∑m-cm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv: tiw, lmw, bms^Øv. Ch-cpsS Xmh-gn-∏-´nI Gd-°ptd DXv]-Øn-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ hnh-cn®p ImWmw. ss__nƒ I¿Øm-°-fmb blq-Z-∑m¿°v XßfpsS hwi-amb C{km-tb-ens‚ Xmh-gn-hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ {]tXyI



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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Xm¬]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿ B `mKw khn-kvXcw {]Xn]m-Zn-®n-´p≠v. tians‚ hwi-]-c-º-c-bn-emWv C{km-tb¬ Dƒs∏-´n-´p≈Xv. lman-s‚bpw bms^-Øn-s‚bpw ]c-º-c-I-sf-∏‰n {lkz-ambn am{Xta ss__nƒ {]Xn- ] m- Z n- ® n- ´ p≈q. ss__nƒ ImWn- ° p∂ {]Imcw B aq∂p hwi-]-c-º-c-Ifpw NphsS hnh-cn°mw:



bms^-Øns‚ hwi-]c - º - c t\ml-bpsS ]p{X-\mb bms^-Øn\v Ggp ]p{X-∑m-cp-≠mbn: 1. tKmsa¿ 2. atKmKv 3. amZmbn 4. bmhm≥ 5. Xq_m¬ 6. tasi°v 7. Xocmkv. Ch-cn¬ tKmsa-dn-s‚bpw bmhm-s‚bpw ]n∑p-d-°msc am{XamWv DXv]-Øn-∏p-kvXIw FSp-Øp-]-d-™n-´p-≈Xv. tKmsa-dn\v aq∂v ]p{X-∑m¿ PmX-cmbn: 1. AkvI-\mkv 2. co^Øv 3.tXmK¿Ωm. bmhms‚ ]p{X-∑m¿ \mep t]cm-bn-cp∂p: 1. Feoim 2. X¿ioiv 3.InØow 4. tZmZm\ow. bms^Øv k¥-Xn-Iƒ Zzo]p-I-fn-emWv A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-®-sX-∂pIqSn DXv]Øn hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v.



lmans‚ hwi-]c - º - c t\ml-bpsS as‰mcp ]p{X-\mb lman\v \mev ]p{X-∑m-cp-≠mbn: 1. Iqiv˛Ct±-l-amWv A_vko-\n-b-°m-cpsS ]nXm-a-l≥ 2. an{kbow˛ ]pcm-X\ CuPn-]vXp-Im-cpsS ]nXm-a-l≥. 3. ]qØv. 4. I\m≥˛ ^n\ojy-°m-cpsS ]nXm-a-l≥. Iqin\v A©p ]p{X-∑m¿ PmX-cmbn: 1. sk_m 2. lhoem 3. sk_vXm 4. cam 5. sk_vX°m. cam-bpsS ]p{X-∑m¿ c≠p-t]¿. im_m, sZZm≥. _mt_¬ (_m_n- t em¨), Fsc°v (CdmJv), A°mZv (Im¬Unb), I¬s\ F∂o \K-c-ß-fpƒs∏-Sp∂ io\m¿tZ-isØ `cn-®n-cp∂ \nwtdmZp hwiw Iqins‚ Xmh-gn-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p. lmans‚ as‰mcp ]p{X-\mb an{k-bo-an\v Ggv ]p{X-∑m¿ P\n®p: 1. eqZow 2. A\maow 3. elm_ow 4. \^vXqlow 5. ]{Xqkow 6. Ikvfqlow 7. I^vtXmcow. ^ne-kvXo-\n¬ ]m¿∏p-d-∏n-®n-cp∂ s^enkvXy-cpsS ]nXm-a-l≥ Ikvfq-lo-am-bn-cp∂p. lmans‚ thsdmcp ]p{X-\mb I\m¬ ]Xn-s\m∂p ]p{X-∑msc P\n-∏n®p: 1. kotZm≥ 2. tlØv 3. sb_q-ky≥ 4. Atam-cy≥ 5. Kn¿K-iy≥ 6. lnhy≥ 7. A¿°y≥ 8. ko\y≥ 9. A¿∆m-Zy≥ 10. skam-cy≥ 11. lamXy≥.



tians‚ hwi-]c - º - c bms^-Øns‚ tPyjvT-k-tlm-Z-c-\mb tian\v A©p ]p{X-∑m¿ PmX-cmbn: 1. Gemw˛{]mNo\ Cdm≥Im-cpsS Ipe-]Xn. 2. A»q¿˛



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



A o-cn-b-∑m-cpsS Ipe-]Xn. 3. A¿∏-£mZv. 4. eqZv. 5. Acmw. C°q-´-Øn¬ A¿∏-£m-Zn-s‚bpw Acm-an-s‚bpw Xmh-gn-I-sf w-_-‘n-®p-am-{Xta ss__nƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂p≈q. Acm-ans‚ ]n∑pd-sb-°p-dn®p C{X-am-{X-amWv hnh-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv: Acm-ans‚ ]p{X-∑m¿ \m-ep-t]¿:1. Dukv 2. lqƒ 3. tKsY¿ 4. aiv F∂m¬ A¿∏-£m-Zns‚ hwi-]-c-º-c-sb-∏‰n kpZo¿L-ambn {]Xn]m-Zn-®n-´p≠v. C{km-tb¬ hwiw A¿∏-£m-Zns‚ Xmh-gn-bn¬s]-´-Xmbn-cp∂p. AXm-hWw AXn\v ImcWw. A¿∏-£mZv ime-ln-s\bpw, imelv Gs_-cn-s\bpw DXv]m-Zn∏n®p. (CtX Gs_-cn-t\mSp _‘-s∏-´mWv F{_m-b-hw-ihpw F{_mb-`m-jbpw [ln{_p] DZv`-hn-®Xv.) Gs_-dn\v c≠p ]p{X-∑m¿ PmX-cmbn. t]eKpw tbm‡m\pw (AYhm, sX°≥ Ad-_n-I-fpsS Ipe-]-Xn-bmb JlvØm≥.) t]e-Kn¬\n∂v cbq, cbq-hn¬\n∂v icqKv, icq-Kn¬\n∂v \mtlm¿, \mtlm--cn¬\n∂v tXclv (AYhm Bk¿), tXcln¬\n∂v A{_lmw (C_vdmlow), \mtlm¿, lmcm≥ F∂n-h¿ bYm-{Iaw P∑-sa-SpØp. A{_-lm-an\v aq∂p `mcy-am-cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. 1. an{kp-Im-cn-bmb lmKm¿. Ch-cpsS ]p{X-\mWv bnivam-tb¬. 2. kmdm. Ch-cn¬\n∂mWv bnkvlmIv PmX-\m-bXv. 3. IØqdm. Ch-cn¬-\n∂v Bdp ]p{X∑m¿ P\n®p: i) kn{am≥ ii) tbmIvim≥ iii) saZm≥ iv) anZym≥ v) bniv_m°v vi) iqhlv.12



\ncq-]Ww ss__n-fnse {]kvXpX hwi-hn-h-c-∏-´nI ]e ]m›m-Xy≥ ]finX-∑m-cp-sSbpw \ncq-]-W-Øn\v ]m{X-am-bn-´p≠v. Hcp hn`mKw AXp ]s‰ Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-ambn X≈p∂p. as‰mcp hn`m-K-Øns‚ A`n-{]mb-Øn¬ Cu h¿K-hn-`-P\w hwi-]-ctam `mjm-]-ctam A√; adn®v cmjv{So-bhpw `qan-im-kv{X-]-chpw am{X-amWv. F∂m¬ imkv{Xo-bamb At\z- j - W - Ø ns‚ tijw ss__n- f n¬ ]d- ™ - \ m- a - ß ƒ an°Xpw Ncn- { X- ] - c - a m- s W∂p sXfn- ™ n- ´ p≠v . auem\m kønZv kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""DXv]-Øn-]p-kvX-I-Ønse hwi-hnh-c-∏-´n-I-sb-°p-dn®p kmam-\y-ambn ho£n-°p-tºmƒ, ^e-kvXo-\nepw ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw A[n-h-kn-®n-cp∂ P\-hn-`m-K-ß-sfbpw ÿe-ßsfbpw ]‰n am{X-amWv AXn¬ {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v a\- n-emhp∂p. DZm- l - c - W - a mbn kndnb, A o- c nb, _m_n- t em- W nb, Im¬Unb, anUnb, kokm-\nbm, CuPn]vXv, Uam-kvI v, en_nb, B{^n°, ko\m, Atd-_nb apX-emb ^e-kvXo-\n-t\m-S-SpØ {]tZi-ß-sf-°p-dn-®mWv AXn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈Xv. B enÃn¬ hy‡nI-fpsS \ma-߃°p ]Icw kap-Zmb \ma-ß-fmWv ImWn-®n-´p-≈Xv.



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



87



hy‡n-I-fpsS \ma-ß-fmbn ImWn-®-Xp-t]mepw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ kapZm-b-ß-fpsS \ma-ß-fmWv. B kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS hmk-ÿ-e-߃ Ct∏mgpw ^e- k v X os‚ Ab¬]- ° Øv ÿnXn- s N- ø p- ∂ p- s h- ∂ Xv \ΩpsS A`n-{]m-bsØ Dt]m-Zv_-e-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.''13



`mjm h¿K-߃ C∂p temI- Ø p≈ F√m `mj- I fpw GtXm Hcp aqe- ` m- j bn¬\n∂v ]ncn™p, kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS am‰-Øn\v hiw-h-Z-ambn cq]m¥- c - s ∏- ´ - X m- s W∂v Duln- ° - s ∏- S p∂p. F∂m¬ A\p- I q- e - a mb imkv{Xob sXfn-shm∂pw Cu k¶¬]-Øn-\n-Xp-hsc e`n-®n-´n√. F∂n-cn-°nepw C∂p≈ AkwJyw `mj-Isf Npcp°w Nne aqe-`mj-I-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v `mjm Kth-j-I-∑m¿ Ah-Imi-s∏-Sp∂p. `mj-I-fpsS kmPmXy sshPm-Xy-amWv Cu hn`-P-\-Øn\v \nZm\w. GXm≠v HºXp h¿K-ambn `mj-Isf Kth-j-I-∑m¿ hn`-Pn-®n´p≠v: 1. Bcy≥ `mj- I ƒ. kwkv I rXw, Cw•ojv , {^©v , P¿a≥, kv ] m\njv , C‰m- e n- b ≥, {Ko°v , em‰n≥, djy≥, B¿ao- \ n- b ≥, t]¿jy≥ F∂n-h-sb√mw Bcy≥ `mj-I-fn-epƒs∏-Sp∂p. Ch-bpsS ]e aqe-[m-Xp-°fpw H∂m-sW∂pw hymI-c-Whpw hmN-I-L-S-\bpw GXm≠v Htc tXmXn-em-sW∂pw Kth-j-I-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. 2. skan-‰nIv `mj-Iƒ. ln{_p, Ad_n, A_vko-\n-b≥, A ocn-b≥, ^n\o-jy≥ F∂o `mj-Ifpw Ah-tbmSp tN¿∂ a‰p Nne `mj-Ifpw CXn¬ s]Sp∂p. Ch-bnse ]e [mXp-°fpw hymI-c-Whpw hmN-I-L-S-\bpw Bcy≥`m-j-I-fn¬\n∂pw Xptemw hyXy-kvX-amsW∂pw AXn-\m¬ `n∂-amb as‰mcp `mjm-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-emWv AhbpsS ÿm\-sa∂pw Ah¿ ImWp∂p. skan-‰nIv h¿K-°m¿ sX°≥A-td-_y-bnepw B{^n-°-bpsS hS-°p-In-g°p `mK-ß-fn-ep-amWv BZnbn¬ Xma-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp-∂-sX∂pw Duln-°-s∏-Sp∂p. 3. lman- ‰ nIv `mj- I ƒ. ]pcm- X \ CuPn- ] v X pIm¿, tIm]v ‰ nIv (Jn_vØv) hwi-°m¿, s_¿_-dn-Iƒ, tkmam-en-Iƒ, Ing-°≥ B{^n°- b n¬ A[n- h - k n- ® n- c p∂ FtXym- ] y°m¿ BZn- b mb h¿K- ß ƒ kwkm-cn® `mj-Iƒ Cu h¿K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂p. 4. Sptd- \ n- b ≥, AYhm bqd¬˛Bƒt´- b nIv `mj- I ƒ. em∏v em≠nse `mj, ssk_o-cn-b-bnse Nne `mj-Iƒ, amKn-bm¿ S¿°njv `mj, AYhm Sm¿S¿˛a©p, apKƒ `mj-Iƒ BZn-bm-bh Cu h¿KØn¬ s]´-Xm-sW∂pw, sImdn-b≥`m-jbpw {Zmhn-U-`m-jbpw XΩn¬ kmcq]yaps≠∂pw Nne¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. 5. No\m-`m-j-Iƒ. Gjy-bpsS sX°p-In-g-°p≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



hkn-°p∂ P\-߃ kwkm-cn-°p∂ No\, _¿a, kbmw, Sn_‰v apXemb `mj-Iƒ Cu h¿K-Øn¬s]-Sp∂p. Cu `mjm-h¿K-ßfpw ta¬]d™ `mj-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw AXy¥w AKm-[-amWv. ]o°nßn¬ kwkm-cn-°p∂ No\m-`m-j-bn¬ 420 aqe-]-Z-߃ am{Xta D≈qhs{X. 6. Ata-cn-°-\n-¥y≥`m-j-Iƒ. Ata-cn-°-bnse {]mNo\ \nhmkn-Iƒ "dUv C¥y≥kv' F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Ah¿ kwkm-cn-°p∂ hnhn-[-Xcw `mj-I-fmWv ChnsS hnh-£n-°p-∂Xv. 7. _m≥-‰p-`m-j-Iƒ. B{^n-°-bn¬ `qa-[y-tc-J-bpsS Aev]w hS°p apX¬ sXs° A‰w hsc-bp≈ P\-߃ kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv {]kvXpX `mj-I-fmWv. 8. {Zmhn-U-`m-j-Iƒ. Xangv, sXep¶v, ae-bmfw, I¿Wm-SIw, Xpfp, sImSIv, XpZh, tImS, tKmfiv, {_mlpbn F∂nh {ZmhnU `mjmh¿K-Øn¬ s]Sp∂p. 9. aebm˛t]mfn-t\-jy≥`m-j-Iƒ. `mjm- S n- ÿ m- \ - Ø n- e p≈ h¿K- h n- ` - P \w Atß- b ‰w k¶o¿WamWv. AXn\v imkv{Xo-b-amb ASn-ÿm-\-sam-´n-√-Xm\pw.



ico-cm-IrXn h¿Ko-I-c-W-Øn\v B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ kzoI-cn® as‰m-ch-ew_w ico-cm-Ir-Xn-bm-Ip∂p. tcmaw, \ndw, s]m°w, Xe-bp-sSbpw aq°n-s‚bpw hep∏w apX-emb e£-W-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am°n am\-hcm-insb Ah¿ hnhn[ h¿K-ß-fmbn Xcw Xncn-®n-cn-°p∂p. 1. sImt°-jy≥ h¿K-߃. Ch¿Xs∂ aq∂v D]-h¿K-ß-fp≠v. i) t\m¿Un°v ii) B¬ss]≥ iii) a[y-[-cWn. 2. at¶mƒ: a™-\n-d-°m¿. 3. \ot{Km: Idp-Ø-h¿K-߃. sNºn® Xe-apSn, shfp-Ø-\ndw, \o≠- X-ebpw aq°pw, Db¿∂ icocw˛ Ch-bmWv t\m¿Un°p h¿K-ß-fpsS kmam\y e£-W-߃. t\m¿sh, kzoU≥, t]mf≠v, hS-°≥P¿a\n, sX°≥ djy F∂nhn-S-ß-fn-emWv Cu h¿K-ßsf km[m-cW ImWp-∂Xv. shfpØ \ndw, Dcp≠ Xe F∂n-h-bmWv B¬ss]≥ h¿K-ßfpsS e£-W-ambn IW-°m-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv. kzn‰vk¿em≠v, sX°≥ P¿a\n, djy, {^m≥kv, hS-°≥ C‰en, t]¿jy, ]mao¿ ]oT-`qan F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-emWv Cu h¿K-ßsf ImWpI. Ccp-\ndw, IdpØ Xe-apSn, \o≠ Xe Ch-bs{X a[y-[-cWn h¿K-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ. {]mNo\ kpta-cn-b-∑mcpw {Zmhn-U∑mcpw Cu h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-sW∂p ]d-bp∂p. a™- \ ndw, Npcp- f mØ Xe- a pSn, Ipd- ™ - t cmaw, Dcp- ≠ - X e,



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



89



Db¿∂ Ihn-sf-√p-Iƒ, ]c∂ apJw, a[y-a-amb Dbcw, Dd∏pw I´nbp-ap≈ icocw F∂n-h-bmWv a™-h¿K-ß-fpsS e£-W-߃. lname-b-Øns‚ Z£n-W-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw No\ apX¬ Ata-cn-°-h-scbpw Cu h¿K-ßsf ImWp∂p. Ata-cn-°-bnse sdUv-C≥Uy≥kv Cu h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-Ip∂p. 68 C©v Dbcw, ]™n-t]m-se-bp≈ Xe-apSn, IdpØ \ndw, Dd® icocw, \ofw Ipd™ Imep-Iƒ, \o≠ ssIIƒ, XSn®p tatem´p aS-ßnb Np≠p-Iƒ, D¥nb s\‰n, ]c∂ aq°v F∂n-h-bs{X \ot{KmI-fpsS kmam\y e£-W-߃. Ch-cn¬ c≠p {][m-\ -im-J-I-fp≠v. Hcp Iq´sc B{^n-°-bnepw as‰ Iq´sc ate-jy-bnepw ImWp∂p. F∂m¬, B{^n- ° - b n- e p- ≈ - h - c m- W s{X e£- W - s amØ bYm¿Y \ot{Km-Iƒ. atejym \ot{Km-I-fpsS \ndw GXm≠v tNm°-sse‰pw Dbcw a[ya-hp-amWv.14 B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ h¿K hn`-P-\-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-ambn AwKo-I-cn® khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv C{Xbpw hnh-cn-®Xv. C\n as‰mcp Xc-Ønepw P\-ßsf hn`-Pn°mw. aX-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\-Øn-ep-≈-XmWv B hn`-P\w.



aX-h¿K-߃ Jp¿-B-\n¬ Nne aX-h¿K-ßsf FÆn-∏-d-™n-´p≠v. apA-van-\pIƒ, apivcn-°p-Iƒ, blq-Z-∑m¿, km_n-Iƒ, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, aPqkn-Iƒ. 1. apA-van-\p-Iƒ: icn-bmb GI-ssZ-h-Xzhpw bYm¿Y-amb Hcp ssZhn-I-{]-am-Whpw AwKo-I-cn®p Pohn°p-∂-h¿. Jp¿-Bs‚ AhX-c-W-Im-eØv apl-Ω-Zv\_n (k) bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb apkvenwI-fm-bn-cp∂p Ch¿. 2. GI-ssZ-h-Xz-aw-Ko-I-cn-°m-Ø-hcpw, bmsXmcp ssZhnI {KŸØn-s‚bpw A\p-bm-bn-I-f-√m-Ø-h-cp-amb hn`mKw. Ch¿ Jp¿-Bs‚ `mj-bn¬ "apivcn-°p-Iƒ' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. 3. GI-ssZ-h-Xz-kn-≤m¥w AXns‚ km£m¬ A¿Y-Øn¬ AwKoI-cn-°p-Itbm icn-bmb, Ie¿∏n-√mØ Hcp Znhy-{]-amWw ssIhiw hbv°p-Itbm sNøp-∂n-s√-¶nepw GtXm Xc-Øn-ep≈ GI-Xzhpw Znhy-{]-am-Whpw AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-h¿. Chsc Jp¿-B≥ "Alvep¬ InXm_v' (thZ-°m¿) F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Jp¿-B≥ Ah-Xcn® ImeØv C°q-´-Øn¬ s]´ \mep hn`m-K-ß-fmWv cwK-Øp-≠mbn-cp-∂Xv. i) blq-Z-∑m¿. Ch¿ ss__nƒ ]gb \nb-a-Øns‚ ]mc-º-cym-hIm-in-I-fmWv. ii) {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ. Ch¿ ss__nƒ ]pXnb \nb-a-Øn¬ hniz-



90



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



kn-°p-∂-h-cmWv. F∂m¬ PqX-∑m¿ Dssk¿ (b{km) ssZh-]p-{X\m-sW∂pw, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ tbip-{InkvXp ssZh-]p-{X-\m-sW∂pw hmZn-°p-∂-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ Btcm-]n-®n-´p≠v. AXp-sIm≠v _lp-ssZh-hm-Z-]-c-amb hnizm-km-Nm-c-߃ h®p-]p-e¿Øp-∂-h-sc-¶nepw, Hcp thZw AwKo-I-cn-®-h-cm-sW-¶n¬ Ah¿ thZ-°m-cm-sW∂p hcp∂p. iii) km_n-Iƒ. Ch¿ \qlp-\-_n-bp-sSbpw ioYp-\-_n-bp-sSbpw ico- A - Ø n¬ hniz- k n- ° p- ∂ - X mbn Ah- I m- i - s ∏- S p∂p. {]kn≤ apkvenw Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb C_v\p-∂Zow At±-l-Øns‚ "A¬^n{lkvXn'¬ Ch-cpsS hnizm-km-Nm-c-ß-sf-∏‰n kpZo¿L-ambn {]Xn]m-Zn® Iq´-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p∂p: ""C_vdm-low-\_n (A)bpsS apºp≈ \qlp-\_n (A) bpsSbpw ioYp-\_n (A)bpsSbpw A\pbm-bn-I-fmWv Xß-sf∂v km_n-Iƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. ioYns‚ aX{KŸw Ah-cpsS hi-ap≠v. AXn¬ [m¿anI Imcy-ß-fmWv {]Xn-]mZn-®n-´p-≈Xv.''15 iv) aPq-kn-Iƒ. kpcXpjv{Ss‚ A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw "AshkvX'bn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂-h-cp-amb ]pcm-X\ Cdm-\n-I-fm-Wn-h¿. Cdm-\n-b≥`mj-bn¬ ]ptcm-ln-X\v "aKv' F∂pw "aKmKv' F∂pw ]d-bp∂p. Ad_n-bn¬ KIm-c-an√. AXn-\m¬ aKm-Kns\ Ad-_n-Iƒ "aPqkv' F∂p®- c n®p. Jp¿- B ≥ Ah- X - c n® ImeØv aPq- k n- I ƒ "ZzµzhmZn'[Ditheists]Ifm-bn-cp∂p. AXm-bXv, \∑-bpsS i‡n-bmb {]Imi-Ønepw Xn∑-bpsS i‡n-bmb A‘-Im-c-Ønepw hniz-kn-°p-∂h¿. {]Im- i - i - ‡ n°v "Alp- c - a kv Z v ' F∂pw A‘- I m- c - i - ‡ n°v "Alvdo-am≥' F∂p-amWv Ah¿ ]d-™n-cp-∂Xv. Alp-c-a-kvZns‚ {]Xo-I-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ "A·n'sb Ah¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂p. c≠mw Jeo^ Da-dp-_v\p¬ JØm_n (d)s‚ `c-W-Im-eØv Cdm≥ Ckvem-an-I-cm-jv{S-Øns‚ Hcp `mK-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. aPq-kn-Isf Fßs\ hne-bn-cp-Ø-W-sa∂pw Ah-cp-ambn Fßs\ h¿Øn-°-Wsa∂pw Jeo-^°v a\- n-em-bn√. a‰p \_n-in-jy-∑m-tcmSv At\z-jn®p. XZ- h - k cw A_v Z p¿d- l v a m- \ n_v \ p Hu^v (d) Cßs\ ]d™p: ""Alvep¬In-Xm_n (thZ-ap-≈-h¿ )t\mSp≈ AtX \b-hn-tijw aPqkn-t\mSpw A\p-h¿Øn-°p-I-sb∂p dkq¬ (k) Xncp-ta\n Acp-fnbXv Rm≥ tI´p F∂n-Xm -km£yw hln-°p∂p!''16 Camw im^nCu-bs{X Cu kw`-h-Øns‚ D≤m-c-I≥. C{]-Imcw Xs∂ aPq-knIƒ thZ-°m-cmWv F∂v Dadn(d)s\ Aen-øp_v\p A_o-Xm-en_v (d) DW¿Øn-b-Xmbn as‰mcp dnt∏m¿´pw ImWmw.17 Npcp-°-Øn¬, Jp¿-B-\nI ho£-W-Øn¬ aq∂p aX-hn-`m-K-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv: 1. apAvan-\p-Iƒ 2. Alvep¬ InXm_v 3. apivcn-°p-Iƒ. Alvep¬ InXm_v (th-Z-°m¿) \mep -hn-`m-K-amWv: PqX-∑m¿, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, km_nIƒ, aPqkv. Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""apA-van-\p-Iƒ (bYm¿Y- hn-izm-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



91



kn-Iƒ), blq-Z-∑m¿, km_n-Iƒ, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, aPqkv (kpc-Xpjv{S-a-X-°m¿), apivcn-°p-Iƒ (hn{K-l-]q-P-I-∑m¿) F∂o hn`m-K߃°n-S-bn¬ ]p\-cp-∞m\ Znhkw A√mlp icn-bmb Xocp-am\w I¬]n-°p-∂-XmWv. k¿h-km-£n-bs{X A√mlp!''18



Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. Jp¿-B≥ 5 :18 2. temI-N-cn{Xw hmfyw 1, t]Pv 56 3. United Nations Bulletin Vol. ix, No.3 4. EtKzZw aWvUew 10, kq‡w 90, E 5, 11, 12 t\m°pI. 5. KoX, ⁄m\-I¿a k\ym-k-tbmKw t«mIw 13 6. Jp¿-B≥ 49: 13 7. D¬]Øn 6: 13 8. Ibid 7: 23, 24



9. iXm-_vZ-߃°-∏p-d-Øp-\n-∂p≈ i_vZ-߃ t]Pv 86, 87 10. DXv]Øn 8: 4 11. X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmfyw 2, t]Pv 193 t\m°pI. 12. C{Xbpw hnh-c-߃°v DXv]Øn 9, 10, 25 F∂o A[ym-b-߃ t\m°pI. 13. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmfyw 1, t]Pv 105, 106 14. temI-N-cn{Xw hmfyw 1, t]Pv 58˛-64 t\m°pI. 15. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmfyw 2, t]Pv 195,196 16. ap≥X-J¬ AJv_m¿ by A_vZp- -em-an-_v\p-ssX-anb, _m_p¬Pnkvbx 17. ss\ep¬ HuØm¿ hmfyw 8, t]Pv 57 t\m°pI. 18. Jp¿-B≥ 22: 17



A[ymbw F´v



kn‘p-XS kwkvImcw



92



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



`mc-Xob



kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ BZn-a-in¬]n-Iƒ Bcy-∑m-cm-sW∂pw B P\-h¿K-Øns‚ BK-a-\-Øn\p apºv C¥y-s°mcp \mK-cnI Ncn{X-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑-m¿s°mcp [mc-W-bp-≠m-bncp∂p. F∂m¬ Cu \q‰m-≠ns‚ XrXo-b-Z-i-I-Øn¬ ]©m-_n-s‚bpw kn- ‘ n- s ‚bpw Nne `mK- ß - f n¬ \S∂ DXv J \\ Kth- j Ww {]kvXpX [mcW A∏Sn A_-≤-am-sW∂pw Bcy-∑m-cp-tS-Xn-s\-°mƒ ]ptcm-K-an-®Xpw hf¿® {]m]n-®-Xp-amb Hcp \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS DS-a-Ifm-bn-cp∂p `mc-Xo-b-sc∂pw Ak-µn-Kv[-amw-hn[w sXfn-bn-°p-I-bp≠mbn. {]kvXpX \mK-cn-I-X-bmWv "kn‘p XS-kw-kvImcw' F∂ t]cn-\m¬ C∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.



taml≥P-Zm-tdmbpw lc-∏bpw Idm-®n-bpsS hS°v GXm≠v Ccp-\qdv \mgnI AIse ÿnXnsN-øp∂ Hcp ÿe-amWv taml≥P-Zmtdm. emtlm-dn¬\n∂v Dt±iw \qdp-\m-gnI sX°v lc-∏bpw InS-°p∂p. taml≥P-Zmtdm kn‘p-\Zn-bpsS ]Sn-™m-dp-`m-KØpw lc∏ cmhn-\-Zn-bpsS Ing°p `mK-ØpamWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. lc-∏-bn¬\n∂pw A©m-dp-\m-gnI AI-eØmWv cmhn-\Zn C∂p-≈-sX-¶nepw ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv ]´-W-Øns‚ \∂ ASp-Øp-Iq-Sn-bmWv AXv Hgp-In-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v hnZ-Kv[-∑m¿ A`n{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠m-h-W-at√m ]´W \n¿am-W-Øn\v B ÿew A∂v Xnc-s™-Sp-ØXv. lc-∏-bpsSbpw taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bpsSbpw CS°v GI-tZiw \m\qdp \mgnI Zqcw ImWpw. acn-®-h-cpsS taSv F∂s{X taml≥P-Zmtdm F∂ hm°n-\¿Yw. taml≥P-Zmtdm, lc∏ F∂o t]cp-Iƒ C∂sØ \nhm-kn-Iƒ C´h-bmWv. Ah-bpsS {]mNo\ \ma-߃ Adn-b-s∏-´n-´n√. kn‘n¬ em¿°m\m Pn√-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ taml≥P-Zm-tdmbpw ]›na ]©m-_n¬ tam≠vtKm-adn Unkv{Sn-IvSn-ep≈ lc∏bpw 1947 apX¬ ]mIn-kvXms‚ AXn¿Øn-°p-≈n-em-sW∂ kwKXn ChnsS kvac-Wob- a mWv . Ah c≠pw C∂p ]´- W - ß - f √; tIhew {Kma- ß - f mWv . F∂m¬ B {Kmaß- f nse taSp- I ƒ c≠p ]pcm- X \ \mK- c n- I - X Iƒ°p km£yw hln-°p∂p. 1922˛-1927 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ B c≠p taSp-I-fn¬ \S-Ø-s∏´ DXvJ\\ Kth-jWw hgn AXn-{]m-No-\-amb c≠p \K-c-ß-fpsS Ncn{Xw shfn-®Øp sIm≠p-h-c-s∏´p. DXvJ-\-\-Øn¬ D]-e-_v[-amb Ahin-jvS-ß-sf-°p-dn® hnZKv[-amb ]cy-th-£-W-amWv ChnsS kw£n]vX-ambn ]I¿Øp-hm-\p-t±-in-°p-∂Xv.



\K-ck - w-hn-[m\w Ccp-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw ]´-W-ß-fnepw H∂n≥aosX as‰m-∂mbn ]WnXp-h-∂-Xns‚ e£-W߃ J\-\-Øn¬ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p≠v. taml≥P-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



93



Zm-tdm-bn¬ GXm≠v HºXv "AS-°p-Iƒ' AYhm "\ne-Iƒ' CXphsc Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p. Hmtcm AS-°nepw \K-c-\n¿am-Wm-h-injvS-ß-fp≠v. lc-∏-bn-em-Is´, Bdp \ne-Iƒ Is≠Øn. Hmtcm ]´Whpw \in®p a¨a-d-™-tijw AXns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ß-fpsS apIfn¬ ho≠pw ]pXp-Xmbn \K-c-\n¿amWw sNbvXn-cn-°-bmWv. taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bn-sebpw lc-∏-bn-sebpw \K-c-߃°v Htc XcØn-ep≈ πm\mWv ImWp-∂Xv. c≠n-s‚bpw ]Sn-™m-dp-`mKw tIm´bpsS BIr-Xn-bn¬ sI-´n-bp-b¿Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p. tIm´-bpsS sX°ph-S-°p≈ \ofw kpam¿ 500 hmcbpw, Ing-°p-]-Sn-™m-dp≈ hoXn GXm≠v 300 hmc-bp-amWv. tIm´-Øfw, Np‰p-ap≈ ka-X-e-Øn¬\n∂v GI-tZiw Bdm-fpsS s]m°-Øn-emWv. CjvSn-I-sIm-≠mWv tIm´sI-´n-S-߃ ]Sp-Øn-´p-≈Xv. shbn-en¬ DW-°n-bXpw Nqf-bn¬ Nps´Sp-ØXpw˛Aßs\ c≠p hn[-Øn-ep-ap≠v CjvSn-I-Iƒ. Nne sI´n-Sß-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃ I≠m¬ Ah- tZ-hm-e-b-ßtfm s]mXp-ktΩ-f\ ÿe-ßtfm Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂p tXm∂pw. \nc-h[n XqWp-Ifp≈ Hcp afi]w J\-\-Øn¬ ImWmbn. Ch-sbm∂pw kzIm-cyamb Bhiyw ap≥\n¿Øn ]Wn-X-Xm-hm≥ Xc-an-s√-∂s{X hnZ-Kv[m`n-{]mbw. tIm´-bpsS \n¿am-W-coXn IqSp-X¬ hy‡-ambn a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ km[n-®Xv lc-∏-bn-emWv. 45 ASn I\-Øn¬, NpSmØ CjvSn-I-sIm≠v tIm´-a-Xn¬ sI´n-s∏m-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. AXn-\p-]p-dta, Np´ CjvSn-IsIm≠v Bdv ASn I\-Øn¬ aXn¬ aqSn-bn-´p≠v. aXn-ens‚ apI-fn¬ CS-°n-S°v Xf-߃ ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. ]´m-f-°m¿°n-cp∂v Bbp-[{]-tbmKw \S-Øp-hm≥th-≠n-bm-hWw Aßs\ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈Xv. tIm´-°Iw 20-˛25 ASn Db¿Øn-bn-cp∂p. tIm´-bpsS hSs° aXn-en\p t\sc ]pd-Ømbn c≠p hcn- ho-SpIƒ ImWp∂p. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sS "Iqen sse≥' t]mse-tXm∂pw. Hmtcm hoSn\pw Cuc≠p apdn-Iƒ. F√m hoSn-s‚bpw \n¿am-W-coXn H∂p-Xs∂. Ah ]Øp-]-Xn-\m-sdÆw ImWpw. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS {]kvXpX Iqen-sse-\n-\-SpØv [m\yw tiJ-cn-®p-h-bv°p-hm≥ DX-Ipam-dp≈ henb ]Øm-b-߃; As√-¶n¬ \ne-h-d-Iƒ D≠v. \ne-Øp\n∂v kz¬]w Db¿Øn-s°-´nb XnÆ-I-fn-emWv B Ad-Iƒ. XnÆ°v Dt±iw 200 ASn \ofhpw 150 ASn hoXnbpw ImWpw. AXn-\-SpØv CjvSn-I-sIm-≠p≈ XnÆ-Iƒ thsd-bp-ap≠v. hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n¿anX-amb Ch°v GXm≠v 10 ASn hymk-ap≠v. Hmtcm XnÆ-bp-sSbpw a[y-Øn¬ acwsIm≠p≈ henb Dc¬ h®n-cp-∂-Xmbn tXm∂pw. AdI-fn¬ tiJ-cn-®n-cp∂ [m\yw -s]m-Sn-®p-≠m-°m-\p≈ k÷o-I-c-Wam-bn-cp-∂n-cn°mw AXv. Aßs\ Hmtcm hcn-bnepw Bdm-dmbn c≠phcn-bn¬ ]{¥≠p ]Øm-b-߃ ImW-s∏´p. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw \ofw



94



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



50 ASnbpw hoXn 20 ASn-bp-amWv. taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bnse tIm´-bv°IØpw CtX- co-Xn-bnepw hep-∏-Øn-ep-ap≈ ]Øm-b-߃ D≠m-bncp∂p. tIm´-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-bv°-I-Øp≈ ]Øm-b-ß-fp-sSbpw a‰pw kmZr-iy-Øn-¬\n∂v Hcp kwKXn A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv: taml≥PZm-tdm-bn-sebpw lc-∏-bn-sebpw `c-W-t\-XrXzw Htc lkvX-ØnemWv ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂Xv. `c-W-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿ Cu tIm´-Iƒ°I-ØmWv hkn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂pw Duln-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. sXmgn-emfn-Isf Ah¿ ka¿Y-ambn \nb-{¥n-®n-cp∂p. {]kvXpX tImf-\n-°-IØv sIm√≥, aqimcn apX-emb teml-∏Wn-°m-cpsS De-I-fp-sSbpw Nqf-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-ti-j-߃ Is≠Øn-bn-´p≠v. ]´-W-hm-kn-Iƒ°v Pohn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ B km{am-PyØn¬ [mcmfw [m\yw Irjn-sN-tø-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. lc-∏≥ km{amPy-Øn¬ hºn® tXmXn¬ Irjn \S-∂n-cp∂p. tKmXºpw bh-hp-ambn- c n- ° Ww Xt±- i o- b - c psS km[m- c W `£y- h n- ` - h - ß ƒ. sNºpsIm≠pw ]n®-f-sIm-≠p-ap≈ Irjn-bp-]-I-c-W-߃ [mcmfw J\-\Øn¬ Is≠-Øn-´p≠v. [m\yw am{X-a√ Ah¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv; a’yhpw tImgn, BSv , ]∂n, ]ip BZn- b m- b - h - b psS amwkhpw Ah¿°v ]Yym-lm-c-am-bn-cp∂p. Ch-bpsS Nn”-ßfpw F√p-Ifpw Ahn-sS-\n∂v I≠p-In-´p-I-bp-≠mbn. B\, \mb, ]q®, ]q™-bp≈Xpw ]q™-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-amb Imen-Iƒ, IgpX F∂o P¥p-°fpw lc-∏m-km-{am-Py-hm-kn-Iƒ°v kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp∂p. AhnsS \n∂v Is≠-SpØ ap{Z-I-fn¬ Ah-bpsS Nn{X-߃ ImWp∂p. h\y-ar-Kß-fn¬ I≠m-arKw, Im´n, IcSn, am≥, ]pen F∂n-hbpw Ah-cpsS ]cn-Nn-X-hr-Ø-Øn¬\n∂p ]pd-Ø-√m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-bpsS Nn{X-߃ Ahn- s S- \ n∂p In´nb ap{Z- I - f nepw ]m{X- ß - f nepw ImWp- ∂ p≠v . IqSmsX, {]kvXpX Pohn-I-fpsS F√n≥I-jW-ßfpw Is≠-Øn-bn´p-≈-Xmbn J\-\m[n-Ir-X¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p.



Ir{Xna Ipfhpw Ipfn-ap-dn-Ifpw taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bnepw lc-∏-bnepw s]mXp-P-\-߃°p- Ip-fn-°phm-\p≈ Ipf-ß-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p≠v. Kth-j-I∑m-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬ Ah-bmWv G‰hpw IuXp-I-I-c-am-bn-´p-≈Xv. ASnbpw \mep-`m-K-ßfpw sh≈w tNm¿∂p t]mhm-Ø-hn[w `{Z-ambn AS-®n-cp∂p. lc-∏-bnse Pem-i-b-Øn\v 39 ASn \ofhpw (sX°p-hS°v) 23 ASn hoXnbpw Np‰p-ap≈ Xf-Øn¬\n∂v 8 ASn Bg-hpap≠v. Cd-ßp-hm≥ CjvSn-I-sIm≠v ]SpØ ]Sn-Iƒ. Ah sX°p-`mKØpw hS-°p-`m-K-Øp-ap≠v. ]Sn-I-fn-t∑¬ ]e-I-Iƒ ]Xn-®n-cp∂p. Pn]vkw (Gypsum ) πmÃdn¬ IpØs\ \nc-Ønb, Nqf-bn¬ Np´ CjvSnI Hcp \nc∏v, AXn\v Xmsg Hcn-©p-I-\-Øn¬ ]c-Ønb I∑Zw,



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



95



AXn\pw Xmsg Hcp-\n-c∏p Np´ CjvSnI, AXn\v Iosg NpSmØ CjvSnI˛Cß-s\-bmWv Ipf-Øns‚ ASn-Ø´v \n¿an-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. sh≈w eh- t eiw tNm¿∂p- t ]m- h m- X n- c n- t °- ≠ - X n\mhWw C{X sIt¶-a-ambn AXp hnXm-\n-®n-´p-≈Xv. ASnØ´n-s\-∂-t]mse \mep`m-K-Øp≈ `nØn-Iƒ°pw tNm¿® XSbm\p≈ `{Z-amb G¿∏m-Sp≠v. Ipf-Øns‚ sX°p-]-Sn-™m-dp-aq-e-bn¬, ASn-bn¬IqSn NoØ sh≈w Hgp- ° n- ° - f - b m- \ p≈ henb Agp- ° p- N m- e p≠v . AXns‚ hmbv`m-K-Øn\v 6 ASn Bgw I≠p. Agp-°p-Nm-ens‚ ta¬`mKw GXm≠v Iam-\m-Ir-Xn-bn¬ CjvSn-I-sIm≠p aqSn-bn-´p≠v. Ipf-Øns‚ Np‰pw hnim-e-amb Xf-amWv. AXns‚ aq∂p `mK-ß-fnepw Ipfn-ap-dnIƒ hcn-h-cn-bm-bn-\n¬°p∂p. Hmtcm Ipfn-ap-dn°p 9 1/4 ASn \ofhpw 6 ASn AI- e - h p- a p≠v . AXn¬\n∂v Aip- ≤ - P ew ]pd- t Ø°v sIm≠pt]mhm- \ p≈ Hmhp- N m- e p≠v . Ipf- Ø n- \ - S p- Ø p- X - s ∂- b p≈ sXcp-ho-Yn-bn¬ CtX coXn-bn-ep≈ thsd c≠p-hcn Ipfn-ap-dn-Iƒ ImWmw. Hmtcm Ipfn-ap-dn-bn¬\n∂pw tase \ne-bn-te°v Ib-dn-t∏mIm-\p≈ CjvSn-I-sIm≠p ]SpØ tImh-Wn-∏-Sn-I-fp≠v. Hcp Ipfn-apdn-bn¬\n∂p t\m°n-bm¬ FXn-sc-bp≈ Ipfn-ap-dn-bn-te°v ImWm≥ ]‰mØ hn[-Øn-emWv hmXn-ep-Iƒ h®n-cp-∂Xv. henb Ipf-Øn-te°p sh≈w \nd-®n-cp-∂Xv sX°p `mKØv Hcp -ap-dn-bn-ep≈, Cc´ CjvSnI-s°-´p-I-tfmSp IqSnb Hcp InW-‰n¬\n-∂mWv. aX-kw-_-‘-amb F{Xbpw {][m-\-s∏´ {Inb-Iƒ°mWv {]kvXpX Ipfw lc-∏-∑m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂p hnZ-Kv[-∑m¿ A\p-am-\n-°p∂p. taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bnse Ipf-Øns‚ ÿnXnbpw GXm-≠n-ß-s\X-s∂-bmWv. Ipf-Øn\p Np‰pw ap‰w; ap‰-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-KØpw tImem-b-Iƒ; tImem-b-I-fpsS ]nd-In¬ Np‰pw Ipfn-ap-dn-Iƒ; Ipfnap- d n- I - f n¬ Nne- X n¬ Bhn- s Im≠p hnb¿∏n®p Ipfn- ° p- h m- \ p≈ G¿∏m-Sp-Ifpw ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. ]´-W-Ønse sXcp-ho-Yn-Iƒ icn°v Ing-°p-]-Sn-™mdpw sX°ph-S-°p-ambn InS-°p∂p. hen-b-Xn\v GXm≠v 30 ASn hoXn-bp≠v. CXp IqSmsX hoXn Ipd™ hgn-Ifpw CS-h-gn-Ifpw [mcm-f-ap≠v. icn°p πm≥sNbvXv \n¿an-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p {]kvXpX \K-c-߃ F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√.



hoSp-Iƒ taml≥P-Zmtdm Ah-in-jvS-߃ GI-tZiw Hcp NXp-c{i \mgnI ]c-∂p-In-S-°p∂p. hoSp-Iƒ [mcm-f-ap≠v. A[n-Ihpw Ccp-\n-e-sI-´n-Sß-fmWv. Nqf-bn¬ Np´ CjvSnI sIm≠mWv hoSp-Iƒ ]Wn-Xn-cp∂Xv. Nne hoSp-I-fpsS D≈n¬ \Sp-ap-‰hpw \Sp-ap-‰-Øn\p Np‰p-ambn ASp-°f, Ie-hd, Ipfn-apdn apX-em-b-hbpw ImWmw. InW¿ F√m ho´n-ep-ap≠v. amfn-I-ap-I-fn¬ \n∂v Ipg-ep-Iƒ h-gn-°mWv aen-\-sh≈w



96



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Iogvt]m´p sIm≠p-h-∂n-cp-∂Xv. Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw a‰p-ap≈ Aip≤-Pew ASn-bn-ep≈ Agp-°p-Nm-ep-Iƒ hgn sXcp-ho-Yn-bnse henb Hmhp-Nm-ep-I-fn¬ sN∂p-tN-cp∂p. ASn-°m´v apX-emb N∏p-N-h-dp-Iƒ \nt£-]n-°m≥ Hmtcm hoSn-s‚bpw ASpØv {]tXy-I-]m{Xw h®n-´p≠m-bn-cp∂p. Agp-°p-Nm-ep-Iƒ hrØn-bm-°m-\p≈ G¿∏m-Sp-I-fp-ap≠m-bn-cp∂p. lc-∏-bnse henb sI´n-S-ß-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃ hnZKv[-]-cntim-[-\°v hnt[-b-ambn. Ah-bn¬ G‰hpw hep-Xn\v 169 ASn \ofhpw 135 ASn hoXn-bp-ap≠v. Nqf-°v-h® CjvSn-I-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv {]kvXpX sI´n-S-\n¿am-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. CjvSn-I-Iƒ Bh-iym-\pkrXw hnhn[ BIr-Xn-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. Ipfn-ap-dn-Ifpw I°q-kp-Ifpw InW-dp-Ifpw hoSp-Iƒ°-I-Øp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. Nne hoSp-I-fn¬ Itk-c-bn-se-∂-t]mse Ccp-∂p-]-tbm-Kn-∏m≥ ]‰p∂ I°qkp-Ifpw ImW-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. Kth-j-I-\mb hoe¿ Ahsb Built in seat Latrines F∂mWv h¿Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. t`Z-s∏´ hoSp-I-fn¬ \Sp-ap-‰-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-™p-ht√m. \Sp- a p- ‰ - Ø n\p Np‰pw ]e hep- ∏ - Ø n- e p≈ apdn- I - f p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂p. F∂m¬ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS hoSp-Iƒs°√mw Htc BIr-Xn-bmWv ImW-s∏-´Xv. Hmtcm hoSn\pw 20 ASn \ofhpw 12 ASn hoXn-bp-ap≈ Cuc≠p apdn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. `nØ-nI-fpsS L\w ]cn-tim-[n-®-h¿°v Ahbv°p apI-fn¬ amfnI ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øm≥ hgn-bn-s√-∂mWv a\ n-em-bXv. Ipfn-ap-dn-Iƒ sXmgn-emfn `h-\-߃°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ahbn¬\n∂v sh≈w Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Hgp-°m≥ X°-hn[w, CjvSn-I-sIm≠p ]SpØ Im\-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-Øn¬ Ipfn°pw Ipfn-ap-dn°pw \evI-s∏´ {]m[m\yw k¿h{X hy‡-am-bncp∂p.



tZl-{]-Ir-Xnbpw thj-`q-jm-Zn-Ifpw {]kvXpX Krl-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ P\-߃ ImgvN-bn¬ Fßs\-bp-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p? Ah-cpsS apJ-`mhw, hep∏w, hkv{X-[m-c-WcoXn F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n Ah-in-jvS-߃ F¥p kqNn-∏n-°p∂p? A∂sØ ivaim-\-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-]-e-_v[-amb Aÿn-Iƒ ssk‘-h-∑m-cpsS hep∏w Ipdn-°p∂p. ]m{X-ß-fnepw Npa-cp-I-fnepw a‰pw Nn{X-Ww-sNbvX cq]-߃, ]mh-Iƒ F∂nh Ah-cpsS apJm-Ir-Xnbn-te°p shfn®w hoip∂p. AXp-t]mse Ah-cpsS thj-`q-jW k{º- Z m- b - s Øbpw kmam- \ y- h ¿W- t Øbpw Ae- ¶ m- c - c o- X n- s bbpw kw_-‘n® kqN-\bpw B Nn{X-ß-fn¬\n∂v e_v[-am-hp∂p. \√ \mkn-I-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXpw kzev]-sam∂p \o≠-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p ssk-‘-h-∑m-cpsS apJm-IrXn. Nn{X-ß-fn¬ Ahsc ImWp-∂Xv Ipds®mcp Xhn-´p-\n-d-Øn-emWv. apSn Idp-Ø-Xp-Xs∂. A[n-I-Iqdpw Iri-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



97



Km-{X-cmWv. ]pcp-j-∑m¿ km[m-cW XmSn hf¿ØpI ]Xn-hmWv. AhcpsS Xe-apSn ]nd-tIm´p hen-®p-sI-´n-bn-cp∂p. hnNn-{X-amb Xp∂-∏Wn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb (Embroidery) Hcp Xcw DSp-∏mWv Ah¿ [cn-®n-cp∂Xv. ]t£, heØp tXmƒ aqSn-bn-cp-∂n√. taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bn¬\n∂v Is≠-SpØ Hcp amhp-I√p {]Xn-a-bn¬ ¢mh¿ AS-bm-f-߃ \nd™ Hcp-Ø-cobw ImWp∂p. B a\p-jy-{]-Xn-a-bpsS hesØ tXmƒ ad®n-cp-∂n√. Iq´-Øn¬ ]d-bs´: ¢mh¿ saskm-s]m-t´anb, {Io‰v apX-emb {]mNo\ kwkv-Im-c-ß-fn¬ hfsc ]mh-\-ambn Icp-X-s∏-´n-cp∂ Hcp Nn”-amWv. kn‘p \Zo-X-S-hm-kn-Ifpw saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-°mcpw XΩn¬ ASpØ _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Icp-Xp∂ \nco-£-I-∑mcpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv {]kvXpX Nn”w. ssk-‘-h-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS Xe-apSn ]e cq]-Ønepw HXp-°n-sh®n-cp-∂p-sh∂p a\- n-em-Ip∂p. Nne¿ XmSnbpw Xe-ap-Snbpw I{Xn®v, aoi ]s‰ hSn-®p-I-f-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. XmSn \osf hf¿Øp-Ibpw aoi hSn-®p-I-f-bp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Cu ^mj≥ ]pcm-X\ kpta-cn-b-∑mcpw kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn hnZ-Kv[≥am¿ {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p. kv{XoIƒ XßfpsS Xe-apSn Hcp-≠-t]m-em°n, ]nºp-dØv \mS sIm≠v sI´n-sh°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xnhv. apSn NoIn an\p-k-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v B\s°m-ºp-sIm≠pw a‰p-ap≈ No¿∏p-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. sNºp-X-InSp tX®p sXfn-bn®v IÆm-Sn-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. AØcw hm¬°-Æm-Snbpw £uc-°-Ønbpw J\-\-Øn¬ D]-e-_v[am-bn-´p≠v. kn‘p-X-S-hm-kn-I-fpsS B`-c-W-ß-sf-°p-dn®v AhnsS \n∂p In´nb Nn{X-ßfpw ]mh-Ifpw Nne hnh-c-߃ \¬In-bn-´p≠v. aq∂pw \mepw Cg-I-fp-≈ ame-Iƒ, hf-Iƒ F∂nh Ah-bn¬ {]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p∂p. kz¿Ww sIm≠pw sh≈n-sIm-≠p-ap≈ aq°p-Øn-Iƒ, tamXn-c-߃, IS-I-߃, ame-Iƒ F∂nh DXvJ-\-\-Øn¬ In´n-bn´p≠v. Cg-Iƒ IqSp-X-ep-≈ ame-Iƒ sI´p-]n-W-bm-Xn-cn-∏m-\mbn CS°n-S°p ]Sn-Iƒ h®p ]nSn-∏n-®n-cp∂p. ame-I-fn¬ kz¿W-a-Wn-Iƒ°p]p-dta, cXv\-ßfpw ]Xn-®n-cp∂p. AZv`p-X-I-c-am-bn-cp∂p B`-c-W-ßfpsS ]Wn-Øcw. taml≥P-Zmtdm J\-\-K-th-j-W-Øns‚ Ub-cIvS¿P-\-d-em-bn-cp∂ k¿ tPm¨ am¿j¬ 1934˛mam-≠n¬ Fgp-Xnb ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Ahsb Cßs\ h¿Wn-®n-´p≠v: ""Cu B`-c-W-߃ Aøm-bncw kwh-’-c-߃°p ap≥]p-≠m-°n-b-h-b√, e≠≥ ]´-WØnse {]ap-J-cmb B`-c-W-in¬]n-Iƒ C∂p-≠m-°n-b-h-bm-sW∂p tXm∂n-t∏m-Ip∂p!'' B`-c-W-ß-fpsS a´pw ]In´pw A{X-tbsd B[p-\n-I-am-bn-cn-°p∂p-sh∂p kmcw. B`-c-W-ßfpw hkv{X-ßfpw `wKn-bmbn AWnbm\pw apSn hm¿∂p sI´n-bn-Sm\pw I¨a-jn-sb-gp-Xm\pw kn‘p XS-



98



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



hm-kn\n-I-fmb kv{XoIƒ°v \∂m-b-dn-bm-am-bn-cp∂p. AØcw Bhiy-Øn-\m-hWw Ah¿ sNºp IÆm-Sn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv.



Ifn-t°m-∏p-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ°p Ifn-°m-\p≈ tIm∏p-≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬ kn‘p XS-hmkn-Iƒ {i≤m-ep-°-fm-bn-cp∂p. ]mh-Iƒ, arK-cq-]-߃, tKm´n-Iƒ, Ifn- a ¨h- ≠ n- I ƒ, Ipc- ß p- I ƒ, Inep- ° - I ƒ, ]£n- c q- ] - Ø n- e p≈ ]o∏n-Iƒ Aßs\ [mcmfw Ifn-∏m-´-߃ lc-∏-bn¬\n∂p Is≠SpØn--´p≠v. Ch IqSmsX thsd A\-h[n a¨{]-Xn-a-Ifpw D]-e-_v[am-bn-cn-°p∂p. F√mw Ifn-∏m-´-am-hm≥ Xc-an-s√∂pw Nne-sX-¶nepw tZh-X-I-fp-tS-Xm-h-W-sa-∂p-amWv Nne Kth-j-I-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. lc-∏-bn¬\n∂p In´nb Hcp kv{Xocq-]-Øn-t∑¬ ImWp∂ Ac-™mWp-Iƒ Ncn-{X-Im-e-Øp-≠m-°nb an° inev]-ß-fnepw ImWm-\ps≠∂p hnZ- K v [ - ∑ m¿ ]d- b p∂p. A°m- e sØ Ae- ¶ m- c - s sien ]nev°m-e-ß-fnepw XpS¿∂ph∂p-sh-∂mWv CXn-\¿Yw. HmSp-sIm≠v hm¿sØ-SpØ Hcp \¿Ø-In-bpsS {]Xna taml≥PZmtdm in¬]-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ khn-tij {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p. B \¿ØIn tIhew \·- b mWv . Ah- f psS CSsØ Iøn- t ∑¬ tXmƒ apX¬ aWn- ° ≠w hsc hf- b n- ´ n- ´ p≠v . BZn- h m- k n- h ¿KØn¬s∏´ Hcp Zmkn-bpsS Nn{Xo-I-c-W-amhmw B {]Xn-a-sb∂p Nne¿ A\p-am-\n-°p∂p. CtX amXncn hf-I-f-Wn™ a¨{]-Xn-a-Iƒ _eqNn-kvXm-\nse Ip√n-]-´Ww J\\w sNbvX-t∏mgpw In´n-bn-´p≠v.



t£{Xhpw tZhm-eb - hpw taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bn¬ t£{Xtam Bcm-[-\m-e-btam Cs√-∂m-bncp∂p AhnsS BZyw J\\w \S-Øn-b-h-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. tUmIvS¿ hoe¿ ÿew ho≠pw ]cn-tim-[n-®-t∏mƒ Ahn-SsØ henb sI´nSw Hcp t£{X-am-bn-cn-°m-sa∂v Duln®p. B sI-´n-S-Øn¬\n∂pw ]cnk-c-Øp-\n-∂p-amWv \nc-h[n in¬]-߃ e`n-®Xv. B FSp-∏ns‚ \ofw Aº-Øn-c≠v ASnbpw hoXn \mev]-X-Snbpw Npa-cns‚ I\w \mev ASn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. c≠v ]Sn-hm-Xn-ep-Ifpw Ah-bn-te°v Ib-dns®-√p-hm-\mbn hnkvXm-c-Øn-ep≈ c≠p -]-Sn-Ifpw AXn-\p≠v. {]thi-\-Zzmcw IS-∂m¬ hnim-e-amb Hcp Xfw ImWmw. Xf-Øns‚ \Sp°v Hcp Xdbpw˛B¬Ød amXncn. ]Sn-hm-Xn-ens‚ ASp-Øp≈ Hcp apdnbn¬\n- ∂ mWv XmSn- ° m- c - \ mb Hcp ]pcp- j s‚ {]Xna In´n- b Xv . IqSmsX Ccn-°p∂ Hcp a\p-jy-{]-Xn-abpw Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p≠v. AXn\v Xe-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. tImh-Wn-bpsS G‰hpw aosX-bp≈ ]Sn-bpsS ASp-Øp-\n-∂mWv B Xe-bn-√m-cq]w In´n-bXv. BI-∏msS Hcp tZhm* {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\ms‚ "temI-N-cn{Xw' H∂mw `mKw, tUmIvS¿ F. Aø∏s‚ "`mc-X-∏-ga,' {io. Sn.kn. i¶-c-ta-t\ms‚ "iXm-_vZ-߃°-∏p-d-Øp-\n-∂p≈ i_vZ-߃' F∂o- Ir-Xn-Ifpw a‰p-amWv Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn® hnh-c߃°m-kv]Zw.



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



99



e-b-Øns‚ kz`mhw AXn-\p-s≠∂p tXm∂pw.



ap{Z-Iƒ taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bn¬\n∂v Is≠-SpØ ap{Z-Iƒ A\-h-[n-bmWv. 1200˛Hmf-saØpw Ah-bpsS kwJy. FgpØpw hmb-\bpw Adn-bp∂ Hcp kwkvIrX kap-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p kn‘p-X-S-hm-kn-Iƒ F∂v B ap{Z-I-fn¬ sImØnb hcn-Iƒ Ipdn-°p∂p. Xß-fpsS km[-\-ß-fnt∑epw I®-h-S-km-am-\-ß-fn-t∑epw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn\p th≠nbm-hWw ssk‘-h-∑m¿ {]kvXpX ap{Z-Iƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂Xv. ka-NXp-c-Ønepw Zo¿L-N-Xp-c-Ønepw amhpI√p-sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb Cu ap{ZIƒ°v ap°m-ew-Kp-ew- ap-X¬ Hcw-Kpew hsc \of-ap≠v. Bh-iy-Øns\mØv, ]e Af-hn¬ I√-dpØv, an\p-k-s∏-SpØn, AXn-t∑¬ A£c-ßfpw Nn{X-ßfpw sImØn, Hcp Xcw Nmc-°q´p tX®p, Xobn¬ Nps´-Sp-Ø-Xm-Ip∂p Ah. ]n™m-W-k-am\w sh≈-bmbn Xnf-ßp∂, Nn{X-ß-fp≈ ap{Z-I-fmWv A[n-I-Iqdpw. a\p-jy-cq]w, \c-ar-K-cq]w (]mXn a\p-jy-t‚Xpw ]mXn arK-Øn-t‚-Xp-amb cq]w), arK-cq]w (Imfbp-sSbpw ]pen-bp-sSbpw Im´n-bpsSbpw I≠m-ar-K-Øns‚bpw a‰pw cq]w) Cßs\ ]e Nn{X-ßfpw Ah-bn¬ ImWp-∂p≠v. ]e ap{Z-Ifnepw H‰-s°m-ºp≈ Hcp arK-Øns‚ Nn{X-amWv ImWp-∂Xv. a\pjys‚ apJhpw B\- b psS sImºpw Xpºn- s s°bpw Imf- b psS sImºpw BSns‚ Imep-Ifpw ]pen-bpsS ]n≥Im-ep-I-fp-ap≈ Nn{Xß-fp-ap≠v. C°q-´-Øn¬ FSpØp]d-bm-hp∂ aq∂p ap{Z-Iƒ taml≥P-Zmtdm-bn¬\n∂v In´n-bn-´p≠v. aq∂p apJ-ß-fp≈ B aq¿Øn Dbcw Ipd™ Hcp ]oT-Øn-t∑¬ Bk-\-ÿ-\m-bn-cp∂p. tPm¨ am¿jepw a‰pw ]ip-]Xn inhs‚ cq]-am-WsX∂v _e-ambn kwi-bn-°p∂p. Cu ssih-]o-T-Øns‚ t\sc Xmsg-bmbn c≠p am\p-I-fpsS Nn{Xw ImWmw. _p≤ hn{K-l-Øns‚ Xmsg Nne-t∏mƒ Cßs\ am\p-Isf Nn{Xo-I-cn®p ImWm-dp≠v. C¥y-bnse Assh-Zn-I-a-X-Øns‚ XpS¿®bm-bncp∂p, _p≤-a-Xhpw ssP\-a-Xhpw F∂v A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠m-bncp∂ Nne ]fin-X-∑m-cp≠v. Ah-cpsS ]£-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amb Hcp sXfn-hm-Ip∂p Cu am≥ Nn{X-߃. CXp-t]mse Hcp `mKØv arK-cq-]hpw adp-`m-KØv Nn{Xm-£-cßfpw (Pictographs)D≈ sNºp-X-In-Sp-Iƒ˛l-c∏m Ime-Øns‚ Ahkm-\-Z-i-bp-tSXv˛In´n-bn-´p≠v. Ch \mWy-ßtfm "c£-Itfm' Bbncn-°m-sa-∂mWv hnZ-Kv[-∑m-cpsS A\p-am\w.



Krtlm-]I - c - W - ß - ƒ IØn-Iƒ ]e-Xcw, Xpf-bp-≈Xpw Xpf-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-amb tImSmen-Iƒ, sh¶ewsIm≠p≈ agp, Dfn, Cu¿®-hmƒ, sImSn¬, Nq≠¬,



100



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



kqNn, Acn-hmƒ, ]m{X-߃ F∂o Krtlm-]-I-c-W-ßfpw [mcmfw In´p-I-bp-≠mbn. ]m{X-\n¿amWw kn‘p-X-S-hm-kn-I-fpsS {][m-\ sXm-gn-em-bn-cp∂p F∂p kwi-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. sNºv, HmSv, ]n®f, IfnaÆv F∂n-h-sIm≠v hnhn[ hep-∏-Ønepw BIr-Xn-bnepw \n¿an-®n´p≈ [mcmfw ]m{X-߃ J\-\-Øn¬ ssIh-∂n-´p≠v. ]m{X-ß-fn¬ Nne-Xn-t∑¬ an\p-k-s∏-Sp-Øn-btXm A√m-ØtXm Bb Nn{X-ßfpw ImWp∂p. teml-]m-{X-ß-sf -kw-_-‘n® Kth-j-W-Øn¬\n∂v, Ah aqi-bn¬ hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw Np‰nI sIm≠-Sn®p ]mI-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xn\pw kn‘p-X-S-hm-kn-Iƒ°-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v a\- n-em-bn´p≠v. I®-h-S-°m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ Xq°-°-´n-Iƒ [mcmfw Is≠-SpØn-´p≠v. I√p-sIm-≠mWv Ah D≠m-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv. `mcw Ipd™ I´n-Ifpw `mcw IqSnb I´n-I-fp-ap≠v. eLp-hmb I´n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n-cn°Ww, kz¿Whpw sh≈nbpw B`-c-W-ßfpw Xq°n-°-W-°m-°phm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. L\-N-Xp-c-Øn-emWv sNdp-I-´n-Iƒ. AhbpsS A\p-]mXw 1, 2, 8, 16, 32, 12800 F∂ a´n-emWv. \ofw Af-°p∂Xv 12 apX¬ 13 4/5 AwKp-ew-hsc \of-ap≈ ASn-sIm≠pw 20 3/10 apX¬ 20 4/5 AwKpew hsc \of-ap≈ apgw sIm≠p-am-bn-cp∂p. lc- ∏ ≥ kwkv I m- c - Ø nse hkv X p- ° ƒ˛tIm´- I ƒ, hoYn- I ƒ, sI´n-S-߃, Pem-i-b-߃ apX-em-bh˛D≠m-°p-hm-\p-]-tbm-Kn® kma{Kn-Iƒ sNºp-sIm≠pw sh¶ewsIm≠pw \n¿an-®-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. Ccpºm-bp-[-߃ A°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂p thWw hnNm-cn-°pI. bp≤-km-a-{Kn-I-fpsS enÃn¬ s]Sp-Øm-hp∂ hfsc Ipd-®p-am-{Xta In´n-bn-´p≈q. Ip¥w, ]cip, Akv{Xw, hmƒ, Ih-W-°√v apX-em-bh-bm-WXv. `wKn-bmbn Nn{X-߃ hc® a¨]m-{X-ß-fmWv lc-∏-∑m¿ \ntXy\ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. CuPn]vXpw CdmJpw ]cp-Øn-ØpWn D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v F{Xtbm apºp-Xs∂ lc-∏m-km-{am-Py-Øn¬ AXp s\bvXp-≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn sXfn- ™ n- ´ p≠v . NpI∏p Nmbw sImSpØ Hcp XpWn- ° jWw taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bn¬-\n∂p In´p-I-bp-≠mbn. temI-Ønse G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-amb ]cpØn hkv{X-am-bn-cp∂p AsX∂v hnZ-Kv[-∑m¿ A`n{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. C¥y-bn¬-\n∂p ]pdw cmPy-ß-fn-te°v Ab-®n-cp∂ Nc-°p-I-fn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\-am-bXv ]cp-Øn-h-kv{X-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂psh∂pw Ah¿ ]d-bp∂p. bh-\∑m¿ ]cp-Øn°p sImSp-Øn-cp∂ \maw "knt‘m¨' F∂mWv. kn‘n¬\n∂v Cd-°p-aXn sNbvXn-cp-∂-XpsIm-≠m-hWw ]cp-Øn°v AhnsS B t]¿ In´nb-Xv.



hntZ-i_ - ‘w taml≥P- Z m- t dm- b n- s ebpw lc- ∏ - b n- s ebpw ]q¿h- \ n- h m- k n- I ƒ Xß-fpsS sXmgn-ep-Iƒ°pw Pohn-X-Øn-\p-am-h-iy-amb Akw-kvIr-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



101



X -]-Zm¿Y-߃ hmßp-∂-Xn\pw Xß-fp-≠m-°p∂ km[-\-߃ hn‰gn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]e cmPy-ß-fp-ambn _‘w ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-∂n-cp∂p. C¥y- b n¬Xs∂ sX°pw Ing- ° p- a p≈ {]tZ- i - ß - f p- a mbn Ah¿ hym]m-c-_‘w ÿm]n-®n-cp∂p. C¥y°p ]pdsa, A^vKm-\n-ÿm≥, CdmJv, t]¿jy apX-emb \mSp-I-fp-ambpw Ah¿ hym]m-c-_‘w ]pe¿Øn-t∏m∂p. A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\n¬\n∂pw cmP-ÿm-\nse J{Xnbn¬\n∂pw sNºv, ssakq-cn¬\n∂v kz¿Ww, Cdm-Jn¬\n∂v \oe°√v, ]mao-dn¬\n∂pw t]¿jy-bnse Jpdm-km-\n¬ \n∂pw sPbvUv Aß- s \ - ] - e Xpw Ah¿ Cd- ° p- a Xn sNbv X n- c p∂p. ]cp- Ø n- Ø pWnbpw kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ß-fp-am-bn-cp∂p kn‘n¬\n-∂p≈ {][m\ Ib‰p-a-Xn-®-c-°p-Iƒ. Du¿, emKmjv, kqk, sS¬-B-kvam¿ apX-emb AXn{]m-No\ \K-c-ß-fn¬\n∂v C¥y≥ hym]m-cn-I-fpsS ap{Z-Iƒ In´n-bXvXs∂ CXn\v sXfn-hmWv. emKm-jns‚ ASp-Øp-\n∂v In´nb Hcp C¥y≥ ap{Z Hcp XpWn-s°-´n-t∑¬\n-∂mWv Is≠-Sp-ØXv. lc-∏bn¬\n∂p In´nb Hcp ]m{X-°-jW-Øn-t∑epw Hcp ap{Z-taepw s]´I-Øns‚ Nn{Xw ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. IS¬bm{X kn‘p-X-S-hm-knIƒ°v kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v AXn¬-\n∂pw A\p-am-\n°mw.



ivaim-\ß - ƒ ivaim-\-ß-fn¬ ih-tØm-sSm∏w, acn® Bfn-\p-th≠n ]m{X-ßfn¬ `£-W-km-[-\-߃, B`-c-W-߃ apX-em-bh \nt£-]n-®p-ImWp∂p. Cu k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬\n∂v lc-∏≥ P\-߃°p ac-Wm-\-¥c-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ hnizm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p sXfn-bp∂p. Hcp ih°p-gn-bn¬ ihw ]mb-bn¬ s]mXn™p, acw-sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb s]´nbn¬sh®v ad-am-Sn-b-Xmbn ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. {]mNo\ Cdm-Jnepw ihw Cßs\ s]´n-bn-emWv AS°w sNbvXn-cp-∂-sX∂v Kth-j-I∑m¿ ]d-bp∂p. lc- ∏ m- \ - K - c - Ø nse Hcp iv a im- \ - Ø ns‚ GXm\pw `mK- ß ƒ J\\w sNbvX-t∏mƒ ih-߃ an°-hbpw Xe -h-S-t°m-´m-°n-bmWv ad-hp-sN-bvX-sX∂v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign™p. Nne-Xn¬ ]m{X-ßfpw sNºp- s Im- ≠ p≈ Bbp- [ - ß fpw apJ- ° - Æ m- S n- I fpw aWn- I fpw CØnƒ kv]qWp-Ifpw a‰pw ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. Hcp Ipgn-bpsS \mep `mK-ßfpw CjvSn-I-sIm≠p ]Sp-Øn-cp∂p. Hcp kv{XobpsS ihw GgSn \of-ap≈ tZh-Zmcp ac-Øns‚ XSn Ipgn-®p-≠m-°nb s]´n-bnemWv AS°w sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. acw {Zhn®p s]mSn-bm-bn-t∏m-bn-cp∂p. F¶nepw s]´n-bpsS achpw BIr-Xnbpw hoe¿°v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign™p. Cu lc-∏≥ kv{Xo ImXp-I-fnepw hesØ ssIbn-s‚ \Sp-hn-c-enepw sNºp-tam-Xn-c-߃ AWn-™n-cp∂p.



Ime-\n¿Wbw lc-∏-bnepw taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bnepw \S-Ønb J\-\-{In-b-Iƒ°v



102



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



t\XrXzw hln® k¿. tPm¨ am¿j¬ lc∏m \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS Imew GXm≠v {In. ap. 2500 BsW∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bnse Nne ap{Z-Iƒ {]mNo\ saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ \K-c-ß-fn¬\n∂p In´n-bn-cp∂p. B ap{Z-I-tfm-sSm∏w saskm-s]m-t´an-b-bn¬\n∂v Is≠-SpØ a‰p Nne hkvXp-°-fpsS Imew \n¿W-bn°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, lc-∏m-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ Imehpw AXm-bn-cn°-W-sa∂v At±lw Duln®p. CønsS A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\n¬ apfio-KUv {Kma-Øn¬ {^©p-Im¿ J\\w \SØn. lc- ∏ ≥kw- k v I m- c - Ø n\p aptº- b p≈ Hcp {KmaØns‚ taem-bn-cp∂p lc-∏m-\m-K-cn-IX AhnsS ÿm]n-X-am-bXv. Im¿_¨˛14 ]co-£-Ww-sIm≠v lc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Bcw`w {In. ap. 2700-˛mam-≠n-em-sW∂p \n›-bn-°p-hm≥ {]kvXpX Kth-jI-∑m¿°v km[n®p. k¿ am¿j-ens‚ Dulw Hcp-am-Xncn icn-bm-bn-cp∂p-sh∂v CXp sXfn-bn-°p∂p. 5000 sIm√w ]g-a-bp≈ kn‘p-X-S-kw-kvImcw \ΩpsS ZrjvSnbn¬s]-Sp-∂Xp ]q¿WX {]m]n® Hcp \mK-cn-I-X-bm-bn-´mWv. AXn\m¬ B kwkv I m- c - Ø ns‚ Bcw`w A°m- e - Ø n\pw F{Xtbm apºm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√.*



A[ymbw HºXv



Bcy˛Zkyp {]iv\w `mc-Xob kwkvImc Ncn-{X-Øn¬ AXn-cq-£-amb hnhm-Z-Øn-\nShcpØnb Hcp hnj-b-am-Ip∂p Bcy˛Zkyp-{]iv\w. `mc-X-Ønse G‰hpw {]mNo-\-km-ln-Xy-sa∂v \ncq-]-I-∑m¿ sFI-I-WvtTy\ kΩ-Xn® EtKzZ-Øn¬, c≠p hn`m-K-߃°n-S-bn¬ \S-am-Sn-bn-cp∂ ka-c-kw-L-´-\ß-fpsS hnh-cWw ImWmw. "Bcy-∑m¿' F∂pw "Zkyp-°ƒ' F∂pw ]d-™p-h-cp∂ {]kvXpX c≠p hn`m-K-ß-fm-cm-bn-cp∂p? CsX-∏‰n kz¬]w {]Xn-]m-Zn-t°-≠-Xp≠v. thZ-I¿Øm-°ƒ As√-¶n¬ "thZ-{Z-jvSm-°ƒ' Bcy hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcyw \nkvX¿°-as{X. thZ-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw {]mNo-\-am-bXv EtKz-Z-kw-ln-X-bm-sW∂ hnj-b-Ønepw ]£m-¥-can√. AXn- \ m¬ EtKzZw \¬Ip∂ kqN- \ - I sf B[m- c - a m°n {]kvXpX {]iv\-Øn\v DØcw ImWm≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xmhpw DØaw. thZ-I¿Øm-°-fmb Bcy-∑m¿°v C¥y-bn¬ {]_-e-amb Hcp FXn¿i-‡nsb A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°≠n h∂ hkvXpX EtKz-Z-Øn¬



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



103



Aßp-∂n-tßmfw {]Xn-]m-Zn®p ImWp∂p. Cu i{Xp-k-aq-lsØ thZw "Zkyp-°ƒ' F∂ ]cn-lm-k-t∏-cn-emWv hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Zkyp F∂m¬ Zmk≥, i{Xp Fs∂m-s°-bmWv A¿Yw. Nne-t∏mƒ "Zmk≥' F∂pw "Akp-c≥' F∂pw B hn`m-KsØ hnfn-®-Xmbn ImWmw. thZ-߃°v hfsc tijw \ne-hn¬ h∂ IrXn-I-fmWv "kvar-Xn-Iƒ' AYhm [¿a-im-kv{X-߃. Ah-bn¬ {]kvXpX hn`m-KsØ "]nimN-∑m¿', "cm£-k-∑m¿', "hrj-f-∑m¿', "Nfim-e-∑m¿', "iq{Z-∑m¿' F∂pw a‰p- a mWv hnti- j n- ∏ n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv . BI- b m¬ {]kv X pX hn`mKw Bcy-ssh-cn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Xo¿®. Cu c≠p hn`m-K߃°n-S-bn¬ \nc-¥cw bp≤-ßfpw sIm≈-Ifpw \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn thZw Bh¿Øn-®m-h¿Øn®p ]d-bp-∂p≠v. bp≤-ß-fn¬ Bcy-hn-`mK-Øns‚ ]£-ØmWv hnP-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂pw thZw Ah-Im-is∏-Sp∂p. Bcy-∑mcpw Zkyp-°fpw Htc h¿K-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂pthm? Bbn-cp∂p- s h- ∂ mWv C∂v Nne sslµh {KŸ- I m- c - ∑ m¿ hmZn- ° p- ∂ Xv . Bcy˛Zkypk-a-c-߃ tIhew IpSpw-_-I-e-l-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ah¿ kn≤m-¥n-°p∂p. F∂m¬ _lp-`q-cn-]£w Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I∑m-cp-sSbpw \nK-a\w Ah¿ XnI®pw `n∂-amb c≠p h¿K-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p-sh-∂s{X. Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ \S-am-Sn-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Bcy-th-Z-ß-fn¬ ]d-bp∂ ka-c-߃ h¿Ko-bhpw h¿W-]-c-hp-amb ka-c-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p F∂pw Ch¿ ka¿Yn-°p∂p. \ap°o hnhm-Z-Øn¬ khn-ti-j-amb XmXv]-cy-sam-∂p-an-s√-¶nepw, Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-Xsb B \nebv°p Xs∂ ImWp-I-sb-∂-XmWv \oXnbpsS XmXv]-cy-sa∂p \mw hniz-kn-°p∂p. AXn-\m¬ Bcy˛ Zkyp{]-iv\-sØ-∏‰n In´n-tb-S-tØmfw sXfn-hns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp ]cm-a¿iw \S-Øm≥ CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ ss[cy-s∏-Sp∂p. Bcy-∑mcpw Zkyp-°fpw XΩn¬ aX-]-c-amb `n∂-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p-sh∂v {]Ya ZrjvSn-bn¬Xs∂ ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. Bcy-∑m¿ Bcm[n-®n-cp∂ tZh-∑msc Zkyp-°ƒ AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂n√. Bcy-tZ-h-∑mcn¬ {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p "C{µ≥.' EtKz-Z-Øn¬ C{µs\ kvXpXn-®p]m-Snb a{¥-߃°v IW-°n√. Zkyp-°-sfbpw Ah-cpsS \K-c-ßsfbpw cmPm-°-∑m-scbpw XI¿Øp Xcn-∏-W-am-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p C{µs‚ apJy-IrXyw. AXn-\m¬ C{µ\v "]pc-µ-c≥' (\K-c-hn-[zw-kI≥) Fs∂mcp ÿm\-t∏cp Xs∂ thZw \¬Ip-I-bp-≠mbn. C{µs‚ A]-Zm-\-߃ Io¿Øn® Iq´-Øn¬ thZw ]d-bp∂p: ""kkm-\mXymw DX-kqcy kkmt\˛ {µx kkm\ ]pcp-t`m-Pk Kmw! lnc-Wy-ap-Xy-t`mKw kk\ lXzo Zkyq≥ {]mcy-h¿Æ-am-hXv!'1



104



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Cu E°ns\ alm- I hn h≈- t Ømƒ ]Zy- Ø n¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xp t\m°pI: ""\¬In,biz-ßsf; \¬In, Znt\-is\; \¬In,bn{µ≥ ]pcp-t`m-Kybmw tKmhns\; \¬In, s]m∂n-∑p-X¬; Zkyp-°-sf-s°m∂p \∂mbn c£n-®n-Xm-cy-h¿Æ-ßsf!'' C{µ≥ Bcy-∑m-cpsS {]Xn-tbm-Kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂ Zkyp-°sf sIm∂psh∂pw Bcy-h¿W-ßsf c£n-®p-sh-∂p-amWv ChnsS ]d-bp-∂Xv. "Bcy-h¿W-߃' F∂p hnti-jm¬ ]d-™-Xn¬\n∂v h¿W (h¿K) hntZz- j - a mWv Cu ka- c - Ø ns‚ ]nd- I n¬ {]h¿Øn- ® - s X∂v Duln°mw. ]n¬°m-eØv Bcy-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬ \S-∏n¬h-cp-Ønb "NmXp¿h¿Wy-hy-h-ÿnXn' {]kvXpX A\p-am-\-Øn\p {]m_eyw \¬Ip-∂p-≠vXm\pw. BI-bm¬ thZ-Øn¬ h¿Wn® Bcy˛ Zkypkw-L¿jw ChnsS cqV-aq-e-am-bn-Øo¿∂ h¿W-k-a-c-Øns‚ XpS°-sØ-bmWv Ipdn-°p-∂Xv. C∂v Ata-cn-°-bnepw kuØm-{^n-°bnepw \-S-am-Sp∂, IdpØ h¿K-°mcpw sh≈-°mcpw XΩn-ep≈ h¿Wk-a-cw-t]mse Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p AXpw.



kwL¿j-Øns‚ cq£X Bcy˛Zkyp kwL¿j-Øns‚ cq£X Xpey-X-bn-√m-Ø-Xm-bncp∂p. Bcy-∑m-sc-°mƒ kwkvIr-Xnbpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw {]m]n® Hcp hn`m-K-am-bn-cp∂p Zkyp-°ƒ. Ah-cpsS i‡nbpw {]Xm-]hpw AhK-Wn-°m≥ Bcy-∑m¿°v Ign-™n√. kp`-{Z-amb tIm´-Ifpw kpkwkv I r- X - a mb ]´- W - ß fpw Akq- b m¿l- a mb `c- W - k w- h n- [ m- \ hpw Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v thZw Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-°p∂p. Bcy-∑m¿°mIs´, AsXm∂pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. F∂n-cp-∂mepw bp≤-ß-fn¬ ASn-°Sn ]cm-P-b-amWv Zkyp-°ƒ°v t\cn-´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv. Hcpthf Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ th≠{X sFIyhpw tbmPn-∏p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√m-bn-cn°mw. F∂m¬ thZ-{Z-jvSm-°-fmb Ejnam¿ B ]cm-P-b-Øn¬ ImWp∂ ImcWw as‰m-∂mWv. k¿h-i-‡\mb C{µ≥ Xºp-cms‚ A{]-Xn-tcm-[y-amb Ignhpw anSp°pw! Zkyp-°ƒ hnhn[ hn`m-K-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p. B hn`m-K-ß-fpsS t]cpIƒ thZ-Øn¬ FSp-Øp-]-d-™n-´p≠v. inayp-°ƒ, IoI-X¿, AP∑m¿, in{Kp-°ƒ, b£p-°ƒ F∂o hn`m-K-߃ A°q-´-Øn¬s]Sp∂p. Ah¿°v Nne cmPm-°-∑mcpw t\Xm-°-∑m-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. iw_-c≥, h¿®n v, [p\n, Npapdn, ]n{]v, Ceo-_-k≥, IrjvW≥, ipjv-W≥ F∂o cmPm-°-∑m¿ kp{]-kn-≤-cm-bn-cp∂p. iw_-c\v \qdp°-W-°mb "]pc-߃' (\K-c-߃) D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah Icn-¶-√p-sIm≠mWv \n¿an®ncp∂-sX∂pw thZw kΩ-Xn°p-∂p:



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



105



""B¿ iw_-cs‚ \qdp ]pcm-X\ \K-c-ßsf h{PwsIm≠v ]nf¿Øn-tbm, B¿ h¿®n-bpsS \qdm-bn-csØ hogn-®pthm, B C{µ\v tkmaw sIm≠p-h-cp-hn≥!''2 Bcy-∑m¿ bmK-Øn¬ Xß-fpsS tZh-X-Iƒ°¿∏n-®n-cp∂ Hcp Xcw hnip-≤-]m-\o-b-amWv tkmaw. C{µ-tZ-h\v A¿∏n-°m≥ tkmaw sIm≠p-h-cm≥ {]kvXpX a{¥-Øn¬ Ejn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p. ImcWw, At±-l-Øns‚ i‡n aqe-amWv Icn-¶-√p-sIm≠v \n¿an-X-amb ZkyptIm-´-Iƒ XI¿°p-hm≥ Bcy-∑m¿°p Ign-™Xv: ""C{µ≥ Icn-¶¬∏-Wn-bm-ao-c-ºXp ]pc-ßsf, lhn p \evInb Znthm-Zm-k-∂m-bn-s∏m-Xp-°n-\m≥!''3 Znthm-Zm-k≥ Hcp Bcy-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp∂p. At±lw C{µ\v lhn v (b⁄w, AYhm bmKw) \evIn. AXn-\m¬ Znthm-Zm-ks‚ i{Xphmb iw_-c≥ Icn-¶-√p-sIm≠v ]Wn-bn® \qdp Zp¿K-ßsf C{µ≥ XI¿Øp Xcn-∏-W-am°n. CXmWv {]Ir-X-a-{¥-Ønse {]tabw. Icn-¶-√p-sIm≠p am{X-a√, Ccp-ºp-sIm≠pw A°m-eØv tIm´Iƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn thZw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v: ""apºv Hcp \qdp Ccp-ºp-tIm-´-I-fn¬ Rm≥ (hma-tZ-h≥ Ejn) ]m¿Øn-cn°p∂p....''4 Zkyp-°ƒs°-Xnsc Ccpºp tIm´-I-fm-bn-Øo-c-W-sa∂p Hcp a{¥Øn¬, A·n-tZ-h-t\mSv Ejn-am¿ {]m¿Yn-°p∂p: ""R߃°mƒ°msc c£n-∏m\,{][¿jn-X-\mw-`-hm≥ ]cw ]c∂ s]cn-tbm-cn-cn-ºp ]pcn-bm-IWw!''5 AXn-\m¬ Ccpºv thZ-I¿Øm-°ƒ°v kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp∂p. hºn-s®mcp i‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p Zkyp-°ƒ. ]t£, Bcy-∑m-cp-am-bp≈ t]mcm-´-ß-fn¬ Ah-cpsS ]°¬ th≠{X Bbp-[-߃ D≠m-bn-cp∂n-s√∂p tXm∂p∂p. ]cn-jvI-cn® Ccp-ºm-bp-[-߃°m-bn-cp∂p A°m-eØv {]m[m\yw. Ccp-ºn\v kz¿WsØ-°m-f-[nIw hne-bp≈ Hcp Imew Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Ign-™p-t]m-bn-´p≠v. Akp-c-∑m-cpsS hiw ]cn-jvIr-Xm-bp-[-ß-fn-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v thZ-Øn¬ \n∂v a\- n-emIp∂p: ""C{µ, `hms‚ Xnf-ßp∂ hn√n-t\bpw acp-Xvkw-L-tØbpw h{PtØbpw Bsc-Xn¿°pw? EPo-jn≥, Bbp-[-an-√mØ, tZh-tZz-jn-I-fmb Akp-c-∑msc \n¥n-cp-hSn N{Iw-sIm≠v B´n-∏m-bn-®mepw!''6 F∂m¬ C{µs‚ ]£-°m¿°-Xp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. h{Pw, N{Iw apXemb ]cn-jvIrX Ccp-ºm-bp-[-ß-fmWv Ah-cpsS hi-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. ""C{µs‚ apdpsI-∏n-Sn® h{Pw Ccp-ºmWv; C{µs‚ ssIIƒ°v hf-sc-bp≠v _ew!.....''7



Akpc t\Xm-°∑ - m-cpsS hn\miw



106



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Akp-c-cm-Pm-°-∑m-scbpw Ah-cpsS tk\m-hyq-l-ß-sfbpw \in∏n® IY-I-fm¬ \n¿`-c-amWv thZ-a-{¥-߃. cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Iq´Øn¬ t]cp-tI´ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p iw_-c≥. At±-l-Øns‚ \qdp-]p-c߃ Xcn-∏-W-am-°n-b-Xn¬ Ejn-am¿°v C{µ-t\m-Sp≈ IS-∏mSv A]mc-am-bn-cp∂p. B IY EtKz-Z-Øn¬ ]e-hpcp Bh¿Øn-®n-cn-°p∂p. as‰mcp Akp-c-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp∂p h¿®n AYhm h¿®nkv. \qdmbncw hcp∂ At±-l-Øns‚ ssk\y-i-‡nsb C{µ≥ XI¿Ø IY \mw apºp kqNn-∏n®p. F∂m¬ A{X-sbm-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n√ h¿®n-bpsS ssk\n- I - _ ew. At±- l - Ø ns‚ A©p- e £w P\- ß sf X√n- Ø I¿Ø-Xmbn as‰m-cn-SØv thZw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p: ""t]mcm, tX¿h-´-gn-I-sf-t∏mse X√n-Ø-I¿Øp, \o hn[zw-knbmw h¿®n-bp-sS-b-©p-e£w P\-ßsf!''8 ]ns∂mcp Akp-c-cm-Pmhv IrjvW-\m-bn-cp∂p. Awip-a-Xo-\-Zn-bpsS Xoc-Øm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ cmP-[m\n. At±-lsØ Xs‚ ]Xn\m-bncw ]S-bm-fn-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn C{µ≥ Xºp-cm≥ \in-∏n-®-Xmbn thZw A`n-am-\n-°p∂p: ""{ZpX-k-©m-cn-bmb IrjvW≥ ]Xn-\m-bncw Bfp-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn Awip-aXo XocØp ]m¿Øn-cp∂p. AX-dn™p a\p-jy-kvt\-ln-bmb C{µ≥ A´- l m- k - a n- S p∂ Ah- ¶ ¬ sNs∂Øn, sIme- ] - S - I sf sIms∂m-Sp°n!'' ""Awip-a-Xo-\-Zn-bpsS Hcp hn]p-e-amb \nKqV ÿeØv, BImi-sØ-∂-t]mse, \nh-kn-°p∂ {ZpX-k-©m-cn-bmb IrjvWs\ Rm≥ (C{µ≥) Is≠Øn......'' ""{ZpX- k - © mcn Awip- a - X o- k - a o- ] Øp an∂n- Ø n- f - ß n- s °m≠p tZlw XSn-∏n-®p-t]m∂p. C{µ-\m-Is´, _rl-kv]-Xn-tbm-sSm-∂n®v, FXn¿sØ-Ønb Akp-c-∏-S-Isf \nl\n®p!''9 thsdmcp Zmk-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp∂p ipjvW≥. At±-lhpw C{µ-\m¬ h[n- ° - s ∏´p. At±- l - Ø ns‚ IW- ° n- √ mØ tKmk- º Øv C{µ≥ kzkm-a¿Yyw-sIm≠p ]nSn-®p-]‰n. ""AtX, h{Pn≥, Ahn-S∂p h{Pw sIm≠v ipjvWs‚ \nkvXpey- a mb _ew IqkmsX \in- ∏ n- ® p- h t√m; Ahn- S ∂v Bbp- [ ߃sIm≠p sIm∂p. C{µm, Ahn-S∂v _p≤n-sIm≠p tKm°sf t\Sn!'' 10 ]ip- ° - f m- b n- c p∂p A∂sØ kº- Z vk- a r- ≤ n- ° m- k v]Zw. Hcmƒs°{X ss]°-fpt≠m A{Xbpw [\m-Vy-\mbn Abmƒ KWn°-s∏Spw. AXm-Wn-hnsS tKm°sf t\Sn F∂p ]d-™-Xns‚ ]›mØew. i{Xp-\n-{K-l-sØ-°mƒ a{¥-{Z-jvSm-°-fmb Ejn-am¿°p IqSpX¬ {][m\w tKmk-ºØp t\´-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v tXm∂pw. an°-hmdpw a{¥-ß-fn¬ [\-Zm-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ {]m¿Y\ ImWmw.



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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ipjv - W ≥ hºn® [\- { ]- ` p- h m- b n- c p∂p. bp≤- Ø n¬ At±- l Øns‚ kºØv apgp-h≥ Xcn-∏-W-ambn: ""t]mcm, Nn∂n-®n-sX,-ºmSpw ipjv-Ws‚ apX¬ [rjvW, \o Ahs‚bm \K-cn-I-f-h-a¿±n® thf-bn¬!''11 Bcy-i-{Xp-°-fn¬ as‰mcp {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p ]n{]p. Ct±lw {]Xm-]-im-enbpw alm i‡-\p-am-bn-cp∂p. Bcy-tZ-h-\mb C{µ≥ At±-l-sØ-bpw Xa¿Øn. X∑qew "]n{]p-Lv\≥' Fs∂mcp _lp-aXnbpw C{µ\p e_v[-ambn: ""No¿Ø arK-b-s\-°o-gvs∏-Sp-Øn, bvdvPn˛ izmhmw hnZ-Yn-]p-{X∂p ]n{]pLv\, \o; sIm∂q, Idp-º-sc-b-º-Xn-\m-bncw; {iosb-÷-c-t]m-ep-S®q, ]pc-ßsf!''12 AXm-bXv, hnZ-Yn-bpsS ]p{X\pw Bcy-cm-Pm-hp-amb EPn-izm-hpambn \S∂ t]mcm-´-Øn¬ i{Xp-°-fmb arK-b-s\bpw ]n{]p-hn-s\bpw C{µ≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏-SpØn. IqSmsX, Aº-Xn-\m-bncw Akp-c-∏-S-(Idpº¿)I-sfbpw sIm∂p apSn®p. buh-\sØ Pcbpw hm¿[-Iyhpw \in∏n-°p-at√m. AXp t]mse i{Xp-°-fpsS \K-c-ßsf C{µ≥ Xcn-∏W-am°n. Z`oXn F∂ Bcy-t\-Xm-hn-\p-th≠n thsdmcp ap∏-Xn-\m-bn-csØ C{µ≥ sIms∂m-Sp°n: ""Dd-°n-\m≥, ap∏-Xn-\m-bncw hn[zwk-io-esc imkv{Xw-Nm-´n±, `oXn°v th≠n, bn{µ≥ apSp-°n-\m¬!''13 Cßs\ Akpc \io-I-cW IY-Iƒ \nd™ a{¥-߃ \nc-h[n-bmWv.



kwL¿j ImcWw thZ-߃ Bcy-∑msc tZh-∑m-cmbpw A\m-cy-∑msc Akp-c-∑m-cmbp- a mWv k¶¬]n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv . AXn- \ m¬ tZhm- k p- c - b p- ≤ - ß ƒ F∂mWv {]kvXpX kwL-´-\-ßsf hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ F¥m-bn-cp∂p Cu tZh-mkpc kwL¿j tlXp? Cu {]iv\-Øn\p≈ DØcw thZw \¬Ip-∂p≠v. AXn-{]-[m-\-amb ImcWw aX]cw Xs∂. Akp-c-∑m¿ "iniv\-tZh'∑m¿ (tZh-hn-tZz-jn-Iƒ) Bbncp∂p. Bcy-∑m-cpsS C{µs\tbm hcp-W-s\tbm at‰m Akp-c-∑m¿ tkhn-®n-cp-∂n√. AI¿an-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p. bmKßfpw b⁄-ßfpw \SØn-bn-cp-∂n√. CXm-bn-cp∂p apJy hntZzj ImcWw. ]t£, aX-]-c-amb Cu Imc-W-tØm-sSm∏w thsdbpw Imc-Wß-fp-≠m-hWw. Bcy-∑m¿ ChnsS tImfWn ÿm]n-°m-\mWv {ian®n-cp-∂Xv. Zkyp-°ƒ°Xp kΩ-X-am-bn-cp-∂n√. IqSmsX Bcy-∑m¿ hntZ-in-I-fm-bn-cp∂p; A\m-cy-∑mtcm, kztZ-in-Ifpw. Bcy-∑m¿ Hcp



108



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



{]tXyI PmXn- ° mcpw h¿W- ° m- c p- a m- b n- c p∂p. Zkyp- ° ƒ Ahcn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvXcpw. Cßs\ aXw, kwkvImcw, BNmcw, ]mcºcyw, h¿Ww, ico-cm-IrXn, tZio-bX F√mw sIm≠pw `n∂ hn`mK- ß - f m- b n- c p∂p Bcym- \ m- c y- h ¿K- ß - s f∂v thZ- Ø n¬\n- ∂ p- X s∂ sXfnbpw. h¿K-hn-`-P-\-Øn\v B[p-\nI \c-hwi imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ B[mc-am-°p-∂Xv {][m-\-ambpw c≠p Imcy-ß-fmWv: 1. ico-cm-IrXn. 2. `mjm-ssh-PmXyw. icoc e£-W-ß-fn¬ sXmen-bpsS \nd-Øn\pw aq°n-s‚bpw Xe-bp-sSbpw hep-∏-Øn\pw Xe-\m-cns‚ BIr-Xn-°pamWv IqSp- X ¬ {]m[m\yw \¬In- ° m- W p- ∂ Xv. AXn- \ m¬ Bcy˛Zkyp {]iv\sØ h¿K-hn-`-P\ kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ \ap°p ]cn-tim-[n°mw.



imco-cnI e£Ww Zkyp-°-fpsS ico-cm-Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂pw Xptemw hyXy-kvX-am-bncp∂p Bcy-∑m-cp-tSXv. Bcy-tKm-{X-°m¿ s]mXp-hn¬ shfpØ sXmenbp- ≈ - h cpw heØp IpSpΩ h®- h - c p- a m- b n- c p∂p. A\m- c y- ∑ mtcm, IdpØ h¿W-ap-≈-hcpw. thZ-{Z-jv-Sm-°-fmb al¿jn-am-cn¬ Hcp {][m\n-bm-Wv hkn-jvT≥. Ct±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ \nc-h[n kq‡-ß-fp≠v EtKz-Z-Øn¬. kzP-\sØ Blzm-\w-sN-bvXp-sIm≠v hkn-jvT≥ ]dbp-∂Xp t\m°pI: ""shfpØ \ndhpw heØp IpSp-Ω-bp-ap≈ I¿a-]q-c-I-∑m¿ Fs∂ kt¥m-jn-∏n-®p-ht√m; AXn-\m¬ b⁄-Øn¬ \ns∂-gp-t∂‰v Rm≥ t\Xm-°-tfmSv ]d-bp∂p: hkn-jvT-∑m¿ F¶¬\n∂v AI-se-t∏m-IcpXv ! '' 14 b⁄w \S-Øp-tºmƒ Npcp-ßn-bXv \mep ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-sc¶n-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cn°pw. Ah¿°v Xm¥m-߃ \n¿h-ln-°p∂ IrXy-a\p-k-cn®p t]cp-I-fp≠v. A[zcyp, {_“mhv, DZvKm-Xmhv, tlmXmhv! "EXzn-°p-Iƒ' F∂mWv Cu ]ptcm-ln-X-hr-µsØ kmam-t\y\ hnfn°pI. hkn-jvTs‚ ta¬ a{¥-Øn¬, I¿a-]q-c-I-cmb hkn-jvT-hw-iP-sc√mw sh≈-\n-d-°mcpw heØp IpSp-Ω-h-®-h-cp-am-sW∂p ]d-™Xn¬ \n∂pw Bcy-h¿K-Øns‚ ico-cm-IrXn AXm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂qln°mw. Zkyp-°-fn¬\n∂v kz¥w P\sØ th¿Xn-cn®p ImWn-∏m\m-hWw hkn-jvT≥ Aßs\ hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv. c≠m-bncw sIm√sØ ]ga \n¿W-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp kwkvIrX IrXn-bmWv "]mWn-\ob alm-`mjyw.' AXn¬ ]X-⁄en {_mlvaWsc h¿Wn-®Xv Cu hm°p-I-fn-emWv: ""Kucw ipNym-Nmcw ]nwKfw I]ne tIiw ZrjvSzm-[y-h-kyXn {_mlva-tWm-b-aXn!''15 Cu hcn-I-fn¬\n∂pw {InkvXp-hn-t\m-S-SpØ Ime-Øp≈ {_mlvaW¿ (Bcy-h¿Kw) t]mepw sh≈-°mcpw sNº≥ Xe-ap-Sn-bp-≈-h-cp-



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am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hy‡w. F∂m¬ ip≤ Bcy-h¿K-°m-c√, k¶-cPm-Xn-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. F∂n-´p-t]mepw Ah-cpsS \nd-Ønt\m Xe-ap-Snt°m henb am‰w h∂n-s√-¶n¬, ip≤-h¿W-°mcm-bn-cp∂ thZ ImesØ Bcy-∑m-cpsS ÿnXn A\p-am-\n-°m-t\bp≈q. Zkyp-°-fpsS ico-cm-Ir-Xn-sb-∏-‰nbpw EtKz-Z-Øn¬ Nne kqN-\Iƒ ImWmw. Zkyp-hns‚ \ndw Idp-∏m-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ Ahs\ "IrjvW≥' (Idp-Ø-h≥) F∂p EtKzZw hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p: ""C{µx-k-a’p bP-am-\-am-cyX {]mh-Zzn-tizjvT. iX-aqXn cmPn-jp-kz¿Ωoe˛tljzm-Pnjp a\th imkZ˛{hXm-¥zNw IrjvWm-a-c-‘-bXv Zi∂ hnizw XXr-jm-W-tam-jXn \y¿i-km-\tamjXn!''16 Cu E°ns\ alm-Ihn h≈-tØmƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXXv Cßs\-bmWv: ""\qdp c£-I-fp≈ C{µ≥ bP-am-\-\mb Bcys\ ]cp-°p-s]-SpØp∂ t]mcp-I-fn-se√mw˛kz¿K-{]-Z-ß-f-mb t]mcp-I-fnepw˛c£n®p t]mcp∂p. Ahn-S∂p a\p-jy¿°p th≠n I¿a-c-ln-Xsc in£n®p; IrjvWs‚ tXmep-cn™p IØn®p; t{Zmln-Isf Nps´-cn®p; lnwkm]-c-scsb√mw Nps´-cn®p!'' CXnse IrjvW-i_vZw Hcp hy‡n-\m-a-a√ {]XypX, h¿W-hmNn-bs{X. Bcys\ "bP-am-\≥' (b⁄w Ign-°p-∂-h≥) F∂p hntijn-∏n-®-t]mse Zkyp-°sf I¿a-c-ln-X¿ (b⁄-an-√m-Ø-h¿), "lnwkm]-c¿' (t{Zmln-Iƒ) F∂pw hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p. A°q-´-Øn-emWv "IrjvW≥' F∂ ]Zhpw {]tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv. BI-bm¬ Akp-cs‚ Hcp {]I-S-amb khn-ti-j-X-bm-bn-cp∂p IrjvWXzw (Idp-∏p-\ndw) F∂v A\p-am-\n°mw. h¿K-hn-`-P-\-Øn\v \nZm-\-ambn hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ e£-W-ß-fn¬ aq°ns‚ BIr-Xn-bpw- s]-Sp∂p. A\m-cy-∑m-cpsS aq°v ]Xp-ßn-bXpw Bcy-∑m-cp-tSXv Db¿∂p \o≠-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p. EtKzZw Zkyp-°sf "A\mkm' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww. thZw ]dbp∂p: ""{]m\y- ® - { I- a m- h rlx kqcky Ir’m- X ym\y Zzcn- t hm- b mXth ƒIx A\mtkm Zkyp-c-artWm ht[\ \n ZptcymW Bhr-W-ar{[-hNx'' 17 Cu E°n\v h≈-tØm-fns‚ X¿Pa Cß-s\-bmWv: ""Aßp kqcys‚ Hcp tX¿®{Iw th¿s∏SpØn; a‰Xp Ip’\p [\w t\Sm≥ h®p. Iq‰-n-√mØ IqS-esc Aßv Bbp-[w-sIm≠p



110



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



l\n®p˛ bp≤-Øn¬ \m°-dpØp sIm∂p!'' "A\m-tkm- Zkypx' F∂-Xn\v "Iq‰n-√mØ IqS-e¿' F∂mWv h≈tØmƒ A¿Yw sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ a‰p Nne¿ "aq°n-√mØ Zkyp-°ƒ' F∂ A¿Y-amWv AXn\p kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. AXm-bXv, Bcy- ∑ msc At]- £ n®v sNdp- a q- ° - ∑ m- c m- b n- c p∂p Zkyp- ° - s f∂v kn≤w. Npcp- ° - Ø n¬ aXw, `mj, kwkv I mcw, BNmcw, ico- c mIrXn˛Aßs\ F√m- Ø nepw Bcy- ∑ m- c n¬\n∂v `n∂- a mb Hcp {]tXyI h¿K-am-bn-cp∂p Zkyp-°ƒ. AXn-\m¬ Ah¿ XΩn¬ \S∂-Xmbn thZw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂ kwL¿jw C∂p Nne¿ hmZn°pw-t]mse shdp-samcp IpSpw-_-I-e-l-ambn hnNm-cn-°m≥ hø.



]fin-X∑ - m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw `mc-Xob Z¿i-\-ß-sf-∏‰n Ah-Km-V-amb ]T\w \S-Ønb `mcXob alm-]-fin-X-\mb tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Bcy∑m-sc∂pw Zkyp-°-sf∂pw ]d™ph∂n-cp-∂Xv c‡-_-‘-sØbpw ]mc-º-cy-sØbpw Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp≈ c≠p hn`n-∂-h¿K-°m-sc°p-dn-®mWv.'' 18 as‰mcp ]fin- X - \ mb kn.hn. sshZy (C.V. Vaidya) ]d- b p∂p: ""tPXm-°-fmbn C¥y-bn¬ {]th-in® Bcy-∑m¿ shfpØ \ndhpw Db¿∂ aq°p-ap≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. ChnsS Iogvs∏-Sp-Ø-s∏´ Zkyp-°fm-Is´, sNdnb aq°pw IdpØ \nd-hp-ap-≈-hcpw''.19 h≈-tØm-fns‚ EtKzZ kwln-X°v BapJw Fgp-Xnb ]tc-X\mb {io. sI.Fw. ]Wn-°¿ {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂Xp t\m°pI: ""Zkyp°-fpsS cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬ ]e-cp-sSbpw t]¿ EtKz-Z-Øn-ep≠v. [p\n, Npacn, ]n{]p, h¿®nkv, iw_-c≥ apX-em-b-h¿ ]cm-{I-an-I-fm-bn-cp∂p-sh∂v Bcy-∑mcpw kΩ-Xn-°p∂p. Zkyp-P-\-X-bnse ]e hn`m-Kß-fn¬ inayp-°ƒ, IoI-X¿, in{Kp-°ƒ, b£p-°ƒ F∂n-h¿°mWv {]m[m\yw. Ah-cpsS aq°v ]Xp-ßn-b-sX∂pw (A\m-k¿) \ndw IdpØ-sX∂pw hnti-jm¬ ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xn-\m¬, Ct∏m-gsØ "{Zmhn-UPmXn'bn¬ s]´- h - c m- b n- c p∂p Ah¿ F∂q- l n°mw. Ah¿ "A\mcy'amb Hcp `mj-bmWv kwkm-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. AI¿an-I-fm-bncp∂p; bmKm- Z n- I ƒ Ign- ® n- c p- ∂ n√; C{µm- Z n- t Z- h - ∑ msc ]qPn- ® n- c p∂n√....."iniv\-tZhmx' F∂v Ahsc A[n-t£-]n-®n-´p≠v.''20 Hcp ]m›m-Xy≥ ]fin-X-\mb Atcm-kvanØv (Arrow Smith) FgpXp∂p: ""Zkyp-°ƒ hy‡-ambpw ]©m-_nse ]q¿h-\n-hm-kn-I-fm-bncp∂p... Bcy-∑m-cpsS B{I-a-W-Im-eØv {Zmhn-U-`mj kwkm-cn-°p∂ P\-ßsf ]©m-_n¬ I≠n-cp∂p F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ \ap-s°-Ønt®- c m- h p- ∂ - X mWv . Imgv N - b nepw kwkm- c - Ø nepw Ah¿ Bcy- ∑ mcn¬\n∂pw `n∂-cm-bn-cp∂p. Bcy-∑m-cpsS \ndw shfp∏pw Zkyp-°-fp-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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tSXv Idp-∏p-am-bn-cp∂p.''21



Zkyp-°ƒ {Zmhn-Uc - m-bn-cp∂p {Zmhn-U-∑m-cpsS tI{µ-ambn Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ IW-°m-°p-∂Xv sXs° C¥y-sb-bmWv. hnti-jn®pw Xan-gv\mSv, B{‘, tIcfw, ssakq¿ apX-emb {]tZ-i-ßsf. F∂m¬ hSs° C¥y-bn¬ ]teS-ß-fnepw ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv {Zmhn-U∑m¿ ]m¿∏p-d-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Ncn{X-K-th-j-I-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. CX-\p-k-cn®v thZ-Øn¬ h¿Wn°-s∏´ Zkyp-h¿Kw {Zmhn-U-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°p-hm≥ \ymb-ap≠v. {io. kn.hn. sshZy A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p: ""Zkyp-°ƒ {Zmhn-U-cm-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ EtKz- Z - Ø n¬ B t]¿ FSpØp ]d- ™ p- I m- W p- ∂ n√. AtXbh-k-c-Øn¬ Bcy-\m-a-am-Is´, \nc-h[n XhW Bh¿Øn®n-´p-≠p-Xm\pw.''22 as‰mcp ]fin- X ≥ Fgp- X p∂p: ""{Zmhn- U - ∑ m¿ Hcp ImeØv ]©m_v, kn‘p, _eq-Nn-ÿm≥ F∂o {]tZ-i-ß-fpƒs∏sS C¥ymcmPyw apgp-h≥ \nh-kn-®p-sIm≠v, {Ia-Øn¬ saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-hsc IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øn-cp-∂-Xmbn ]d-bm-hp-∂-XmWv. _eq-Nn-ÿm-\n-ep≈ "{_mlzn' P\-hn-`mKw C∂pw {Zmhn-U-`m-j-bmWv kwkm-cn®p hcp-∂sX-∂p≈ hkvXpX Cu ho£-W-K-Xn-°p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-as{X. kn‘pX-S-hm-kn-Iƒ Bcy-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ kn≤m-¥-Øn\v A\p-Iq-enIƒ hfsc hnc-f-amWv.''23 Cu iX-I-Øns‚ XrXob Zi-I-Øn¬ kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-ß-fn¬ \SØ-s∏´ DXvJ-\-\-K-th-j-Ww-hgn Bcy kaq-l-Øn-t‚-Xn-s\-°mƒ ]pcm-X-\hpw ]ptcm-K-an-®-Xp-amb Hcp kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS߃ Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. "kn‘p-X-S-kw-kvImcw' F∂s{X Kthj-I-∑m-¿ AXn\v t]cp sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Aøm-bn-c-Øn¬]cw h¿j-ß-fpsS ]ga IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂ B kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ in¬]nIƒ `mc-X-Ønse BZn-hm-kn-I-fmb {Zmhn-U-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]e hnZ-Kv[-∑mcpw A\p-am-\n-°p∂p. ""Aøm- b ncw h¿j- ß ƒ°p- a pºv C¥y- b n¬ kn‘p- k w- ÿ m- \ Øn¬, "e¿°m\' Pn√-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂p-h∂ "taml≥P-Zmtdm' \Kcnbpw ]©m-_n¬ "tamfiv-tKm-adn' Pn√-bn¬ \ne-hn-en-cp∂ "lc∏m' \K- c nbpw CXn- \ nsS shfn- ® Øp sIm≠p- h - c - s ∏- S p- I - b p- ≠ mbn. AtXmsS C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-߃s°√mw \nZm\w sshZnI \mK-cnI-X-bm-sW∂ ]gb kn≤m¥w Akzo-Im-cy-ambn `hn®p. {]kvXpX kn‘p-X-S-\m-K-cn-IX Cu cmPy-Øn-t‚Xp Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. ChnSsØ as‰√m \mK-cn-I-X-I-fp-sSbpw hf¿®°v tlXp-hm-bn-cp-∂Xv AXm-sW∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√. Ah-km\w Cu ssk‘-h\m-K-cn-IX GXp h¿K-Øn-s‚-Xm-bn-cp∂p F∂ tNmZyw DZn-°p∂p. B kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ in¬]n-Iƒ {Zmhn-U-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv



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{]_-e-amb Hcp-]£w. as‰mcp ]£w CXs{X: {Zmhn-U-∑mcpw kptacn-b-∑mcpw Htc h¿K-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p.''24 ssk‘-h-kw-kvIm-c-in¬]n-Iƒ {Zmhn-U-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂p am{Xa√, saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ G‰-hp-am-Zn-bn¬ kwkvIm-c-ku[w sI´ns∏m-°nb kpta-cn-bm-h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cmWv {Zmhn-U¿ F∂pw Hcp hn`mKw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. h¿K-im-kv{X-Øn¬ Cu \nK-a-\sØ Dt]m-Zv_-e-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ sXfn-hp≠v. {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Ccp-\ndw, Idp-Ø-X-e-apSn, \o≠ Xe Ch-bs{X a[y[-c-Wn-h¿K-ß-fpsS {]tXy-I -e-£-W-߃. ]pcm-X\ kpta-cn-b-∑mcpw {Zmhn-U-cpw Cu h¿K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-´-h-cm-Ip∂p.''25 {Zmhn-U-∑mcpw kpta-cn-b-∑mcpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øns‚ Bcw`w {In. ap. 6000-˛\pw apºm-bn-cp∂p. Pb-kz-em¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""as‰mcp hn`mKw `qK¿`- i m- k v { X- ⁄ - ∑ m¿ A`n- { ]m- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ Xv CXmWv : _n.kn. 6000-˛mam-≠p-ap-X¬-°p-Xs∂ C¥ybpw kpta-cn-b-bp-ambn hym]m-c-_‘w \S-∂n-cp∂p. Ah¿ XΩn¬ `mjm-]-c-ambpw h¿K-imkv{X-]-c-ambpw (Ethnic) a‰pw km-Zriyw hln-°p-∂p≠v!''26 kpta-cn-b-∑mcpw {Zmhn-U-∑mcpw Htc h¿Kam-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ah¿ XΩn¬ AXn-{]m-No-\-Imew apX¬ ASpØ kº¿°-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p-sh-∂pw D≈ A`n-{]m-bsØ {]_es∏Sp-Øp∂ Ht´sd sXfn-hpI-fp≠v. ]-t£, Ah-sb√mw ]I¿Øp-hm≥ ChnsS Dt±-in-°p-∂n√. F∂m¬ {ZmhnUw F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ DZv`-h-sØ-∏‰n Hcp hm°p ]dbp-hm≥ B{K-ln-°p∂p.



Xncp-bm-^nYpw {ZmhnUpw ss__n-fnse hwi-hn-h-cWw \mw apºv kw£n-]vX-ambn D≤-cn®n-´p≠v. AXn¬ {]f-b-Im-e-Øn\p tij-ap≈ a\p-jy-h¿K-ß-sf√mw {]f-b-I-Ym-\m-b-I-\mb t\ml-bpsS ]n∑p-d-°m-cm-sW∂v Ah-Im-is∏-Sp∂p. t\ml°p aq∂p ]p{X-∑m-cm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv: tiapw lmapw bms^Øpw. ss__nƒ I¿Øm-°-fmb blq-Z-∑m¿ tians‚ ]n≥apd- ° m- c m- I p∂p. AXp- s Im≠v tians‚ k¥m\ ]c- º - c - s b- ∏ ‰n ss__nƒ kpZo¿L-ambn {]kvXm-hn®p. lmans‚ ]n∑p-d-°m-sc-]‰nbpw Xmc-X-tay\ \∂mbn {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p≠v. B Xmh-gn-°m¿°v blq-Z-∑m-cp-ambn ASpØ kº¿°-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. CuPn-]vXp-Im¿, A_v k o- \ nb (FtXym- ] y)°m¿ apX- e m- b - h ¿ lmans‚ ]n≥ap- d bn¬s∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬ bms^-Øns‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-sc-∏‰n ss__nƒ Imcy-am-sbm∂pw {]kvXm-hn®p ImWp-∂n√. Ah¿ Zzo]p-I-sf-bmWv A[n-hm-k-Xm-h-f-ß-fmbn kzoI-cn-®-sX-∂p-am{Xw ]d™p hn´p-I-f™n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. CXns‚ A¿Yw PqX-∑m¿°v bms^-Øns‚ ]n∑pd-bpambn kº¿°-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂t{X. C¥y ]gb Imew apX¬ Hcp-]-Zzo]v F∂ t]cn¬ {]kn-≤-am-bn-



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cp∂p. At∏mƒ bms^-ØvXm-h-gn-°m¿ C¥y-bn¬ h∂v A[n-hm-kap-d-∏n-s®∂p hnNm-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ sXs‰m-∂p-an√. t\ml-bpsS aX-{]t_m-[\w kpta-cn-b-∑m-tcm-Sm-bn-cp∂p. Pe-{]-f-b-Øn¬\n∂v c£-s∏tS-≠-Xn-\mbn At±lw \n¿an® s]´-I-Øn-t‚-sX∂v Duln-°s-∏-Sp∂ Ah-injvSw Acm-dmØv ]¿h-X-Øn¬ Is≠-Øn-b-Xmbn \mw apºv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. kpta-cn-b-∑msc e£yw h®p-sIm-≠mWv t\mlm{]- h m- N - I ≥ {]t_m- [ - \ - k w- c w`w \S- Ø n- b n- c p- ∂ - s X∂ B[p- \ nI apkv e nw Kth- j - I - ∑ m- c psS A`n- { ]m- b - Ø n- \ p- t ]m- Z v _ - e - I - a mWv {]kvXpX I≠p-]n-SnØw. bq{^-´okv \Zn-bp-sSbpw ssS{Kokv \Znbp-sSbpw CS-°mWv kpta-cn-b¿ hkn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂v AhnsS \S-Øs∏´ DXvJ-\\ Kth-jWw sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. AXn-\m¬ t\mlbpw IpSpw-_hpw hwi-]-c-ambn kpta-cn-b-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p Xocp-am-\n°mw. C¥y-bnepw Hcp {]f-b-IY {]N-cn-®n-´p≠v. C¥y≥ {]f-b-I-Ym\m-b-I≥ a\p-hs{X. a\p {Zmhn-U-∑m-cpsS Cuiz-c≥ As√-¶n¬ \mY≥ Bbn-cp∂p. "kXy-{h-X≥' F∂-t]-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏´ At±lsØ alm-`m-cXw "{Zmhn-tU-izcx' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cp∂p: ""tbmku kXy-{h-tXm-\ma cmP¿jn¿ "{Zhn-tU-izcx' ⁄m\w tbmƒXo-X Iev]mt¥ tet` ]pcp-j-tk-hbm!''27 a\p {Zmhn-U-∑m-cpsS t\Xmhpw A[n-]-Xn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ {]f-b-IY C¥y-bn¬ {]N-cn-∏n-®Xv {Zmhn-U-cm-sW∂v A\p-am-\n°mw. ]t£, C¥y≥ kml-N-cy-Øn-\-\p-cq-]-amb hn[-Øn-emWv B IY ChnsS {]N-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´Xv. C¥y≥ {]fb IY-b-\p-k-cn®v a\p-hns‚ I∏¬ sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn\p tijw Dd-®Xv lnam-eb ]¿h-X-Øn-emWv; Acm-dmØv ]¿h-X-Øn-e√. F∂n-cp-∂mepw IYm-_o-P-Øn¬ ]d-bØ° hyXymkw ImWm-\n√. ]ns∂-bp-≈Xv a\phpw \qlpw XΩnep≈ _‘-sa¥v F∂p-≈-XmWv. \qlv F∂ t]cn-t\mSp alm≥ F∂¿Y-ap≈ "a' tN¿∂m¬ "am\qlv' F∂mhpw; am_-en-t]mse. Aßs\ am\qlv tem]n®v "a\p'hmbn F∂q-ln-°p-hm≥ \ymb-ap≠v. CtX {]Imcw bm^nYpw {ZmhnUpw XΩnepw D®m-cW kmZr-iy-ap≠v. ^, h, X, Y, Z, U F∂o h¿W-߃ `mj-I-fn¬ At\ym\yw amdnbp-®-cn-°-s∏-SpI k¿h km[m-c-W-amWv. kwkvIr-X-Ønse "thZx' Ad-_n-Iƒ°v "^oZm'bmWv . tIc-f-Ønse Imk¿tKmUv Ad_n {KŸ-ß-fn¬ "Im≥Pn-dq-Øm'Wv. ]pWy \ma-߃ "Xncp' F∂ hntijW klnXw D®-cn-°pI apºpImew apX¬ XpS¿∂phcp∂ Hcp k{º-Zm-b-at{X. Xncp-hns\ "Xr' F∂pw "{io' F∂pw amdn-bp-®-cn®pw ImWmw. BI-bm¬ "bm^nYv' F∂ kpta-cn-b≥ ]Z-tØmSv _lpam\ kqN-I-amb Xncp-tN¿∂p-≠m-b-Xm-hWw "{ZmhnUw' F∂p IcpXp-hm≥ hI-bp≠v. Xncp-bm-^nYv Ah-km\w {Zmhn-U-am-bn-Øo¿∂Xmhmw.



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alm-\mb \qlp \_n(A)bpsS A\-¥-ch-∑m-cmWv {Zmhn-U¿ F∂q- l n°mw. At±- l - Ø ns‚ aX- ° m- c mWv Jp¿- B - \ n¬ ]d™ "km_nI'sf∂v apkvenw ]WvUn-X-∑m-cn¬ Nne¿°v A`n-{]m-b-ap≠v. ssk‘h kwkvIm-c-Ønse aXw km_n-a-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v DXvJ\\w hgn In´nb Ah-in-jvS-߃ sXfn-bn-°p∂p. AtX-∏‰n ]n∂oSv {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂-XmWv.



Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. EtKzZw afiew 3, kq‡w 34, E°v 9 2. Ibid, afiew 2, kq‡w 14, E°v 6 3. Ibid, afiew 4, kq‡w 30, E°v 20 4. Ibid, afiew 4, kq‡w 27, E°v 1 5. Ibid, afiew 7, kq‡w 15, E°v 14 6. Ibid, afiew 8, kq‡w 96, E°v 9 7. Ibid, afiew 8, kq‡w 96, E°v 3 8. Ibid, afiew 4, kq‡w 30, E°v 15 9. Ibid, afiew 8, kq‡w 96, E°v 13-˛15 10. Ibid, afiew 8, kq‡w 96, E°v 17 11. Ibid, afiew 4, kq‡w 30, E°v 13 12. Ibid, afiew 4, kq‡w 16, E°v 13 13. Ibid, afiew 4, kq‡w 16, E°v 13 14. Ibid, afiew 7, kq‡w 33, E°v 1 15. ]mWn-\o-b-a-lm-`mjyw: 2, 2, 6 16. EtKzZw afiew 1, kq‡w 130, E°v 8 17. Ibid, afiew 5, kq‡w 29, E°v 10 18 Indian Phylosophy Vol. I, P. 112 19. History of Sanskrit Literature, Vedic period-by C.V. University, Poona.



20. BapJw t]Pv 24 21. Religion of Rigveda P. 37 22. History of Sanskrit Literature Vedic Period 23. Advanced History of India P. 23 24. Ibid 25. temI-N-cn{Xw hmfyw 1, t]Pv 60 26. Hindu Cvilization- by Jayaswalal 27. alm-`m-cXw kvIµw 9 t\m°pI.



Vaidya M.A. Vice Chanceller Tilak



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A[ymbw ]Øv



kn‘p-X-Shpw saskm-s]m-t´-an-bbpw kn‘p-Xm-gvh-c-bn¬ kwkvIm-c-ku-[w ]Sp-Øp-b¿Ønb P\-ßfpw saskm-s]m-t´-an-bm-bnse kpta-cn-b-∑mcpw XΩn¬ ASpØ _‘-ap≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Kth-jI ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ ka¿Yn-®n-´p≠v. tIhew hym]m-c-_‘w am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√ AXv; AXn¬ Ihn™v kmwkvImcn-Ihpw [m¿an-Ihpw h¿K-im-kv-{X-]-c-hp-amb _‘w IqSn Ah¿°p XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. an. tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv Fgp-Xn-bXv t\m°pI: ""kn‘p- X - S - Ø nse Cu P\- ß ƒ°v A°m- e sØ kpta- c n- b ≥ ]cnjvIm-c-hp-ambn ]e kº¿°-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. A°m-U-\n¬ Hcn-¥y≥ tImf\n ˛ I®-h-S-°m-cp-tS-Xm-IWw˛ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn\v IqSn sXfnhp-I-fp≠v. kn‘p-\-K-c-ß-fnse Nne hyh-km-tbm¬∏-∂-߃ ssS{Kokv ˛ bq{^- ´ okv \Zn- I - t fmSv _‘- s ∏´v InS- ° p∂ Itºmfßfn¬ sNs∂Øn. ]Icw GXm\pw kpta-cn-b≥ Iem-hn-cp-Xp-Iƒ, Hcp \mf-ap{Z F∂nh kn‘p-tZiw ]I¿Øn-sb-SpØp. Akw-kvIrX-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fnepw BUw-_-c-h-kvXp-°-fnepw am{X-a√ I®-hSw \SØn-bn-cp-∂Xv; Ad-_n-°-S¬Øo-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]Xn-hmbn Cd-°p-aXn sNø- s ∏´ph∂ a’yw taml≥P- Z m- t dm- h nse `£y- h n- ` - h - ß sf t]mjn-∏n®p.''1 `mc-Xob ]WvUn-X-\mb {io. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xy-mb≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""sa-skm-s]m-t´-an-b-bnse ]pcm-X-\-]-cn-jvIr-X-P-\-X-sb-t∏mse, kma¥-hy-h-ÿm-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp kap-Zm-b-amWv kn‘p-Xm-gvh-c-bn-ep≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. Irjn, inev]-the, hmWnPyw F∂n-h-bn¬ \n]p-W∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. Xm{a-bpKw ! Cu Ime-ß-fn¬ Pohn-®n-cp-∂n-´pt]mepw, Ah¿ hfsc ]ptcm-KXn {]]n®p. kmwtKm-]mw-K-amb Hcp [¿ahpw Hcp Nn{X-en-]nbpw Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Nn{X-en-]n-_-≤amb \mW-b-ßfpw a‰v hkvXp-°fpw e`n-®n-´ps-≠-¶nepw CXphsc Ah hmbn-°p-hm≥ Ign-™n-´n√. F¶nepw a‰v ]co-£-W-߃sIm≠v Adn-bm≥ km[n-®n-´p-≈Xv kn‘p-\m-K-cn-IXzw Akpc˛ Im¬Unb (Assyrian- Chaldean) \mK-cn-I-Xz-Øns‚ ka-Im-enIw am{X-a√, `Kn-\nbp-am-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv. c≠n-tebpw [m¿anI `mh-\-Iƒ°v hfsc ASp-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.''2 kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-Øn¬ A o-cn-bbnse (saskm-s]m-t´-anb) Hcp ]cn-jvIrX hn`mKw IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øn-cp-∂p-sh-∂vIqSn kmwIr-Xymb\v A`n-{]m-b-ap≠v: ""{KŸ-I¿Øm-hns‚ "a\p-jy-k-ap-Zmbw' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬, Bcy-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬ hcp-∂-Xn\v apºv kn‘p Xmgvhc-bn¬ A o-cn-b-bnse Hcp ]cn-jvIr-X-hn-`mKw hkn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw,



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Ah-cpsS kap-Zmbw A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\n¬ IS-°m≥ XpS-ßnb {]mNo\mcy kap-Zm-bsØ At]-£n®p IqSp-X¬ kap-∂-Xm-hÿ {]m]n®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p≠v.''3 BI-bm¬ kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ cay-l¿ayw sI´n∏-Sp-Ø-hcpw saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ \K-c-cm-jv{S-߃ ÿm]n-®-hcpw Htc hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂v hnNm-cn-°p-hm≥ \ymb-ap≠v. taml≥P-Zm-tdm-hn¬ \n∂v sIm≠p-t]mb ap{Z-I-fn¬ NneXv, _mKvZmZn\v hS°v Ing°p AºXv \mgnI AI-se-bp≈ "sS¬-B-kvam¿' F∂n- S - Ø v \ n∂v J\- \ - Ø n¬ In´p- I - b p- ≠ mbn. Ch- t bm- s Sm- ∂ n®p e`n® a‰p- km-[-\-ß-fpsS Imew CXc e£y-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \n¿Wbn-°p-hm≥ km[n-®XpsIm≠mWv, kn‘p-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ Imew _n. kn. 2500 BsW∂v k¿ tPm¨ am¿j¬ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´Xv. BI-bm¬ C¥ybpw B {]tZ-i-ßfpw XΩn¬ A°m-e-Øp-≠m-bncp∂ _‘-Øn\v Hcp-Øa sXfn-hmWv {]kv-XpX ap{Z-Iƒ.



saskm-s]m-t´-anb Gjym h≥I- c - b psS a[y- ] - S n- ™ mdp `mKØv "B¿ao- \ nb' Fs∂mcp ]¿h-X-ap≠v. CXns‚ sXt° Ncn-hn¬ \n∂pw bq{^-´okv, ssS{Kokv F∂o c≠p \Zn-Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp∂p. Ah hyXy-kvX-ßfmb c≠p am¿K-ß-fn-eqsS HgpIn, "j´¬ Bc_v' (iØp¬ Ad_v) F∂n-SØv k‘n-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S-en¬ sN∂v tNcp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. {]kvXpX c≠v \Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ ÿeØn\v ]nev°m-eØv {Ko°p-Im¿ "saskm-s]m-t´-anb' F∂v t]cn´p. (saskm˛ CS-°p-≈Xv ; s]mt´-anb˛ \Zn-I-fpsS). CtX `qhn`m-K-Øn\v ln{_p `mj-bn¬ "\lvdmbow' F∂mWv ]d-™n-cp-∂Xv. "\Zn-Iƒ' F∂mWv AXns‚ A¿Yw. Ad-_n-Iƒ AXns\ "amss_-\-∂-lvssd≥' (\Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep-≈Xv) F∂pw "CdmJv' F∂p-amWv hnfn-®ncp-∂Xv. CdmJv F∂ t]¿ C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p∂p. F∂m¬ kpta-cnb≥ `mj-bn¬ B `q`m-K-Øn\v "kp_¿' F∂m-bn-cp∂p t]¿. kp_¿ ]n∂oSv hS-°≥ kndn-b-°p-]-tbm-Kn-®p-h∂p. B i_vZw tem]n®p Ah-km\w "kpcnb', "kzcm', "kndnb' Fs∂m-s°-bmbn amdn. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bpsS hS-°p-`mKw Db¿∂ ae-\m-SmWv. F∂m¬ sX°p-`mKw Xmgv∂ NXp-∏p-\n-e-ß-fs{X. Cu `mK-Øn\v ]pcm-X-\Im-eØv "_mt_¬' F∂m-bn-cp∂p t]¿. "_m_v' F∂m¬ ]Sn-hmXn¬ F∂pw "G¬' F∂m¬ "ssZhw' F∂p-amWv ln{_p-hn¬ A¿Yw. ssZh-Øns‚ ]Sn-hm-Xn¬ F∂ A¿Y-Øn-em-hWw B t]¿ AXn\p e`n- ® Xv . "a¿ZqIv ' F∂ tZhs‚ \K- c - a m- b n- c p∂p A°m- e Øv _mt_¬. {Ko°p Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ _mt_-ens\ "_m_n-tem-Wnb' F∂v hnfn®p. Adn-b-s∏´ kwkvIm-c-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-am-bn-´p-≈Xv Cu



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{]tZ-iØv hf¿∂p-h∂ kwkvIm-c-am-sW∂v Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ ]dbp∂p. "kpta-cn-b≥ kwkvImcw' F∂ t]cn¬ C∂-X-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. F®v. Pn. sh’v Fgp-Xp∂p: ""saskm-s]m-t´-an-bbpsS (CdmJv) sX°p`m-K-ß-fnepw CuPn-]vXn-ep-amWv BZy-ambn ]´-W-ßfpw t£{X-ßfpw Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw, shdp-samcp {Kmay-\-K-c-Øn¬\n-∂¬]w Db¿∂ Hcp kmap-Zm-bnI LS-\-bpsS a‰p e£-W-ßfpw {]Xy-£s∏-Sp-∂Xv.'' 4 Dt±iw {In. ap. 6000˛am≠n\v apºp-Xs∂ B `q`m-KØv a\p-jy¿ A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp∂p. A°m-eØv G‰hpw ^e-`q-bn-jvT-am-bn-cp∂p {]kvXpX {]tZ-i-߃. sh’vXs∂ ]d-bs´: ""Dt±iw {In. ap. 6000˛am≠nt\m, 7000˛am-≠nt\m ASpØv Gjy-bnse ^e-]p-jvS-ß-fmb {]tZi-ß-fnepw ss\¬Xo-c-Ønepw s]dp-kw-kvIm-c-tØmSp InS-\n¬°p∂ A¿[-kw-kvIm-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-b-߃ Bhn¿`-hn®p Ign-™n-cp∂p.'' 5 {InkvXp-hn\v apºv Bdmw kl-{km-_vZ-Øn¬Xs∂ saskm-s]mt´-an-b-bn¬ cmP-hw-i-߃ `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p sXfn-™n´p≠v. A-t∏mƒ AhnsS a\p-jy-kw-kvImcw AXn-\p-sa-{Xtbm apºv Bcw-`n-®n-´p-≠m-h-W-at√m.



kpta-cn-b≥ kwkvImcw Xhn-´p-\n-d-tØmSpw apt∂m-´p-¥n-\n¬°p∂ aqt°mSpw IqSnb Hcp P\-X-bm-bn-cp∂p kpta-cn-b-∑m¿. Ah¿ HcpXcw en]n D]-tbm-Kn-®ncp∂p. ]cn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ H∂m-asØ Nhn-´p-]-Sn-bm-Wt√m FgpØpw hmb- \ bpw. kpta- c n- b ≥ A£- c - a me B[p- \ nI Ncn- { X- K - t h- j - I ∑m¿°v hmbn-°m≥ Ign™p. kpta-cnb t{_m¨kns‚ D]-tbmKw I≠p- ] n- S n- ® n- c p∂p. shbn- e n¬ DW- ° nb Cjv S n- I - s Im≠v Ah¿ t£{X-tKm-]p-c-߃ \n¿an®p. Fgp-Xp-hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv Ifn-a-ÆpsIm-≠p-≠m-°nb ^e-I-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ, sNΩ-cn-bmSp-Iƒ, tImem-Sp-Iƒ, Igp-X-Iƒ apX-emb arK-ßsf Ah¿ hf¿Ønbn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ IpXn-csb Ah¿ t]m‰n-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂mWv F®v. Pn. sh’ns‚ A`n-{]mbw. tcmaw sIm≠p-≠m-°nb hkv{X-ß-fmWv kpta-cn-b-∑m¿ [cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Xe sam´-b-Sn®v XmSn hf¿Øp-I-bm-bncp∂p kpta-cn-b≥ ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS k{º-Zmbw. kpta-cn-b-∑m¿°v ]e \K-c-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah Hmtcm∂pw kzX-{¥-am-bn-cp∂p Xm\pw. Hmtcm \K-c-Øn\pw AXn-t‚-Xmb ssZhßfpw ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. cmjv{Sw ssZh-Øn-t‚-XmsW-∂m-bn-cp∂p k¶ev]w. `qan H´p ap°mepw tZh-kz-am-bn-cp∂p. ssZh-kz-Øp-°-fpsS ]cn-Nm-c-Itcm ]m´-°mtcm tkh-Itcm Bbncp∂p Ahn-SsØ P\X. tZh-kz-Øp-°-fpsS {]Xy-£ -`-cWI¿Øm-°ƒ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



cm-bn-cp∂p. ssZh-ßsf {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXn-cp-∂Xpw Ah-cs{X. Ah¿ aptJ-\-bmWv ssZh-im-k\w e`n-®n-cp-∂Xv. tZh-kz-Øp-°-fpsS hchp sNehp IW-°p-Iƒ Ah¿ IrXy-ambn tcJ-s∏-SpØn kq£n®n-cp∂p. CtX Bh-iym¿Y-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ en]n I≠p-]n-Sn-®Xv. en]n-bpsS I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-amWv kpta-cn-b-bpsS {][m\ kw`m-h\. kpta-cn-b-∑m¿ henb {]b-Xv\-im-en-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn¬ kwib-an√. \m´ns‚ A∂sØ Imem-hÿ `b-¶-c-am-bn-cp∂p. CS-bv°nsS sh≈-s∏m°w. KXm-K-X-tbm-Ky-a-√mØ NXp-∏p-\n-e-߃. kpta-cn-b¿ B Imem-h-ÿsb \nb-{¥n®p. Ah¿ ka¿Y-amb Pe-tk-N\ ]≤Xn-Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. bq{^-´o-kn-s‚bpw ssS{Ko-kn-s‚bpw sh≈w Ihn-s™m-gp-Ip-tºm-gmWv sh≈-s∏m-°-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. Cu {]Xnk-‘nsb Ah¿ ka¿Y-ambn t\cn´p. B c≠p \Zn-Iƒ°p at[y aq∂p henb I\m-ep-Iƒ Iodn; Ahsb ]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n®p. I\mep-I-fn¬\n∂v sh≈w Irjn-ÿ-e-ß-fn-te°p sIm≠p-t]m-tI-≠Xn-\mbn ssItØm-Sp-I-fp-ap-≠m°n. Aßs\ B `qhn-`mKw t£ssaiz-cy-ß-fpsS hnf-\n-e-ambn amdn. kpta-cn-b-cpsS Cu Petk-N\ ]≤Xn B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑msc B›cy ]c-X-{¥-cm-°n-bn-´p≠v. CXp ImcWw kpta-cn-b≥ hb-ep-I-fn¬ tKmXºv apX-emb [m\y߃ kar-≤-ambn hnf™p. {In. ap. 485-˛425˛¬ Pohn® {]kn≤ {Ko°v Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb tltdm-tUm-´kv (Herodotes) Fgp-Xn-sh-®n-cn°p-∂Xp t\m°pI: ""[m\y-Øn\v Ccp-\qdv ta\n hnf-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. tKmX-ºp-s\-√n-s‚bpw _m¿fn-s\-√n-s‚bpw Hcn-e°v ]e-t∏mgpw \mephn-c-ep-I-fpsS hoXn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. tNmf-Øn-s‚bpw ISp-In-s‚-bpwI-‰-Iƒ°v AZv`p-X-I-c-amb \of-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.''6 BI-bm¬ kpta-cn-b-∑m-cpsS hb-ep-I-fn¬ hnf-bp∂ [m\yw kz¥w Bhiyw Ign®v hf-sc-tbsd an®w h∂n-cn-°Ww. Cu an®[m\yw CXc tZi- ß - f n- t e°v Ib- ‰ n- b b- ° m- \ p- ≈ DZy- a - Ø n¬\n∂mhmw saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ hym]mcw Bcw-`n-®Xpw A`n-hr≤n {]m]n-®Xpw. {io. sI. hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Ah-cpsS hym]mcw 1200 \mgnI AIse InS-°p∂ kn‘p-{]-tZ-i-߃hsc hym]n®p.''7



saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ Ncn-{X-Øn-∂m-[mcw {In. ap. 669˛-626˛¬ A o-cnb `cn® Ajq¿_m-\n-]m¬ cmPmhns‚ cmP-[m\n ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp∂ ÿew J\\w sNbvX-t∏mƒ ap∏-Xn-\m-bn-c-tØmfw inem-en-Jn-X-߃ I≠p-In´n. Ifn-a-Æp-sIm≠p- ≠ m- ° nb B ^e- I - ß - f n¬ FgpXnh® Imcy- ß ƒ Kth- j I≥am¿°v hmbn®p a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ km[n®p. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b°m-cpsS Ncn-{X-sØbpw kmln-Xy-sØbpw Ipdn-®p-≈ C∂sØ Adnhns‚ {][m\ Dd-hnSw AXs{X. Ajq¿_m-\n-]m-ens‚ Ime-Øp-≈



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kw`-h߃ am{X-a√ AXn¬ Dt√-J\w sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv; At±-lØns‚ B⁄-{]-Imcw Fgp-Øp-Im¿ AXn-\p-ap-ºp≈ tcJ-I-fpsS ]I¿∏p-Ifpw Xøm-dm-°n-h-®n-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ B {]tZ-i-ß-sf-∏-‰nbp-≈ kpZo¿L-amb Ncn{Xw Kth-j-I-∑m¿°v ssI∏-‰m≥ Ign™p. kpta-cn-b≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn\v ]g-°w-sN∂ ImeØv, AXm-bXv, {In. ap. 2300˛\SpØv Ahn-SsØ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑mcpw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw cmPy-Øns‚ ]pcm-X-\-N-cn-{Xs-Ø-∏‰n Hcp At\z-jWw \S-Øn-bncp∂p. AhnsS `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Hcp ]´nI Aßs\ e`n-®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬ Cu ]´nI AtX-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ Xc-an-s√-∂mWv B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. B ]´nI {]Imcw Pe-{]-f-b-Øn\v apºp-≈ cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS hmgvN-°mew 4,32,000 sIm√-am-sW∂v IW-°m-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. CØcw IW-°pIƒ shdpw km¶-ev]n-I-am-hmt\ Xc-ap-≈q. AXn-\m¬ {]kvXpX IW°v C∂sØ Ncn{X hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v kzoIm-cy-a√. ]Icw Ncn{Xm-h-in-jvS-ß-fn¬\n∂v In´p∂ hkvXpX-I-fmWv kpta-cn-b≥ Ncn{X-Øn-\m-[m-c-ambn kzoI-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Cßs\ IqSpX¬ hkvXp-\n-j-vT-amb IW-°p-Iƒ h®p-t\m-°p-tºmƒXs∂ kptacn-b≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn\v hfsc ]g°w ImWmw. ]›n-ta-jy-bnse G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-amb kwkvImcw kpta-cn-b≥ kwkvImcw Xs∂bm-bn-cp∂p. {In. ap. 5262-˛¬ \n∏q-dnepw {In. ap. 4500˛-¬ Injnepw {In.ap. 3500˛-¬ Dudnepw cmP-hmgvN \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn sXfn-™n-´ps≠∂v saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmlnXy Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb {io. IrjvWssN-X\y tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.8 Ajq¿_m-\n-]m¬ tiJ-cn-®p-h® enJn-X-ß-fn¬ ]e hnj-b-ßsfbpw kv ] ¿in- ° p∂ tcJ- I - f p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂p. KWnXw, XØzimkv{Xw, Ncn{Xw, tPymXnjw, a{¥-hmZw, A¿Y-imkv{Xw, \ncp‡w (\nL≠p), kvtXm{X-am-e-Iƒ, ]m´p-Iƒ, Imhy-߃, CXn-lm-k-߃ Aßs\ ]eXpw. A°q- ´ - Ø n¬ "Kn¬K- t ajv NcnXw' Fs∂mcp Imhyw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p. CXn\v H∂-ne-[nIw ]mTm-¥-c-ß-fp≠m-bn-cp∂p. CXns‚ Imew Kth-j-I-∑m¿ \n¿W-bn-®n-´p≠v. {io. IrjvW-ssN-X\y ]d-bp∂p: ""Cu Imhy-Øn\v GXm≠v {In. ap. 3000 sIm√sØ ]g-°-ap≠v. CsXmcp ]q¿W-amb ]ucm-WnI IYbmWv.''9 t\ml-bpsS {]f-b-IY CXn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ B IY A°m-eØpw kpta-cn-b-∑m-cpsS kvarXn-]-Y-Øn¬ aßmsX, ambmsX \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂v Icp-Xm-hp-∂-XmWv. temI-N-cn-{X-Imc≥am¿ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""B Imhy-Øn¬ \n∂mWv t\ml-bpsS IY FSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-sX∂p Nne Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂p. GXm-bmepw ss__n-fnse t\ml-bpsS Ncn{Xw CXn¬ ]d-bp∂ IY-bpsS Hcp t\¿∏-I¿∏p-t]mse tXm∂pw.''10



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Kn¬K- t a- j ns‚ CXn- l m- k - Ø n¬ am{X- a √ a‰p kpta- c n- b ≥ kmln-Xy-ß-fnepw {]kvXpX IY ÿew ]nSn-®n-´p≠v. B kmlnXy- ß ƒ Kn¬K- t a- j ns‚ CXn- l m- k - Ø n\pw apºp- ≈ - X m- b n- c p∂p. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Im-c≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""krjvSn-IY- s b- t ∏m- s e- Ø s∂ _m_n- t em- W n- b ≥ kmln- X y- Ø n¬ temIsØbpw a\p-jy-h¿KsØbpw \in-∏n® Hcp alm-{]-f-b-sØ-∏‰n At\Iw ]mTm-¥-c-ß-fp≠v. Ch-bn¬ G‰hpw Ah-km-\-tØ-Xn¬, Cu IY Kn¬K-ta-jns‚ [oc-Ir-Xy-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp-≈ \o≠ Ihn-X-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p.''11 BI-bm¬ ss__nƒ \ne-hn¬h-cp-∂-Xn\v F{Xtbm apºp-ap-X¬ {]mNo\ kmln-Xy-ß-fn¬ ÿew ]nSn® H∂mWv t\ml-bpsS ImeØp-≠mb {]f-b-IY. kpta-cn-b-∑m-cn¬\n-∂m-hWw a‰p-]-ecpw AXp ]I¿Øn-sb-Sp-ØXv. AXn-\m¬ {]f-b-I-Ym-\m-b-I-\mb t\ml Hcp kpta-cn-b-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂v I¬]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ sX‰p-s≠∂v tXm∂p∂n√. t\mlm-{]-hm-N-I≥ aX-{]-t_m-[\w \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv Cu P\]-Z-tØm-Sm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ncn-{X-Im-esØ kpta-cn-b-∑m¿ At±-lØns‚ ]n≥Km-an-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw A\p-am-\n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬ t\ml-bpsS s]´-I-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ GXm\pw a\pjycpw P¥p-°-fp-a-√msX a‰mcpw `qan-bn¬ Ah-ti-jn-°m-Ø-hn[w, {]f-b-Øn¬ k¿hcpw \in-®p-t]mbn F∂pw s]´-I-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂-h¿ t\mlbpw IpSpw-_-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ss__nƒ ]dbp∂p.12 ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ \mep tZio-b-X-Iƒ hmgp- I bpw \in- ° p- I bpw sNbv - X - X mbn Ncn- { X- Ø n¬ ImWp∂p: kpta-cnb, A°m-Unb, _m_n-tem-Wnb, A o-cnb. F∂m¬ A°mUn-b-°mcpw _m-_n-tem-Wn-b-°mcpw A o-cn-b-°mcpw skan-‰nIv h¿K-Øn¬s∏-´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. kpta-cn-b-°m¿ am{Xw B h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂n√. kpta-cn-b-cpsS DZv`hw B[p-\nI Kth-j-I-∑m¿°v C\nbpw Xocp-am-\n-°m≥ Ign-™n-´n√. ]t£, C¥y-bnse kn‘pX-S-kwkvImc inev]n-I-fp-ambn Ah¿-°v ASp-Ø-_-‘-ap-≠m-bncp∂p. Irjv W - s sN- X \y Fgp- X p∂p: ""C¥ybnse Bcy- ∑ m¿°p apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ \nhm-kn-I-fp-ambn˛ taml≥PZm-tdm-hnepw C≥UkvXm-gvh-c-bnse lc-∏-bnepw ]©m-_nse dp]m-dnepw cmP-kvXm-\nse kc-kz-Xo-\-Zo-X-S-Ønepw ssakq-cn¬t]mepw Ipgn-s®-Sp-°-s∏´ Ahin-jvS-ß-fpsS DS-a-I-fmb \nhm-kn-I-fp-ambn˛ Ch¿°p-≈ _‘w-ImWn-°p∂ sXfn-hp-I-fp≠v.''13 `mc-Xob kmln-Xy-Ønepw Hcp {]f-b-IY ÿew ]nSn-®n-´p-≠t√m. CXpt]mse PqX-∑m¿, Ad-_n-Iƒ apX-emb CX-c- P-\-X-I-fnepw B IY {]N-cn-®n-´p≠v. AXn-\m¬ B P\-]-Z-ß-sf√mw Htc Xd-hm-



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´n¬ \n∂v `mKw ]ncn-™p-t]m-∂-h-cm-hmsa∂v A\p-am-\n-°p-hm≥ \ymbw ImWp∂p. {]f-b-Øn-\p-tijw temI-Øp-≠mb a\p-jy-kap-Zm-b-ß-sf√mw t\ml-bpsS k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬s∏-Sp∂-h-cm-sW∂ ss__n-fns‚ Ah-Im-i-hm-ZsØ X≈n-°-f-b-W-sa-∂n√. ]t£, Cu hnj-b-I-ambn C\nbpw Kth-j-W-]-c-ºc \S-tØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.



aX-hn-izmkw {InkvXp-hn\v HºXv \q‰m≠v apºv saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bnse ]ptcmln-X-∑m¿ Ah-cpsS tZh-K-W-Øns‚ Hcp ]´nI Xøm-dm°n. AXn¬ 65,000 tZh-X-I-sf-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p≠v. sslµ-h-]p-cm-W-߃ ap∏-Ønap-t°mSn tZh≥am-sc-∏‰n ]d-bp∂ ÿnXn°v CXn¬ AZv`p-X-s∏-Sms\m-∂p-an√. F∂m¬ BZn-bn¬ C{X-b-[nIw ssZh-ß-sfm∂pw kptacn-b∑m¿°n-√m-bn-cp∂p. Ncn{Xw \mep P\-hn-`m-K-ßsf H∂n-∏n-®t∏mƒ Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw ssZh-߃ Iq´p-tN¿∂v s]cp-In-bXm-h-W-sa∂v A\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. GI-Xz-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ kqN\bpw kpta-cn-b≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-´n¬ Hfn™pInS-°p∂-Xmbn \mw ImWp∂p. kpta-cn-b-cpsS ssZh-Øns‚ t]¿ "F≥en¬' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. F≥en-en-s\-bmWv BZn-bn¬ Ah¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂Xv. {io. IrjvW ssNX\y Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Cu {]tZ-iØv BZy-ambn Bcm[n-°-s∏´p XpS-ßnb tZh≥ "F≥en¬' BsW∂v tXm-∂p∂p. Fs¥∂m¬ At±lw kpta-cn-b-∑m-cpsS ssZhambn-cp∂p.''14 CXpt]mse _m_n- t em- W n- b - ° m- c psS tZh- \ m- b n- c p∂ "a¿Zq°n's\ w-_-‘n® hn`m-h-\-bnepw GI-Xz-Øns‚ k¶¬]w ImWmw. a¿Zq-°mWv Ah-cpsS hnizmkØn¬ krjvSnI¿Ømhv. a¿Zq°ns‚ Bcm-[-\-bmWv a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-bpsS e£yw. {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\ms‚ `mj-bn¬, ""_m_n-tem¨Im-cpsS ssZh-amb a¿Zq°n\v {]m[m\yw In´n. Ah-km\w krjvSn-I¿Øm-hp-ambn. Cßs\ \m\m-Xz-Øn¬\n∂v GI-Xz-Øn-te-°p≈ A[ym-fl-Nn-¥-bpsS km[mcW Ncn-{X-KXn ChnsS ImWp∂p.''15 Cu hymJym\w \ap°v kzoI-cn-®psIm≈W-sa-∂n√. \ΩpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ \m\mXzØn¬\n-∂v -G-I-Xz-Øn-te-°-√, G-I-XzØn¬ \n∂v \m-\m-Xz-Øn-te-°mWv ssZh-k-¶¬]-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ KXn. ]t£, GIXz hn`m-h\ saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kwkvIm-c-Ønepw ÿew ]nSn- ® n- ´ p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂ kwKXn CØ- c p- W - Ø n¬ {]tXyIw {it≤-b-as{X. ss__n-fnse a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-bpsS IYbpw saskm-s]m-t´-an-b°m-cpsS krjvSn-I-Ybpw XΩn¬ hfsc ASp-∏-ap≠v: IrjvW-ssNX\y ]d- b p∂p: ""a\p- j y- k r- j v S n- b psS saskm- s ]m- t ´- a n- b ≥ hymJym\w ss__n-fn-te-Xp-t]m-se-Ø-s∂-bmWv. a¿Zq°v kzbw apdns∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw AXn¬ \ns∂m-gp-Inb c‡-Øn¬ aÆp-Ip-g®p a\p-



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jys\ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''16 ss__nƒ "ssZh-c‡w' F∂ hm°n-\p-]-Icw "ssZh-kz-cq]w' F∂pw "Poh-izmkw' F∂p-ap≈ ssien-I-fmWv kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. ""ssZhw Xs‚ kzcq-]-Øn¬ a\p-jys\ krjvSn®v''.... ""btlm-hbmb ssZhw \ne-sØ -s]m-Sn-sIm≠v a\p-jys\ \n¿an-®n´v, Ahs‚ aq°n¬ Poh- i zmkw DuXn; a\p- j y≥ Poh- \ p- ≈ - t Z- l nbmbnØo¿∂p.'' 17 Jp¿-B-\m-Is´, ChnsS as‰mcp ssien-bmWv kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂Xv. ""Ah≥ (ssZhw) Ifn-a-Æn¬\n∂v a\p-jy-krjvSn Bcw-`n®p.... Xs‚ Bflmhv Ah-\n¬ DuXn..''18 ssien-Iƒ hyXy-kvX-ß-sf-¶nepw Bibw H∂p Xs∂: `uanI-X-bp-sSbpw ssZhn-I-tN-X-\-bp-sSbpw ka-⁄-k-k-Ωn-fn-X-\mWv a\p-jy≥. Ah-\n¬ A`u-an-I-X-bp-sSbpw `uan-I-X-bp-sSbpw Awi߃ Ie¿∂n-´p≠v. A`u-an-I-amb ssZhnI tNX\ hf¿Øn, a\pjy\v Hu∂-Xy-Øns‚ DØpw-K-irw-K-Øn-se-Øm≥ Ignbpw. AXmWv ssZhm-cm-[-\-bpsS e£yw. ssZhm-cm-[-\-°p-th-≠n-bs{X a\p-jy≥ krjvSn- ° - s ∏- ´ n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv. `uan- I - X - b psS Nfn- ° p- ≠ n¬ B≠pt]mImsX, A`u-an-I-X-bpsS D∂-X-]-Z-hn-bn¬ FØn-t®-cm\p≈ ]cn-]mSn˛ AXmWv ssZhm-cm-[\. Cu Bibw Jp¿-B≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p≠v. a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-bpsS Dt±iyw ssZhm-cm-[-\-bmsW∂v AXv ]d-bp∂p.19 kpta-cn-b≥ kmln-Xyhpw CXp Xs∂bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv: ""ssZh-߃°v Bcm-[\ Bh-iy-am-bn-tØm∂n-sb∂pw AXn\v Bcp-an-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m-emWv a\p-jy≥ krjvSn°- s ∏- ´ - s X∂pw (krjv S n) IY- b psS IuXp- I I- c - a mb Hcp `mKw {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p.''20 A\p, F≥en¬, F≥In, \nlq¿kmZv, CjvSm¿, jamjv, kn≥, \m\, Cb, \_p, AZZv apX-emb H´-t\Iw tZho-tZ-h-∑m-cn¬ saskms]m-t´-an-b-°m¿ hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p. Ch-sc√mw AZr-iy-i-‡n-Ifpw {]IrXn {]Xn-`m-k-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-h-cp-am-sW∂v Ah¿ hnizkn®p. C°q-´-Øn¬ CjvSmdpw \m\bpw F≥Inbpw tZhn-am-cm-bn-´mWv k¶¬]n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. A\p tZh-∑m-cpsS ta[m-hn-bmWv. At±-lØns‚ B⁄- I ƒ F≥en¬ \S- ∏ n¬ hcp- Ø p∂p. A\p- h ns‚ ÿm\w ]n∂oSv a¿Zq-°n-\mbn. F≥In `qtZ-hn-bmWv. \nlq¿km-ZmWv "A]vkp' (Pew) hns\ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv. CjvSm¿ kuµ-cy-tZ-hn-bt{X. \m\-tZ-hn-bmWv \Kcw c£n-°p-∂Xv. Cb \mK-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw jamjv kqcy-s‚bpw kn≥ N{µ-s‚bpw AZZv sImSp-¶m-‰n-s‚bpw tZhX-Ift{X. jam-kns‚ ÿm\w HSp-hn¬ hfsc Db¿∂p. At±lw k¿h⁄\pw k¿h-km-£n-bp-ambn . jam-jn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp saskm-



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s]m-t´-an-b≥ kvtXm{X-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""F√m \m´n- e p- a p≈ a\p- j y- c psS B{K- l - ß ƒ, Ah- c psS {]hrØn-Iƒ F√mw Aß-dn-bp∂p; ImWp∂p.''21 Cb Pe-tZ-h-Xbpw \_p ⁄m\-tZ-h-X-bp-amWv. Cßs\ Hmtcm {]Ir-Xn-{]-Xn-`m-k-߃°pw ]n∂n¬ Nne tZh-X-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w \S-°p-∂p-s≠-∂mWv Ah¿ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. CXp IqSmsX Xn∑bpw tcmK-ßfpw hcp-Øp∂ Nne Zp¿tZ-h-X-Ifp-s≠∂pw Ah¿ hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p. Ah¿ ]pcp-j-∑mtcm kv{XoItfm A√. kwlm-c-aq¿Øn-I-fmWv. ""AKm- [ - X - e - ß - f n- s em- ∂ n¬ Ah¿ Dbn¿s°m≠p. Ah¿ kv{Xobpw ]pcp-j-\p-a√; kwlmc NWvU-hm-X-ß-fmWv Ah¿.''22 ]t£ ip≤n-I¿a-߃sIm≠pw a{¥-߃sIm≠pw Zp¿tZ-h-XIsf B´n-b-I-‰m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v Ah¿ [cn-®n-cp∂p. AZr-iy-k-Xz-ß-fn-ep≈ hnizmkw \ne-hn-ep≈ F√m aX-ß-fnep-ap≠v. Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw hnhn[ t]cp-I-fmWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂sXt∂-bp≈q. ss__nƒ "amem-J-am¿' F∂mWv Ahsc hnfn-°p∂Xv. Zp¿tZ-h-X-Isf "kmØm-∑m¿' F∂pw, apkvenw-Iƒ Ahsc bYm{Iaw "ae-°pIƒ' F∂pw "ssiØm-∑m¿' F∂pw hnfn-°p∂p. `mcXo-b-cm-Is´ "tZh-∑m¿' F∂pw "Akp-c-∑m¿' F∂p-amWv ]d-bp-∂Xv. BI-bm¬ AXn-{]m-‡-\-Imew apX¬ a\p-jy-cmin Cß-s\-bp≈ A`u-Xn-Im-kvXn-Xz-ß-fn¬ hniz-kn-®p-h-cp∂p. CXp-t]mse ssZh-hn-[n-bnepw saskm-s]m-t´-an-b¿°v AN-©e hnizmk-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. F≥en-ens‚ \K-cn-bmb "\n∏q¿' \n]-Xn® Ah-k-c-Øn¬ \S∂ Zo\-tcmZ\w CXm-bn-cp∂p: ""tZhm-[n-tZhm, temIß-fpsS A[n-\m-bIm, Bg-am≠ a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-Øns‚, ]hn-{X-]ZØns‚, {]]-©-Øns‚ A[oim, AXyp-∂-X-\m-tbmt\, Cu hnem]w {ihn-®mepw ... inYn-eo-Ir-X-amb t£{X-߃°v th≠n hne-]\w \S-Øs´. XI¿°-s∏´ tZhm-e-b-߃°v th≠n hne-]\w \S-Øs´. BcpsS ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS kØ, BcpsS Nn¥ a\p-jy-_p-≤n-°-Xo-Xtam, B ssZh-hn-[n-bpsS kØ-bmWv F≥en¬....apI-fn¬ kz¿KsØ \n›-e-am-°p∂ ssZh-hn[n; Xmsg `qansb \n›-e-am-°p∂ ssZhhn[n; tZh-K-W-߃°n-S-bn¬ `oXn P\n-∏n-°p∂ ssZh-hn[n ˛ AXns\mcp am{¥n-I-\n√!23 saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-°m-cpsS [¿am[¿a-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn¥ Hcp _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ {]m¿Y-\-bn¬ \n∂v A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv: ""Rm≥ sNbvX ]m]sØ \∑-bmbn am‰pI; Fs‚ A]-cm-[-ßsf Im‰-Sn®p If-bs´. Fs‚ ZpjvI¿a-K-W-ßsf Hcp aen-\-h-kv{X-sa∂-t]mse F∂n¬ \n∂pw am‰n-°-f-bpI. Fs‚ ssZhta, Fs‚ ]m]߃ Gtg-gn-c-´n-bm-sW-¶nepw, Fs‚ ]m]-ßsf Igp-In-°-f-bpI.



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Ahn-SsØ lrZbw inip-°sf s]‰p hf¿-Ønb Hcp amXm-hns‚ lrZbw t]mse kt¥m-jn-°s´. inip-°sf s]‰p hf¿Ønb amXmhn-s\-t∏mse, Ahsc P\n-∏n® ]nXm-hn-s\-t∏mse AXv kt¥m-jn°s´!'' 24



aXhpw kmaq-lnI \oXnbpw saskm-s]m-t´-anb `cn-®n-cp∂ cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬ ]ecpw ssZh-hnizm-khpw kmaq-lnI-\o-Xnbpw XΩn¬ _‘-ap-s≠∂p [cn-®n-cp∂p. {]_p-≤-cmb {]kvXpX cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬ Hcmƒ eKmjv \K-c-Ønse Ddp-°m-Pn\ Bbn-cp∂p. Ct±-l-Øns‚ Imew {In. ap. 2900˛am≠msW∂v Kth-j-I-∑m¿ IW-°m-°n-bn-´p≠v. Ddp-°m-Pn\ Xs‚ P\߃°v kzmX{¥yw \¬In F∂v Ah- I m- i - s ∏- S p- I - b p- ≠ mbn. At±lw \S-∏m-°nb \nb-a-ßfpw hyh-ÿ-Ifpw {]kvXpX Ah-Imi-hm-ZsØ Gd-°ptd km[q-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠p-Xm\pw. ]mh-ß-sfbpw \n -lm-b-scbpw NqjWw sNbvXv, A∂sØ [\n-I-∑mcpw aXm-[nIm-cn-Ifpw \n m-c-hn-ebv°v `qanbpw hkvXp-°fpw ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Ønbn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ Hcp \nbaw cmPmhv \S-∏m°n: ""cmPm-hns‚ {]P°v Hcp \√ Igp-X-°p´n P\n-°p-Ibpw AbmfpsS apX-em-f-≥ AXv "Rm≥ hmßn-s°m≈pw' F∂p ]d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-]£w, DS-a-ÿ-\mb \n¿[-\\v AXv hn¬°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p≈ Ah-Im-i-ap≠v. AYhm Ah≥ hn¬°p-hm≥ Xøm-dm-sW-¶n¬ Xs‚ apX-em-f-t\mSv "Fs‚ IpSpw-_hpw Fs‚ a\ pw Xr]vXn-s∏Sp-∂Xv hsc sh≈n-\m-Wy-Øn¬ hne XcnI' F∂p ]dbmw.''25 ]mh-s∏-´-h-cpsS tXm´-Øn¬ IS∂v acw apdn-°pI, ^ew ]dn-s®Sp-°pI apX-emb A{I-a-߃ A∂sØ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ sNbvXncp∂p. Cu A{I-a-tØbpw Ddp-°m-Pn\ \n¿Ø¬ sNbvXp: ""]mh-ß-fpsS amXm-hns‚ tXm´-Ønse ac-߃ apdn-°p-Ibpw ^e-߃ ]dn-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS Hcp ]Xnhm-bn-cp∂p. ]mh-ß-fpsS amXm-hns‚ tXm´-Øn¬ ]n∂oSv Abmƒ IS-∂n-´n√. Abmƒ Ah-fpsS hr£-߃ apdn-°p-Itbm, ^e-߃ FSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-Itbm sNbvXn-´n√.''26 Iogvt°m-S-Xn-I-fn¬ \oXn-∂ym-b-]m-e\w hf-sc-b-[nIw Agn-a-XnI-tfm-sS-bmWv ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ \S-Øp-∂-sX∂v At±lw I≠p. AXpw Ah- k m- \ n- ∏ n®p. ap∂qdv sIm√w Ign™v eKmjv \Kcw KpUnb F∂ cmPm-hns‚ A[o-\-Øn¬ h∂p. At±lw ]e ]cnjvIm-c-ßfpw \S-∏n¬ hcpØn. C°q-´-Øn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p am\-h-kaXzw. At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp inem-^-e-I-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xp t\m°pI: ""Ggp sIm√-tØ°v `rXy bP-am-\-Øn-tbmSv Xpey-am-bn-cp∂p. ASna Ahs‚ DS-a-tbm-sSm∏w t]mbn. Fs‚ ]´-W-Ønse _e-lo-\≥



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_e-hms‚ ASp-°¬ hn{i-an®p.''27 KpUn-b-cm-Pm-hns‚ ac-W-tijw P\-߃ At±-lsØ ssZhsØ-sb-∂ t]mse BZ-cn®pt]m∂n-cp∂p. CXp {]Imcw Du¿ ]´-WØn¬ `cWw \S-Ønb "Du¿ FwKp¿' cmPmhpw ({In.ap. 2450) At±l-Øns‚ ]p{X≥ UpwKnbpw ({In.ap. 2400) icn-bmb kmaq-lnI\oXn ÿm]n- ° p- I - b p- ≠ mbn. 58 sIm√w cmPyw `cn®p UpwKn. CsXms° ssZh-Øm¬ \n¿Zn-jvS-amb XØz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v {]kvXpX Du¿ FwK-dns‚ Hcp {]Jym-]\w Xs∂ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p≠v: ""jam-jns‚ \ymb-{]-am-W-߃ hgn Rm≥ Fs∂-t∂-°p-ambn \ymb-ta¿s∏-SpØn! ''28 lΩp-dm-_n-bpsS "\nb-a-kw-lnX' Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-¿°n-S-bn¬ kp{]kn-≤-amWv. {In.ap. 2123 apX¬ 2081 hsc _m_n-tem-Wnb `cn® B cmPm-hns‚ \nba kwlnX apgp-h≥ C∂p \ap°p In´n-bn-´p≠v. inebn¬ Dt√-J\w sNbvXp-sh-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p AXv. AXns‚ apJ-hp-cbn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""tZh-∑m-cmb A\phpw t_epw hmgvØ-s∏´ cmPIp-am-c\pw ssZhm-cm-[-I-\p-amb lΩp-dm-_nsb hnfn®p C{]-Imcw ]d™p: cmPy-sØm-´msI \oXn-\ymbw ]men-°pI; ZpjvS-∑m-scbpw Zpjv{]-hr-Øn-I-sfbpw C√m-bva-sN-øpI; _e-hm≥ _e-lo-\s\ a¿Zn°p-∂Xp XS-bpI; `qan-bn¬ hn⁄m\w ]I¿ØpI! t_en-\m¬ hnfn-°-s∏´ \ymbm-[n-]-\mb lΩp-dm_n Rm\m-Wv. P\-ß-fpsS \ymbm- [ n- ] \pw ssZh- Ø n\v Cjv S - a mb {]hrØn- I ƒ sNøp∂ Zmk\pw Rm\mWv. Rm≥ kº-Xvk-ar≤n ssIh-cpØn; P\-߃°v sh≈w [mcm- f - a mbn hnX- c Ww sNbv X p; B]- X v ° m- e Øv Rm≥ Ahsc klm-bn®p.''29 lΩp-dm-_n-bpsS `c-W-Øn¬ \nb-a-Øns‚ apºn¬ F√m-hcpw ka-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. apJ-hpc XpS-cp∂p: ""Ah-i-Xm-]-cn-lm-c-Øn\v lcPn-I-fp-ambn hcp∂ F√m-hcpw \oXn-am-\mb Hcp cmPm-hns‚ apºnse-∂-t]mse Fs‚ {]Xn-a-bpsS apºn¬ hcs´; Fs‚ kvamc-I-Øn¬ sImØn-bn-´p≈ inem-en-Jn-X-߃ hmbn®v, B hne-tb-dnb kq‡nIƒ a\- n-em-°s´; Ahs‚ k¶-S-߃°v Fs‚ inem-en-Jn-X-ßfn¬ ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øs´; Ahs‚ Ah-Im-i-߃ a\- n-em-°pam-dm-Is´; Ahs‚ a\ v kt¥mjw sIm≠v \nd-bs´. lΩpdm_n Xs‚ {]P-Iƒ°v ]nXm-hmb Hcp \mY-\m-Ip∂p. At±lw `qan-bn¬ ip≤-amb Hcp `cWw G¿s∏-SpØn.''30 lΩp-dm-_n- Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-t]mse {]kvXpX \nb-a-kw-lnX Hcp ssZhnI \nb-a-kw-ln-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hnNm-cn-∏m≥ \ymb-ap≠v. ]n¬°m-eØv C{km-tb¬ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ \S-∏n¬ h∂Xpw tamk n\v Ah-X-cn®v In´n-b-sX∂v hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amb \nb-a-kw-



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ln-X°v lΩp-dm-_n-bpsS kwln-X-tbm-Sp≈ IS-∏mSv Ncn-{X-\n-cq-]-I∑m¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p≠v. Ckvem-anI ico-A-Øn\pw AXn-t\mSv A]m-c-amb kmZr-iy-ap≠v. BI-bm¬ {]kvXpX kwln-X-I-sf√mw Htc kcn-Øn¬ \n∂v \n¿K-fn-®-Xm-sW-∂v ]d-bm-hp-∂-XmWv. AXn\m¬ saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ hf¿∂p hnI-kn® kwkvImcw Hcp {]hm-NI {]t_m-[-\-Øns‚ AkvXn-hm-c-Øn¬ ÿm]n-X-am-bn-cp∂p F∂ \nK-a-\-ØnseØn-t®-cm≥ hnj-a-an√. Ime-N-{I-Øns‚ Id°w B kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ ]e am‰-ßfpw hcp-Øn-bn-cn°mw. Aßs\ {]hmN-I-{]-t_m-[n-X-amb XØz-ß-fn¬ \n∂v AXp hf-sc-b-[nIw hyXnN-en-®p-t]m-b-Xmhmw. CXp Xs∂-bmWv as‰√m temI-kw-kvIm-c߃°pw kw`-hn-®Xv.



lΩp-dm-_nbpw A{am-s^epw PqX-∑mcpw {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw apkvenw-Ifpw Hcp-t]mse {]hm-NI-s\∂p hniz-kn-°p∂ A{_-lman (C_v-dmlow \_n)s‚ P∑-tZiw _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂v ss__n-fn¬\n∂v hy‡-amhpw. _m_n- t em- W nbm cmjv { SsØ "io\m¿' F∂mWv DXv ] - Ø n- ] pkvXIw31 hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. A{_-lm-ans‚ ImeØv io\m¿ `cn-®ncp∂ cmPm- h ns‚ t]¿ "A{am- s ^¬' F∂m- b n- c p∂p. 32 F∂m¬ Ad_n {KŸ-߃ "\nwdqZv' F∂mWv A∂sØ cmPm-hns\ hnfn°p-∂Xv. \nwdqZv F∂Xv A°m-eØv _m_n-tem-Wnb `cn-®n-cp∂ cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS ÿm\-t∏-cm-hWw; "^n¿-Hu≥' (^tdmh), \÷min (t\Kkv), "ssJk¿' (kok¿), "Inkvdm' F∂o t]cp-Iƒt]mse Xs∂. AXn-\m¬ \nwdqZv ]c-º-c-bnse Hcp N{I-h¿Øn-bmhmw A{ams^¬. {]kvXpX A{am-s^¬ BhWw, inem-en-Jn-X-ß-fn¬ Is≠Ønb lΩp-dm_n F∂v Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-I-cn¬ Nne¿°-`n-{]m-b-ap≠v. l˛A, _˛ ^ F∂o h¿W-߃ skan-‰n°v `mj-I-fn¬ At\ym\yw amdn hcnI km[m-c-W-at{X. Aßs\ lΩp-dm_n F∂ _m_n-temWn- b ≥ kw⁄ ln{_p- ` m- j - b n¬ IS∂ph∂- t ∏mƒ "Aap- d m^n' Bbn. "F¬' ln{_p-hn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ t]cmWv. Fen-t\mSv tN¿∂v [mcmfw t]cp-Iƒ ln{_p-hn¬ ImWmw. iap-th¬, bl-kvtI¬, bn{km-tb¬ F∂nh DZm-l-cWw. Aap-dm-^n-tbmSv ln{_p-ssi-en-b\p-k-cn®v F¬ tN¿∂v Ah-km\w A{am-s^¬ Bbn-Øo¿∂-Xm-hmsa-∂mWv kønZv kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn-bpsS \nK-a\w. At±lw Cu \nK-a-\sØ \ymbo-I-cn-®psIm≠v {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p: ""A{am-s^epw lΩp-dm-_nbpw Htc BfmWv F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn\v henb Hcp sXfnhv Ccp-h-cp-sSbpw Imehpw tZihpw GXm≠v H∂m-bXp IqSn-bmWv.''33 ]m›m-Xy≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb B¿.Uªyp. cmK¿kn\pw GXm≠v CtX A`n-{]m-b-am-Wp-≈-sX∂v \Zvhn kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v.34



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BI- b m¬ {]hm- N - I - \ mb A{_- l m- a ns‚ aX- { ]- t _m- [ - \ Øn¬\n-∂p-bn¿sIm-≠-XmWv lΩp-dm-_n-bpsS \nb-a-kw-lnX F∂v hnNm-cn-°p-hm≥ km[y-X-bp≠v. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ saskm-s]mt´-an-b≥ kwkv-Im-c-Øns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ aX-{]t_m-[\w \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ alm ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS Nn¥m-K-Xn-Ifpw Bib-K-Xn-I-fp-am-sW∂v ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. F∂m¬ B alm-]p-cp-j-∑mcpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-ßfpw bYm¿Y-a-X-{]-t_m-[-\-ßfpw \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ \ap°v J\-\-ß-fn¬ e`n-®n-´n√. AXn-sem´pw AZv`p-X-s∏-Sm-\p-an-√Xm\pw. ImcWw, Xß-fpsS kvamc-I-߃°-√msX as‰m-∂n\pw cmPm°-∑mtcm {]`p-°-∑mtcm hne I¬]n-°pI ]Xn-hn-√t√m. ssk‘-h≥amcpw saskm-s]m-t´-an-bcpw XΩn-ep≈ aX-]-c-amb ASp-∏s-Ø-∏‰n ASpØ A[ym-b-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n°mw.



Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. hm´v lm∏≥Uv C≥ lnÃdn t]Pv 112 2. hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]Pv 542, 543 3. Ibid P. 540-541 4. tem-I-N-cn{X kw{Klw t]Pv 68 5. Ibid P. 68 6. D≤cWw: saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 10 7. temI-N-cn{Xw hmfyw 1, t]Pv 72 8. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 14 9. Ibid P. 67 10. temI-N-cn{Xw hmfyw 1, t]Pv 82 11. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw t]Pv 49 12. DXv]Øn 7-˛mw A[ymbw t\m°pI. 13. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 13 14. Ibid P. 26 15. temI-N-cn{Xw hmfyw 1, t]Pv 86 16. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 48 17. DXv]Øn 1: 27, 2: 7 18. Jp¿-B≥ 32: 7,9 19. Ibid A[ymbw 51, kq‡w 56 t\m°pI. 20. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 48. 21. Ibid P. 32 22. Ibid P. 29 23. Ibid P. 40 24. Ibid P. 37, 38 25. Ibid P. 86 26. D≤-cWw: Ibid P. 87 27. D≤-cWw: Ibid P. 87, 88



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28. D≤-cWw: Ibid P. 88. 29. D≤-cWw: Ibid P. 88, 89 30. D≤-cWw: Ibid P. 89 31. DXv]Øn 10:10 32. Ibid 14:1 33. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmfyw 1, t]Pv 143 34. Ibid hmfyw 1, t]Pv 143



A[ymbw ]Xn-s\m∂v



aX-]-c-amb ASp∏w sh¶-e-bp-K-Øn-emWv kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kvImcw Xg®p hf¿∂-sX∂v DXvJ-\\ Kth-jWw sXfn-bn-°p∂p. F∂m¬ AXns‚ Bcw`w AXn\pw F{X-tbm \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v ap≥]m-bn-cn-°Ww. Fs¥-∂m¬ ]q¿W hf¿® ssIh∂ Hcp kwkvIm-c-am-bn-´mWv kn‘p-\m-K-cnIXzw \ΩpsS Adn-hn¬ hcp-∂Xv. Hcp \mK-cn-IX B Zi-bn-se-ØW-sa-¶n¬ ]e hf¿®m-L-´-ß-sfbpw ]n∂n-SmsX hø. ]WvUn‰v s\lvdp-hns‚ A\p-am-\-Øn¬ At©m Btdm kl-{km-_vZ-߃ ]g-°-ap≠v kn‘p-XS kwkvIm-c-Øn\v.1 GXm≠v AtX Ime-Øm-hWw saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kwkvImchpw Xg®p hf¿∂Xv. kn‘p-X-S-hm-kn-Iƒ°v saskm-s]m-t´-an-b°m-cp-ambn ASpØ kº¿°-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-I∑m- c psS A`n- { ]mbw \mw I≠p. ssk‘- h - ∑ m¿ ka¿Y- c mb IS¬bm{X-°mcpw I®-h-S-°m-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. J\-\-Øn¬ e`n® ap{ZI-fn¬ ImWp∂ I∏¬ Nn{X-ßfpw, hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Af-hp-Ifp-sSbpw Xq°-ß-fp-sSbpw Nn”-ßfpw AXmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. IqSmsX saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bnse Hcp ]pcm-X\ \K-c-amb eKm-jn-\Sp-Øp-\n∂v Hcp XpWn-s°-´ns‚ Acn-In¬ Hcp C¥y≥ ap{Z I≠pIn-´n-bXv hy‡-am-°p-∂Xpw AXmWv. ]cpØn \qem-°p-hm\pw \qep-sIm≠v hkv{X-߃s\-øp-hm\pw kn‘p-X-S-hm-kn-Iƒ ]Tn-®n-cp∂p. J\-\-Øn¬ Is≠-SpØ XpWn°jWw AXv sXfn-bn®p. NpI∏v Nmbw sImSpØv tamSn-]n-Sn-∏n® B XpWn s\bvØp-hy-h-km-b-Øn¬ Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]ptcmKXn ImWn-°p∂p. {Ko°p-`m-j-bn¬ ]cp-Øn-°p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ t]¿



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"knt‘m≥' F∂s{X. ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv ]cp-Øn°pw ]cp-Øn-sIm≠p≈ hkv{X-߃°pw {ipXn-s∏´ cmPyw kn‘m-b-Xn-\m-em-hWw AXn\v B t]¿ In´n-b-sX∂v A\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. {Ko°p-Im¿ ]cpØn-ØpWn hmßn-bn-cp-∂Xv kn‘n¬ \n∂m-bn-cn-°Ww. saskm-s]m-t´-an-bbpw kn‘pw XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ _‘-sØ∏‰n \mw hnh-cn-®n-´p≠v. tIhew I®-h-S-_-‘-am-bn-cp-∂n√ AXv. AXn¬ Ihn™v, kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw aX-]-chpw IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p. kn‘p- X - S - h m- k n- I - f psS aX- k - ¶ ¬]hpw kpta- c n- b - c psS aX- k ¶¬]hpw XΩn¬ hep-Xmb kmZr-iy-ap≠v. CtX-∏‰n tPm¨ am¿jens‚ ]£w CXmWv: ""kn‘p-X-S-Ønse P\-ß-fpsS aX-Øn¬ ImWp∂ ]eXpw kam¥c \ne-bn¬ a‰p P\-ß-fnepw ImWm-\p-s≠-∂Xv icn-X-s∂-sb¶nepw, Ncn{X Ime-Øn\v apºp≈ F√m aX-ß-fp-sSbpw, Ncn-{XImew apX¬°n-tßm-´p-≈ an° aX-ß-fp-sSbpw ÿnXn CXp-X-s∂bmWv . '' 2 F∂m¬ ssk‘-h-∑m-cp-sSbpw saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-cp-sSbpw aX`m-h-\-Iƒ {]mtbW H∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv Ncn{X tcJ-Ifpw J\\-K-th-j-W-ßfpw sXfn-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. {io. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xymbs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ""kn‘p-\m-K-cn-IXzw Akp-c-Im¬Zn \mK-cnI- X z- Ø ns‚ ka- I m- e nIw am{X- a √, `Kn- \ nbpw IqSn- b m- b n- c p∂p.'' ImcWw ""c≠n-tebpw [m¿anI `mh-\-Iƒ°v hfsc ASp-∏-ap-≠m-bncp∂p.''3 am{X-a√, ""Bcy-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬ hcp-∂-Xn\v apºv kn‘pXm-gvh-c-bn¬ A o-c-nb-bnse Hcp ]cn-jvIr-X-hn-`mKw \nh-kn-®n-cp∂p''4 F∂p-t]mepw At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. Aß-s\-bms-W-¶n¬ kn‘p-\m-K-cn-IXzw ]Sp-Øp-b¿Ønb Ic-߃ kpta-cn-b-∑m-cp-tS-Xmhm≥ hfsc km[y-X-bp≠v. AXn-\m¬ kpta-cn-b≥ aXhpw ssk‘h≥ aXhpw auen-I-ambn H∂ms-W∂v hcp∂p. Dt±iw {In. ap. Bdm-bn-c-am-≠nt\m Ggm-bn-c-am-≠nt\m apºv kptacn-b≥ \mK-cn-IX Bcw-`n-®n-cn-°m-sa-∂mWv Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS A\pam\w. AXn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ J\-\-Øn¬ ssIh-∂n-´pap≠v. ""IqSp-X¬ hkvXp\njvT-amb IW-°p-Iƒ sh®p-t\m-°n-bmepw kpta-dn-b≥ kwkvImcw ]Sn-™m-d≥ Gjy-bnse G‰hpw ]pcm-X\ kwkvIm-c-ambn \nesIm-≈p∂p. {In. ap. 5262-˛¬ \n∏q-dnepw {In. ap. 4500˛¬ -Injnepw {In. ap. 3500˛-¬ Dudnepw cmP-hw-i-߃ `cn-®n-cp∂-Xmbn sXfn-hp≠v. Cu {]tZ-iØv a\p-jy-hmkw AXn-s\-{Xtbm apºv Bcw-`n-®n-cn-°-W-sa∂v hy‡-amWv.''5 BZy-ambn kwkvImcw ÿm]n-X-am-bXpw hf¿∂p h∂Xpw \ZoXo-c-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p. bq{^-´o-kn-s‚bpw ssS{Ko-kn-s‚bpw at[y-bp≈ {]tZiw, ss\¬ \Zn-bpsS Xmgvhmcw, kn‘p-XSw apX-em-bh C°q-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



´-Øn¬ s]Sp∂p. F®v.Pn. sh’v Fgp-Xn-bXv t\m°pI: ""Dt±iw {In. ap. 6000-˛am≠nt\m, 7000-˛am≠nt\m ASpØv, Gjy-bnse ^e]p-jvS-ß-fmb ]e {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw ss\¬Øo-c-Ønepw s]dp-kwkvIm-c-tØmSv InS \n¬°p∂ A¿[-kw-kvIm-c-ap≈ a\pjy kap-Zmb- ß ƒ Bhn¿`- h n®p Ign- ™ n- c p∂p...... saskm- s ]m- t ´- a n- b bpsS sX°p- ` m- K - ß - f nepw CuPn- ] v X n- e p- a mWv BZy- a mbn ]´- W - ß fpw t£{X-ßfpw Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw, shdp-samcp {Kma-\-K-c-Øn¬ \n∂¬]w Db¿∂ kap-Zm-b-L-S-\-bpsS a‰p e£-W-ßfpw {]Xy£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. A°m-eØv bq{^-´okv \Znbpw ssS{Kokv \Znbpw hn`n∂ kc-Wn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S-en¬ sN∂p hoWncp-∂Xv. Cu c≠p \Zn-I-fp-tSbpw at[y-bp≈ `q`m-K-Øn-emWv kptacn-b-°m¿ BZy-ambn Ah-cpsS ]´-W-߃ ]Wn-sN-bvXXv.''6 Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Im-eØv kw`-hn-®-Xmbn ]e aX {KŸ-ß-fnepw {]Xn]m-Zn®p ImWp∂ Hcp kw`h-amWv Pe {]fbw. Cu IY h¿K-߃ XΩn-ep≈ ]pcm-X\ _‘sØ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p≠v. t\ml-bpsS ImeØv kw`-hn-®-Xmbn ss__nfpw Jp¿-B\pw ]d-bp∂ {]kvXpX IY saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmln-Xy-ß-fnepw ÿew ]nSn-®n-´p≠v. Ajq¿_-\o-]m¬ F∂ A o-cn-b≥ cmPm-hns‚ {KŸ tiJcw J\\-Øn¬ I≠pIn´n. A°q-´-Øn¬ "Kn¬K-tajv' F∂ Hcp hoc-iqcs‚ Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn® Hcp CXn-lmk Imhyhpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. Cu Imhy-Øn\v GXm≠v {In. ap. 3000 h¿jsØ ]g-°-ap≠v.7 ss__nfnse {]fb IY {]kvXpX CXn-lm-k-Øn¬ \n∂v ]I¿Øn-b-XmsW∂v Nne \ncq-]-I-∑m¿°v ]£-ap≠v. GXm-bmepw 5000 h¿j߃°p apºv kpta-cn-b-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ {]Np-c-{]-Nmcw kn≤n® Hcp IY-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Ncn{Xw kwi-bn-°p-∂n√. CsXmcp I¬]nX IY-sb-∂mWv ASpØ Imew hsc Ncn-{Xm-t\z-jI-∑m¿ [cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ CønsS "Acm-dmØv' ]¿hX inJ-cØn¬ Is≠-Ønb Hcp {]mNo\ I∏-ens‚ Ah-injvSw t\ml-bptS-Xm-hm≥ km[yX sXfn™p h∂n-cn-°p∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬ t\mlbpsS I∏-ens‚ BIr-Xnbpw Af-hp-Ifpw ss__n-fn¬ hnkvX-cn-®n´p≠v. Ah Cu Af-hp-I-tfmSv tbmPn-°p∂p.8 CtX IY as‰mcp cq]-Øn¬ C¥y≥ kmln-Xy-ß-fnepw ÿew ]nSn-®n-´p≠v. sshh-kz-X-a-\p-hmWv C¥y≥ {]fb IYm-\m-b-I≥. C¥y≥ ]pcmW {]Imcw a\p-°ƒ ]Xn-\m-ep≠v. Ggm-asØ tZlamWv hnh-kzms‚ aI-\mb a\p. a\p-hns‚ hmgvN-°mew ]pcm-W-a\p-k-cn®v 43,20,000 h¿j-amWv. Cu IW-°n\v saskm-s]m-t´-an-bbnse ]pcm-W-hp-ambn _‘-ap-s≠∂p Nne¿ ]d-bp∂p. Ahn-SsØ ]ptcm-lnX Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Dt±iw {In.ap. 2300˛-am≠n-t\m-S-SpØv \m´ns‚ ]q¿h-Im-e-N-cn-{X-sØ-∏‰n \S-Ønb At\z-j-W-^ew inemen-Jn-X-ß-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-®n-cp∂p. Cu tcJ-bn¬ ]d-™-{]-



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Imcw, Pe-{]-f-b-Øn\v apºv kpta-cnb `cn® cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Imew 4,32,000 h¿j-ß-fmWv. CtX-∏‰n "hn¬Up-dm‚n's‚ Our Oriental Heritage (t]. 119,120) F∂ IrXnsb D≤-cn®p "Ien-bpK'Øns‚ I¿Øm°ƒ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""kpta-cnb-bnse ]ptcm-lnX Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ AhcpsS cmPy-Øns‚ Hcp ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-ap-≠m°n F∂pw AX-\p-kcn®v Hcp ]c- º - c - b psS hmgv N - ° mew˛Pe- { ]- f - b - Ø n- \ p- a p- º p- ≈ Xv ˛ 4,32,000 h¿j-ß-fm-sW∂pw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-sh-®n-´ps-≠∂pw hn¬Updm‚ v {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p.''9 Cu IW-°n¬ Hcp ]qPyw tN¿Øm¬ C¥y≥ ]pcm-W-a-\p-k-cn®p≈ "a\z-¥cw' (a\p-hns‚ hmgvN-°mew) Bbn. AXn-\m¬ C¥y≥ ]pcm-W-Ønse {]kvXpX a\z-¥c \n¿W-b-Øn-\m-[mcw saskm-s]mt´-an-b≥ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS IW-°m-sW∂pw, AXp ]I¿Øn-bt∏mƒ Hcp ]qPyw IqSn-t∏m-b-Xm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw kwi-bn-°m≥ hIbp≠v. _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bnse _m¬ t£{X-Øns‚ ]ptcm-ln-X\pw Im¬Un- b - b psS Ncn- { X- s a- g p- X nb Bfp- a mb "s_dkqkn'( Berasus.B.C.400 )s\ D≤- c n- ® p- s Im≠v PqX- { K- Ÿ - I m- c - ∑ mcpw {Ko°p- { K- Ÿ - I m- c - ∑ mcpw Hcp IW°v sImSpØpImWp- ∂ p≠v . AXnepw {]f-b-Øn\p apºp≈ cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS hmgvN-°mew 4,32,000 F∂mWv ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.10 GXm-bmepw {]kvXpX IW°v shdpw km¶¬]n-I-amWv. AXn\v Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ASn-ÿm-\-sam-∂p-an√. ]t£, C¥y≥ ]pcm-Whpw saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ tcJ-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ ASp-∏sØ AXv sXfnbn-°p-∂p≠v. t\ml F∂ skan-‰nIv \mahpw a\p F∂ C¥y≥ \mahpw XΩn-ep≈ kmayw \mw apºv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. Ien-bp-K-Øns‚ I¿Øm- ° ƒ ]d- b p∂p: ""ss__n- f nse t\mlbpw C¥y- b nse sshh-kzX a\phpw Hcmƒ Xs∂-bmWv.''11 CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ Ad_n Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw temI-k-©m-cn-bp-am-bncp∂ A_p¬ lk≥ akqZn (acWw {In. 956)bpsS A`n-{]mbw IqSn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øs´. At±lw Xs‚ "apdq-Pp-±-l_v' F∂ Ncn{X {KŸ- Ø n¬ FgpXn sh®n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xpw ImWpI: ""t\ml- b psS ]u{Xs‚ ]p{X≥ \q^n¿ Xs‚ IpSpw-_-k-taXw C¥y-bn-te°v ˛kn‘n-te°v˛ bm{Xbmbn...... kn‘nse P\-߃ At±-l-Øns‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬ s]´-h-cm-Ip∂p.''12 kn‘p-Xm-gvh-c-bn¬ saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bnse Hcp ]cn-jvIr-X-hn`mKw A[n- h m- k - a p- d - ∏ n- ® n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂v cmlp¬kmw- I r- X ym- b \pw ka¿Yn-®n-´p-≠t√m. B ]cn-jvIrX hn`mKw t\ml-bpsS ]n≥apd°m-cm-bn-cn-°Ww. CtX ]cn-jvIrX hn`m-K-am-hWw, ]n¬°m-eØv {Zmhn-U¿ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´Xv. {Zmhn-U-i-_vZhpw Xncp-bm^nYpw XΩn-ep≈ kmZriyw \mw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p≠v. bm^nYv t\ml-bpsS Hcp ]p{X-\m-bn-cp∂p. bm^n-Yns‚ ]u{X-\mb Baq¿



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C¥y≥ AXn¿Øn-I-fn¬ h∂v Xma-k-ap-d-∏n-®-Xmbn akqZn as‰m-cnSØv {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p≠v.''13 Npcp-°-Øn¬, kpta-cn-bcpw {Zmhn-Ucpw h¿K-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn Htc hn`m-K-am-sW∂ ]£-amWv IqSp-X¬ icn-bmbn tXm∂p-∂Xv. Pb-kz-em¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""as‰mcp hn`mKw `qK¿`im-kv{X-⁄-∑m¿ ]Sn-™m-d≥ C¥ybpw kpta-cn-bbpw XΩn¬ _n.kn. 6000-˛am≠p apX¬ Xs∂ I®-hSw \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw kpta-cn-bcpw {Zmhn-Ucpw XΩn¬ `mjm-]-c-ambpw h¿K-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw (Ethnic) a‰pw kmayw hln-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.''14 "AUzm≥kvUv lnÃdn Hm^v C¥y' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ \n∂v "C¥ybnse h¿W-k-acw' F∂ IrXn D≤-cn-°p∂p: ""Ah-km-\-ambn kn‘pX-S-\m-K-cn-IX GXp h¿K-Øn-\n-S-bn-emWv hf¿∂p-h-∂-sX∂ tNmZyw DZn-°p∂p. Ah¿ {Zmhn-U-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂p Nnecpw, {Zmhn-Ucpw kpta-cn-b-cp-amb c≠p hn`m-K-°mcpw (bYm¿Y-Øn¬) H∂p Xs∂bm-bn-cp∂p F∂p a‰p Nnecpw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.''15 sshh-kzX a\p-hns\ `mc-Xob kmlnXyw "kXy-{h-X≥' F∂pw hnfn-°m-dp≠v. kXy-{h-Xs\ {Zmhn-U-cpsS "Cuiz-c≥' (\mY≥) F∂v alm-`m-cXw hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p: ""kXy-{h-tXm-RvP-en-KXmw kltXm tb\ `mcX! D’-k¿÷\ ZotXmtb i^cow {Zhn-tU-izcx''16 ""tbm ku kXy-{htXm \ma cmP¿jn¿ {Zhn-tU-izcx ⁄m\w tbmf XoX Iev]mt¥ tet` ]pcpj tkhbm''17 a\p {Zmhn-U-cpsS cmPmhpw t\Xm-hp-am-sW-¶n¬ {Zmhn-U¿ At±l-Øns‚ k¥-Xn-Ifpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂psh∂p hcp∂p. F∂m¬ a\p-hns‚ kztZiw `mc-X-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw kpta-cn-b-bmbncp-∂p-sh∂pw, AXp-t]mse a\p-hns‚ I∏¬ {]f-bm-\-¥cw \n∂Xv lnam- e - b - Ø n- e - s √∂pw Acm- d m- Ø n- e m- s W∂pw [cn- t °- ≠ n- h cpw. A£- c m- ` ymkw {]Nm- c - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X n\v apºv h{‡m- \ p- h - { ‡- a mbn ]I¿∂p-h∂ Hcp IY-bmWv {]fb kw`hw. hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kuIcy-߃ hf-sc-tbsd {]Nm-c-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ C°m-e-Øp-t]mepw Htc kw`hw hnhn[ cq]-Øn-emWv dnt∏m¿´v sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. F∂n-cn-°ptºmƒ ]pcm-X-\-Im-esØ Hcp kw`hw hyXykvX cq]-Øn¬, hnhn[ CS-ß-fn¬ {]N-cn-®-Xn¬ AZv`p-X-s∏-Sm-s\m-∂p-an√. BI-bm¬ a\phns‚ IY C¥y-bn¬ {]N-cn-®Xv Chn-SsØ kml-N-cy-Øn-s\mØ hn[-Øn-em-sW∂v Iev]n-°m-t\-bp-≈q.



ssk‘h kwkvIm-cØ - nse aXw ChnsS Hcp {]iv\-Øn\v BZyta DØcw ImtW-≠-Xp≠v: t\ml Hcp _lp-ssZ-hXz {]Nm-c-I-\m-bn-cp-∂n√. adn®p GI-ssZ-h-XzsØ {]N-cn-∏n-t°-≠-Xn\pw AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp [m¿anI hyh-



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ÿnXn sI´n-∏-Sp-t°-≠-Xn-\pambn ssZh-Øm¬ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´ Hcp {]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ ssk‘-h-kw-kvIm-c-Ønse aX hn`mh-\-bpsS ÿnXn Aß-s\-b√. AhnsS enwK ]qP, inh ]qP, tZho ]qP apX-emb \m\mXz k¶¬]-ß-fpsS e£-W-ß-fmWv \mw ImWp∂Xv. t\ml-bpsS k¥-Xn-Ifpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p kn‘pX-S-hm-kn-I-sf-¶n¬ Ah¿ Fßs\ _lpssZh-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p? J\-\-Øn¬ ssIh∂ F√m Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw Htc hn`m-K-°m-cptS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hnNm-cn-∏m≥ hø. Ah-bn¬ Chn-SsØ BZn-hmkn-I-fpsS kmwkv-Im-cn-Im-h-injvS-߃°pw Hcp ]¶p≠v. tZho-]q-PbpsS kvamc-I-ßfpw inh-hn-{K-l-ßfpw \¿Ø-In-bpsS {]Xn-abpw a‰pw BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS hI-bm-bn-cn-°m-\mWv IqS-pX¬ km[yX. F∂m¬ kwkvIm-c-ku[w sI´n-∏-SpØ ]cn-jvIrX hn`mKw saskms]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ \n∂v ChnsS IpSn-tbdn∏m¿Ø-h-cms-W∂v ]dbmw. \ΩpsS Cu kn≤m-¥-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv \c-hw-i-im-kv{X-⁄∑mcpsS \nK-a\w. Ahsc D≤-cn®p {io. hn.B¿. ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""taml≥P-Zm-tdm-hnepw lmc-∏-bnepw \n∂v J\\w sNbvsX-SpØ a\p-jym-ÿn-]-RvP-c-ßsf ]cn-tim-[n®p t\m°nb \c-hwi-⁄m-\n-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv Ah Htc h¿K-Øn¬s∏´ a\p-jy-cp-tSX√ F∂mWv.''18 kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ GI-Xz-hn-izm-kn-I-fp-tS-Xmb Hcp hn`mKw A[nh-kn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. {io. ]n. tXmakv Xs‚ "`mc-Xob kmwkvIm-cnI km{amPy Ncn{Xw' F∂ ]pkvX-IØn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXp ImWpI: ""kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-hm-kn-I-fpsS aX-t_m-[-sØ-°p-dn-°p∂ ¢n]vX-tc-J-Iƒ C\nbpw ssIh-∂n-´n√.... GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ F∂ \nK-a-\-ØnemWv an°hmdpw Kth-j-I-∑m¿ FØn-t®¿∂n-´p-≈Xv.''19 Ch-sc-∏‰n ASpØ A[ym-b-Øn¬ sXfnhp klnXw hni-Z-ambn {]Xn- ] m- Z n°mw. F∂m¬ saskm- s ]m- t ´- a n- b - b p- a mbn C¥y- b psS _‘w AXn∂p apºv Xs∂ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xn\pw inh-]q-Pbpw a‰pw BZn kpta-cn-b-cnepw \S-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn\pw sXfn-hp-I-fp≠v. t\mlbpsS ImeØpw AXn-\p-apºpw kpta-cn-b-∑m¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ Nne tZh- ∑ m¿ C¥y- b nepw Bcm- [ n- ° - s ∏- ´ n- c p∂p. inh- ] qP B C\Øn¬s∏-´-Xs{X.



tZh-]qP t\ml-bpsS aX-{]-t_m-[-\-sØ-∏‰n Jp¿-B≥ ]te-S-ß-fnepw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p≠v. AXns‚ Npcp°pw CXmWv: t\ml-bpsS P\X hn{K-l-ßsf {]Xn-jvTn®p ]qPn-®n-cp∂p. h±v, kphm-Av, bKqYv, bDuJv, \kvdv F∂o t]cp-I-fn-emWv Ah-cpsS tZh-∑m¿ Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. B P\-Xsb hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bn¬ \n∂v hnc-an-∏n®v, GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



\-bn-te°v hnfn-∏m-\m-bn-´mWv \qlv \_n (A) \nbp-‡-\m-bXv. ]t£, Ah¿ At±-lsØ [n°-cn®p If™p. Aßs\ At±lw \ncm-i-s∏-Sp-Ibpw [n°m-cn-Isf H∂-S¶w \in-∏n-°p-hm≥ ssZh-sØ {]m¿Yn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Zo¿L-amb B {]m¿Y-\-bn¬ At±lw ]d-™-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ D≤-cn-°p∂p: ""\mYm! Ch¿ Fs∂ [n°-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p. [\hpw k¥-Xnbpw ]cm-P-b-a-√msX as‰m∂pw h¿[n-∏n-®n-´n-√m-Ø-hsc Ch¿ ]n¥p-S¿∂ncn-°-bmWv. Ch¿ hºn® KqV-X{¥w \S-Øn-°-gn™p. Cu t\Xm°-∑m¿ (A\p-bm-bn-I-tfmSv) ]d™p: "\n߃ \nß-fpsS tZh-X-Isf ssIhn-S-cpXv; h±n-t\bpw kphm-C-t\bpw bKq-Yn-t\bpw bDu-Jns\bpw \kvdn-t\bpw Isøm-gn-°-cpXv.' Aßs\ Ch¿ hfsc t]sc hgn-]n-g-∏n-®p-I-f-™n-cn-°p∂p.''20 CXn¬\n∂v t\ml-bpsS ImesØ kpta-cn-b-∑m¿ ]qPn-®n-cp∂ tZh-∑m-cpsS \ma-߃ \ap°v a\- n-embn. CtX tZh-∑msc ]n∂oSv A\n-kvem-anI ImesØ Nne Atd-_y≥tKm-{X-ßfpw Bcm-[n-®ncp∂p. kp{]- k n≤ Jp¿- B ≥ hymJym- X mhpw \_n- b psS ASpØ injy-\p-amb A_vZp-√m-ln-_v\p A∫mkv (d) {]kvXm-hn-®-Xmbn Camw _pJmcn F∂ lZokv ]WvUn-X≥ Xs‚ "kloln'¬ D≤-cn°p∂p: ""{]mNo-\-Im-eØv \qlns‚ P\w Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ tZh-X-Isf ]n¬°m-eØv Ad-_n-tKm-{X-ßfpw Bcm-[n-°m≥ XpSßn. h±v ZuaØp¬ P≥Z- e nse I¬_p- t Km- { X- Ø ns‚ tZh- \ mbn. kphmAv lpssZ¬ tKm{X-°m-cpsS Bcm-[y-h-kvXp-hmbn. bKqYv BZyw apdmZv tKm{X-°m-cp-sSbpw ]n∂oSv _\q-Kp-ssX^v hwi-°m-cp-sSbpw tZh\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. k_m(ba≥)bpsS kao]w Ppdq^v F∂n-S-Øm-bncp∂p bKqYp {]Xnjv T . bDu- J ns\ lwZm≥hw- i - ° m¿ ]qPn®p t]m∂p. \kvdm-Is´, lnwb¿tKm-{X-Øn¬s]´ Zp¬In-em-Cs‚ Bcm[y- h - k v X p- h mbn! (hmkv X - h - Ø n¬) \qlns‚ P\- X - b n- e p≈ Nne k÷-\-ß-fpsS \ma-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah. Ah¿ ac-W-a-S™p. Ah¿ Ccp∂p Bcm-[\ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ ÿe-ß-fn¬ Ah-cpsS {]Xn-cq-]߃ \n¿an-®p-sh-°m≥ (]n≥Km-an-Iƒ°v) ]nimNv tXm∂n®p. Ah¿ Aßs\ sNbvXp. B {]Xn-cq-]-߃°v {]kvXpX alm-∑m-cpsS \ma߃ \¬In. ]t£, A∂v Ah Bcm-[n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂n√. Cu Xe-apdbpw a¨a-d™p. hn⁄m\w tX™p am™p. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ B {]Xn-a-Iƒ Bcm-[n-°-s∏´p XpSßn!''21 kpta-cn-b¿ Bcm-[n-®p-t]m∂ tZh-∑msc ]n¬°m-eØv Ad-_nIfpw Bcm- [ n- ° m≥ XpS- ß n- s b- ∂ mWv ta¬ {]kv X m- h n- ® - X ns‚ Npcp°w. F∂m¬ Ad-_n-Iƒ FhnsS \n∂mWv {]kvXpX Bcm[\m k{º-Zmbw kzoI-cn-®Xv. kpta-cn-b-∑m-cn¬ \n∂v t\cn-´m-bn-cp∂n√. ]ns∂tbm, C¥y-°m-cn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp∂p. kzlo-lp¬ _pJm-



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cn-bpsS hymJym-\-{K-Ÿ-amb "^Xv-lp¬_mcn'bn¬ lm^n-fp-_v\pl-P-cn¬ AkvJ-em\n, _Jn-øp-_v\p Jmen-Zns\ D≤-cn®v Fgp-Xp∂p: ""{]kvXpX \ma-߃ C¥y-bn-te°v ]I¿∂p; C¥y-°m¿ Xß-fpsS tZh-∑m¿°v B t]cp-Iƒ \¬In. ]n∂oSv Atd-_y≥ aÆn-te°v B hn{K-l-߃ sIm≠ph∂Xv Awdp_v\p epssl F∂ ]ptcmln-X-\m-bn-cp∂p.''22 kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ \n∂v Is≠-SpØ Hcp {]Xna inh-t‚-Xm-sW∂v tPm¨ am¿j¬ A\p-am-\n-°p∂p. am¿j-ens\ D≤-cn®p sI. ZmtamZ-c≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""tbmKn-I-sf-t∏mse ]Zvam-k-\-Øn-en-cn-°p∂, aq∂v Xe-I-fp≈ Hcp ]pcp-j-ssZ-h-Øns‚ _nw_hpw In´n-bn-´p≠v. inhs‚ {]Xn-a-bmWv AsX∂v am¿j¬ Duln-°p∂p.''23 BZn Bcy-∑m-cpsS tZh-K-W-Øn¬ inh≥s]-Sp-∂n√. s]´n-cps∂-¶n¬ inh-s\-°p-dn-® kvtXm{X-ßfpw EtKz-Z-Øn¬ ImtW-≠n-bncp∂p. EtKz-Z-am-Wt√m Bcy-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw BZy-tØXv. F∂m¬ inhs\ kvXpXn-°p∂ H‰ a{¥hpw EtKz-Z-Øn-en-s√-∂mWv hnZ-Kv[-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. {io. Zmtam-Z-c≥ Xs∂ ]d-bs´: ""inhs\-∏-‰n-bp≈ H‰ kvtXm{Xw-t]mepw EtKz-Z-Øn-en√.''24 Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ Bcy-∑mcpw A\m-cy-∑mcpw XΩn¬ k‘n-bn¬ h¿Øn-t°≠n h∂p. A°m-eØv inh-]q-Pbpw a‰pw Bcy-∑mcpw AwKo-I-cn®p. h≈-tØm-fns‚ EtKzZ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v BapJw FgpXnb k¿Zm¿ sI. Fw. ]Wn-°-cpsS A`n-{]mbw ImWpI: ""inh-]qPbpw tZho-]q-Pbpw enwK-]q-Pbpw Zkyp-°-fn¬ \n∂mhmw Bcy-∑m¿ kzoI-cn-®Xv.''25 Ad- _ n- I - f psS kphm- A v C¥y- ° m- c psS inh- \ m- b n- c n- ° Ww. \ΩpsS thZ-hym-ks\ "_oZ_m'bpw Bcy-`-Ss\ "A¿P_vldpw' B°nb Ad-_nIƒ inhs\ kphm B°n-sb-¶n¬ H´pw B›-cys∏-Sm-\n√. BI-bm¬ inh-]qP kpta-cn-b-bn¬\n∂v `mc-X-Øn-te°pw Chn-sS-\n∂v Atd-_y-bn-te°pw ]I¿∂-Xm-hWw. A\m-cy≥amcpsS as‰mcp tZhs‚ t]¿ "hr{X≥' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. hr{X-s\ ]p—n-°p-Ibpw `¿’n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ \nc-h[n a{¥-߃ EtKz-Z-Øn¬ ImWmw. Bcy-∑m¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ C{µs‚ IrXyw hr{X- h - [ - a m- b n- c p- s ∂∂p tXm∂pw. F{Xtbm a{¥- ß - f n¬ C{µ≥ hr{Xs\ h[n-®-Xmbn {]kv-Xm-hn-®n-´p≠v. A°m-esØ bp≤-߃ {]Xy-£-Øn¬ a\p-jy-h¿K-߃ XΩn-em-sW-¶nepw, k¶¬]-Øn¬ tZh-∑mcpw Akp-c-∑mcpw XΩn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v tXm∂p∂p. Bcy∑m-cpsS `mj-bn¬ Xßfpw Xß-fpsS Bcm-[y-∑mcpw "tZh-∑mcm'Wv. i{Xp-°fpw Ah¿ ]qPn-°p∂ ssZh-ßfpw "Akp-c-∑mcpw.' AXn\m¬ Bcy-∑m¿ bp≤-Øn¬ Pbn-®m¬ AXv tZh-∑m-cpsS hnP-b-ambpw Akp-c-∑m-cpsS ]cm-P-b-ambpw Ejn-am¿ IW-°m-°n-bn-cp∂p. bp≤-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Øn¬ ASn-°Sn Pbn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Bcy-∑m¿ i{Xp-tZ-h-\mb hr{Xs\ C{µ≥ h[n-®-Xmbn k¶¬]n®p. EtKzZw ]d-bp∂p: ""C{µm, Ahn-S∂p ipjvW≥, ]n{]p, Ipb-h≥, hr{X≥ F∂n-hsc sIm∂tXm-sSm∏w iw_cs‚ ]pc-ßfpw ]nf¿Øn!''26 C{µ≥ hr{Xs\ ASn-°Sn ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ At±-l-Øn\v "hr{X-Lv\≥', "hr{X-kq-Z-\≥' F∂o ÿm\-t∏-cp-Iƒ In´n. Ejn-Iƒ ]mSp∂p: ""C{µ,hr{X-Lv\≥ acp-’w-bp-X-\-`n-⁄≥ \o˛ sbm∂n®p IpSn-®mepw, tkma-\o¿ _e-hmt\; F∂n´p apSn-®mepw am‰sc; t{Zmln-Isf˛ s°m∂mep;sa߃s°ßpw X∂m-ep-a-`-bsØ.''27 C{µ≥ hr{Xs\ bp≤-Øn¬\n-t∂m-Sn-°p-Ibpw BIm-iØv sh®v h[n-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ Bcy-i-{Xp-°sf ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvX Hcp IY Ejn A\p-kva-cn-°p∂p: ""hr{X-s\-∏m-cn¬\n-t∂m-Sn-®p-ht√m \o, i‡n-bm¬Ø≥tImbva Im´n-s°mt≠...! hr{Xs\ hm\-Øp-h®p \o sIm∂t√m i‡n-bm¬Ø≥tImbva Im´n-s°mt≠!''28 BI-bm¬ hr{X≥ Hc-kp-c-tZ-h-\m-bn-cp∂p. AYhm i{Xp-]-£sØ-k-lm-bn-°p∂ ]nimNv. Fs¥-∂m¬ At±lw A\m-cy-∑m¿ Bcm[n-®n-cp∂ tZh-\m-bn-cp∂p. Ad-_n-I-fpsS "h±v' Cu hr{X-\m-bn-cn-°Ww. As√-¶n¬ inhs‚ Xs∂ as‰mcp t]cmb "hn[p'hns‚ Ad_n cq]-hp-amhmw, h±v. Bcy kmln-Xy-߃ A\m-cy-∑m-tcbpw Ah-cpsS tZh-X-I-sfbpw kmam-t\y\ "Akp-c-∑m¿' F∂mWv hnfn®p h∂n-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Akp-c-i-_vZ-Øn\v BZn-bn¬ B Zpc¿Y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂ns-√∂pw, Hcp tZh-\m-a-am-bn-cp∂p AsX∂pw, Nne cmP-hw-i-Øn\pw B t]cp-≠mbn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw \nL-≠p-hn¬ ImWp∂p. "i_vZ-Xm-cm-hen'bn¬ ]dbp-∂Xv t\m°pI: ""Akp-c-i-_vZ-Øn\v ]q¿h-Im-eØv tZh≥ F∂mbn- c p∂p A¿Yw.... Bcy- ∑ m¿ DØ- t c- ¥ y- b n¬ IpSn- t b- d n- ∏ m¿Ø ImeØv, AhnsS cmPy-`-cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ AcN h¿K-Øn¬ s]´h-scbpw "Akp-c-∑m¿' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv.''29 AXn-\m¬ Akp-c-i-_vZhpw A\m-cy-tZ-h-s‚bpw A\m-cy-h¿KØn-s‚bpw s]mXp-hmb t]cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hnNm-cn°mw. Cu Akpc i_vZ-Øns‚ DZv`hw "Ajqdn'¬ \n∂m-hWw. apºp ImeØv A ocnb `cn-®n-cp∂ cmP-hw-i-sØbpw Ahn-SsØ {][m\ tZh-s\bpw "Ajq¿' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tIm-i-Øn¬ ]dbp∂p: ""A o-cn-b≥ CXn-lm-k-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v B cmPy-Øns‚ A[n-



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tZ-h-\mb Ajq¿ kI-e-tZ-h-∑m-cp-sSbpw ]nXmhpw cmPmhpw a\p-jyhw-i-Øns‚ krjvSn-I¿Ømhpw hn[n-I¿Ømhpw kz¿K-Øns‚ A[n]-Xnbpw tZh-tk-\m-]-Xnbpw F√m-am-bn-cp∂p... {]mNo\ A o-cn-bbpsS Xe-ÿm-\-Øns‚ t]¿ Ajq¿ F∂m-bn-cp∂p.... Ajq¿ _m\n]m¬ F∂ t]cns‚ hnhn[ cq]m-¥-c-߃ ]e Ako-cn-b≥ cmPm°-∑m-cp-sSbpw \ma-am-bn-cp∂p.''30 Ajq¿ F∂ \ma-Øn\v ]e cq]m-¥-c-ßfpw kw`-hn®p. Aßs\ Nnte- S Øv "Bk- c - a m- k kv ' F∂pw, Nnte- S Øv "Alp- c - a - k v Z ≥' F∂pw, Nnte-SØv "Atic' F∂pw Bbn. {io. hn.hn.sI. hmeØv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Ajq¿ _m\n-]m-ens‚ {KŸ-ti-J-c-Øn¬\n∂v A ocn-b-bn¬ Bcm-[n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ tZh-∑m-cpsS \o≠ ]´nI I≠p-In-´pI-bp-≠mbn. Hcp tZhs‚ t]¿ "Bk-c-am-kkv' F∂m-Wv..... CXv "Ahkv X m'bn¬ (Cdm≥Im- c psS aX- { K- Ÿ w) "Alp- c - a - k v Z \m'bn. A -c≥ kwkvIr-X-Ønse "Akp-c≥' Xs∂.''31 Cßs\ cq]m- ¥ - c - s ∏- ´ p- s Im- ≠ n- c p∂ B \maw Nnte- S Øv "\kvtdm°v' F∂pw a‰p Nnte-SØv "\kvdv' F∂pambn-amdn. auem\m kønZv kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn Xs‚ A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B-\n¬ D≤-cn-°p∂p: ""_m_n-tem-Wn-b-°m-cpsS tZh-∑m-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Hcp tZhs‚ t]¿ "\t{km°v' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp _nw_w J\-\-Øn¬ I≠p-In-´n-bn-´p≠v.''32 BI-bm¬ A o-cn-b-°m-cpsS Ajqdpw, Ajq¿ _m\n-]m-ens‚ {KŸ-ti-J-c-Øn¬ I≠ Bk-c-am-kkpw, ]pcm-X\ Cdm-\n-I-fpsS Ah-kvX-bn¬ ImWp∂ Alp-c-a-kvZ\pw, _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ tZh\m-bn-cp∂ \t{km°pw, ss__n-fn¬ ]d™ Ati-cbpw,33 C¥y°m-cpsS Akp-c\pw H∂p Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. AXp-X-s∂-bm-hWw Ad_n-I-fpsS \kvdpw. C¥y-°m¿°v "tbmKn' F∂pw "b£≥' F∂pw t]cmb Nne tZh-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. B \ma-ß-fpsS Ad-_n-cq-]amhmw, bY-m{Iaw "bDuJpw' "bKqYpw.' saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ am{X-a√, ]›n-ta-jy≥ \mSp-I-fn¬ apgph\pw Bcm-[n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ Hcp tZh-\mWv _m¬. ^e-kvXo-\nepw Ab¬cm-Py-ß-fn-ep-sa√mw _m¬ ]qP {]N-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn ss__nfn¬\n∂pw a\- n-em-Ip-∂p. GI-Xz-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ ASn-bp-d-®p-\n-∂ncp∂ C{km-tb¬ kap-Zmbhpw _mem-c-m[-\-bn¬ \ns∂m-gn-hm-bn-cp∂n√. ss__nƒ ]d-bp∂p: ""bn{km-tb¬ inØo-an¬ ]m¿°p-tºmƒ P\w tamthm_ym kv{XoI-fp-ambn ]c-kwKw XpSßn... bn{km-tb¬ "_m¬]-tbmcn't\mSp tN¿∂p. btlm-h-bpsS tIm]w bn{k-tb-ens‚ t\sc Pzen®p.''34 blq-Z-∑m-cpsS tZhm-e-b-Øn-te°pw _mem-cm-[-\bpw _m¬ {]XnjvT-Ifpw kw{I-an®p. Ah-km\w tbmin-bmhv F∂ PqX-cm-Pm-hmWv



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



B k{º- Z mbw \n¿Øn- b Xv . Cu IY ss__nƒ h¿Wn- ® Xp t\m°pI: ""cmPmhv alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-\mb ln¬°n-bm-thmSpw c≠mw Xc- Ø n- e p- ≈ ]ptcm- l n- X - ∑ m- t cmSpw hmXn¬ Im°p- ∂ - h - t cmSpw, _men\pw Ati- s c°pw BIm- i - Ø nse kIe ssk\y- Ø n\pw th≠n D≠m-°nb D]-I-c-W-ß-sfms° btlm-h-bpsS aµn-c-Øn¬ \n∂p ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ Iev]n®p. bcp-i-te-an\p ]pdØp Int{Zm≥ {]tZ-i-Øp-sh®p Ah Np´p.''35 _men-s\bpw Ati-c-tbbpw (Akp-c-∑m¿) C{km-tb¬ kap-Zmb-°m-cpsS tZhm-e-b-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-jvTn--®ncp∂p-sh∂v CXn¬ \n∂p sXfn™p. AXp-t]mse Ad-_n-Ifpw _mem-cm[-I-cm-bn-cp∂p. hwi]- c - a mbn Ad- _ n- I ƒ c≠p hn`m- K - a m- b n- c p∂p: H∂v tbm‡ms‚, AYhm JlvØms‚ ]n∑p-d-°m¿; a‰Xv AZv\ms‚ k¥m-\-]-c-ºc. JlvØm-\n-I-fpsS tI{µw ba\pw, AZv\m-\n-I-fptSXv lnPm-kp-ambn-cp∂p. c≠v hn`m-K-°mcpw _mens\ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂p. ba-\n¬ {]hmN-I-\mbn \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ C¬bmkv (Genb) Xs‚ P\-Xsb DZv t _m- [ n- ∏ n- ® - X mbn Jp¿- B ≥ D≤- c n- ° p∂p: ""\n߃ _mens\ hnfn®p {]m¿Yn-°p-Ibpw G‰hpw \√-\n-e-bn¬ krjvSn \S-Øp-∂hs\ ˛ \nß-fp-sSbpw \nß-fpsS ]q¿h ]nXm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw Cuizc-\mb A√m-lp-hns\˛Isøm-gn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂pthm?''36 Cu kq‡-Øn¬ \n∂v ba≥\n-hm-kn-Iƒ Hcp ImeØv _m¬]qP-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v a\- n-em-bt√m. C\n lnPm-kp-Im-cpsS _memcm-[-\-sb-∏‰n ]dbmw. Ah¿ IA-v_-bn¬ 360 tZh-∑m-sc-sh®p ]qPn®n-cp∂p. Iq´-Øn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p lp_p¬. AXyp-∂-X-\mb tZh≥ F∂¿Y-Øn¬ At±-lsØ "lp_p-ep¬ AAvem' F∂mWv Ah¿ hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv. (Iq´-Øn¬ ]d-bs´: 360 _nw_-߃ ÿm]n°m≥ am{Xw IA-v_-Øns‚ hym-kw aXn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬ Ah-bn¬ hen-sbmcp ]¶v Nn{X-߃°m-bn-cp∂p. GI-ssZ-h-Xz-Øne-[n-jvTn-X-amb Ckvemw Bcm[y hkvXp-°-fpsS Nn{X-߃ \ntcm[n® ]›m-Øew AXs{X. F∂m¬ lp_p-ep¬ A-Avem°v Hcp hn{Klw Xs∂ I-A-v_-bn¬ {]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p.) Cu lp_p¬ ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® _me-√msX a‰m-cp-a√. Cw•ojnse The F∂ {]Xy-b-Øns‚ ÿm\Øv ln{_p-`m-j-bn¬ {]tbmKn-°p∂ Hcp i_vZ-amWv "lp'. _m¬ ln{_p-hn-te°v IS-∂p-h-∂t∏mƒ "lp' tN¿∂v "lp_mem'bn. CXv Ad-_n-bn-te°v ]I¿∂t∏mƒ "lp_pep'ambn. CtX _mens\ {]mNo\ `mc-Xob \nhm-kn-Ifpw Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂p-sh∂v a\- n-em-Ip∂p. Bcy-∑m-cpsS {]Xn-tbm-Kn-I-fmb Zkyp-°fn¬ "]Wn-Iƒ' Fs∂mcp hym]mcn kaq-lsØ ImWp∂p. Ch¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ tZhs‚ t]¿ "he≥' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. hes‚ A{I-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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asØ C{µ≥ hn^-e-am-°n-sb∂v EtKz-Z-I-hn-Iƒ ]mSp∂p: ""tl h{P-`rtØ, Xpd-∂p-ht√m _lp˛ tKmhr-≤-\mb hes‚ _nesØ \o.''37 ]Wn-Iƒ Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]ip-°sf A]-l-cn®v Kpl-I-fn¬ Hfn∏n-s®∂pw, hes‚ anSp-°p-sIm-≠mWv Ah¿°Xv sNøm≥ Ign-™sX∂pw, F∂m¬ Bcy tZh-\mb C{µs‚ Ir]-bm¬ hes‚ "_new' (Kpl) Xpd∂v ]ip-°sf hn´p-sIm≠p hcphm≥ Bcy-∑m¿°v Ign™p-sh∂pw Hcp IY-bp≠v. CXmWv {]kvXpX a{¥-Ønse {]tabw. ]Wn-I-fpsS cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p ipjvW≥. At±-l-Øn\v [mcmfw ]pcnIƒ (Zp¿K-߃) D≠m-bn-cp∂p. C{µ≥ Ah-sb√mw X√n-Ø-I¿Øp. XZ-h-kcw ]Wn-∏S Iq´-tØmsS HmSn-°-f™p. EtKzZw ]d-bp∂p: ""C{µm, Cu bp≤-Øn\p ta[m-hn-bmb lhn- -ar-≤-¶¬\n∂v ]WnIƒ \qdp-\q-tdmsS ]m™p-t]mbn. Aßv tijn XnI™ ipjvWs‚ amb-Isf Bbp-[-߃sIm≠p ap®qSpw apSn®p!''38 ]›nta-jy-bnse _mens‚ as‰mcp cq]-am-bn-cp∂p C¥y-bnse {]kvXpX he≥. ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬ _mens\ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ ^n\ojycpw Chn-SsØ ]Wn-Ifpw Htc h¿K-Øn¬s∏-´-h-cm-bn-cn-°Ww. ^n\o-jy¿ _m¬]qP t\m¿sh-bpsS DØc Xocw hsc {]N-cn-∏n-®Xmbn s{]m^. \n¬ks\(Nilsson) D≤-cn®p hmeØv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønbn-cn-°p∂p.39 C{Xbpw ]d-™-Xn¬ \n∂v Hcp Imcyw hmb-\-°m-c\v a\- n-em°m- h p- ∂ - X mWv : `mc- X hpw ]›n- t a- j y- b p- a m- b p≈ aX- ] - c hpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb _‘-Øn\v At\Iw kl-{km-_vZ-ß-fpsS ]g°-ap≠v.



Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. C¥ysb Is≠-ج t]Pv 91 t\m°pI. 2. D≤-cWw: Ibid P. 90 3. hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]Pv 452, 453 4. Ibid P. 540 5. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmlnXy Ncn{Xw t]Pv 14 6. temI-N-cn{X kw{Klw t]Pv 68, 69 7. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmlnXy Ncn{Xw t]Pv 66 8. iXm-_vZ-߃°-∏p-dØv \n∂p≈ i_vZ-߃ t]Pv 86, 87 t\m°pI. 9. Ien-bpKw by t]m™n-°c dm^n, t]Pv 185 10. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmfyw 1, t]Pv 134,135 t\m°pI. 11. Ien-bpKw t]Pv 184 12. apdq-Pp-±-l_v hmfyw 2, t]Pv 145 13. Ibid hmfyw 1, t]Pv 132



140



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



14. Hindu Civilization 15. C¥y-bnse h¿Æ-k-acw t]Pv 11 16. alm-`m-cXw kvIµw 8 17. Ibid kvIµw 9 18. {]mNo\ enJn-X-߃ t]Pv 28 19 `mc-Xob kmwkvIm-cnI km{am-Py-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 18 20. Jp¿-B≥ 71 : 21˛-24 21. kzlo-lp¬ _pJmcn, InXm-_p-Ø-^v-ko¿ t\m°pI. 22. ^Xv-lp¬ _mcn hmfyw 10, t]Pv 294 23. C¥y-bpsS Bflmhv t]Pv 20 24. Ibid P. 30 25. BapJw t]Pv 24 26. EtKzZw aWvUew 1, kq‡w 103, E°v 8 27. Ibid aWvUew 3, kq‡w 47, E°v 1, 2 28. Ibid aWvUew 1, kq‡w 80, E°v 2 29. i_vZ-Xm-cm-hen t]Pv 665 30. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hmfyw 1, t]Pv 660 31. EtKz-Z-Øn-eq-sS t]Pv 135 32. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmfyw 2, t]Pv 228 33. II cmPm-°≥am¿ 23: 4 34. kwJy 25:1, 3 35. II cmPm-°-∑m¿ 23:4 36. Jp¿-B≥ 37: 125,126 37. EtKzZw aWvUew 1, kq‡w 11, E°v 4 38. Ibid- aWvUew 6, kq‡w 20, E°v 4 39. EtKz-Z-Øn-eqsS t]Pv 231



A[ymbw ]{¥≠v



kmwkvIm-cn-ssIIyw kpta-cn-bcpw



ssk‘-hcpw XΩn-ep≈ aX-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hpamb sFIyw kpXcmw {]I-S-amWv. kpta-cn-b¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ tZh-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



141



X-Isf `mc-Xo-bcpw Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v \mw ka¿Yn®p. aX-]-camb ASp-∏-Øn-\p≈ hy‡-amb ZrjvSm-¥-amWXv. C\n \ap°v kmwkvIm-cn-ssI-Iy-sØ-°p-dn®p Nn¥n°mw.



ih-kw-kI v m-c{- Iaw Hcp kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ih-kw-kvImc coXn°v ]pcm-hkvXp Kthj-I-∑m¿ h≥]n® {]m[m\yw I¬]n-°p-∂p≠v. B kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ac-Wm\-¥-c-Po-hn-X-`m-h-\-Iƒ {]kvXpX coXn-bn¬ \n∂v Gd-°ptd a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂-XmWv AXn\v ImcWw. DZm-l-c-Wambn, ]pcm-X\ {Ko°p-Im¿ arXicocw AS°wsNøp∂ ka-bØv Hcp \mWbw sh°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS hnizm-k-{]-Imcw, ac-Wm-\¥cw Hcp \Zn (Styx) IS-t°-≠-Xp≠v. B \Zn IS-Øn-hnSp∂ "jtdm¨' F∂ tXmWn-°m-c\v sImSp-∏m-\p≈ Iqen-bm-bn-cp∂p {]kvXpX \mWbw. C¥y-°m-cnepw CΩm-Xncn Hcp hnizm-k-ap≠v. ba-tem-I-Øn\v (]c-tem-I-Øn\v) Np‰pw Hcp alm \Zn-bps-≠∂pw AXns‚ t]¿ "sshX- c Wn' F∂m- s W∂pw Ah¿ [cn- ° p∂p. apkvenw-Iƒ X¬ÿm-\Øv Hcp ]me-sØ-bmWv k¶¬]n-°p-∂Xv. kz¿K-Øns‚ Np‰p-ap≈ B ]me-Øn\v "kndmØv' F∂v Ah¿ ]dbp∂p. CXp-t]mse ]pcm-X\ kpta-cn-b-≥am¿°pw ac-Wm\-¥c Pohn-XØnepw AXnse Nne cwK-ß-fnepw ZrV-hn-izm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. kpta-cn-b-∑m-cp-sSbpw ssk‘-h-∑m-cp-sSbpw ih-kw-kvIm-c-coXn an°hmdpw H∂mbn Im-Wp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ccph-cp-sSbpw ac-Wm-\-¥c PohnX- k - ¶ ¬]- ß ƒ GXm- ≠ v Htc- X - c - Ø n- e m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂v A\p- a m\n°mw. C∂sØ PmXn- l n- µ p- ° ƒ ihw Zln- ∏ n- ° p- I - b m- W t√m ]Xnhv. F∂m¬ kn‘p-X-S-hm-kn-Iƒ B k{º-Zm-b-Øn\v hn]-co-Xambn, ss{Ikv X - h - s c- t ∏mse ihw s]´n- b n¬ AS°w sNbv X v Ipgn®paqSp-am-bn-cp∂p. ]pcm-X\ Cdm-Jp-Imcpw CtX k{º-Zm-b-amWv kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v B[p-\nI J\-\-K-th-jWw sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. tUm. F. Aø-∏≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:""ih-°p-gn-I-fn-sem-∂n¬ ihw ]mbbn¬ s]mXn™v, acwsIm≠p-≠m-°nb s]´n-bn-em-°n-bmWv Ipgn-®n´n-cp-∂Xv. {]mNo\ Cdm-Jnepw Cßs\ s]´n-bn-emWv ihw sh®n-cp∂Xv.'' 1 saskm-s]m-t´-an-bbn¬ ih-i-co-c-tØm-sSm-∂n®v B`-c-W-߃, Bbp-[-߃, ]m{X-߃ apX-em-bh Ipgn-®n-Sp∂ k{º-Zmbw \ne-\n∂n-cp∂p. {io. Sn.kn. i¶-c-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""1922˛¬ entbm\mƒUvhqfn ]pcm-X-\-bq¿ (_m_n-tem-Wnb) \K-c-Øn-\-SpØv Hcp ih-Ip-Socw Xpd-∂-t∏mƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv AXn-\-IØv I≠Xv! AXyZv`p-X-I-c-ambn ]Wn-Xo¿Øn-´p≈ apSn-bm-`-c-W-߃, I¿Wm-`-c-W߃, ame-Iƒ, hf-Iƒ, tamXn-c-߃, \nc-h[n kph¿W ]m{X-߃,



142



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-߃, NXp-cw-K-Øn\pw a‰p-ap≈ Icp-°ƒ, IpXn-c-k-hm-cn-°p≈ km[-\-߃, Ip¥-߃, ]cn-N-Iƒ, Iptd kz¿W ITm-cn-Iƒ, tZlm-e-¶m-c-Øn-\p≈ ajn-Iƒ, Nmb-߃, hmk-\-{Z-hy-߃, Ch kq£n-∏m-\p≈ sN∏p-Iƒ, kqNn-Iƒ, DSp-∏pIƒ˛ Cßs\ t]mIp∂p \of-am-bn-s´mcp ]´nI.''2 At±lw XpS-cp∂p: ""GXm≠v 5200 h¿j-߃°p apºv Pohn-®n-cp∂ "jq_v-BZv' F∂ cm⁄n-bpsS ih-Ip-So-c-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. ]pcm-hkvXp tcJ-I-fn¬ Cu IpSocw ]n.Pn. 800 F∂-dn-bp∂p.''3 ssk‘-h-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ Imew Dt±iw {In.ap. 2700 F∂mWt√m Kth-j-I-∑m¿ \n¿W-bn-®n-´p-≈Xv. A°m-e-Øn\p apºv Xs∂ C¥y-bn¬ ih-i-cocw ac-s∏-´n-bn¬ AS°wsNbvXv B`-c-W-k-lnXw Ipgn-®n-Sp∂ ]Xn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp≠v. _eq-Nn-kvXm-\nse "\mƒ' F∂n-S-Øp-\n∂p Is≠-SpØ Ah-in-jvS-ß-sf-°p-dn®v tUm. F. Aø-∏≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv ImWp-I: ""lc-∏m-kw-kvIm-c-Øn\v Aev]w apºv , _eq- N n- k v X m- \ nse "\mƒ' F∂ ÿeØv ih- ° p- g n- I ƒ Cßs\ hrØn-bmbn ]Sp-°p∂ ]Xn-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Hcp kv{XobpsS ihw GgSn \of-ap≈ tZh-Zmcp ac-Øns‚ XSn Ipgn-®p-≠m-°nb s]´nbn-emWv AS-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv. acw {Zhn®p s]mSn-bm-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw, s]´nbpsS BIr-Xnbpw F¥v ac-am-sW∂pw, J\\w {i≤n®p sNbvXn-cp∂XpsIm≠v Nne¿°v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign™p. Cu lc∏m kv{Xo ImXp-I-fnepw hetØ ssIbns‚ \Sp-hn-c-enepw sNºp tamXn-c-߃ AWn-™n-cp∂p.''4 At∏mƒ 5000 h¿j-߃°vap≥]v saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-°m-cp-tSbpw ]pcm-X-t\-¥y-°m-cp-sSbpw ih-kw-kvImc k{º-Zmbw GXm≠v Hcpt]m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-°m-sc-t∏mse lc-∏-∑mcpw ihi-co-c-ß-tfm-sSm∏w a‰v hkvXp-°ƒ Ipgn-®n-´n-cp-∂p-sh∂v J\-\-K-thjWw sXfn- b n- ® n- ´ p≠v . Aø- ∏ ≥ as‰m- c n- S Øv tcJ- s ∏- S p- Ø p∂p: ""lc∏ \K-c-Ønse tIm´°v sX°mbn Db¿∂p InS°p∂ ÿeØv, \K-c-Ønse Hcp ivaim-\-Øns‚ Nne `mKw J\\w sNøp-I-bp≠mbn. Aº-tØgp Ipgn-Iƒ Ipgn-®-Xn¬ an°-h-bnepw ihw hSt°m-´mbn ad-hp-sN-bvXn-cp∂p. (apkvenw ih-kw-kv-Im-c-{I-ahpw Cßs\- X s∂˛{KŸ- I ¿Øm.) Ah- t bmSv IqsS ]m{X- ß ƒ, sNºv sIm≠p≈ Bbp-[-߃, aWn-Iƒ, sNºv sIm≠p≈ apJ-°-Æm-SnIƒ, CØnƒ kv]qWp-Iƒ apX-em-b-hbpw Ipgn-®n-´n-cp∂p. Hcp Ipgnbn¬ Hcp a¨hn-f°pw tImgn-bpsS F√p-Ifpw ih-Øns‚ Imen-\Sp-Øp\n∂v In´n. thsdmcp Ipgn°p \mep `mKhpw NpSmØ CjvSnI sIm≠p ]Sp-Øn-cp∂p.''5 BI-bm¬ ih-kw-kvImc coXn-bn¬ kpta-cn-bcpw ]pcm-X\ `mcXo-bcpw XΩn¬ hfsc kmZriyw ImWp∂p. kmwkvIm-cn-ssI-Iy-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



143



Øns‚ Hcp {]Xy£ e£-W-am-WnXv.



B`-cW \n¿amW coXn C\n \ap°v ssk‘-h-cp-sSbpw kpta-cn-b-cp-sSbpw B`-c-W\n¿amW coXn-bn-ep≈ kmZr-iy-sØ-∏‰n ]cn-tim-[n°mw. ame, hf, tamXncw apX-emb B`-c-W-߃ Ccp hn`m-K-°mcpw \n¿an-®n-cp-∂Xmbn J\\ Kth-jWw sXfn-bn-°p∂p. IqSmsX B`-cW-ß-fpsS ]Wn-Ø-c-Ønepw A\¬]-amb kmay-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. H∂n-e-[nIw CgI-fp≈ kz¿W ame-Iƒ lc-∏≥kv{Xo-I-sf-t∏m-se-Øs∂ kpta-cnb≥ kv{XoIfpw AWn-™n-cp∂p. {io. Sn.kn. tat\m≥ tcJ-s∏-SpØn-bXp ImWpI: ""(lc-∏-bnse) B`-cW-ß-sf-∏‰n Nn{X-߃, ]mhIƒ F∂nh am{X- a √ \ap°v hnh- c - ß ƒ Xcp- ∂ Xv . kz¿Whpw sh≈nbpw sIm≠p-≠m-°nb ame-Iƒ, hf-Iƒ, aq°p-Øn-Iƒ, tamXnc-߃ F∂n-h-sb√mw Cu tI{µ-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Ipgn-s®-Sp-Øn-´p≠v. aq∂pw \mepw hcn-I-fp≈ ame-Iƒ sI´p-]n-W-bm-Xn-cn-°m≥ CS-bv°nS°p ]Sn-Iƒ Dd-∏n-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv.''6 \mep hcn-I-fp≈ kz¿W-am-e-Iƒ bq¿ ]´-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw J\\-Øn¬ ssIh-∂n-´p≠v. Sn.kn. tat\m≥ Xs∂ ]d-bs´: ""bq¿ ]´W-Ønse Nne ih-Ip-So-c-ßfn¬ \ns∂-SpØ Nne B`-c-W-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ N{µ-°e t]mse-bp≈ IΩ-ep-Iƒ, Hcp Ce ame, cXv\w ]Xn® \mep hcn-bp≈ Hcp ame-bn¬ Hcp ]X°w Xq°n-bXv F∂nh s]Sp∂p. Cu B`-c-W-߃ C∂v s]≥kn¬th-\nbm k¿h-I-em-ime-bnse ImgvN-_w-•m-hn¬ \ap°p ImWmw.''7 B`-cW \n¿amW coXn-bn-ep≈ {]kvXpX kmZriyw kmwkvImcn-ssI-Iy-Øn-te-°p≈ Nq≠p]e-I-bt{X. AXn-\m¬ kpta-cn-b-cpsSbpw ssk‘-h-cp-sSbpw kwkvIm-c-߃°p≈ ]c-kv]-c-_‘w AKm-[-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v a\- n-em-Ip∂p.



hkv{Xm-e¶ - mc coXn kmwkvIm-cn-ssI-Iy-Øns‚ as‰mcp e£-W-amWv hkv{Xm-e¶m-c-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ kmayw. kpta-cn-bcpw kn‘p-X-S-hm-kn-Ifpw ¢mh¿ AS-bm-f-ap≈ hkv{X-߃ [cn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn DXvJ-\-\-K-th-jWw sXfn-bn-°p∂p. kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n® Hcp a\p-jy-{]-Xn-a-sb∏‰n tUm. F.Aø-∏≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""Ggw-Kpew Db-c-Øn¬, amhp-I-√n¬ sImØn-bp-≠m-°n-bn-´p≈ Hcp XmSn-°m-cs‚ s\©n\p tase- b p≈ `mKw Nn{Xo- I - c n- ° p∂ Hcp _nw_w ]e Imc- W ߃sIm≠pw hfsc {][m-\-am-sbmcp inev]-amWv. XmSn shdpw hcIƒ am{X-amWv. ta¬aoi ]s‰- h-Sn®p If-™n-cn-°p∂p. Xe-apSn hm™p, Hcp \mS-sIm≠v HXp-°n-sh-®n-cn-°p∂p. IÆp-Iƒ ]IpXn AS-®n-cn-°p∂p. CS-tØ-tXmfpw s\©pw ¢mh¿ ]p≈n-I-fp≈ Hcp



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



jmƒsIm≠p aqSn-bn-cn-°p∂p. ¢mh¿ AS-bmfw {Io‰v, saskm-s]mt´-anb apX-emb {]mNo-\-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn¬ hfsc ]mh-\-amb Hcp Nn”-amWv.''8 Hcp tXmƒ Hgn-hm°n jmƒ CSp∂ Cu k{º-Zmbw C∂p \S∏p≈ Nne aX-N-S-ßp-I-fnepw \ap°v ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. l÷p-thf-bn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ B coXn-bn-emWv ta¬ap≠v [cn-°m-dp-≈Xv. {_m“-W-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏´ PmXn-°m¿ ]qWq¬ CSm-dp-≈Xpw Aßs\-Xs∂. aX-]-c-ambpw kwkvIm-c-]-c-ambpw kpta-cn-b-∑mcpw ssk‘-h∑mcpw XΩn-ep≈ ASp-∏hpw _‘hpw ImWn-°p∂ DZm-l-c-W-߃ C\nbpw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-t™°pw. CXn¬ \n∂pw Hcp Imcyw kwib- c - l n- X - a mbn a\-   n- e m- ° m- h p- ∂ - X mWv : saskm- s ]m- t ´- a n- b - b n¬ kwkvIm-c-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-]m-Inb Ic-߃°v kn‘p-XS kwkvImcw ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øn-b-Xn¬ km-ca-- mb ]¶p≠v. _n.kn. Bdm-bncw h¿j߃°p apºp apX¬Xs∂ ]Sn-™m-d≥ C¥ybpw kpta-cn-bcpw XΩn¬ hym]m-c-_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw, kpta-cn-bcpw {Zmhn-Ucpw XΩn¬ h¿K imkv{X-]-c-amb kmayw hln-°p-∂ps-≠∂pw a‰p-ap≈ `qK¿` imkv{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-߃ ChnsS \mw {]tXyIw Ku\n-®n-cn-t°-≠-XmWv.



{]f-bI - Y - b - psS hym]vXn t\ml-bpsS P\X A[n-h-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv ssS{Ko-kn\pw bq{^-´okn\pw CS-bn¬ Fhns-Stbm BWv. C∂v \mw CdmJv F∂p ]d-bp∂Xv B `qhn-`m-K-Øn-\m-Wt√m. t\ml Hcn-°epw Hcp C¥y-°m-c\m-bn-cp-∂ns-√∂v hy‡-amWv. AXn-\m¬ C¥y≥ IYm-\m-b-I-\mb a\p H∂p-In¬ t\ml-b√ F∂p hcWw; As√-¶n¬ {]fb IY AXns‚ km£m¬ cq]-Øn-e√, C¥y≥ kml-N-cy-Øn-\-\p-Iq-eamb hn[-Øn-emWv ChnsS {]N-cn-®-sX-∂v sh°-Ww. CXn¬ c≠masØ ]£-amWv IqSp-X¬ bp‡-ambn tXm∂p-∂Xv. CØ-c-samcp {]f-b-IY an° ]pcm-X\ kap-Zm-b-ß-fnepw {]mNo-\-Imew apX¬ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn {]N-cn-®p-Im-Wp-∂p≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v CuPn]vXv, No\, _¿a, atejy, CuÃn¥ym Zzo]p-Iƒ, Bkvt{X-enb, \yqKn\n, Ata-cn°, bqtdm-∏nse hnhn[ cmPy-߃ Aßs\ `qtem-I-Øns‚ \m\m `mK-ß-fnepw {]kvXpX Pe-{]-f-bsØ kw_-‘-amb IY ImWmw. Nnte-S-ß-fnse {]mNo\ kmln-Xy-ß-fnepw AXv ÿew ]nSn-®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬ AXv HmtcmbnSØpw {]N-cn-®Xv AX-Xns‚ kml-N-cy-Øn-\-\p-cq-]-amb hn[-Øn-emWv. ss__n-fnepw Jp¿-B-\nepw hnh-cn® B IY°pw hni-Zmw-i-ßfn¬ hyXym-k-ap≠v. ss__nƒ {]Imcw, t\ml-bpsS I∏¬ Ahkm\w Dd-®Xv "Acm-dm-Ønepw' Jp¿-B≥ {]Imcw "A¬PqZn'bnep-



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amWv.9 PqZn F∂p t]cmb Hcp ]¿hXw tamk-en-t\m-S-SpØv, "C_v\p Da¿' F∂ Zzo]ns‚ GXm≠v 40 Intem-ao-‰¿ AIse C∂pw ÿnXn sNøp-∂p≠v. ]t£, Acm-dmØv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv Gjym-ssa-\-dn¬ A¿ao-\nbm ]oT-`q-an-bn-es{X. F∂m¬ C∂sØ ss__nƒ hymJym-Xm-°-fpsS ]pXnb I≠p]n-Sn-Ø-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ {]kvXpX sshcp[yw ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂mWv auem\m A_p¬ Iemw Bkm-Zns‚ \ne-]mSv. At±lw Xs‚ "X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥' F∂ Jp¿-B≥ hymJym\ {KŸ-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂Xv t\m°pI: ""A¿ao-\nbm ]¿hXw Acm-dmØv {]tZ-i-ØmWv ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv. AXpsIm≠v B ]¿h-XsØ ss__nƒ "Acm-dmØv' F∂v hnfn-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. F∂m¬ t\mlbpsS I∏¬ \n∂ ae-bpsS t]cmWv Jp¿-B≥ ]d-™n-´p-≈Xv. AXv "A¬PqZn' BIp∂p. B[p-\nI ss__nƒ hymJym-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ Nne-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬, Acm-dmØv ]¿hX \nc-bpw tPm¿Pnbm ]¿hX \ncbpw XΩn¬ Iq´n _‘n-∏n-°p∂ ]¿hX ]w‡n-bpsS t]cm-Ip∂p A¬PqZn. Ae-Ivkm-≠-dpsS Ime-Øp≈ Nne {Ko°ptc-J-I-sf-bmWv {]kvXpX A`n-{]m-b-Øn\v Ah¿ B[mc-am-°n-bn´p-≈Xv. {In. 18˛-mw iXIw hsc AhnsS Hcp t£{Xw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. "I∏¬ t£{Xw' F∂m-bn-cp∂p AXns‚ \maw. GXm-bmepw t\mlbpsS Ime- Ø p- ≠ mb Pe- { ]- f bw Hcp Ncn{X hkv X pX Xs∂bmWv . '' 10 AsX, t\ml-bpsS I∏¬ \n∂-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂ PqZn]¿hXw A¿ao-\n-b-sbbpw tPm¿Pn-b-sbbpw _‘n-∏n-°p∂ ]¿hX-]w-‡n-bm-Ip∂p. A¿ao-\nbm ]¿hXw Acm-dmØp {]tZ-i-Øm-bXn-\m¬ ss__nƒ AXns\ Acm-dmØv F∂v hnfn®p. AtXmSp sXm´p \o≠pInS-°p∂ ]¿hX ]w‡n-bn-emWv t\ml-bpsS I∏¬ Dd-®Xv. AXm-Wv Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]d™ A¬PqZn.



Ncn-{X-Øns‚ adp-hiw saskm-s]m-t´-an-bbpw `mc-Xhpw XΩn-ep≈ aX-]-c-amb _‘Øns‚ Hcp hiw am{X-amWv \mw apºv ]cn-tim-[n-®Xv; _lp-ssZ-hXz-k-¶¬] kw_-‘n-bmb hiw. t\ml-bpsS Ime-sØ -kp-ta-cn-b∑m¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ ]e tZh-∑mcpw `mc-X-Ønepw Bcm-[n-°-s∏-´ncp-∂p-sh∂v \mw ka¿Yn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. C\n \ap°v Nn-{X-Øns‚ adp-hiw ]cn-tim-[n°mw. AsX, GI-ssZ-h-Xz-sØ-°p-dn® hiw. t\ml Jp¿-Bs‚ ho£-W-Øn¬ alm-\m-sbmcp ssZh-Zq-X-\mbn-cp∂p. hn{K-l-ßsf Bcm-[n-®ph∂n-cp∂ kzP-\sØ GI-ssZ-hhn-izm-kØn-te°pw XZ-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ [m¿anI Pohn-X-Ønte°pw £Wn-t°-≠-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv At±lw \nbp-‡-\m-b-Xv. Xs‚ ZuXyw icn-bmw-hÆw At±lw \nd-th‰n. ]t£, At±-lsØ



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



kz¥w P\X AwKo-I-cn-®n√. {]XypX, [n°-cn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. sNdn-sbmcp \yq\-]£w am{X-amWv At±-lsØ AwKo-I-cn-®Xv. {]kvXpX [n°m-c-Øn-s\mcp in£-bm-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p Pe-{]-f-bhpw XpS¿∂p≈ \mi-ßfpw kw`-hn-®Xv. Pe-{]-f-b-Øn¬ c£-s∏-´Xv t\mlbpw At±-l-tØm-sSm∏w I∏-en¬ Ib-dn-b-hcpw am{X-amWv. a‰p-≈-h-scms° \in®p. CXmWv Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]d-™Xns‚ cXv\-®p-cp°w.



t\ml {]Ya ZqX≥ {]hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS BK-a-\-Øn\p apºp Xs∂ a\pjy kap-Zmbw kmaq-lnI-Po-hnXw \bn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv Jp¿-B≥ hy‡-am-°nbn-cn-°p-∂Xv. a\p-jy¿ kXv]-Ÿm-hn¬ Ncn®p hcn-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿°n-S-bn¬, Bi-b-]-ctam, aX-]-ctam, [¿a-im-kv{X-]-ctam, at‰m Bb I£n-h-g-°p-Ifpw kwL-´-\-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. GI kaql-am-bn-´mWv Ah¿ Pohn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]n∂oSv a\pjy kaqlw kzm¿Y Xm¬]-cy-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ hnhn[ I£n-Ifpw Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-cp-ambn ]ncn™p. ]c-kv]cw kwL¿j kwL-´-\-߃ \SØn. CØ-cp-WØn¬ Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ kXy-Øn-s‚bpw [¿a-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm\-Øn¬ Xocp-am\w I¬]n-t°-≠-Xn-\mbn ssZhw {]hm-N-I-∑msc \ntbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw {]am-W-{KŸw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh∂mWv Jp¿-B≥ hy‡-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv: ""a\p-jy-cmin (apºv) Htcsbmcp kap-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p. A\-¥cw Ah¿ `n∂n-®p-I-f™p.''11 {]hm-NI \ntbm-K-Øns‚ ]›m-Øew Nq≠n-°m-´nbpw, thZ-{KŸ-Øns‚ Bhiyw hnh-cn-®pw-sIm≠v Jp¿-B≥ as‰m-cn-SØv ]dbp∂p: ""a\p-jy-k-ap-Zmbw Htc-sbmcp kaq-l-am-bn-cp∂p. (]n∂oSv hyXykv X am¿Km- h - e w- _ n- I fmbn Ah¿ `n∂n®p.) XZ- h - k cw (k∑m¿Kn-Iƒ°p) kt¥m-j-hm¿Øbpw (Zp¿am¿Kn-Iƒ°v) ap∂-dnbn∏pw \¬Ip-∂-h-cmbn {]hm-N-I-∑msc A√mlp \ntbm-Kn®p. P\߃ `n∂n-®p-t]mb {]iv\-ß-fn¬ Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ icn-bmb Xo¿∏p I¬]n-t°-≠-Xn-\mbn {]hm-N-I-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w, [¿am-\p-kmcw thZhpw Ah≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n®p.''12 D]-cn-kq-NnX hN-\-߃ kv]jvS-am-°nb {]Imcw, `qtem-IØv P\-hmkw XpSßn hfsc Ign-™mWv {]hm-NI \ntbm-Khpw thZmh-X-c-W-hp-ap-≠mbXv. AXn-\p-apºp Xs∂ a\p-jy-cmin Hcp kaq-lambn ˛ DΩ-Ømbn˛PohnXw \bn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cp∂p. Imem-¥-cØn¬ Ah¿ tNcn-]n-cn™v, kwL-´-\-ß-fp-≠m-°n-b-t∏mƒ Ah¿°nS- b n¬ \oXn- b p- s Sbpw [¿a- Ø n- s ‚bpw ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ Xo¿∏p I¬]n-°p-hm-\mbn {]hm-N-I-∑m-scbpw thZ-{K-Ÿ-ß-sfbpw ssZhw Ab®p. CXmWv Jp¿-B≥ \ap°v a\- n-em°nØcp-∂-sX-¶nepw,



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147



apkvenwI-fn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw hniz-kn-°p-∂Xv H∂m-asØ a\pjy≥Xs∂ {]hm-N-I\pw ssZh-Zq-X-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm\w A⁄m-X-at{X. Jp¿-B-\n¬ {]hm-N-I-]-c-º-c-sb-∏‰n ]d-t™-S-ß-fn-se√mw \qln(A)¬ \n∂mWv Bcw-`n®p ImWp-∂Xv. Camw _pJm-cnbpw Camw apkvenapw Xß-fpsS "kzlolp'Ifn¬ D≤-cn-®n-´p≈ Hcp \_n-h-N\-Øn¬ \qlns\ "A∆-ep¿dpkp¬' (H∂m-asØ ssZh-Zq-X≥) F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p. AXn-\m¬ t\ml-bpsS apºv Hcp dkq-ep-≠mbn-cp-∂n√ F∂p kn≤w. ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® Jp¿-B-\n-Im-i-b-tØmSv Cu \_n-h-N\w XnI®pw tbmPn-°p∂p.



GI-Xz-Z¿i\w t\ml-bpsS {]t_m-[\w AwKo-I-cn-®-h-cmWv {]f-b-Øn¬ c£s∏-´-sX∂v \mw ]d™p. Ch¿ an°-hmdpw At±-l-Øns‚ _‘p°fpw k¥-Xn-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p. Ch-cmWv ]n∂oSv saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw \mK-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw AkvXn-hmcw sI´n-s∏m°n-bXv. Ch-cpsS A\-¥-c-∑m-cn-semcp hn`mKw `mc-X-Øn¬ h∂v A[nhm-k-ap-d-∏n-s®∂v a[y-Im-esØ Ad-_n-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ Nne¿ ]dbp-tºmƒ, `mc-Xob ]WvUn-X-\mb cmlp¬kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥ AXp icn-h-bv°p∂p. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Ch¿ GI-ssZh hnizm-kn-I-fm-bncp-∂n-cn-°Ww. kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ kwkvIm-c-ku[w sI´n-∏-Sp-Ø-hcpw Ah- c m- b n- c p- ∂ n- c n°mw. AXnte- ° p- t ]m- Z v _ - e - I - a mb sXfn- h p- I ƒ ]eXpw J\-\-Øn¬ e`n®p. auem\m A_p¬Iemw Bkm-Zns‚ \nK-a-\hpw AXp Xs∂-bmWv. At±lw Fgp-Xn-bXv ImWpI: ""C¥ybn¬ taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bn¬ \n∂v J\\w hgn hfsc ]pcm-X-\m-h-injvS߃ e`n-®n-´p≠v. hS°v \n∂v Bcy-∑m¿ h∂v, Ah-cpsS B[n-]Xyw ChnsS ÿm]n- ° p- ∂ - X n\v apºp≈ \mK- c n- I - t I- { µ- ß - f m- b n- c p∂p taml≥P-Zm-tdmbpw lc-∏bpw. Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂v e`n® ]pcm-hkvXp-°-sf w_-‘n® ]T\w Ct∏mgpw ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-´n√. F¶nepw Ah Hcp bmYm¿Yyw A\m-h-cWw sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p: G‰hpw {]mNo\-amb a\p-jy-hm-k-tI-{µ-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Ip∂p C¥y F∂p-≈-XmWXv. C¥y-bnse BZn-hm-kn-Isf ]n∂oSv h∂ Bcy-∑m¿ "Zkyp-°ƒ' F∂ lmky \ma-Øn-emWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Zkyp-°-fpsS ASn-ÿm\ ssZhk-¶¬]w GI-Xz-Øn-t‚-Xm-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ hn{K-l-]q-P-I-cm-bn-cp-∂n√. "Hmw' F∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS GIssZh-Øns‚ t]¿. kwkvIr-XØn¬ AXn\p Xpey-amb ]Zw "Cµp-hm≥' (GI≥) F∂s{X. B GIssZh-Øns‚ A[n-Imcw kIe Ncm-N-c-ß-sfbpw Nqgv∂n-cp∂p. B alm-k-Xz-Øns‚ \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv k¿h-tZ-h-∑mcpw {]h¿Øn°p-∂Xv. Ahs‚ Hcp KpWw "ZoZn-hn-I¨' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. Hcn-°epw A{i- ≤ - _ m- [ n- ° mØ Zrjv S n- t bmSv IqSn- b - h ≥ F∂¿Yw. Xs∂



148



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Xq°tam Dd-°tam _m[n-°p-I-bn√ F∂v A√mlp Jp¿-B-\n¬ kzbw h¿Wn-®Xpw CtX A¿Y-Øn-emWv.''13 HuwIm-c-sØ-∏‰n {io. tImWn-∏-øq¿ i¶-c≥ \ºq-Xncn-∏m-Sns‚ "kw-kvIrX˛ae-bmf \nL-≠p'-hn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""Huw˛iq{Z-∑m-cpsS {]Whw.'' a{¥-ß-fpsS AYhm {]m¿Y-\-I-fpsS Bcw-`-Øn¬ D®-cn-°p∂ i_vZ-Øn-\mWv "{]Whw' F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. Bcy-a-X-Øn¬ "Hmw' F∂-XmWv {]Whw. Hcp a{¥-{K-Ÿ-amb EtKzZw HmwIm-c-Øn-emWv Bcw-`n-®n-´p-≈Xv. BI-bm¬ Hcp ssZh-\m-a-a-√msX as‰m-∂p-a√ HmwImcw. AXmWv hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw ]d-™Xpw : ""Hmw˛ ]c{_-“-hm-N-I-amb {]Whw.''14 ta¬ ]d™ khn-ti-j-X-I-sf√mw A\m-cy-∑m-cpsS˛ iq{Z-∑mcpsS˛ {]W-h-Øn\pw _m[-I-am-hWw. A\m-cy-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p C¥ybnse BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ. Bcy-∑m¿ ChnsS h∂v B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n°p-Ibpw Xß-fpsS NmXp¿h¿Wy hyh-ÿnXn \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ A\m-cy-cmb BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS ÿm\w Ctß-b‰w XmgvØs∏-Sp-Ibpw Ah¿ "iq{Z-∑m¿' F∂ NoØ-t∏-cn¬ hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. BI-bm¬ HmwImcw Bcy-∑m-cpsS HmwIm-c-Øns‚ ÿm\ØmWv \n¬°p-∂Xv. HmwImcw Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]c-{_-“-hm-N-I-am-sW¶n¬ HuwImcw Bcy-∑m-cpsS GI-ssZ-hsØ Ipdn-°p∂ hmN-I-amhp-∂-Xn¬ Akmw-K-Xy-an√.



t\ml-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ Aßs\ kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ kwkvIm-c-ku[w ]S-pØp-b¿Ønb saskm-s]m-t´-an-b¿ t\ml-bpsS ]n∑p-d-°mcpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-ambn-cp∂p F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv Ah-km-\-ambn \msa-Øn-t®-cp-∂Xv. as‰mcp hn[w ]d-™m¬ Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]d™ "km_n-aX'°mcm-bncp∂p Ah¿. km_n-a-X-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Nne apkvenw KthjI]WvUn-X-∑m¿ hnh-cn-®n-´p≠v. km_n-Iƒ BZn-bn¬ GI-ssZ-hhn- i zm- k n- I - f m- b n- c p∂p. ]n∂oSv GI- X z- h n- i zm- k - t Øm- s Sm∏w, tPymXn¿tKm- f - ß ƒ°v Bflm- h ps- ≠ ∂ [mc- W - b n¬ Ah- b psS aq¿Øn-Iƒ {]Xn-jvTn®v Bcm-[\ \SØnØpSßn. F¶nepw Ah¿ GI-ssZ-hXz k¶¬]w ]s‰ Dt]-£n-®n-cp-∂n√. km_n-a-X-Øn¬ {]m¿Y-\-Ifpw {hX-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. {]m¿Y-\-I-fn¬ DØ-c-{[p-hsØ-bmWv Ah¿ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. aq∂v ka-b-ß-fn-emWv Ah¿ {]m¿Yn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Hmtcm {]m¿Y-\°pw th≠n Ipfn-°pI ]Xnhm-bn-cp∂p.15 kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ \S-Ø-s∏´ DXvJ-\\ Kth-jWw hgn AhnSsØ BZn- h m- k n- I ƒ Ipfn°pw Ipfn- ∏ p- c °pw \¬Inbncp∂ {]m[m\yw hfsc hy‡-am-bn-´p≠v. kIe ]m¿∏n-S-߃°pw InWdpw



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149



Ipfn-∏p-c-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Iqen-sse-\pIƒt]mepw AXn¬ \ns∂m-gn-hm-bn-cp-∂n√. Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fn¬ \n∂v Aip-≤-Pew ]pd-tØ°v sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-hm-\mbn Agp-°p-Nm-ep-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. {]kvXpX kwhn-[m-\-߃ B[p-\nI Kth-j-I-∑msc AZv`p-X-]-c-X{¥-cm-°n-bn-´p≠v. {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xn-bXv ImWpI: ""taml≥P- Z m- t dm- b nse Ah- i n- j v S - ß ƒ GXm≠v Hcp NXpc{i \mgnI ]c∂pInS- ° p∂p. AXns‚ ka- h n- ` - ‡ - a mb sXcp- h o- Y nIƒ°pw hoSp-Iƒ°pw Ah-bn-ep≈ Ipfn-ap-dn-Iƒ°pw sXcp-hp-I-fpsS ASn-bn¬IqSn t]mIp∂ Agp-°pNm-ep-Iƒ°pw AZv`p-X-I-c-amb Hcm[p-\n-I-—m-b-bp≠v.... hoSp-I-fpsS D≈n-semcp \Sp-ap-‰hpw B \Sp-ap-‰Øn\v Np‰p-ambn ASp-°f, Ie-hd, Ipfn-apdn apX-em-b-h-bp-ap≠v. InW¿ F√m ho´nepw ImWp∂p. Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw a‰p-ap≈ sh≈w ASn-bn-ep≈ Agp-°p-Nm-ep-I-fn¬ sN∂ptNcp∂p.''16 hy‡n-]-c-amb Cu G¿∏m-Sp-Iƒ°v ]pdta Ipfn-°p-hm-\mbn s]mXp Ipf-ßfpw Ah¿ \n¿an-®n-cp∂p. {KŸ-Im-c≥ XpS-cp∂p: ""F∂m¬ F√m-‰nepw IuXp-I-ta-dn-bn-´p-≈Xv Ahn-SsØ sI´n∏-SpØ Ipf-am-Ip∂p. Cu Ipf-Øn\p Np‰pw ap‰hpw B ap‰-Øns‚ \mep `mKØpw tImem-b-Ifpw tImem-b-bpsS ]n≥`m-K-Ømbn, Np‰pw Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fpap-≠v. Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fn¬ Nne-Xn¬ Bhn-sIm≠v hnb¿∏n®v Ipfn-∏m-\p≈ G¿∏m-Sp-Ifpw ImWp∂p.''17 apkvenw ]≈n-I-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®v Hcp Ir{Xn-a-Ipfw ]te-S-ß-fnepw ImWmw. "lufv ' F∂m-Wn-Xns‚ t]¿. apkvenw-Iƒ {]m¿Y-\°v th≠n "AwK- k v \ m\w' (hpZp) sNøp∂p. XZm- h - i ym¿Y- a mWv {]kvXpX Ir{Xna XSmIw ]≈n-I-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®v G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn´p-≈Xv. CXpt]mse km_n aX-Øn¬ \a-kvIm-c-Øn\p th≠n Ipfnt°-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, XZm-h-iym¿Yw G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-b-XmhWw, {]kvXpX Ir{Xna Ipf-sa∂v A\p-am-\n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. lc-∏-bn¬ \n∂pw CØ-c-samcp Ipf-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-߃ Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p≠v. \ofw 39 ASn (sX°p hS°v), hoXn 23 ASn, Bgw 8 ASn F∂n- ß - s \- b m- b n- c p∂p AXns‚ Af- h p- I ƒ. IpfØns‚ hfsc ASpØv aq∂v `mKØpw 9 1/4 ASn \ofhpw 6 ASn hoXn-bp-ap≈ Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. IqSmsX Ipf-Øns‚ ASpØv Xs∂ sXcp-ho-Yn-bn¬ CtX-am-Xncn thsd c≠p hcn Ipfn-ap-dn-Iƒ ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. B Hmtcm Ipfn-ap-dn-bn¬ \n∂pw tate \ne-bnte°v t]mIp-hm≥ CjvSnI sIm≠p≈ tImWn-∏-Sn-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. henb Ipf-Øn-te°v sh≈w \nd-®n-cp-∂Xv sX°p`m-K-Øp≈ apdnI-fnsem-∂n¬ ÿnXnsNøp∂ Cc´ CjvSn-I-s°-´p≈ Hcp InW-‰n¬ \n∂mWv. Cu h¿W-\°v tijw F. Aø-∏≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""aX-kw_-‘-amb, F{Xbpw {][m-\-s∏´ {Inb-Iƒ°m-bn-cn-°Ww Cu Ipfw



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



150



D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv.''18 tUmIvS-dpsS A\p-am\w hfsc icn-bmWv. km_n aX-°m¿°v {]m¿Y-\-°p-th≠n Ipfn A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp∂p. {]kv X pX hnh- c - W - Ø n- ¬ \n∂v as‰mcp Imcyw IqSn \ΩpsS {i≤°p hnj-bo-`-hn-°p-∂p≠v. Ipf-Øns‚ \ofw sX°p-h-S-°m-bmWv InS-°p-∂Xv. Ipf-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ sXcp-hnse Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fn¬ \n∂v tase \ne-bn-te°p Ib-dn-t∏m-hm≥ tImh-Wn-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. B ta¬ \ne Ah-cpsS {]m¿Y-\m-a-µn-c-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂q-ln-°p-hm≥ hIbp≠v. km_n-a-X-°m-cpsS "Jn_ve' ({]m¿Y-\-bn¬ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn°p∂ Zni) DØ-c-{[p-h-am-bn-cp∂p F∂ apkvenw ]WvUn-X-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw ChnsS {it≤-b-amWv. C_v\p-ssX-an-bsb D≤-cn®v kønZv kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""km_n-a-X-°m-cpsS Hcp {]tXyI tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂p l¿dm≥. {InkvXp-hn\v apºv Uam-kvI- p-Im-cp-sSbpw



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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a‰pw aXw AXm-bn-cp∂p. DØ-c-{[p-hsØ A`n-ap-J-am-°n-bm-bn-cp∂p km_n-I-fpsS {]m¿Y\. Uam-kvI- n¬ C∂pw Nne ]pcm-X\ ]≈nIƒ ImWmw. Ah-bpsS Hcp "Jn_ve' DØ-c-{[p-h-Øn\v t\sc-bmIp∂p....Ah apºv km_n-b-∑m-cpsS tZhm-e-b-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p.''19 Ckvemw aXw kzoI-cn® tijhpw Xß-fpsS ]g-b -tZ-hm-e-b-ßfn¬ Xs∂-bmWv {]kvXpX P\-߃ {]m¿Y\ \S-Øn-t∏m-∂-sX∂¿Yw. Ah¿ ]≈n-Iƒ am‰n-bn√. {]XypX Jn_ve-am{Xw am‰n. Aßs\ c≠p Jn_ve-I-fp-≈-h-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p B tZhm-e-b-߃.



Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. `mc-X-∏-ga t]Pv 60 2. iXm-_vZ-߃°-∏p-d-Øv\n-∂p≈ i_vZ-߃ t]Pv 189 3. Ibid P. 189, 190 4. `mc-X-∏-ga t]Pv 85, 86 5. Ibid P. 85 6. iXm-_vZ-߃°-∏p-d-Øp-\n-∂p≈ i_vZ-߃ t]. 207 7. Ibid P. 192 8. `mc-X-∏-ga t]Pv 79 9. Jp¿-B≥ A[ymbw 11, kq‡w 44 t\m°pI. 10. X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmfyw 2, t]Pv 193 11. Ibid A[ymbw 10, kq‡w 19 12. Ibid A[ymbw 2, kq‡w 213 13. X¿Pp-am\p¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmfyw 1, t]Pv 130 14. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hmfyw 3, t]Pv 32 15. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmfyw 2, t]Pv 193, 194 t\m°pI. 16. temI-N-cn{Xw hmfyw 1, t]Pv 66 17. Ibid hmfyw 1, t]Pv 66 18. `mc-X-∏-ga t]Pv 77 19. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmfyw 2, t]Pv 166 20. D≤-cWw: Ibid hmfyw 2, t]Pv 196 21. D≤-cWw: Ibid hmfyw 2, t]Pv 196 22. `mc-Xob kwkvImc km{amPy Ncn{Xw t]Pv 18 23. A¬an-e-ep- h-∂n-l¬ t]Pv 18



152



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



AXn-\m¬ Ah km_n-I-fpsS kvamc-I-ß-fmbn C_v\p-ssX-an-b-bpsS ImeØv ({In.1263-˛1328) t]mepw Ah-ti-jn®p.



km_n aX-Øns‚ ]ucm-WnIX temIØv G‰hpw BZy-ambn DS-se-SpØ {]hm-N-I-a-X-am-Ip∂p km_n aXw. t\ml-bpsS aX-am-bn-cp∂p AsX∂p Nne apkvenw ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-bs∏-´n-´p≠v. Jeo-ens\ D≤-cn®v C_v\p Iko¿ Xs‚ Jp¿-B≥ `mjy-Øn¬ km_n-Iƒ t\ml-bpsS aX°m-cm-sW∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. C_v\p-∂Zow F∂ {]kn≤ apkvenw-N-cn-{X-Im-c≥ Xs‚ "A¬^nlvcn-kvXn'¬ km_n-I-sf-°p-dn®v kpZo¿L-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn® Iq´Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""C_v-dmlow \_n-bpsS apºp≈ \qln-s‚bpw ioYns‚bpw A\p-bm-bn-IfmWv Xß-sf∂v km_n-Iƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. ioYns‚ thZw AhcpsS hi-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. [¿a-Im-cy-ß-sf-bmWv AXn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.''20 as‰mcp apkvenw ]WvUn-X-\mb C_v\p lk-vans\ D≤-cn®p \Zvhn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""temI-Ønse G‰hpw {]mNo\ aX-amWv km_n-aXw.''21 hl_p-_v\p-ap-\∫x, A_v-Zp¿d-lv-am-\n-_v-\p-sskZv, Camw dmkn, C_v\p Iko¿ apX-emb Ht´sd apkvenw ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ km_n-a-X°m¿ GI-ssZh hnizm-kn-I-fms-W∂v A`n{]m-b-s∏-´n-´p≠v. BI-bm¬ BZn-bn¬ kXy-a-X-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p km_n-Iƒ. as‰√m kap-Zm-b-ßsfbpw t]mse Ahcpw Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ hyXn-N-en®p. ssk‘- h - k w- k v I mcw GI- s sZ- h - X z- Ø n- e - [ n- j v T n- X - a m- b n- c p- ∂ psh∂ A`n- { ]m- b - s Ø- b mWv \mw ]n¥m- ß p- ∂ Xv . ]pcm- h kv X p imkv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw CXn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv. Ahsc D≤-cn®p {io. ]n. tXmakv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""GI-ssZh hnizm-kn-I-fm-bncp∂p Ah¿ (kn‘p XS-hm-knIƒ) F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv an°hmdpw Kth-j-I-∑m¿ FØn-t®¿∂n-´p-≈Xv.''22 At∏mƒ t\ml-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb km_n-b-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



153



Ah¿. Ime-°-d-°-Øn¬ Ah¿°pw am‰-߃ kw`-hn-®n-cn°mw. F∂ncp-∂mepw Ah-cpsS ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb aX-k-¶¬]-Øns‚ e£W-߃ ]eXpw ]nt∂bpw Ah-ti-jn-®n-cp∂p. {]mNo\ C¥y-°mcpsS aX-hn-izm-k-sØ∏‰n Hcp apkvenw ]WvUn-X-\mb apl-Ω-Zp-»nlvdkvXm\n ({In.1076-˛1155) Fgp-Xp∂p: ""{_m“-W-∑m-cn¬ Hcp ]£Øns‚ Nmbvhv ssZzX-hmZ (Dualism) Ønte-°mWv. Ah¿ C_vdmlow \_nsb AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p. F∂m¬ C¥y-°m-cn¬ A[n-I-]-£hpw km_n-I-fs{X. km_n-a-X-Ønse hnhn[ ]≤-Xn-I-fmWv Ah¿ Ahew-_n®p t]mcp-∂Xv.''23 {In. 1070˛¬ Nc-a-KXn {]m]n® JmZn kmC-Zp¬ -D≥Zp-enkn F∂ apkv-enw ]WvUn-X≥ Xs‚ "X_-Jm-Øp¬ -Daw' F∂ IrXn-bnepw CtX A`n-{]m-b-amWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-sh-®n-´p-≈Xv. Ch¿ A[n-I-]£-sa∂v {]tbmKn®-Xv ssk‘-h-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ ]mc-º-cy-°m-cmb {Zmhn-U-∑m-sc-∏-‰n-bmhWw. BI-bm¬ `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-]m-In-b-h¿ alm\mb t\mlm {]hm-N-Is‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬ s]´-hcpw A\p-bmbn-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv Ah-km-\-ambn \mw FØnt®-cp-∂Xv. Ah¿ km_n-a-X-°mcpw C∂sØ {Zmhn-U-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS ]q¿h-∑m-cp-am-bn-cp∂p.



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



154



lc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Ønse Ir{Xna Ipf-Øn-s‚bpw Ipfn-ap-dnI-fpsSbpw Hcp `mh\m Nn{Xw.



1. sI´n-∏-SpØ Ir{Xna Ipfw (sX°phS°v \ofw). 2. Ipf-Øn-te-°n-d-ßm-\p≈ ]S-hp-Iƒ. 3. c≠p-hcn Ipfn-ap-dn-Ifpw Ah-bn¬ \n∂v apIƒ\n-e-bn-te°p Ib-dp-hm\p≈ CjvSn-I-t°m-h-Wn-Ifpw. 4. Ipf-Øn-te°v sh≈w \nd-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn® InW¿. 5. Ipfn-ap-dn-Ifpw aen-\-Pew ]pd-tØ°v hnSp∂ Hmhp-Ifpw. 6. sNdnb hc-Iƒ XqWp-Isf Ipdn-°p∂p.



A[ymbw ]Xn-aq∂v



Zkyp-Z¿i\w Bcy≥P-\X C¥y-bn¬ {]th-in-°p-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ ChnsS ]ptcm- K - a - t \m- ∑ p- J - a mb Hcp kwkv I m- c hpw aXhpw {]N- c n®p Ign™ncp∂p F∂v \mw I≠p. F∂m¬ B ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬\n-∂p-dsIm≠ XØz-Z¿i-\-ß-sf-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ tcJ-I-sfm∂pw Ncn{Xm-t\z-j-I-∑m¿°v ssIh-∂n-´n√. kn‘p Xmgvh-c-bn¬ \n∂v J\-\Øn¬ e`n® enJn-X-߃ hmbn-°m≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ kn‘pX-S-hm-kn-I-fpsS XØz-Z¿i-\-ß-sf-∏‰n h√ Adnhpw \ap°v e`n-t®°p-am-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, B en]n C∂pw kq£v-a-ambn hmbn-°s-∏-´n´n√. C∂v s]mXp-hn¬ [cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv C¥y-bn¬ ]n¬°m-eØv hf¿∂ph∂ XØz-Z¿i-\-ß-f-Jnew Bcy-∑m-cpsS thZm-Zn-km-ln-Xyß-fn¬\n∂v cq]wsIm≠n-´p-≈-Xm-sW-∂m-Ip∂p. F∂m¬ {]kvXpX [mcW XnI®pw icn-bm-sW∂p tXm∂p-∂n√. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ A\-¥-c-L-´-Øn¬ cq]w-]q≠ Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]mc-º-cysØ tNmZyw sNøp-∂tXm thZ-{]mam- W ysØ AwKo- I - c n- ° m- Ø tXm BIp∂p. AXn- \ m¬ AØcw



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



155



Z¿i-\-߃ thZmZn kmln-Xy-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-S-se-Sp-Ø-XmsW∂v ]dbp-∂Xv bp‡nkl-a√.



thZw F∂m¬ thZ- a mWv G‰hpw ]pcm- X - \ - a mb Bcy- k m- l nXyw. thZsØ "{ipXn' F∂pw hnfn-°p∂p. E°v, kmaw, bPp v, AY¿hWw F∂o \mep kwln-X-Ifpw Ah-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ {_m“-W-ß-fp-amWv thZ-߃. F∂m¬ Bc-Wy-I-ßfpw D]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw IqSn C∂p thZ-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn-emWv FÆn-°m-Wp-∂Xv. CXv Bcy-∑m-cpsS BZna aX-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-Ip∂p. c≠p imkv{X-ß-fmWv BZn-bn¬ Bcy∑m¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. H∂n\v "{ipXn' F∂pw a‰-Xn\v "kvarXn' F∂pw ]d-bp∂p. {ipXn F∂m¬ thZhpw kvarXn F∂m¬ [¿a-im-kv{X-hpam-Ip∂p. a\p-kvarXn ]d-bp-∂Xv ImWpI: ""{ipXn-kvXp-thtZm hn⁄tbm [¿a-im-kv{X¥p sshkvarXnx''1 (thZsØ {ipXn F∂pw [¿a-im-kv{XsØ kvarXn F∂pw Adn-tb≠-Xm-Ip∂p.) {ipXn F∂-XpsIm≠v thZ-Ønse a{¥-`m-Khpw {_m“-W-`mKhpw am{X-amWv hnh-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂v B]-kvXw_ [¿a-kq{Xw ]d-bp∂p: ""a{¥-{_m-“-W-tbm-¿thZ \ma-t[bw.''2 (a{¥-ß-fp-sSbpw {_m“W-ß-fp-sSbpw t]cmWv thZ-w.) At∏mƒ Bcy-∑m-cpsS BZn-a-a-X-a-\p-k-cn®v a{¥-ßfpw {_m“W-ßfpw am{Xta thZ-Øn¬s]-Sp-∂p≈q. Bc-Wy-I-ßfpw D]-\n-jØp-Ifpw A°q-´-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂n√. CtX A¿Y-Øn-emWv {ipXn, thZw F∂o i_vZ-߃ \mapw Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°p∂pXv.



thZ-Ønse apJy {]Xn-]mZyw {ipXn-bn¬ k¿thm-]cn {]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-´p-≈Xv I¿a-am¿KØn-\m-Ip∂p. AXm-bXv bmK-߃°pw b⁄-߃°pw. Bcy≥ P\X-bpsS khn-ti-j-amb Bc-m[\m coXn-°mWv b⁄w F∂v ]d-bp∂Xv. b⁄-th-f-bn¬ Dcp-hn-Sm-\p≈ a{¥-߃ kwlnX F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. b⁄-co-Xn-Iƒ hnh-cn-°p∂ IrXn-I-fmWv {_m“W-߃. b⁄-ß-fn¬ arK-_en \S-Ø-s∏-´n-cp∂p; ]ip, BSv, IpXnc apX-emb arK-ßsf h[n®p tlman-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ Bcy-∑m-cpsS I¿a am¿Kw Hcp Xcw lnwkmam¿K-am-sW∂v A[nt£-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. A\m-cy≥ P\-X°v BZn-bn¬ Xs∂ {]kvXpX am¿K-tØmSv Ad∏pw shdp∏pw Ah-⁄-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿°v Bcy∑m-cpsS tZh-X-I-fntem bmKm-Zn-I¿a-ß-fntem hnizm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂n√. CXp ImcWw thZ- { Z- j v S m- ° - f mb Ejn- a m¿ A\m- c y- ∑ msc



156



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



"iniv\-tZhmx' (tZh-hn-tZz-jnIƒ), "AI¿an-Iƒ' (bmKw Ign-°m-Øh¿) F∂n-ßs\ A[n-t£-]n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. BI-bm¬ EtKz-Z-Im-eØp Xs∂ `mc-X-Øn¬ hn`n-∂-amb c≠p am¿K-߃ \ne-hn-en-cp-∂-Xmbn \mw ImWp∂p. Hcp am¿Kw bmK߃°pw b⁄-߃°pw k¿thm-]cn {]m[m\yw I¬]n-°-p-tºmƒ at‰ am¿Kw Ahsb ]p—n®p X≈p∂p. H∂v Bcy-am¿K-am-sW-¶n¬, at‰Xv A\m-cy-am¿K-am-bn-cp∂p. Ccp hn`m-K-ßfpw XΩn¬ \S∂ kac-kw-L-´-\-ß-fpsS {][m\ ImcWw aX-]-c-amb {]kvXpX hntcm[w Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v thZw \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp∂p. ChnsS \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\p-≈Xv ]n¬°m-eØv `mc-X-Øn¬ hf¿-∂ph∂ XØz-Z¿i-\-ß-f-{Xbpw Bcy-∑m-cpsS sshZnI ]mc-ºcy-Øn¬ \n∂p-d-sIm-≠tXm, AtXm, Nne-sX-¶nepw A\m-cy-]m-c-ºcy-Øn¬ \n∂p {]tNm-Z-\-apƒs°m-≠tXm F∂mWv. F√m XØzZ¿i- \ - ß fpw sshZn- I - ] m- c - º - c y- Ø n¬\n- ∂ p- S - s e- S p- Ø p- s h- ∂ mWv ]cs° {]N-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈Xv. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ `mc-Xob Z¿i-\-ßfn¬ ]eXpw sshZn-I-a-XsØ˛I¿a am¿K-sØ˛tNmZyw sNøp-Itbm, DZm-ko-\-ambn ho£n-°p-Itbm sNøm≥ Imc-W-an-√m-bn-cp∂p. AXn\m¬ C¥y≥ XØz-Z¿i-\-ß-sf√mw sshZn-I-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬\n-∂pd-sIm-≠-Xm-sW∂ [mcW icn-bm-sW∂v tXm∂p-∂n√. Ah-bn¬ Nne-sX-¶nepw Zkyp ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ \n∂v {]tNm-Z-\-apƒs°m≠v hf¿∂p h∂- X m- b n- c n- ° Ww. Cu \nK- a - \ - Ø n- \ p- t ]m- Z v _ - e - I - a mb km£y- ß ƒ ]eXpw Ncn- { X- ß - f n¬ \n∂v s]dp- ° n- s b- S p- ° m≥ Ignbpw.



EtKzZw \¬Ip∂ kqN-\-Iƒ Bcy- ∑ m- c psS B{I- a - W - L - ´ - Ø n¬ tZh- h n- t Zz- j n- I - f mb Hcp hn`mKw ChnsS \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂v EtKzZw Xs∂ kqNn-∏n-°p∂p≠v. Ah¿°pw Bcy-∑m¿°p-an-S-bn¬ aX-]-c-amb i{XpXbp≠mbn-cp∂p. {io. k¿Zm¿ ]Wn-°¿ Fgp-Xn-bXv t\m°pI: ""Ah¿ (Zkyp°ƒ) A\m-cy-amb Hcp `mj-bm-Wv kwkm-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. AI¿an-Ifpam-bn-cp∂p; bmKm-Zn-Iƒ Ign-®n-cp-∂n√; C{µm-Zn-tZ-h-∑msc ]qPn®n-cp-∂n√. "iniv\-tZhmx' F∂v Ahsc A[n-t£-]n-®n-´p≠v.''3 {]kvXpX A\m-cy-hn-`m-K-߃ Bcy-∑m-cpsS Bbp[ i‡n°p apºn¬ imco-cn-I-ambn Iog-S-ßn-bn-cn°mw. ]t£, a\ pw hnizmkhpw Bcy-∑m¿°v ASn-bdsh°m≥ Ah¿ Hcp-°-am-bn-cp-∂n√. Ah¿ ]q¿h ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Xs∂ Dd®p\n∂p. ]n∂oSv, \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v tijw Bcy˛Zkyp kwL¿j-Øn\v Abhp h∂p. XZ-h-kcw Zkyp°ƒ Ah-cpsS ]mc-º-cy-hn-izm-km-Nm-c-߃ ho≠pw {]N-cn-∏n®p. Aßs\ thZ-Ønse I¿a am¿K-Øn\pw lnwkm-fl-I-amb bmK ]cn]m-Sn-Iƒ°pw hn]-co-X-ambn as‰mcp am¿Kw \ne-hn¬ h∂p. CXn-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



157



\mWv "⁄m\-am¿Kw' Ft∂m "ap‡n am¿Kw' Ft∂m ]d-™p-h∂Xv. CX-\p-k-cn®v ]n¬°m-eØv DS-se-SpØ XØz-Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw A\m-cy-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬\n∂mWv {]tNm-Z-\-apƒs°m-≠n-´p-≈sX∂v ]d-bm-hp-∂-XmWv. ]t£, At∏m-tg°pw Ah ]e ]cn-h¿Ø\-߃°pw hnt[-b-am-bn-cp∂p.



Zmi-cm⁄bp≤w EtKz-Z-Im-eØp Xs∂ \S∂ Hcp kw`-h-amWv Zmi-cm-⁄-bp≤w. thZØn¬ h¿Wn-°-s∏´n´p≈ {]kvXpX bp≤-Øn¬, ]Xn-hn-s\-Xncmbn Bcy-tKm-{X-߃ XΩn¬ XΩn¬ Xs∂ a’-cn-°p-Ibpw Hcp hn`mKw Bcy-∑m¿ Zkyp cmPm-°-∑msc Iq´p]nSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXmbn \mw ImWp∂p. CXm-bn-cp∂p B bp≤-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX. ]Øp -cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ H∂p tN¿∂v \S-Øn-bncp∂Xn-\m-et{X B bp≤Øn\v "Zmi-cm⁄w' F∂p t]¿ kn≤n-®Xv. CXns‚ Imc-W-sØ∏‰n {io. sI.Fw. ]Wn-°-cpsS hni-I-e\w ImWpI : ""bap-\m-\-ZoX- S - Ø n- s e- Ø n- b - t ∏m- t g°pw Bcy- ∑ m¿°v Nne hyXymk- ß ƒ h∂ptN¿∂p. `c-X¿ (Hcp Bcy tKm{Xw) bap-\°pw KwK°pw CSbn-ep≈ ^e-k-ar-≤-amb cmPy-Øn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øp. KwK°v Ing°p hi- Ø p≈ A\m- c y- c m- P m- ° - ∑ m- c p- a mbn _‘p- X - b n- e mWv Ah¿ Ign-™Xv. ]© \Z-Øn¬ (]©m-_n¬) ]m¿Øn-cp∂ a‰p≈ Bcy≥ P\-X X-ß-fpsS tZi-w ssI°-em-°m-Xn-cn-°m-\mbn, `c-X¿ Ahsc "iX{Zn'bpsS (kXve-Pv\Zn) A∏pdw XS™p \n¿Øm≥ {ian®p-t]m∂p. B a’-c-Øns‚ ^e-am-bn-´mWv "Zmi-cm⁄w' F∂ almbp≤w D≠m-bXv.''4 A\m-cy-∑m-cpsS, AYhm Zkyp-°-fpsS i‡n ]s‰ \in-∏n-°phm≥ Bcy-∑m¿°p Ign-™n-cp-∂n-s√∂v Cu kw`hw sXfn-bn-°p∂p. KwK°v Ing-°p-h-iØv A\m-cy-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ A°m-eØpw {]Xm-]tØmsS hmgvN \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p. Ahsc Bcy-∑m¿°p Pbn-°m≥ km[n-®n-s√∂v am{X-a√, Ah-cp-ambn ssa{Xo-_‘w ]pe¿Øm≥ Bcy-∑m-cn-semcp hn`mKw \n¿_-‘n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A\mcy-i-‡n-bpsS klm-b-tØm-SpIq-Sn-bmWv `c-X-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿°v kz¥w h¿K°m-cpsS IS-∂m-{I-a-WsØ sNdpØp tXm¬]n°m≥ Ign-™Xv. A{Xbpw {]_-e-cm-bn-cp∂p A∂pw A\m-cy-∑m¿. F∂n-cns° A\mcy-∑m¿ Bcy-∑m-cpsS Bbp[ i‡n°p apºn¬ imco-cn-I-ambn IogS-ßn-sb∂v [cn-°p-∂Xpw XnI®pw icn-bm-hn√. Npcp-°-Øn¬ Zkyp°-fpsS `c-Whpw Zkyp-cm-Pm-°-∑mcpw ]ns∂bpw \ne-\n∂p t]m∂p. F¶n¬ Ah-tcm-sSm∏w Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-chpw aXhpw \ne\n-∂n´p-≠m-bn-cn-°p-at√m. At∏mƒ ]n¬°m-eØv hf¿∂p h∂ XØzZ¿i-\-ß-sf√mw Bcy-]m-c-º-cy-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-sW∂v Fßs\ ]dbm-s\m°pw? hmkvX-h-Øn¬ A\m-cy-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬\n-∂p-Zv`-hn®



158



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Bi-bm-Z¿i-߃°pw `mc-Xo-b-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ kmc-amb ]¶p≠v. `mc-Xob kwkvImcw Bcy-∑m-cpsS sshZnI ]mcº-cy-Øns‚ krjvSn-bms-W∂ {]Nm-cWw Ig-º-‰-Xs{X. sslµ-hkw-kvImcw Bcy-∑m-cp-tS-X√; C¥y-°m-cp-tS-XmWv. k¿Zm¿ ]Wn°¿ Zmi-cm⁄ kw`-h-Øn\v Ncn-{X-Øn-ep-≠mb {]m[m\yw Nq≠n°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv t\m°pI: ""temI-Ønse AXn-{]-[m-\-ßfmb kw`h-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn-´mWv, Rm≥ Cu bp≤w ImWp-∂Xv. kpZm- ns\ (`cX cmPmhv) FXn¿Øn-cp-∂h¿ Bcy-∑m¿ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. kpZm ns‚ _‘p-°-fn¬ A\m-cy-∑m-cmb cmPm-°-∑m-cpap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu alm- b p- ≤ - Ø n¬ kpZm ns‚ Iogn- e p≈ `c- X - P - \ - Ø n- \ mWv hnPbw e`n-®Xv. AtXm-SpIqSn Bcy-∑m-cpsS B{I-aWw ian-s®∂v ]dbmw. bap- \ m- X - S - Ø n¬ IpSn- t bdn∏m¿Ø- h ¿ Xt±- i o- b - c p- a mbn H∂n®p tN¿∂v lnµp kwkvIm-c-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-an-´-Xmbpw hnNmcn°mw.''5 as‰mcp `mj-bn¬ ]d-™m¬, Zkyp-°-sfbpw, Zkyp-kw-kvIm-csØbpw `mc-X-Øn¬ \n∂p XpS-®p-am‰m≥ Bcy-\m-{I-a-W-Im-cn-Iƒ°v km[n-®n√. Ah-km\w Ah-cp-ambn kl-I-cn-®p-t]m-Im≥ Bcy-∑m¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-cmbn. Zkyp kwkvImcw kml-N-cy-Øns‚ B\p-Iq-eya-\p-k-cn®v ho≠pw hf¿∂ph∂p. Aßs\ Ah-cpsS B[ym-flnI Nn¥-\-ßfpw Z¿i-\-ßfpw Ah-bp-sS-Xmb am¿K-ß-fn-eqsS ChnsS {]Nm-c-s∏´p. B am¿Kas{X "⁄m\-am¿Kw' F∂ t]cn-\m¬ ]n∂oSv Adn-b-s∏-´Xv.



`n∂-hn-cp-≤-amb Nn¥m-am¿K-߃ `mc-X-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ BZn-ap-X¬ Xs∂ hyXykvX kz`mh-tØmSv IqSn c≠p Nn¥m am¿K-߃ XpS¿∂p h∂-Xmbn ImWmw: H∂v sshZnI I¿aß- f mb bmKm- Z n- I ƒ°v ]c- a - { ]m- [ m\yw I¬]n®psIm≠p≈ am¿Kw; a‰Xv X] v, [ym\w, {_“-Ncyw apXem-bh aptJ\ Cuizc km£m-XvIm-c-Øn\v h≥]n® {]m[m\yw \¬In-s°m-≠p≈ am¿Khpw. BZy-tØ-Xn\v I¿a am¿Kw F∂pw, c≠m-a-tØ-Xn\v ⁄m\-am¿Kw, As√-¶n¬ ap‡n am¿Kw F∂pw t]cp ]dbmw. I¿a am¿K-Øns‚ DXv]Øn sshZn-I-]m-c-º-cy-am-sW∂p-≈ Imcy-Øn¬ X¿°-an√. F∂m¬ ⁄m\-am¿Kw sshZnI ]mcº-cysØ, H∂p-In¬ DZm-ko\ `mh-Øn¬ ho£n-°p-Itbm, Xpd-s∂Xn¿°p-Itbm BWv sNøp-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ AXv sshZn-I-]m-c-º-cyØn¬ \n∂p- d - s Im- ≠ - X - s √∂pw {]XypX, Zkyp- ] m- c - º - c y- a mWv AXns‚ D¬]-Øn-tI-{µ-sa-∂p-ap≈ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv Nne Kth-jI-∑m¿ FØn-t®¿∂n-´p-≈Xv. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ]n≥_-ehpw Cu \nKa-\-Øn-\p≠v. ]t£, lnµp-°-fpsS amaq¬ aXw CXn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-´p≈-XmWv. AXn-\m¬ \njv]-£-amb Hcp \ncq-]Ww ChnsS Bh-iyam-bn-cn-°p-I-bmWv.



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



159



Kth-jI - ∑ - m-cpsS \nK-a\ - ß - ƒ Bcy-∑m¿ b⁄w, bmKw, Zm\w apX-emb sshZnI I¿a-ß-fneqsS kz¿Kw {]m]n-°p-hm-\mWv B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂Xv. B[ym-flnI N¿®I-fn-sem∂pw Ah¿°v henb Xm¬]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. `uXnI PohnXw ]cn-]q¿W-ambn Bkz-Zn-°m-\mWv Ah¿ {ian-®Xv. tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fgp-Xn-bXv ImWpI: ""Bcy-∑m¿ `uXnI Pohn-XsØ AXns‚ kºq¿W \ne-bn¬ CjvS-s∏´p. AXn-\m¬ Bflm-hns‚ `mhnsb°pdn®pw a‰pw Ah¿°v A{X Xm¬]-cy-ap-≠mbn-cp-∂n√.''6 CXn¬ \n∂pw ]msS `n∂-am-bn-cp∂p A\m-cy-∑m-cpsS ÿnXn. Ah¿ BZn apX¬ B[ym-flnI N¿®-I-fn¬ CS-s]-´n-cp∂p. "F≥sskt¢m-]o-Unb Hm^v dneo-Pn-b≥ B≥Uv FXn-Ivkn'¬ lmÃnwKvkv (Hastings) Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Bcy-∑m-cpsS hc-hn\p apºp Xs∂ A\m-cy∑m¿ B[ym-flnI N¿®-I-fn¬ CS-s]-´n-cp∂p.''7 BI-bm¬ B[ym-flnI Nn¥-\-ß-fpsS Dd-hnSw sshZnI ]mc-ºcy-a-s√∂pw, Bcym-K-a-\-Øn\p apºp-Xs∂ ChnsS \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ A\mcy kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ \n∂mWv Bflob hnZy Dd-sIm-≠-sX∂pw A\p-am-\n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.



D]-\n-jØ - p-If - nse Z¿i\w B[ym-flnI hnNn-¥-\-ß-fpƒs°m-≈p∂ `mc-Xo-b-km-lnXyw "D]\n-j-Øp-Iƒ' F∂ t]cn-\m¬ \n¿h-Nn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp {]tXy-I-Xcw IrXn-I-ft{X. Ch \q‰n-°-W-°n-\p≠v. t_mws_-bnse "\n¿Wb kmK¿' {] p-Im¿ \q‰n-∏{¥≠p D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≈-Xmbn cmlp¬kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥ Xs‚ "hniz-Z¿i-\-߃' F∂ IrXnbn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn´p≠v. F∂m¬ Ah-sb√mw bYm¿Y D]-\n-jØp-I-fmbn \ncq-]-I-∑m¿ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n√. apKƒ N{I-h¿Øn AIv_-dpsS ImeØv Hcp-]-\n-jØv Fgp-Xp-I-bp-≠mbn. "At≈m-]\n-jØv' F∂m-bn-cp∂p AXns‚ t]¿. Cßs\ D]-\n-j-sØ∂ \mat[-b-Øn¬ Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p IrXn-Iƒ ImWm≥ Ignbpw. ]t£, Ah-bvs°√mw Hcp-t]mse {]mamWyw I¬]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂n√. kmwIrXym-bs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ]Xn-aq∂v IrXn-Iƒ {]tXyIw {it≤-bß- f m- I p∂p. Cuiw, OmtµmKyw, _rl- Z m- c - W yIw, sFX- t cbw, ssXØn-cobw, {]iv\w, tI\w, ITw, apWvUIw, amWvUqIyw, IujoXIn, ssa{Xn, tizXm-iz-Xcw F∂n-h-bt{X Ah. _n.kn. 700˛s‚bpw 100˛s‚bpw CS-°mWv Ah Fgp-X-s∏-´n-´p-≈-sX∂pw At±lw A`n{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.8 F∂m¬ BZysØ D]- \ n- j - Z v _ o- P - Ø n\v Bcy- ∑ m- c psS thZtØmfw ]g-°-aps-≠-∂mWv a‰p Nne {]apJ \ncq-]-I-cpsS A`n{]mbw. "]uckvXy ]hn-{X-{K-Ÿm-hen'bn¬ amIvkvap-≈¿ Fgp-Xp∂p:



160



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



""BZysØ D]-\n-j-Zv_o-P-߃°v thZ-Øns‚ a{¥-`mKß-tfmfw Xs∂ ]g-°-ap≠v. EtKz-Z-kw-ln-X-bn¬ Hcp D]-\n-j-∑{¥w IS-∂pIq-Sn-bn-´p-s≠∂v "k¿hm-\p-{I-a-WnI'Imc-\mb ImØym-b-\≥ ]d™n-´p≠v.'' 9 EtKz-Z-kw-ln-X-bpsS Imew _n.kn. 2000 apX¬ 1500 hsc-bm-sW∂s{X s]mXp-hn¬ IW-°m°n hcp-∂Xv. AXn¬Xs∂ D]-\n-j∑{¥w IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-bn´ps≠-¶n¬ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ Nne-sX-¶nepw AXn\p apºv \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-at√m. GXm-bmepw D]-\n-j±¿i-\-ß-fpsS DXv]Øn thZ-Øn¬ \n∂√ Zkyp-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ \n∂m-sW∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv {]kvXpX hkvXpX. amIvkv-ap-≈¿ Xs∂ ]d-bs´ : ""C∂sØ \ne-bn¬ ImWp∂ cq]w {]m]n-°p-∂-Xn\v apºpXs∂ D]-\n-jXvk-©-b-߃ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn ChnsS \ne-\n-∂p-h-∂n-cp∂p F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ ktµ-l-an√.''10 Bcym-K-a-\-Øn\p apºv Zkyp-P-\-X-°n-S-bn¬ N¿® sNø-s∏-´ncp∂ XØz-Z¿i-\-ß-fmWv ]n¬°m-eØv D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS cq]w ssIs°m-≠Xv. Ah Zkyp-°ƒ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn ]c-kv]cw ssIamdn-s°m-≠n-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv {]kvXpX Z¿i-\-߃ D]\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS cq]-Øn¬ t{ImUo-Ir-X-am-sbt-∂bp≈q. Ah-bn-e-S-ßnb Bi-bmZ¿i-߃ Bcym-K-a-\-Øn\pw apºp-Xs∂ Zkyp-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ \nesIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww. Bcy-∑m-cpsS sshZn-I-km-ln-XyamWv D]\n-j-±¿i-\-ß-fpsS Dd-hn-S-sa-¶n¬ D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ {]Y-a-ambpw {][m\-ambpw sshZn-I-a-X-Øns‚ {]mam-WysØ Du∂n-bpd-∏n°p-Ibpw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-I-bp-amWv th≠n-bn-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Cu hi-sØ- w_- ‘ n- ® n- S - t Ømfw apJy D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I ƒ Hcp- Z m- k o\ `mh- a mWv ssIs°m-≠p-Im-Wp-∂Xv.



c≠pXcw hnZym-im-eI - ƒ c≠p Xc- Ø n- e p≈ hnZym- ` ymk ÿm]- \ - ß ƒ `mc- X - Ø n¬ {]h¿Øn-®p-h-∂-Xmbn Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ImWmw. H∂v sshZnI aX-sØbmWv ]cn-c-£n-°m≥ {ian-®n-cp-∂sX-¶n¬, a‰Xv, Hu]-\n-j-Xn-I-kwkvIm-c-sØ-bmWv kwc-£n-∏m≥ DZy-an-®n-cp-∂Xv. BZy-tØ-Xn\v "almime'sb∂pw c≠m-a-tØ-Xn\v "]cn-jØv' F∂p-am-bn-cp∂p t]¿. alm-im-e-Iƒ ]q¿W-ambpw {_m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS \nb-{¥W-Ønepw ]cn-j-Øp-Iƒ A{_m-“-W-cm-P-m°-∑m-cpsS {]tXyI \nb{¥-W-Øn-ep-amWv \S-∂n-cp-∂sX∂p IqSn CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ Hm¿t°≠- X mWv . "C¥y- b nse h¿Wk- a cw' F∂ IrXn- b n¬ AXns‚ I¿Øm-hmb {io. IrjvWm-\-µ-kzman Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Bcy-∑m-cpsS thZßfpw A\m-cy-∑-mcpsS D]\n-j-Øp-Ifpw c≠p hn`n-∂-kw-kvIm-c-ßsfØs∂ ]cn-c-£n®p h∂p.... Xß-fpsS bmKmZn sshZn-I-I¿a-߃ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn "alm-im-e-Iƒ' F∂ t]cn¬ {_m“-W¿



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



161



{]tXy- I - a mbn At\I ÿm]- \ - ß ƒ krjv S n®p \SØn. AXpt]mse, A{_m-“-W¿ Xß-fpsS B[ym-flnI Nn¥-Iƒ ]cn-c-£n°m\pw {]N-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ambn D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, "]cn- j - Ø p- I fpw' Imem- ¥ - c - Ø n¬ ÿm]n®p \S- Ø m≥ XpSßn. ]m©m-e-ß-fpsS (C∂sØ ]©m-_nse cptl¬°WvUpw CØmh-bp-a-S-ßp∂ {]tZ-i-߃ ) cmPm-hmb {]hm-l-W≥, tII-b-cm-Pmhmb (Qew, kn‘p F∂o \Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈, Xmgv∂ lnam-eb {]tZ-iØv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ cmPu-cn-°-SpØ Hcp {]tZ-i-am-bn-cp∂p tII-b-cmPyw) Aiz-]Xn, Imin-cm-Pm-hmb (_\m-d-kns‚ kao-]-ÿe-am-bn-cp∂p Imin) P\-I≥ F∂n-h-sc√mw A°m-e-ß-fn¬ ]cn-jØp-Iƒ \S-Øn-h∂ A{_m-“-W-ta-[m-hn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. AwKn-c v, hkn-jvT≥, Iiy-]≥, ]pe-kvXy≥, hnizm-an-{X≥, `rKp, Zp¿hm-k v F∂o {_mlvaW-ta-[m-hn-I-fm-Is´, alm-im-e-Iƒ \S-Øn-h-∂n-cp∂-h-cp-am-bn-cp∂p.''11 Npcp-°-Øn¬, {_m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿ sshZn-I-amb I¿aßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw \ne-\n¿Øm-\mWv apJy-ambpw {ian-®p-t]m-∂n-cp-∂Xv. A∂v B[ym-fln-I-hnZy Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂n√. {_m“W-]-WvUn-X-∑m¿ B[ym-flnI hnZy ]Tn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv hfsc ]n∂o-Sm-bn-cp∂p. AXpw A{_m-“-W∑m-cn¬\n∂v. CXn-te-°p-t]mZv_-e-I-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ Omtµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øn¬ ImWmw. BZn D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ s]´-sX∂p \ncq-]-I-∑m¿ ka¿Yn-®n-´p≈ AXn¬ Hcp IY-bp≠v. AXv Cßs\ kw{K-ln°mw: D±m-eI Bcp-Wn-Ku-Xa≥ Hcp {_m“-W-]-WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp∂p. At±lw kz]p-{X-\mb tizXtI-Xp-hns\ hnZy-b-`y-kn∏n®p. Aßs\ {_m“-W-Nn-´-{]-Imcw tizXtIXp Hcp alm-]-WvUn-X-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. Hcn-°¬ At±lw £{Xnb-\mb {]hm-l-W-ssP-hen \S-Øp∂ ]cn-j-Øn¬ sN∂p. XZ-hkcw ssPhen tNmZn®p: ""Ip´o, ANv-O≥ Xm¶sf ]Tn-∏n-®n-´pt≠m?'' tizX-tIXp "D≠v tZhm' F∂v adp-]Sn ]d™p. {]hm-l-W≥ tizXtI-Xp-hn-t\mSv A©p tNmZy-߃ tNmZn®p. A©pw {_“-⁄m-\kw-_-‘n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. H∂n-s\-¶nepw DØcw ]d-bm≥ tizX-tI-Xphn\v Ign-™n√. "Adn-bn√, tZhm' F∂ adp-]-Sn-bmWv At±lw Hmtcm tNmZy-Øn\pw \¬In-bXv. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ cmPmhv H∂p Ii°n : ""]ns∂ Xm¶ƒ F¥mWv ]Tn-®Xv? Cu Imcy-ß-sfm∂pw Adn-bmØ Hcmsf Fß-s\-bmWv "kpin-£-nX≥' F∂p ]d-bpI?'' tizX-tIXp A]-am-\-`m-c-Øm¬ Xe-XmgvØn. Xncn®p sN∂v, ]nXm-hmb Bcp-Wn-tbmSv Bh-em-Xn-s∏´p: ""tZh≥ Fs∂ "Ain-£nX≥' F∂p hnfn-®-]-am-\n®p. Aßv bmsXm∂pw ]Tn-∏n-°m-sX-Øs∂ ]Tn-∏n-s®∂p \Sn®p.'' BcpWn kw`hw hnkvX-cn-®-t\z-jn-®-t∏mƒ aI≥ ]d™p: ""cmP-\y-_‘p (£{Xn-b≥) Ft∂mSv A©p tNmZy߃ tNmZn®p. H∂n-s\-¶nepw adp-]Sn ]d-bm≥ F\n°p Ign-™n√.''



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



BcpWn ]d™p: ""\o hnh-cn® {]iv\-ß-fpsS DØcw F\n°pw Adn™pIqSm.'' BcpWn {]hm-l-Ws‚ ASpØv sN∂p. cmPmhv B {_m“-W]-WvUn-Xs\ \nb-a-{]-Imcw kzoI-cn®p. "am\p-j-hnØw' Bh-iy-s∏Sp-hm≥ At±lw ]d™p.12 ]t£, Bcp-Wn-bpsS Bhiyw [\-ambn- c p- ∂ n√. Xm≥ Zm\- Ø n\p h∂- X - s √∂pw, tizX- t I- X p- h n- t \mSv tNmZn® {]iv\-ß-fpsS adp-]Sn tIƒ°m-\mWv h∂n-´p-≈-sX∂pw BcpWn ]d™p. {]hml-W≥ hnj-a-Øn-embn. At±lw BZn-bn¬ adp-]Sn ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ \ns∂m-gn-™p-am-dm≥ {ian®p. ]t£, BcpWn hn´n√. \nc-¥cw Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp∂p. KXy-¥-c-an-√m-Xm-bt∏mƒ cmPmhv Hcp hn[-Øn¬ kΩ-Xn®p. F∂m¬ adp-]-Sn-bpsS apJhp-c-sb-t∂mWw ssPhen ]d™ Hcp hmNIw ChnsS {]tXyIw {]k-‡as{X: ""A√tbm KuXam, \n߃ Bh-iy-s∏-´n-´p≈ Imcyw AXy¥w hnj-a-I-c-am-bn-´p≈ H∂mWv. Cu hnZy Xm¶ƒ°v ap≥]p≈ {_m“-W-∑m¿°v Ae-`y-am-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv temIw apgph≥ £{Xn-b-∑m-cpsS imk\w \ne-sIm-≠Xv.''13 CXn¬ \n∂pw {][m-\-amb Nne hkvXp-X-Iƒ \ΩpsS {i≤°p hnj-bo-`-hn-°p-∂p≠v: H∂m-a-Xmbn, Bcp-Wn-bpsS Imew hsc A{_m“-W-cmWv B[ym-flnI hnZy ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. {_m“W ]WvUn-X-∑m¿°v AsX-∏‰n Hcp ]nSn-]m-Sp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. c≠m-aXmbn, {_m“-W-∑m-cn¬ \n∂pw {]kvXpX hnZy ad®p]nSn-°m-\mbn A{_m-“-W-]-WvUn-X-∑m¿ a\x-]q¿hw {ian-®n-cp∂p. AXm-Wt√m ssPh-en-bpsS Hgn™pamdm-\p≈ {ia-Øn¬ \n∂pw Duln-t°-≠Xv. ChnsS \ap°v Btem-Nn-°m-\p-≈Xv CXt{X: D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ thZß-fpsS A\p-_-‘-ßfpw thZ-P-\y-ß-fp-amsW-¶n¬ sshZn-I-kmlnXyw \nc-¥cw ssI-Imcyw sNøp∂ {_m“-W-]-WvUn-X-∑m-cmWt√m D]-\n-j-±¿i\-ß-fpsS D]-⁄m-Xm-°-∑mcpw Kpcp-\m-Y-∑m-cpam-tI-≠n-bn-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Ncn-{X-h-kvXpX Aß-s\-b√. D±m-eI Bcp- W n°p apºp≈ {_m“- W - ∑ m¿°pw Ah Adn- ™ n- c p- ∂ n√. A{_m-“-W-]-WvUn-X-∑m-cm-Is´, Ah-bn¬ hf-sc-tbsd ]ptcm-KXn {]m]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ A\m-cy-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬\n∂mWv, D]-\n-j-±¿i-\-ap-S-se-Sp-Ø-sX∂ \nK-a\w IqSp-X¬ bp‡nk-l-ambn tXm∂p∂p. F∂m¬ C∂v \mw ImWp∂ t{ImUo-Ir-Xß-fmb D]-\n-j-XvIr-Xn-Iƒ {]kvXpX \nK-a-\sØ `mKn-I-amtb klm-bn-°p-∂p≈q. Ah Hcp hiØv {_m“-W-]m-c-º-cysØ apdpsI ]nSn- ° p- I bpw adphiØv , sshZn- I - I ¿aIm- W v U - Ø ns‚ A¿Y- a n√mbva Xpd∂pImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Cßs\ sshcp[ym-[n-jvTnX-amb Hcp Ir{Xn-a-ap-J-amWv Ah hmb-\-°m-cs‚ apºn¬ {]Z¿in∏n-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ thZ-hn-Zn-X-a-√mØ Ht´sd Bi-b-߃ \ne-hnep≈ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ C∂pw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p≠v.



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



163



]p\¿P-∑h - mZw CXn-tes°mcp hy‡-amb ZrjvSm-¥-am-Ip∂p ]p\¿P-∑-hmZw. C∂sØ lnµp-°-fpsS auenI hnizm-k-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv ]p\¿P-∑Øn-ep≈ hnizmkw. F∂m¬ BZn Bcy-∑m¿°v {]kvXpX hnizmk-hp-ambn _‘-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂p \ncq-]-I-∑m¿ ka¿Yn®n-´p≠v. adn®p Ah¿ ]mc-eu-InI Pohn-X-Øn-emWv hniz-kn-®n-cp∂Xv. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""thZ-Ønse Ejn-am¿ Cu temI-Øn¬\n∂p hn`n-∂-amb as‰mcp temI-ap-s≠∂p hnizkn-®n-cp∂p. Ahn-tS°mWv ac-Wm-\¥cw kXvI¿an-Iƒ t]mhpI. Ah¿ AhnsS B\-µ-]q¿hw Pohn-°p-∂-XmWv. Xmsg-bp≈ ]mXmfw A‘-Im-cab-amb \c-I-tem-I-amWv. Ahn-tS°mWv ZpjvI¿an-Iƒ t]mIp-∂Xv... Ejn-am¿°v ]p\¿P∑ hmZ-hp-ambn _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂n√.'' 14 `mc-Xob {]mNo-\-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬ ]p\¿P-∑-hmZw CZw-{]-Yaam-bn-Im-Wp-∂Xv Omtµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øn-es{X. kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Xs∂ ]d-bs´: ""`mc-Xob {]mNo-\-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬ OmtµmKyw am{X-amWv H∂m-a-Xmbn ]p\¿P∑-sØ-∏‰n ]d-™n-´p-≈Xv. ]c-tem-I-Øn¬ am{Xa√, Cl-tem-I-Ønepw I¿a߃°-\p-k-cn-®mWv Pohn-Iƒ P\n-°p∂Xv.'' 15 AXm-bXv ap≥P-∑-Øn¬ kpIrXw {]h¿Øn-®-h≥ C÷-∑-Øn¬ DØ-a-tbm-\n-I-fmb {_m“-W-tbm-\n-bntem £{Xnb tbm\n-bntem sshiy- t bm- \ n- b ntem P\n- ° p∂p. t\sc adn®v , ap≥P- ∑ - Ø n¬ A[¿aw {]h¿Øn- ® - h ≥ C÷- ∑ - Ø n¬ \mb- b p- s Stbm, ]∂nbpsStbm, Nfim-f-s‚tbm tbm\n-bn¬ P∑-sa-Sp-°p∂p. CXmWv ]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-Øns‚ \n¿h-N\w. Omtµm-Ky-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""ChnsS DØ-a-I¿a-߃ sNbvXp-sIm≠p Pohn-°p-∂-h≥ DØ-atbm-\n-I-fmb {_m“-W-tbm-\n-bntem £{Xn-b-tbm-\n-bntem sshiytbm-\n-bntem P\n-°p∂p. A[-aI¿a-߃ sNøp-∂-h≥ \mb-bpsStbm, kqI- c - Ø n- s ‚tbm, Nfim- f - s ‚tbm tbm\n- b n¬ P\n°p∂p.'' 16 Cu kn≤m-¥-a-\p-k-cn®v ChnsS {_m“W˛£{Xnb˛ sshiyPm-Xn-I-fn¬ P∑-sa-Sp-Ø-h-scms° ap≥P-∑-Øn¬ DØ-a-I¿a-߃ A\p-jvTn-®-h-cm-bn-cn°pw. A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ iq{Z-Pm-Xn-bn¬ P\n-t°≠n- h - ∂ - h ¿ ap≥P- ∑ - Ø n¬ A[¿aw {]h¿Øn- ® - h - c m- b n- c n°pw. A[¿aØns‚ in£bpw kpIr-X-Øns‚ {]Xn-^-ehpw P\\sØ Bkv]-Zn-®mWv IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. IqSmsX, iq{Z-Pm-Xn-bn¬ P\n® Hcmsf Cu kn≤m¥w a\p- j y- \ m- b n- t ∏mepw ]cn- K - W n- ° p- ∂ n√. Ahs\ XmW-Xcw Pohn-I-fmb \mb-bp-sSbpw ]∂n-bp-sSbpw Iq´Øn-emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Cu hmZw thZ-Ønse Bi-b-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Øn\v \nc- ° p- ∂ - X √. EtKz- Z - Ø nse ]pcp- j - k q- ‡ - Ø n¬ {_m“W\pw £{Xn-b\pw sshiy\pw iq{Z-\p-sa√mw Htc ico-cØns‚ hnhn[ Ah-b-h-ß-fm-bmWv Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv: ""]pcp-js\ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-®n´p F{X Xc-Øn¬ th¿Xn-cn®p? Ahs‚ apJ-sa-¥mWv? Isø-¥mWv? XpS-sb-¥mWv? Imse-¥mWv? Ahs‚ apJw {_m“-W-\mWv; ssIIƒ £{Xn-b≥; Ahs‚ XpS sshiy≥; Im¬I-fn¬\n∂p iq{Z≥ P\n®p.''17 BI-bm¬ thZ-hn-Zn-X-a-√mØ Hcp \ho\ I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-amWv ]p\¿P∑ hmZw. thZhpw D]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw hyXykvX kc-Wn-I-fneq-sS-bmWv \oßn-b-sX∂ hkvXp-X°v Hcp-Ø-tam-Zm-l-c-W-at{X CXv. BZn Bcy-∑m¿ ]p\¿P∑-Øn¬ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂n-s√∂p ]d-™pht√m. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ P\-߃°p sshZn-I-I¿a Im-fi-Øn-ep≈ `‡nbpw hnizm-khpw Ipd™p. At∏mƒ P\-ßsf \nb-{¥n®p \nebv ° p- \ n¿Øp- h m≥ Hcp ]pXnb am¿Kw I≠p- ] n- S nt°- ≠ n- h ∂p. Aßs\ ]p\¿P- ∑ - k n- ≤ m¥w Bhn- j v I - c n- ° - s ∏´p. CXmWv cmlp¬kmw-Ir-Xym-bs‚ A`n-{]mbw. At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p: ""sshZnI-I¿aIm-fi-Øn¬ P\-߃°p hnizmkw Ipd-™p-h-cm≥ XpSßn. At∏mƒ Omtµm-Ky-Ønse Ejn-I-fmb ssPh-en-cm-Pmhpw {_m“W-\mb Bcp-Wnbpw IqSn Hcp ]pXnb am¿Kw I≠p-]n-Sn®p. Ah¿ ]p\¿P∑- s Ø- t ∏m- e p≈ hnizm- k - ß ƒ hf¿Øn; Zmk- ∑ m¿, sXmgn¬°m¿ XpS-ßnb ]oUnX P\-X-bpsS _‘\sØ IqSp-X¬ ZrV-Xcam-°n-Øo¿Øp.'' 18 ]mc-{XnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ a\p-jy\v e`n-°p∂ I¿a-^-esØ `b∂v, sFln-I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ kXvI¿am-\p-jvTm-\hpw ZpjvI¿a- h¿P-\hpw sNøm-\p≈ Bthiw Ipd™p XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ, imk-I-∑m¿°pw ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿°pw P\-ßsf sNm¬∏-Sn°p \n¿Øm-\m-hmsX h∂psh∂pw, XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ a\x-]q¿hw sa\-s™-SpØ Hcp Bkq-{XnX hnizm- k - a mWv ]p\¿P∑ hnizm- k - s a- ∂ p- a mWv ta¬]- d - ™ - X ns‚ A¿Yw. CXns‚ kXym-hÿ \ap-°-dn™p IqSm. GXm-bmepw Hcp Imcyw Xo¿®-bmWv. ]mc-eu-In-I-in-£-sb-°mƒ sFlnI PohnX t¢i- ß - s f- b mWv a\p- j y≥ IqSp- X ¬ `b- s ∏- S pI. sshZn- I I¿aImfiw A\p-jvTn-°m-Ø-hcpw \ne-hn-ep≈ [¿a-\n-b-a-߃ ]men°m-Ø-hcpw hcm≥t]m-Ip∂ P∑-Øn¬ \mb-bmtbm, ]∂nbmtbm, iq{Z-\mtbm ]nd-°p-sa-∂p-h-∂m¬ AXn¬ `bw tXm∂m-Øh-cmcpw Xs∂-bp-≠m-hn√. B \ne°p hfsc ka¿Y-amb Hcp I≠p]n-Sn-Ø-amWv ]p\¿P∑ kn≤m-¥-sa∂p ]d-bm-Xn-cn-∏m≥ hø. kmwIrXym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""D]-\n-j-XvIm-esØ [m¿anI t\Xm-°-∑m¿°p ]p\¿P∑-hmZw Bhn-jvI-cn-t°-≠-Xmbn h∂p. Chn-sS-bp≈ kmapZm-bnI t¢i-߃, Hmtcm Poh\pw aS-ßn-h∂v Ah-c-h¿ sNbvX-Xn-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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\p≈ in£ A\p-`-hn-t°-≠-Xn\v th≠n-bmsW∂v Ah¿ hmZn®p...... hfsc ka¿Y-amb Hcp I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-am-bn-´p≠v CXv F∂-Xn\p kwib-an√.'' 19 GXm-bmepw thZ-ß-fn-en-√mØ Hcp \qX\ I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-amWv D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse ]p\¿P∑ kn≤m¥w. AXn-\m¬ sshZnI am¿KØn¬\n∂pw `n∂-amb Hcp ]mX-bn-eq-sS-bmWv D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ k©cn-®-sX∂p hy‡w.



D]-\n-jØ - p-Iƒ sshZnI aXsØ hna¿in-°p∂p D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ ]eXpw A\m-cy-]m-c-º-cy-sØ-bmWv {]Xn\n[m\w sNøp- ∂ - s X∂ \ΩpsS \nK- a - \ - Ø n- \ p- t ]m- Z v _ - e - I - a mb as‰mcp hkvXpX CXs{X: Ah sshZnI I¿aßsfbpw {_m“-W]m- c - º - c y- s Øbpw \nin- X - a mbn hna¿in- ° p∂p. Nne- t ∏mƒ Cu hna¿i\w AXn-cp-I-hn-™-Xmbpw ImWmw. thZ-a-{¥-߃ Dcp-hn-Sp∂ {_m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑msc Xpd-∂p-I-fn-bm-°p∂ Hcp IY OmtµmKy- Ø n¬ ÿew ]nSn- ® n- ´ p≠v . IY- b psS kmcw CXm: Hcn°¬ Zmev`ys‚ ]p{X≥ _I≥, an{Xs‚ ]p{X≥ •mh≥ F∂o {_m“W al¿jn-am¿ thZ-]m-cm-b-W-Øn-\mbn {Kma-Øn\p ]pd-Øp-t]mbn Pek-ao]w GIm-¥-amb Hcp ÿe-Øn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. shfpØ Hcp \mb AhnsS sN∂p. A\-¥cw thsd Iptd \mbv°fpw FØn. Ah shfpØ \mb-tbmSv ]d™p: ""R߃°v hni-°p∂p. \o Iptd kma-Km-\-߃ ]mSpI. F¶n¬ R߃°v `£Ww In´p-at√m.'' shfpØ \mb Ah-tcmSv ]ns‰ Znhkw hcm≥ ]d™p. _I-Zmev`y\pw •mh-ssa-t{X-b\pw \mb-v°-fpsS kw`m-jWw tI´p. Cu Xami-bn¬ Ah¿°v XmXv]cyw P\n®p. ]nt‰-∂mƒ \mbv°ƒ h∂p. H∂n≥]n-d-In¬ as‰m-∂mbn Ccp∂v apºn-ep-≈-Xns‚ hm¬ ]nºn-ep≈Xv ISn-®p-]n-Sn®p. F∂n´v Cßs\ ]mSm≥ XpSßn: ""lnw, Hmw, Xn∂mw. Hmw, IpSn°mw! ssZhta, hcpW, {]Pm-hXo, klXm, R߃°v `£Ww Xm! A√tbm A∂-tZhm, R߃°v A∂w XctW! R߃°-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-ctW! Hmw!''20 Cu IY {_m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-scbpw Ah-cpsS thZ-]m-cm-bW-sØbpw IS-∂-[n-t£-]n°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Na-®-Xm-sW∂p hninjym ]d-tb-≠-Xn√. IY-bnse shfp-Ø \mb A∂sØ {_m“-Ws‚ {]Xo-I-amWv. {_m“-W-h¿W-°m¿ A°m-eØpw Xß-fpsS ip≤amb Bcy-c‡w ]cn-c-£n-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, Ah-cpsS sXmen-bpsS \ndw shfp-Ø-Xm-bn-Øs∂ Ccp-∂p-sh∂v CXn¬\n∂p a\- n-em°mw. kmwIr- X ym- b s‚ Kth- j - W - a - \ p- k - c n®p, {In. ap. 700˛- m am- ≠ mWv Omtµm-Ky-Imew. {_m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿ kma-th-Z-a{¥w Dcp-hnSp-tºmƒ apºn-ep-≈-hs‚ hkv{Xw ]nºn-ep≈ Bƒ ]nSn-°pI ]Xnhm-bn-cp∂p. AXmWv \mbv°sf H∂ns‚ hm¬ a‰Xv ISn-®p-]n-Sn®



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



\ne-bn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®-Xns‚ s]mcpƒ. IYm-]mTw CXs{X: {_m“W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS hb-‰p-∏n-g-∏n-\p≈ Hcp the-sb-∂-X√msX, thZ-]m-cm-b-Ww-sIm≠v bmsXmcp t\´hpw a\p-jy-\n√. {_m“-W-]fin-X-∑m-scbpw Ah-cpsS sshZn-I-I¿a-sØbpw C{X \nin-X-ambn hna¿in-°p∂ OmtµmKyw thZ-ß-fpsS {]mam-WysØ tNmZyw sNøpI-bmWv, hmkvX-h-Øn¬. AXn-\m¬ Omtµm-Ky-Ønse apJy-am-b Cu Z¿i\w thZ- i n- £ - W - a m- s W∂p [cn- ° p- h m≥ {]bmkw tXm∂p∂p. a‰p Nne D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ Bcy-a-X-Ønse bmK-mZn-I¿a-ßsf FXn¿-°p∂p. apfi-tIm-]-\n-j-Ønse Hcp `mKw ImWpI: ""b⁄cq-]n-bmb ]Xn-s\´p h≈-߃ Zp¿_e-ß-fmWv. \√-sX∂p ]d™v, Ahsb A`n-\-µ\w sNøp∂ aqV-∑m¿ ho≠pw ho≠pw hm¿[IysØbpw ac-W-sØbpw {]m]n-°p∂p. A⁄m-\-Øn-\p-≈n¬ InS∂p-h-e-bp∂, [occpw ]fin-X-cp-sa∂v anYym-`n-am\w ]pe¿Øp∂ Ah¿ A‘-∑m-cm¬ am¿K-Z¿i\w sNø-s∏-Sp∂ A‘-sc-t∏mse, e£y-Øn-se-ØmsX, Ae-™p-Xn-cn™p t¢in-°p∂p. A⁄m-\Øn¬ _lp-{]-Imcw AI-s∏´v, IrX-Ir-Xy-cm-sb∂v Al-¶-cn-°p∂ Ah¿ _me-I-∑m-cm-Ip∂p. Ah¿ I¿a Imfi-Øns‚ Xm¬]-cy-sas¥∂v Adn-bp-∂n√. Aßs\ BXp-c-cmb Ah¿ £oWn-X-cmbn ]pWy-tem-I-Øn¬\n∂v A[x-]-Xn-°p∂p. F∂m¬ Ac-Wy-Øn¬ hm\-{]-ÿ-cmbn X]x-{i-≤-I-f-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-hcpw `n£m-S\w sNøp∂-hcpw {]im-¥-cp-amb hnZzm-∑m-cp-≠t√m; Ah¿ ]pWy-]m-]-am-en\y-߃ AI∂v, kqcy-Zzmcm (kqcy-tem-I-Øn-eqsS) Aar-X\pw Ahybm-flmhpw Bb ]pcp-js\ {]m]n-°p∂p.''21 thZ-hn-[n-I-sfbpw sshZnI ]fin-X-∑m-scbpw sshZnI I¿a-amb b⁄-ß-sfbpw Ipdn®v Hcp Xpd∂ hna¿i-\-am-Wn-sX∂v H‰t\m´Øn¬ a\- n-em°mw. ChnsS b⁄-ß-fn-eqsS D±njvS e£yw {]m]n°m≥ km[n- ° p- ∂ - X - s √∂pw b⁄- ß sf A`n- \ - µ n- ° p∂ aqV∑m¿°v ]cp-]-cpØ t¢i-ß-f-√msX as‰m∂pw In´m≥ t]mIp-∂ns√∂pw AØcw ]fin-X-∑-\y≥am¿ A⁄m-\m-‘-Im-c-Øn¬ X∏nØ-S-bp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-sX∂pw ]d-bp∂p. A‘≥am-cm¬ \bn-°s∏-Sp∂ A‘¿ e£y-Øn-se-Øp-I-bn-√t√m. Cu anYym-`n-am-\n-Ifpw e£yw {]m]n-°msX A‘-X-bnepw A⁄-X-bnepw InS-∂p-g-ep-IbmWv. Ah¿ _me-∑m-sc-t∏m-se-bmWv. I¿aIm-fi-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ Adn-bm-Ø-h-cmWv; A[x-]-Xn® h¿K-amWv; ]pWy-temIw {]m]n°mt\m, Cuiz-c-km-£m¬°mcw t\Smt\m Ai-‡-cp-amWv. X] pw `n£m-S-\hpw {]im-¥-Xbpw kzoI-cn-°p∂ hnZz¬ intcm-a-Wn-Iƒ°v am{Xta, ac- W - c - l n- X \pw Ahn- \ m- i n- b p- a mb ]pcp- j s\˛]c- { _“sØ˛ {]m]n-°m-\mhq. C{Xbpw kwK-Xn-I-fmWv ta¬hm-N-I-Øn¬



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



167



AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. I¿a-Im-fi-Øns‚ \njv{]-tbm-P-\Xbpw k\ymk-Øns‚ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-Xz-hp-amWv ChnsS ka¿Yn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. C\n thZ-ß-sfbpw thZmw-K-ß-fmb in£, I¬]w, hymI-cWw, \ncp‡w, Oµ v, tPymXnjw F∂o Bdp imkv{X-ß-sfbpw Ipdn® apfi-I-Øns‚ \ne-]mSv ImWpI: ""{_“-⁄m-\n-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv c≠p hnZy-Iƒ am{X-amWv Adn-tb-≠-sX-∂m-Ip∂p. H∂v ]cm-hn-Zybpw a‰Xv A]- c m- h n- Z y- b p- a mWv . EtKzZw, bPp¿thZw, kma- t hZw, AY¿hthZw Cu \mep thZ-ßfpw in£, I¬]w, hymI-cWw, \ncp‡w, Oµ v, tPymXnjw F∂o Bdp thZmw-K-ß-fp-amWv A]cm-hn-Zy-Iƒ. ]cm-hnZy A£-csØ Adn-b-emWv.''22 AsX, \mep thZ-ßfpw Bdp thZmw-K-ßfpw Adn-tb-≠Xp Xs∂. ]t£, AXv t{ijvT-a√; A£-csØ˛Ahn-\m-in-bmb {_“sØ˛ Adn-b-emWv F{Xbpw t{ijvT-X-c-am-bn-´p-≈Xv. thZ-\n¿Zn-jvS-amb I¿a-am¿KØn\p ]Icw, as‰mcp am¿K-amWv D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ s]mXpth D]-tZ-in-°p-∂-sX∂p apºv kqNn-∏n-®n´p≠v. X] v, {_“-Ncyw, [ym\w apX-emb ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpƒs°m≈p∂ am¿K-am-WXv. AsX-∏‰n apfiIw ]d-bp-∂Xv ImWpI: ""kXy`m- j Ww, X] v , {_“- N cyw, Bfl- k w- b - a \w, kzm¿Y- X ymKw F∂nh aptJ\ ]c-amfl Z¿i\w km[n-°p∂p. ico-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ AXv (]c-am-flmhv) ip{`t-Pym-Xn-¿a-b-\mbn ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p. tZmjc-ln-X-cmb Ejn-Iƒ°v AXns\ Z¿in-∏m≥ Ignbpw.''23 C{Xbpw D≤- c n- ® - X n¬ \n∂v thZ- ß fpw D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I fpw XΩnep≈ A¥cw GXm≠p {Kln-°m-at√m. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ NneXp {_“-sØ-b-√msX as‰m-∂n-s\bpw D]m-k\ (Bcm-[\) sNø-cp-sX∂v B⁄m-]n-°p-∂p≠v. Bcy-a-X-Øn¬ C{µ≥, hcp-W≥, A·n, kqcy≥ apX-emb tZh≥amsc kvXpXn®pw ]qPn®pw {]km-Zn∏n-°p-tºmƒ, D]-\n-j-∑-X-Øn¬ {_“sØ am{Xw D]m-kn-°m-\mWv \n¿tZiw. tIt\m-]-\n-j-Øn¬ Cu kwKXn Iptd hy‡-am-bnØs∂ D]-tZ-in-®n-´p≠v. AXn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""{_“w Adn-b-s∏-´-Xn¬ \n∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xn¬ \n∂pw `n∂-am-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Ip∂p. CXmWv AXns\-∏‰n hymJym-\n®pX∂ BNm-cy≥am-cn¬ \n∂p R߃ tI´n-´p≈Xv.'' ""hmKn-{µn-b-Øn\v hnj-b-am-hm-ØXpw, F∂m¬ hmssK-`-h-Øn\v tlXp-hm-bn-´p-≈-Xp-ta-XmtWm, AXmWv {_“-sa∂p \o Adn-bpI. CXmWv {_“-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ D]m-k\ sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-sXm∂pw {_“a√.'' ""a\- n¬ \ncq-]n-°m-\m-hm-ØXpw F∂m¬ a\x-i‡n {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xp-ta-XmtWm, AXmWv {_“-sa∂p \o Adn-bpI. CXv {_“-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ D]m-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sXm∂pw {_“-a√.''



168



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



""IÆp- s Im≠p ImWm- \ m- h m- Ø Xpw F∂m¬ IÆn\v Imgv N \¬Ip-∂-Xp-ta-XmtWm, AXmWv {_“-sa∂p \o Adn-bpI. CXv {_“-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ (P\-߃) D]m-k\ sNøp-∂-sXm∂pw {_“a√.'' ""sNhn- s Im≠p tIƒ°m≥ høm- Ø Xpw, F∂m¬ sNhn°v tIƒhn \¬Ip-∂-Xp-amb i‡ntbXmtWm, AXmWv {_“-sa∂p \o Adn-bpI. CXv {_“-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ (P\-߃) D]-mkn-°p-∂sXm∂pw {_“-a√.'' ""{]mW-hm-bp-hn\v tNjvSn-°m-\m-hm-ØXpw, F∂m¬ {]mW-hmbp-hns‚ tNjvS°v Imc-W-`q-X-am-b-Xp-amWv {_“-sa∂v \o Adn-bpI. CXv {_“- s a∂ I¬]- \ - b n¬ (P\- ß ƒ) D]m- k n- ° p- ∂ - s Xm∂pw {_“- a √.'' 24 aq¿Øo-]q-Psb Jfin-°p-I-bmWv tI\w sNøp-∂-sX∂p hy‡w. {_“-sa∂ k¶-ev]-Øn-em-Wt√m \ΩpsS sslµh ktlm-Z-c≥am¿ hn{K-l-ßsf ]qPn-°p-∂Xv. AXp {_“-ta-b-s√∂p tIt\m-]-\n-jØv Xo¿Øp-]-d-bp∂p. Jp¿-B≥ Ah-X-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p h¿j-߃°p apºmWv tIt\m-]-\n-j-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw. ]t£, c≠pw ip≤ GI-ssZ-h-Xz-hn-`m-h\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p. Htc Pnlzbn¬ \n∂p _ln¿K-an® hmWn-I-fm-Wh c≠pw F∂p a\- n-em°p-∂-h¿°v Bi-b-°p-g-∏-Øn-\-h-Im-i-an√. Bcy-th-Z-ß-fn¬ C{X ip≤- a mbn Cu GI- s sZ- h Xzw {]Xn- ] m- Z n- ° - s ∏´p ImWp- ∂ - X √. thZhpw D]-\n-jØpw hyXykvX kc-Wn-Isf Ah-ew-_n-®-Xn-\p≈ ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ CXn-t\-bp-apƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv. {]]©- Ø ns‚ ]nd- I n¬ {]h¿Øn- ® p- s Im- ≠ n- c n- ° p∂ i‡n- h n- t ijsØ∏‰n tI\w h¿Wn-®n-´p≠v. kmwIr-Xym-b≥ D≤-cn-°p∂p: ""tI\Øns‚ KZy-`m-h-Øn¬ PK-Øn\p ]n∂n¬ KqV-ambn h¿Øn-°p∂ A]-cn-ta-b-amb i‡n-sb-∏-‰n-bmWv h¿Wn-®n-´p-≈Xv.''25 Cßs\ Assh-Zn-I-amb \nc-h[n Bi-b-߃ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ Bhn-jvIr-X-ß-fm-bn-´p≠v. D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ sshZnI ]mc-º-cyØns‚ A\p-_-‘-am-sW-¶n¬ CsX-ßs\ kw`-hn-®p-sh∂p≈ {]iv\w Ahti-jn-°p∂p.



{_m“-Wc - psS Kpcp-°≥am¿ A{_m-“W - ¿ C{Xbpw {]kvXm-hn-®-Xn¬ \n∂p {_m“-W-∑m-cmcpw D]-\n-j-±¿i\-߃ ssIImcyw sNbvXn-´n-s√∂p sX‰n-≤-cn-°-bn-√t√m. H´-t\Iw {_m“W ]fin-X≥am¿ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse al¿jn-am-cmWv. D±meI Bcp-Wn-Ku-X-a≥, tizX-tIXp, bm⁄-h¬Iy≥, _I-Zm¬`y≥ apX¬-t∏¿ DZm-l-cWw. ]t£, D]-\n-j-±¿i-\-ß-fpsS BZn-am-Nm-cy∑mcpw Kpcp-`q-X-∑mcpw A{_m-“W ]fin-X-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. {_m“W ]fin-X≥am¿ Ah-cn¬ \n∂mWv {_“-hnZy {Kln-®Xv. AXn-\m¬



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



169



injyXz ]Z-hntb Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ Ah¿°-h-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\p≈q. Omtµm-Ky-Ønse {]hm-l-Ws‚ IY {]kvXpX hkvXpX shfn-s∏Sp-Øp∂p. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ A{_m-“-W-cn¬ \n∂p hnZy-b-`y-kn-°p-∂Xpw Ah-cpsS injyXzw kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xpw {_m“-W\v ]mSn-√m-Ø-XmWv. Iujo-XIn, _rl-Zm-c-WyIw F∂o D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ \n∂v AXp a\-   n- e m°mw. ]mfin- X y- Ø n¬ K¿hn- j v T \pw {_m“- W - \ p- a mb Km¿Ky≥ Imin-cm-Pm-hmb APm-X-i-{Xp-hns‚ ASp-Øp-sN-√p∂p. {_“-⁄m\w D]-tZ-in-°p-hm-\mWv sN∂Xv. ]t£, cmPm-hns‚ tNmZy-߃°p apºn¬ At±lw ap´p-Ip-Øp∂p. (Iujo-XIn) Ahkm\w X\n°p {_“- ⁄ m\w A`y- k n- ∏ n- ° - W - s a∂p Km¿Ky≥ sI©p∂p. ]t£, APm- X - i {Xp Xncn- ® - S n- ° p∂p: ""{_mlv a - W \v {_lva-XØzw D]-tZ-in-°p-I-sb-∂Xpw {_mlva-W≥ £{Xn-bs‚ injy-\m-hp-I-sb-∂Xpw BNm-c-{I-a-Øn\v hncp-≤-amWv.'' Aßs\ Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn injy-\m-°m-sX-bmWv APm-X-i{Xp Km¿Ky\v {_“hnZy D]-tZ-in®psImSp-ØXv. \nbaw Cß-s\-sbm-s°-bm-bn-cp-∂psh-¶nepw Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ AXv am‰-s∏´p. Ht´sd {_mlva-W≥am¿ A{_m-lva-W-cpsS Hu]-Nm-cnI injy≥am-cmbn. ]e {_mlvaW ]fin-X≥amcpw A{_m-lva-W-cpsS injyXzw kzoI-cn®p {_lva-⁄m\w A`y-kn-®-Xmbn OmtµmKyw tcJ-s∏-SpØp∂p: ""D]-a-\yp-hns‚ ]p{X-\mb {]mNo-\-im-e≥, ]pep-js‚ ]p{X\mb kXy-b-⁄≥, Zn√-hn-bpsS ]p{X-\mb C{µ-Zyp-av\≥, i¿°-cm£s‚ ]p{X- \ mb P\≥, Aiz- X - c m- i zs‚ ]p{X- \ mb _pUn- e ≥ F∂o {]Xm-]n-Ifpw alm-ss-hZn-I-∑m-cp-amb A©p {_mlva-W¿ H∂ptN¿∂p A{_m-lva-W\pw tIIb cmPm-hns‚ ]p{X-\p-amb Aiz-]Xnsb kao-]n®p Bfl-hnZy {Kln®p.''26 ""ime- h ms‚ ]p{X- \ mb ine- I ≥, NIn- X m- b s‚ ]p{X- \ mb Zm¬`y≥ F∂o {_mlva-W¿ Poh-es‚ ]p{X-\mb {]hm-l-W≥ F∂ A{_m-lva-W-\n¬ \n∂v BXva-hnZy ]Tn®p.''27 D]- \ n- j Xv kw_- ‘ n- b mb kzX- { ¥- N n- ¥ m- { ]- ÿ m\w hf¿∂tXmsS sshZn-Im-i-b-߃°pw sshZnI I¿a-Im-fi-Øn\pw hepXmb CSnhp X´n-b-Xmbn \ncq-]-I-]-fin-X≥am¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. ]m›mXy thZ-hn-Ømb amIvkvap-≈¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv t\m°pI: ""D]-\n-jXv kw_-‘n-bmb kzX-{¥m-i-b-ß-fpsS hf¿®-tbmsS arKbm-K-ß-sfbpw ^e-iq-\y-amb CX-cm-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw ]‰n-bp≈ _lpP-\-ß-fpsS hnizm-khpw hnIm-chpw {]mtbW C√m-Xmbn. B[ymflnI t\XrXzw sshZnI ]ptcm-ln-X≥am-cn¬ \n∂pw "EXzn°p'Ifn¬ \n∂pw am‰-s∏´p. AXv {_mlva-W-cpsS hnip≤ afi-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Aln-wkm-{hXw k\n-jvI¿jw A\p-jvTn-®p-h∂ temI-]-cn-Xym-Kn-I-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



fmb "`n£p'°fpsS Ic-ß-fn-te°p ]I¿∂p.''28 Cu hkvXp-Xbpw ta¬ \nK-a-\sØ Dt]m-Zv_-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂Xv. D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ sshZnI ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ ]n≥Xp-S¿®bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ah-bpsS {]Nmcw sshZn-Im-i-b-߃°-\p-Iqe-amb ^ew Df-hm-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ {]Xn-Iq-e-am-bn-´mWv `hn®Xv. Bflob t\XrXzw {_mlvaW ]ptcm-ln-X≥am¿°p \jvS-s∏Sm≥ IqSn D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ CS-h-cpØn.



Zkyp-Z¿i-\ß - f - n¬\n∂p-bn¿s°m≠ aX-߃ h≥]n- s ®mcp ssk\nI i‡n- s b∂ \ne- b n- e m- b n- c p∂p Bcy≥am¿ `mc-X-\m-´n¬ IS-∂p-h-∂Xv. B i‡n Imem-¥-tcW £bn- ® p- h ∂p. thZ- I m- e - Ø p- X s∂ Bcy- t Km- { X- ß ƒ°n- S - b n¬ `n∂n∏pw ]c-kv]c am’-cyhpw s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏-´p-sh∂v EtKzZ-Øn¬ h¿Wn® Zmi-cm⁄ kw`hw sXfn-bn-°p∂p. Bcy-i-‡n°p XI¿® ]‰n- b - t ∏mƒ A\m- c y≥am¿°p Xß- f psS aXhpw kwkv I m- c hpw ChnsS hf¿Øm≥ ho≠pw Ah-kcw e`n®p. In´nb Ah-kcw Ah¿ \∂m-bp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Hcp XØz-Nn-¥m-{]-ÿm-\hpw ⁄m\-am¿Khpw \ne-hn¬ h∂p. ]t£, At∏m-tg°pw Imtem-Nn-X-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-߃ Ah-cpsS hnNn-¥\-ß-fn¬ h∂p-tN¿∂n-cn-°Ww. Aßs\ Bcy≥am-cpsS ta[m-hn-XzØn¬ \S-∏n¬ h∂ sshZnI aX-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb Hcp ]pXnb aXØn\p th≠ Icp-°ƒ Xøm-dmbn. D]-\n-j-±¿i-\-ß-fmWv AXn\p If-sam-cp-°n-bXv. Bcym-{I-a-W-Øns‚ cq£X Ipd-™-tXmsS ChnsS ]e aXßfpw {]N-cn-°-s∏´p. Iq´-Øn¬ BZy-ambn \ne-hn¬ h∂Xv Ej-`tZ-h-\m¬ kvYm]n-X-am-bXpw h¿[-am-\-a-lm-ho-c-\m¬ ]cn-jvI-cn-°s∏-´-Xp-amb ssP\-a-X-am-sW∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. _p≤-aX {KŸ-amb "{Xn]n-S-I-߃' ssP\-a-X-sØ-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ _p≤∂pw hfsc apºmWv ssP\-a-X-Im-e-sa∂p a\- n-em°mw. thZ-hn-tcm-[nI-fmb A{_m-lva-W-cm-bn-cp∂p ssP\-Z¿i-\-Øn\v cq]w \¬In-bsX∂Xv ChnsS {]kvXm-hy-amWv. CXp-t]mse hmkp-tZ-h-Ir-jvWs\ tZh-X-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ "`mK-h-X-aX'hpw 29 ChnsS {]Nm-c-Øn¬ h∂p. _n. kn. Bbn-cm-am-≠n-t\m-S-Sp-ØmWv {]kvXpX aXw DZv`-hn-®-sX∂p Kth-j-I≥am¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. _n.kn. A™q- d n- \ - S pØ ImeØv _p≤- a - X hpw Bhn¿`- h n®p. Cu aX߃s°√mw sshZn-I-a-X-°m-cn¬ \n∂p t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂ FXn¿∏pIƒ°pw a¿Z- \ - ß ƒ°pw Iøpw IW- ° p- a n√. {_mlv a - W ysØ hna¿in-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p AXn\p ImcWw. Ch-sb√mw D]-\n-j-Øp-IfpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ cq]-sa-SpØ aX-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. {io. B¿.kn. U‰v Fgp-Xp∂p: ""]m]-c-ln-X-amb Ahÿ AYhm \n¿hmWw {]m]n-



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°p-I-sb∂ _p≤-aX kn≤m¥w Hu]-\n-j-Xn-tIm-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂p hf¿∂p-h-∂-Xm-Ip∂p.''30 _p≤-a-Xhpw D]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw XØz-imkv{X cwKØv thZsØ ]msS \ntj-[n-°p-I-bmWv hmkvX-h-Øn¬ sNøp-∂Xv. k¿ cm[mIr-jvW≥ CXp Xpd∂p {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p≠v: ""XØz Nn¥-sb- w-_‘n-®n-S-tØmfw _p≤-a-Xhpw D]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw thZsØ \ntj-[n°p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv. {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn thZ-hn-cp-≤-amb hnizm-k-ß-fn¬ IqSn Ah c≠pw ]c-kv]cw tbmPn-®n-´p≠v.''31 `mc-X-Øn¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ Z¿i-\-ß-f-{Xbpw sshZnI ]mc-º-cyØn¬ \n∂m-Wp-d-sIm-≠-sX∂p hcp-Øn-Øo¿°-phm≥ Hcp KqV{iaw Xs∂ ChnsS \S-∂n-´nt√ F∂p kwi-bn-°p∂p. D]-\n-j-ØpIƒ thZ-ß-fpsS A\p-_-‘-߃ F∂ \ne-bn-em-Wt√m C∂pw [cn∏n- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ Xv . hmkv X - h - Ø n¬ Ah, cm[m- I r- j v W ≥ ]d™ t]mse thZ-hn-cp-≤-ß-fmWv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ Zkyp-]m-c-º-cy-sØ-bmWv D]-\n-j-±¿i\w {]Xn\n-[m\w sNøp-∂Xv. as‰m-cp-hn[w ]d-™m¬, Zkyp-Z¿i-\ß-fpsS _oPw \ap°p In´p-∂Xv D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv. ]t£, X\Xmb cq]-Øn-em-sW∂p ]d-bm≥ hø.



Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. a\p-kvarXn A[ymbw 2, t«mIw 10 2. D≤-cWw: C¥y-bnse h¿W-k-acw t]Pv 33 (ASn-°p-dn∏v) 3. h≈-tØm-fns‚ EtKz-Z-kw-ln-XbpsS BapJw t]Pv 24 4. Ibid P. 24 5. Ibid P. 24 6. Indian Philosophy Vol.I, P.113 7. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Vol. 5, P. 21 8. hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]Pv 557 9. Sacred Books of the East, by Maxmuller vol. I, Introduction PP ixix/xvi 10. Ibid P. xvi 11. C¥y-bnse h¿W-k-acw t]Pv 32 12. B\, kz¿Ww, ]ip, IpXnc, Zmkn-am¿, hkv{X-߃ apX-em-b-h-bmWv Cu am\p-j-hn-Ø-sa∂v _rl-Zm-c-Wy-I-Øn¬ ]d-™-Xmbn hniz-Z¿i-\߃ (t]Pv 366) D≤-cn-®n-´p≠v. 13. OmtµmKyw A[ymbw 5, JWvUw 3 t\m°pI. 14. hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]Pv 562 15. Ibid P. 575 16. Omtµm-tKym-]-\n-jXv A[ymbw 5, Jfiw 10, a{¥w 7



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17. EtKzZw afiew 10, kq‡w 90, E°v 11, 12 18. hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]Pv 579 19. Ibid P. 553 20. OmtµmKyw A[ymbw 1, Jfiw 12 t\m°pI. 21. apfiIw 1, Jfiw 2, a{¥w 7, 8, 9, 11 22. Ibid apfiIw 1, Jfiw 1, a{¥w 4, 5 23. Ibid apfiIw 3, Jfiw 1, a{¥w 5 24. tIt\m-]-\n-jØv Jfiw 1, a{¥w 4˛-9 25. hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]Pv 599 26. OmtµmKyw A[ymbw 5, Jfiw 11 apX¬ t\m°pI. 27. Ibid {]]m. 1, Jfiw 8 t\m°pI. 28. Sacred Books of the East Vol. 1, P. xxxiv-Introduction. 29. C∂p "`mK-hXw' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ IrXn°v Cu aX-hp-ambn _‘-an-s√∂pw AXv Adp-\qdv h¿j-Øn\p apºv t`m]-tKm-]≥ F∂ B{‘m-{_m-lva-W≥ cNn® Hcp IrXn-bm-sW∂pw Nne¿ ]d-bp∂p. 30. Ancient India P. 105 31. Indian Phylosophy Vol. 1, P. 470



`mKw c≠v



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A[ymbw ]Xn-\mev



Bcy∑m¿ C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am-cpsS aqe Xd-hm-Sn-s\-∏‰n Kpcp-X-c-amb `n∂m-`n{]m-b-ß-fmWv Ncn-{X-]-fin-X-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ ImWp-∂Xv. `mc-X-Øn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø hntZ-in-I-fmWv Bcy≥ P\X F∂p Nne¿ ]d-bptºmƒ, A√, Chn-sS-Øs∂ P\n-®p-h-f¿∂ Hcp ]cn-jvIrX P\-hn`m-K-amWv Ah¿ F∂v a‰p Nne¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. \mw tZio-b-XzØn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂n√. AXp-sIm≠v {]kvXpX hnhm-Z-Øn¬ \aps°mcp khn- t i- j - X m¬]- c y- h p- a n√. F∂n- c p- ∂ mepw, Hcp Ncn{X hnZym¿Ynsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ign-™p-t]mb P\-hn-`m-K-ß-sf°p-dn-®-dn-b¬ hfsc Bh-iy-amWv. Ahsc ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw ]cn-Nb-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw F¶n¬ am{Xta km[y-amhq. taep-≤-cn® {]iv\-Øn\v ]m›m-Xycpw ]uc-kvXy-cp-amb \nch[n ]fin-X-∑m¿ DØcw ImWm≥ {ian-®n-´p≠v. _lp-`q-cn-]£w ]WvUn-X-∑mcpw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´n-´p-≈Xv C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am-cpsS aqeIp-Spw_w C¥y°v ]pd-sØ-hn-sStbm BsW-∂s{X. C°q-´-Øn¬ `mc-Xob ]fin-X-≥am-cmb {io. _me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-I≥, tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, k¿. B¿.Pn. `WvUm¿°¿, {io. At£mbv Ipam¿ aPpw-Zm¿, {io. B¿.kn. ZØ apX-em-b-hcpw Dƒs∏Spw. F∂m¬, sslµh ]WvUn-X≥am-cn¬ sNdn-sbmcp \yq\-]-£-Øns‚ A`n{]mbw Bcy≥am¿ adp-Zn-°n¬\n∂v h∂-h-c-s√∂pw, Chn-sS-Øs∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-cn¬\n-∂p-≈ kwkvIm-c-k-º∂ hn`m-K-am-sW∂pamWv. Cu A`n-{]m-b-°m-cpsS apº-¥n-bn¬ \n¬°p-∂Xv "BcykamP'Øns‚ ÿm]I t\Xm-hmb {io. Zbm\µ kc-kz-Xnbpw A\p-bmbn-I-fp-am-Ip∂p. Zbm-\-µPn EtKzZ kwln-Xbv°v _rlØmb Hcp `mjyw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v. Xs‚ {]kvXpX A`n-{]mbw ka¿Yn-°p-hm≥ At±lw AXn¬ {ian-®n-cn-°p∂p. C{]-Imcw Xs∂



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A_n- \ mkv N{µ- Z mkv F∂ as‰mcp ]Wv U n- X s‚ A`n- { ]mbw CXs{X: ""k]vX-kn-‘p-hn¬ Dd-sIm≠ kwkvImcw Hcp Cd-°p-aXn-b√; kwkvImcw Chn-tS°v hcn-I-b√, ChnsS \n∂v adp Zn°nte°v Hgp-Ip-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.''1 F∂m¬ `mc-X-Øn¬ t]mepw {]Nmc-s∏-´Xpw s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´Xpw Bb BZysØ A`n{]m-bsØ am\n®v apt∂m´v \oßm-\mWv \man-hnsS Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv.



aqe IpSpw_w C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m¿ adp-Zn-°n¬ \n∂p≈ IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cm-sW∂v ]d-bp-∂-h¿ Xs∂ Ah-cpsS aqe-Ip-Spw-_-sØ-∏‰n hn`n∂ ]£-°mcm-Ip∂p. Hmtcm ]£hpw Xm¥m-ß-fpsS \nK-a-\-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ \ncØn sh°p-∂p≠v. ]t£, Ah A]q¿W-ß-fs{X. Ah samØ-Øn¬ \ap-s°m∂v ]cn-tim-[n°mw: Bcy-∑m-cpsS G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-amb kmlnXyw EtKzZ kwln-Xbm-sW∂p {]mtbW F√m \ncq-]-I-∑mcpw kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p≠v. EtKzZ-Øn-se- `m-j-sb-∏‰n Kth-jWw \S-Ønb ]m›m-Xy≥ ]WvUn-X∑m¿ AXn\v t]¿jy≥, {Ko°v, eØo≥, Syqt´m-Wn°v, t…mh-Wn°v apX-emb `mj-I-fp-ambn _‘-ap-s≠∂p Is≠Øn. Ah-bvs°√mw IqSn s]mXp-hmb Hcp `mj-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv Ah-cpsS A\p-am\w. sshZnI kwkvIr-X-Øn\v amXrXzw Iev]n-°m≥ Ah¿ Xøm-dn√. ImcWw, AXn-t\-°mƒ ]ga tXm∂n-°p∂ H∂mWv, Gjym-ssa-\-dnse t_mLm-kvt°mbv (Boghazkoy) F∂n-S-Øp-\n∂p Is≠SpØ inem tcJ-I-fnse `mj.2 A—≥, AΩ, ]p{X≥, ]p{Xn, ssZhw, lrZbw apX-em-b-h-sb°p-dn-°p∂ ]Z-߃ {]kvXpX `mj-Iƒ s]mXp-hmbn kzoI-cn-®n´p≠v. AXn-\m¬, B `mj-I-sf√mw Htc IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂v `mKw ]ncn-™p-t]m-Ip∂ Xmh-gn-I-fm-sW∂p `mjm-K-th-j-I¿ A\p-am-\n°p∂p. Cu A\p-am\w kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw as‰mcp \nK-a-\-Øn\v P∑w \¬In˛{]kvXpX `mj-Iƒ kwkm-cn-®n-cp∂ P\-X-Xn-Iƒ BZn-bn¬ Htc h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn\v . Aßs\ C≥tUm˛bqtdm-]y≥ `mj-Iƒ F∂ Hcp ]pØ≥ `mjm-h¿KsØ Kth-j-I-∑m¿ sa\-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tUm.]n. ssKXvkv BZn- B-cy-∑m-cpsS aqe-X-d-hmSv C∂sØ l¶dn, Bkv{Snb, s_mlo-anb F∂o cmPy-ß-fpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ `q{]tZ-i-am-sW∂p hmZn®p. Hcp hn`mKw ]fin-X-∑m¿ ]mao¿ ]oT-`q-anbn-emWv BZn-B-cy-∑msc IpSn-bn-cp-Øn-bXv. P¿a≥Im-c\pw EtKz-Z]-fin-X-\p-amb tlmaokv DØc {[ph-Øn-emWv BZn- B-cy≥amcpsS aqe Xd-hm-sS∂p kn≤m-¥n®p.3 GXm≠v CtX-]-£-°m-c-\mWv `mc-Xob ]fin-X-\mb {io. temI-am\y _me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-I≥. At±lw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXp ImWpI:



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""G‰hpw {]mNo-\-cmb Bcy≥ P\-X-bpsS hmk-ÿew DØc {[ph-Øn-se-hn-sStbm Bbn-cp∂p. CXv hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠ sXfn-hp-Iƒ Bcy≥h¿K-Øns‚ G‰hpw {]mNo-\-ß-fmb thZ-kmln-Xy-ß-fnepw "skµv-A-sh-kvXm'-bnepw4 Ds≠∂v hnizm-k-tbm-Kyamw-hÆw sXfn-bn-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂mWv Rm≥ hnNm-cn-°p-∂Xv.''5 Xne-Is‚ {]kvXpX \nK-a-\-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amb GI sXfnhv CXs{X: Bdp-amkw \o≠p-\n¬°p∂ cm∏-I-ep≈ Hcp ÿe-sØ∏‰n kqNn-∏n-°p∂ kq‡-߃ EtKz-Z-Øn-ep≠v. CX-√msX At±l-Øn\v Ncn-{X-]-ctam imkv{Xo-btam Bb as‰mcp sXfn-hp-an√.6 CXp-t]mse bqtdm∏p taJe, P¿a≥ taJe, DØc bqtdm∏v, at[yjy F∂n-ßs\ ]e `q`m-K-ß-fnepw BZn- B-cy≥P-\-Xsb IpSn-bn-cp-Øm≥ ]fin-X-∑m¿ {ian-®n-´p≠v.7 C¥y-bn-te°p h∂ Bcy-∑m-cpsS Imcy-Ønepw hnhn[ hmZ-KXn-I-fp≠v. djy≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cmb s_¿kn\pw {Kmt¥m-h-kvInbpw thZ-Im-esØ Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]q¿∆ hmk-ÿew tIm°k- n\p hS°p≈ ]p¬ta-Sp-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bp∂p. Aßs\ hSt° C¥ybn-ep≈ am¿§w BZy-ambn Xpd-°-s∏-´Xv Z£nW djy-bn¬ \n∂msW∂v Ah¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. Xne-Is‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬, sshZnI- B-cy-∑m¿ at[y-jy≥ ka-X-e-ß-fn-emWv BZn-bn¬ hkn-®n-cp-∂Xv. At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p: ""GXm≠v {In. ap. 6000-˛7000˛-mam-≠n¬ sshZn-I-B-cy≥am¿ at[yjy≥ ka-X-e-ß-fn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øn-cp∂p.''8 Cßs\ ]e- ] e A`n- { ]m- b - ß - f mWv Cu hnj- b - Ø n- e p- ≈ Xv . CXn¬ \n∂pw Hcp Imcyw sXfn™phcp-∂p≠v. Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ Hcp-d® Xocp-am-\-Øn-se-Øm≥ Kth-j-I-]-fin-X-∑m¿°v Ign-™n´n√ F∂p-≈-Xm-WXv. ta¬∏-d™ ]fin-X-∑m¿ CXc aX-km-lnXy- ß ƒ ]cn- t im- [ n- ® n- c n- ° m≥ CS- b n√. Fs¥- ∂ m¬, Ahbv ° v tIhew sFXn-ly-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ Ihn™ hne-sbm∂pw B[p-\nI Ncn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ I¬]n-°p-∂n√. ss__nƒ, Jp¿-B≥ F∂o aX-km-lnXy-߃ IqSn ]cn-tim-[n®v, Ah \¬Ip∂ kqN-\-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn®v \ap°v as‰mcp \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv.



""{]Xv\ Hm°kv'' saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬\n∂p J\\w sNbvsX-SpØ inem-tc-JI-fn¬, BZn-bn¬ AhnsS `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ kpta-cn-b≥ k{am´p-Isf Iog-S°n, ]pXnb B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n® skan-‰nIv cmPm-°∑m-cp-tSbpw Ah-cpsS \K-c-ß-fp-tSbpw t]cp-Iƒ ImWp-∂p≠v. "Injv', "Kpjv_m≥', "Ftd°v' F∂n-h-bmWv \K-c-߃. Hm°iv, epK¬kmKnkn, epK¬-Hm-Ivkn-ekn F∂n-h-cmWv {]kvXpX skan-‰nIv cmPm°-∑m¿. Hm°-in-s\-∏‰n inem-tc-J-I-fn¬\n∂p a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-



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173



≈Xv C{X-am-{X-amWv: At±lw Kp-jv_m≥ \K-c-Ønse ]ptcm-ln-Xcm-Pm-hm-bn-cp∂p. cmjv{Sob {]m_-eysØ At]-£n®p aX-]-c-amb kzm[o-\-amWv Hm°-in\p IqSp-X-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬, Hm°-ins‚ ]n≥Kman epK¬km-Knkn {]_-e-\mb Hcp k{am´pw Injn-t‚bpw Kpjv_m-t‚bpw A[n-]X - n-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. CXn-\p-]pdta Ftd°v \Kcw At±lw A[o-\s - ∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. (CtX Ftd°m-hWw ]n∂oSv Cdm-Jm-bn-Øo¿∂Xv). Gjy-bn¬ G‰hpw BZyw hnkvXrX-amb Hcp km{amPyw ÿm]n-®Xv {]kvXpX epK¬ kmKn-kn-bmWv. epK¬Hm-Ivkn-e-kn-bpsS ImeØv {]kvXpX \K-c-߃ kpta-cn-b-∑m¿ Xncn®p-]n-Sn®p.9 epK¬km-Kn-kn-bpsS km{am-Py-sØ-∏‰n {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-eta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xn-bXp ImWpI: ""emKmjv F∂ \K-c-Ønse ]ptcm-lnX h¿§w ÿm]n® "DdpIm-Kn\' F∂ cmP-hw-i-sØ-bm-Ip∂p \mw BZyw tIƒ°p-∂Xv. Cu hwisØ Ftd°v F∂ \K-c-cm-jv{S-Ønse ]ptcm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂ epK¬km-Knkn tXm¬∏n®p. Cu epK¬km-Kn-kn-bmWv Gjy-bnse BZysØ k{am- ´ mbn Adn- b p- ∂ Xv . Ct±- l - Ø ns‚ km{amPyw t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S¬ apX¬ a[y-[-c-Wn-hsc hym]n-®p-In-S-∂p-sh∂p \n∏q¿ \K- c - Ø n¬\n∂p In´nb Hcp inem- i m- k \w sIm≠p ImWp∂p.''10 ta¬ ]d™ cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ hmgvN-bpsS Imew GI-tZiw {In. ap. 4500˛t\mS-Sp-Øm-bn-cn-°Ww. ChnsS \ΩpsS {i≤sb BI¿jn® kwKXn as‰m-∂mWv: epK¬km-Kn-kn-bpsS ap≥Km-an-bm-bn-cp∂ Hm°ins‚ \maw EtKz-Z-Øn¬ ÿew-]n-Sn-®n-´nt√ F∂p \mw kwi-bn°p∂p. thZ-I¿Øm-°-fmb Bcy≥am-cpsS ]pcm-X\ Xd-hm-sS∂p Ncn{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Duln-°p-∂Xpw EtKz-Z-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xp-amb "{]Xv\Hm-° pw' {]kvXpX inem-en-Jn-X-Øn¬ ]d™ "Hm°ipw' XΩn¬ kzc-km-Zr-iy-ap≠v. {]Xv\ Hm° v F∂m¬ {]m‡\ Hm° v (]gb Hm° v) F∂m-W¿Yw. Hm° v C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS {]mNo\ Xdhm-Sm-bn-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. "`mcX _rl-®-cn{Xw' tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXp t\m°pI: ""EtKz-Z-Ønse Hcp kq‡-Øn¬ Hcp `‡≥, Xs‚ ]q¿∆]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ C{µs\ ]≠v `‡ym-Z-c-ß-tfmsS {]m¿Yn-®n-cp∂ ]gb hmk-ÿm-\Øv, As√-¶n¬ "{]Xv\ Hm° n'¬ \n∂p hcm≥ At]£n-°p-∂Xv CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ {i≤n-°p-∂Xv ck-I-c-as{X.''11 AXn-{]m-‡\ ImeØv sshZnI Bcy-∑m¿°v _‘-ap-≠m-bncp∂ {]kvXpX Hm° v Ah-cpsS aqe-X-d-hm-Sm-bn-cn°mw. Xß-fpsS alm-\mb Hcp ]q¿∆n-Is‚ \ma-Øn¬\n-∂m-hWw, B Xd-hm-Sn\p {]kvXpX t]¿ kn≤n-®Xv. ÿehpw hwihpw ]q¿∆nIs‚ \ma-Øn¬ {]kn-≤-am-hp-I-sb∂Xv {]mNo\ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-amWv.



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



"\c-knwlw' sslµh ]pcm-W-{]-Imcw hnjvWp-hns‚ \mem-asØ Ah-Xm-camWv \c-knwlw. Cu \mahpw ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬ ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp∂p. ]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-j-I¿°n-S-bn¬ {]kn-≤-\mb Hcp Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j\mWv k¿tKm¨ H∂m-a≥. {In.ap. 2872˛-2817 ImeØv A°m-Un-¬ {]Xm-]-tØmSpw {]`m-h-tØm-Spw-IqSn `c-Ww-\-S-Ønb Hc-[n-]-Xn-bmbn-cp∂p At±lw. skan-‰nIv h¿§-Øn¬s]´ k¿tKm-Wns‚ ]n≥Kman-bpsS t]¿ "\cmw kn≥I¿' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. Ct±lw k¿tKm-Wns\-t∏mse {]_-e\pw At\Iw t£{X-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-Xm-hp-am-bncp∂p. "\m\m temI-ß-fpsS A[n-]Xn' (cmPx hniz-P-\o\x) Fs∂mcp ÿm\-t∏¿ Xs∂ At±-l-Øn-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. At±lw \n∏q-dnepw A°m-Unepw t£{X-ßfpw k{X-ßfpw ]Wn-bn-®p-sh-∂p-am-{X-a√, (ba-\n¬ s]´) kp]m-dn¬ kqcy-`-K-hm\v Hcp t£{Xw \n¿Ωn-®psh∂pw ImWp∂p. F∂m¬, \cmw-kn≥I-dns‚ G‰hpw alXvIrXy-ambn ]d-™n-´p-≈Xv "aKm≥' \Kcw A[o-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-∂p-≈Xs{X. ko\mbn D]-Zzo-]n-t\mSp tN¿∂p-In-S-°p∂ hS°p ]Sn-™md≥ Atd_ym {]tZ-i-am-bn-cn-°Ww {]kvXpX aKm≥ sIm≠p-t±-in°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-sX∂p auem\m kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. AXn-\-SpØv aKm≥ F∂ \ma-t[-b-Øn¬ Hcp \Kcw Ct∏mgpw ÿnXnsN-øp-∂p≠v.12 \cmw-kn≥I-dn\v \c-knw-l-tØm-sS-∂-t]mse aKm∂v "aJw' F∂ kwkvIr-X-i-_vZ-tØm-Sp-ap≈ kmZriyw ChnsS {it≤-b-amWv. bmKw AYhm, bmK-ÿew F∂mWv kwkvIr-XØ - n¬ aJ-Øns‚ A¿Yw. Bcy∑m-cpsS Bcm-[\m coXn-If - n¬ bmK-Øn-\p≈ ÿm\w kphn-Zn-Xa- m-W.v BIbm¬ A°m-Un¬\n-∂p≈ inem-tc-J-bn¬ ImWp∂ \cmwkn≥-I-dns‚ C¥y≥ cq]-amImw \c-knwlw. C≥tUm˛ Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]›n-ta-jy≥ _‘-tØ-bmWv CXpw ImWn-°p-∂Xv.



"t_mLm-kvtImbv' tZh-∑m¿ thZ-ß-fn¬ {]mNo-\m-cy-∑m¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ tZh-∑m-cpsS \ma-߃ ]d-™n-´p≠v. C{µ≥, an{X≥, hcp-W≥, c≠p \mk-Xy-∑m¿ DZm-l-cWw. Gjym-ssa-\d- nse "t_mLm-ktv Imbv' F∂n-SØ - p-\n∂p Ipgn-s®-SpØ tcJI-fnepw CtX tZh-\m-aß - ƒ ImWp-∂p≠v. IqSmsX Bcy≥ \ma-߃ kzoIcn-®n-cp∂ cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS t]cp-Ifpw Ah-bn¬ ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. {In. ap. 14˛-mw iX-Ia- mWv Ah-bpsS Imew. A°m-eØv Gjym-ssa-\d- n¬ `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ cmPm-°∑ - m-cp-ambn sshZnI Bcy-∑m¿°v _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p-sh-∂mWv CXn¬\n∂pw sXfn-bp-∂Xv. "AUzm≥kvUv lnÃdn Hm^v C≥Uy' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ ImWp∂p: ""{]mNo-\m-cy-∑m-cpsS kw`-h] - c - º - c - I - ƒ Xosc Ahy-‡a - m-bn-cn-°p∂ ÿnXn°v ]›n-ta-jy-bn-te°pw Gjym-ssa-\-dn-te°pw CXc \mSp-I-fn-



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te°pw H∂p Xncn-™p-t\m-°p-∂Xv kzmK-Xm¿l-am-bn-cn°pw. _n.kn. 14˛mw iX-I-Øn¬ \ne-hn-en-cp-∂-Xmbn hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ "t_mLmkvtImbn' (Boghazkoy)¬\n∂p Is≠-SpØ Nne ]´n-I-bn¬ C{µ≥, an{X≥, hcp-W≥, \mk-Xy-∑m¿ apX-emb tZh-∑msc kzc-£-°mbn hnfn®p {]m¿Yn-®n-cp-∂-hcpw Bcy-\m-a-߃ [cn-®-h-cp-amb cmPm-°∑m-sc-∏‰n ]d-™n-´p≠v.13 CsX-∏‰n "F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Unbm {_n´m-\n-°'bn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv Cß-s\-bm-Ip∂p: ""hntZ-iob tZh-∑m¿˛hnti-jn®pw saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ tZh∑mcpw, Nne-t∏mƒ I\m-\y-tZ-h-∑mcpw˛ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv hntZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂p Cd-°p-a-Xn-sN-ø-s∏´ sFXn-ly-ß-fnepw aX-N-S-ßp-I-fn-ep-amWv. cmjv{S-߃ X-Ωn-ep≈ DS-º-Sn-I-fn¬, adp I£n-I-fpsS Znhy km£nI-sf-t∂mWw AØcw tZh-∑msc Dƒs∏-SpØn°mWp∂p. aXn-hks‚ Icm-dp-]-{X-Øn¬ ImWp∂ C≥tUm˛Cdm-\n-b≥ tZh-∑m-cmb C{µ\pw an{X\pw hcp-W\pw c≠p \mk-Xycpw CXn-\p-Ø-tam-Zm-lc-W-as{X. an´m-\n Bcy-∑m¿ Bcm-[n®ncp∂ hniz-tZ-h-Xm-K-W-Øn¬ s]Sp∂p {]kvXpX tZh-X-Iƒ''!14 an´m- W n- I ƒ Bcy- h ¿§- Ø n¬ s]´- h - c m- b n- c p∂psh∂pw lns‰‰pIƒ Bcy-tZ-h-∑msc hµn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw {io. hn.hn.sI. hmeØv D≤-cn-°p∂p: ""an´m\n h¿K-°m¿ Bcy-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. lnss‰‰p (Hittite) h¿K°m¿ Bcy-tZ-h-∑m-sc-bmWv hµn-®n-cp-∂Xv.''15



an´m\n h¿Kw ss__nƒ DXv]-Øn-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ]d™ hwim-h-en-b-\p-kcn®v A{_-lm-an\v "sIXqd' F∂ `mcy-bn¬ P\n® k¥-Xn-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Hcm-fpsS t]¿ anZym≥ F∂m-bn-cp∂p.16 anZyms‚ ]n≥ap-d°m-cm-bn-cn-°Ww an´m\n hwi°m¿. bmt°m_n (C{km-tb¬)s‚ ImeØp Xs∂ anZym-\y¿ ka¿Y-cmb km¿Y-hm-l-I-cm-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ Kne-bm-Zn¬ (kndnb) \n∂p km{ºm-Wnbpw kpK-‘-∏-ibpw k∂n- \ m- b - I hpw H´- I - ∏ p- d Øp Ib‰n, an{k- b o- a n¬ (CuPn]v X v ) sIm≠p-t]mbn I®-hSw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p.17 Ch-cmWv bmt°m-_ns‚ ]p{X-\mb tbmtk-^ns\ Xs‚ ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cn¬\n∂pw Ccp-]Xv sh≈n-°m-in\p hmßn, CuPn-]vXn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn hn‰Xv.18 hmkvXh-Øn¬ Ad-_n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ch¿. Ad-_n-Isf s]mXp-hn¬ "bnivamtb-ey¿' F∂mWv ss__nƒ hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Imc-W-ap≠v; A{_lm-ans‚ koa¥ ]p{X-\mb Ckvam-Cu¬ Atd-_y-bn-emWv A[nhm-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv. anZym-\y-tcbpw ss__nƒ {]kvXpX hg-°-a\p-k-cn®v "bnivam-tb-ey¿' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-´p-≈Xv.19 anZym-\y-cpsS A[n-hm-k-tI{µw AJ_m Dƒ°-S-ens‚ Xoc-{]-tZ-i-Øm-bn-cp∂p.



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B ÿesØ bh\ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ "s]{Sm' F∂pw, Ad-_n-Iƒ "dJow' F∂p-amWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv.20 tamk- ns‚ ImeØv (Dt±iw _n.kn. 1500˛tem, 1300˛tem) AhnsS Ghn, tc°w, kq¿, lq¿, tc_ F∂o A©p cmPm-°-∑m¿ hmWn-cp∂p.21 C°q-´-Øn¬ lq¿ hwi°m¿ ÿm]n® `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-\mWv an´m\n, As√-¶n¬ anØ∂n F∂p ]d-™n-cp-∂Xv. anØ∂n cmPm-hmb aXn-h-kbpw lnss‰‰p cmPm-hmb kp∏n-en-en-bp-akpw XΩn¬ \S∂ Icmdp ]{X-Øn-emWv C{µ˛an{X˛hcpW˛\mk- X y- ∑ msc Znhy- k m- £ n- I - f mbn ]d- ™ n- ´ p≈Xv. BI-bm¬ anZym-\y¿ Bcy-h¿§-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p hcp∂p. Ah¿ skan-‰nIv h¿§-Øn¬s∏-´-hcpw Ad-_n-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw CXn¬\n∂v sXfn-bp∂p.



lnss‰‰p hwiw DXv ] Øn ]pkv X - I - Ø nse hwim- h - e n- { ]- I mcw, t\ml- b psS ]p{X≥ lm-ans‚ aI-\mb I\ms‚ ]p{X≥ tlØns‚ ]n∑p-d-°mcs{X lnXy¿. Cw•o-jn¬ Ahsc "lnss‰‰vkv' (Hittites) F∂p hnfn°p∂p. Gjym-ssa-\-dnepw kndn-b-bn-epw Ch¿ A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-®ncp∂p. btlmh A{_-lm-an-t\mSv Xs‚ k¥-Xn°v \¬Ip-sa∂p hmKvZØw sNbvXn-cp∂ `q{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn-Ifpw AhnsS A°m-eØv (GXm≠v {In. ap. 2100) ]m¿Øn-cp∂ P\-hn-`m-K-ßfpsS t]cp-Ifpw DXv]-Øn-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®n-´p≠v. C°q-´-Øn¬ lnXy≥ P\-X-bpƒs∏-Sp∂p. ss__n-fn-s‚-Øs∂ `mj-bn¬: ""A∂v btlmh A{_-lm-an-t\mSv Hcp \nbaw sNbvXp: \ns‚ k¥-Xn°v Rm≥ an{kbnw \Zn XpSßn {^mØv \Zn-bmb alm-\-Znh-sc-bp≈ Cu tZisØ˛tI\y¿, sI\n-ky¿, IZvtam-\y¿, lnXy¿, s]dn-ky¿, sc^m-bo-ay¿, Ata-cy¿, I\m-\y¿, Kn¿§-iy¿, sb_q-ky¿ F∂n-h-cpsS tZi-sØ-Øs∂˛ X∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂v Acp-fn-s®bvXp.''22 C{km-tb¬ hwiw ]n∂oSv ÿm]n® km{am-Py-sØ-°p-dn® Hcp kqN-\-bm-bn-cp∂p B {]h-N\w. B \ne°v ^e-kvXo\pw ]cn-k-cß-fp-amWv B `q{]-tZ-iw-sIm-≠n-hnsS hnh-£nXw. BI-bm¬ A{_lm-ans‚ ImeØv lnXy¿, AYhm, lnss‰-‰p-Im¿ ]m¿Øn-cp-∂Xv {]kvXpX `q{]-tZ-i-Øm-sW∂p kn≤w. A\-¥-c-Im-eØv lnXycpw A{_-lm-ans‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-cbpw XΩn¬ sshhm-lnI _‘w \S∂-Xmbn ImWmw. A{_-lm-ans‚ ]u{X\pw bmt°m-_ns‚ (C{kmtb¬) tPyjvT-k-tlm-Z-c-\p-amb Gimhv lnXy-cn¬\n-∂mWv thfnI-gn-®n-cp-∂Xv.23 Npcp-°-Øn¬ lnss‰-‰p-Iƒ Bcy-tZ-h-X-Isf hµn®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ sshZnI Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]›n-ta-jy≥ _‘w Iptd°qSn AKm-[-am-sW∂v ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.



Acmapw Bcy\pw DXv]-Øn-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ hnh-cn® hwim-h-en-b-\p-k-cn®v GXv



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Xmgv h - c - b n¬s]- S p∂p Bcy≥ P\X? Cu tNmZy- Ø ns‚ DØcw ImWp-∂-Xn\p apºv {]mNo-\-P-\X-Xn-I-fpsS DZv`-h-sØ-°p-dn® kmam\y-amb Hc-h-tem-I\w Bh-iy-am-sW∂p tXm∂p∂p. GsX-¶n-ep-samcp Ipe-]-Xn-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ Hcp P\X Adn-bs∏-Sp∂p. Ah¿ hf¿∂v i‡n-bm¿÷n®v, CXc P\-X-Isf Ioga¿Øn, A[n-Im-c-]o-T-Øn-ep-]-hn-jvS-cm-Ip-tºmƒ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ÿew ]nSn-°p∂p. ]n∂oSv Ah-cp-tS-Xmb ]eXpw B Ipe-]-Xn-bp-sS \maØn¬ Adn- b m≥ XpS- ß p∂p. cmP- h wiw, km{amPyw, Xe- ÿ m\ \Kcw, `mj, `c-W-IqSw, Nne-t∏mƒ Ah¿ ]qPn-°p∂ tZh≥ Cßs\ kI-eXpw {]kvXpX ]nXm-a-ls‚ t]cn-em-bn-cn°pw {]kn-≤-am-hpI. Cu kmam\y kz`m- h - Ø ns‚ {]I- S - a mb Hcp- Z m- l - c - W - a mWv A»q¿. DXv]-Øn-bnse hwim-h-en-b-\p-k-cn®v, t\ml-bpsS aqØ aI\mb tians‚ Hcp ]p{X-\m-Ip∂p A»q¿.24 At±-l-Øns‚ ]n∑p-d°m¿ B t]cn- e mWv A\- ¥ - c - I m- e Øv Adn- b - s ∏- ´ Xv . Ah¿ km{amPyw ÿm]n-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ t]¿ A»q¿ F∂mbn. {Ko°pIm¿ AXns\ "A o-cnb' F∂p-®-cn®p. Aßs\ B h¿§-Øn\pw Ah-cpsS cmPy-Øn\pw Xe-ÿm-\-\-K-cn°pw `mj°pw kwkvIm-cØn-\p-sa√mw A»q¿ F∂ \maw {]kn-≤-ambn. F¥n-\-[nIw Ah¿ ]qPn-®n-cp∂ {][m\ ssZh-Øns‚ t]¿ t]mepw A»q¿ F∂m-bnØo¿∂p. "hniz hn⁄m\ tImiw' tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""(Cuiz-c-\mb) A»q-dns‚ \mSv F∂¿Yw hcp∂ Hcp ]Z-Øns‚ {Ko°p-cq-]-amWv A o-cnb. Cu ]ucm-WnI cmPyw Ct∏m-gsØ CdmJns‚ hS-°≥ `mK-ØmWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv........ A»q¿ Aßs\ Hcp ssZh-Øn-s‚bpw ]´-W-Øn-s‚bpw cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw t]cm-bnØo¿∂p.'' 25 Cu hg°w k\n-jvI¿jw ]n≥Xp-S¿∂p-h∂ as‰mcp P\-h¿§am-bn-cp∂p Acm-ay¿. t\ml-bpsS ]p{X-\mb tians‚ as‰mcp aIs‚ t]¿ "Acmw' F∂m-bn-cp∂p.26 Ct±-l-Øns‚ k¥m\ ]c-ºc Acmay¿ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏´p. Acm-ay¿ GtX-Xn-S-ß-fn¬ tI{µßƒ ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂pthm, Ahn-S-ß-sfsb√mw Acmw F∂ Ah-cpsS Ipe-]-Xn-bpsS \maw tN¿ØmWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ss__nƒ Iqe-¶j-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Cu hkvXpX hy‡-amhpw. Nne DZm-l-cW-߃ Xmsg ImWn-°p∂p: saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ Acm-ay¿ tI{µw ÿm]n®p. X∂n-anØw AXn\v "]±≥˛Acmw' F∂ t]¿ hoWp.27 Kne-bm-Zn¬ (kndnb) Ah¿ `cWw \SØn. AXn-\m¬ AXns\ "Acmw' F∂p hnfn-®ph∂p.28 ZtΩ-i-°n¬ (Ua-kv° v) Ah¿ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n®p. X∑qew AXpw Acmw F∂ \ma-Øn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-´Xv.29 hS-°≥ Atd_y Ah-cpsS A[o-\-Øn¬ h∂p. AXn\pw Acmw F∂mbn t]¿. 30



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CtX hg-°-amWv ]ucm-WnI C≥tUm˛Bcy≥amcpw kzoI-cn®p- h - ∂ - s X∂v Ncn{Xw tLmjn- ° p∂p. `mcX- Ø n¬ Ah¿ Hcp km{amPyw ÿm]n-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ \maw "Bcy-h¿Øw' F∂mbn. Ah-cpsS `mj "Bcy-`mj' F∂ t]cn-emWv hnfn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. Ah-cpsS {][m\ tZh≥am-cn-sem-∂ns‚ t]¿ "Acyam' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. CtX ]mc-º-cysØ ]n≥Xp-S¿∂m-hWw, Hcp £{Xn-b-\mb KuX-a_p-≤≥ Xs‚ auenI kXy-߃°v "Bcy-k-Xy-߃' F∂p \maI-cWw sNbvXXv. BI-bm¬, Bcy\pw Acmapw t]cn¬ am{X-a√, Xß-fpsS Ipe]-Xn-bpsS \maw ssIhn-SmsX \ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m-cp-∂-Xnepw ]c-kv]cw tbmPn®p ImWp∂p. AXn-\m¬ ss__nƒ ]d-bp∂ Acm-ay¿ Xs∂bm-hWw \ΩpsS Bcy-∑m-cp-sa-∂q-ln-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.



Acmapw Jp¿-B\pw "Cdav' F∂p t]cmb Hcp {]mNo\ P\-h¿§sØ Jp¿-B≥ 89˛mw A[ymbw \ap°v ]cn- N - b - s ∏- S p- Ø p- ∂ p≠v . temI- s Øßpw XpeyX ImW-s∏-SmØ Hcp {]_-e-h¿§-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-sc∂pw Jp¿B≥ {]tXyIw FSp-Øp-]-d-™n-´p≠v. Jp¿-Bs‚ `mj-bn¬ Xs∂ ImWpI: ""BZn-t\mSv˛kvXq]-ß-fp-S-b-hcpw cmPy-ß-fn¬ XpeyX krjvSn°- s ∏- ´ n- ´ n- √ m- Ø - h - c p- a mb "Cdan't\mSv ˛ \ns‚ Cuiz- c ≥ Fßs\ {]h¿Øn-®p-sh∂v I≠n-s√tbm?'' 31 hen-sbmcp P\-h¿§-am-bn-cp∂p Cdw. BZp hwiw AXns‚ Hcp imJbpw. BZn-s\-∏‰n Jp¿-B≥ Ah-Xc - n-°p∂ ImesØ Ad-_n-Iƒ°v tI´p-tIƒhn hgn Adn-bm-am-bn-cp∂p. hºn® {]Xm-]-tØmSpw {]`mh-tØmSpw IqSn ]pcm-X\ ImeØv Atd_y `cn-®n-cp∂ Ah¿ GtXm {]Ir-Xn-tIm-]-Øn-∂n-c-bmbn, Atd-_y-bn¬\n∂v \nt»jw D∑q-e\w sNø-s∏´p. apI-fn-ep-≤-cn® hN-\-Øn¬ {]kvXpX kw`-h-amWv A\pkva-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. ChnsS ]d™ Cdw ss__n- f nse Acmw Xs∂- b m- s W∂p auem\m kønZv kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn ka¿Yn-®n-´p≠v. ln{_p-hnse Acm-ans‚ Ad_n cq]-as{X Cdw. i_vZ-Øn-se∂ t]mse-Øs∂ A¿Y-Ønepw Ah an°-hmdpw ASp-°p-∂p≠v. D∂Xw, t{ijvTw, {]ikvXw, ]hn{Xw Fs∂m-s°-bmWv ln{_p-hn¬ Acm-ans‚ A¿Yw. Cd-an\pw GXm≠v AXn-t\m-S-SpØ A¿Y-am-Wp-≈Xv. ]¿∆-X-Øn\pw hgn-bn¬ \m´n-\n¿Ønb \mgn-I-°-√n\pw Ad_n `mj-bn¬ Cdw F∂p ]d- b p∂p. Db¿∂p \nev ° p- ∂ - X p- s Im- ≠ m- h Ww Ahbv ° v B kw⁄- e-`n-®Xv. 32 CXp-t]mse Bcy≥ F∂ kwkvIrX i_vZ-Øn\pw D∂Xw, t{i-jvTw, ]hn{Xw Fs∂m-s°-bmWv A¿Yw. Npcp-°-Øn¬ Acmw,



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



179



Cdw, Bcy≥ F∂o i_vZ-߃°v A£-c-Øn-se∂ t]mse A¿YØnepw ASp-∏-ap≠v. Cd-ans‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-cmbn ]e hwi-ßfpw \ne-hn¬ h∂p. Iq´Øn¬ H∂m-bn-cp∂p Atd-_y-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n® BZp-hwiw. AXn-\m¬, Ah¿ "BZp-Cdw' F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. Chsc t\¿am¿§-Øn-te°v £Wn-°m-\mbn {]hm-N-I-\mb lqZv \nbp‡-\mbn. At±-lsØ Ah¿ [n°-cn®pIf™p. Ah-km\w BZphwiw ssZh-tIm-]-Øn-\n-c-bm-hp-Ibpw \mi-a-S-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. lqZv\-_n-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb Hcp \yq\-]£w am{X-amWv Ahti-jn-®Xv. Ch¿ ]n∂oSv B[n-]-Xy-Øn-te-°p-b¿∂p. Ah-km\w Chcpw [n°m-cn-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p. "kaq-Zvhwiw' F∂ t]cn-emWv Chsc Jp¿-B≥ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv. Aßs\ Chcpw \mamh-ti-j-ambn. BZn-s‚bpw kaq-Zn-s‚bpw IY Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]te-S-ß-fnepw A\pkva-cn-®n-´p≠v. B c≠p hwi-ßsf Ad_n Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ "_mbnZm-A-d_n'IfpsS (\mam-h-ti-j-amb Ad_n tKm{X-ß-fpsS) Iq´-ØnemWv FÆn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. BZpw Cdapw XΩn- e p≈ Nm¿®sb∏‰n apkv e nw Ncn- { X- I mc≥am¿°p {][m-\-am-bn -c≠p A`n-{]m-b-ß-fp≠v; Cdan¬ \n∂v Dukpw, Dukn¬ \n∂p BZpw DZv`-hn-®p-sh-∂mWv C_v\p JpssX_-bpsS A`n-{]mbw. F∂m¬ J¬J-i-µn-bpsS A`n-{]m-bw, Cdan¬\n∂p Du_oepw Du_o-en¬ \n∂p Dukpw Dukn¬ \n∂v BZpw DZv`-hn®p F∂m-Ip∂p.33GXm-bmepw Cd-amWv BZns‚ Ipe-]Xn F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ Ccp-hcpw tbmPn-°p-∂p≠v. Bcy≥am-tcbpw Acm-ay≥am-tcbpw t]mse Cdw h¿§-°mcpw Xß-fpsS Ipe-]-Xn-bpsS \maw ssIsh-Sn-bmsX \ne\n¿Øm≥ {ian®n-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWp∂p. Ad_n Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb C_v\p J¬Zq≥ ({In.1332˛ 1404) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXp t\m°pI: ""BZp-hwiw \ne-hn-en-cp-∂-t∏mƒ "BZp Cdw' F∂p hnfn-°-s∏´n-cp∂p. Ah¿ \in®p. kaqZp hwiw h∂-t∏mƒ AXns‚ t]¿ "kaqZp Cdw' F∂m-bn-Øo¿∂p. ]n∂oSv \nwdqZv hwiw h∂p. XZ-hkcw "\nwdqZp Cdw' F∂p hnfn-°-s∏´p.''34 BZpw kaqZpw \nwdqZpw Htc ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬\n-∂m-Wp-Zv`-hn-®Xv. ]t£, \nwdq-Zns‚ `c-W-IqSw _m_n- t em- W n- b - b n- e m- b n- c p∂p. A{_- l m- a ns‚ ImeØv _m_ntem¨ `cn-®n-cp∂ cmP-Ip-Spw_w AXm-bn-cp∂p sh∂v ss__n-fn¬ \n∂pw Ad-_n-N-cn-{X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em°mw. kz¥w cmjv{S-߃°pw hwi-߃°pw am{X-a√, X߃ \n¿an°p∂ sIm´m-c-߃°pw DZym-\-߃°pw IqSn "Cdw' F∂-t]¿ BZp hwiw \¬In-bn-cp∂p. Cu h-kvXpX Ad-_n-I-fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂



180



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Nne sFXn-ly-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em°mw. BZns‚ ]n≥Km-anbpw AXn-i-‡-\p-amb "i±m-Zp-cm-Pmhv' ba-\n¬ kz¿§-Xp-ey-amb Hcp-Zym\hpw sIm´m-chpw ]Wn-bn-®p-sh∂p Hssc-Xn-ly-ap≠v. CtX-∏‰n Ad_n˛ t]¿jy≥ kmln- X y- ß ƒ [mcmfw ]cm- a ¿in- ® - X mbn ImWmw. Cu Bcm- a - Ø n\v Cdw F∂m- b n- c p∂p t]¿. {]kn- ≤ t]¿jy≥ Ihn Da¿ Jøman ({In. 1123˛¬ acWw)s‚ "dp_m- C ømØn'(NXp-jv]-Zn-Iƒ)¬ {]kvXpX DZym\w ]cm-ar-jvS-am-bn-´p≠v: ""tdmkn∂p hnfn-s∏t´m "cocmapw'apSn-™p-t]mbv, "PwjoZn'≥ Ggp hf-s°-´p-ff Is∏tßm t]mbv! F∂m-ep-an∂pw tXm´w ]q°p∂p, tXm´n≥ h°n¬ aps∂-t∏m¬ amWn-Iy-ß-fp-Xn¿∏q {Zm£m-h√n.'' 35 ChnsS ]d™ "Cucmw' i±m-Zns‚ sF-Xn-lm-kn-I-m-cm-a-as{X. t]¿jy-bpsS t]¿ Cdm≥ F∂m-Wt√m. CXns‚ \njv]Øn Cdan¬ \n∂m-Ip∂p. AXns‚ A¿Yw Cd-ans‚, AYhm Bcy-≥am-cpsS cmPyw F∂mWv. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw ]d-bp∂p: ""Cdm≥ F∂m¬ Bcy≥am-cpsS \mSv F∂m-W¿Yw.''36 BI-bm¬ Acmw, Cdmw, Cdm≥, Bcy≥ Fs∂ms° ]d-bp-∂Xv Htc t]cns‚ hnhn[ cq]-ß-fs{X. AXn-\m¬, Bcy-∑m-cpsS aqe-Xd-hmSpw Xnc°n, DØ-c-{[p-h-Øn-tet°m, at[y-jy-bn-tet°m t]mtI≠-Xn√. ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬Xs∂ AXv Is≠-Øm≥ Ignbpw F∂mWv tXm∂p-∂Xv.



C{µ≥ sIm≠p-h∂ "bZp-°ƒ' Bcy≥am-cpsS Bcm-[y-\mb C{µ≥ Zqc-Zn-°n¬\n∂v c≠p hwi°msc sIm≠p-t]m-∂-Xmbn EtKzZw ]d-bp∂p: bZp-°fpw Xp¿h-icp-am-W-h¿: ""bZp-Xp¿h-isc Zqc±n-°n¬\n∂p kptJ\ Xm≥ sIm≠p-t]m∂q, bphm-hn-{µ≥; kJm-hmI, \ap-°-h≥!'' 37 C∏-d™ bZp-hn¬\n-∂mWv, `mc-X-Øn¬ bmZ¿, AYhm bmZ-hhw-i-°m¿ D≠m-bXv. Ch¿ kztZ-in-I-f√, hntZ-in-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. {]kvXpX bZphpw, bmZzcpw Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]d™ BZns‚ `mc-Xob cq]am-hm≥ hfsc km[y-X-bp-≠v. BZns‚ BZym-£-csØ AXns‚ icn-bmb cq]-Øn¬ kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ D®-cn-°mt\m Fgp-Xmt\m km[y-a√. AXn\p ]Icw Nne-t∏mƒ "B' F∂pw "bm' F∂p-amWv Fgp-Xmdpw D®-cn-°m-dp-ap-≈Xv. Aßs\ BZv "bmZpw' "bZp'ambn -cq]m-¥-c-s∏-´-Xm-hWw.



`mjm-ssh-PmXyw C{Xbpw {]kv-Xm-hn-®-Xn¬\n∂p tians‚ ]p{X-\mb Acm-ans‚ k¥-Xn-I-fmWv C≥tUm˛Bcy-≥am¿ F∂p hcp∂p. Bcy≥amcpw



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



181



skan-‰n-°p-Imcpw h¿§-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn H∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂¿Yw. ]t£, Bcy≥ `mj-Ifpw skan-‰n-Iv`m-j-Ifpw XΩn¬ auen-I-amb A¥-c-ap-s≠-∂mWv `mjm-K-th-j-I≥am-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. F∂m¬, `mjm sshPm-Xy-sØ-°p-dn® {]kvXpX \nK-a\w Hc-¥na Xocp-am-\a√. AXn¬ ]Wv U n- X - ≥ am- c psS Dul- Ø n\v hep- X mb ]¶p≠v . IqSmsX, skan-‰nIv `mj-I-fn¬s∏´ Bcm-an°pw Bcy≥ `mj-I-fnsem-∂mb t]¿jy\pw XΩn¬ i_vZ-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ASp-∏-ap-s≠∂v `mjm-K-th-j-I¿Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p≠v. ""i_vZ-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn t\m°n-bm¬ Bcm-an-°nse ]e ]Z-ßfpw A°m-Un-b-\nepw t]¿jy\n-epw-\n∂p ISw hmßn-b-Xm-sW∂p Im◊m≥ Ignbpw F∂mWv `mjm-`n-⁄≥am-cpsS ]£w.''38 ISw GXv GXn¬\n-s∂-SpØp F∂ {]iv\w X¬°mew \ap-°phn-t´°mw. ]t£, Bcm-an°pw t]¿jy\pw XΩn¬ i_vZ-im-kv{X-]c-ambn kmZr-iy-ap-s≠∂ hkvXpX {it≤-b-amWv. IqSmsX Gjymssa-\¿, Ip¿Zn-kvYm≥, tIm°-k v, bqdmƒ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ, A^vKm\n-ÿm≥, C¥y, ssN\, ssN\-bnse hen-b-a-Xn¬ {]tZ-i-߃, CuPn]vXv apX-emb CS-ß-fn¬\n-s∂√mw Bcm-an°v en]n-bnepw Bcm-an°v `mj-bn-ep-ap-≈ {]mNo\ imk-\-߃ In´n-bn-´p≠v.'' 39 CsX√mw sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv Bcm-an°v `mj kwkm-cn-®n-cp∂ P\-X°v {]kvXpX cmPy-ß-fp-ambn ASpØ _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wt√m. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Acm-ay-h¿§-°m-cpsS `mj-bm-bn-cp∂p Bcm-an°v. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-߃°v hnt[-b-ambn ktlm-Z-c-`m-jI-fn¬\n∂p Xptemw AI-∂p-t]m-b-Xm-bn-cn°mw.



Ncn-{X-]c - X BZn-s‚bpw Cd-an-s‚bpw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb AkvXnXzw ]m›m-Xy≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ ]ecpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n√. BZp-hw-i-sØ- w-_‘n® Jp¿-B-\nse IY-I-f-{Xbpw sF-Xn-ly-ß-fm-sW-∂s{X AhcpsS ]£w. CXp-i-cn-b√. {InkvXp-h¿j-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Im-eØp {Ko°v `qan-im-kv{X-Im-c≥am¿ Fgp-Xnb {KŸ-ß-fn¬ BZn-s\-∏-‰nbpw BZv Cd-an-s\-∏-‰nbpw ]cm-a¿in®n´p-≠v. Ahsc D≤-cn®p auem\m \Zvhn- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXp ImWpI: bh-\-`q-an-im-kv{X-Im-c≥am¿ "lZv-d-auØn' se Hcp tKm{X-Øns‚ \ma-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ "B{U-an-´mbv(Adramitai) F∂p-]-d-™n-´p≠v. "Smbv' (Tai) F∂Xp {Ko°v `mj-bn¬ hwi-sØ-°p-dn-°p∂ ]Z-amWv. A ¬ hm°v "B{Uw' ( Adram ) F∂s{X. Jp¿- B - \ n¬ ]d™ "BZpCd'ans‚ icn-bmb {Ko°p-cq-]-am-WXv. ]t£, lZv-d-au-Øns‚ {Ko°p \ma-am-W-sX∂p ]ecpw [cn-®p-t]m-bn-´p≠v. lZv-d-au-Øp-Imsc Ipdn°p∂ {Ko°p `mj-bnse bYm¿Y ]Zw "Jm{S tam´n-´mbv' (Chatramotitai) F∂-XmWv........... _Øveo-aqkv ( Ptolemy- acWw: {In.167) BZp-hw-



182



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



isØ "BUn-´mbv' (Aditai) F∂pw "Hm¿Un-´mbv' (Oarditai) F∂pw˛ c≠p cq]-Øn¬ ˛ hyh-l-cn-®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬ Ch¿ lZv-d-au-Øp-Imcm-sW-∂s{X At±lhpw [cn-®n-´p-f-fXv.''40 {]mNo\ {Ko°v `qan-imkv{X ]WvUn-X≥am¿°v BZn-s‚bpw BZpC-d-an-s‚bpw t]cp-Iƒ Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv ta¬ {]kv-Xmhw sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv. ]t£, lZvd-au-Øp-Imsc Ipdn-°p∂ hm°m-WsX∂v Ah¿ sX‰n-≤-cn®p. Hcp-]t£, {Ko°v {KŸ-Im-c≥am-cpsS ImeØv lZv-d-au-Øn¬ B t]cn¬ h√ tKm{X-°mcpw \nh-kn-®n-cp∂n-cn°mw. GXm-bmepw Ah-cpsS [mcW icn-b√. lZvd-au-Øp-Im¿ F∂ A¿Y-Øn¬ {Ko°p-`m-j-bn¬ thsd-Øs∂ ]Z-ap-≈ kvYnXn°v hnti-jn®pw. {Ko°p {KŸ-Imc-∑msc D]-Po-hn®p dh. ^m¿Ã¿ (Farster) ]Xns\´mw iX- I - Ø ns‚ a[y- Ø n¬ Atd- _ y- b psS Hcp Ncn- { X- ` q- a nimkv{Xw Xøm-dm-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Historical Geography of Arabia F∂s{X B IrXn-bpsS t]¿. CXn¬ Atd-_y-bnse ]pcm-X\ tKm{X-ß-fpsS Hcp enÃv At±lw sImSp-Øn-´p≠v. B{U-an-´mbv, BUn-´mbv apXemb i_vZ-߃ AXnepw ÿew ]nSn-®n-´p≠v. auem\m \Zvhn Xs‚ "A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B\n'¬ {]kvXpX enÃv D≤-cn-°p-Ibpw Nne hwiß-sf-°p-dn® ^m¿Ã-dpsS [mcW ]ni-Im-sW∂p Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°pIbpw sNbvXn-´p≠v.41 {Ko°p `qan-im-kv{X-Im-c-\mb tSmfan Atd_y kµ¿in-®n-´n√. CuPn-]vXn-emWv At±lw Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬, Atd-_ybnse ]pcm-X\ tKm{X-ß-fpsS icn-bmb kvYnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ At±-lØn\v a\- n-em-°m-s\m-Øn-s√-¶n¬ AXn-sem´pw B›-cy-s∏-Sm-\n√. F¶nepw At±-l-Øns‚ `qan-im-kv{X-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ BZn-s‚bpw Cdan-s‚bpw \ma-߃ kvYew ]nSn-®n-´p-f-f-Xn-\m¬ Jp¿-B≥ IY\w sNbvX B hwi-߃°v Ncn-{X-]-c-amb AkvXn-Xz-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂psh∂ Imcy-Øn¬ ktµ-l-Øn-\n-S-bn√. Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ 1. Rgvedic India and Rgvedic Culture 2. KZy-ssI-cfn by ]n. Zmtam-Z-c≥]n≈



`mKw 4, t]Pv 161



3. Veda and Vedanta



4. Cdm≥Im-cpsS Hcp thZ-{KŸw 5. Artic home in Vedas p. 19



6. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw (Bcy-∑m¿) hm. 2, t]. 6



7. 8.



Ibid Vol. 2, P. 6 Artic home in Vedas P. 420



9. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 139 t\m°pI. 10. temI-N-cn{Xw hm. 1, t]. 75



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183



11. `mcX _rl-®-cn{Xw by B¿.kn. aPpw-Zm¿, F®v.kn. dmbv Nu[cn, ImfnIn¶¿ZØ hm. 1, t]. 24 12. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 140 13.



Advanced History of India P. 24



14. Encyclopedia Britannica Vol. XI, P. 556 (Hittites) Edition 1965



15. EtKz-Z-Øn-eqsS t]. 134 16. DXv]Øn 25: 2 t\m°pI. 17. Ibid 37:25 18. Ibid 37: 28 19. Ibid 37: 27, 28 20. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm 2, t]. 6 21. kwJym-]p-kvXIw 31: 7 22. DXv]Øn 15: 18-˛21 23. Ibid 26: 34 24. Ibid 10: 22 25. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 1, t]. 687, 688 26. DXv]Øn 10: 22 27. Ibid 24: 10˛Dw 25: 20˛Dw t\m°pI. 28. Ibid 37: 25˛Dw i cmPm-°-∑m¿ 22: 3˛Dw t\m°pI. 29. i cmPm-°-∑m¿ 20: 5˛Dw 20: 34˛Dw t\m°pI. 30. kwJy 22: 1˛Dw 23: 7˛Dw t\m°pI. 31. Jp¿-B≥ A[ymbw 89, kq‡w 7, 8 32. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1 t]. 128 t\m°pI. 33. Ibid hm. 1, t]. 125 t\m°pI. 34. C_v\p J¬Zqs‚ Ncn-{X-{KŸw hm. 2, t]. 7 35. Ipkp-a-Øns‚ "Ha¿ Jømw' t]. 4 36. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 2, t]. 471 37. EtKzZw aWvUew 6, kq‡w 45, EIv 1 38. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 1, t]. 969 39. Ibid hm. 1, t]. 969 40. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 75, 76 t\m°pI. 41. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿B≥ hm. 1, t]. 76-˛81 t\m°pI.



A[ymbw ]Xn-\©v



skan-‰nIv h¿§w Acmw, Cdw, Cdm≥, Bcy≥ F∂o i_vZ-߃ Htc kw⁄-bpsS hnhn[ cq]-ß-fm-sW∂p Ign™ A[ym-b-Øn¬ \mw ka¿Yn-°p-I-



184



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



bp-≠mbn. Cu ASn-kvYm-\-Øn¬ C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am¿ h¿§-im-kv{X]-c-ambn skan-‰nIv hwi-Øn¬s]-Sp∂p. F∂m¬ B[p-\nI Ncn-{XIm-c-∑m¿ Bcy-h¿§-ßfpw skan-‰n-Ivh¿§-ßfpw XΩn¬ AP-K-Pm¥cw I¬]n-°p∂p. ChnsS Hcp hni-Zo-I-cWw Bh-iy-am-sW∂p tXm∂p∂p. hmkv- X h- Ø n¬ kmt¶- X nI kw⁄m- ] - c - a mWo A¥cw. ss__nfpw Atd-_y≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c≥amcpw hwisØ ASn-ÿm-\s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv h¿K-hn-`-P\w sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv. B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Imc-∑m-cm-Is´, ico-cm-Ir-Xn-sbbpw `mj-I-fpsS kmPmXy sshPm-Xyß-sfbpw ]cn-K-Wn®pw. AXn-\m¬, ss__nƒ skan-‰n-Ivh¿K-ambn Xcw-Xn-cn-°p∂ Nne hn`m-K-ß-fpsS `mj skan-‰n-°-√mØ Imc-WØm¬, B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Ahsc as‰mcp h¿K-ambn ]cn-KWn-°p∂p. CXn-s\mcp DZm-l-c-W-amWv "Gem-ssa-‰p-Im¿.' t\ml-bpsS ]p{X-\mb tians‚ Hcp aIs‚ \maw "Gemw' F∂mbn-cp∂p.1 Gem-ans‚ k¥m-\-]-c-ºc "Ge-may¿' F∂ t]cn¬ Adnb-s∏-´p. Cw•o-jp-Im¿ Chsc "Gem-ssa‰vkv'(Elamites) F∂p hnfn°p∂p. Ncn-{X-Øn-\-dn-hmb ImeØv, sX°p ]Sn-™m-d≥ t]¿jybnse kqk(Susa) bnemWv Ch¿ A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬, B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ Gem-aysc skan-‰n-°p-I-fmbn IW-°m°p-∂n√. ImcWw, Ah¿ skan-‰n°v `mj-b√ kwkm-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. DXv]-Øn-]p-kvX-I-Ønse hwim-h-en-b-\p-k-cn®v , t\ml-bpsS ]p{X-\mb tians‚ k¥-Xn-I-sf√mw tiay-cmWv; AYhm skan-‰n°p-Im¿. Chsc Atd-_y≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ "_\qkmw' (kmans‚ k¥-Xn-Iƒ) F∂p hnfn-°p∂p. ]t£, C°q-´-Øn¬ skan-‰nIv `mj -kw-km-cn-®n-cp-∂-htcm, kwkm-cn-®p-h-cp-∂-htcm Bb hn`m-K-ßsf am{X-amWv B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-≥am¿ skan-‰nIv h¿K-Øn¬s]-´-hcmbn IW-°m-°p-∂Xv. kmt¶-XnI kw⁄-bn-ep-≈ Cu A¥cw hmb-\-°m¿ {]tXyIw Ku\n-®n-cn-°Ww. C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am¿ skan‰nIv h¿§- Ø n¬ s]´- h - s c∂p ]d- b p- t ºmƒ \map- t ±- i n- ° p- ∂ Xv DXv]Øn ]pkvX-I-Ønse hwim-h-en-b-\p-k-cn®v, Ah¿ tians‚ aI\mb Acm-ans‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-cm-sW-∂s{X.



tiay-h¿K-°m-cpsS BZy Xd-hmSv tiay-h¿§-°m-cpsS aqe-X-d-hm-Sn-s\-∏‰n B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-K-th-jI≥-am¿°n-S-bn¬ kmc-amb X¿°-ap≠v. F∂m¬, {]mNo\ Atd-_ymN-cn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-´n-´p-≈Xv Ah-cpsS BZn-a-hm-k-ÿew Atd- _ y- b m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂s{X. Atd- _ y≥ aW- e m- c - W y- Ø n¬ \n∂mWv temI-Øn-s‚ \m\m-`m-K-ß-fn-te°pw kmans‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m¿ {]h-ln-®Xv. {In. 889 (ln. 276)˛¬ Nc-a-K-Xn-b-S™ C_v\p-Jp-ssX_ -ssZ-\qcn At±-l-Øns‚ "InXm-_p¬ aB-cn^n'¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-



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Øp∂p: ""\qlns‚ ]p{X-\mb kmam-Is´, `qtKm-f-Øns‚ a[y-`m-KØmWv Xma-k-ap-d-∏n-®Xv. AXm-bXv, a°-bnepw ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw. ba≥, lZvdauØv, Ham≥, _lvdbv≥ apX-emb ÿe-߃ hsc Ah¿ A[o-\-Øn-em°n.''2 ss__n-fn-tebpw AXns‚ hymJym-\-ß-fn-tebpw {]kv-Xm-h-\Ifpw {]kvXpX hmZ-tØm-S-Sp-°p-∂p≠v. tians‚ ]p{X≥am-sc-°p-dn®p≈ hnh-c-W-sØ-Øp-S¿∂p DXv]Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""`qan-bn¬ Hs°bpw Htc `mjbpw Htc hm°pw Bbn-cp∂p. F∂m¬, Ah¿(tiw ]p{X≥am¿) Ing-t°m´p bm{X sNbvXp, io\m¿ (_m_n-tem¨) tZiØp Hcp ka-`qan I≠p. AhnsS IpSn-bn-cp∂p.''3 ss__nƒ ]gb \nb-a-Øns‚ Hcm-[n-Im-cnI `mjy-ambn AwKoI-cn-°-s∏´ tPmk^v ^vfhn-bkn (Josephus Flavius A.D. 37-˛97)s‚ Ncn{X-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ ImWp∂p: ""Ah¿ (tiw k¥- X n- I ƒ) bq{^- ´ okv \Zn apX¬ C≥Uym kap{Zw hsc A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp∂p.''4 bq{^-´o-kn-s‚bpw C¥ym-k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚bpw CS°v Atd-_y-b√msX as‰mcp cmPy-an-√t√m. BI-bm¬ skan-‰nIv hwi-Øns‚ aqeX-d-hmSv Atd-_y-bm-sW∂ Ad_n Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am-cpsS Ah-Im-ihm-Z-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-Iam-Ip∂p blq-Z-cpsS tcJ-Iƒ.



B[p-\nI ]WvUn-X≥am-cpsS \nK-a\ - ß - ƒ A`n-\h ]m›m-Xy≥ ]WvUn-X≥am¿ skan-‰n°p hwi-°m-cpsS BZna hmk-kvY-e-sØ-∏‰n hyXy-kvX-amb A`n-{]m-b-ß-fmWv {]ISn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv. B{^n-°-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Hc-`n-{]mbw. A¿ao-\n-bbpw Ip¿Zn-kvXm-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v thsdm-c-`n-{]mbw. F∂m¬, bqtdm-∏nsebpw Ata-cn-°-bn-sebpw hen-sbmcp hn`mKw ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ ]dbp-∂Xv Atd-_y-bm-bn-cp∂p skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS BZna hmk-ÿ-esa- ∂ s{X. C°q´Øn¬ {]K¬` ]Wv U n- X - ∑ m- c mb jv t dU¿ (Schrader), hn≥¢¿ (Winchler), tab¿ (Meyer), kv{]nwK¿ (Springer), t\m¬sUsI (Noldeke), tdm_¿´vk¨ kvanØv (Robertson Smith), kmap-h¬ ebnwKv (Samual Laing ), hneyw ssd‰v ( W.Wright), B¿. U_vfyp. cmP¿kv(R.W. Ragers) XpS-ßn-b-hcpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. Cu ]WvUn-X-∑m-cpsS sXfn-hp-I-sf√mw D≤-cn-°p-hm≥ kvYe-]-cn-anXn A\ph-Zn-°p-∂n√. F¶nepw amXr-I-°mbn H∂p-c-≠p-≤-c-Wn-Iƒ NphsS ImWn-°p∂p. {]kn≤ Bwt•b Ncn-{X-]-WvUn-X\mb kmap-h¬ ebnw-Kns\ D≤-cn®p auem\m kønZv kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""skan-‰n°v h¿§-ß-fpsS ]q¿∆-hm-k-kvYew sX°p ]Sn-™md≥ Gjy˛Hcp-]t£ Atd-_y-Xs∂ ˛Bbn-cn-°-W-sa∂p sXfn-hpIƒ Nq≠n-°m-´p∂p. Atd-_y-sbm-gn®v as‰√m CS-ß-fnepw Ah¿



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A[n-hm-k-Ønt\m cmPyw Iog-S-°p-∂-Xnt\m ]pd-ta-\n∂p IS∂ph∂Xm-bn-´mWv \ap°v ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv. GsXm-cn-SØv IS∂psN√ptºmgpw AhnsS Ah¿-°p apºmbn IpSn-]m¿Øn-´p-≈ BZn-hm-knIsf Ah¿ I≠p-ap-´p-∂p≠v. ]t£, Atd-_y-bn¬ am{Xw kztZ-inI-sf-t∏m-se-bmWv Ahsc \mw ImWp-∂Xv. Im¬Un-b-bn-tebpw A o-cn-b-bn-tebpw ]pcm-X-ss\-Xn-ly-ß-fn¬\n-∂p a\- n-em-Ip-∂Xv Ah¿ sX°p-\n∂p h∂p-sh-∂mWv (Ah-bpsS sX°p-`m-K-Øm-Wt√m Atd_y kvYnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv). Nne¿ h∂Xv t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S¬ hgnbm-bn-cp-∂psh-¶n¬, a‰p Nne¿ h∂Xv kndn-bbpw Atd-_y≥ aWem-c-Wyhpw XcWwsNbvXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-am{Xw.''5 Ata-cn-°≥ ]WvUn-X-\mb s{]m^. cmP¿kv At±-l-Øns‚ "_m_n- t em¨˛A o- c nbm Ncn{X'Øn¬ ap≥K- W \ Iev ] n- ® n- ´ p≈Xpw CtX A`n-{]m-b-Øn-\m-Ip∂p. cmP¿kv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""skan-‰nIv h¿§-߃ Fhn-sS-\n-∂mWv h∂Xv? hS-°p-≈ Ip¿ZnkvXm≥ ae{º-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n-∂mWv Ah¿ h∂n-´p-≈-sX∂p Nne¿ hmZn-°p∂p.... F∂m¬, Cu A`n-{]mbw Ct∏mƒ Xnc-kvI-cn-°-s∏-´ncn-°p∂p....... B{^n-°-bmWv Ah-cpsS BZn-a-hm-k-kvYew F∂mWv thsdmcp kn≤m¥w. skan-‰nIv `mj-Ifpw (B{^n-°-bnse) lman‰nIv `mj-Ifpw XΩn¬ ImWp∂ kmZr-iy-amWv Ah¿°v sXfnhv... Cu kn≤m-¥-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-ambn hf-sc-sbms° {]kvXm-hn-°-s∏-´n´p≠v. F∂n-cp-∂mepw aq∂m-a-sXmcp kn≤m-¥sØ ]n¥m-ßn-s°m≠v {]_-e-amb [mcmfw A`n-{]m-b-߃ {]I-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. Atd_y-bm-bn-cp∂p skan-‰nIv hwi-Øns‚ aqe-X-d-hmSv F∂p-≈Xs{X B kn≤m¥w. Ahn-sS-\n∂v Ah¿ hnim-e-amb imZze {]tZ-i-ßfpw Xnc°n, saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bnepw I\ms‚ (^n\ojy) ]›n-a-`m-Kßfnepw hs∂Øn. Cu HSp-hn¬ ]d-™ -kn-≤m¥w ]pXnb A\pIq- e n- I sf BI¿jn- ® p- s Im- ≠ n- c n- ° p- I - b mWv . AXmWv C∂sØ hnZzm≥am-cpsS AwKo-IrX aX-sa∂v s]mXp-hn¬ ]d-bm-hp-∂-XmWv.''6 Cßs\ Atd-_y≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS Ah-Im-i-hmZw B[p\nI Ncn-{X-]-WvUn-X-∑m-cn¬ ]ecpw icn-sh-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv.



skan-‰n-°p-If - psS ]em-b\w Atd-_y≥ aW¬°m-´n¬ \Zn-I-fn√. AXn-\m¬ Pe-{]-hm-l-`oj-Wn-bp-an√. ]t£, Ahn-sS-\n-∂p≈ P\-{]-hml `oj-Wn°v CXc-\m-Sp-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw Cc-bm-bn-cp-∂n-´p≠v. saskm-s]m-t´-anb, kndnb, ^e-kvXo≥, t]¿jy, CuPn]vXv, C¥y apX-emb {]mNo\ A[n-hmk tI{µ-ß-sf√mw Ad-_n-I-fpsS IpSn-tb-‰-Ønt\m, B{Ia-W-Ønt\m hiw-h-Z-am-bn-´p-≈-Xmbn {]mNo\ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ImWmw. B[p-\nI ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-W-߃ {]kvXpX Ncn-{X-h-kvXpX kvYnco-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v.



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AXn-]p-cm-X-\-ß-fmb Atd-_y≥ tKm{X-ßsf Ad-_n-N-cn-{X-Imc- ∑ m¿ "A¬Ad- _ p¬ _mbnZx' F∂p hnfn- ° p∂p. Atd- _ y≥ aÆn¬\n∂pw XpS-®p-am-‰-s∏-´-h-sc-∂¿Yw. Ah-cpsS \ma-a-√msX as‰m∂pw Atd-_y-bn¬ Ah-ti-jn-®n-´n√. CXmWv B t]¿ \evIphm≥ ImcWw. C°q-´-Øn¬ BZv, kaqZv, Pp¿lqw, enlvbm≥, Xkvav, PZokv F∂o {]mNo\ tKm{X-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. Ch-cm-bn-cp∂p km£m¬ Ad-_n-Iƒ. AXn-\m¬ Chsc "Bcn_' F∂pw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ hnfn°m-dp≠v. ta¬ {]kv X m- h n® {]mNo\ Atd- _ y≥ tKm{X- ß - f n¬ BZns‚bpw kaq-Zn-s‚bpw t]cp-Iƒ {]kn-≤-am-Ip∂p. Ah-cpsS IY-Iƒ Jp¿-B≥ Ah-X-cn® Ime-Øp-≈ Ad-_n-Iƒ°v tI´p-tIƒhn aptJ\ Adn-bm-am-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ B[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw {]Xm-]-Øn-s‚bpw DØpw-K-irw-K-Øn¬ FØn-bn-cp-∂-XmWv {]kn-≤n°v ImcWw. AXn\m¬, BZp-hw-i-Øn-s‚bpw kaqZv-hwi-Øn-s‚bpw IY-Iƒ Jp¿-B≥ AXns‚ {]Y-am-`n-kw-t_m-[n-X-cmb Ad-_n-Isf A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°pI-bp-≠mbn. {]mNo\ Ad_n tKm{X- ß ƒ _m_n- t em- W nb, CuPn]v X v , t]¿jy, Im¿tØPv apX-emb A\-d_n tZi-ßsf B{I-an®p IogS- ° p- I bpw Ahn- S - ß - f n¬ At\I \q‰m- ≠ p- I ƒ `c- W - k m- c Yyw Itø¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v. Atd-_y≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS IrXn- I - f n¬ Cu hkv X pX tcJ- s ∏- S p- Ø n- s h- ® n- c n- ° p∂p. ]t£, shdpw sFXn-ly-ß-fn¬ Ihn™ hne-sbm∂pw CXc Ncn-{X-Im-c∑m¿ Ah-cpsS Ah-Imi hmZ-߃°v Iev]n-®n-cp-∂n√. F∂m¬ B[p-\nI ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-W-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn Cu hmkvXhw Gd-°psd A\m-h-cWw sNø-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p.



Ad-_n-Iƒ saskm-s]m-t´-an-bb - n¬ Hcp tI n¬ hmZnbpw {]Xnbpw km£n-bp-sa√mw GtIm-]n®p Ign-™m¬∏ns∂ B hmZw kΩ-Xn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ hn[nI¿Øm-hn\p \n¿hm-l-an√. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ X߃ B[n]Xyw hmWn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ad-_n-Iƒ hmZn-°p∂p. {]Xn-I-fmb _m_ntem-Wn-b-°m¿ AXv kΩ-Xn-°p∂p. B[p-\nI ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jW-am-Is´, B hmZ-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn km£yw hln-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. F¶n¬ Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ kwi-bn-°m-s\-¥p-≈q? {]kn≤ Atd-_y≥N-cn-{X-Im-c-\mb C_v\p J¬Zq≥ Xs‚ Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""BZv hwihpw Aam-en°m hwihpw Cdm-Jns\ `cn-®n-cp∂p.''7 as‰mcp apkvenw Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb C_v\p-Jp-ssX_ ssZ\qcn ({In.828˛-889) Xs‚ InXm-_p-¬ aB-cn-^n¬ Fgp-Xp∂p:



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""hnhn[ tZi-ß-fn¬ Nn∂n-®n-X-dnb ]e hwi-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Aamen-°-°m¿. CuPn-]vXnse ^tdm-h-amcpw (_m_n-tem-Wn-b-bnse) tkz—m-[n-]-Xn-Ifpw Ah-cn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p''8 CXmWv Atd-_y≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS hmZw. C\n _m_n-temWnbm Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS {]Xn-hmZw ]cn-tim-[n°mw: GXm≠p {In. ap. 400-˛¬ Pohn®, _m_n-tem-Wnse _m¬ t£{X-Ønse Hcp ]ptcmln- X \pw Ncn- { X- ] - W v U n- X - \ p- a mb "s_d- k qk' ( Berasus) kz¥w \mSns‚ Hcp ]pcm-X\ Ncn{Xw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. aqe-{KŸw Ct∏mƒ D]-e-_v[-a√. ]t£, AXn¬\n-∂p-≈ {]k‡ `mK-߃ {Ko°p-Imcpw blq-Z-∑m-cp-amb Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Xm¥m-ß-fpsS IrXnI-fn¬ D≤-cn-®p-ImWmw. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw hmWn´p-≈ cmP-hw-i-ß-fpsS FÆhpw tZio-b-Xbpw Imehpw ImWn-°p∂ Hcp ]´nI At±lw sImSp-Øn-´p-≈Xp Xmsg tN¿°p∂p: FÆw sIm√w 10 86 8 11 24 9



cmP-Ip-Spw-_-߃ Pe-{]-f-b-Øn-\p-ap-ºp≈ cmP-hwiw Pe-{]-f-b-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ cmP-hwiw sIm≈-°m-cmb saUnbm cmP-hwiw ...................cmP-hwiw Im¬Unbm cmP-hwiw Atd_ym cmP-hwiw



4,32,000 34,000 224 248 458 225



_m_n-tem-Wn-b-bn¬ `cWw \S-Ønb cmP-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fpsS Hcp ]´n-I-bm-WnXv. Im¬Unbm cmP-m-°≥am-cpsS tijw HºXv Ad_n cmP-Ip-Spw_w _m_n-tem-Wnb hmWn-´p-≈-Xmbn CXn¬ ImWn-®ncn-°p∂p. Cu ]´nI hna¿i-\m¿l-am-sW-¶nepw Xo¿Øpw Xnc-kvIrX-sa∂p ]d-bm-h-X√.9 Cdm≥Im-cpsS km£yhpw ChnsS ]cn-K-W-\o-b-as{X. Cdm-\n-IfpsS Ncn-{X-h-‡mhpw Ihn-bp-amb ^n¿Zukn ({In. 932˛-1020) Xs‚ "imlv\max' F∂ Imhy-Øn¬, t]¿jy≥ k{am-´m-bn-cp∂ PwjoZns‚ tijw Hcp "klm-°vXmkn' (zohak) saskm-s]m-t´-anb A[o\-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xmbn ]d-™n-´p≠v.10 klm°v tIh-e-samcp Ad_n kw⁄- b mWv . Hcp Atd-_y≥ sFXn-ly-a-\p-k-cn®v Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤-\mb \nwtdmZns‚ \ma-am-bn-cp∂p klm°v. Abm-fpsS Ime-ØmWv A{_lmw `qPm-X-\m-bXv. 11



B[p-\nI Kth-jWw Atd-_y≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS Ah-Im-i-hm-ZsØ B[p-\nI Ncn-



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{X-K-th-j-Whpw Gd-°psd ]n¥m-ßp-∂p≠v. Cdm-Jn¬ Ncn-{Xm-XoX bpK-Øn¬ Npcp-ßn-bXp c≠p Xh-W-sb-¶nepw Ad-_n-I-fpsS B[n]Xyw \ne-hn¬ h∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jWw kqNn-∏n°p∂p. Dt±iw {In. ap. 4000˛-mam-≠n¬ Hcp XhW; {In. ap. 2800˛-mam≠n¬ as‰mcp Xh-Wbpw. Ncn-{X-a-dn-bp∂ G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-amb cmP-hwiw "emtKmjv' F∂ saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ \K-cØ - nse ]ptcm-lnX h¿§-Øm¬ ÿm]n-Xa - mb "Ddp-Im-Kn\'bs{X. Cu cmP-hw-isØ "Ftd°v' \K-cØ - nse ]ptcm-lnX hwiw tXm¬]n®p. Ah¿ Xmc-Xt- ay\ hnim-ea- mb Hcp km{amPyw ÿm]n°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Gjy-bnse H∂m-asØ km{amPyw CXm-bn-cp∂p. t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S¬ apX¬ a[y-[c - W - ym-gn-hsc \o≠p-In-S∂ - n-cp∂ hn]p-eamb B km{amPyw ÿm]n-®Xv epK¬km-Knkn F∂ ]ptcm-ln-X-cm-Pmhm-bn-cp∂p.12 hnZq-c-amb B {]mNo\ ImeØv saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ BZy-ambn \K-cß - fpw cmjv{S-ßfpw ÿm]n-®Xp kpta-cn-b≥am-cm-bn-cp∂psh∂v B[p\n-IN - c - n-{X-Im-c≥am¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. FOv.Pn. shXvkv ]d-bp∂p: ""saskm-s]m-t´-an-bb - psS (Cdm-Jns‚) sX°p-`m-Kß - f - nepw CuPn-]X v nep-amWv BZy-ambn ]´-Wß - fpw t£{X-ßfpw Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw .... {]Xy-£s - ∏-Sp-∂Xv. A°m-eß - f - n¬ bq{^-´okv \Znbpw ssS{Kokv \Znbpw hn`n∂ kc-Wn-If - n-eq-sS-bmWv t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-Se - n¬ sN∂p hoWn-cp-∂Xv. Cu c≠p \Zn-If - p-tSbpw at[y-bp≈ `q`m-KØ - mWv kpta-cn-b° - m¿ BZyambn Ah-cpsS ]´-Wß - ƒ ]WnsNbvXXv.''13 Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬, saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ G‰-hpam-Zy-ambn \ne-hn¬h∂ cmP-hw-iØ - ns‚ ÿm]-I¿ kpta-cn-bc - m-bn-cp-∂psh∂p hnNm-cn°mw. F∂m¬, Ahsc tXm¬]n® skan-‰n-°p-Im-cmb k{am´p-Iƒ Fhn-sS-\n∂p h∂p? Ch-cpsS tZio-bX - s - b-∏‰n ]fin-X∑ - m¿-°n-Sbn¬ A`n-{]m-bh - y-Xym-ka - m-Wp-≈Xv. Ah¿ Ip¿Zn-kvXm-\n¬\n∂p h∂-hcm-sW∂v Nne¿; B{^-n°-bn¬ \n∂p h - ∂ - h - c - m-sW∂p a‰p Nne¿. thsd Nne-cpsS A`n-{]mbw Ah¿ Ad-_n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂s{X. Ata-cn-°≥ Ncn-{X-]fi n-X\ - mb s{]m^. cmP¿kns\ D≤-cn®v, auem\m \Zvhn tcJs∏-Sp-Øn-bXp ImWpI: ""Dt±iw {In. ap. 4000-˛mam-≠ns‚ Bcw-`Ø - n¬, D∂-Xa - mb Hcp \mK-cnI-Xb - psS DS-aI - f - mb kpta-cn-b≥am¿°v hºn® P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ IncmX h¿§-ßsf Hcn-°¬ A`n-ap-Jo-Ic - n-t°-≠n-h∂p. Ch¿ skan-‰n-°p-If - m-bncp∂p. Hcn-°¬ kvs]bn≥ hsc ]S-tbm´w \S-Ønb Ad-_n-I-fp-ambn Ch¿°v ASpØ c‡-_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. At∏mse as‰m-cn-°¬ tPm¿Um≥ \Zn IS∂v I\m-\n-se-Ønb F{_mb hwi-°m-cp-ambpw Ch¿°p kmZr-iy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.'' ""Nne-cpsS A`n-{]mbw CXmWv: Ch¿ Ip¿Zn-kvXm-\n¬\n∂v _m_n-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



tem-Wn-b-bn-seØn; Ahn-sS-\n∂p ]pd-s∏´v A¿ao-\nb, Atd_y, I\m≥ apX-emb ÿe-ß-fn¬ A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n®p. F∂m¬, Cu A`n-{]m-b-an∂p Xnc-kvI-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. CXns\ A\p-Iq-en-°p∂ c≠mƒ t]mepw Ct∏mƒ ImWp-∂n√. as‰mcp ]£w Ch¿ B{^n°-bn¬\n∂p CuPn-]vXn¬ h∂v, Ahn-sS-\n∂v ]pd-s∏´v, kIe Zn°pI-fnepw hym]n-®p-sh-∂mWv ..... .... Cu kn≤m¥w ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ hf-sc-sbms° ]Wn-s∏-´n-´p≠v. F∂n-cp-∂mepw, aq∂m-a-sXmcp Xnbdn°p hI-bn-√m-Xn√. Ch-cpsS aqe-X-d-hmSv Atd-_y-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂Xm-WXv..... Cu HSp-hn¬ ]d™ A`n-{]mbw Zn\w Zn\w ]pXnb A\p-Iq-en-Isf BI¿jn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. C∂sØ ]finX-∑m-cpsS AwKo-Ir-X-kn-≤m¥w CXm-sW∂v s]mXp-hn¬ ]d-bm-hp∂-XmWv.''14 Aßs\ Atd-_y≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am-cpsS ]£-tØ-°mWv B[p-\nI Kth-jW - Ø - n-s‚bpw Nmbvhv. AXm-bXv, saskm-s]m-t´-an-bb - n¬ ÿm]nX-amb skan-‰nIv km{amPyw Ad-_n-If - p-tS-Xm-bn-cp∂p.



Ftd°v km{amPyw \mw apºv kqNn-∏n-®t- ]mse, Ftd°v km{amPyw `cn-®n-cp∂ aq∂v ]ptcmln-Xk - {- am-´p-If - psS \ma-߃ \ap°p In´n-bn-´p≠v. (1) Kpjv_m-\nse ]ptcmln-X\ - mb Hm°iv. (2) At±-lØ - ns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmb epK¬km-Knkn. (3) epK¬ HmIvkn-ekn. C°q-´Ø - n¬ Hm°-ins‚ \maw EtKz-ZØ - nepw ÿew ]nSn-®X - mbn \mw kwi-bn-°p∂p. Hcp kq‡-Øn¬ Hcp `‡≥ C{µ-t\mSv "{]Xv\ Hm° n'¬ \n∂p h∂v, Xßsf XpW-°p-hm≥ {]m¿Yn-°p-∂ps≠∂pw, {]kvXpX Hm° v C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]pcm-X\ Xd-hm-SmIm-sa∂pw `mc-Xob Ncn-{X-Im-c∑ - m¿ A\p-am-\n-°p∂p.15 Hm° pw Hm°ipw XΩn-ep≈ ASp∏w kphy-‡a - mWv. AXn-\m¬, c≠pw Htc kw⁄-bpsS c≠p cq]-ßf - m-bn-cn-°m≥ km[y-Xb - p≠v. ÿehpw hwihpw ]q¿hn-I∑ - mcpsS \ma-t[-b-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-I-sb-∂Xv {]mNo\ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ k¿hkm-[m-cW - a- mWv.



A°mUv km{amPyw saskm-s]m-t´-an-bb - n¬ {In. ap. 2800-˛mam-≠n-t\m-SS- p-∏n®v ÿm]n-Xa - mb A°m-Uk v m-{amPyw skan-‰n-°p-Im-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v B[p-\nI Ncn-{XK-th-jWw kwi-bm-Xo-Xa - mbn sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. Cu k{am-´p-If - psS t]cpIƒ \ap-°n∂v Adn-bm≥ Ign-™n-cn-°p∂p (1) idp-K\n idp Aen-I¿, (2) \cmw kn≥I¿. Ch IqSmsX thsd Nne t]cp-Iƒ D]-e_ - v[a - m-bn-´p-s≠¶nepw Ah-sc- w-_-‘n® kw`-h-sam∂pw Adn-hm-bn-´n√. idp-K-\n-bpsS Hcp enJnXw C{]-Imcw hmbn-°s - ∏-´n-cn-°p∂p: ""idp-K\n idp-Ae - n-I¿, enØn-_m-ens‚ ]p{X≥, A°m-Unse i‡\mb cmPmhv, Ft°m-dnse \n∏q¿ ]´-WØ - n¬ _men\p t£{Xw \n¿an®



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



191



Bƒ.'' 16 idp-K\n idp-A-en-I¿ F∂mWv cmPm-hns‚ ]q¿W-\maw. idpK\n F∂ Npcp-°-t∏cpw J\-\-Øn¬ I≠p-In-´n-bn-´p≠v. B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-]-Tn-Xm-°≥am-cpsS CS-bn¬ kp{]-kn-≤-\mb k¿tKm¨ H∂ma≥ At±-l-as{X. HcphiØv kpta-cn-b≥amsc Aa¿Øp-Ibpw, adph-iØv Gem-aysc tXm¬]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xm-bn-cp∂p km¿tKms‚ al-XvIrXyw. CXn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-hp-∂Xv k¿tKms‚ apºv Gemssa-‰p-I-fpsS B[n-]-Xy-amWv saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ \S-∂n-cp-∂-sX∂mWv. AXn-\m¬ Gem-ssa-‰p-I-fn¬\n-∂mhmw k¿tKms‚ ap≥Kman-Iƒ saskm-s]m-t´-anb ]nSn-®-S-°n-bXv. t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S-ens‚ C∏pdw A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp-∂-h-cmWv Gem-ssa-‰p-Im¿. Ch-cmWv t]¿jy-°m-cpsS ]q¿h-∑m-sc∂p hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. k¿tKm¨ H∂m-a≥ alm-{]-Xm-]i - m-enbpw hen-sbmcp km{am-Py-ÿm-]I - \p-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂n´pw Xs‚ Akp-JI - c - a - mb ]q¿h-IY Fgp-Xn-sh-°m≥ At±lw aSn-®n√. k¿tKms‚ P∑-IY hnh-cn-°p-s∂mcp enJnXw D]-e_v[a - m-bn-´p≠v. ckm-hl - a - mWv B IY: "Fs‚ AΩ Zcn-{Z-bm-bn-cp∂p. Fs‚ A—s\ Rm≥ Adn-™n√. bq{^´okv \Zo-Xo-cØ - p-≈ "Akp-]n-dm\p' BWv Fs‚ \Kcw. ]mh-s∏´ Fs‚ AΩ Fs∂ K¿`w [cn®p. cl-ky-ambn Fs∂ {]k-hn®p. Np≈n-sIm-≠p≠m-°nb Hcp sIm´-tØm-Wn-bn¬ Fs∂ InSØn. Ioep-sIm≠p hmXn¬ _‘n®p. Fs∂ ]pg-bn¬ Hgp°n. \Zn-bn¬ Rm≥ B≠p-t]m-bn√. Petk-NI - \ - mb A°n-bpsS Acn-In¬ Rm≥ Hgp-In-sbØn..... A°n Fs∂ Ic°p Ib‰n...... A°n Fs∂ ]p{X-s\-t∏mse IcpXn hf¿Øn-s°m≠p-t]m∂p.''17 k¿tKm¨ H∂m-as‚ `c-WI - mew {In.ap. 2872 apX¬ 2817 hsc-bm-bncp∂p.18 \mw ap≥]p kqNn-∏n-®t- ]mse, At±-lØ - ns‚ A\-¥c Kman-bpsS t]¿ \cmw-kn≥I¿ F∂m-bn-cp∂p. k¿tKm-s\-t∏m-se-Øs∂ \cmw-kn≥Idpw {]Xm-]h - m\pw, \nc-h[n t£{X-ßf - p-tSbpw k{X-ßf - p-tSbpw \n¿am-Xm-hpam-bn-cp∂p. "aKm≥' Iog-S° - n-bX - mWv At±-lØ - ns‚ khn-tij IrXy-ambn inemt-cJ - I - f - n¬ ImWn-®n-´p-≈Xv. ko\m-bn-tbmSp sXm´p-In-S° - p∂ hS-°p]-Sn-™m-d≥ Atd-_y-bm-hWw {]kvXpX aKm≥ sIm≠p hnh-£n-Xs - a∂v A\p-am-\n-°s - ∏-Sp∂p. \cmw-kn-∂ns‚ tijw as‰mcp cmP-hw-ia- mWv saskm-s]m-t´-anb A[o\-am-°n-bXv. Ah¿ km{am-Py-Øns‚ Xe-kvYm-\a - mbn "Du¿' ]´Ww Xncs™-SpØp. ]n∂oSv "Atam-cy¿' AYhm, Aa-ssd-‰p-Im¿ F∂ thsdmcp skan-‰nIv hwiw cmPyw Iog-S°n. Ah¿ cmjv{S-Øns‚ Xe-kY v m\w _m_ntem-Wn-bb - n-te°v am‰n.19



laq-dm_n



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Aa-ssd‰p cmP-hw-i-Ønse ]Xn-s\m∂p cmPm-°≥am-cpsS t]¿ D]-e-_v[-am-bn-´p≠v. A[nIw t]cpw A{]-i-kvX-cmWv. F∂m¬, laqdm_n Hcp {]Xm-]-im-enbpw alm-\p-amb cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p. Ct±-lamWv temI-Øm-Zy-ambn Hcp \nb-a-kw-lnX t{ImUo-I-cn-®Xv. {In. ap. 2123 apX¬ 2081 hsc-bmWv Ct±-l-Øns‚ `c-W-Imew.20 B \nba kwlnX inem-k-vXw-`-Øn¬ Dt√-J\w sNø-s∏-´n-cp∂p. `mKy-him¬ AXp apgp-h≥ \ap-°n∂p ssIh-∂n-´p≠v. ss__nƒ \nb-akw-ln-X°v AXp-ambn hºn® kmay-ap≠v. X∂n-anØw ss__nƒ\nb-a-߃ AXn¬ \ns∂-Sp-Ø-Xm-sW∂p Nne¿ A`n-{]-mb-s∏-Sp∂p. Nne apkvenw Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-I-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ A{_-lmans‚ {]t_m-[-\-Øm¬ {]`m-hn-X-am-bn-´p-≈-XmWv laq-dm-_n-bpsS \nb-a-kw-lnX. ss__nƒ \nb-a-kw-ln-X-bm-Is´ {]hm-NI\mb tamk- ns‚ DZvt_m-[-\-Øn¬ \n∂p-bn¿s°m-≠Xpw. A{_-lmapw tamk pw Znhy- k - t µiw e`n® kXy- { ]- h m- N - I - c m- b n- c p∂p. B ÿnXn°v c≠p \nb-a-kw-ln-X-I-fp-tSbpw aqe-t{km-X v H∂m-bn-cp∂p. Htc kcn-Øn¬\n∂p {]h-ln® XSm-I-߃ XΩn¬ ImWp∂ Hu]ay-Øn¬ B›-cy-s∏-Sm-s\-¥p-≈q? Xs‚ \nb-a-kw-lnX ssZh-\n¿Zn-jvS-am-sW∂p laq-dm_n Xs∂ Ah-Im-i-s∏-´n-´p≠v. AXns‚ apJ-hp-c-bn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""tZh- ∑ mcmb A\phpw s_√pw, hmgv Ø - s ∏´ cmP- I p- a m- c \pw ssZhm-cm-[-I-\p-amb laq-dm-_nsb hnfn®p C{]-Imcw ]d™p: "cmPysØm-´msI \oXn\ymbw ]men-°pI; ZpjvS≥am-scbpw Zpjv{]-hr-ØnI-sfbpw C√mbva sNøpI; _e-hm≥ _e-lo-\s\ a¿Zn-°p-∂Xv XS-bpI; `qan-bn¬ hn-⁄m\w ]c-ØpI; P\-ß-fpsS sF-izcyw A`nhr-≤n-s∏-Sp-ØpI!''21 \nb-a-Øns‚ apºn¬ "am\p-j-sc√mw H∂p-t]mse' F∂ alØmb XXz-amWv, {]kvXpX \nba-kw-lnX apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-®n-cp-∂Xv. BI-bm¬ Hcp ssZhn-I-\n-b-a-kw-ln-X-bm-Im-\p-≈ tbmKyX laqdm-_n-bpsS kwln-X-°p≠v. Ncn-{X-]-›m-Ø-ehpw AXn-\-\p-Iq-e-amWv. DXv ] - Ø n- ] p- k v X - I - Ø n¬ hS- ° ≥ Atd- _ y- b n- t ebpw Cdm- J ntebpw cmPm-°-∑m¿ XΩn¬ \S-Ønb Hcp bp≤-Øns‚ IY hnh-cn°p-∂p≠v. A{_-lm-ans‚ Ime-ØmWv {]kvXpX cmjv{Sob kw`hw \S-∂Xv. Cu kwL-´\-Øn¬ A{_-lm-an\pw ]s¶-Sp-t°-≠n-h∂p. A{_-lm-ans‚ ktlm-Z-c-]p-{X-\mb temØv tkmtZm-an-emWv (Trans Jordan) Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. {]kvXpX bp≤-Øn¬ hnPbw hcn® ]£°m¿ \mSp sIm≈-sNbvX Iq´-Øn¬ temØn-s\bpw At±-l-Øns‚ IpSpw-_-sØbpw kº-Øp-°-sfbpw A] l-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]mbn. hnhcw Adn-™-t∏mƒ A{_-lmapw ]cn-hm-c-ßfpw i{Xp-°-fpsS t\sc ]S-sbm-cp-°p-Ibpw AXn¬ hnP-b-{io-em-fn-X-cmbn Xncn-®p-h-



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cn-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ temØn-t\bpw IpSpw-_-tØbpw i{Xp°fpsS ssIbn¬\n∂p hos≠-SpØp. Cu bp≤-Øn¬ io\m-dnse (_m_n-tem-Wnb) cmPmhpw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ t]¿ "A{am-s^¬' F∂mWv ss__nƒ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Cu A{ams^¬ Xs∂-bm-hWw, {]kvXpX laq-dm_n F∂p Nne¿ A`n-{]mb-s∏-Sp∂p. l˛A˛_˛^ F∂o h¿W-߃ skan-‰nIv `mj-Ifn¬ amdn-h-cnI ]Xn-hmWv. laqdm_n ln{_p-hn-te°v ]I¿∂t∏mƒ "Aaq-dm^n' bmbn. lo{_p ssienb\p-k-cn®v Ah-km\w "F¬' tN¿∂p, Aaq-dm-s^¬ F∂pw AXv D®m-cW-Øn¬ A{ams^¬ F∂p-ambn amdn F∂v A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. Cu A`n-{]m-b-amWv s{]m. cmP¿kn-\p-≈Xv. A{_-lm-an-s‚bpw laq-dm-_n-bp-sSbpw Imehpw tZihpw H∂m-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬, laqdm_n A{_-lm-ans‚ {]t_m-[\w AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-hm≥ km[y-Xbp≠v. B {]t_m-[-\-Øn¬ {]`m-hn-X-\mbn XZ-\p-cq-]-amb Hcp \nba-kw-lnX t{ImUo-I-cn®v \m´n¬ \S-∏m-°n-sb∂p A\p-am-\n-°p-hm\pw hntcm-[-an√.



CS-bXzw skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS Ipe-sØm-gn¬ skan-‰n°v h¿K-°m¿ s]mXpth CS-b-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. `mcX-Øn¬ IpSn-tb-dnb Bcy-∑mcpw CS-b-h¿K-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ah-cpsS thZm-Zn-km-ln-Xy-߃ hnfn-®p-]-d-bp-∂p≠v. skan-‰n-°p-Im¿ BSp-amSp-Isf ta®pw, ]p√pw sh≈-hp-ap≈ imZz-e-{]-tZ-i-߃ Xnc°n \mSpNp-‰n-bp-amWv Ign-™p-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-∂Xv. Bcy-∑mcpw Aß-s\-Øs∂. A°m-eØv, Irjnbpw DXv]m-Z-\hpw \S-Øn-s°m≠v kvYnc-ambn Xmakn-®n-cp-∂-h-cmWv ]cn-jvIrX P\-߃. F∂m¬, skan-‰n-°p-Im¿ A]-cn-jvIr-X-cm-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, acp-`q-an-bn¬ k©-cn-°p-Ibpw {]Xn_-‘-ß-tfmSv a√n-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-\m¬ Ah-cpsS ico-c-Øn\v IqSpX¬ _ehpw Zm¿Vyhpw ssIh-∂n-cp∂p. Aßs\ Ah¿ ]cn-jvIrX \K- c - ß ƒ B{I- a n®p Iog- S - ° m≥ XpSßn. saskm- s ]m- t ´- a nb, CuPn]vXv XpS-ßnb \K-ccm-jv{S-߃ skan-‰n-°p-Im¿ A[o-\-s∏SpØn. ss__nƒ I¿Øm-°-fmb F{_m-b¿ skan-‰nIv h¿K-Øn¬ s]´h-cm-bn-cp∂p. tians‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-c-\mb G_-dns‚ k¥m-\-]-c-ºc-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿°v F{_m-b¿ F∂pw Ah-cpsS `mj°v F{_mb-`mj F∂pw t]cmbn. A{_lmw, tamk v, tbip-{InkvXp XpSßn ss__n-fnse alm-]p-cp-j≥amcpw {]hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sa√mw skan-‰nIv h¿§-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. apl-ΩZv \_nbpw Aßs\ Xs∂. {]kvXpX {]hm-N-I-sc√mw CS-b-tPmen kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv Hcp bmZr-OnI kw`-h-a√. CS-bXzw, skan-‰nIv h¿K-°m-cpsS Ipe-sØmgn-em-bn-cp∂p. Camw _pJmcn Xs‚ "kzloln'¬ A_q-lp-dbvd



194



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



F∂ \_n-in-jy-\n¬\n-∂p-≤-cn-°p∂ Hcp hN\w ImWpI: ""Hcn-°¬ \_n ]d-bp-I-bp-≠mbn: "A√mlp \ntbm-Kn® bmsXmcp {]hm-NI - \pw AP-]m-e\w sNøm-Xn-cp-∂n-´n√.' CØ-cp-WØ - n¬ injy-∑m¿ tNmZn®p: "Aßpw BSp ta®n-cp-∂pthm?' Ahn-S∂p {]Xn-h-Nn®p: "D∆v. GXm\pw \mW-b-Øp-´p-Iƒ°p ]Icw Rm\pw a°-°m-cpsS BSp-Isf ta®n-cp∂p.''22 skan-‰n°v h¿K-°m-cpsS Ncn{X kwt£]w FOv.Pn. sh’v Xs‚ A Short History of The World F∂ IrXn-bn¬ sImSp-Øn-´p≠v. AXn¬ Ah-cpsS sXmgn¬ Imen-ta-°-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Cu h¿Kw Hcp L´-Øn¬ CuPn-]vXn¬ `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Chsc CuPn-]vXp-Im¿ "CS-b-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿' (slIvtkmkv) F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂pw At±lw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. {]kvXpX IrXn-bnse {]k-‡-`mKw Xmsg D≤-cn-°p∂p: ""hc-≠p-h-∂n-cp∂ kpcnb(kndnb), Atd_y F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse acp-`q-an-I-fn¬ skan-‰nIv h¿K-°m¿ BSp-am-Sp-I-tfbpw Igp-X-I-tfbpw ta®p \S-∂n-cp∂p. Cu skan-‰n-°p-Imcpw Gem-ay¿ (Elamites) F∂p ]d-bp∂ Cdm-\nse Z£n-W-`m-K-Øp-\n∂p h∂ Hcp-Xcw \ot{Km h¿K°m-cp-amWv, {]mNo\ kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-ambn ASpØp ]cn-N-b-s∏´ BZysØ \mSp-Np-‰n-Iƒ. Ah¿ I®-h-S-°m-cmbpw sIm≈-°m-cm-bpamWv h∂Xv. Ah-km\w Ah-cn¬ Xs∂ Iptd-°qSn hnim-e-amb `mh-\m-i-‡n-bp≈ \mb-I-∑m¿ P\n-°p-Ibpw Ah¿ henb k{am-´pI-fm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Dt±iw {In. ap. 2750˛¬ k¿tKm¨ F∂ Hcp henb skan-‰n°v t\Xmhv kpta-cnb apgp-h≥ Iog-S-°p-Ibpw ]m¿kn Dƒ°-S¬ apX¬ a[y-[-c-Wymgn hsc-bp≈ temI-Øn-s\√mw A[n-]-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.... Abmƒ ÿm]n® km{amPyw c≠p iX-h¿j-Øn\p tijw AkvX-an®p. ]n∂oSv Gem-ay-cpsS Hcp {]hml-Øn-\p-tijw Atam-cy¿ (Aa-ssd-‰p-Im¿) F∂ Hcp ]pXnb tiayh¿Kw {ItaW kpta-cn-b-bn¬ B[n]Xyw ÿm]n®p. AtX-hsc \Zo-{]m-¥-ÿ-amb Hcp sNdnb ]´Ww am{X-am-bn-cp∂ _mt_-ens\ Ah¿ Xe-ÿm-\-am°n. Ah-cpsS km{am-Py-Øn\v BZysØ "_m_ntem-Wnbm km{amPyw' F∂ t]cpw h∂p. laq-dm_n F∂ alm\mb cmPm-hmWv Cu km{am-PysØ BZy-ambn GIo-I-cn-®Xv. Ncn{X-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´n-´p≈ BZysØ \nb-a-kw-lnX At±-l-am-Wv t{Im-Uo-I-cn-®Xv. \oe-\-Zn-bpsS hoXn Ipd™ Xoc-{]-tZiw Cdm-Jns\-t∏mse A{X-Xs∂ B{I-a-W-£-a-a√. F∂n´pw laq-dm-_n-bpsS Ie-tØm-S-Sp-Øp-Xs∂ CuPn-]vXn¬ hnP-b-I-c-amb Hcp skan-‰n-°m{I-aWw \S∂p. At\Iw Imew \o≠p-\n∂ Hcp ^tdmhm hwiw, AYhm "slIvtkmkv hwiw' Ah¿ ÿm]n®p. Cu skan-‰nIv `cWm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ CuPn-]vXp-Im-cp-ambn IqSn-°-gn-™n√. Ahsc A]-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



195



cn-jvIr-Xcpw hntZ-io-b-cp-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ hfsc shdp-t∏m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv \m´p-Im¿ ho£n-®n-cp-∂Xv. HSp-hn¬ {In. ap. 1600-˛mam-≠n¬ D≠mb P\-Iob hnπhw Ahsc B´n-tbm-Sn®p.''23 skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS Ipe-sØm-gn¬ I∂p-Im-en-Isf ta°-em-bncp- ∂ p- s h∂pw AXp- s Im- ≠ mWv Ah- c psS cmPm- ° - ∑ m¿°v ""slIv t kmkv ' F∂ t]¿ h∂- s X∂pw ]d- b - s ∏- S p∂p. "slIv ' F∂m¬ CuPn-]vjy≥`m-j-bn¬ cmPmhv F∂pw "tkmkv' F∂m¬ CS-b-∑m-sc-∂p-am-W¿Yw.24 Npcp-°-Øn¬ Cdm-Jn-se-∂-t]mse CuPn-]vXnepw skan-‰n-°p-ImcpsS cmP-hw-i-߃ B[n-]Xyw hln-®n-´p≠v. am{X-a√, A∂sØ kwkvIr-X-cm-jv{S-ß-sf√mw Cu h¿K-Øns‚ IpSn-tb-‰-Ønt\m B{Ia-W-Ønt\m hnt[-b-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂n-´p-ap≠v. B kwKXn \ap°v ]n∂oSv ImWmw. Cu h¿K-Øn¬ s]´ BZvhw-i-amWv Atd-_y-bn¬ B[n]Xyw hmWn-cp-∂-sX∂v \mw apºp {]kvXm-hn®p. B hw-i-Øn¬ \ntbm-Kn-X-\mb {]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp∂p lqZv. kzP-\sØ At±lw DZvt_m-[n-∏n® Hcp hmNIw Jp¿-B≥ D≤-cn-®Xv ChnsS {]tXyIw {it≤-b-as{X: ""(Fs‚ P\-ßtf,) t\ml-bpsS P\-X°v tijw \n߃°mWv ssZhw {]mXn-\n[yw (B[n-]Xyw) \evIn-bn-´p-≈Xv. Cu A\p-{Klw kvacn-°p-hn≥.''25 t\ml-bpsS P\X kpta-cn-b≥am-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \mw ap≥]v ka¿Yn-®n-´p≠v. kpta-cn-b≥am¿°v tijw temIm-[n-]-Xy-Øn-te°p-b¿∂p-h-∂Xv BZvhw-i-am-bn-cp∂p. AYhm skan-‰n-Ivh¿Kw. lqZv\_n-bpsS Cu DZvt_m-[\w F{X A¿Y-h-Øm-bn-cn-°p∂p! Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ 1. DXv]Øn 10:22 2. InXm-_p¬ aB-cn-^v hm. 1, t]. 40 (CuPn]vXv) 3. DXv]Øn 11:1, 2 4. Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø\w hm. 1, t]. 35({In. 1882) 5. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 112 6. D≤-cWw: AtX {KŸw hm. 1, t]. 111 7. InXm-_p¬ C_¿ hm. 2, t]. 259 (CuPn]vXv) 8. InXm-_p¬ aB-cn^v t]. 10 9. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm: 1, t]. 133 10. D≤-cWw: Ibid hmfyw 1, t]. 133 11. Xz_vcn-bpsS Ncn{X {KŸw hm. 1, t]. 205 (bqtdm∏v) 12. temI Ncn{Xw hm. 1, t]. 75 13. temI Ncn-{X-kw-{Klw t]. 68, 69 14. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 188 t\m°pI.



196



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



15. `mcX _rl-®-cn{Xw hm. 1, t]. 24 t\m°pI. 16. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 140 17. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmlnXy Ncn{Xw t]. 75 18. AtX {KŸw t]. 74 19. temI Ncn{Xw hm. 1, t]. 76 20. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmlnXy Ncn{Xw t]. 88 21. lbid p. 88, 89 22. kzlo-lp¬ _pJmcn, InXm-_p¬ CPmdx 23. temI-N-cn{X kw{Klw t]. 76˛-78 24. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 149 25. Jp¿-B≥ A. 7, kq. 69



A[ymbw ]Xn-\mdv



skan-‰n-°p-Im¿ CuPn-]vXn¬ skan-‰n-Ivh¿K-°m¿



Cdm-Jns\ AS-°n-`-cn® hkvXpX \mw I≠p. CuPn-]vXnepw Ah¿ hnP-b-I-c-amb Hcm-{I-aWw \S-Øp-Ibpw At\I- I mew \o≠p- \ n∂ Hcp `c- W - I qSw ÿm]n- ° p- I bpw sNbv X p. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn-se∂ t]mse CuPn-]vXnepw Ah-cpsS B[n]Xyw \S-∂n-´p-s≠∂v Ad_n Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. {In. 890˛-¬ Ime-K-Xn-b-S™ C_v\p hmknlv bm°q_n Xs‚ Ncn{X-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv ImWpI: ""CuPn-]vXp-Im¿ kv{XoIsf A[n-Im-c-]o-T-Øn¬ Ah-tcm-[n-®t∏mƒ kndnb `cn-®n-cp∂ Aam-en-°-°m-cmb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v B \m´ns\ B{I-an-°p-∂-Xn¬ HuXvkpIyw P\n®p. Aßs\ heoZp_v\p-Zq-a-Av F∂ cmPmhv CuPn]vXv B{I-an®p Iog-S°n..... heoZns‚ tijw ]p{X≥ døm≥ ÿm\-]-Xn-bmbn. Cbm-fm-bn-cp∂p bqkp^ns‚ ImesØ ^n¿-Hu≥.''1 CuPn]vXv `cn-®n-cp∂ cmPm-°-∑m¿ "dm' bpsS (kqcys‚) k¥Xn-I-fm-sW∂p hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p. dm Bbn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS {][m\ tZh≥. AXn-\m¬ ss__nƒ CuPn]vXv cmPm-hns\ "^d-thm≥' F∂pw Jp¿- B ≥ "^n¿- H u≥' F∂pw hnfn®p. dmbpsS ]p{X≥ F∂mWv B ]Z-Øn-\¿Yw. ^n¿-Hus\ B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ ^tdmh F∂p-®-cn-°p∂p. F{_m-b-\mb bqkp-^ns‚ kpZo¿L-amb IY ss__n-fpw Jp¿-B\pw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p≠v. At±-l-Øn\v CuPn]vXn¬ hep-Xmb ]Zhn e`n-®n-cp∂p. A°m-eØv CuPn-]vXnse ^tdmh Atd-_y-bnse ]pcm-X-\-tKm-{X-ß-fn-sem-∂mb Aam-en°m



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



197



hwi-P-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv bm°q_n Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Nn√d hyXym-k-tØmsS Xz_vcn, bmJqXp¬ lahn, C_v\p J¬Zq≥ XpSßnb CXc Ad_n Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw {]kvXpX kw`hw tcJ-s∏-SpØn-bn-´p≠v. hni-Zmw-i-߃ \ap°v hnSmw. F∂m¬, {]mNo\ ImeØv X߃ CuPn-]vXnse A[n-]-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p F∂ Ad-_n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-hmZw X≈n-°-f-bm-h-X√. Fs¥-∂m¬, {]kvXpX hmZ-Øn\-\p-Iq-e-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ a‰p am¿t§W \ap°v In´n-bn-´p≠v.



am\o-tØms‚ km£yw {In. ap. 260-˛t\mS-Sp-∏n®v Ae-Ivkm-Wv{Un-b-bnse Ncn-{X-]-finX-\mb am\o-tØm≥ (Manithon) {]mNo\ CuPn-]vXns‚ Hcp Ncn{Xw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v. {Ko°p-`m-j-bn¬ hnc-Nn-X-amb B Ncn{X {KŸw \jvSs∏-´p-sh-¶nepw, AXnse Nne `mK-߃ bh-\-{K-Ÿ-Im-c≥am¿ XßfpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ sXfn-hn-\p-≤-cn®p ImWmw. PqX-N-cn-{X-Im-c-\mb tPmk-^-kvtπ-hn-bkv Xs‚ IrXn-bn¬ D≤-cn® hcn-Iƒ CØ-cp-WØn¬ {]tXyI {i≤- b ¿ln- ° p- ∂ p≠v . am\o- t Øms\ D≤- c n®p At±lw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-I-bmWv: ""Rß-fpsS Hcp cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p "‰nam-hpkv.' At±-l-Øns‚ ImeØmWv AXp-≠m-bXv. F¥p-sIm-≠p-≠m-sb∂v Adn-™p-IqSm. ssZh-Øn\v Rß-tfmSv A\n-jvSa - m-bn-cp∂p. ZpjvS{- ]-Ir-Xc - mb Hcp P\w Ing-°p-\n∂v AZv`p-X] - c - a - mb am¿K-Øn-eqsS h∂p. Rß-fpsS cmPy-Øn¬ \pg-™p-IS- °m≥ am{Xw ss[cy-im-en-If - m-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. i‡n-bp-]t- bm-Kn®v Ah¿ CuPn]vXv ssIh-is - ∏-SpØn. `mKy-]c - o-£I - a- mb Hcp bp≤w \S∂p. Ah¿ Rß-fpsS tk\m-\n-Isf _‘-\ÿ - c- m°n.....]´-Wß - ƒ Nps´-cn®p...... tZhme-b-߃ \in-∏n®p...... kz¥-amb Hcp `c-W-IqSw Ah¿ CuPn-]vXn¬ ÿm]n®p. "k√m-Øokv' F∂ Hcmsf cmPm-hmbn \n›-bn®p...... G‰hpw Ah-km-\sØ cmPmhv "Akokm'bncp∂p. Cbmƒ 49 h¿jhpw c≠p amkhpw hmgvN\ - S- Øn.... Cu cmPm-°∑ - m¿°v "slIvtkmkv' F∂mWv \maI-cWw sNø-s∏-´n-´p-≈Xv. "slIv' F∂m¬ hnip-≤`- m-jb - n¬ (Hiero-gyphic) cmPmhv F∂pw, "tkmkv' F∂m¬ km[m-cW - `- m-jb - n¬ CS-b∑ - m¿ F∂pamWv A¿Yw. C°q-´¿ Ad-_n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p F∂v Nne¿ ]d-bp∂p. Cu h¿Kw 511 sIm√w CuPn]vXp `cn®p.''2 Cu {]kvXmhw Ad-_n-If - psS sFXn-ly-hpambn tbmPn-®p-Im-Wp∂p. sFXn-ly-a\ - p-kc - n®v CuPn-]X v p- Io-gS- ° - nb cmPm-hns‚ \maw "i±mZv' F∂mIp∂p. am\o-tØm≥ ]d™ k√m-Øokpw i±mZpw Htc kw⁄-bpsS c≠p cq]-ßf - m-bn-cn-°m-hp-∂X - mWv. kw⁄-If - psS A¥y-Øn¬ "Cukv' tN¿°p-Is - b-∂Xv {Ko°p-ssi-en-bmWv. tkm{I-´okv, skt\m-s^-\okv XpSßn-bh DZm-lc - Ww. km£m¬ \maw sk√mØv F∂m-bn-cn°pw. i±mZpw k√mØpw XΩn¬ A£-cØ - n-se∂ t]mse A¿Y-Ønepw ASp-∏a - p≠v. i‡≥, \njvTp-c≥, A[n-]Xn Fs∂-√m-amWv Ad-_n-bn¬ c≠n\pw A¿Yw.



198



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



k√m-Øns‚ [mXp-hn¬ \n∂p-f-hmb "kp¬Øm≥' F∂-Xn\v A[n]Xn F∂pw "k¬X-\Øv' F∂-Xn\v B[n-]Xyw F∂p-amWv A¿Yw. Ah- k m- \ sØ cmP- \ maw {]tXyIw {it≤- b - a mWv . Akokv F∂Xv Hcp Ad-_n-kw-⁄-bs{X. Cu \maw CuPn-]vXnse G‰hpw henb ÿm\-t∏-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Jp¿-B≥ kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. bqkp^v \_n CtX ÿm\-t∏-cn-emWv AhnsS hnfn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. 3 Npcp-°-Øn¬ skan-‰n-°p-Im¿ AYhm, Ad-_n-Iƒ CuPn-]vXn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-®n-cp∂p F∂ Ad-_n-N-cn-{X-Im-c≥am-cpsS AhIm-i-hmZw Hcp \ne-°-s√-¶n¬ as‰mcp \ne°v kΩ-Xn-°p-I-bmWv CuPn-]vjy≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb am\o-tØm≥ sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv.



ss__n-fns‚ {]kvXm-h\ ss__n-ƒ I¿Øm-°-∑m-cmb blq-Zsc s]mXp-hn¬ "F{_m-b¿' F∂mWv Ncn{Xw hnfn-°p-∂Xv. ss__nƒ aX-{]-Imcw t\ml-bpsS aI≥ tians‚ aI≥ A¿∏-£m-Zns‚ ]p{X≥ ime-ln\v G_¿ Fs∂mcp aI\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p.4 G_-dns‚, AYhm B_n-dns‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-cm-b-XpsIm-≠mWv blq-Z-∑m¿ F{_m-b¿ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´Xv. Ah¿ kwkm-cn® `mj-bs{X F{_mb `mj, AYhm ln{_p. G_¿ F∂ ]Z-Øn\v IS-∂p-h∂ Bƒ F∂mWv A¿Yw. AXm-bXv, bq{^-´okv \Zn-bpsS A°-sc-bp-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. GXm≠v {In.ap. 2100-˛¬ PqX-∑m-cpsS ]q¿∆-∑m¿ arX-k-ap-{Z-Øn\pw a[y-[-c-Wym-gn-bpsS Ings° Xoc-Øn\pw CS-°p≈ ^e-kvXo-\n¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øp. A∂v B {]tZ-iØ - n\v "I\m≥' F∂m-bn-cp∂p t]¿.5 Cu hwi-Øns‚ ÿm]I≥ A{_-lm-am-bn-cp∂p. A{_lmw P\n-®Xv _m_n-tem-Wn-bb - nse "Du¿' \K-cØ - n-emWv. At±lw IpSpw-_k - t- aXw _m_n-tem-Wn-bb - n¬\n∂v ]emb\w sNbvXv, ]e tI{µ-ßfpw kµ¿in®v Ah-km\w I\m-\n¬ ÿncXm-akw kzoI-cn®p. Ct±-l-Øns‚ ]u{X\v "bmt°m_v' F∂pw C{kmtb¬ F∂pw t]cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. C{km-tb-ens‚ ]n≥ap-d° - m-cm-bX - n-\m¬ PqX-∑msc "_\q-C{- km-Cu¬' (C{km-Cu¬ k¥-Xn-Iƒ) F∂v hnfn-°p∂p. bmt°m-_ns‚ ]p{X-\mb tbmtk^v CuPn-]vXn¬ hmW IY- ss__nfpw Jp¿-B\pw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬ ]ecpw [cn-®p-hi - m-bn-´p-≈Xv tbmtk^v ^tdm-h-bpsS Hcp DtZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv. CX-∏Sn icn-b√. CuPn-]X v ns‚ \nb-{¥Ww an°-hmdpw tbmtk-^ns‚ A[o-\Ø - nem-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm≠mWv tbmtk-^ns\ D≤-cn®p DXv]Øn tcJ-s∏Sp-Øn-bXv: ""ssZhw Fs∂ an{k-bo-an-s\m-s°bpw A[n-]-Xn-bm-°n-bn-cn°p∂p.''6 tbmtk-^n-s\-Øs∂ D≤-cn®p Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""\mYm! \o F\n°v B[n-]Xyw \evIn-bn-´p≠v.''7 AXn-\m¬, tbmtk-^n\v CuPn-]X v n¬ henb A[n-Imcw ssIh-∂n-cp∂p. F∂m¬, At±-lØ - n\p apI-fn¬ Hcp ^tdm-hb - p-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂ hkvXpX ChnsS \ntj-[n-°p-∂n√. ^tdm-hbpsS cmPXzw t]cn\p am{X-am-bn-cp∂p. DXv]Øn Xs∂ ]d-bs´:



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



199



""^d-thm≥ tbmtk-^n-t\mSv... \ns∂-t∏mse hnth-Ihpw hn⁄m\-hp-ap-≈-h≥ Hcp-Ø-\p-an√; \o Fs‚ Krl-Øn\v tae-[n-Im-cn-bmIpw; \ns‚ hm°v Fs‚ P\-sa√mw A\p-k-cn®p \S°pw; knwlm-k\w sIm≠p- a m{Xw Rm≥ \ns∂- ° mƒ hen- b - h - \ m- b n- c n°pw F∂p ]d™p.'' 8 BI-bm¬ ^tdm-hsb Ign-®m¬ cmjv{S-Øns‚ G‰hpw D∂-Xamb Hcp ]Z-hn-bmWv CuPn-]vXn¬ F{_m-b-\mb tbmtk-^n-∂p≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. AXp-sIm-≠m-hWw "A¬ Akokv'(AP-ø≥) F∂A-d_n ÿm\-t∏-cn¬ bqkp-^v\_n (A) hnfn-°-s∏-´Xv. F¥p-sIm≠mWv C{X-h-enb ÿm\w Hcp hntZ-inbpw CS-b-hw-i-P-\p-amb tbmtk-^n\p e_v[-am-bXv? Cu {]iv\-Øn\v ss__nƒ \evIp∂ DØcw ^tdmh Dd-°-Øn¬ I≠ Hcp kz]v\-Øn\v tbmtk^v icnbmb hymJym\w \evIn-b-Xns‚ t]cn¬ {]kvXpX ]Zhn At±-lØn\v Iev]n-®-cpfn F∂mWv. kw`hw icn Xs∂. ]t£, B H‰ kwK- X n- b m- h n√ AXn\p ImcWw. a‰p Imc- W - h p- a p- ≠ m- h - W w. ss__nƒ AXv hni-Z-am-°p-∂n√. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Iqe-¶-j-ambn ]cntim-[n-°p∂ H-cmƒ°v B ImcWw I≠p]nSn-°m≥ Ignbpw. AXv I-s≠Øp-∂X - n\p apºmbn tbmtk-^ns‚ IY samØ-Øn-sem∂p a\- n-em°mw.



tbmtk-^ns‚ Ncn{Xw tbmtk-^ns‚ ]nXm-hmb C{km-tb-en\v ]{¥≠p ]p{X-∑m-cp-≠m-bncp∂p. At±-lØ - n\v dmtl¬ F∂ ]Xv\n-bn¬ P\n® c≠p ]p{X-∑m-cn¬ aqØ-h-\m-Ip∂p tbmtk^v. ]nXm-hn\v tbmtk-^n-t\m-Sp≈ AXn-c‰ kvt\lw ktlm-Zc - ∑ - m-cn¬ Akqb P\n-∏n®p. bmt°m_pw IpSpw-_hpw I\m-\n¬ (^e-kX v o≥) ]m¿Øp-h∂p. kz¥w Ipe-sØm-gn-emb CS-bt- Pmen-bmWv C{km-tb¬ k¥-Xn-Ifpw kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬, tbmtk^v km[m-cW ]nXm-hns‚ IqsS-Øs∂ Ignbpw. Hcp Znhkw `mKy-Ønt\m, \n¿`m-Ky-Ønt\m tbmtk^pw ta®n¬ ÿeØp t]mbn. ktlm-Zc - ∑ - m¿ CXp-Xs∂ X©-sa∂p IcpXn tbmtk-^ns\ h[n-®p-If - b - p-hm≥ Hcp-sº´p. ]t£, Nne¿ A{X-tØmfw sNøm≥ CjvSs - ∏-´n√. Aßs\ B _mes\ Hcp InW-‰n¬ C´p-If - ™p. kzev]w Ign-™t- ∏mƒ Kne-bm-Zn¬(kndnb) \n∂v Hcp Ad-_n-km¿Y-hm-lI kwLw AhnsS FØn. Ah¿°v tbmtk^ns\ Xs‚ ktlm-Zc - ∑ - m¿ Ccp-]Xv sh≈n-°m-in\p hn‰p. Ah¿ B _mes\ CuPn-]vXn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn ^tdm-h-bpsS Hcp DtZym-K-ÿ-\m-bncp∂ t]mØo-^d - n\p hn{Ibw sNbvXp. Cßs\ Hcp ASn-a_ - m-e≥ F∂ \ne-bn-emWv tbmtk^v CuPn-]X v n¬ FØn-bXv. tbmtk-^n\v Akm-am-\y-amb tIma-fØ - hpw Npdp-Np-dp-°p-ap≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu buh-\m-cw-`-Øn¬ tbmtk-^ns‚ kuµ-cy-Øn¬ BI¿jn-°-s∏´ bP-am\ ]Xv\n Hcn-°¬ kl-i-b-\-Øn\p £Wn®p. At±lw hg-ßn-bn√. Ahƒ sshc\n-cym-X\ - m¿Yw B bphm-hns\ Imcm-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Kr-l-Øn-te°v Ab®p. Aßs\ c≠p kwh-’cw Imcm-Kr-l-hmka-\p-jvTn®p. CXn-\nsS ^tdm-hm-cm-Pmhv `bm-\-I-amb Hcp kz]v\w ImWp-Ibpw \m´nse hnZzm≥amsc hcpØn kz]v\-Øns‚ hymJym\-am-h-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]t£, B¿°pw AXv hymJym-\n-°m≥ Ign-™n√. Ah-km\w Pbn¬]p-≈n-bmbn Ign-bp∂ F{_m-b-\mb ASn-a-bp-hm-hmWv icn-bmb hymJym\w \evIn-bXv. \m´n¬ AXn-`b-¶-c-amb Zu¿`n-£hpw hdp-Xnbpw hcm≥t]m-Ip-∂p-s≠-∂m-bn-cp∂p At±lw \evInb hymJym\w. Cu hymJym\w ^tdm-h°v t_m[yambn. cmPmhv tbmtk-^ns\ _‘-\-Øn¬\n∂v tamNn-∏n-°p-Ibpw kz¥w {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ^tdmh Xs‚ ap{Z tamXncw Ducn tbmtk-^ns‚ ssI°v C´p-sIm-SpØp F∂p ss__nƒ ]d-bp∂p.9 CXmWv tbmtk- ^ ns‚ IY- b psS Npcp°w. ChnsS \ap°v Btem-Nn-°p-hm-\p-≈Xv shdp-samcp kz]v\-hym-Jym-\-Øns‚ t]cn¬ F{_m-b-\mb ASn-a°v C{X henb ]Zhn Iev]n-®-cp-fptam F∂mWv. CuPn-]vXp-Im-cm-sW-¶n¬ AXn\p-am{Xw tZim-`n-am-\n-Ifpw h¿Ko-bt_m[w ]c-am-h[n IpSn-sIm-≈p-∂-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ss__nƒ Xs∂ \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp-∂p≠v. F{_m-bsc Ah¿ ITn-\ambn shdp-Øn-cp∂p. Ah-scm-∂n®p `£Ww Ign-°p-∂-Xp-IqSn an{kmbo-ay¿°v Ad-∏m-bn-cp∂p.10 \m´p-Im-cpsS s]mXp-hmb s]cp-am‰w Cß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ \bw adn-®m-bn-cp∂p. `c-W-IqSw F{_m-b-hw-i-°mtcmSv ImWn® aa-Xbpw kplr-¤-mhhpw \nkvXp-e-am-bn-cp∂p. tbmtk^ns‚ A∏-t\bpw ktlm-Z-c-∑m-tcbpw B hwisØ BsIbpw CuPn- ] v X n¬ sIm≠p- h ∂p ]m¿∏n- ° p- ∂ - X n¬ ^tdm- h - ° p≈ XmXv]cyw t\m°q: Ahsc sIm≠p-h-tc-≠-Xn-\mbn cY-ßfpw a‰pw Ab®psImSp-∏m≥ ^tdmh Iev]n-°p∂p.11 am{Xtam, bmt°m_v CuPn-]vXn¬ sh®v Ncaw {]m]n-®-t∏mƒ Ggp Znhkw cmjv{Sw ZpxJmN-cWw \S-Øp∂p.12 CsX√mw Ncn-{X-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp hkvXp-X-bn-te-°mWv hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂Xv. \ne-hn-en-cp∂ `c-Wm-[n-]-Xn-Ifpw F{_m-bcpw Htc h¿K°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-≈-Xm-WXv. skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-amWv A°m-eØv CuPn-]vXn¬ \S-∂n-cp-∂Xv. B sshtZ-in-Im-[n-]-XysØ CuPn]vXv tZim-`n-am-\n-Iƒ a\km CjvS-s∏-´n-cp-∂n√. X∂n-anØw Hcp tZiob hnπ-h-sØ-∏‰n `c-W-IqSw Bi-¶n-®n-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww. CØcp-W-Øn¬ kzh¿K-Øn¬ s]´-hcpw cmjv{S-tØmSp Iqdp-≈-h-cp-amb F{_m-b-cpsS klmbw F{Xbpw hne-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp∂p. CXm-hWw, C{km-tb¬ hwisØ AhnsS sIm≠p-h∂p Xma-kn-∏n-°m≥ \nehn-ep≈ `c-W-I¿Øm-°sf t{]cn-∏n-®Xv. BI-bm¬ CS-b-cm-Pm-°-



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∑m-cpsS `c-W-amWv A∂v CuPn-]vXn¬ \S-∂n-cp-∂Xv. F{_m-bcpw B h¿K-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p.



tbmtk-^ns‚ X{¥w ta¬\n-K-a-\-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv tbmtk-^ns‚ Hcp X{¥w. bmt°m_pw k¥-Xn-Ifpw CuPn-]vXn¬ FØnb ]msS kzhw-i° - m-tcmSv tbmtk^v D]-tZ-in-°p∂p: ""Rm≥ sN∂v ^d-thm-t\mSv, I\m≥ tZi-Øp-\n∂v Fs‚ ktlm-Zc - ∑mcpw A∏s‚ IpSpw-_hpw Fs‚ ASp-°¬ h∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂v Adnbn°pw. Ah¿ CS-b-∑m-cm-Ip∂p, I∂p-Im-en-I-tfbpw X߃°p-≈-sXmt°bpw sIm≠p-h∂ - n-´p≠v F∂p ]dbpw. AXp-sIm≠v ^d-thm≥ \nßsf hnfn®v, \nß-fpsS sXmgn¬ Fs¥∂v tNmZn-°p-tºmƒ ASn-bß - ƒ _meyw apX¬ C∂p hsc, Rßfpw Rß-fpsS ]nXm-°≥amcpw tKm]m-eI - c - m-Ip∂p F∂p ]d-hn≥. F∂m¬ \n߃°v "tKmi\n'¬ ]m¿∏m≥ kwKXn-bmIpw. CS-b-∑m-sc√w an{k-bo-ay¿°v shdp-∏t√m.''13 {]Xy-£-Øn¬Xs∂ Hcp X{¥-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. cmPy-X-{¥-⁄\mb tbmtk^v {]kvXpX D]-tZiw \evIn-bXv CuPn-]vXnse ^e`q-bnjvT {]tZ-i-amb tKmi-\n¬ Xs‚ hwiw ]m¿Øp-sIm-≈-phm≥ ^tdm- h - b psS A\p- h mZw e`n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ p- t h- ≠ n- b m- s W- ∂ s{X ss__nƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv. ]t£, AXp-am-{X-am-hn√ Dt±iyw. AXm-sW¶n¬ A∂sØ ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ tbmtk-^n\v Hcp hm°p-sIm-≠pXs∂ km[n-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp≈q. ]t£, kzhw-i-°m-cpsS Ipe-sØmgn¬ sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-tXmsS AXn-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp hkvXpX˛Ah¿ CSb h¿K-Øn¬s]-´-h-cm-sW∂ hkvXpX˛A\m-h-cWw sNø-s∏Sp-sa∂pw, Aßs\ kzh¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cmWv tbmtk-^ns‚ hwisa∂p t_m[yw h∂m¬ ]ns∂ ^tdmh Ah-cpsS Iqdn-s\-∏‰n kwibn-°n-s√∂pw At±lw a\- n¬ I≠n-cn-°Ww. CXmhmw {]kvXpX \n¿tZ-i-Øns‚ ]n∂n-ep≈ clkyw. C{Xbpw {]kvXm-hn-®-Xn¬\n∂v, Ckvdm-tb¬ hwiw CuPn-]vXn¬ sN√p∂ ImeØv slIvtkm-kp-If - psS B[n-]Xy-amWv AhnsS \S-∂n-cp∂-sX∂v a\- n-em-bt√m. AXp-sIm-≠mWv `c-WI - qSw Ahsc kl¿jw kzmKXw sNbvXXv. \m´p-Im¿°v CS-bh - ¿K-tØmSv hfsc shdp-∏m-bn-cp∂p. ""ankvdb - o-ay¿°v CS-b≥am-sc√mw shdp-∏t√m'' F∂ tbmtk-^ns‚ hmNIw AXm-Wt√m Ipdn-°p-∂Xv. {io. IrjvW ssNX\y tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXp t\m°pI: ""kpam¿ {In. ap. 1650˛-¬ `oI-c-amb A\m-hrjvSn ImcWw PqX≥am¿ ChnSw (I\m≥) hn´p amdn-Øm-a-kn-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cmbn. CØ-hW CuPn-]X v n-te-°mWv amdn-bXv. CuPn-]X v n-s\-∏‰- n-bp≈ \ΩpsS {KŸ-Øn¬ a[y-Ime cmPyw XI¿∂-t∏mƒ, BSp-am-Sp-Iƒ ta®p-\-S∂ lnIvtkmkv F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ Hcp h¿Kw CuPn-]X v n¬ IS-∂m-{I-an®v, {In. ap. 1800 apX¬



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



1600 hsc \mSv `cn-®p-sh∂p I≠p. Cu h¿Kw skan-‰n°v imJ-bnepƒs∏-´n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿ Xßsf kzmKXw sNøp-sa∂v blqZ≥am¿°v ss[cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.''14 BI-bm¬ lnIvtkmkpw Ckvdm-tbepw h¿K-]-c-ambn H∂m-bncp∂p.



tZiob hntcm[w {In. ap. 1600˛\p tijw CuPn-]vXn¬ s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏´ Hcp tZiob hnπhw slIvtkmkp `c-WsØ CuPn-]vXn¬\n∂v XpS-®p-am-‰p-Ibpw tZiob ^tdm-h-am-cpsS B[n-]Xyw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXmsS hntZ-io-b-cmb Ckvdm-tb¬ hwi-Øns‚ i\n-Z-ibpw Bcw`n®p. ss__nƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""tbmtk^pw ktlm-Z-c≥am¿ F√m-hcpw B Xe-ap-d-sbm-s°bpw acn®p......A\-¥cw tbmtk-^ns\ Adn-bmsX ]pXn-sbmcp cmPmhv an{kbo-an-ep-≠mbn. Ah≥ Xs‚ P\-tØmSv, C{km-tb¬ P\w \sΩ-°mƒ _mlp-eyhpw i‡n-bpap-≈-h-cm-Ip∂p, Ah¿ s]cp-Io´v Hcp bp≤w D≠m-Ip-∂-]£w \ΩpsS i{Xp-°-tfmSv tN¿∂v, \tΩmSv s]mcpXn (\mw) Cu cmPyw hn´p-t]m-bn-°-f-hm≥ kwKXn hcm-Xn-cn-t°-≠-Xn\v \mw Ah-tcmSp _p≤n-bmbn s]cp-am-dpI.... F∂p ]d™p.''15 Aßs\ ]pXnb ^tdm-h-am¿ C{km-tb¬ k¥-Xn-I-tfmSv "_p≤nbmbn' s]cp-am-dn-Øp-Sßn. Ah¿s°-Xnsc \m\m-Xcw a¿Z-\-ap-d-Iƒ Agn- ® p- h n´p. F¥m- b n- c p∂p ImcWw? shdpw tZiob hntcm[w. as‰mcp hn[w ]d-™m¬, F{_m-b¿ hntZ-i-°q-dp≈ tZiob hncp≤-cm-sW∂v CuPn-]vXp-Im¿ a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp∂p. slIvtkmkv `c-W-I¿Øm-°≥am¿ Ahsc kzmKXw sNbvXn-cp-∂Xpw Ah¿ B `c-W-Iq-S-tØmSv Iqdp-]p-e¿Øn-bn-cp-∂Xpw Cu [mc-W°v _ew Iq´n. AtXbh-kcw P\-i-‡nbpw [\-i-‡nbpw sIm≠v F{_m-b¿ {]_e≥am-cm-bn-cp∂p. Cu ]cn-tXm-h-ÿ-bn¬ CuPn]vXv AXns‚ i{Xp°-fp-ambn Hcp bp≤-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂ ]£w, C{km-tb¬°m¿ i{Xp-]-£-tØmSp tN¿∂v, \m´n-s\-Xn-cmbn t]mcmSn Xß-fpsS B[n]-Xy-sØ-Øs∂ Ah-km-\n-∏n-t®-°ptam F∂p-IqSn `c-W-I¿Øm°≥am¿ kwi-bn-®-Xn¬ B›-cy-s∏-Sm-\n√. ss__n-fnse "]pXnb cmPmhv' F∂ {]tbm-K-Øn\v ]pXnb cmP-hwiw, AsX, tZiob cmPhwiw F∂¿- Y w I¬]n- t °- ≠ n- b n- c n- ° p∂p. Fs¥- ∂ m¬, slIvtkmkv `cWw Ah-km-\n-°p-Ibpw tZiob Kh¨sa‚ v \nehn¬ hcn-Ibpw sNbvX ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p AXv. Aßs\ ]pXnb ^tdm-h-am¿ F{_m-b-h¿§sØ D∑q-e\w hcp-Øm≥ ]cn-]mSn-bn´p. ss__n-fns‚ `mj-bn¬Xs∂ ImWpI: ""]ns∂ ^d-thm≥ Xs‚ kIe P\-tØmSpw (F{_m-b-hw-iØn¬) P\n-°p∂ GXp B¨Ip-´n-tbbpw \Zn-bn-en-´p-I-f-b-W-sa∂pw,



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203



GXp s]¨Ip-´n-tbbpw Poh-t\msS c£n-°-W-sa∂pw Iev]n®p.''16 ^n¿-Hus‚ Cu hwi-hn-t—-Z\ ]≤Xn Jp¿-B\pw hnh-cn-®n-´p≠v.17 BI-bm¬ CuPn-]vXnse F{_m-b-cpsS \ne-]mSv aX-]cw F∂Xn-t\-°mƒ cmjv{So-b-am-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ sshtZ-inI `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ klm- b n- I fpw Ahn- ` m- P y- L - S - I - h p- a m- b n- c p∂p. sshtZ- i n- I m- [ n- ] XysØ \m´n¬\n∂p Xpc-Øn-sb-¶nepw, F{_m-b-sc-°p-dn® Bi¶ CuPn-]vXn\v \oßn-bn-cp-∂n√. AXmWv ^tdm-h-am-cpsS A\-¥c \S]-Sn°v Imc-W-am-bXv.



slIvtkmkv `c-WØ - ns‚ t\´-߃ slIvtkmkv `cWw CuPn-]vXn\v Nne t\´-ß-fp-≠m-°n-sb-∂Xv CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ kvac-Wo-b-amWv. Ah-cmWv, \m´nse Acm-P-IXzw Ah-km-\n-∏n-®Xv. bp≤-Øn¬ IpXn-c-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ hnZy CuPn-]vXp-Im¿°v ]Tn-∏n-®Xpw Ah-cm-bn-cp∂p. km{amPy ÿm]-\mthiw CuPn-]vXp-Im-cn¬ hf¿∂p-h-∂Xpw Ah-cpsS `c-W-^-e-amWv. FOv. Pn. shXvkv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv t\m-°pI: ""CuPn-]vXp-Im¿ Hcp ImeØpw XßfpsS CS-b-cm-Pm-°≥am-cpsS `c- W - Ø n\p a\-   n- W ßn hg- ß n- b n- c p- ∂ n√. Dt±iw {In. ap. 1000˛Øn¬ (?) i‡n-bmb Hcp tZim-`n-am\ {]ÿm\w B cmP-hwisØ B´n-tbm-Sn-®p-I-f™p. AXn\p tijw CuPn-]vXn¬ ]pXnb km{am- P y- I mew F∂- d n- b - s ∏- S p∂ Hcp \thm- ∞ m\w Bcw- ` n®p. slIvtkm-km-{I-a-W-Øn\v apºv GIo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ {]bm-k-am-bncp∂ CuPn]vXv GIo-Ir-X-ambn. Iog-S-ßepw AXns\ XpS¿∂p-≠mb P\-{]-tIm-]-\hpw CuPn-]vXn\v Hcp ka-c-a-t\m-`mhw kΩm-\n®p. ^tdm- h m- c m- P m- ° - ∑ m¿ B{I- a - W - I m- c n- I fpw ZznKzn- P - b n- I - f p- a mbn. slIvtkm-kp-Im¿ sIm≠p-h∂ ]S-°p-Xn-c-Ifpw cY-ßfpw Ch-cpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. aq∂mw tXmflo-kn-s‚bpw aq∂mw Asat\m-^o-kn-s‚bpw hmgvN° - m-eØv CuPn]vXp km{amPyw Gjy-bn¬ bq{^´okv \Zn-bpsS Xocw hsc hym]n-®n-cp∂p.''18 Aßs\ slIvtkmkp `cWw CuPn-]X v ns‚ hnI-k\ - Ø - n\pw km{amPyXz-Øn\pw tlXp-`qXambn. HSp-hn¬ Atd-_y-bpsS Nne `mK-߃ IqSn ^tdm-ha - m¿ Iog-S°n. sdbw-tkkv aq∂m-as‚ Hcp enJn-XØ - n¬ Cßs\ hnh¿Ø\w sNøm-hp∂ Hcp hmN-Ia - p≠v: ""Rm≥ imkq tKm{X-Øn¬s]´ tkbo-cns\ XI¿Øp.''19 "tkbo¿' F∂m¬ tkbo¿hm-kn-Iƒ F∂¿Yw. AhnsS A°m-eØv Ad-_n-I-fmb "AtZmay'cpsS Hcp cmjv{Sw ÿm]n-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v auem\m \Zvhn ]d-bp∂p. Aßs\ skan-‰n-°p-Imsc lman-‰n-°p-Im¿ IogS-°m≥ XpSßn. "Ime-N{Iw a\p-jy¿°n-Sb - n¬ A\p-Iq-ea - mbpw {]Xn-Iq-eambpw Id-ßp∂p'20 F∂ Jp¿-B\ - nI XXz-Øns‚ Hcp {]Xn-^e - \ - a - s{X AXv!



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



CS-bc - m-Pm-°≥am-cpsS tZio-bX slIvtkm-kp-Im-cpsS tZio-b-X-sb-∏‰n B[p-\nI Ncn-{Xm-t\z-jI≥am¿ hyXykvX A`n-{]m-b-ß-fmWv {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-´p≈Xv. F∂m¬, sXfn-hns‚ ]n≥_ew sIm≠v IqSp-X¬ kpi-‡hpw {]_-e-hp-ambn-´p-≈Xv Ah¿ Ad-_n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p F∂ ]£-amWv. P¿a≥ Ncn{X-Im-c-\mb lods\ (Heeren) D≤-cn®p kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""{]kvXpX kw`hw sXfn-bn-°p-∂p≠v, Cu h¿K-߃ CuPn]vXns\ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-eqsS B{I-an-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v. ]t£, Ing°p-\n∂pw h∂-h-cm-bn-cp∂p, Ad-_n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p, Iq´-Øn¬ IqSpX¬ i‡≥am¿. Ah¿ Xmsg CuPn]vXv hsc ]S-tbm´w \SØn.''21 lod≥ a-s‰m-cn-SØv ]d-bp∂p: ""Ah-cpsS \o≠ XmSnbpw \o≠ DSp-∏p-sa√mw Ad-_n-I-fm-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°p∂p.''22 Cw•ojv Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb W. Cooktoy sb D≤-cn®v auem\m kpsseam≥ \Zvhn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""Atd-_y-bnse ImS-∑m-cmb h¿K-߃ AXn-{]m-‡-\-Imew apX¬ C°m-ew-hsc CS-bh - ¿K-°mcpw sIm≈-°m-cp-as{X..... Ch¿ ]pcm-X\ CuPn]vXns\ ITn-\-ambn Ah-tl-fn®p.... slIvtkmkv, AYhm CS-b-cmPm-°-∑m¿ F∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah¿°v AhnsS \¬I-s∏´ \maw.''23 Cu \nK-a-\-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-ambn ]e A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw C\nbpw D≤cn-°m-\p-s≠-¶nepw, ssZ¿Lyw `b∂v C{XbpwsIm≠v aXn-bm-°p∂p.



aqkm-\_ - n-bpsS ImesØ ^n¿-Hu≥ F{_m-b-hwiw CuPn-]vXn¬ \m\m-Xcw a¿Z-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°nc-bm-bn-Øo¿s∂∂p ]d-™pht√m. Ahsc B a¿Z-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw CuPn-]vXn¬\n-∂p-X-s∂bpw tamNn-∏n-®Xv tamsi AYhm, tamk-kmbn-cp∂p. tamsi-bpsS IY A¤p-Xm-h-l-amWv. ss__nfpw Jp¿B\pw AXp D≤-cn-®n-´p≠v. B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c≥amcpw tamkkns‚ hntam-N-\-{]-ÿm-\sØ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p. {io. IrjvW-ssNX\y Fgp-Xp∂p: ""CuPn]vXp cmPm-°-∑m¿ slIvtkm-kp-Im-sc-t∏m-se-Øs∂ hntZin-I-fmb PqX-∑m-scbpw \n¿_‘ Iqen-°m-cm°n ]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n®p. Cu ASn-a-Ø-Øn¬ \n∂pw CuPn-]vXn¬ \n∂p-X-s∂bpw tamkkv Fs∂mcp t\Xmhv {In. ap. 1220-˛¬ Ahsc c£-s∏-SpØn.''24 ^tdm-h-bpsS hwi-hn-t—-Z\ \S-]Sn \S-°p∂ Ime-ØmWv, A{aman-s‚bpw bq°m-_-Zn-s‚bpw Cfb ]p{X-\mbn tamsi (aqkm) P\n®Xv. aqØ ]p{Xs‚ t]¿ Al-tcm≥ (lmdq≥) F∂m-bn-cp∂p. amXmhv inip-hns\ BZn-bn¬ Hfn-∏n®p. A\-¥cw Hcp s]´-I-Øn-em°n \Znbn-en´p. ^tdm-h-bpsS In¶-c-∑msc `b-∂n-´mWv Aßs\ sNbvXXv.



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



205



s]´Iw HgpIn ^tdm-h-bpsS sIm´m-c-k-ao]w FØn. cmPm-hns‚ ]p{Xn AXv Is≠-SpØp. AXn-\-I-Ø-S°w sNbvX ss]X-en-t\mSv Ah¿°v hm’eyw tXm∂n. Aßs\ cmP-sIm-´m-c-Øn-emWv tamsi hf¿∂p-h-∂Xv. buh-\-bp-‡-\mb ImeØv tamkkv Hcp sIme-t°-kn¬ s]´p. XZ-h-kcw CuPn-]vXn¬\n∂v HmSn-t∏mbn anZym-\n¬ A`bw {]m]n®p. AJ_m Dƒ°-S-ens‚ ]cn-k-cØv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Hcp Atd-_y≥ {]tZ-i-amWv anZym≥. Ad-_n-Iƒ AXns\ "aZvb≥' F∂p hnfn-°p∂p. ]nev°m-eØv "dJow' F∂ t]cpw AXn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. bh-\-kmln-Xy-ß-fn¬ "s]Svdm' F∂ t]cmWv AXn\v kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv.25 tamsi anZym-\nse aX-t\-Xm-hmb bnt{Xm-bpsS aI-fmb knt∏mdsb thfn-I-gn®p. k¥-Xn-I-fp-ap-≠mbn. A\-¥cw tlmtc-_v ]¿hX- Ø n¬ sh®p At±- l - Ø n\v Znhy- Z ¿i- \ - a p- ≠ m- h p- I bpw C{kmtb¬hw-isØ ^tdm-h-am-cpsS a¿Z-\-Øn¬\n∂p hntam-Nn-∏n-°-Wsa∂p btlm-h-bmb ssZhw \n¿tZ-in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tamsi CuPn-]vXn-te°v Xncn®p. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ ap≥ ^tdmh arXn-b-S-bp-Ibpw as‰mcp cmPmhv knwlm-k-\-Øn-ep-]-hn-jvS-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p.26 tamsi ktlmZ-c-\mb Al-tcm-t\m-sSm∏w ^tdm-hsb kao-]n®p. C{km-tb¬ P\Øn\v CuPn-]vXn\p ]pdØv Hcp bmKw \S-tØ-≠-Xp-s≠∂pw AXn\m¬ Ah¿ Xß-tfm-sSm∏w hcp-∂-Xn\v A\p-aXn Xc-W-sa∂pw Ccphcpw cmPm-hn-t\mSv A`y¿Yn®p. cmPmhv A\p-aXn \evIn-bn√. AXns\-Øp-S¿∂v Nne kw`-h-ß-sf√mw \S∂p. Ah-km\w tamsi C{kmCu¬ hwisØ kwL-Sn-∏n®v Hcp cm{Xn CuPn-]vXn¬\n∂v ]emb\w sNøp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. C{Xbpw hnh-cn-®-Xn¬\n∂v, tamk-kns‚ ImeØv c≠p ^tdmh-am¿ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂n-´p-s≠∂pw c≠p-t]cpw tZio-b-cm-Pm°-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw hy‡-am-bt√m. F∂m¬, Ad_n Ncn-{X-Imc≥am¿ [cn-®p-h-im-bn-´p-≈Xv Ad-_n-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p Ahcpw F∂s{X. bm°q_n F∂ Ad_n Ncn-{X-Im-c-≥ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p∂p: ""]ns∂ Aam-en°m hwi-Øn¬ s]´ as‰mcp cmPmhv (CuPn]vXv) hmWp. bqkp-^ns‚ ImesØ ^n¿-Hu-\mb døm-\p-_\ v p¬ heo-Zm-WXv..... ]n∂oSv aqkm-bpsS (ImesØ) ^n¿-Hu≥ cmPyw `cn®p. heoZp_v\p apkvA-_mWXv.''27 C∏-d-™Xv icn-bm-hm≥ hø. aqkm-bpsS apºp-Xs∂ hntZ-io-bm-[n]Xy-Øn¬\n∂v CuPn]vXv kzX-{¥-am-bn-°g- n-™n-cp∂p. B[p-\nI Ncn{X-]fi n-X≥am-cpsS ]T-\^ - e - hpw CXn-\p-t]m-Z_ v e - I - a- s{X. sh¬kv tcJs∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""tXmflokp aq∂m-as - ‚bpw Asa-t\m-^okv aq∂m-as - ‚bpw hwi-amb



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



17-˛mw cmP-hw-ihpw ctasi (sdbw-tkkv) c≠m-a≥ ˛ Ct±-l-amWv tamsi-bpsS Ime-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ^tdmh F∂p Nne¿ hnNm-cn°p∂p˛ Adp-]-tØgp h¿jw `cWw \S-Ønb 19-˛mw cmP-hw-ihpw CuPn-]vXns\ sFiz-cy-k-ar-≤n-bpsS A{Kn-a-tIm-Sn-bn-te-°p-b¿Øn.''28 CuPn-]vXn¬\n∂p Is≠-SpØ tcJ-Iƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂-X-\p-kcn®v, Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS Imew hsc ({In. ap. 332) AhnsS 26 cmP-hw-i-߃ `cn-®n-´p≠v.29 C°q-´-Øn¬ 19˛-mw cmP-hwi-Ønse sdbw-tkkv c≠m-a≥ tZio-b-cm-P-hw-i-Øn¬ s]´ Hcm-fmbn-cp∂p. 12˛-mw cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ Ime-ti-j-amWv hntZ-io-bm-[n-]Xyw CuPn-]vXn¬ Bcw-`n-®-sX∂pw Atam-kokv Fs∂mcp {]`p-hmWv AX-h-km-\n-∏n-®-sX∂pw Atam-ko-kns‚ Imew {In. ap. 1580 apX¬ 1557 hsc Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw temI-N-cn-{X-Im-c≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.30 tamk-kns‚ ka-Im-eo-\-s\∂v Kth-j-I¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂ sdbwtkkv c≠m-as‚ Imew {In. ap. 1304 apX¬ 1237 hscbp≈ 67 h¿jam-sW∂p hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.31 GXp IW-°p{]-Im-chpw tamk-kns‚ P∑-Øn\v F{Xtbm apºp-Xs∂ sshtZ-inIm-[n-]Xyw CuPn-]vXn¬\n∂p ]º-I-S-∂n-´p≠v. F∂n-cn-°p-tºmƒ aqkm-\-_n-bpsS ImeØv heoZp_v\p apkv-A_v F∂ Hcp Aamen°m cmPmhv AhnsS D≠m-hm≥ Xc-an-s√∂p kv]jvSw.



`mc-X-Ønse Nne h¿K-߃ CuPn-]vXn¬ Ing-°p-\n∂p h∂v IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øn-cp∂ Nne skan‰n-Ivh¿K-°mscbpw `mc-X-Øn¬ h∂ Nne h¿K-°m-scbpw XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ C∂sØ Ncn-{X-]-fin-X-∑m-cn¬ Nne¿ {ian°p∂p. Chsc D≤-cn®p KZy-ssI-c-fn-bpsS I¿Ømhv Fgp-Xp-∂Xp ImWpI: ""_n. kn. c≠m-am-bn-c-Øns‚ DØ-cm¿[-Øn¬ kao] ]q¿∆-tZi-߃ (The Near East) ]e h¿K-ß-fpsS k©m-c-ß-fmepw tZi-Nw-{Ia-W-ß-fmepw kPo-h-am-bn-cp∂p. B h¿K-߃ ]eXpw C¥y-bnepw IS-∂n-´p≠v. saUn-‰-td-\nb, Gjym-ssa-\¿ F∂o tZi-ß-fn¬\n∂p C¥y- b n- s eØn, Chn- S sØ bp≤- ß - f n¬ ]¶p- s Im- ≠ - h ¿t]mepw A°q-´-Øn-ep-s≠-∂mWv sXfn-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv. _n. kn. 1200˛se CuPn-]vjy≥ tc-J-I-fn¬\n∂v a\- n-em-Ip-∂Xv jI¿j-∑m¿, AIh-j-∑m¿, Xp¿j≥am¿, hj-j-∑m¿ XpS-ßnb Nne Ing-°≥ h¿K°m¿ hS-°≥ CuPn-]vXn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-sb-∂mWv. Ch-cn¬ aq∂p-h¿K°m¿ {InkvXp-hn\v 1000 h¿jw apºp-Xs∂ kao] ]q¿h-tZ-i-Øn¬ kp]-cn-Nn-X-cm-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cm-bn-cp∂p At°-b-∑m¿ (AI-h-j-∑m¿), knkn-en-b-∑m¿ (jI¿j-∑m¿), Sn¿tl-\n-b-∑m¿, AYhm SpkvI-∑m¿ (Xp¿j≥am¿) F∂n-h¿..... EtKz-Z-Øn¬ in{Kp, b£p, Xp¿hi≥ F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p h¿K-ßsf ImWmw. CuPn-]vjy≥ tcJ-I-fnse



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



207



Xp¿-j\pw hj-j\pw IqSn-t®¿∂-XmWv "Xp¿h-i≥'. in{Kp F∂Xv jI¿j-t\bpw b£p AI-hj-t\bpw Ipdn-°p∂p.''32 AXm-bXv, thZ-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ in{Kp, b£p, Xp¿h-j≥ F∂o h¿§-°m¿ CuPn-]vjy≥ tcJ-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cmb skan-‰nIv h¿§-߃ Xs∂-bm-sW-∂¿Yw. CuPn-]vjy≥ tcJ-I-fn¬ Ah¿ Ing-°p-\n∂p h∂-h-cm-bmWv ImWp-∂Xv . Atd-_y-bm-sW∂p≈ B[p-\nI ]fin-X≥am-cpsS ka¿Y\w \mw apºp I≠p-Ign™p. BI-bm¬, C¥y-bn¬ IpSn-tb-dnb Nne h¿K-߃ skan‰nIv hwi-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-sW∂pw, Ah-cpsS BZna Xd-hmSv Atd_y-bm-sW∂pw D≈ \nK-a-\-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv {]kvXpX A`n{]mbw. C{]-Imcw Xs∂ ss__n-fn¬ hnh-cn® Nne lman-‰n-Ivh¿K-°mcpw `mc-XØ - n¬ IpSn-tb-dn-bn-´p-s≠∂p ImWp∂p. KZy-ssI-cfn Xs∂ XpS-cs´: ""]pe-kvXn-Iƒ, I]¿Zn-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ c≠p Iq´¿ IqSn C¥y-bn¬ A∂p Xs∂ {]th-in-®n-cn-°Ww (cmh-W≥ ]ue-kvXy-\m-Wt√m). Chcn¬ ]pe-kX v n-If - m-Ws{X CuPn-]X v nse ]pe-kXn-Iƒ; AYhm ^e-kX v o\nse ^nen-ssÃ≥kv. I]¿Zn-If - m-Is´, {Io‰nse sI^v‰n-bp-°ƒ (Keftiu) AYhm, PqX≥am-cpsS `mj-bn¬ I^vtXmcow (Kaphthors) BWv.''33 ss__n-fnse hwim-hen {]Imcw, t\ml-bpsS ]p{X≥ lman\v "an{kbow' Fs∂mcp aI-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Abm-fpsS ]n∑p-d-°m-cmWv "I^vtXmcow.'34 Cu h¿K-Øns‚ {Io‰v\maw "sI^v‰n-bp-°ƒ' F∂pw CuPn]vjy≥ t]cv "I]¿Zn-Iƒ' F∂p-am-bn-cp∂p. A{]-Imcw Xs∂ an{k-boans‚ as‰mcp ]n≥ap-d-°m-cs‚ \maw "Ikvfqlow' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. Ct±- l - Ø ns‚ k¥m- \ - ] - c - º - c - b mWv "s^en- k v X y¿'.35 Ch- c psS CuPn-]vjy≥ kw⁄ "]pe-kvXn-Iƒ' F∂pw `mc-Xob \maw "]uekvXy¿' F∂p-amWv. BI-bm¬ lman-‰nIv h¿K-Øn¬s]´ I^vXq-cnIfpw s^en-kvXycpw IqSn `mc-Xob IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ s]Sp-sa∂p kn≤w. Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ 1. bm°q-_n-bpsS Ncn{Xw t]. 211 (eoU≥) 2. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 148 3. Jp¿-B≥ A. 12, kq. 78˛Dw 88˛Dw t\m°pI. 4. DXv]Øn 11-˛mw A≤ymbw t\m°pI. 5. blqZ kmlnXy Ncn{Xw t]. 14 6. DXv]Øn 45:9 7. Jp¿-B≥ 12: 101 8. DXv]Øn 41: 39, 40 9. Ibid 38 apX¬ 41 hsc-bp≈ A[ym-b-߃ t\m°pI. 10. Ibid 43: 32 11. Ibid 45: 17-˛20 12. Ibid 53: 3



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



13. Ibid 46: 31-˛34 14. blqZ kmlnXy Ncn{Xw t]. 14 15. ]pd-∏mSv 1: 7-˛10 16. Ibid 1: 22 17. Jp¿-B≥ 2: 49; 7: 141; 28: 4 t\m°pI. 18. temI-N-cn{X kw{Klw t]. 84 19. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 159 20. Jp¿-B≥ 3: 110 21. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 154 22. D≤-cWw: Ibid hm. 1, t]. 155 23. D≤-cWw: Ibid hm. 1, t]. 156 24. blqZ kmlnXy Ncn{Xw t]. 14 25. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 2, t]. 6 t\m°pI. 26. ]pd-∏mSv 2 : 23 27. bm°q-_n-bpsS Ncn{Xw hm. 1, t]. 211(eoU≥) 28. temI-N-cn{X kw{Klw t]. 85 29. CuPn-]vjy≥ kmlnXy Ncn{Xw t]. 18 30. temI Ncn{Xw hm. 1, t]. 96 31. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm: 2, t]. 505 (CuPn]vXv) 32. KZy-ssI-cfn `m. 4, t]. 163 33. Ibid `m. 4, t]. 163 34. DXv]Øn 10: 14 35. Ibid 10: 14



A[ymbw ]Xn-t\gv



skan-‰n°v {]hm-l-Øns‚ hym]vXn saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bp-tSbpw



CuPn-]vXn-t‚bpw B[n-]Xyw skan-‰n°p-Im-cpsS A[o-\-Øn¬ h∂Xp \mw I≠p. F∂m¬, Ahn-S-ßfn¬ am{X-a√, A°m-esØ \mK-cn-I-tI-{µ-ß-fn-se√mw Xs∂ skan‰n-°p-Im¿ hym]n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn \mw ImWp∂p. ^n\ojy, Im¿tØPv, {Io‰v, {Ko°v, Cdm≥, kvs]bn≥ F∂o ]pcm-X\ \mK-cn-I-tI-{µ-߃ C°q-´-Øn¬ s]Sp∂p. Aßs\ Gjy, B{^n°, bqtdm∏v F∂o `qJ- fi - ß - f n- s e√mw skan- ‰ n- ° p- I m¿ hym]n- ° p- I bpw kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v. Cu hkvXpX kzev]w hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI-bmWv Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬.



^n\ojy C∂sØ se_-t\m≥, kndnb, C{km-tb¬ F∂o ]›n-ta-jy≥ cmPy-ß-fpsS an° `mK-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp {]mNo\ P\-]-Z-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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am-Ip∂p ^n\ojy. P_m¬ (P_o¬), kotZm≥ (sskU), tkm¿ (Sb¿), s_tdmØv (ss_dqØv) F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p ^n\o-jy-cpsS Ncn-{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {][m\ ]´-W-߃. ss__nƒ "Ac-Zqkv' F∂p hnfn-®n-´p≈ C∂sØ dphmZv, AYhm A¿hmZv ^n\o-jy-cpsS Hcp \K-c-am-bn-cp∂p. {]mNo-\-Im-esØ {][m\ hym]m-cn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p ^n\o-jy-°m¿. C¥y apX¬ bqtdm-∏ns‚ hnhn[ `mK-߃ hsc ^n\o-jy-cpsS hym]m-c-°-∏-ep-Iƒ k©-cn-®n-cp∂p. _n. kn. 1-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn® {Ko°v `qan-im-kv{X-Im-c-\mb Ãvdmt_m ]d-™n-´p-≈Xv a[y-[-c-Wymgn Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ßfpw C¥ybpw XΩn-ep≈ hym]m-c-_-‘-߃ At\I \q‰m≠p Imew \ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m-∂Xv ^n\o-jy-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv.1 A°m-eØv a[y-[-c-Wym-gn-bpsS Ingt° Ic-bn¬, Htc \nc-∏n¬ Iptd Xpd-ap-J-∏-´-W-߃ ^n\o-jy-∑m¿ \n¿an-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. C°q´-Øn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\-amb ]´-W-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p tkmdpw (Sb¿) kotZm\pw (sskU).2 ^n\o-jy¿ laq-dm-_n-bpsS Ime-Øp-Xs∂ k©m-cn-I-fmbpw, D]\n-th-i-°m-cmbpw a[y-[-c-Wymgn {]tZ-i-߃ apgp-h≥ hym]n®p Ign™n-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬, Ah-cpsS Ncn-{X-Øn\v hfsc ]g-°-ap-s≠∂v a\- n-em°mw.3 ^n\o-jy-°m-cpsS Hcp tImf-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p \mw ]n∂oSv hnh-cn-°p∂ Im¿tØPv. temI-kw-kvImc hnI-k-\-Øn¬ hºn® ]¶p-≠m-bn-cp∂p ^n\ojy- ∑ m¿°v . Ah¿ I®- h - S - k m- a m- \ - ß ƒ am{X- a √, kwkv I m- c hpw temI-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬ hnX-c-Ww-sNbvXp. ^n\o-jy-cmWv en]n hnZy ]cn-jvI-cn-®Xv. kpta-cn-b-cpsS en]n-kw-⁄-Iƒ hfsc k¶o¿Whpw FÆ-Øn¬ IqSp-X-epam-b-Xn-\m¬ Ah ]Tn®p a\x]m-T-am-°pI km[m-cW hnZym¿Yn-sb- w-_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw Zp m[y-am-bn-cp∂p. 2000 h¿j-߃ Ign-™n´pw Hcp hnZym¿Yn°v 600 apX¬ 1000 hsc kw⁄-I-fmWv ]Tn-t°-≠n-h-∂n-cp-∂Xv.4 AXn-\m¬, en]n-]-cn-jvI-cWw kwkvIm-c-hn-I-k-\-Øns‚ Hc-h-tiym-]m-[n-bmbn-Øo¿∂p. ^n\o-jy-cmWv B IrXyw \n¿h-ln-®Xv. ^n\o-jy≥ en]n-bn¬\n-∂mWv Ad_n, ln{_p apX-emb `mj-I-fnse en]n-kw⁄-Iƒ cq]w-sIm-≠Xv. temI-N-cn-{X-Im-c≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""^n\o-jy-°m¿ A[n-Ihpw hne-]n-Sn-°mØ Nn√d kmam-\-ßfmWv I®-h-Sw-sN-bvXn-cp-∂Xv. CXp-Im-cWw Ah-cpsS I®-h-S-°-W°p-I-fn¬ C\-߃ A[n-I-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu A\-h[n C\-߃ kpta-cn-b-cpsS \o≠ A£-c-am-e-bn¬ Ipdn-°p-hm≥ {]bm-k-am-bncp∂p. _n. kn. 1500 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw "DKmcn' F∂ \K-c-Ønse ]ptcmln-X-∑mcpw I®-h-S-°mcpw _m_n-tem-Wn-b-°m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ kpta-cn-b≥kw-⁄-I-fn¬\n∂p 29 FÆw i_vZ-kw-⁄-I-fmbn sXc-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



s™-SpØp. Cßs\ Ah¿ Hcp A£-c-ame D≠m°n.''5 Ad_n `mj-bn¬, Hcp IW-°n¬ 29 i_vZ-kw-⁄-I-fm-Wp-≈sX∂ kwKXn ChnsS {]tXyIw {it≤-b-amWv. "Aen^v. _m. Xm' F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv AXv XpS-ßp-∂Xv. ]m›m-Xy≥ `mj-I-fn¬ A£c-am-e°v "B¬^-s_‰v' (Alpha-bet) F∂ t]¿ h∂Xv CXn¬\n-∂mbn-cn-°Ww. ^n\o-jy¿ skan-‰n°v h¿K-ß-fn¬ s]´-h-cm-sW∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ GtIm-]n-®n-cn-°p∂p. ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jWw AXp sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. Ah-cpsS aXw, `mj, BNm-tcm-]-Nmcw F√mw Xs∂ skan-‰n-°m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v kmap-h¬ sebnw-Kns\ D≤-cn®p auem\m \Zvhn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.6 hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Atd-_y-bn¬\n∂v BKan-®-h-cmWv ^n\o-jy-∑m¿. _lvdos‚ kao-]-Øp-\n-∂mWv Ah¿ h∂Xv. _lvdos‚ ]pcm-X\ \maw "Xmb¿' F∂m-bn-cp∂p.7 CXn¬\n∂mhmw, Ah-cpsS Xe-ÿm-\-\-K-cn°v Sb¿ AYhm tkm¿ F∂ t]cp-≠m-bXv. ss__n-fn¬ ^n\o-jy-∑m¿ s]mXpsh "Acm-ay¿' F∂ \ma-Øn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.8 BI-bm¬ ^n\o-jy-cpsS kI-eam\ IrXy-ßfpw Ad-_n-I-tfmSp _‘-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.



Im¿tØPv C∂v SpWojym (Xq\okv) \Kcw ÿnXn sNøp-∂n-S-Øp-\n∂v ]Øv \mgnI hS°p ]Sn-™m-dmbn ÿm]n-°-s∏´ Hcp ]pcm-X\ \K-c-am-bn-cp∂p Im¿tØPv. tkm¿ (Sb¿) ]´-W-Øn¬\n∂v, _n. kn. 9-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm-¿-[Øn¬ ({In. ap. 814-˛tem 813˛-tem ) h∂ ^n\o-jy-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p CXp ÿm]n-®Xv. Hcp anI® I®-hS tI{µam-bn-cp∂p Im¿tØPv. ^n\o-jy≥ I®-h-S-°m-cpsS I∏-ep-Iƒ B{^n°- ap-gp-h≥ Np‰n, hS-°p≈ {_n´≥hsc k©-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn sXfn™n-´p≠v. {]kvXpX ^n\o-jy≥ D]-\n-th-i-°msc "Im¿Ø-Pn-\ob¿' F∂mWv B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ hnfn-°p-∂Xv. Im¿Ø-Pn-\o-b-∑m¿ Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ ]e \K-c-ßfpw Iogvs∏SpØn. a[y-[-c-Wn-bnse _men-tb-dn°m Zzo]p-Iƒ, amƒ´, km¿Un\nb, tIm¿kn°, knkn-en-bpsS ]Sn-™m-dp-`m-K-߃ Aßs\ ]e ÿe-ßfpw Ah-cpsS A[o-\-Øn-embn. B{^n°m h≥I-c-bnse kndn\n sXm´v Pn{_mƒ´¿ hsc Ah¿°- [ o- \ - s ∏- ´ n- c p∂p. kvs]bv\nse ]e ]´-W-ßfpw Im¿Øn-Pn-\o-b-cpsS Iogn-e-a¿∂p. Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ Irjn-sIm≠pw hym]m-cw-sIm≠pw km{am-Py-XzwsIm≠pw Im¿Ø-Pn-\o-b¿ Akq-bm¿l-amb ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿°v 500-˛Hmfw I∏-ep-I-f-S-ßnb Hcp \mhn-I-∏-S-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂psh-∂Xv {]tXyIw {]kvXm-hy-amWv. Xnc-s™-SpØ {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm¬ `cn- ° - s ∏- S p∂ Hcp dn∏- ª n- ° m- b n- c p∂p Im¿tØPv . kv s ]bn≥ Im¿tØ- P ns‚ Iogn- e m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂p ]d- ™ p- h t√m. kv s ]bn≥



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



211



tdmam-°m-cp-ambn BZn-bn¬ \√ _‘w ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw ]n∂oSv Ah-cp-ambn CS™p. {In. ap. 218-˛¬, Ncn-{X-Øn¬ G‰hpw henb ka-c-N-Xp-c-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂ lm\n-_mens‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ kvs]bn-\nse Im¿Ø-Pn-\o-b¿ C‰-ensb B{Ian-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ 15 h¿jw "]qWn-I-bp≤w' \S-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Im¿Ø-Pn-\o-b¿ Xs∂-bmWv B bp≤-Øn¬ hnPbw hcn-®Xv. ]t£, kwK-Xn-h-im¬ Ah¿°p kz¥w \m´n-te°v aS-tß-≠n-h-∂-Xn-\m¬ hnPbw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-™n√. ]n∂oSv tdma-°m¿ B{^n-°bn¬ IS∂p Im¿tØ- P ns\ Xncn- ® m- { I- a n®p. CØ- c p- W - Ø n¬ Im¿tØ-Pn-\o-b¿ k‘n-°p -\n¿_-‘n-X-cmbn. k‘n-°-cm-d-\p-k-cn®p Xß-fpsS \mhn-I-∏-Sbpw kvs]bn\pw tdma-°m¿°p hn´p-sIm-Sp-t°≠n-h∂p. i‡n £bn® \ne-bn¬ ]nt∂bpw Im¿tØPv Ac \q‰m≠p-Imew \ne-\n-∂p-sh-¶nepw, _n. kn. 146˛-¬ B km{amPyw tdma°m-cm¬ Xo¿Øpw \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. CXs{X, temI-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ {]apJ h¿Ø-I-cm-bn-cp∂ ^n\ojy≥am-cpsS Ncn-{X-Np-cp°w. Ch-cpsS Hcp {][m\ tZh≥ _mem-bncp∂p. _mem-cm-[\ temI-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-KØpw {]N-cn-∏n-®Xv ^n\ojy-cm-sW∂p Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ ]d-bp∂p. ""{]^-k¿ \n’≥ (Nilson), ^n\o-jy∑m¿ t\m¿sh-bpsS DØc Xocw-hsc hym]n-®p-sh∂pw, _mem-cm-[\ {]N-cn-∏n-®p-sh∂pw ]dbp∂p.'' 9 BI-bm¬ Ad-_n-I-fmb ^n\o-jy¿ temI-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-Kß-fnepw hym]n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ah¿ `mc-X-hp-ambn I®-h-S-_‘w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ncn{Xw sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. B ÿnXn°v ^n\o-jy-cpsS Hcp hn`mKw `mc-X-Øn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øp-sh∂p hnNm-cn-°m≥ \ymb-ap≠v. thZ-Øn¬ AXn-te°p kqN-\-bp-ap≠v.



^n\o-jycpw ]Wn-Ifpw EtKz-Z-Øn¬ "]Wn-Iƒ' Fs∂mcp hn`m-K-sØ-∏‰n ]e ÿeß- f nepw ]cm- a ¿in- ® p- I mWmw. Ch¿ tZh- ∑ m- c psS ]ip- ° sf tamjvSn®v, Kpl-bn¬ Hfn-∏n-®p-sh∂pw, "kca' Fs∂mcp "tZh-iq\n' sb B tKm°sf I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Bcy-tZ-h-\mb C{µ≥ Npa-X-es∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂pw B ]´n ]ip-°sf I≠p-]n-Sn®v, C{µs\ hnh-c-a-dnbn-®-t∏mƒ At±lw Kpl Xpd∂p ]ip-°sf ]pd-Øp-hn-´p-sh-∂pamWv IY. {]kvXpX ]Wn-I-fpsS Bcm-[y≥ "he≥' Bbn-cp∂p. C{µ\pw he\pw XΩn¬ \S∂ Hcp kwL-´-\-am-bn-´mWv EtKzZ IhnIƒ ta¬ kw`-hsØ k¶¬]n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. {]kvXpX kwL-´-\Øn¬ C{µ≥ Pbn-°p-Ibpw he≥ ]cm-P-b-a-S-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. C{µs\ kvXpXn®v Hcn-SØv EtKzZw ]d™Xv alm-Ihn h≈-tØmƒ Cßs\ hnh¿Ø\w sNøp∂p:



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



""tl h{P-`rtØ, Xpd-∂p-ht√m _lp˛ tKmhr-µ-\mb hes‚ _nesØ \o; At∏mƒ `hm-¶-e-W-™m¿, `bw shSn˛ ™pev]∂]oU-cmbv tahn\ tZh-Iƒ!''10 kmcw: h{P-ta-¥nb C{µ, Aßv ]ip-°q-´-ß-fp-S-b-h-\mb hes‚ Kpl Xpd∂v ]ip-°q-´sØ ]pd-Øp-hn-´pht√m. hes‚ ]oU\w \nanØw `b∂p \S-∂n-cp∂ tZh-X-Iƒ XZ-h-kcw `bw Dt]-£n®p Aß-bpsS kao]w h∂p-tN¿∂p. ]Wn- I ƒ hym]m- c n- h ¿K- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂p thZ- \ n- L - ≠ p- h mb "\ncp‡'-Øn¬ bmkvIm-Nm-cy≥ ]d-™n-´p≠v.11 C∏-d™ ]WnIfpw ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬ Adn-b-s∏´ ^n\o-jycpw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Htc h¿K-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw, ^n\o-jy-cpsS _m¬tZ-hs‚ C¥y≥ ]Xn∏mWv he-s\∂pw Nne Kth-j-I≥am¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´n-´p≠v. F∂m¬, CØcw hymJym-\-ßsf Nne thZ-⁄m-\n-Iƒ AwKoI-cn-°p-∂n√. Ah-cpsS ]£-Øn¬ EtKz-Z-Ønse {]kvXpX hN-\߃ Hcp kw`-h-hn-h-c-W-a√; {]XypX, b⁄-Øns‚ (Bcm-[\) ^esØ cq]-Im-Xn-i-tbm-‡-n]-c-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp kmlnXy ssien am{X-amWv. [¿a-sa-∂mWv tKmi-_vZ-Øns‚ A¿Y-sa∂pw, a\p-jys‚ A¥-cw-K-Øn¬ Kp]vX-ambn ÿnXn sNøp∂ [¿a-_p≤n b⁄w aptJ\ _ln¿K-an-°p-sa-∂mWv ta¬]-d-™-Xns‚ hnh-£sb∂pw Ah¿ ]d-bp∂p. {io. hn.sI. \mcm-bW `´-Xncn Fgp-XnbXv t\m°pI: ""thZ-ß-fnse tKmi-_vZ-Øn\v ]ip F∂p am{X-a√ A¿Yw. [¿aw, [m¿an-I_ - p≤n, [¿asØ ]pc-kI v c- n-®p≈ hnim-eh - o-£Ww.... Cßs\ [¿a]-c-amb A¿Y-ß-fn¬ tKmi-_vZsØ km[m-cW D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp≠v. At∏mƒ ]Wn-If - psS tKmtam-jW - Ø - ns‚ A¿Yw CXm-Ip∂p: Cuiz-cs‚ kZv`mhw, DXvIr-jvSß - f - mb kmXzn-IK - p-Wß - ƒ Ch F√m {]mWn-If - psS lrZ-bØ - n-ep-ap≠v. A[m¿an-Iß-fmb hmk-\I - ƒ sIm≠v ta¬ ]d™ ]cn-ip-≤K - p-Wß - ƒ F√m-hc - p-tSbpw a\- n¬ {]Xy-£s - ∏-Sp-∂n√..... kZvKpW-ßf - psS Xntcm-[m-\sØ ]Wn-If - psS tKm°sf tamjvSn-°e - mbn Nn{XoI-cn-°p∂p. kZvhr-Øn-Is - f-sIm≠v B KpW-ßsf ]pd-tØ°p sIm≠ph-cp-∂-Xns\ Cuiz-c-k-lm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn, tamjvSn® ]ip-°sf XncnsI sIm≠p-hc - nI F∂¿Y-am°n I¬]n-®n-cn-°p∂p. GXm≠v Cu A¿Y-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv {io. Ac-hn-µt- Lmjpw ap≥]-d™ tKm°-fpsS tamj-Ws - Ø∏‰n ]d-bp-∂Xv.12 Cßs\ B[ym-fln-I-ambn hymJym-\n-°m-\p≈ ]gpXpw {]kvXpX sshZn-II - Y - ° - p≠v. AXn-\m¬, ]Wn-If - psS tKmtam-jW - s - Ø-∏‰n Dd-∏ns®m∂pw Xocp-am-\n-°m-\m-hn√. F∂n-cp-∂mepw `mc-XØ - n¬ "]Wn-Iƒ' F∂ Hcp hn`m-KØ - ns‚ AkvXn-XzsØ CXv \ntj-[n-°p-∂n√. \ncp‡w AXv



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



213



ÿnco-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.



{Io‰v a[y-[-c-Wymgn Zzo]p-k-aq-l-Ønse AXn-{]m-No-\hpw hen-b-Xpamb Hcp Zzo]m-WnXv. CuPn-b≥ IS-ens‚ sXt° A‰Øv InS-°p∂ {Io‰v AXn-]p-cm-X-\-amb Hcp \Kc kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ tI{µ-am-bncp∂p. Cu kwkv I m- c sØ ]pcm- h - k v X p- K - t h- j - I ¿ "CuPn- b ≥ kwkvImcw' F∂p hnfn- ° p∂p. J\\- Ø n¬ Is≠- Ø nb "t\mt_mkv sIm´mc'amWv {]kvXpX {]mNo\ \mK-cn-I-X-sb-∏‰n \ap-°p≈ Adn-hn-\m-[mcw. Cu kwkvIm-c-sØ-∏‰n Kth-jWw \SØnb ]fin-X-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fmb Chm≥kv CXn\v aq∂p Ime-L-´ßƒ \n¿W-bn-®n-´p≠v. {]Ya L´w _n.kn. 3400 apX¬ 2100 hsc; _n.kn. 2100 apX¬ 1600 hsc-bmWv a[y-L´w; A¥n-a-L´w _n.kn. 1600 apX¬ 1100 htcbpw. C∂v Is≠-Ønb t\mt_m-kvsIm-´mcw a[y L´-Øn-t‚-Xm-Ip∂p.13 CuPn-b≥ \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS Ncn{Xw CuPn-]vXn-t\-°mƒ ]ucm-Wn-I-am-sW-∂t{X ]fin-X-aXw. FOv.Pn. sh’v Fgp-Xp∂p: ""CXns‚ Ncn{Xw CuPn-]vXns‚ Ncn-{X-tØ-°mƒ ]pcm-X-\-am-Ip∂p. {In. ap. 4000-˛mam-≠n\p apºvXs∂ c≠p cmPyßfpw XΩn¬ I®-hSw \S-∂n-cp∂p. {In. ap. 2500-˛¬, AXm-bXv, k¿tKm¨ H∂m- a - s ‚bpw laq- d m- _ n- b p- t Sbpw a‰pw Ime- ß - f n¬ {Io‰nse kwkvImcw AXyp-®-tIm-Sn-bn-seØn.''14 CuPn-]vXnse cmPm-hns\ ^tdmh F∂p hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse CuPn-b≥cm-Pm-hns\ ssat\mkv F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ssat\mkns‚ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ Ipfn-ap-dn-Iƒ, Ipg¬sh≈w apX-emb kuIcy-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. Cu kwhn-[m\w kn‘p-XS kwkvImc-sØ-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. CuPn-b≥am¿ GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bnemWv hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Cu aX-Øn¬ ac-Wm-\¥-c-Po-hn-X-hn-izm-khpap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬, arX-i-co-c-ß-tfm-SpIqSn `£y-km-[-\-߃, hnf-°p-Iƒ, £uc-°-Øn-Iƒ, apJ-°-ÆmSn-Iƒ XpSßn ]tc-Xm-flm-hns‚ kpJ-ku-I-cym-Zn-Iƒ°p≈ D]-I-cW-߃ Ipgn-®n-SpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. aX-I¿a-߃ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-c√, ]ptcm-ln-X-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bp∂p. CuPnb≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ kv{XoIƒ°v hºn® {]m[m\yw I¬]n-°-s∏´n-cp∂p. aX-N-S-ßp-I-fn¬ arK-_en ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. ASn-a-Ø-cm-lnXyw, kv{Xo]p-cp-j-k-aXzw, h¿K-k-aXzw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ B[p-\n-Im-i-b߃t]mepw {]tbm-Kh - X - I v c - n® Hcp {]mNo\ hn`m-Ka - m-bn-cp∂p CuPn-b≥am¿. Npcp-°Ø - n¬ km_n-aX - t- ØmSv Cu aXw hfsc ASp-Øp-Im-Wp∂p. CuPn-b≥am¿°v Hcp-Xcw A£-c⁄ m-\a - p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, AhcpsS en]n CXp-hsc hmbn-°s - ∏-´n-´n√. t\mtkm- p-Im¿ I¿a-Ip-ie - ∑ - mcpw Pn⁄m-kp-°f - p-am-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv {Io‰v Zzo]v ssIh-is - ∏-Sp-Ønb {Ko°p-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Im¿ AXn-k-a¿Y-\mb Hcp {Io‰v imkv{X-⁄-s\-∏‰n ]d-™n-´p≠v. "UoUm-ekv' F∂p t]cmb {]kvXpX CuPn-b≥ hnZ-Kv≤≥ ]d°p∂ Hcp b{¥w \n¿an-°p-hm≥ {ian®p. ]t£, AXv IS-en¬ s]m´nho-Wp-ht{X. c≠p km[-\-߃ {Io‰p-Im-c\v A]-cn-Nn-X-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p: Ccpºpw, IpXn-cbpw. Ch c≠pw kn‘p-XS kwkvIm-c-Ønepw ImWp∂n√. t\mtkm- ns‚ sFizcyw s]s´-∂mWv Ah-km-\n-®-sX∂p hnZKv[-∑m¿ Icp-Xp∂p. {In. ap. 1400-˛¬ ssat\m-kns‚ sIm´mcw \in-∏n°-s∏´p. Cu hn]Øv Fßs\ kw`-hn-®p-sh∂v Kth-j-I-∑m¿°v Adn-™p-IqSm. sIm≈-sNbvXp hen-s®-dn™v, Aßn-ßmbn Nn∂n®n-X-dnb kmam-\-ß-fp-sSbpw A·n-_m-[-bp-sSbpw AS-bm-f-߃ `qK¿` hnZ- K v [ - ∑ m¿ Is≠- Ø n- b n- ´ p≠v . {Koknse ssako- t \bn¬\n∂pw a‰pw D≠mb B{I-a-W-^-e-amhmw, t\mtkm- ns‚ ]X\-sa∂v Nne ]fin-X≥am¿ Duln-°p∂p.



ssat\mkpw "abo≥'Imcpw ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv, ba-\n¬ `c-Wm-[n-]Xyw hln-®n-cp∂ Hcp Ad_n-hw-i-°m-cm-Ip∂p abo≥Im¿. k_mbo cmP-hw-i-߃°pw apºmbn-cp∂p Ch-cpsS Imew. {In. ap. 194-˛¬ Nc-a-KXn {]m]n® Fdm-ÃkvX-\okv (Erastasthenes), {In. ap. 79˛-mam-≠n¬ arXn-b-S™ Ãvdmt_m (Starbo), {In. ]n. 80˛-¬ acn® πo\n (Pliny) XpS-ßnb bh\ {KŸ-Imc-∑m¿ Xm¥m-ß-fpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ abo≥Im-sc-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p≠v. "aoss\‰v' (Minaet), "am\n-Smbv' (Manitai) F∂o {Ko°p-\m-a-ß-fn-emWv Ahsc bh-\-{K-Ÿ-Im-c-∑m¿ hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.15 ss__n-ƒ "satbm\y¿' F∂ ln{_p-\m-a-Ønepw Ahsc ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. 16 {]kvXpX abo≥Imcpw t\mtkm- nse `c-Wm-[n-]-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp∂ ssat\m-kp-Ifpw Htc hwi-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cn-°p-hm≥ hI-bp≠v. ssat\mkv Xß-fpsS hwi-°m-cmsW∂v abo≥Im¿ Ah-Im-is - ∏-´n-cp-∂Xmbn πo\n tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p.17 C{]-Imcw Xs∂ {Ko°nse Hcp Zzo]mb bq_nb-sb-°p-dn®p Ãvdmt_m ]d-bp∂p: ""Chn-SsØ BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ Atd-_y≥ IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cm-bncp∂p. tIZ-tam-kns‚ IqsS-bmWv Ah¿ {Ko°n¬ FØn-bXv.''18 C{Xbpw {]kvXm-hn-®-Xn¬\n∂v Ad-_n-Iƒ°v CuPn-b≥ P\-]Zhpw {Ko°p-Im-cp-am-bp≈ ]pcm-X\ _‘w {Kln-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. {Ko°p-Im¿ Bcy≥h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-sW-∂s{X, B[p-\nI `mjmK-th-jWw sXfn-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬, {Ko ns‚ ]cn-jvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw ⁄m\-hn-⁄m-\-ßfpw en]n-bp-sa√mw Xs∂ ^n\ojy-cn¬\n∂v ]I¿∂-Xm-sW∂p hy‡-am-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. Ad-_nbn-tebpw {Ko°n-tebpw Ht´sd ]Z-߃°v XΩn¬ ASp-Ø -km-ayap≠v. Nne hkvXp-°-fp-tSbpw hym]m-c-km-am-\-ß-fp-tSbpw t]cp-Iƒ



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



215



Ccp `mj-I-fnepw an°-hmdpw H∂mWv.19 Npcp-°-Øn¬ {Ko°p-Im¿ B[p-\nI Kth-j-W-Øns‚ ZrjvSn-bn¬ Bcy-h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cmsW-¶n¬, as‰mcp \ne°v Atd-_y≥ h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cp-am-Ip∂p.



Cdm≥ sX°p ]Sn-™m-d≥ Gjy-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ C∂sØ Cdm≥ {In. ]n. 1935 hsc "t]¿jy' F∂ \ma-t[-b-Øn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂Xv. Cdm≥ F∂m¬ Bcy-∑m-cpsS cmPyw F∂m-W¿Yw. t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S-ens‚ hS-°p-`m-KØv Cdm\pw sX°p-`m-KØv Atd-_ybpw ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p. {InkvXp-hn\v c≠m-bncw h¿j-߃°p-apºv Hcp \mtSmSn h¿Kw AhnsS IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øp.20 Ch-cs{X t]¿jy-bnse BZysØ \nhm-kn-Iƒ. Cdm-\n¬ "Jqkn-kvXm≥' F∂ t]cn¬ Adnb-s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\Øv A[n-h-kn-®p-h∂ "Gem-ay¿' (Elamites) Bbncp∂p Cu BZy-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ. Ch-sc-∏‰n ss__n-fnepw ]cm-a¿in®n-´p≠v. DXv]-Øn-]p-kvX-I-Ønse hwim-h-en-b-\p-k-cn®v, Gem-ssa‰vkv skan- ‰ n°v h¿K- Ø n¬ s]´- h - c mWv . Fs¥- ∂ m¬, t\ml- b psS ]p{X≥ tians‚ aI-\mb Gem-ans‚ ]n∑p-d-°m-cm-Ip∂p Gem-ay¿.21 Ch¿ Hcp L´-Øn¬ saskm-s]m-t´-anb Iog-S°n `cn-®n-cp∂p. Ncn{X-Im-c-\mb sh’v Cu hkvXpX kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xp ImWpI: ""Abmƒ (k¿tKm≥ H∂m-a≥) ÿm]n® km{amPyw c≠p iXh¿j-Øn-\p-tijw AkvX-an®p. ]n∂oSv Gem-ay-cpsS Hcp {]hm-lØn\v tijw "Atam-cy¿' F∂ Hcp ]pXnb tiay-h¿Kw {ItaW kpta-cn-b-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n®p.''22 At∏mƒ k¿tKm-s‚bpw laq-dm-_n-bp-sSbpw c≠p hwi-߃ saskm-s]m-t´-anb `cn-®n-cp∂ Ime-߃°n-S-bn¬ Gem-ay-cpsS B[n]-Xy-amWv AhnsS \S-∂n-cp-∂Xv. _n.kn. 2450-˛mam-≠n-t\m-S-Sp-ØpXs∂ Gem-ssa‰vkv Hcp-Xcw Nn{X-en]n D]-tbm-Kn®pXpS-ßn-bn-cp∂p.23 kpta-cn-b≥ cmPm-°≥am-cp-am-bp≈ bp≤-ß-fpsS IY-I-fmWv A°mesØ Gem-ay-cpsS Ncn{Xw. t]¿jy-bnse Gemay Xe-ÿm\w "kqk' (Susa) As√-¶n¬ kqkn-kvXm≥ Bbn-cp∂p. A\-¥cw t]¿jy A o-cn-b-°m-cpsS A[o-\-Øn-embn. A ocn-b≥ k{am-´m-bn-cp∂ A»q¿ _m\n-]m¬ {In. ap. 7˛-mw iX-I-Øn¬ B cmPy- t Øbpw AXns‚ Xe- ÿ m- \ - \ - K - c n- t bbpw \in- ∏ n®p. 24 ]n∂oSv AXns\ hos≠-Sp-ØXv alm-\mb sskdkv N{I-h¿Ønbm-bn-cp∂p. sskd-kns‚ IY Ipd-s™m∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp≠v.



sskdkv, AYhm tImciv F{Xbpw A¤p-X-I-c-amWv sskd-kns‚ Ncn{Xw. Cu Ncn-{XØn\v apJy-amb B[mcw sltdm-tUm-´kv (Herodotus), knt\m-]≥



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



(Zenopon), Skn-tbkv (Ctasies) F∂o {Ko°p ]fin-X≥am-cpsS IrXnI-fs{X. Ft°-an-\okv hwi-P-\mb Ct±lw Imw_o-k-kn-s‚bpw am≥ssU-\n-s‚bpw ]p{X-\mbn P\n®p. Imw_o-k-kns\ Ad-_n-{KŸ-Im-c∑m¿ "IoJ-_mZv' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. At±-lsØ Nnet∏mƒ "Iwt_mP' F∂pw hnfn-°m-dp≠v. sskdkv (Cyrus ) F∂Xv cmP- \ m- a - Ø ns‚ {Ko°p cq]- a s{X. "tKmtcmiv' F∂mWv inem-en-Jn-X-Øn¬ I≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv. CXn-t\mS-SpØ "tImciv' F∂ kw⁄-bmWv ss__nƒ kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. Ad-_n-Iƒ AXv "Jpkpdp' F∂pw "IoJpkvdp' F∂pw D®-cn®p. sskdkv Xs‚ amXm-a-l-\mb AÃn-bm-Kkn (Astyagus) s\ `b∂v, ]¿h-X-ß-fnepw h\-ß-fn-ep-amWv sNdp-∏-°mew Ign-®-sX∂p ]d-bp∂p. buh-\Ø - n¬ At±lw t]¿jy-bn¬ Hcp tk\ kwL-Sn-∏n®p. amXm-al - \p-ambn ]S-sh´n Pbn®p. A°m-eØv Cdm≥ c≠p cmjv{S-ßf - mbn hn`-Pn°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. sX°p `mKØn\v "]m¿kn' (t]¿jy) F∂pw, hS-°p-]Sn-™m-dp-`m-K-Øn\v "anUnb' (Midea) F∂p-am-bn-cp∂p t]¿. Ad-_n-Iƒ anUn-bsb "amlXv' F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂Xv. inem-tc-Jb - n¬ "amZm' F∂mWv AXns‚ \maw. sskdkv {Ia-Øn¬ c≠p cmjv{S-ß-fp-tSbpw A[n-]-Xnbm-bn-Øo¿∂p. _n. kn. 612˛-¬ A o-cnb F∂-t∂-°p-ambn Ah-km-\n®p. AXns‚ Xe-ÿm\ \K-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ "\o\sh' \nt»jw XI¿°-s∏´p. CØ-cp-WØn¬ A o-cn-b-bpsS Iogn-em-bn-cp∂ anUnb kzmX{¥yw {]m]n®p. F∂m¬, _m_n-tem-Wnb At∏mgpw AP-ø-i-‡n-bmbn \ne-sIm≠p. _m_n-tem-Wnbm cmPm-hmb s\_q-°U - v\  - ¿ (_pJvXv \k¿) {]Xm-]im-enbpw i‡-\p-am-bn-cp∂p. Abmƒ PqX-∑m-cpsS ]pWy-\K - c - hpw cmjv{SX-eÿ - m-\h - p-amb Pdq-kew B{I-an-°p-Ibpw \nt»jw \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. PqX-∑msc ASn-aI - f - m°n _m_n-tem-Wn-bb - n-te°v sIm≠p-t]mbn. sskd-kns‚ Imew ({In. ap. 550) hsc ASn-aI - ƒ F∂ \ne-bn-emWv blqZ-∑m¿ _m_n-tem-Wn-bb - n¬ ]m¿Øn-cp-∂Xv. C°m-eØ - mWv PqX-]fi n-X∑m¿ Xß-fpsS aX-{K-Ÿa - mb ss__nƒ ]g-b\ - n-baw t{ImUo-Ic - n®p XpSßn-b-sX∂p ]d-bp∂p. Ah-km\w alm-\mb sskd-kmWv PqX≥amsc _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bpsS ASn-a-Ø-Øn¬\n∂v tamNn-∏n-®Xv. _m_n-tem-Wn-bm-bnse ÿm\m-h-Im-in-bm-bn-cp∂ t_¬i- dn (Belshazzar)s‚ A{Iaw kln-°m™v, Xßsf tamNn-∏n-°m≥ X∂m-´p-Im¿ sskdkn-t\m-S-`y¿Yn®p. At±lw AXv kl¿jw kzmKXw sNbvXp.25 Aßs\ sskdkv _m_n-tem-Wnb Iog-S°n. At±lw PqX≥amsc kztZi-tØ°v am\-am-bn- Xn-cn-®b - ®p. s\_q-°U - \ v   - ¿ sIm≈-sNbvXp sIm≠pt]m-bn-cp∂ PqX-∑m-cpsS km[-\k - m-a{- Kn-Iƒ Ah¿°p-Xs∂ aS-°n-s°mSpØp. XI¿°-s∏-´n-cp∂ tZhm-ebw (ssl°¬ kpsse-am\n) ]p\¿\n¿an°m≥ DØ-ch - n´p. CsX-°p-dn®v sskdkv sNbvX Hcp {]Jym-]\w CØ-cp-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



217



W-Øn¬ {]tXyIw {it≤-b-amWv: ""kz¿K-Ønse ssZh-amb btlmh `qan-bnse kIe cmPy-ßfpw F\n°v X∂n-cn-°p∂p. blq-Z-bnse bcq-i-te-an¬ Ah\v Hcp Bebw ]Wn-hm≥ Ft∂mSp Iev]n-®p-an-cn-°p∂p.''26 Cu {]Jym-]\w sskdkv Hcp {]hm-NI - \ - m-bn-cp∂p F∂p tZymXn-∏n°p∂p. C{km-tb¬ {]hm-NI - ≥am-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂ bi-øm-\_n sskdkn-s\-∏‰n 160 h¿j-Øn\v ap≥]v Hcp kphn-tijw \evIn-bn-cp∂p. AXn¬ At±-lsØ ssZh-Øns‚ "A`n-jn-‡≥' (akolv) F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®n´p≠v. ""btlmh Xs‚ A`n-jn-‡-\mb tImc-in-t\mSv C{]-Imcw Acp-fns®-øp∂p... Rm≥ \n\°p apºmbn sN∂p Zp¿L-Sß - sf \nc-∏m-°p-Ibpw Xm{a-hm-Xn-ep-Isf XI¿Øp Ccn-tºm-Sm-ºe - p-Isf Jfin-®p-If - b - p-Ibpw sNøpw.''27 tImciv (sskdkv) _m_n-tem-Wnb Iog-S° - p-sa-∂mWv Cu {]h-N\ - Øns‚ s]mcpƒ. ChnsS tImc-ins\ "aiolm' (A`n-jn-‡≥) F∂p hntijn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂v At±lw Hcp {]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂p≈ kqN\ e`n-°p∂p. IqSmsX Xßsf _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bpsS ASn-a-ØØn¬\n∂v hntam-Nn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp alm-]p-cp-js\ C{km-bo-ey¿ {]Xo-£n®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw B alm-]p-cp-j≥ sskd-km-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw {]kvXpX {]h-N\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p≠v. BI-bm¬ At±lw Hcp {]hm-NI - \pw ssZh]p-cp-j\ - p-am-sW-∂s{X ss__n-fns‚ [z\n.



"Zp¬J¿ss\≥' Jp¿-B≥ 18˛-mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ "Zp¬J¿ss\≥' F∂ Hcp alm-]p-cpjs‚ IY hnh-cn-®n-´p≠v. PqX-∑m-cpsS tNmZy-Øn-\p-Øc - a - m-bmWv B IY {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈Xv. Zp¬J¿ss\≥ \nc-h[n cmPy-߃ Pbn-®S- ° - nb Hcp ZnKzn-Pb - n-bm-bn-cp∂p. Hcp {]tZ-iØ - p-Im¿ At±-lt- ØmSp ]cmXn ]d™p: ""bmPqPv ˛ amPqPv' F∂p ]d-bp∂ Hc-{I-an-h¿Kw \m´n¬ IS∂p hºn® hn\m-iß - ƒ \S-Øp∂p. Ahsc XS- w-sN-øp∂ ]£w kp\n-›n-Xa - mb Hcp Icw Atß°v R߃ \¬In-s°m≈mw.'' At±lw {]Xn-hN - n®p: ""Icw thW-sa-∂n√; Fs∂ imco-cn-Ihpw a‰p-amb Ign-hp-IƒsIm≠v klm-bn®m¬ aXn; Rm≥ A{I-an-Isf XS-™p-\n¿Øn-Øcmw.'' Aßs\ Ccpºpw Xm{ahpw tN¿Øp-≠m-°nb Hcp teml-°q-´p-sIm≠v Ah¿°v Hcp `nØn-bp-≠m-°n-s°m-SpØp. B `nØn-bpsS Ccp-h-i-ßfpw D∂-X-amb sImSp- a p- S n- I - f m- b n- c p- ∂ - X n- \ m¬ A{I- a n- I - f mb bmPqPv ˛ amPq- P n\v AXns\ Xm≠n-°-S∂v, sImebpw sIm≈bpw \SØn, \m´n¬ hn\mi-ap-≠m-°m≥ Ign-bmsX h∂p. CXmWv Npcp-°-Øn¬ IYm-kmcw. {]kvXpX Zp¬J¿ss\-\n-bpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-amb hy‡n-Xz-sØ-∏‰n Jp¿-B≥ hymJym\ {KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ `n∂m-`n-{]m-b-am-Wp-≈Xv. Hcp Iq´¿ amkn-tUm-Wn-b-°m-c-\mb Ae-Ivkm-≠-dm-sW∂p ]dbp∂p. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ N{I-h¿Øn ZnKzn-P-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn¬



218



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



X¿°-an√. ]t£, At±lw ssZh-`-‡\pw ip≤-amb ]mc˛euInI Pohn-X-Øn¬ hnizm-kn-bp-am-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°-s∏-´n-´n√. Dulm-t]ml-߃ Ncn-{X-a-√t√m. Jp¿-B-\m-Is´, Zp¬J¿ss\≥ ssZh-`-‡\pw ]c-temI hnizm-kn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠p-Xm\pw. Cu hnj-b-I-ambn imkv{Xo-b-ambn ]T\w \S-Ønb GI hy‡n, \ΩpsS Adn-hn¬ auem\m A_p¬Iemw Bkm-ZmWv. At±lw In´m-hpt∂-St- Ømfw sXfn-hp-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v, imkv{X-coXym hni-Ie - \w sNbvXv, ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv sskd-kmWv Jp¿-B\ - nse Zp¬J¿ss\≥ F∂s{X. At∏mƒ sskd-kns‚ Ime-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ A{I-an-If - mb bmPqPv˛amPqPv Bcm-sW∂pw, At±lw ]Wn-bn® teml-`nØn GXm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-ap≈ {]iv\ß - ƒ°p-Øcw ImtW-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. Cu {]iv\ß - ƒ°pw icn-bmb DØcw BkmZv I≠n-´p≠v. AXns‚ Hcp cXv\-®p-cp°w NphsS ImWn°p∂p.



bmPqPv˛ amPqPv `qtKm-f-Ønse hS-°p-In-g-°≥ acp-`q-an-I-fn¬ {]mNo-\-Im-eØv Nne Incm-Xh - ¿K-°m¿ A[n-hk - n-®n-cp∂p. "awtKm-fn-b¿' F∂ \ma-t[-bØ - n¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ h¿§-°m¿ Ah-cpsS ]n≥Km-an-I-fs{X. {]kvXpX acp-`q-anbpsS Ings° AXn¿Øn-°∏ - p-dØ - mWv No\ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. No\-°mcpsS ]pcm-X\ tcJ-If - n¬ {]kvXpX h¿K-°m-cpsS \maw "tamKv' F∂mWv ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Cu i_vZØ - n¬ \n∂m-hWw, "awtKm-fnb' F∂ hm°v \njv]-∂-am-bXv. {In. ap. 600-˛mam-≠n-\-SpØv {Ko°p-Im¿°n-S-bn¬ "taKv', "taKmKv' F∂n-ßs\ Nne h¿K-\m-aß - ƒ {]N-cn-®p-Im-Wp∂p. CXn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm\w {]kvXpX tamKv Xs∂-bmhmw. CXn¬\n-∂m-bn-cn-°Ww ss__n-fnse "tKmKpw' "atKmKpw' h∂Xv. Ad-_n-`m-j-bn¬ KIm-c-an√. XXvÿm-\Øv PIm-ca - m-Wp-]t- bm-Kn-°m-dp-≈Xv. ln{_p-hn¬\n∂v tKmKpw atKmKpw Ad-_n-bn-te°v ]I¿∂-t∏mƒ Ah bmPqPpw amPq-Pp-ambn cq]m¥-c-s∏´p. No\-°m-cpsS Ncn{X tcJ-I-fn¬ {]kvXpX acp-`q-hm-kn-I-fn¬ Hcp hn`m-KØ - ns‚ t]¿ "bphmNn' (Yueh-chi) F∂p- Im-Wp∂p. Cu bphmNn hnhn[ L´-߃ XcWwsNbvXv Ah-km\w bmPq-Pmbn F∂p hnNm-cn°m-hp-∂-XmWv. BI-bm¬ at[y-jy-bnse acp-`q-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Cu IncmX h¿K-߃. Ncn-{X-Im-eØv Ch-cpsS B{I-aWw ]›n-a-`m-K-tØ°v Xncn-™ncp∂p. Ing-t°m-´p≈ B{I-aWw Akm-[y-am-°n-bXv {]kn-≤-amb No\m `nØn-bmWv. sskd-kns‚ Ime-amb {In. ap. 550-˛¬ ]›n-tajy-bnse kIe cmPy-ßfpw "knXn-b-∑m¿' (Scythians) F∂ tKm{Xh¿K-ß-fpsS B{I-a-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cp∂p. Cu B{Ia-W-߃s°√mw Ah-km\w hcp-Ønb _e-s∏´ Icw sskd-knt‚-Xm-bn-cp∂p. {]kvXpX knXn-b-∑m¿ awtKm-fn-b-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv kphn-Zn-X-amWv.



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C\n \ap°v t\m°m-\p-≈Xv knXnb-∑m¿ GXp am¿K-Øn-eq-sSbmWv B{I- a n- ® n- c p- ∂ Xv F∂mWv . sltdm- t Um- ´ - k ns\ D≤- c n®v BkmZv ]d-bp∂p: ""Htc-sbmcp am¿K-Øn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS B{I-aWw. Imt°jym Npc-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.''28 Cu am¿§w AS-®p_-‘n-°m-\m-hWw sskdkv `nØn \n¿an-®Xv. Imkv]n-b≥ kap-{Z-Øns‚ ]Sn-™msd XocØv Hcp ]pcm-X\ ]´Ww˛ Z¿_µv˛C∂pw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p≠v. Imt°jym ]¿h-X-\nc Ah-km-\n®v, Imkv]n-b≥ IS-en-t\mSp tNcp∂ Zn°n-em-WnXv. ChnsS ]pcm-X\ Imew apX¬ hfsc \ofhpw hoXn-bp-ap≈ Hcp `nØn-bp≠m-bn-cp∂p. CXns‚ \ofw kpam¿ 30 ssaes{X. Cu ÿe-Øn\v ]mc-knI `mj-bn¬ "Z¿_µv' F∂mWv t]cv. `nØn-hm-Xn¬ F∂mWv AXns‚ A¿Yw. Chn-sS-\n∂p Iptd ]Sn-™m-tdm-´p-am-dn-bm¬ as‰mcp ÿew ImWmw. CXn\v "Umcn-b¬ ]m v' (Darial Pass) F∂mWv ]d™p-h-cp-∂Xv. AXn-{]m-No\ Imew apX¬ AhnsS Hcp `nØn ÿnXnsN-bvXn-cp∂p. Cu ÿe-Øn\v A¿ao-\nbm tcJ-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂t]¿ "^m°vtIm-dmbn' F∂pw "Im∏≥ tImdmbn' F∂p-am-Ip∂p. tImdns‚ IhmSw F∂mWv B ]Z-ß-fpsS A¿Yw. Bcm-bn-cp∂p Cu tIm¿? ]mk¿KmsU (CkvXJvdv) bn¬\n∂v J\-\-Øn¬ e`n®n-´p≈ {]Xna hgn sskd-kns‚ km£m¬ \maw "tKmciv' F∂mbn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v.29 BI-bm¬ sskd-kns‚ \maØn¬ ÿm]n-X-am-b-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww B ÿew. Jp¿-B≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv c≠p XS- -ß-fpsS at[y-bm-bn-cp∂p Zp¬J¿ss\-\n-bpsS XS w, AYhm `nØn F∂mWv. auem\m BkmZv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Umcn≥ ]m v Jp¿-Bs‚ h¿W-\t- bmSv XnI®w tbmPn-°p-∂p≠v. c≠p sImSp-ap-Sn-Iƒ°n-Sb - n-emWv AXv ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv. Hcp `nØn aqew Cu hgn XS- s - ∏-Sp-Øm≥ As√-¶n¬ AS-®nSm≥ Ignbpw.''30 Npcp-°Ø - n¬ awtKm-fnbm h¿K-Øn¬ s]´ knXn-b∑ - m-cpsS IS-∂m-{Ia-Wß - ƒ {]Xn-_‘ - n-t°-≠X - n-\m-bn-cp∂p Zp¬J¿ss\≥ XS w \n¿an-®Xv. t]¿jy≥ N{I-h¿Ønbpw alm-\p-amb sskdkv, AYhm tKmciv Bbncp∂p Jp¿-B-\n¬ h¿Wn-X-\mb Zp¬J¿ss\≥. Cu \nK-a-\-amWv IqSpX¬ bp‡-am-bn-tØm-∂p-∂Xv. Ae-Ik v m-≠¿ {]kvXpX hnti-jW - Ø - n\v A\p-tbm-Py-\m-bn-cp-∂n√.



Zp¬J¿ss\≥ F∂ kw⁄°v \nZm\w Jp¿-B-\n¬ Zp¬J¿ss\-s\-°p-dn®v {]Xn-]m-Z\w Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv: ""Zp¬J¿ss\-s\-∏‰n Ah¿ Xm¶-tfmSv tNmZn-°p∂p. ]d-bpI: At±-l-Øns‚ A¬]w ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ Znhy-`m-j-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Rm≥ HmXn-t°ƒ∏n°mw...''31 Hcp tNmZy-Øn-\p-Ø-c-am-bmWv Zp¬J¿ss\-s\-∏‰n ]d-tb-≠n-h-



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∂Xv. Cu tNmZy-Øns‚ D¬]Øn PqX-∑m-cn¬ \n∂m-sW∂v hymJymXm-°ƒ ]d-bp∂p. "Zp¬J¿ss\≥' F∂m¬ "Ccp-sIm-º≥' F∂mW¿Yw. Cßs\ Hcp \maw \_n-bpsS Ime-Øp≈ Ad-_n-Iƒ Adn™n-cp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬, PqX∑m-cn¬ \n∂m-hWw {]kvXpX tNmZyw h∂-sX∂v Xo¿®! Xm≥ {]hm-N-I-\mWv F∂ Ah-Im-i-hmZw icnbm-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ apl-ΩZv Xncp-ta-\n°v {]kvXpX {]iv\-Øn\v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb adp-]Sn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v kv]jvSw Xs∂. kwKXn CXmWv : C{km-tb¬ {]hm-N-I-]-c-º-c-bn¬ Hcm-fmb Zm\o-tb¬ \_n°v iqi≥ cmP-[m-\n-bn¬ sh®v Hcp Z¿i-\-ap-≠mbn. B ImeØv PqX-∑m¿ _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bn¬ ASn-a-I-fmbn Ign-bpI-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv {]tXyIw {it≤-b-amWv. {]kvXpX Z¿i-\Øn¬ At±lw Cc-´-s°m-º\pw AXn-]-cm-{I-an-bp-amb Hcm-´p-sIm‰s\ I≠p. Ah≥ ]Sn-™m-tdm´pw sXt°m´pw hS-t°m´pw CSn°p∂p. A\- ¥ cw ]Sn- ™ m- d p- \ n∂v Hcp tImem- ´ p- s Im- ‰ ≥ \new sXmSmsX kIe `qX-e-Øn-eq-sSbpw h∂p. Ahs‚ Ccp IÆpIƒ°n-S-bn¬ hnti-j-am-sbmcp sImºp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah≥ D{K-tIm]- t ØmsS Ccp- s Im- º s‚ t\sc ]m™p- s N∂p. Ahs\ CSn®p sImºp-c≠pw XI¿Øp. Cu H‰-s°m-ºs‚ apºn¬ \n¬]m≥ CcpsIm-º\v Ign-™n√. H‰-s°m-º-\mb tImem-´p-sIm-‰≥ Cc-´-s°mº-\mb B´p-sIm-‰s\ \neØp X≈n-bn´p Nhn-´n-°-f™p. H‰-s°mºs‚ ]cm-{I-a-Øn¬\n∂pw Cc-´-s°m-ºs\ c£n-°m≥ Bcp-an-√mbn-cp∂p. tImem-´p-sIm-‰≥ G‰hpw hep-Xm-bn-Øo¿∂p. F∂m¬, AXv _e-s∏-´-t∏mƒ AXns‚ henb sImºv XI¿∂p-t]mbn....32 CXmWv Zm\n-tb¬ {]hm-N-I-∂p-≠mb Z¿i-\-Øns‚ {]k-‡`mKw. Cu Z¿i-\-Ønse H‰-s°m-º-t\bpw Cc-´-s°m-º-t\bpw K{_ntb¬ (Pn_vco¬) Zm\n-tb-en\v hymJym-\n-®p-sIm-Sp-ØXv C{]-Im-cam-bn-cp∂p: ""c≠p sImºp-≈-Xmbn \o I≠ B´p-sIm-‰≥ ]m¿ky cmPm-°∑msc Ipdn-°p∂p. ]cp-]-cpØ tImem-´p-sIm-‰≥ bh-\-cm-Pmhpw AXns‚ IÆp-I-fpsS \Sp-hn-ep≈ Hcp sImºv H∂m-asØ cmPmhpw BIp∂p.'' 33 Zm\n-tb¬ sskd-kns‚ ka-Im-eo-\\pw At±-l-Øns‚ `‡ymZ-c-߃°p ]m{X-amb Hcm-fp-am-bn-cp∂p. sskdkv t]¿jy-bp-tSbpw anUn-b-bp-tSbpw cmPm-hm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m-em-hWw A∂sØ t]¿jysb c≠p sImºp≈ Hcm-´p-sIm-‰-\mbn Zm\n-tb≥ \_n°v Z¿in-∏n°s∏-´Xv. GXm-bmepw sskd-kn-s\-bmWv Ccp-sIm-º≥ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂-sX-∂p-≈-Xn¬ kwi-b-an√. H‰-s°m-ºt\m, {Ko°p cmPm-°-



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∑m-tcbpw. {Ko°p-Im-cmWv t]¿jysb Ah-km\w ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Ønb-sX∂ Ncn{X hkvXpX CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ {]tXyIw {it≤-b-amIp∂p. {]kvXpX Z¿i-\-Øns‚ ]pe¿®-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv. BI- b m¬, Zm\n- t b- e n- ∂ p- ≠ mb {]kv X pX Z¿i- \ - Ø nse Zp¬J¿ss\--s\∏-‰n-bm-bn-cp∂p \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-tbmSv blq-Z-∑m-cpsS tNmZyw. B Zp¬J¿-ss\≥ t]¿jy≥ cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ sskd-k-√msX a‰m-cp-a-s√∂v kv]jvSw. "Ccp-sIm-º≥' F∂ _lp-aXn sskd-kn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ]mk¿Km-U-bn¬ \n∂v {In. 1838-˛¬ In´nb At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp {]Xnabpw Ipdn-°p-∂p≠v. AXns‚ Ccp-h-ihpw Igp-I-t‚-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Nnd-Ip-Ifpw Xe-bn¬ B´p-sIm-‰-t‚-Xp-t]m-ep≈ c≠p sImºp-I-fpap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXn-t∑-ep≈ FgpØv Iptd \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-bn-cp-∂psh-¶nepw {]Xna Bcp-tS-sX∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ am{Xw Ah-ti-jn-®ncp∂p. 34 BI-bm¬ sskd-kns‚ "Ccp-sIm-º≥' F∂ ÿm\-t∏¿ shdpw aX-]-c-amb k¶¬]-a-s√∂pw kz¥-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ _lp-a-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw AXv sXfn-bn-°p∂p. At±lw Hcp Akm-am\y hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ DS-a-bm-bn-cp∂p.



sskd-kns‚ hwiw At°-an-\nkv (Achaemines) cmP-hw-i-Øn-emWv sskdkv P\n-®Xv. t]¿jy-bp-sSbpw anUn-bb - p-sSbpw `cWw Cu hwiw Ic-ÿa- m°n. F∂m¬, Cu km{amPyw "anUnb km{amPyw' F∂ t]cn-emWv s]mXp-hn¬ hnfn-°s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. anUnb F∂Xv Hcp {- Ko°v \ma-as{X. sskd-kns‚ ]nXr-hy]p-{X\pw ]n≥Km-an-bp-am-bn-cp∂ Zmcn-bkv H∂m-as‚ (Zmdm) enJn-XØ - n¬ ImWp∂ \maw "amZm' F∂m-Ip∂p.35 Ad-_n-Iƒ AXns\ "amlmØv' F∂p-®c - n®p. ss__n-fnse hwim-h-en-b-\p-k-cn®v A{_-lm-an\v "sIXqdm' F∂ aq∂m-asØ ]Xv\n-bn¬ P\n® k¥-Xn-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Hcm-fpsS t]¿ "saZm≥' F∂m-bn-cp∂p.36 saZms‚ ]n∑p-d-°m¿ ]n∂oSv taZy¿ F∂ t]cn¬ {]kn-≤-cm-sb∂v hnNm-cn-°m-hp-∂X - mWv. CXm-hWw "taZym-km-{amPyw' F∂ t]cn\v \nZm\w. At∏mƒ B km{amPyw Hcp skan-‰nIv km{am-Py-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p-hcpw. IqSmsX sskdkv Gem-ssa‰v hwi-P\ - m-sW∂v B[p-\nI Ncn{Xw AhIm-is - ∏-Sp∂p. 37 ss__nƒ aX-{]-Imcw tians‚ ]p{X-\m-Ip∂p Gemw.38 AXn-\m¬ sskd-kns‚ km{amPyw skan-‰n-°m-sW∂p Xo¿®. F∂m¬, B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb sh’v AXns\ H∂m-asØ Bcy-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



km-{amPyw F∂mWv hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. tImc-ins‚ ]nXr-hy]p-{X\pw ]n≥Km-an-bp-amb Zmcym-th-ins‚, As√-¶n¬ Zmcn-b-kns‚ (Zmdm) km{am-PysØ h¿Wn®p At±lw Fgp-Xp-∂Xp ImWpI: ""H∂mw Zmcn-bkns‚ ]m¿kn-km-{amPyw ˛ ]pcm-X\ ]cn-jvImc tI{µ-ß-fpsS ÿm\Øv DZv`-hn® BZysØ Bcy-km-{amPyw ˛ AtXhsc temI-Øp-≠m-bn-´p≈ km{am-Py-ß-fn¬ sh®v G‰hpw hen-bXm-bn-cp∂p. AXn¬ Gjym-ssa-\¿ apgp-h\pw kndn-bbpw ]≠sØ A o- c nb, _m_n- t em- W nb F∂o km{am- P y- ß fpw CuPn]v X pw Im°-kkv, Imkv]n-b≥ F∂o {]tZ-i-ßfpw taZnb, C\¬ F∂o cmPy-ßfpw Dƒs∏Spw. C¥y-bn¬ kn‘p-\Zn htcbpw AXv hym]n®p InS-∂n-cp∂p.'' 39 CXns‚ A¿Yw taZy-mkm-{amPyw `mjm-hn-`-P-\-a-\p-k-cn®v, Bcykm-{am-Py-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂s{X. CXp-sIm≠v ss__n-fnse hwi-]-camb hn`- P - \ - { ]- I mcw, AXv skan- ‰ n- ° m- I p- ∂ - X n\v hntcm- [ - a n√. {]kvXpX km{am-Py-Ønse Hc-[n-]-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂ tImc-kns\ skan‰nIv h¿K-Øn¬ s]´ blq-Z-∑m¿ Hcp "aninl'bmbn h¿Wn-®Xpw _lp-am-\n-®Xpw \mw I≠p. CXp-t]mse skan-‰n-°p-I-fm-bn-cp∂ _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bnse ]ptcm-ln-X-∑mcpw t\Xm-°fpw sskd-kns\ kz¥w \m´ns‚ A[n-]-Xn-bmbn AwKo-I-cn®p. Xß-fpsS Ah-km\sØ cmPm- h m- b n- c p∂ \mt_m- W n- Z - k ns‚ \b- s sh- I - e y- ß - f n¬ Akw-Xr-]vX-cmb Ah¿ Abm-sf-∏n-Sn®p _‘-\-ÿ-\m-°p-Ibpw cmPIp-am-c\pw ÿm\m-h-Im-in-bp-amb t_¬i- -dns\ h[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂n´v taZy-km-{am-Py-Øns‚ A[n-]-Xn-bmb tImc-in\v kz¥w \mSv G¬]n-®p-sIm-SpØp. CsX-∏‰n sh’v tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØnbXv t\m°pI: ""Ah¿ (_m_n-tem-Wn-b-bnse s_¬am¿tUm-°ns‚ ]ptcm-ln-X≥am¿) \t_m-Wn-Z-kns‚ ÿm\-tØ°v Hcmsf At\zjn-®p-Xp-Sßn. Ab¬cm-Py-amb taZy-mkm-{am-Py-Øns‚ A[n-]Xn tImciv (sskdkv) F∂ ]m¿knsb Is≠Øn.... At±lw _m_ntem-Wn-b°p t\sc h∂p. ]´-W-Øns‚ sIm´m-c-a-Xn-ep-I-fpsS ]pdsa Hcp bp≤w \S∂p. \K-c-I-hm-S-߃ At±-l-Øn-\mbn Xpd-°-s∏´p. ({In. ap. 533) At±-l-Øns‚ ssk\yw Hcp bp≤w IqSm-sX-Øs∂ \K-c-Øn¬ {]th-in®p.'' 40 _m_n- t em- W nbm ]ptcm- l n- X ≥am¿ sskd- k ns\ Cßs\ kzmKXw sNbvXn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ Ah¿°v At±-l-hp-ambn Hcp _‘-ap≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hnNm-cn-°-W-at√m. F¥m-bn-cp∂p AXv? B[p\nI Ncn{Xw AXp hy‡-am-°p-∂n√. c‡-_-‘-am-bn-cp∂p AsX∂v A\p-am-\n-°m≥ hgn-bp≠v. taZy¿ `mjm-]-c-ambn Bcy-h¿K-Øn-emWpƒs∏-´n-´p-≈-sX-¶nepw hwi-]-c-ambn skan-‰n-°p-Im¿ Xs∂-bm-bncp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mhmw, skan-‰n-°p-Im-cmb _m_n-tem-Wn-b¿ taZym-



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cm-Pm-hmb sskd-kns\ kl¿jw kzmKXw sNbvXXv. as‰mcp hn[w ]d-™m¬, Bcy-h¿Khpw skan-‰nIv h¿Khpw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ H∂mbn-cp∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬ skan-‰nIv h¿§-ß-fpsS ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn¬ temIØnse ]cn-jvIr-X-cm-Py-߃ apgp-h\pw Aa¿∂n-cp∂p. Ah¿ Gjym, B{^n°, bqtdm∏v F∂o aq∂v `qJ-fi-ß-fnepw hym]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXncp∂p. Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ 1. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 8, t]. 889 (^n\o-jy-∑m¿) 2. temI-N-cn-{X-kw-{Klw t]. 79 3. Ibid t]. 80 4. temI-N-cn{Xw hm. 2, t]. 87 5. Ibid Vol. 1, P. 117 6. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥, hm. 1, t]. 161 7. Ibid Vol. 1, P. 161 8. Ibid Vol. 1, P. 161 9. D≤-cWw: EtKz-Z-Øn-eqsS t]. 281 10. EtKzZw a. 1, kq. 11, E. 5 11. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 8, t]. 889 (^n\o-jy≥am¿) 12. thZm¿∞-hn-Nmcw t]. 84, 85 13. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 5, t]. 158 ({Io‰v) 14. temI Ncn-{X-kw-{Klw t]. 81 15. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 205 16. ii Zn\-hr-Øm¥w 26: 7 t\m°pI. 17. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 213 18. D≤-cWw: Ibid Vol. 1, P.162 19. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 162 20. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 2, t]. 471˛-473 (Cdm≥) 21. DXv]Øn 10: 22 22. temI-N-cn{X kw{Klw t]. 77 23. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 3, t]. 159 (Gemw) 24. Ibid hm. 3, t]. 159 (Gemw) t\m°pI. 25. X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥ by auem\m BkmZv hm. 2, t]. 403 t\m°pI. 26. F{k 1: 2 27. bi-ømhv 45: 1, 2 28. X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 2, t]. 426 29. Ibid hm. 2, t]. 400 30. Ibid hm. 2, t]. 429 31. Jp¿-B≥ 18: 33 32. Zm\n-tb¬ 8-˛mw A[ymbw 3˛-8 t\m°pI. 33. Ibid 8: 20, 21 34. X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 2, t]. 400, 401 35. Ibid hm. 2, t]. 401 36. DXv]Øn 25: 2 37. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 3, t]. 159 (Gemw)



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



38. DXv]Øn 10: 22 39. temI-N-cn{X kw{Klw t]. 103 40. Ibid t]. 102



A[ymbw ]Xn-s\´v



BZp-hw-ihpw Bcy-h¿Khpw Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Hcp L´-Øn¬ skan-‰nIv h¿K-Øns‚ _en-jvT-lkvX-Øn-emWv temIm-[n-]Xyw ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂-sX∂ hkvXp-XbmWv \mw apºv hnh-cn-®Xv. ico-c-ti-jn-sIm≠pw kwL-SnX i‡nsIm≠pw a‰pw Ah¿°m-bn-cp∂p A°m-eØv IqSp-X¬ {]m_eyw. acp-`q-an-I-fn¬ BSp-am-Sp-Isf ta®pw, Ae-™p-Xn-cn™pw \S-∂n-cp∂ Ah¿ XnI®pw kzX-{¥-amb A¥-co-£-Øn-emWv PohnXw \bn®Xv. ISpØ {]Xn-_-‘-ß-tfmSpw {]Xn-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-ß-tfmSpw a√ntS-≠n-h-∂-Xn-\m-emhmw, Cu A]-cn-jvIrX h¿K-°m¿°v CXc P\X-Xn-Iƒ°n-√m-Xn-cp∂ ]e Ign-hp-Ifpw tbmKy-X-Ifpw t\Sn-sb-Sp°p-hm≥ km[n-®Xv. Aßs\ {]mNo\ \mK-cn-I-tI-{µ-ß-sf-sb√mw Ah¿ B{I-an®p Iog-S°n. AXn-{]m-No\ ImeØv Atd_ym D]-Zzo-]n¬ {]Xm-]-tØmSpw {]`m-h-tØmSpw hmWn-cp∂ Hcp skan-‰nIv imJ-bmWv BZp-hw-isa∂v apºv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. Cu hwi-sØ-∏‰n Jp¿-B≥ ]te-S-ßfn-embn {]Xn-]m-Zn®p ImWmw. C°q-´-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Nne hkvXp-X-I-fn-te°v AXv shfn®w hoin-bn-´p≠v. Hcp Ncn{X hnZym¿Ynsb kw_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw F{Xbpw hne-s∏´ kqN-\-IfmWv Jp¿-B≥ \¬In-bn-´p-≈Xv. Ah-sb-∏‰n Hcp hnlK ho£Ww \S-Øp-hm≥ CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ {ian-°p∂p. Jp¿-B\pw Ncn-{Xhpw Hcp kwKXn BZyta ]d-™p-sh-°s´: Jp¿-B≥ Hcp Ncn{X ]pkvX-I-a√, Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-߃ Hcn-SØv ka-RvP-k-ambn t{ImUoI-cn®p {]Xn-]m-Zn-°pI Jp¿-Bs‚ ssien-b√. Cu cwKØv Jp¿B\pw ss__nfpw XΩn¬ Xmc- X ayw ImWpI {]bm- k - a s{X. ss__nƒ apJy-ambpw Hcp Ncn{X ]pkvX-I-amWv. Jp¿-B-\m-Is´ {]Y-a-ambpw {][m-\-ambpw Hcp am¿K-\n¿tZ-iI {KŸhpw. Hcp DZml-c-W-Øn-eqsS Cu A¥cw hy‡-am°mw. ss__n-fnse DXv]Øn, ]pd- ∏ mSv , tehy, kwJy, Bh¿Ø\w F∂o ]pkv X - I - ß ƒ HcmhrØn hmbn®p t\m°q. C{km-tb¬ hwi-Øns‚ DXv]Øn apX¬ tamk- k ns‚ hntbmKw hsc- b p≈ kºq¿W Ncn{Xw



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



225



\n߃°v In´pw. F∂m¬, Ah-cpsS Nne Ncn{X hi-߃ Jp¿B\pw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p≠v. AXpw ]te-S-ß-fn-embn, Hc-Sp°pw Nn´bp-an-√msX. Jp¿-B≥ B[m-c-am°n C{km-tb¬ hwi-°m-cpsS Ncn{Xw \n¿an-°p-hm≥ ]pd-s∏-´m¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xp-Xs∂. F¥n-\-[nIw, Ad-_n-I-fm-Wt√m Jp¿-Bs‚ {]Ya hml-I≥am¿. Jpssd-in-If - m-bn-cp∂p Jp¿-Bs‚ BZysØ A`n-kw-t_m-[n-X¿. Ah-cpsS `mjm-ssi-en-bmWv Jp¿-B≥ apJy-ambpw kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v \ncq-]I≥am¿ sFI-IW - vtTy\ kΩ-Xn-®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬, Jpssd-in-Isf kw_‘n-t®-St- Ømfw Jp¿-B≥ {]Xn-]m-Zn® Ncn{X hkvXpX H∂p-am-{X-amWv. Ah¿°v ssiXy-Im-eØpw DjvWI - m-eØ - p-ambn c≠p I®-hS- b - m-{X-If - p≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS Blm-ck - º - m-Z\ - Ø - n\v \nZm\w.1 Jp¿-Bs‚ Hcp \yq\-Xb - m-Wn-sX∂v [cn-°c - pXv. Hcp am¿K-\n¿tZ-iI {KŸ-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Jp¿-B∂v Ncn{Xw hnh-cn-t°≠ Bh-iy-an-√m-ØXmWv CXn\p ImcWw. CØ-cp-WØ - n¬ {io. hnth-Im-\µ - k - zm-an-Iƒ ]d™ Hcp kwKXn Hm¿a-hc - p∂p: ""Hcp {InkvXp-aX {]Nm-cI - ≥ Ft∂mSp ]d™p: "Rß-fpsS aX-{K-Ÿß - ƒ°v Ncn-{X-]c - a - mb kz`m-ha - p≠v. AXn-\m¬ Ah icn-bmWv.' Fs‚ adp-]Sn Cß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p: "Ft‚-Xn\v Ncn-{X-]c - a - mb kz`m-ha- n√. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ah icn-bm-Ip-∂Xv. Ncn-{X-]c- a- m-Ib - m¬ \nßfpsS aX-{K-Ÿß - ƒ As∂m-cp- Zn-hkw Btcm Hcp-h≥ D≠m-°n-bX - m-sW∂v kv]jvSw. \nß-fp-tSXv a\p-jy-\n¿an-X-amWv. Ft‚Xv Aß-s\-b√. Ncn{X-]c - a - s - √-∂Xv Ah-°\ - p-Iq-ea - mWv.''2 CXp-Xs - ∂-bmWv Jp¿-Bs‚ Ah-ÿbpw. Ncn-{X-]c - a - mb kz`m-ha - √ Jp¿-B∂ - p-ap-≈Xv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Jp¿-B≥ kµ¿`-Øns‚ HuNn-Xy-a\ - p-kc - n®v Ign-™pt]mb kw`-h-K-Xn-I-fn-te°v Nne-t∏mƒ hnc¬ Nq≠m-dp≠v. Nne kp{][m\ XXz-߃ ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ib - mWv CXns‚ ]nd-In-ep≈ Dt±iyw. Ncn-{X-]c-amb kqN-\-Iƒ am{X-amWv Jp¿-B≥ \¬Im-dp-≈-sX-¶nepw, Hcp \nco£-Ws - si-en-sb- w-_‘ - n-t®-St- Ømfw hne-aX - n-°m-\m-hmØ kw`-mh-\b - mWXv. Fs¥-∂m¬, AXns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Ign-™p-t]mb kap-Zm-b-ßfpsS Pohn-XØ - ns‚ Pbm-]P - b - ß - ƒ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ km[n-°p-∂X - mWv. C\n \ap°v hnj-b-Øn-te°v aSßmw. Jp¿-B-\n¬ skan-‰nIv h¿KsØ-∏‰n hnti-jm¬ H∂pw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´n√. Ad_n `mj-bn¬ B h¿KsØ Ipdn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kw⁄-t]mepw Jp¿-B\ - n¬ ÿew ]nSn-®n-´n√. F∂m¬, B henb h¿K-Øns‚ Hcp imJ-sb∂v apkvenw Ncn{XImc≥am¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ BZp-hw-i-sØ-∏‰n Jp¿-B≥ Ahn-ShnsS {]Xn-]m-Zn-®-Xmbn ImWmw. AXn¬ \n∂v BZp-hw-i-°m-cpsS Nne khn-ti-jk - z-`m-hß - fpw k{º-Zm-bß - fpw {Kln-°m-hp-∂X - mWv.



BZp-hw-i-Øns‚ Bhm-k-tI{µw BZp-hw-i° - m-cpsS Bhm-kt- I{µw "AlvJm^v' F∂n-SØ - m-bn-cp∂p.



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Cu hwisØ kXy-]-Ÿm-hn-te°v £Wn-t°-≠-Xn-\mbn \nbp-‡\mb lqZv\_n Xs‚ {]t_m-[-\-tI-{µ-ambn kzoI-cn-®Xv AlvJm^v BsW∂v Jp¿-B≥ {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p≠v. ""BZns‚ ktlm-Z-c≥ AlvJm-^n¬ sh®v kzP-\-Xsb Xm°o-XpsNbvX kµ¿`w Hm¿an-°pI. At±-l-Øn\v apºpw ]nºpw Xm°o-Xp-Iƒ Ign-™p-t]m-bn-´p≠v: "A√m-lp-hn-\√ - msX C_m-ZØv (D]m-k\) sNø-cpXv. `b-¶-c-amb Hcp Znh-k-Ønse in£ \nßsf ]nSn-Iq-Sp-sa∂v Rm≥ `bs∏-Sp∂p!''3 GXmWv {]kvXpX AlvJm^v? auem\m kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn-bpsS A`n{]m-b-Øn¬ "A¿dp-_p-D¬ Jmen' F∂ t]cn¬ C∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂, Atd_y-bnse hnkvXr-X-amb aW-em-c-Wy-am-WXv.4 bas‚ kao-]-Øm-WXv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. BI-bm¬ BZp-hw-i° - m-cpsS hmk-ÿew B {]tZ-iØm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v A\p-am-\n-°s - ∏-Sp∂p.



`c-Wh¿Kw Atd-_y-bpsS `c-Wt- \-XrXzw Hcp L´-Øn¬ BZp-hw-iØ - ns‚ A[o\-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p. IqSmsX A∂sØ temIm-[n-]-Xyhpw Ch-cpsS h¿KØn-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Jp¿-B≥ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v. lqZv\_ - n-bpsS Hcp-Ztv _m[-\Ø - n¬ Ahsc A\p-kvac - n-∏n-®Xv ImWpI: ""t\ml-bpsS P\-X°p tijw \nßsf A√mlp Jeo-^a - m-cm(`-cW - t\-Xm-°ƒ)-°n-bXv kvacn-°p-hn≥.''5 t\ml-bpsS P\X kpta-cn-b∑ - m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \mw apºv ka¿Yn-®n´p≠v. kpta-cn-b≥am-cpsS tijw temI-cm-jv{Sob ta[m-hnXzw Ic-K-X-am°n-bXv Ch-cpsS h¿K-am-sW-∂s{X ta¬h-N\w kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. BZphw-ia- pƒs°m-≈p∂ skan-‰nIv h¿K-sØ-bm-hWw lqZv\_n hnh-£n-®Xv. kpta-cn-b-°m¿°p tijw skan-‰n-°p-Im-cm-bn-cp∂p temI-cm-jv{Sob cwKsØ AP-øi - ‡n. Ncn{X hkvXp-XI - ƒ Bg-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂] - £w {]kvXpX h¿KØn-\m-bn-cp∂p temIm-[n-]X - y-sa∂v \ap°v ImWm≥ Ignbpw. Gjy-bpsS \m\m-`m-Kß - fpw A°m-eØv skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS A[o-\Ø - n-em-bn-cp∂p. CuPn]vXpw Ah¿ ]nSn-®-S°n. {Io‰v, {Ko°v, ^n\ojy, Im¿tØPv, kvs]bn≥, t]¿jy, kndnb, A o-cnb, _m_n-tem-Wnb, Im¬Unb ˛ Aßs\ H´-t\Iw cmPy-߃ Ah¿°-[o-\s - ∏´p. IqSmsX ^n\o-jy≥am¿ F∂ skan-‰nIv imJ temI-saßpw Ah-cpsS aXhpw kwkvIm-chpw hym]n∏n®p. Cu hkvXp-XI - s - f√mw sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv kpta-cnb≥ P\-X°p tijw skan-‰n-°p-Im-cmWv temIm-[n-]Xyw Ic-ÿa - m-°n-bs - X-∂mWv.



C¥y-bn¬ C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am¿ `mc-XØ - n¬ {]th-in-°p-∂X - n\p apºv {Zmhn-UcpsS ta[m-hn-Xz-amWv Chn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v B[p-\nI Ncn-{Xmt\z-j-I-cn¬ ]ecpw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. {Zmhn-Ucpw kpta-cn-bcpw



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



227



h¿K-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn (Ethnic) H∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Nne `qan-im-kv{XIm-c-∑m-cpsS \nK-a\w \mw apºv Nq≠n-°m-´n-bn-´p≠v. kpta-cn-b≥am-sc-bmWv Jp¿-B≥ \qlns‚ P\X F∂p hntijn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. ss__nƒ aX-{]-Imcw t\ml-bp-sS Hcp ]p{X\m-bn-cp∂p bms^Øv. bms^-Øns‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬ s]´-hcm-hWw {Zmhn-U¿ F∂p \mw Duln-°p∂p. BI-bm¬ Bcy≥amcpsS hc-hn\p apºv C¥y-bn¬ ta[m-hnXzw hln-®n-cp-∂Xv t\mlbpsS P\-am-sW∂v ]d-bm-hp-∂-XmWv. Ad-_n-N-cn-{X-Im-c-\mb akqZn Xs‚ "apdq- P p- ± - l _v ' F∂ Ncn- { X- I r- X n- b n¬ CXn- t e°v kqN\ \¬In-bn-´p≠v. At±lw ]d-bp∂p: ""\qlns‚ ]p{X-\mb bm^n-Yns‚ kpX≥ kpt_-ens‚ aI≥ B_q¿, AYhm Baq¿ C¥y- b psS AXn¿Øn- I - f n¬ sN∂p ]m¿Øp.''6 {Zmhn-Usc Iog-S°n, ChnsS kz¥-amb B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°pIbpw Xß-fp-tS-Xmb kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw {]N-cn-∏n-°pIbpw sNbvX Bcy≥am¿ BZp-hw-i-Øns‚ ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cm-bn-cn°-W-sa-∂mWv \mw A\p-am-\n-°p-∂Xv. Bcy-hw-i-°m-cmb bZp-°sf C{µ≥ Zqc-Zn-°n¬ \n∂p sIm≠p-h-∂-Xm-sW∂pw Ah¿ kztZ-in-If√, hntZ-in-I-fm-sW∂pw thZw kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v.7 C{µ≥ Zqc-Zn-°n¬ \n∂v sIm≠p-h∂ Cu bZp-hwiw BZp-hwiw Xs∂-bm-hWw. BZpw bZphpw XΩn¬ hfsc i_vZ-km-Zr-iy-ap≠v. At∏mƒ t\ml-bpsS P\-X°p tijw B[n-]-Xy-Øn-te-°p-b¿∂ph∂ h¿Kw BZn-t‚-Xm-sW∂ Jp¿-B-\nI hmZw `mc-X-sØ- w-_‘n-t®-S-tØmfw icn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂q-ln-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.



i‡nbpw {]`m-hhpw CXc P\-X-Isf At]-£n®p IqSp-X¬ tijnbpw tiap-jn-bpap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p BZp-hwiw. Ah¿ Atcm-K-Zr-V-Km-{Xcpw tIma-fmwK-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ah-cpsS {]hm-N-I≥ Cßs\ D]tZ-in-®-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ ]d-™Xv: ""Fs‚ P\ta, \n߃ d∫n-t\mSv am∏n-c-°pI. Ah-¶-te°v ]›m-Ø-]n®p aS-ßpI. F¶n¬ Ah≥ \n߃°v [mcm-f-ambn ag h¿jn-°p∂ taLsØ Ab-®p-Xcpw. \nß-fpsS i‡n-bn¬ IqSpX¬ h¿[-\hv \¬Ipw. \n߃ ]m]n-I-fmbn ]n¥n-cn™p t]mIcpXv .'' 8 lqZn-s\-Øs∂ D≤-cn®v as‰m-cn-SØv Jp¿-B≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""A√mlp \nß-fpsS {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ hnim-eX h¿[n-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p. A√m- l p- h ns‚ A\p- { K- l - ß ƒ kv a cn- ° p- h n≥. \n߃ hnP- b nt®°pw.''9



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



BZp-k-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-amb imco-cnI e£-W-ß-fn-te°v shfn®w hoip-∂p≠v {]kvXpX Jp¿-B≥ kq‡-߃. Ah-cpsS ico-cØn\v Af-h‰ tijnbpw Icp-Øp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ico-cm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ hnimeX A\p-{K-ln-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p. lqZv \_n-bpsS hmNIw Hcn-°¬ IqSn {i≤n-°pI: Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ \n߃ alm i‡-cmWv. C\n Fs‚ D]-tZ-i-a-\p-k-cn®v, d∫n-¶¬ icWw {]m]n-°p-∂-Xm-bm¬ Ah≥ \nß-fpsS i‡n IqSp-X¬ h¿[n-∏n°pw. AXm-bXv, imco-cn-I-amb _e-Øn\p ]pdsa, am\-kn-Ihpw [m¿an-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb i‡nIqSn \n߃°v Ah≥ \¬Ip-∂-XmWv. c≠m-asØ hN-\-Øn¬ \nß-fpsS {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ hnim-eX h¿[n∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v ]d™p. F¥mWo {]tbm-K-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ? AXp a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ ss__nƒ \sΩ klm-bn-°p∂p. C{kmtb¬ hwi-Ønse BZysØ cmPm-hmb iuen (XmeqØn)s\ h¿Wn®-t∏mgpw GXm-≠n-Xn-t\m-S-SpØ {]tbm-K-amWv Jp¿-B≥ kzoI-cn®Xv. AXm-bXv At±-l-Øn\v ico-cm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ hnim-eX h¿[n-∏n®n-cn-°p∂p F∂v. CXns‚ s]mcpƒ "iaq-th¬ H∂mw ]pkvXIw' \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv: ""Ah∂v (Ioin\v) iu¬ F∂ t]tcmsS buh-\hpw tIma-f-Xzhp-ap≈ Hcp aI-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. bn{km-tb¬ a°-fn¬ Ah-s\-°mƒ tIma-f-\mb ]pcp-j≥ C√m-bn-cp∂p. Ah≥ F√m-h-tc-°mfpw tXmƒ apX¬ s]m°-ta-dn-b-h-\m-bn-cp∂p.''10 BI-bm¬ BZp-hw-i-°m-cpsS {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ hnim-eX h¿[n-∏n®p F∂p-h-®m¬ Ah¿°v BIm-c-ku-jvThhpw tIma-fXzhpw s]m°hpw A\p-{K-ln-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p F∂m-W¿Yw. Ah¿ BPm-\p-_m-lp-°fpw kpµ-c-∑m-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. B[p-\nI Kth-j-I-∑m-cpsS \nK-a-\-Øn¬ C≥tUm˛Bcy≥amcpsS ico-cm-Ir-Xnbpw CtX hn[-am-bn-cp∂p. kpµ-c-∑mcpw tijn XnI™-h-cp-amb Hcp {]tXyI h¿K-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-sc∂v thZ-Øn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-Ip-∂p≠v. BZn Bcy-∑m-cpsS sXmen-bpsS \ndw shfp∏pw aq°v Db¿∂p \o≠-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p. kn.hn. sshZy Fgp-Xp∂p: ""tPXm- ° - f mbn C¥y- b n¬ {]th- i n® Bcy≥am¿ shfpØ \ndhpw Db¿∂ aq°pw D≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. ChnsS Iog-S-°-s∏´ Zkyp°ƒ sNdnb aq°pw IdpØ \nd-hpap-≈-hcpw.''11 EtKzZ al¿jn-am-cn¬ Hcm-fmb hkn-jvT≥ Hcp a{¥-Øn¬ kzP\sØ Cßs\ A`n-kw-t_m[\w sNøp∂p: ""sh≈-\n-dhpw XebpsS he-Xp-`m-KØv IpSp-a-bp-ap≈ hkn-jvT-∑mtc.''12 Npcp-°-Øn¬ kpµ-c-∑m-cmb BIm-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am-sc∂p Xo¿®. Zkyp-°sf AYhm {Zmhn-Usc bp≤w sNbvXp Iogvs∏-Sp-Ønb Ah-cpsS tijn-sb-∏‰n {]tXyIw ]d-tb≠ Bh-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



229



iy-an-√t√m.



Al-¶m-chpw Zpc-`n-am-\hpw BZp-hw-i-°m-cpsS as‰mcp khn-ti-j-X-bmbn Jp¿-B≥ Nq≠n°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv kzi-‡n-bn-ep≈ Zpc-`n-am-\hpw Al-¶m-c-hp-as{X. Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""BZp-hwiw `qtem-IØv A\ym-b-ambn Al-¶-cn®p. Ah¿ (km`nam\w) ]d™p: Gh¿°p≠v Rß-tf-°mƒ henb _ew?''13 Al-¶m-c-]q-cn-X-amb CtX tNmZy-amWv C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am-cpsS i{X-{I-Xphpw tNmZn-®Xv: ""Gh¿°p≈q henb _ew?''14 BI-bm¬ {]kvXpX khn-tij kz`mhw C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cnepw \mw ImWp∂p. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXp t\m°pI: ""kzi-‡n-bn-ep≈ A`n-am-\hpw A\ysc Pbn-®p-Io-g-S-°m-\p≈ D’m-lhpw \nd-™-h-cm-bn-´mWv thZ-Im-esØ Bcy-∑msc \mw C¥y-bn¬ ImWp-∂Xv.''15



AXn-{I-ahpw {Iqc-Xbpw AXn-cp-I-hn™ AXn-{I-ahpw Iog-S-°-s∏-´-h-tcm-Sp≈ {Iqc-amb s]cp-am-‰-hp-amWv BZp-hw-i-°m-cpsS as‰mcp khn-ti-j-X-bmbn Jp¿B≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p-≈Xv. Cu kz`m-h-hn-ti-jsØ hna¿i\ kzcØn¬ {]hm-N-I-\mb lqZv FSpØp ]d-bp∂p: ""\n߃ (Hcp P\-Xsb) ]nSn-Iq-Sp-tºmƒ AXy-[nIw {Iqc-∑mcmbn ]nSn-Iq-Sp∂p.''16 CtX kz`mhw CuPn]vXv Iog-S-°n-b-t∏mƒ slIvtkm-kp-Ifpw {]I- S n- ∏ n- ° p- I - b p- ≠ mbn. B kw`hw am\n- t Øms\ D≤- c n®p tPmk^kv ^vtfhn-bkv Xs‚ Ncn{X IrXn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv t\m°pI: ""Ah¿ Rß-fpsS t\Xm-°≥am-sc _‘-\-ÿ-cm°n, kzi-‡nsIm≠v Rß-fp-sS-ta¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n® kµ¿`-Øn¬ RßfpsS ]´-W-߃ Nps´-cn-°p-Ibpw tZhm-e-b-߃ XI¿°p-Ibpw tZh∑msc \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tZi-hm-kn-I-tfmSv AXy¥w {IqcX-tbmsS s]cp-amdn. Ht´sd Bfp-Isf hmfn-\n-c-bm°n. kv{XoIsfbpw Ip´n-I-sfbpw ASn-a-I-fm-°n-sh-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp...''17 CtX \b-hn-ti-j-amWv C¥y-bn¬ IpSn-tb-dnb Bcy≥am¿ C¥y°m-tcmSv A\p-h¿Øn-®Xv. Hcp hn`mKw as‰mcp hn`m-K-hp-ambn ka-cØnepw kwL-´-\-Ønepw Ign-bp∂ kµ¿`-Øn¬ i{Xp-°sf ]oUn∏n-°pI km[m-c-W-amWv. ]t£, Hcp I£n Iog-S-ßp-∂-tXmsS Ahtcm-Sp≈ ]Ibpw hntZz-jhpw adp I£n°v Ipd-™p-h-cp-∂-Xm-bmWv \mw ImWm-dp-≈Xv. C¥y-bn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø Bcy-∑m¿ CXns\m-c-]-hm-Z-am-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ Chn-S-Øp-Imsc ASp-∏n-°p-hmt\m



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



ImWp-hmt\m sIm≈-cp-XmØ Aip-≤-∑m-cmbn IW-°m-°p-Ibpw XZ-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \nb-a-߃ \n¿an®p \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw aX-{K-Ÿßfpw [¿a-im-kv{X-ßfpw FgpXn {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bbnc-°-W-°mb h¿j-߃ Ign-™n´pw, Cu sImSpw im]-Øn¬ \n∂p iq{Z-hn-`m-K-߃°v tamN\w e`n-®n-´n√. Bcy-∑m¿ cNn®v, ChnsS {]N-c-n∏n® [¿a-im-kv{X-߃, AYhm kvarXn-Iƒ A\-h-[n-bmWv. B]-kvXw-_≥, KuX-a≥, hkn-jvT≥ F∂n-h-cpsS [¿a-kq-{X-ß-fm-Ws{X Ah-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ {]mNo-\߃. _p≤s‚ Ime-tØm-S-SpØv a\p-kvar-Xnbpw cNn-°-s∏´p.18 iq{ZPm-Xn-°m-cpsS ta¬ Bcy-∑m¿ \S-∏m-°nb \nb-a-ß-fpsS kmw_nƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Nne D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ Xmsg ImWn-°p∂p: ""iq{Z≥ \memw h¿W-°m-c-\mb GI-Pm-Xn-bm-Ip∂p. k—q-{Z≥ ({_m“- W s\ ip{iq- j n- ° p∂ iq{Z≥) Ipfn- ° Ww; Ak- — q- { Z≥ (Aß- s \- b - √ m- Ø - h ≥) Ipfn- ° m≥ ]mSp- ≈ - X √. iq{Z≥ {_mlv a Ws\ ip{iq-jn®v \nXy-hrØn Ign-t°-≠-h-\mWv. Ah-cn¬ henb henb Bfp-Isf BZyw ip{iq-jn-°Ww. ]g-t©mdv, Iod-ØpWn, Iod-°pS, Iod-s®-cp∏v apX-em-b-h-bmWv iq{Z≥ D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠Xv. {_mlv a - W s‚ F®n¬ iq{Z≥ Xnt∂- ≠ - X mWv . '' 19 h√ iq{Z\pw {_mlva-Ws\ iIm-cn-°p-Itbm D]-{Z-hn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂-]£w AXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p≈ AXXv Ah-b-h-߃ tOZn-®p-I-f-bWw; A\m-Y-bmb (`¿Ør-kw-c-£-W-an-√mØ) {_mlva-W-kv{Xosb h√ iq{Z\pw {]m]n-®m¬ Ahs‚ ]pcp-jm-h-bhw apdn®p th¿s∏-Sp-Ønb tijw, kzØp- ° ƒ ]nSn- s ®- S p- ° Ww; `¿Ør- k w- c - £ - W - Ø n- e n- c n°p∂ Hcp {_mlva-W-kv{Xosb iq{Z≥ {]m]n-°p∂ ]£w Ahs‚ ]pcp- j m- h - b hw apdn- ® p- I - f ™v , kzØp- ° ƒ ]nSn- s ®- S p- ° p- I bpw Ahs\ h[n- ° p- I bpw thWw. Aß- s \- b mWv a\p, hkn- j v T ≥, bm⁄-h¬Iy≥, t_m[m-b-\≥ apX-em-b-h-cpsS I¿a-im-kv{X-߃ ]d- b p- ∂ Xv . 20 t\sc adn®v , Hcp iq{Z- k v { Xosb {_mlv a - W ≥ _em¬kwKw sNbvXm¬ Abmƒ°v bmsXmcp in£-bp-an√. H∂p Ipfn-°-W-sa∂p am{Xw. CXs{X bm⁄-h¬Iys‚ aXw.21 {_mlva-Ws‚ H∏w \S∂ iq{Zs\ NΩ-´n-sIm-≠-Sn-°-W-sa∂pw, thZw tI´ iq{Zs‚ ImXn¬ Cubhpw Ac°pw Dcp-°n-sbm-gn-°-Wsa∂pw, thZ-ap-®-cn® iq{Zs‚ \mhv AdpØp th¿s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw a‰pw B]-kvXw_ [¿a-kq{Xw ]d-bp∂p.22 {_mlva-Ws\ sIm√p∂ iq{Zs\ Xobn-en´v A¬]m¬]-ambn "Nn{X-h[w' \S-Ø-W-sa∂pw, F∂m¬ a‰p PmXn-°m¿ iq{Zs\ h[n®m¬ Hcp h¿jsØ XShpw ]{¥≠v ]ip ]ngbpw aXn-sb∂pw KuX- a - [ ¿a- k q{Xw hn[n- ° p∂p. iq{Zs‚ kzØv ]nSn- s ®- S p- ° m≥ {_mlva-W\v Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂pw iq{Z\v kzØv kºm-Zn-°m≥ ]mSn-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



231



√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Cu Imcy-Øn¬ ]cmXn ths≠∂pw, Xs‚ bP-am\≥ Abm-fp-tS-Xmb kºØv FSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]m-sb∂v am{Xta hnNm-cn-°m-\p-≈q-sh∂pw a\p-kvarXn ]d-bp∂p.23 {_mlva-W≥ tamjvSn-®m¬ Abm-fpsS IÆv c≠pw sI´n shdpsX hnS-W-sa∂pw, iq{Z≥ tamjWw \S-Ønbm¬ Ahs‚ kzØp-°ƒ ]nSns®-Sp-Øt- ijw Ahs\ h[n-®p-If - b - W - s - a-∂p-amWv B]-kX v w_ [¿a-kq{X-Ønse hn[n. 24 {_mlvaW - t- \mSp IqSn Ccn-∏n-SØ - n¬ Ccp∂ iq{Zs\ {]mW-lm\n `hn°mØ hn[w CSp-∏n¬ NqSp-sh-®nt´m, ]rjvT`- mKw Adp-Øp-If - ™ nt´m, \K- c - Ø n¬\n- t ∂m- S n®p If- b - W - s a∂pw, iq{Z≥ {_mlv a - W s\ t\m°n Al-¶mcw aqew Im¿°n®p Xp∏n-bm¬ Ahs‚ Np≠v c≠pw, aq{Xw ]pd-sØm-gn-®-]-am-\n-®m¬ Ahs‚ taVvdhpw aew ]pd-sØdn-™-]-am-\n-®m¬ Ahs‚ KpZhpw tOZn-°-W-sa∂pw a\p-kvarXn ]d-bp∂p. 25 Cßs\ t]mIp∂p Bcy≥am¿ \n¿an®p ChnsS \S-∏n¬ hcpØnb \nb-a-N´ß-fpsS \o≠ ]´nI. C{X \njvTp-chpw A\o-Xn-]-chp- a mb in£- I ƒ°pw a¿Z- \ - ß ƒ°pw hnt[- b - c m- ° m≥ am{Xw iq{Z≥am¿ F¥p ]ng®p F∂p tNmZn-®m¬, Ah-cpsS ]nXm-a-l-∑mcn¬ Nne¿ Bcy-∑m-cp-ambn apºp \S∂ ka-c-ß-fn¬ ]cm-P-b-a-S™p- s h∂ Hcp- Ø - c - t a- b p≈q. Csømcp Ip‰- a - √ msX as‰m∂pw iq{Z≥am¿ sNbvXn-´n√. AXn-\m¬ Ah¿ Zmk-∑mcpw hrj-f-∑mcpw Nfim- e ≥amcpw ]nim- N ≥amcpw cm£- k ≥am- c p- s ams° BbnØo¿∂p. ASp-∏n-°m≥ t]mepw sIm≈m-Ø-hcpw! Npcp-°-Øn¬ Iog-S-°-s∏-´-h-tcmSv AXn-{Iq-c-ambpw AXn-{I-a-]c-ambpw s]cp-am-dp-I-sb∂ BZp-hw-i-°m-cpsS khn-ti-jX C≥tUm˛ Bcy≥am¿-°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v kn≤w.



hmkvXp-hnZy hmkvXp-hn-Zy-bn¬ t\Snb sshZ-Kv[yhpw kma¿Yy-hp-amWv BZphw-i-°m-cpsS, Jp¿-B-≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂ thsdmcp khn-ti-jX. Ah¿ \nc-h[n kvamc-I-ßfpw Iem-a-µn-c-ßfpw \n¿an-®n-cp∂p. D∂X ÿe-ß-sf-bmWv Cu Iem-in-ev]-߃°v Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂Xv. Bh-iym-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-∂n√, Xß-fpsS {]Xm-]-tØbpw {]`m-htØbpw ImWn-°p-hm-\p≈ B¿`m-Sm-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp∂p BZp-ImcpsS inev]-th-e-Iƒ. Ah-sb-∏‰n {]hm-N-I-\mb lqZns‚ hna¿i\w Jp¿-B≥ D≤-cn-®Xp ImWpI: ""F√m Hmtcm Db¿∂ ÿeØpw \n߃ hrYm kvamcIw \n¿an°p-Ibpw ChnsS imiz-X-ambn ]m¿Øp-I-f-bm-sa∂v {]Xo-£n®v Iema-µn-c-ß-fp-≠m°n sh°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂pthm?''26 Ah-cpsS A\ym-Zr-i-amb _p≤n-ssh-`-h-sØbpw \nco-£W ]mS-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



h-sØ-bp-am-Wt√m CXv sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv. ""hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Ah¿ alm-_p-≤n-im-en-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p.'' 27 C≥tUm˛ Bcy- ∑ m- c psS Iem- s sh- i n- j v S y- s Ø- ∏ ‰n Ah- [ m- \ ]q¿hw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-]£w ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® khn-ti-jX AhcpsS hmkvXp-in¬]-߃°pw ImWm≥ Ignbpw. ChnsS Hcp hniZo-I-cWw Bh-iy-am-sW∂p tXm∂p∂p. taml≥sP-Zmtdm, lc∏ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \S∂ DXvJ-\\ KthjWw hgn, _n. kn. 3000˛Øn\p apºp-Xs∂ C¥y-bn¬ hmkvXphnZy ]ptcm-KXn {]m]n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn sXfn-™n-´p≠v. F∂m¬, BcymK- a - \ - Ø n\p tijw ChnsS hf¿∂p- h ∂ hmkv X p- i n¬]- ß ƒ°v AXn\p apºp≈ in¬]-ßfp-ambn auen-I-ambn Hc-¥cw Nq≠n-°mWn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. Bcym-K-a-\-Øn\v apºv apJy-amb h√ Bh-iy-ßtfbpw ap≥\n¿Øn-bmWv sI´nS \n¿amWw \S-∂n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬, AXn\p tij- a p- ≠ mb hmkvXp- i n¬]- ß ƒ {][m- \ ambpw {]uVn°pw {]Xm-]-Øn\pw th≠n-bp-≈-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. ssk‘-hkw-kvImc-Ønse hmkvXp-in¬]-sØ-∏‰n hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw ]dpbp∂p: ""kn‘p-tZ-i-sØ Ah-in-jvS-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-®-Xn¬ AhnsS Xmakn-®n-cp-∂-h¿ tamSn-tb-°mƒ D]-tbm-K-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ ÿm\w \¬Inb-Xmbn ImWp∂p.''28 `oam-Im-c-ß-fmb tZhm-e-b-ßtfm cmP-sIm-´m-c-ßtfm B¿`m-S]q¿hw sI´n-s∏m-°p∂ k{º-Zmbw ssk‘-h-∑m¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. k¿ tPm¨ am¿j-ens\ D≤-cn®v ]WvUn‰v Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdptc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""taml≥sP-Zm-tdm-hnse ]uc≥am-cpsS H∂m-¥cw Ipfn-∏p-c-ItfmSpw hnim-e-amb `h-\-ß-tfmSpw Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xmbn \ΩpsS Adn-hn¬ s]´ bmsXm∂pw Xs∂ Ncn{X ]q¿h CuPn]vXntem, saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bntem, ]›ntajy-bn¬ as‰-hn-sS-sb-¶neptam D≠m- b n- c p- ∂ n√. B cmPy- ß - f n¬ tZh- ∑ m¿°p≈ Kw`oc t£{X- ß fpw cmPm- ° ≥am- c psS sIm´m- c - ß fpw ]Wn- s N- ø p- h m≥ [mcmfw ]Whpw Nn¥bpw tem`w-Iq-SmsX sNe-h-gn-®n-cp∂p. ]t£, _m°n- b p≈ P\- ß ƒ \n m- c - ß - f mb a¨Ip- S n- e p- I ƒ sIm≠v Xr]vXn-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn hnNm-cn-°Ww. kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ Imcyw t\sc adn-®mWv. ]uc≥am-cpsS kuI-cy-߃ ]pc-kvI-cn®v \n¿an-®h-bmWv G‰hpw anI® sI´n-S-߃!''29 Aßs\ Bh-iym-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ hmkvXp-in-ev]w. F∂m¬, Bcym-K-a-\-Øn\p tijw ChnsS Db¿∂p-h∂ Kw`oc l¿ay߃ B¿`m-Sm-[n-jT v nXw am{X-am-bn-cp∂p. tZh≥am-cpsS t£{X-߃, cmPm°≥am-cpsS sIm´m-c-߃, {]Xm-]-Øn\pw {]uVn°pw th≠n \n¿an®



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



233



kvamc-I-߃ apX-em-b-h-bmWv ]nev°m-esØ {][m-\- in-ev]-߃. Ch-bn¬ NneXv D∂-X-ß-fmb ]md-I-fn-emWv \n¿an-®-sX∂ kwKXn CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ {]tXyIw {it≤-b-amWv. ""Ft√m-d-bnse ssIemk- t £{Xw, Imw{Km- b nse amkv d q¿t£{Xw, tlmw\m- d n- e p≈ sshjvW-h-t£{Xw, alm-_-en-]p-c-Øp≈ Ggp ]tKm-U-Iƒ F∂nh (Db¿∂) ]md-I-fpsS ]pdw-sIm-Øn-bp-≠m-°n-b-h-bmWv.''30 C{]-Imcw Xs∂ H´-\-h[n inev]-I-em-kvam-c-I-ßfpw C¥y-bn¬ \ap°v ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. {]kn-≤-ß-fmb Ggv Atim-I-kvXw-`-߃, kmc-\m-Y-Ønepw cma-]q¿h-Ønepw D≈ cmP-Iob inem-Iem kvamcI-߃, b£-b£n {]Xn-am-in-ev]-߃, km©n-bnse "kvXq]w', _p≤- h n- l m- c - ß - f nse "aYp- c - k v I qƒ' amXr- I - b n- e p≈ Nn”- ß ƒ F∂nh DZm-l-c-W-߃. Ch-sbm∂pw apJy-amb h√ Pohn-Xm-h-iysØbpw ap≥\n¿Øn \n¿an-®-X-s√∂p hy‡-amWv. {]kvXpX hkvXp°ƒ a\- n¬ sh®p-sIm≠v , {]hm-N-I-\mb lqZv BZp-hw-isØ DZvt_m-[\w sNbvX hmIyw H∂p-IqSn {i≤n-°pI: ""Hmtcm Db¿∂ ÿeØpw \n߃ hrYm kvamcIw \n¿an-°p-Ibpw ChnsS imiz-Xambn ]m¿Øp- I - f - b m- s a∂p {]Xo- £ n®v Iem- a - µ n- c - ß - f p- ≠ m°n hbv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂pthm?''31 BI-bm¬, Iem-in-ev]-ß-fpsS amXrI ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ BZp-Im-cptSXpw C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cp-tSXpw XΩn¬ hep-Xmb kmZriyw ImWm-hp∂-XmWv.



[\-i-‡nbpw P\-i-‡nbpw [\-i‡ - nbpw P\-i‡ - nbpw HØn-Wß - nb Hcp {]_e kap-Zm-ba - m-bncp∂p BZp-tKm{Xw. Ah¿°v [mcmfw Imen- º - Ø - p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Imen-Ifm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS kº-Xk v a - r-≤n°v \nZm\w. IqSmsX tXm´-߃, Acphn-bm-dp-Iƒ apX-em-bh - s - Im≠pw Ah¿ A\p-Kr-lo-Xc - m-bn-cp∂p. CXn\pw ]pdsa, Bƒ_ew sIm≠v Hcp \nkvXp-e-i-‡n-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. {]kvXpX hkvXpX-I-fn-te°v hnc¬Nq-≠n-s°m≠v {]hm-N-I-\mb lqZv Ahsc DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®Xv t\m°pI: ""\n߃°-dn-bm-hp∂ kº-Øp-°ƒ hgn \nßsf A\p-{K-ln® ssZhsØ kq£n-°pI. Imen-Iƒ, k¥-Xn-Iƒ, tXm´-߃, Acp-hn-bm-dpIƒ F∂nh sIm≠v Ah≥ \nßsf A\p-{K-ln-®n-cn-°p∂p.''32 C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑mcpw Hcp tKm]m-eh - ¿K-am-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ah¿ Cßs\ {]m¿Yn-®n-cp-∂X - mbn EtKz-ZØ - n¬ \mw ImWp-∂Xv: ""]qjmsh, \√ ]p√p-t≈-St- Øt° sIm≠p-t]mI; hgn-t°-imbvI, ]pXp-NqSn;Xn¬ Icp-X¬ thWta!33 GtXm Hcp bm{Xm-a-t[y-bm-hWw, Ah¿ Cu a{¥w cNn-®Xv. GXmbmepw, Ah¿ tKm]m-e≥am-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcy-Øn¬ X¿°-an√. CS-b-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



\mb Hcp Ejn C{µ-t\mSpw A·n-tbmSpw {]m¿Yn-°p-I-bmWv: ""C{µ≥ \nb-{¥n-°s´,bnhtb; bnßn-W-°s´b·nbpw! t]¿Øp t]¿Øp h∂n-t§m-\m-Y-¶¬˛ ∏m¿Ønh ]pjvSn-sIm-≈s´!''34 Xs‚ tKm°ƒ Ftßm´pw hgn-sX-‰n-t∏m-ImsX Xs‚ Acn-In-te°p-Xs∂ Xncn-s®-tØ-≠-Xn-\mbn Ejn tZh-∑m-cmb C{µ-t\mSpw A·n-tbmSpw sNøp∂ Hc-`y¿Y-\-bs{X CXv. CuPn-]vXns\ IogS°n `cn® slIvtkm-kpw C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑mcpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Nne Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-I¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®Xv ChnsS kva¿Ø-hy-amWv.



_lp-ssZhhmZw tZh-∑msc {]Xn-jvTn®p ]qPn-°p∂ _lp-ssZ-h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS kapZm-b-am-bn-cp∂p BZp-hwiw. Ah¿°v At\Iw tZh-X-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, B tZh-X-I-fpsS t]cp-I-sfm∂pw Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]d-™n-´n√. F∂m¬, CtXm-sSm∏w ]c-tam-∂-X\pw {]]-©-\m-Y-\p-amb Hcp alO-‡n-bp-s≠∂pw Ah¿ kΩ-Xn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ kqNn-∏n°p∂p. B ]ca i‡s\ am{Xw B{i-bn-°m\pw Bcm-[n-°m-\p-ambn-cp∂p ssZh-Zq-X-\mb lqZns‚ Blzm\w: ""Fs‚ P\-ßtf, A√mlp-hn\v D]m-k\ sNøp-hn≥. Ah-s\m-gnsI \n߃s°mcp ssZhan√.'' 35 F∂m¬, Ah-cn¬ _lp-`q-cn-`m-Khpw Cu Blzm\w AwKo-I-cn®n√. Xß-fpsS ]q¿h-∑m¿ ap≥Imew apX¬ BN-cn-®p-h∂ aXw Dt]-£n-°n-s√∂pw, AXns‚ t]cn¬ ssZhw Xßsf in£n-°p-Ibm-sW-¶n¬ AsXm-∂p ImWs´ F∂pw \n¿_‘ _p≤n-I-fmb BZp-P-\X imTyw ]nSn®p. Aßs\ ssZh-Zq-Xs\ Ah¿ [n°-cn®p. C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS BZn-km-ln-Xy-amb thZ-߃ ]cn-tim-[n°p∂ ]£w CtX _lp-ssZ-h-hm-Zhpw AtXm-sSm∏w GI-Xz-`m-h\bpw \ap°v ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. C{µ≥, an{X≥, hcp-W≥, A·n apX-emb tZh-∑msc kvXpXn®pw {]m¿Yn-®pw-sIm-≠p≈ kq‡-ßfmWv EtKz-Z-Øn¬ A[n-I-Iqdpw ÿew ]nSn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Nne-t∏mƒ ssZh-k-¶¬]w kv^pcn-°p∂ Nne a{¥-ßfpw AXn¬ ImWmw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp E°n¬ ImWp∂p: ""lnc-Wy-K¿`x ka-h¿Ø-Xmt{K `qXky PmXx ]Xn-tcI BkoXv kZm-[mc ]rYnhow Zymap tXamw Ikvssa tZhmb lhnjm hnt[a!''36 (lnc-Wy-K¿`≥ aptº D≠m-bn-cp∂p. `qX-ß-fpsS GIm-[o-i-\s{X At±lw. At±- l - a mWv ]rYn- h n- t bbpw [ `qan ] tZymhn- t \bpw



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[BImiw]



Xmßn-\n¿Øn-bXv. B "I≥' F∂ tZh\v \mw lhn ¿∏n-°pI [D]m-k\ sNøpI!]) as‰mcp E°n¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""C{µw an{Xw hcp-W-a-·n-amlp˛ ctYm Znhyxk kp]¿tÆm Kcp-flm≥ GIw kZzn{]m _lp[m hZ˛ ¥y·nw baw amX-cn-izm-\-amlp!''37 (At±- l sØ C{µ- s \∂pw an{X- s \∂pw A·n- s b∂pw ]d- b p∂p. hm\Øp hSn-hn¬ ]d-°p∂ Kcp-U\pw At±lw Xs∂. hnZzm≥am¿ H∂ns\ ]e-Xm-°n-∏-d-bp-I-bmWv. sshZyp-Xm·n, ba≥, amX-cn-izmhv F√mw At±lw Xs∂.) BI- b m¬ {]]- © - Ø ns‚ A[o- i m- [ n- ] Xn GI- \ m- s W∂v C≥tUm˛ Bcy-∑mcpw hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w _lp-ssZ-hmcm-[-\-bn¬ \n∂v Hgn-hm-bn-cp-∂n-√-Xm\pw.



Cdapw Bcy\pw Cdw F∂ Hcp alm-h¿K-Øns‚ imJ-bm-bn-cp∂p BZv F∂v Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p. temI-sØßpw XpeyX ImWmØ Hcp h¿§am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. kvXw`-ß-fpsS I¿Øm-°≥am-cpam-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ F∂v Jp¿-B≥ {]tXyIw hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. 38 kvXw-`-߃sIm≠v {]uVnbpw {]Xm-]hpw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\mbn \n¿an-X-amb kvXq]-ßtfm, bmK-Øn\pw b⁄-Øn-\p-ap≈ arK-ßsf sI´p-hm≥ ]Wn-bp∂ bq]-ßtfm, c≠pw IqSntbm hnh£n- ° m- h p- ∂ - X mWv . Ah c≠n\pw Bcy≥am- c psS Pohn- X - Ø n¬ hfsc {]m[m- \ y- a p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂p. kv X q]- \ n¿am- W - I - e - s b- ∏ ‰n \mw t\csØ kqNn-∏n®p. C\n bq]-\n¿am-W-sØ-∏‰n t\m°mw. C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am-cpsS tZh-mcm-[-\-mcoXn an°-hmdpw bmK-ßfm-bn-cp∂p. a{¥-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp Xcw _en-I-fm-bn-cp∂p bmK߃. Ch-bn-sem-∂mWv Aiz-ta-[-bmKw. CXp-t]mse ]e-Xcw bmKhn-[n-Iƒ thZ-Øns‚ `mK-amb {_mlva-W-ß-fn¬ hnkvX-cn-®n-´p≠v. C°q-´-Øn¬ \c-ta-[hpw (\c-_en) s]Sp∂p. EtKzZw H∂mw afiew Ccp-]-Øn-\memw kq‡-Ønse c≠p E°p-I-fnepw, EtKz-Zo-b -sFX-tcb {_mlvaWw Ggmw ]©nI, aq∂m-a-[ym-b-Ønepw hnh-cn® Hcp kw`hw ImWpI: lcn-›-{µ\v DZ-c-tcm-K-ap-≠m-b-t∏mƒ, X\n-s°mcp ]p{X-\p-≠mbm¬ Ahs\ AdpØv hcp-W-tZ-h\v _en-sIm-Sp-°m-sa∂v At±lw t\¿∂p. ]p{X-\p-≠mbn. ]p{X≥ ]nXm-hns‚ t\¿®-sb-∏‰n Adn-™t∏mƒ `b∂p \mSp-hn´p. A©m-dp-h¿j-ß-tfmfw ]te-S-ß-fnepw Np‰nØn- c n™p. Hcp Znhkw AwKn- c -   ns‚ tKm{X- ° m- c - \ mb APo-



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K¿Ø≥ F∂ {_mlva-Ws\ kao-]n®p. Abmƒ APo-K¿Øs‚ \Sp-hn-esØ aI-\mb ip\x-ti-]s\ \qdp-]-ip-°ƒ {]Xn-^-e-Ønt∑¬ hmßn ]nXm-hn\p sImSpØp. ip\x-ti-]s\ b⁄-Øn-\mbn lcn- › - { µ≥ bq]- Ø n¬ _‘n®p. F¶nepw ip\x- t i- ] ≥ Xs‚ kZvKp-Wm-[n-Iy-Øm¬ hnizm-an-{X-a-l¿jnsb hio-I-cn-°p-Ibpw At±l-Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS arXyp-h-{‡-Øn¬ \n∂p ap‡-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂p "tZh-cm-X≥' F∂ A]-c-\maw kzoI-cn®v ip\xti-]≥ hnizm-an{X tKm{X-Ønse Hcw-Ka - m-bn-Øo¿∂p. CXmWv ip\x-ti-t]m-]m-Jym-\Ø - ns‚ cXv\® - p-cp°w. CXn¬ \n∂v \cta-[hpw thZ-Im-esØ Bcy-∑m¿°n-Sb - n¬ \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂v hymJym-Xm°-fn¬ ]ecpw A`n-{]m-bs - ∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬ Bcy-ka - m-Pÿ - m-]I t\Xmhmb {io. Zbm-\µ kzman-Iƒ CXp kΩ-Xn-°p-∂n√. GXm-bmepw ]eXcw _en-Ifpw bmK-ßfpw sshZn-Im-cy≥am¿ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v s]mXphn¬ AwKo-Ic- n-°s - ∏-Sp∂p. AXn-\m¬ _enarKsØ sI´n-bn-´n-cp∂ b⁄kvXw`w, AYhm bq]w Bcy≥am-cpsS Hcp khn-tij Nn”-am-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an√. BI-bm¬ Cd-ans\ Jp¿-B≥ "Zm-Øp¬ CamZv' (kvXw`-ßf - p-Sb - h - ¿) F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv hfsc A¿Y-K¿`-amWv. CtX Cd-an¬ \n∂v \njv]-∂-amb Hcp ]Z-am-hWw Bcyw F∂p \mw Duln°p∂p.



BZns‚ hn\miw BZp-ka - p-Zmbw HSp-hn¬ D∑q-e\w sNø-s∏-´p-sh∂v Jp¿-B≥ {]kvXmhn-°p∂p. Ggp cm{Xnbpw F´p ]Iepw \nc-¥cw ASn-®p-ho-inb Hcp sImSp¶m-‰p-aq-e-amWv Ahcpw Ah-cpsS \K-c-ßfpw XI¿°-s∏-´-sX∂pw,39 {]hm-N-I-\mb lqZpw At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb sNdnb Hcp \yq\-]-£hpw am{Xw AXn¬ \n∂p c£-s∏´p F∂pw Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p.40 Atd-_y-bn¬\n∂v Cu hwi-Øns‚ B[n-]Xyw F∂-t∂-°pambn Ah-km-\n-®p-sh∂v CXn¬ \n∂p a\- n-em°mw. F∂m¬, as‰mcn-SØv Ah-cpsS B[n-]-Xyhpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂-Xns\ Jp¿-B≥ \ntj-[n-°p-∂n√. AXn-\m¬ `mc-X-Øn¬ B h¿K-Øns‚ B[n-]-Xyhpw kwkvIm-chpw ]nt∂bpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn A\pam-\n-°p-∂-Xn¬ sX‰n√. Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ 1. Jp¿-B≥ 106˛-mw A[ymbw t\m°pI. 2. ItTm-]-\n-jØv ˛ ae-bmf hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ apJ-hpc t]. 6 t\m°pI. 3. Jp¿-B≥ 46: 21 4. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 174 5. Jp¿-B≥ 7: 69



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6. apdqPp-±-l_v hm. 1, t]. 132 7. EtKzZw afiew 6, kq. 45, EIv 1 8. Jp¿-B≥ 11: 52 9. Jp¿-B≥ 7: 69 10. i iaq-th¬ 9:2 11. History of Sanskrit Literature, Vedic Period 12. EtKzZw afiew 7, kq‡w 33, EIv 1 13. Jp¿-B≥ A. 41, kq. 15 14. EtKzZw a. 8, kq. 77, E. 1 15. Indian Phylosophy Vol. 1, P. 113 16. Jp¿-B≥ A. 26, kq. 130 17. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 172 18. History of Civilization of Ancient India, by R.C.Dutt, Page 136 19. KuXa [¿Ω-kq{Xw 20. D≤-cWw : C¥y-bnse h¿W-k-acw t]. 95 21. D≤-cWw : amXr-`qan hm¿jnI hnti-jm¬{]Xn (1973), t]. 29 t\m°pI. 22. D≤-cWw: C¥y-bnse h¿Æ-k-acw t]. 94 23. Ibid P. 98 24. Ibid P. 94 25. a\p-kvarXn A. 9, t«m. 281, 282 26. Jp¿-B≥ 26: 128, 129 27. Jp¿-B≥ 29: 38 28. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 10, t]. 261 (kn‘p-kw-kvImcw) 29. D≤-cWw: C¥ysb Is≠-ج t]. 90 30. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 2, t]. 248, 249 31. Jp¿-B≥ 26: 128, 129 32. Jp¿-B≥ 26: 133, 134 33. EtKzZw a. 1, kq. 42, E. 8 34. Ibid a. 10, kq. 19, E. 2,3 35. Jp¿-B≥ 7: 65 36. EtKzZw a. 10, kq. 121, E. 1 37. Ibid a. 1, kq. 164, E. 46 38. Jp¿-B≥ A. 89, kq. 6˛-8 39. Ibid 69: 6,7 40. Ibid 7: 72



A[ymbw ]sØm-ºXv



lqZns‚ kap-Zmbw BZv hwi-°m¿ Xß-fpsS \K-c-ß-tfm-sSm∏w \in®p \mam-h-ti-jam-sb-¶nepw, B hwi-Øns‚ Hcp imJ ]nt∂bpw Atd-_y-bn¬



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Ah- t i- j n- ® p- s h∂pw, lqZv \ - _ nbpw A\p- N - c - ∑ m- c p- a m- b n- c p∂p AsX∂pw Jp¿-B≥ \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp∂p. Ch¿ hf¿∂v, B[n-]-Xy-Øn-te-°p-b¿∂p-sh∂pw lqZns‚ in£-W-ß-fpsS ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ `cWw \S-Øn-sb∂pw Ad_n Ncn-{X-tc-Jbpw B[p\nI ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-Whpw sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. Ad_n Ncn-{X-Imc≥am¿ Cu kap- Z m- b sØ "BZp km\nb' (c≠m- a sØ BZv ) F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂Xv.



Hcp {]mNo\ tcJ-bpsS IY C -µ¿`Øn¬ Hcp {]mNo\ Ncn-{X-tc-J-bpsS IY hnh-cn-°p∂Xv ckm-h-l-am-bn-cn°pw. Aa-hnøm cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ ÿm]-I-\mb, apB-hn-b-bpsS ImeØv (ln. 40˛-50/ {In. 692˛-702) CuPn-]vXnse Kh¿W-dm-bn-cp∂ A-_vZp¿d-lvam≥ lZv-d-au-Ønse XI¿∂p-In-S°p∂ Hcp tIm´-bn¬ \n∂pw ine-bn¬ sImØnb Hcp enJnXw Is≠-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. "lnkzv\p Kpdm_v' F∂m-bn-cp∂p B tIm´bpsS t]¿. {]kvXpX enJn-X-Ønse Bibw Hcp Ad-_n-°hn ]Zycq-]-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-Ibpw Ad_n Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb A√mam \hocn Xs‚ "akm- e n- ° p¬ A_v k m¿' F∂ IrXn- b n¬ ]Zyw ]I¿Øn-sh-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1934˛-¬ CuÃv C¥ym Iº-\n-°m¿ ba-\n-te°v Hcp anjys\ \ntbm-Kn®p. Ah¿°v XI¿∂-Sn™ Hcp sI´n-S-Øns‚ ine-bn¬ sImØn-sh® Hcp Ncn{X tcJ I≠p-In´n. AXns‚ ]I¿∏v "Gjym‰nIv skmssk‰n tP¿Wen'¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. dh-d≠v t^m¿Ã¿ (Forster) At±-l-Øns‚ Historical Geography of Arabia (Atd-_y-bpsS Ncn-{X-`q-an-imkv{Xw) F∂ IrXn-bn¬ {]kvXpX tcJbpsS Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø\w sImSp-Øn-´p≠v. A√mam \hocn D≤cn® ]Zyhpw {]kvXpX tcJbpw BibwsIm≠v H∂m-sW∂ ImcyØn¬ kwi-b-an√. hmb-\-°m-cpsS Adn-hn-\mbn {]kvXpX Ad-_n]-Zyhpw A\-¥cw t^m¿Ã¿ kmbv]ns‚ hnh¿Ø-\hpw ChnsS tcJs∏-SpØmw:



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C\n Kth- j - I ¿ Is≠- S pØ {]kv X pX tcJ°v t^m¿Ã¿ \¬Inb X¿Pa ImWpI: ""hnim-e-amb Cu sIm´m-c-Øn¬ R߃ Iptd-°mew ]m¿Øp. Zu¿`m-Ky-Øn¬ \n∂pw Zu¿`n-£-Øn¬ \n∂pw Xptemw AI-∂-hcm-bn-cp∂p R߃. Rß-fpsS \Zn-I-fn¬ sh≈w \nd-s™m-gpIn. Rß-fpsS tIm´a-Xn-ep-I-fn¬ IS-ense sh≈w Ae-b-Sn-°p-Ibpw Pem-i-b-߃ \ndbv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. N\-®Xpw ]gp-ØXpw DW-ßn-b-Xp-amb Imc-°-bp≈ Cu¥-∏-\tØm- ∏ p- I ƒ°n- S - b n- e mWv R߃ h¿Øn- ® Xv . Im´m- S p- I - t fbpw {]mbw XnI™ apb- e p- I - t fbpw R߃ sIWn- I fpw he- I fpw sIm≠v \mbm-Sn-∏n-Sn®p; a’y-ß-tfbpw. R߃ hnhn[ \nd-ß-fp≈ ]´p-h-kv{X-ßfpw ]® \nd-ap≈ XpInem-S-Ifpw [cn®v, \rØ-am-Sp-Ibpw Dem-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Zp¿t∫m[-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ap‡cpw, ZpjvS-∑msc ITn-\-ambn in£n-°p-∂-h-cpamb cmPm-°-∑m-cmWv Rßsf `cn-®n-cp-∂Xv˛ - lqZns‚ aX-\n-b-a-a\p-k-cn®v. \√ hn[n-Iƒ Hcp {KŸ-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-sh-®n-cp∂p. ssZhnIm-S-bm-f-ß-fnepw ]p\-cp-∞m\ Znh-k-Øns‚ cl-ky-ß-fnepw ZrVhn-izm-kn-I-fs{X R߃. i{Xp-°ƒ IS-∂p-h∂v, Rß-tfmSv t]mc-Sn-°p-tºmƒ Rß-fpsS bphm-°fpw IpXn-c-Ifpw hmfp-Ifpw Ip¥-ßfpw Ahsc FXn¿Øp ]cm-P-b-s∏-SpØpw.



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Rß-fpsS hwi-Ønse [oc-cmb ]pcp-j-∑mcpw kv{XoIfpw IpXnc-∏p-dØv Ibdn bp≤w \SØpw; NpI∏p \ndhpw \o≠ Igp-Øpap≈ IpX-nc-I-fpsS ]pdØp Ibdn. Rß-fpsS Bbp-[-߃ i{Xp-°ƒ°v £X-ta¬]n°pw. i{Xp\n-csb AXns‚ a[y-`m-KØv B{I-an®p sIm≠v R߃ ]n¥n-cn∏n°pw. Adp-h-j-f≥am-cm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿.'' CXmWv {]kv X pX enJn- X - Ø nse D≈- S °w. AXv Z£nW Ad_n en]n-bn-emWv Fgp-X-s∏-´n-cp-∂-sX∂v kønZv kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn ]d-bp∂p.1 {]kvXpX tcJ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Nne {][m\ hkvXp-X-I-fn-te°v shfn®w hoip-∂p≠v. H∂m-a-Xmbn lqZns‚ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb hy‡nXzsØ B enJnXw sXfn-bn-°p∂p. c≠m-a-Xmbn, AXym-ln-X-Øn\p tijw BZp-hw-i-Øn¬ Ah-ti-jn® hn`mKw lqZns‚ A\p-N-c-∑mcm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw aq∂m-a-Xmbn, Ah¿°v B[n-]-Xyhpw cmPm-°-∑mcp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw AXv hy‡-am-°p∂p. lqZv\-_n-bpsS aX\n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv Ah¿ `c-W-Imcyw \nb-{¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv. \mem-aXmbn, BZysØ BZv hwi-°m-sc-t∏mse c≠m-asØ BZp-Imcpw hmkvXp-hn-Zy-bn¬ ka¿Y-∑mcm-bn-cp∂p. hnim-e-amb sIm´m-c-sØ°p-dn® h¿W\w AXn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amb sXfn-hs{X. BI-bm¬ Jp¿-B≥ \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp∂ Ncn-{X-k-XysØ km[q-I-cn°p-Ib - mWv {]kvXpX inem-tcJ sNøp-∂Xv. IqSmsX lqZv\_ - n-bpsS A\pN-c∑ - m-cpsS ˛ c≠m-asØ BZp-Im-cpsS ˛ tI{µw ba-\n-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw AXv sXfn-bn-°p∂p.



ba-\nse {]mNo\ cmjv{S-߃ Atd-_y-bn¬ ]pcm-X\ \mK-cn-IX Xg-®p-hf - ¿∂Xv ba-\n-em-bn-cp∂p. AYhm, Z£nW Atd-_y-bn¬. item-tams‚ (kpsse-am≥ \_n) ImeØv AhnsS k_m-bn-b≥kns‚ B[n-]X - y-amWv \S-∂n-cp-∂s - X∂pw, `c-Wt- \Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp kv{Xobm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ss__nfpw Jp¿-B\pw hy‡am-°p-∂p≠v. k_m-bn-b∑ - m¿ kqcym-cm-[I - c - m-bn-cp∂p. 2 Dt±iw {In. ap. 974 apX¬ 937 hsc-bm-Ip∂p item-tams‚ `c-WI - mew. si_m-bnse cm⁄n item-tam-\p-ambn IqSn-°m-gvN\ - S- Ø - p-Ibpw At±-lØn\v hne-s∏´ Xncp-ap¬°m-gvN-Iƒ ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX IY ss__nƒ h¿Wn-®Xpw t\m°pI: ""si_m cm⁄n btlm-h-bpsS \maw kw_-‘n®v item-tam-∂p≈ Io¿Øn tI´n´v IS-sam-gn-If - m¬ Ahs\ ]co-£n-t°-≠X - n∂v h∂p. Ahƒ AXn-a-l-Ømb ]cn-hm-c-tØmSpw kpK-‘-h¿Khpw A\-h[n s]m∂pw cXv\hpw Npa∂ H´-Iß - t- fmSpw IqsS bcq-ie - a - n¬ h∂p.... si_m-cm⁄n item-tam≥ cmPm-hn∂p sImSpØ kpK-‘-h¿Kw t]mse A{X hfsc ]ns∂ Hcn-°epw h∂n-´n√.''3



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BI-bm¬ {In. ap. 1000-˛mam-≠n\p apºp-Xs∂ ba-\n¬ kpi-‡amb `c-W-Iq-Shpw ]ptcm-K-an® \mK-cn-I-Xbpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn \mw ImWp∂p. AXns‚ F{Xtbm \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p ap≥]p-Xs∂ B \mK-cn-IX AhnsS DZv`-hn-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂p Xo¿®-bmWv. {Ko°v `qan-im-kv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂p a\- n-em-Ip∂Xv ba-\n¬ ]e cmP-hw-i-ßfpw `cWw \S-Øn-bn-´p-s≠-∂mWv. {In. ap. 196˛¬ Ncaw {]m]n® Fdm-‰-kvX-\okv (Eratosthenes) Z£nW Atd-_y-bnse \mep ]pcm-X\ cmjv{S-ß-sf-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p≠v. an\mbn-b≥kv (Minaeans), k_m-bn-b≥kv (Sabaeans), JØ-_m-\n-b≥kv (Qatabaneans), l{Z-au-Øn‰vkv (Hadhramauthites) F∂o t]cp-I-fn-emWv Ah hnfn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv . Ad_n Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ abo≥, k_m, JXm_v, lZvd-auØv F∂o \ma-ß-fn¬ \ap°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ønb ba-\nse {]mNo-\-cm-jv{S-ß-fs{X Ah. Fdm-‰-kvX-\okv hnh-cn-®Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Z£nW Atd_y-bpsS {]mNo\ Ncn{Xw hni-I-e\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv. "F≥sskt¢m-]o-Unbm {_n´m-\n°'bn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv ImWpI: ""Z£nW Atd_y cmjv { So- b - a mbn an\m- b n- b ≥kv , k_m- b nb≥kv, JØ-_m-\n-b≥kv, l{Z-au-Øn‰vkv F∂n-ßs\ \membn hn`Pn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p-sh∂v {Ko°v `qan-im-kv{X-Im-c-\mb Fdm-‰-kvX-\okv (_n.kn. 3 -˛2) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.''4



an\m-bn-b≥kns‚ Imew C°q-´-Øn¬ G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-ambn hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv "abo≥' AYhm an\m-bn-b≥kv cmjv{Sw BWv. AXns‚ Ime-sØ-°p-dn®v ]finX-∑m¿°n-Sb - n¬ `n∂m-`n-{]m-ba - p≠v. Ahn-sS-\n∂v ]pcm-hk - vXp-Kt- h-jI - ¿ Is≠-SpØ enJn-Xß - f - n-sem∂pw Xnø-Xntbm sIm√tam tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn´n√. AXn-\m¬, Kth-jI - c - psS A\p-am\w am{X-amWv Ime-\n¿W-bØ - n\v ASn-ÿm\w. AXmWv A`n-{]mb `n∂-X°v Imc-Whpw. F≥ssk-t¢m-]oUnbm {_n´m-\n-°b - psS ]Xn-s\m∂mw ]Xn-∏ns\ D≤-cn®v auem\m \Zvhn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Ah-km-\-Im-esØ enJn-X-ß-sfm-gn®v, {]mNo\ ImesØ enJn-Xß-fn¬ sIm√tam, Xnø-Xntbm ]d-bm-ØX - n-\mepw Ah FÆ-Øn¬ Ipdhm-b-Xn-\mepw Ckvem-an\v apºp≈ Ad-_n-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-Im-e-sØ-∏‰n ]fin-X≥am¿°n-Sb - n¬ A`n-{]mb `n∂-Xb - p≠v. F∂m¬, B enJn-Xß - fpsS Imew _n. kn. 1900 hsc FØp-sa∂ Imcy-Øn¬ GXm-≠h - ¿ tbmPn°p∂p. Nne-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ _n. kn. 1600 hsc am{Xta Ah-bpsS Imew FØp-I-bp≈q. Ah sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv A°m-eØv Atd-_y-bn¬ Npcp-ßn-bXv \mev \mK-cnI cmjv{S-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv. an\m-bnb≥kv, k_m-bn-b≥kv, JØ-_m-\n-b≥kv, l{Z-au-Øn‰vkv.'' 5 F∂m¬ "F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Unbm Hm^v Ckveman's‚ I¿Øm-°≥amcpsS A`n-{]m-bØ - n¬ an\m-bn-b≥kns‚ Imew CXn-t\-°mƒ hfsc ]pcmX-\a - mWv. AXn¬ ]d-bp∂p:



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""{In. ap. 3000˛-mam-≠nse {]mNo\ _m_n-tem-Wnbm enJn-X-ßfn¬ "abo\pw' (apgp-h≥ t]¿ abo\qw Zm\qw F∂mWv) F∂ Hcp cmP-\maw ImWp-∂p≠v. At±lw "aB≥' F∂n-SsØ AYhm, Ing°≥ Atd-_y-bnse cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p. Ad-_n-`m-j-bnse abo≥ i_vZØns‚ kpta-cn-b≥ D®m-c-W-amhmw Cu aB≥. {]kvXpX \q‰m≠p apX¬°mWv abo≥, As√-¶n¬ "abo-\m≥' F∂ Z£nW Atd_ym-cm-jv{S-Øns‚ ASn-Ød ]mIn-bXv. Hcp-]t£ Z£nW Atd_y apgp-h≥, JØ-_m-\n-b≥kpw l{Z-au-Øn-‰vkp-apƒs∏sS Bcw-`-Øn¬ abo≥ cmjv { S- Ø ns‚ hcp- X n- b n- e pƒs∏- ´ n- c p- ∂ n- c n- ° Ww. as‰mcp kwÿm-\-amb "aeqJpw' {]kvXpX cmjv{S-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-cp∂p. an°hmdpw a[y Atd-_y-bp-tSbpw hS°p ]Sn-™m-d≥ Atd-_y-bp-tSbpw \ma-am-hWw "aeqJv' F∂p hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.''6 GXm≠v {In. ap. 2000˛-mam-≠n-\-SpØv CuPn-]vXn¬ slIvtkmkp (CS- b - c mP) `cWw \S- ∂ n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂v \mw apºp ]d- ™ n- ´ p≠v . slIvtkmkv `c-W-I¿Øm-°-fn¬ Hcp hwi-Øns‚ t]¿ "ssa≥' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. abos‚ CuPn-]vjy≥ D®m-c-W-am-hWw AXv.7 {]kvXpX sXfn-hp-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ an\m-bn-b≥ `c-W-h¿KØns‚ Bcw`w Npcp-ßn-bXv _n. kn. ct≠m aqt∂m kl-{km-_vZ߃°v apºm- s W∂v hnNm- c n- ° m- h p- ∂ - X mWv . CØ- c p- W - Ø n¬ ss__n-fnse Hcp hmNIw {i≤n-°-s∏-tS-≠-XmWv. C{km-tb¬ cmPm-°-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂ D n-bmhv ]e P\-]-Z-ß-tfbpw ]cmP-b-s∏-Sp-Ønb Iq´-Øn¬ "sabq-\y¿' F∂ Hcp hn`m-Khpw s]Sp∂p. Zn\-hr-Øm¥w c≠mw ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: "ssZhw s]en-kvXy¿°pw Kp¿_m-en¬ ]m¿Ø Acm-_y¿°pw sabq-\y¿°pw hntcm-[-ambn Ahs\ klm-bn®p.''8 C∏-d™ sabq-\y¿ abo≥Im¿X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°Ww. _n.kn. 700 BWv D n-bm-hns‚ Ime-sa∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. D n-bm-hn\p sabq\ysc ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ A∂v Ah-cpsS A[x]-X\w Bcw-`n-®p-I-gn-™p-sh-∂mWv AXns‚ A¿Yw. D∞m-\-Imew AXn\pw apºmbn k¶¬]n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. BI-bm¬ abos‚ Bhn¿`mhw _n.kn 2000˛Ønt\m 3000˛Ønt\m apºpw A[x-]-X\w _n.kn. 700˛t\mS-Sp-Øp-am-sW-∂q-ln-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.



an\m-bn-b≥ cm-jv{S-Øns‚ tI{µw F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Unbm {_n´m-\n-°-bn¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""an\m-bn-b≥ cmjv{S-Øns‚ tI{µw J¿t\m-bnse (Ct∏mƒ DØc-b-a-\n¬ "ambo≥' [M'ain] F∂p ]d-bp∂ ÿew) "hmZn Pu^v (Wadi Jawf) F∂n-S-Øm-bn-cp∂p.''9 Cu ÿe-Øp-\n-∂mWv lm¬sh, •mk¿ F∂o c≠p ]pcmhkvXp Kth-j-I-∑m¿ \q‰n-°-W-°mb enJn-X-ßfpw Ah-in-jvS-



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ßfpw Is≠- S p- Ø Xv . Ahbv ° v "ambo≥ ]´- W m- h - i n- j v S - ß ƒ' F∂mWv t]cv sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ c≠mw BZvhwi-°m-cpsS tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. auem\m \Zvhn ]d-bp∂p: ""Ad_n Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ c≠m-asØ BZp-hw-i-°m-cpsS A[nhm- k - t I- { µ- a mbn hnh- c n® ÿew AXp (ambo≥) Xs∂- b mWv . {]kvXpX Ah-injvS-ß-fpsS Ncn{Xw P¿a≥]-fin-X≥am-cpsS A`n{]m-b-Øn¬ {In. ap. 17, 16 \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ hsc FØpw. AXn-\m¬ ambo≥Im-cpsS \mj≥ c≠m-asØ BZv hwi-Øn-t‚-Xmbn IW°m-°p-∂-XmWv DØaw. ]t£, "ambo≥' F∂ kmt¶-XnI {]tbmKw {]N-cn-®-Xn-\m¬ B {]tbm-K-sØ-Øs∂ \ap°pw A\p-I-cn-t°≠n h∂n-cn-°p∂p.'' 10 BI-bm¬ B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ "ambo≥' \mK-cn-IX F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xpw Ad-_n-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ c≠m-asØ BZvhwi \mK-cnIX F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xpw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ H∂p-X-s∂-bmWv. ba-\n-emWv Cu kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ tI{µw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv.



epJvam≥ epJvam≥ F∂p t]cmb Hcp alm-]p-cp-j-s\-∏‰n Ad-_n-N-cn-{XIm- c ≥am¿ {]Xn- ] m- Z n- ® p- I mWmw. Nne- t ∏mƒ "XXz- ⁄ m- \ n- b mb epJvam≥' F∂¿Y-amb "epJvam-\p¬ lIow' F∂ t]cnepw At±lsØ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp≠v. Jp¿-B-\nepw Hcp epJvam≥ {]Xn]m-Zn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. At±lw kz]p-{Xs\ D]-tZ-in® XXz-߃ Jp¿B≥ D≤-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p. AXn-\m¬, Hcp Ncn{X ]pcp-j-\m-bn-cp∂p epJvam≥ F∂p hnNm-cn-°Ww. F∂m¬, Bcm-bn-cp∂p epJvam≥? ln. 151 ({In. 768)¬ Nc-a-K-Xnb- S ™, {]kn≤ Ad- _ n- N - c n- { X- ] - fi n- X - \ mb apl- Ω - Z p_v \ p CkvlmJv Xs‚ "InØm-_p-Øo-Pm\n'¬ hl-_ns\ D≤-cn®p ]dbp∂p: ""BZns‚ aI≥ i±m-Zn\v tijw epJvam-\p_v\p BZv B[n-]Xyw hmWp.'' C_v\p A∫m-kns\ D≤-cn®v, epJvam≥ Hcp {]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp∂p-sh∂p IqSn C_v\p CkvlmJv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p.11 CXn¬ \n∂pw BZns‚ Hcp ]p{X-\m-bn-cp∂p epJvam≥ F∂p tXm∂nt∏mhmw. F∂m¬, Ad-_n-`m-jb - n¬ Nne-t∏mƒ Huc-kk - ¥ - X - n-bn-√mØ ]n≥ap-d° - m-c∂pw "C_v\p' F∂ hm°p-]t- bm-Kn-°m-dp≠v. "Xm≥ A_vZp¬ apØ-en-_ns‚ C_v\m'sW∂v Hcn-°¬ apl-ΩZv \_n ]d-™-Xmbn ImWp∂p. A_vZp¬ apØ-en-_ns‚ ]p{X-\√, A_vZp-√m-lns‚ ]p{X-\mWv \_n. BI-bm¬ epJvam-\p_v\p BZv F∂ {]tbm-K-Øn\v BZv F∂ Ipe]-Xn-bpsS Huc-ky-\m-bn-cp∂p epJvam≥ F∂¿Yw I¬]n-°W - s - a-∂n√. ]t£, At±lw BZns‚ ]n≥ap-db - n¬ s]´-h\ - m-bn-cp∂p. Npcp-°Ø - n¬ B hwi-Ønse \√-h\ - mb Hcp `c-Wt- \-Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p epJvam≥.



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A\n-kvem-anI ImesØ Ad-_n-°-hn-I-fn¬ Hcm-fmb k¬a_v\p d_o-AØv ]mSnb Hcp ]Zy-i-Iew Cßs\ hmbn°mw:



(Ime-kw-`-h-߃ Xkvap hwi-sØbpw Imen-amw-k-`p-°mb lnwb¿ cmPm-hn-s\bpw \in-∏n®p. AXp-t]mse ZmP-Zq≥, Pmip-Im¿, amcn_p-Im¿, epJvam≥ hwi-°m¿, XpJq≥ hwi-°m¿ F∂n-h-tcbpw Ah l\n-®p-I-f™p!)12 epJvam≥ hwiw ba-\n-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv CXnse [z\n. Fs¥∂m¬, sXm´-SpØp ]d™ amcn_v hwiw Ahn-sS-bmWv hkn-®n-cp∂- s X∂ Imcyw \nkv X ¿°- a mWv . {]mNo\ Ad- _ n- I ƒ°n- S - b n¬ {]kn-≤-amb Hcp IYm-]m-{X-am-bn-cp∂p epJvam≥. At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xmbn At\Iw XXz-h-N-\-߃ A\n-kvem-anI ImesØ Ad-_n-I-fn¬ {]N-cn-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXpsIm-≠m-hWw, epJvam≥ Xs‚ ]p{Xs\ D]-tZ-in® Nne A\p-I-c-Wob XXz-߃ Jp¿-B\pw D≤-cn-®Xv. Jp¿B-\nse Hc-[ym-b-Øns‚ t]¿ Xs∂ epJvam≥ F∂mWv. AXnemWv {]kvXpX D]-tZiw ÿew ]nSn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw. epJvam≥ \nch[n sIm√w Pohn-®p-sh∂v Ad-_n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Hssc-Xnlyw {]Ncn-®n-cp∂p. epJvams‚ hwiw At\-I-\q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ `cWw \S-Ønsb∂mhmw AXns‚ s]mcpƒ F∂v Nne Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ hymJym\n-°p∂p.



epJvams‚ kZp-]t- Ziw Jp¿-B-\n¬ epJvam-t\bpw At±-l-Øns‚ kZp-]-tZ-i-tØbpw ]‰n ]d-bp-∂Xv Cß-s\-bm-Ip∂p: ""epJvam\v \mw (ssZhw) XXz-⁄m\w \evIn-bn-cp∂p: ssZhØn\v \µn-Im-Wn-°Ww. Hcmƒ \µn-Im-Wn-®m¬ AXns‚ ^ew Abmƒ°p-X-s∂-bmWv. h√-h\pw \µn-tI-Sp-Im-´n-bm¬ (A√m-lp-hn\v H∂pw ]‰m-\n√) A√mlp kzbw-]q¿W\pw kvXpXy¿l-\p-as{X. epJvam≥ kz]p-{Xs\ D]-tZ-in-®p-sIm≠p ]d™p: "tamt\, A√mlp-hn\v ka-∑msc Iev]n-°-cpXv. _lp-ssZ-hXzw alm A{I-a-as{X.' amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿°v \∑ sNøp-hm≥ a\p-jys\ \mw A\p-im-kn®n- ´ p≠v . amXmhv £oW- Ø n- t ∑¬ £oW- t Øm- s S- b mWv Ahs\ Npa∂p \S-∂Xv. ]n∂oSv Ahs\ ape-sIm-SpØv hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\v amXmhn\v c≠p-sIm√w th≠n-h∂p. AXn-\m¬ (a\pjym), \µn ImWn°q, Ft∂mSpw \ns‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m-tcmSpw. (Ah-km\w) Fs‚ ASptØ- ° m- W t√m \ns‚ aS°w. F∂m¬, \n\°v \n›- b - a n- √ mØ H∂ns\ Fs‚ ]¶m-fn-bm-°p-hm≥ \ns∂ amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ \n¿_‘n-®p-sh-∂n-cn-°s´, Ahsc A\p-k-cn-°-cpXv. ]t£, sFln-I-Po-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



245



hn-X-Øn¬ Ah-cp-ambn \√ \ne-bn¬Xs∂ h¿Øn-°Ww. Fs∂ B{i-bn-®-h-cpsS am¿Kw Ah-ew-_n-°p-Ibpw thWw. Fs‚ k∂n[n-bn-te-°m-bn-cn°pw \nß-fp-sS-sb√mw Xncn-®p-h-chv. \n߃ sNbvXph- c p∂ I¿asØ kw_- ‘ n®v XZ- h - k cw Adn- b n- ® p- s Im≈mw. (epJvam≥ ]d™p:) "tamt\, AXv (a\p-jy-I¿aw) Hcp ISp-Ip-a-WnØq-°-am-bmepw, ]md-°p-≈ntem, BIm-itØm, `qan-bntem FhnsS-bm-bn-cp-∂mepw A√mlp sIm≠p-hcpw. kq£va-amb t_m[hpw ⁄m\-hp-ap-≈-h-\mWv A√mlp! tamt\, \a-kvImcw IrXy-am-b-\pjvTn-°pI; \∑-I¬]n-°p-Ibpw Xn∑ XS-bp-Ibpw sNøpI. \ns∂ _m[n-°p∂ hn]-Øn-¶¬ kl\w Ah-ew-_n-°pI. Xocp-am-\n-°s∏´ Imcy-ß-fm-Wnh. a\p-jy-cpsS t\sc (\nµm-]q¿hw) apJw tIm´cpXv; s]mß-®-tØmsS `qan-bn¬ \S-°-cpXv. Uw`pw s]mß-®hpw ImWn-°p∂ bmsXm-cm-sfbpw A√mlp CjvS-s∏-Sp-I-bn√. \S-ØØn¬ anXXzw ]men-°pI; kzcw kuay-am-°pI. G‰hpw ]cp-jamb kzcw Igp-X-bp-tS-Xs{X.''13 GXm≠v CXn-t\mSp kmayw-h-ln-°p∂ Hcp-Zvt_m-[\w {]mNo\ CuPn-]vjy≥tc-J-I-fnepw ImWp-∂p≠v. B\n F∂p t]cmb Hcp XXz-⁄m-\n-bmWv AXns‚ h‡mhv. amXm-hn-t\m-Sp≈ IS-∏m-Sn-s\∏‰n B\n kz]p-{Xs\ D]-tZ-in-°p∂p: ""AΩsb \n\-s°m-cn-°epw ad-°m≥ ]mSn√. \ns∂ hln-®p-\S∂ AΩ Hcp henb `mc-amWv Npa-∂Xv. AXn\v Fs‚ klm-b-ap≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. hb-dn-\p-Xmsg hen-sbmcp `mc-hp-ambn AΩ \ns∂ Npa∂p. ]Øp-amkw Ign™v, \obp-≠m-b-t∏mgpw AΩ kzX-{¥-bmbn√. aq∂p sIm√-tØmfw \n\°v ape Xtc-≠n-h∂p.... AΩ°v IjvS∏m-Sp-≠m-°p-∂-sXm∂pw \o sNø-cpXv. AΩ apI-fn-te°v ssIbpb¿Øm\pw ]cmXn ssZhw tIƒ°m\pw CS-h-cm-Xn-cn-°s´.''14 B\n-bpsS hm°p-Ifpw Jp¿-B-\nse {]kvXpX hN-\-ßfpw Bib-Øn¬ H∂p-Xs∂. CtX-{]-Imcw a\p-jy-cp-ambn h¿Øn-t°-≠-sXßs\ F∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰nbpw B\n D]-tZ-in-®n-´p≠v. ""as‰m-cmƒ \n¬°p-tºmƒ, {]tXy-In®v Abmƒ Hcp hr≤-\msW-¶n¬, \nß-fpsS kmaq-ln-I-\ne Abm-tf-°mƒ Db¿∂-Xm-sW¶n¬ IqSn, \n߃ Ccn-°-cpXv.'' ........... ""NoØ hm°v]-d-bp∂ Bƒ Bcn¬\n∂pw kZv{]-hrØn-Iƒ {]Xo-£n-t°≠. \mi-Øn-\p-ImcWw ]e-t∏mgpw \mhm-bn-cn°pw. kzbw \in-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ {i≤n°pI. a\p-jys‚ lrZbw Hcp Ie-h-d-bmWv. F√m Xc-Øn-ep≈ DØ-c-ß-fp-ap-≠-Xn¬, \nd®v. \√h Xnc-s™-SpØp kwkm-cn-°pI. NoØ Ahn-sS-Øs∂ `{Z-ambn kq£n-°pI. ]cp-j-ambn DØcw sImSp- ° p- ∂ Xv Bbp- [ - ß ƒ Npg- ‰ p- ∂ - X p- t ]m- s e- b mWv . F∂m¬, im¥- X - t bmSpw Zb- t bmSpw IqSn kwkm- c n- ® m¬ \nß- s f- t ∏mgpw



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



kvt\l-]m-{X-amhpw. \nß-tfmSv tZjy-tØmsS kwkm-cn® BtfmSpw im¥-ambn kwkm-cn-°pI. arZp-hmb hm°p-Iƒ Abm-fpsS lrZ-bØn-\p≈ acp-∂mWv.''15 kq£va-ambn t\m°p∂ Hcmƒ°v B\n-bpsS D]-tZ-ihpw Jp¿B-\nse epJvams‚ D]-tZ-ihpw XΩn¬ ]d-b-Ø° hyXym-k-ans√∂p t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv. Cu kmayw B\nbpw epJvam\pw XΩn¬ Ft¥m _‘-ap-s≠∂v kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. c≠pw Hcm-fm-sW∂v ]d-b-W-sa-¶n¬ AXn\v Ncn-{X-]-c-amb thsd sXfn-hp-Iƒ th≠nbn-cn-°p∂p. ]t£, CuPn-]vXn-s‚bpw Atd-_y-bp-sSbpw [m¿anI in£-W-߃ XΩn¬ hºn® kmay-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p Xo¿®. acW-sØ-°p-dn® B\n-bpsS D]-tZ-ihpw X’-w_-‘-amb Jp¿-B-\ntIm-]-tZ-i-߃ t]mse BI¿j-Ihpw kXym-[n-jvTn-X-hp-amWv. B\n ]d-bp∂p: ""ac-W-Zq-X≥ \nßsf sIm≠pt]mIp-hm≥ hcp-tºm-tg°pw Xømdm-bn-cn-°pI! Abmƒ `oI-c-\m-b-Xp-sIm≠v \n߃°v kwkm-cn-°phm≥ km[n-°-bn√. "IjvSw, Fs‚ buh-\-Øn¬ \o Fs∂ sIm≠pt]m- h p- I - b m- W t√m' F∂v Abm- t fmSv ]d- b m- X n- c n- ° pI. \n߃ Ft∏mƒ acn-°p-sa∂v \n߃°-dn-™p-IqSm. Hcp ]Sp-hr-≤-s\-sb∂-t]m-se-Øs∂ AΩ-bpsS amdn-en-cn-°p∂ inip-hn-s\bpw acWw _m[n-°p∂p. Rm≥ \n߃°v kZp-]-tZiw Xcn-I-bmWv. \n߃ CXn- s \- ∏ ‰n Btem- N n- ® p- t \m°q. Cu Imcy- ß - s fms° sNøpI. F∂m¬, \nß-sfmcp \√ a\p-jy-\mIpw. F√m Xc-Øn-ep≈ Xn∑Ifpw \nß-fn¬ \n∂p ]em-b\w sNøpw!'' 16 Cßs\ DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®p-sIm-≠mWv B\n-bpsS IrXn Ah-km\n-°p-∂Xv. Cu DZvt_m-[\w Jp¿-Bs‚ Hcp ]I¿∏m-bn-tXm∂pw. F∂m¬, Jp¿-B≥ Ah-X-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw kl-{km-_vZ-߃ apºmWv {]kvXpX IrXn-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw.



t{ImUo-IrX XXz-⁄m\w epJvams‚ XtXzm-]-tZ-i-߃ Hcp {KŸ-Øn¬ t{ImUo-Ir-X-ambn-cp∂p. "aP-√Øp epJvam≥' F∂m-bn-cp∂p AXn\p t]¿. ln. 218˛¬ arXn-b-S™ Ad_n Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb A_vZp¬ aen-°p_v\p lnimw Xs‚ "A o- d - Ø p- ∂ - _ - h nø' F∂ IrXn- b n¬ D≤- c n- ° p∂ Hcp kw`hw ChnsS {it≤-b-amWv: aZo-\-bnse _\q Awdv hwi-Øns‚ t\Xm-hmb kpssh-Zp_v\p kmanØv a°-bn¬ h∂p. \_n At±lsØ kao-]n®p aX-t_m-[\w sNbvXp. At±lw ]d™p: ""Fs‚ ]°-ep-≈-Xp-X-s∂-bm-hWw, Xm¶-fpsS ]°epw.'' \_n tNmZn®p: ""Xm¶-fpsS ]°-ep-≈-sX-¥mWv?'' kpsshZv {]Xn-h-Nn®p: ""aP-√Øp epJvam≥! (epJvams‚ {KŸw).'' \_n-bpsS Bh-iy-{]-Imcw kpsshZv AXv Ah-X-cn-∏n®p. \_n AXns\ {]iw-kn®p: ""\√ hN\w Xs∂!



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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]t£, CXnepw \√ hN-\-amWv Fs‚ hi-ap-≈Xv. A√mlp F\n°v Ah-X-cn-∏n® Jp¿-B-\m-Ip∂p AXv. Hcp am¿K-Z¿i-\hpw {]Im-i-hpamWv Jp¿-B≥!'' A\-¥cw Jp¿-Bs‚ GXm\pw samgn-Iƒ \_n HmXn-t°ƒ∏n-®-t∏mƒ kpsshZv ]d™p: ""hfsc \√ hN\w.''17 \_n-bpsS Imew hsc Ad-_n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ epJvams‚ {KŸw {]Nm- c - Ø n- e p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂v ta¬ kw`hw sXfn- b n- ° p∂p. epJvam≥ Hcp alm-hy-‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√. lqZns‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fn¬ s]´, \oXn-am-\mb Hcp `c-W-I¿Øm-hmbn-cn-°Ww At±lw. Nne-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ At±lw Hcp {]hmN-I≥ IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p. epJvam\v `mc-Xo-b-cp-ambn h√ _‘-hp-apt≠m? \n›-b-an√. F∂m¬ B t]cn-t\mSv ASpØ kmay-ap≈ Hcp \ma-cq]ap≠v `mcXo-b¿°v ˛ e£va-W≥! "DØ-c-]p-cmWw' F∂ cmam-bW IYm-cq-]a-\p-k-cn®v, koXsb A]-l-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]mb cmh-Ws\ h[n-®Xv e£va-W-\s{X. kl-{km-_vZ-߃ apX¬ XXz-⁄m-\n-I-sf∂ \nebn¬ {]kn-≤n-s]-‰-h-cmWv `mc-Xob al¿jn-am¿. B \ne°v XXz⁄m-\n-bmb epJvam-\p-ambn Ah¿°v \√ _‘-ap-≠m-hp-∂-Xn¬ Akmw-K-Xy-sam-∂p-an√. ]t£, Ncn-{X-]-c-amb sXfn-hp-I-fpsS A`mh-Øn¬ \ap-°Xv Dd-∏n-°p-hm≥ hø. Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ 1. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 181 2. Jp¿-B≥ 27: 24 3. i cmPm-°≥am¿ 10: 1, 2, 10 4. Encyclopedia Britannica Vol. 2, P. 176 (1965) 5. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 208 6. D≤-cWw: Ibid hm. 1, t]. 209 7. Ibid Vol. 1, P. 209 8. ii Zn\-hr-Øm¥w 26:7 9. Encyclopedia Britannica Vol. 2, P. 176 (1965) 10. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm.1, t]. 185 11. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 178 t\m°pI. 12. D≤-cWw: Ibid Vol. 1, P. 179 13. Jp¿-B≥ 31: 14˛-19 14. CuPn-]vjy≥ kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw by IrjvW-ssN-X\y t]. 127 15. D≤-cWw: Ibid P.126 16. Ibid P.127 17. A o-d-Øp-∂-_-hnøx hm. 2, t]. 68



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



A[ymbw Ccp-]Xv



kaqZv hwihpw Bcy≥amcpw skan-‰nIv ]c-º-c-bn¬ BZp-hw-i-Øn\p tijw B[n-]-Xy-Ønte°pw {]`m-h-Øn-te°pw Db¿∂-ph∂ as‰mcp P\-]-Z-amWv kaqZv hwiw. BZp-hw-i-Øns‚ F∂-t]mse Ch-cp-tSbpw aqe-X-d-hmSv Atd_y-bm-bn-cp∂p. kaq-Zns‚ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Nne hkvXp-X-I-fn-te°v Jp¿-B≥ Ahn-S-hn-sS-bmbn hnc¬ Nq≠n-bn-´p≠v. kaq-Zns‚ Bhm-kt- I{µw BZp- h w- i - Ø ns‚ Bhm- k - t I{µw Atd- _ y- b psS sX°p- I n- g °p≈ {]tZ- i - ß - f n- e m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂v \mw apºv kqNn- ∏ n- ® n- ´ p≠v . t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S¬Xo-c-ß-fpƒs∏sS saskm-s]m-t´-anb hsc AhcpsS ta[m-hnXzw hym]n-®n-cp∂p. t\sc-a-dn®v, kaq-Zvhw-i-Øns‚ Bhmk-tI{µw Atd-_y-bpsS hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-dp≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p. Jp¿-Bs‚ Ah-X-c-W-L-´-Øn¬ "hmZn¬Jpdm' F∂s{X Cu {]tZi-ßsf hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. sNdnb sNdnb {Kma-߃ [mcmfw AhnsS A°m- e - Ø p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂p. AXn- \ m- e mWv "{Kma- ß - f psS Xmgv h c' F∂¿Y-ap≈ hmZn¬Jpdm F∂ \maw AXn-\p-≠m-bXv. B {Kma-ßfpsS Ah-ti-j-߃ C°m-eØpw Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ ImWmw. kaq-Zphwiw hmkvXp-in¬]-Øn¬ ka¿Y-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. ]md-Iƒ sh´n-Øpc∂v `h-\-am-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS Iem-in¬]-Øns‚ khnti-jX. CØcw Xpc-¶-`-h-\-߃ B {]tZ-iØv C∂pw [mcmfw ImWp-∂p-s≠∂v ZrIvkm-£n-Iƒ ]d-bp∂p. ""hmZn¬ (Jpdm-bn¬) ]md Xpc∂ kaqZv''1 F∂p Jp¿-B≥ Ahsc hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ {it≤-b-amWv. C°m-eØv B {]tZ-i-߃ "A¬ lnPvdv', "aZm-bn\p kzmenlv' (kzmenlp \_n-bpsS cmPy-߃) F∂o t]cp-I-fn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.2 CXp- t ]mse AJ_m Dƒ°- S - e ns‚ Xoc- { ]- t Z- i - ß fpw tPm¿Ums‚ Nne `mK-ßfpw kaq-Zvhw-i-°m-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-Øn-embn-cp∂p. Ahn-S-ß-fnepw kaq-Zo-bin¬]-am-Xr-I-bn-ep≈ [mcmfw Xpc¶-`-h-\-߃ ImWmw. auem\m kønZv A_p¬ AAvem auZqZn Xs‚ Jp¿-B≥ hymJym\ {KŸ-amb "X^vlo-ap¬ Jp¿-B\n'¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv t\m°pI: ""A¬lnPvdn'¬ R߃ I≠ kaq-Zns‚ in¬]-am-Xr-I-bn-ep≈ GXm\pw `h-\-߃ AJ_m Dƒ°-S¬ Xoc-amb anZym-\nepw tPm¿±m≥ cmjv{S-Øn¬ s]´ "s]{Sm'(Petra)bnepw ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. hnti-j-hn-[n-



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bmbn, s]{Sm- b nse kaq- Z o- b - ` - h - \ - ß fpw \_m- Ø n- b ≥kn- \ m¬ (Nabathaeans) \n¿an-X-amb sI´n-S-ßfpw H∏-Øn-s\m∏w ÿnXn-sNøp∂p. Ah c≠pw Htc Ime-Øn-t‚tXm, Htc P\-X-bpsS \n¿amW coXn-bn-ep-≈tXm A√. GsXm-cmƒ°pw {]Ya ZrjvSn-bn¬ Xs∂ a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-amdv, A{X {]I-S-amb A¥-c-amWv Ahbv°p XΩn-ep-≈Xv.'' 3 BI-bm¬ hnim-e-amb Hcp km{am-Py-Øns‚ B[n-]-Xy-amWv kaq-Zvhw-i-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬, Ah-cpsS Xe-ÿm\w A¬ lnPvdv Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. lnPm-kn¬ \n∂v kndn-b-bn-te°p t]mIp∂ hgn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p AXv. AXn-]p-cm-X\ ImeØv Ad_n km¿Y-hml-I-kw-L-߃ AXn-eq-sS-bmWv k©-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. kaq-Zns‚ Xs∂ as‰mcp ÿew "^÷p-∂mJx' (H´-I-Øns‚ ae-bn-Sp°v) F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂p. CXv {Ko°p-Im-cpsS kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Badncitai F∂ t]cn¬ ÿew ]nSn-®n-´p≠v.4 kaq- Z ns‚ \maw {Ko°p kmln- X y- Ø nepw tdmam kmln- X yØnepw [mcmfw ImWmw. {In. ap. 80-˛¬ arXn-b-S™ ssU{Uqkv, {In. ]n. 79-˛¬ Ncaw {]m]n® πo\n, {In. ]n. 140˛-¬ acn® tSmfan F∂o {Ko°v {KŸ-Im-c-∑m-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ B \maw ÿew ]nSn®n-´p≠v. ssU{Uqkv, "Yaq-tU\n' (Thamudani) F∂pw tSmfan "YaqUn-´mbv' (Thamudiatai) F∂p-amWv B t]cp-®-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. kpsseam≥ \Zvhn ]d-bp∂p: ""{Ko°p-Im¿ kaq-Zn-t‚-sX∂p \n¿W-bn® ÿew Ad- _ n- I - f psS sFXn- l y- ß - f p- a mbn icn°pw tbmPn- ° p∂p≠v .''5 as‰mcp bh-\-{K-Ÿ-Im-c-\mb Ddm-\kn(Uranus)s\ D≤-cn®p tUm. kv{]nwK¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""\_m-Øn-b≥kns‚ apºmWv kaq-Zns‚ Imesa∂p sXfn-™n-cn-°p∂p.''6 kok¿ PÃo-\n-bs‚ ImeØv ({In. 483-˛565) kaqZv hwi-°m-cmb 3000 t]¿ tdma≥ tk\-bn¬ tN¿∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn lphm¿´v (Huart) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v.7 BI-bm¬ Ncn-{X-Øn\v Adn-hmbn-´p≈ Hcp hwi-amWv kaqZv.



kaqZv hwi-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Jp¿-B\ - n¬ \n∂pw a‰pw \ap°v a\- n-em-bn-´p≈ kaq-Zns‚ khn-tij-XI - ƒ CXs{X: BZns‚ tijw {]_e i‡n-bmbn hf¿∂ Hcp `c-Wh¿K-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. hS°pw ]Sn-™m-dp-ap≈ Atd-_y≥ {]tZ-iß - f - nemWv Ah-cpsS tI{µw ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂Xv. BZn-s\-t∏m-se-Øs∂ hmkvXp-in¬]-Øn¬ ka¿Y-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p kaqZv hwiw. ]t£, BZp-Imcp-sSbpw kaq-Zp-Im-cp-sSbpw in¬]-co-Xn-If - n¬ {]I-Sa - mb Hc-¥c - a - p-≠m-bncp∂p: BZp-hwiw Xß-fpsS Iem-in¬]-߃°v Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp∂Xv D∂X ÿe-ß-sf-bm-sW-¶n¬ kaqZv hwiw ae-Ifpw ]md-Ifpw sh´n-Øp-c∂p `h-\-\n¿amWw \S-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xnhv. IqSmsX,



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



kaq-Zp-Im¿ I√pw a‰p-ap-]-tbm-Kn®p cay-l¿ay-ßfpw ivaim-\-ßfpw \n¿an-®n-cp∂p. Ch-cpsS kvamc-I-߃ C∂pw Chn-S-ß-fn¬ Ah-tijn-°p-∂p≠v.



Ime-L´w kaqZv hwi-Øns‚ D∞m-\-Imew BZns‚ hn\m-i-Øn\v tijam-sW∂v Jp¿-B≥ \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp∂p. kaqZv hwisØ ssZhn-I-]-Ÿm-hn-te°v £Wn-°p-hm≥ \nbp-‡-\m-bn-cp∂ kzmenlv \_n Ahsc A\p-kva-cn-∏n-®-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ D≤-cn-°p∂p: ""BZp hwi-Øn\v tijw ssZhw \nßsf Jeo-^-amcm(`cW t\Xm-°ƒ)°nbXv Hm¿an-°p-hn≥.''8 Cu DZvt_m-[-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw kaq-Zns‚ B[n-]-Xy-Imew BZpIm-cpsS tij-am-sW∂v hy‡-amWv. tamk-kns‚ ImeØv ({In.ap. 1300) kaqZv hwi-Øns‚ \mihpw kw`-hn®p Ign-™n-cp∂p. AYhm Ah-cpsS ta[m-hnXzw Atd-_y-bn¬ \n∂pw Ah-km-\n-®n-cp∂p. AXpsIm-≠m-hWw hS-°≥ Atd-_y-bnse ]e hwi-ß-fp-tSbpw ÿnXnK-Xn-Iƒ hnh-cn® ss__nƒ ]g-b-\n-baw kaq-Zn-s\-∏‰n H∂pw ]cma¿in-°msX au\w Zo£n-®Xv. Jp¿-B≥ \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp∂Xpw AXmWv. tamkkv CuPn-]vXn¬ aX-t_m-[\w Bcw-`n-®-t∏mƒ Ahn-SsØ ^d-thm\pw kn¬_-¥n-Ifpw At±-lsØ FXn¿Øp. tamk-kns\ h[n-°p-hm≥ t]mepw ^tdm-hm-cm-Pmhv DZy-an®p. CØcp-W-Øn¬ cmP-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬s]´, tamk-kn¬ cl-ky-ambn hnizkn-®n-cp∂ Hcp hy‡n cmPm-hn-s\bpw kn¬_-¥n-I-sfbpw Xm°oXp-sN-bvXp-sIm≠p \S-Ønb Hcp {]`m-jWw Jp¿-B≥ D≤-cn-®n-´p≠v: ""B hnizmkn ]d™p: "Fs‚ P\-ßtf, (apºp Ign-™p-t]mb) I£n-I-fp-tS-Xp-t]m-ep≈ (Aip`) Znhkw \n߃°pw hcp-sa∂v Rm≥ `b-s∏-Sp∂p. t\ml-bpsS P\X, BZp-hwiw, kaqZv hwiw, Ah¿°p- t i- j - a p- ≠ mb hwi- ß ƒ F∂n- h ¿°p- ≠ mb A\p- ` hw t]mep≈ H∂v!''9 tamk-kns‚ Imew {In. ap. 1500˛-\pw 1300-˛\pw CS-bv°m-sW-∂s{X hnZ-K[ v m-`n-{]mbw. A°m-eØ - n\pw F{Xtbm apºp-Xs∂ kaq-Zh v w-iØ - ns‚ B[n-]Xyw Ah-km-\n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v {]kvXpX hN-\ß - f - n¬\n∂v sXfnbp∂p. t\ml-bpsS P\-Xb - mb kpta-cn-b¿°p-tijw ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬ B[n]-Xyhpw {]`m-hhpw Ic-ÿa- m-°n-bXv skan-‰n°v h¿K-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \mw apºp ka¿Yn-°p-Ib - p-≠mbn. skan-‰n°v h¿K-Øn¬ Acmw F∂ Hcp Ipe]-Xn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. At±-ls - Ø-bmWv Jp¿-B≥ "Cdav' F∂p hnfn-®n-´p≈Xv. Cdans‚ ]n≥ap-d° - m-cs{X BZp-hwiw. CXp-t]mse kaq-Zvhw-ihpw AtX ]mc-ºc - y-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p. CXp-sIm-≠mWv BZns\ "BZp-Cdw' F∂pw kaq-Zns\ "kaq-Zp-Cdw' F∂pw Ad-_n-Iƒ hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv.10



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in¬]-Iem sshZKv[yw ss__nƒ t]mse Hcp Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-a√ Jp¿-B≥ F∂v \mw apºv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p≠v. F∂n-cp-∂mepw kaq-Zns‚ IY {]Xn-]mZn-®-t∏mƒ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Nne hkvXp-X-I-fn-te°v {]kw-K-h-im¬ Jp¿-B≥ shfn®w hoin-bn-´p≠v. Ah-cpsS hmkvXp-inev] sshZ-Kv[yamWv A°q-´-Øn-sem∂v. ]¿∆X-߃ sh´n-Øp-c∂v, kpJ-hm-k-tbmKy-amb Xpc-¶-`-h-\-߃ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn¬ AXo-h-k-a¿Y-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p kaq-Zp-Im¿. Cu khn-ti-jX Jp¿B≥ ]te-S-ß-fnepw FSpØp]d™n-´p≠v. Hcn-SØv, kaq-Z-pImsc {]hm-N-I-\mb kzmenlv DZvt_m[n-∏n® Iq´-Øn¬ Cßs\ ]d-™-Xmbn ImWmw: ""A√mlp `qan-bn¬ \n߃°v Xma-k-ku-Icyw \evIn. \n߃ ka-X-e-ß-fn¬ ku[-߃ \n¿an-°p∂p. ]¿h-X-߃ sh´n-Øp-c∂v `h-\-߃ ]Wn-bp∂p. A√m-lp-hns‚ A\p-{K-l-߃ kvacn-°pI. \m´n¬ Ipg-∏-ap-≠m°n hn\m-i-Im-cn-I-fm-hm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.''11 BZp-k-ap-Zm-b-sØ-t∏m-se-Øs∂ tIhew BUw-_-c-Øn\pw {]uVn-°pw-th-≠n-bmWv kaq-Zp-k-ap-Zm-bhpw inev]-th-e-Iƒ \S-Ønbn-cp-∂Xv. AXns‚ t]cn¬ \m´p-Im-cpsS kº-Øp-°ƒ ]c-am-h[n NqjWw sNbvXn-cn-°Ww. AXn-\m¬, Ah-cpsS {]hm-N-I≥ Cu [q¿Øns\ hna¿in-®-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ D≤-cn-°p∂p: ""B¿`m-Shpw [q¿Øpw ImWn-®p-sIm≠v \n߃ ]¿h-X-߃ sh´n-Øp-c∂v `h-\\n¿amWw sNøp∂p. ssZhsØ `b-s∏-SpI; Fs‚ B⁄ A\pk-cn-°pI; `qtem-IØv hn\miw hnX-°p-∂-hcpw \∑ hcp-Øm-Øh-cp-amb [q¿Ø-∑m-cpsS B⁄ A\p-k-cn-°-cpXv.''12 BZp-hw-i-°m-cpsS inev]-Ie D∂X ÿe-߃°p apI-fn-em-bncp∂p. t\sc-a-dn®v, kaq-Zp-hw-i-°m-cpsS {][m-\-amb hmkvXp-in-ev-]ßtfm, ]¿h-X-߃ sh´n-bp-≠m-°nb Xpc-¶-`-h-\-ßfpw. IqSmsX, ka- X - e - ß - f n¬ Db¿∂ amfn- I - I fpw Ah¿ ]Wn- X n- c p∂p. "A¬lnPvdn'¬ sN∂p t\m°p∂ Gh¿°pw Ah-cpsS CØcw Xpc¶-`-h-\-߃ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-sW∂v kµ¿i-I-∑m¿ km£yw hln°p∂p. CtX amXr-I-bn-ep-≈ GXm\pw FSp-∏p-Ifpw Xpc-¶-ßfpw AJ_m Dƒ°- S ¬ Xoc- Ø p- ≈ {]tZ- i - ß - f nepw tPm¿Um- \ nse s]Svdm F∂ ÿeØpw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xmbn ZrIvkm-£n-Iƒ ]dbp∂p. B {]tZ-i-ß-sf√mw Hcp ImeØv kaq-Zns‚ Bhm-k-Xmh-f-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv CXns‚ A¿Yw. \ΩpsS `mcX-Ønepw CtX amXr-I-bn-ep≈ hmkvXp-in-ev]-߃ ImWmw. hniz-hn-⁄m-\t- Imiw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""]pcm-X\ inev]ß - ƒ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep-≈h - b - mWv: ]m¿fn, AP¥, _mKv F∂o ÿe-ßf - n-ep-≈h ]md Xpc-∂p-≠m-°n-bh - b - mWv. F∂m¬, Ft√md-bnse ssIem-kt- £{Xw, Hmw\m-dn-ep-≈ sshjvWh - t- £{Xw, Imw{Km-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



bnse amkvdq¿t£{Xw, alm-_-en-]p-c-Øp-≈ Ggp ]tKm-U-Iƒ F∂nh ]md-bpsS ]pdw- sIm-Øn-bp-≠m-°n-b-h-bmWv.''13 BZn-s‚bpw kaq-Zn-s‚bpw inev]-am-XrI `mc-X-Øn¬ {]N-cn-®Xv shdpw bmZr-—n-I-am-bn-cn-°n√. B hwi-°m¿ Chn-tSbpw IpSn-tb-dn∏m¿Ø-Xns‚ kvamc-I-am-hWw AXv.



Im¿jnI P\X kaqZvhwiw Im¿jn-I-P-\-X-bm-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿°v Irjn-ÿ-eßfpw Pe-tk-N-\-Øn-\p≈ Acp-hn-Ifpw XSm-I-ßfpw ]e-Xcw tXm´ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ahsc kzmen-lp-\_n DZvt_m-[n-∏n® Iq´-Øn¬ Cu kwKXn FSpØp]d-™n-cp-∂-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ D≤-cn-°p∂p: ""Chn-sS-bp≈ Cu kpJ-ku-I-cy-ß-fn¬ \n¿`-b-cmbn (kvYnXn sNøp-∂-Xn\p) \nßsf hnt´-°p-sa∂p Icp-Xp-∂pthm˛tXm´-߃, Acp- h n- I ƒ, Irjn- b n- S - ß ƒ, Xqßn- ° n- S - ° p∂ Ipe- t bm- S p- I q- S nb Cu¥-∏-\-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬?''14 `mc- X - Ø n¬ IpSn- t b- d n- ∏ m¿Ø Bcy∑mcpw CXp- t ]mse Hcp I¿j-I-k-ap-Zm-b-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v thZ-kq-IvX-߃ \ap°p a\- n-em°n-Ø-cp∂p. ^e-iq-\y-amb ]mgv\n-e-߃ X߃°v \evI-cp-sX∂v `c-Zzm-P≥ F∂ sshZn-I-a-l¿jn kc-kzXn \Zn-tbmSv {]m¿Yn-°p∂p: ""FØn°, kº-sØ-߃°n; Snhp hcp-Øcp˛ X;ج tN¿s°m√w ` m-se-߃°p kc-kzXn; R߃ X≥ {]th-ihpw kJyhpw ssIs°mƒI \o; R߃°p th≠m, \n¶¬\n∂v ]mgvh-b-sem∂pw!''15 Irjn-bpsS kakvX tPmen-Ifpw thZ-Øn¬ h¿Wn-®-Xm-bn ImWmw. bhhpw a‰p [m\y-ßfpw sshZn-I-B-cy-∑m¿ Irjn-sN-bvXncp∂p: ""Irjn-°m¿ bhhpw a‰pw ap≥]p-]n≥]mbn th¿Xn-cn®v [mcmfw sImøp-at√m; A{]-Imcw \n¥n-cp-hSn, b⁄-l-hn p XyPn-®n-´n-√mØ-h¿°v Chn-S-bn-hnsS [\-߃ Iev]n-®-cp-fn-bmepw!''16 Dg¬ (IrjWw), hnX-°¬ (h]\w), sImbvØv (epW\w), saXn°¬ (arW\w) Cßs\ Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-bpsS Hmtcm L´hpw thZØn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. C∂-sØ-t∏mse A°m-eØpw Irjn-°v- hfw tN¿°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. hf-Øn\v "iIv\w', "Icojw' Fs∂m-s°bmWv ]d-™n-cp-∂Xv. _°-‰n¬ sh≈-sa-SpØpw Irjn-s®-Sn-Iƒ \\°p-am-bn-cp∂p. _°-‰ns\ "tImi' F∂mWv thZw hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. XSm-I-Øn\p "{lZw' F∂pw. C°m-e-sØ-∂-t]mse A°m-eØpw [m\y-°-Xn-cp-Iƒ sNdp-Npcp-´p-I-fmbn sI´n-bn-cp∂p. Npcp-´n\v "]¿jw' F∂p t]¿ ]dbpw. I‰Iƒ If-∏p-c-bn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn saXn°pw. AXns\ D]-am-\-am°n



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Hcp Ejn ]d-bp∂p: ""hfsc \njvTp-csc Rm≥ If-Øn-se-∂-t]mse sImbvXp-Iq-´nbn-cn-°p∂p.''17 saXn-®p-I-gn-™m¬ ]Xncp If-tb-≠-Xn\v [m\yw Im‰-ØnSpw. [m\yw Xq‰p∂ Bƒ°v "[m\y-IrØv' F∂p t]¿. A\-¥cw Af∂p Xn´- s ∏- S pØpw. "D¿Zcw' F∂mWv Afhp ]m{X- Ø ns‚ kw⁄. Irjn-sN-øp-hm≥ Imf-Isf ]q´n, \new DgpXp ]mI-s∏-SpØpw. Cu {Inb Hcp a{¥-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-®Xp t\m°pI: ""F\n-s°-Øn-°bpw sNbvhq tkma-tam-Sm-hr-Xp-°sf, bh-Øn-\m-bv°m-f-I-fm-ep-gp-Xp-∂Xp t]me-h≥!''18 Cßs\ Irjn-∏-Wn-bpsS \m\m hi-߃ h¿Æn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ sshZn-I-E-jn-am¿ AXn¬ F{X-am{Xw \n]p-Wcpw ]cn-N-b-k-º-∂-cpam-bn-cn-°Ww? sshZn-I-Im-esØ Bcy-∑m¿ Hcp Im¿jnI P\-Xbm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcyw Xo¿®-bmWv.



_lp-ssZ-hXzw kaq-ZvtKm{Xw _lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv Jp¿-B≥ \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp-∂Xv. kzmenlv \_n B P\-Xsb GIssZ- h - h n- i zm- k - Ø n- t e°v £Wn®p. At±lw Ahsc C{]- I mcw Blzm\w sNbvX-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ D≤-cn-°p∂p: ""Fs‚ P\-ßtf, A√m-lp-hn\v C_m-ZØv (D]m-k\) sNøpI. \n߃°v Ah-\-√msX ssZh-an√. Ah≥ \nßsf `qan-bn¬\n∂p krjvSn®p. `qan-bn¬ Xs∂ A[n-hk - n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp-sIm≠v Aht\mSv am∏n-c-°p-Ibpw Ah-¶-te°v ]›m-Ø-]n®p aS-ßp-Ibpw sN-bvI. Fs‚ \mY≥ kao-]k - vY\pw {]Xyp-Øc - w-sN-øp-∂h - \ - p-as{X, \n›bw!''19 B P\X Cu Blzm\w kzoI-cn-®n√. ]mc-ºcy hnizm-k-Ønepw amaq¬a-XØ - nepw Xs∂ iTn-®p-\n∂p. Ah¿ ]d™p: ""tl kzmenlv, CXn-\p-apºv \n∂n¬ R߃°v \√ {]Xo-£b - p-≠mbn-cp∂p. Rß-fpsS ]nXm-°≥am¿ Bcm-[n-®p-h∂ tZh-∑msc R߃ Bcm[n-°p-∂Xv \o XS-bp-IbmtWm? \o Rßsf GsXm-∂n-te°v hnfn-°p∂pthm, AsX-∏‰n henb kwi-bm-ep°-fm-Ip∂p R߃!''20 Xp—-amb Hcp \yq\-]£w am{Xta {]hm-NI - s‚ Blzm\w ssIs°m≠p-≈q. `qcn-]£ - hpw Ah-cpsS t\Xm-°∑ - mcpw ]mc-ºc - y-aX - Ø - n¬Xs∂ \ne-sIm≠p. F∂m¬, kaq-Zp-Im-cpsS tZh-XI - f - psS t]cp-Iƒ Jp¿-B\ - n¬ ]d-™n-´n√. t_mLm-kvtImbv J\\ Kth-jW - Ø - n¬\n∂p a\- n-em-hp∂Xv C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m¿ ]qPn-®n-cp∂ tZh≥am-sc-bmWv kaq-Zp-Imcpw Bcm[n-®n-cp-∂s - X-∂mWv. Cu kwK-Xn k - zev]w hnkvXc - n-t°-≠X - p≠v.



t_mLm-kvtImbv J\\w Gjym-ssa-\d - n¬, A\m-t‰m-fn-bb - nse t_mLm-kvtImbv F∂n-SØ - p-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



≈ henb taSv Cu iX-I-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ DXvJ-\\ Kth-jW-Øn\p hnt[-b-ambn. Hcp P¿a≥]p-cm-h-kvXp-hn-Z-Kv[-\mb hn≥¢dmWv 1906-˛ ¬ BZy-ambn AXv Is≠-Øn-bXv. lnss‰‰vkv(Hittites) F∂ AXn-]p-cm-X-\-amb Hcp cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ cmjv{S-X-e-ÿm-\-ambn-cp∂p AXv. DXvJ-\-\-Øn¬ ]gb Hcp \K-c-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvSßfpw Hcp cmP-sIm-´m-chpw Is≠Øn. sIm´m-c-Øns‚ henb apdn Hcp {KŸ-im-e-bm-bn-cp∂p. IS-em- p-{K-Ÿ-ßf√, Ifn-a¨ ^e-Iß-fmWv AXnse tiJcw. Ifn-aÆv ]mI-s∏-SpØn ]e-I-bm°n, FgpØm-Wn-sIm-s≠-gpXn, Nqf-bn¬ Nps´-SpØ ]e-I-Iƒ! Cß-s\-bp≈ Bbn-c-°-W-°mb Ifn-a¨ ]e-I-Iƒ B apdn-bn¬\n∂v D]-e-_v[ambn. cmP-Io-b-dn-°m¿Up-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah. {]kvXpX BWn-sbgpØv hmbn-°m-\p-≈ am¿Kw Kth-j-I\pw sNt°m-t…m-hm-Iy-°m-c\p-amb t{lmkv\n I≠p-]n-Sn®p. F∂m¬ , BWn-sb-gpØv H∂m-aXmbn hmbn-®Xv P¿a≥Im-c-\mb Hcp kvIqƒ amÃ-dmWv. Pn.F^v. t{Kms´-s^¬Uv F∂mWv At±-l-Øns‚ t]¿. `mjm-K-th-jWw \S-Ønb ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ sshZnI kwkvIr-XØn\v ]gb t]¿jy≥, {Ko°v, em‰n≥ apX-emb `mj-I-fp-ambn kmPmXy-ap-s≠∂p sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. i_vZ-[m-Xp-°-fnepw hymI-c-W-Ønepw Ah XΩn¬ kmc-amb kmZr-iy-ap≠v. AXv bmZr-—n-I-a-√-Xm\pw. AXn\m¬, Ah Htc aqe-`m-j-bn¬\n∂pw `mKw ]ncn-™p-t]m∂ hnhn[ `mj-I-fm-sW-∂p-≈ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv Kth-j-I¿ FØn-t®¿∂Xv. Cßs\ kmPmXyw ImWp∂ `mj- I - s f- s b√mw Ah¿ Htch¿KØn¬ s]SpØn. Ahbv°v "C≥tUm˛ bqtdm-]y≥`m-j-Iƒ' F∂p t]cpw \evIn. C.bp. `mj F∂m-Wv Npcp-°n-∏-d-bpI. C.bp. `mj-I-sf-Øs∂ c≠mbn hn`-Pn-®n-´p≠v: H∂n\v "iXw' `mj-I-sf∂pw at‰-Xn\p "sI≥dw' `mj-I-sf∂pw ]d-bp∂p. BZyØnse "i' c≠m-a-tØ-Xn¬ "I' bmbn amdp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv Cu hn`P-\-Øn\p \nZm\w. BI-bm¬ C. bp. `mj-Iƒ kwkm-cn-®n-cp∂ P\-]-Z-ß-sf-sb√mw C∂sØ Ncn-{X-Im-c∑m¿ GI-h¿K-°m-cmbn Icp-Xp∂p. "C≥tUm˛bqtdm-]y≥ h¿Kw' F∂v Ahsc hnfn-°pIbpw sNøp∂p. sshZnI kwkvIrXw "iXw' imJ-bn-emWv s]Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ t_mLm-kvtImbv dn°m¿Up-If - n¬ ImWp∂ C.bp. `mj c≠p imJ-If - nepw s]Sp∂p. AXm-bXv, BZysØ lnss‰‰p `mj sI≥dw imJbnepw ]n∂-tØXv iXw imJ-bn-epw-s]-´X - mWv. CXn¬ \n∂pw A\p-am-\n°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv C≥tUm Bcy≥am-sc-°mƒ lnss‰-‰p-Iƒ°v {]mNo-\X IqSpsa-∂mWv. IqSmsX C.bp. h¿K-°m¿ c≠p {]mhiyw A\m-t‰m-fn-b-bn¬ FØn-sb∂pw Duln-°s - ∏-Sp∂p. t_mLm-ktv Im-bdv n-°m¿Up-If - psS Imew \n¿W-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv {In. ap. 1400 apX¬ 1200 hsc-bmWv. C.bp. `mj-I-



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255



fn¬ Is≠-Ønb tcJ-I-fn¬ G‰hpw {]mNo-\-am-bn-´p-≈Xv AXs{X.21



lnss‰‰vkpw ss__nfpw ss__nƒ ]gb \nb-a-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°-s∏´ P\-]-Z-ß-fn-sem∂mWv lnss‰‰vkv. t\ml-bpsS ]p{X-\mb lmans‚ aI≥ I\m∂v tlØv F∂p-t]-cmb Hcp aI-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p.22 tlØns‚ k¥m-\]-c-ºc "lnXy¿' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏´p. Ch-sc-bmWv ]m›mXy¿ "lnss‰‰vkv' (Hittites) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv. Ckvdm-tb¬ kapZm-b-Øns‚ ]m{Xn-bm¿°o-kmb (Ipe-]Xn) A{_-lm-ans‚ ImeØp-Xs∂ lnXy¿ ]›n-ta-jybn¬ {]kn-≤-cm-bn-cp∂p. ssZhw A{_lm-ans‚ k¥-Xn-Iƒ°v \¬Ip-sa∂v hmKvZØw sNbvX `q`m-KØv A[n-h-kn-®n-cp-∂-h-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ lnXycpw s]Sp∂p.23 Xs‚ ]Xv\n kmdmbn acn-®-t∏mƒ Ah-cpsS arX-i-cocw ad-am-Sp∂-Xn\v A{_lmw lnXy-tcm-SmWv kvYew hmßn-bXv.24 lnXycpw skan-‰nIv h¿K-Øn¬s∏´ A{_-lmapw hfsc aa-X-bnepw kvt\lØn- e p- a mWv h¿Øn- ® n- c p- ∂ - s X∂v ss__n- f n¬\n∂p sXfnbpw. F∂m¬, lnss‰‰vkv Gjym-ssa-\-dn-se-Øn-bXv Ft∏m-gm-sW∂p Kth-j-I¿°v \n›-b-an√. GXm-bmepw {In.ap. 1200 hsc Ah-cpsS km{amPyw AhnsS \ne-\n∂p.



sshZnI tZh-\vam¿ \ΩpsS {i≤sb CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ BI¿jn-°p∂ kwK-Xn- as‰m-∂mWv : GXm≠v {In. ap. 1500˛t\mS-SpØv A\m-t‰m-fn-b-bpsS Ing°v kndnb hsc `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ lpdn-b¿ F∂p-t]-cmb Hcp P\X D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS km{am-Py-Øns‚ t]¿ "anØ∂n' AYhm "anØm\n' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. anØ∂n cmPm-hmb aXn-h-kbpw lnss‰‰p cmPm-hmb kp∏n-ep-en-bpakpw XΩn¬ \S∂ Hcp Icm-dp]{Xw t_mLm-kvtIm-bvdn-°m¿Up-I-fn¬ Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p≠v. AXn¬ DS-º-Sn°p Znhy-km-£n-I-fmbn ImWn-®n-´p-≈Xv C{µ≥, an{X≥, hcpW≥, c≠v \mk-Xy-∑m¿ F∂o Bcy-tZ-h-X-I-sf-bm-Ip∂p. AXn-\m¬, lnss‰‰vkpw anØ∂n k{am-´p-Ifpw Bcy-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v sXfnbp∂p. F∂m¬, F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Unbm {_n´m-\n-°-bn¬ ImWp-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv: ""hntZi tZh-∑m¿˛ {]tXy-In®pw saskm-s]m-t´-anb tZh-∑mcpw Nne-t∏mƒ I\m-\y-tZ-h≥amcpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv hntZ-i-Øp-\n∂pw Cd-°p-aXn sNbvXn-´p-≈ sF-Xn-ly-ß-fnepw aX-N-S-ßp-I-fn-ep-amWv. cmjv{S-߃ XΩnep-≈ DS-º-Sn-Ifn¬ adp-]-£-Øns‚ Znhy-km-£nI-sf-t∂mWw AØcw tZh≥amsc Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-°m-Wp-∂p≠v. aXnh-k-\p-am-bp-≈ Icm-dp-]-{X-Øn¬ ImWp∂ C{µ≥, an{X≥, hcpW≥, c≠p- \m-k-Xy-∑m¿ F∂o C≥tUm˛ Cdm-\n-b≥ tZh-X-Iƒ CXn-\p-



256



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Ø-tam-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. an´m\n Bcy-∑m¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ hniz-tZ-h-XI-fpsS KW-Øn¬s]-Sp∂p B tZ-h≥am¿.''25 lnss‰- ‰ p- I - f psS tZh- ∑ m- c √, an´m- \ n- I - f psS tZh- ∑ m- c m- W v C{µ˛an{X˛ hcpW˛\mk-Xy-∑m¿ F∂s{X Cu {]kvXm-h-ß-fpsS [z\n. C\n an´m-\n-Iƒ Bcm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \ap°p t\m°mw.



an´m-\n-Iƒ AJ_m Dƒ°-S-ens‚ Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]m¿∏p-d-∏n-®n-cp∂ Hcp Ad-_n-P-\-X-bm-bn-cp∂p an´m-\n-Iƒ. ss__nƒ Chsc "anZym-\y¿' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. tamk-kns‚ ImeØv anZym-\n¬ A©p cmP-hw-i-߃ hmWn-cp∂p. Ckvdm-tb-ep-ambn \S∂ bp≤-Øn¬ Ahsc√mw tXmev ] n- ° - s ∏´p. B IY ss__nƒ h¿Wn- ° p- ∂ Xv ImWpI: ""btlmh tami-tbmSv Iev]n-®-Xp-t]mse Ah¿ anZym-\y-tcmSv bp≤w sNbvXp. BWp-ßsf Hs°bpw sIm∂p. \nl-X-∑m-cpsS Iq´Øn¬ Ah¿ anZym-\y-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cmb Ghn, tc°w, kq¿, lq¿, tc_ F∂o A©p cmPm-°-∑m-scbpw sIm∂p.''26 C°q-´-Øn¬ lqdn-b¿ ÿm]n® km{am-Py-as{X an´m\n, As√¶n¬ anØ∂n. tUm. F. Aø-∏≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""{In. ap. 1500˛∂SpØv, A\m-t‰-mfn-b°v Ing-°p-`mKw kndn-b-hsc "lqdn-b¿' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-™p-h-cp∂ Hcp P\-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS {]`p-°-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ thZ-Øn-ep≈ t]cp-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. lqdn-b-cpsS Hcp sNdp-km-{amPyw "anØm\n' F∂ t]cn¬ ]n∂oSv ÿm]n-°-s∏´p. lqdn-b-cpsS _‘p-°-fmb "slIvtkmkv' Fs∂mcp Iq´¿ hfsc i‡-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p, CuPn]vXp B{I-an-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.'' 27



kaqZpw anØ-∂nbpw Ad-_n-Iƒ "aZvb≥' F∂pw ss__nƒ "anZym≥' F∂pw t_mLmkvtIm-bvdn-°m¿Uv "anØ∂n' F∂pw hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Htc P\-Xs - b-Øs∂-bmWv. AJ-_m D - ƒ°-Se - ns‚ XocØv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Atd-_y≥ {]tZi-ØmWv Ah¿ ]m¿Øn-cp-∂Xv. Cu {]tZ-iØv kaq-Zns‚ Xpc-¶-`-h-\߃ C∂pw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p-s≠∂v ZrIvkm£n hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬\n∂v \ap°v a\- n-em-bn-´p≠v. IqSmsX, lqdn-bc - psS _‘p-°f - mWv CuPn]vXv B{I-an-®p-Io-g-S-°nb slIvtkm-kp-cm-Pm-°-∑m-sc∂v t_mLm-kvtImbv dn°m¿Up-Iƒ sXfn-bn® {]Imcw tUm. Aø-∏≥ D≤-cn-®Xpw {i≤n-°s - ∏tS-≠-XmWv. slIvtkm-kp-Iƒ Ad-_n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ ]£-Øn-\pt]m-Zv_e - I - a - m-WXv. AXn-\m¬ Atd-_y-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n® kaqZns‚ ]n≥ap-d° - m-cm-bn-cp∂p anZym-\y¿ As√-¶n¬ anØ-∂n-Iƒ F∂ \nKa-\-Øn¬ \ap°v A\m-bm-tk\ FØn-t®-cm-hp-∂-XmWv. anØ-∂n-Iƒ



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257



sshZn-I-tZ-h-X-I-fmb C{µ˛an{X˛ hcpW˛\mk-Xy-∑m-sc-bmWv Bcm[n-®n-cp-∂-sX∂pw \mw I≠p-I-gn™p. Ah-cpsS ap≥Km-an-I-fmb kaqZp-Imcpw AtX tZh-X-I-sf-bm-bn-cn-°Ww Bcm-[n-®p-h-∂Xv. BIbm¬ Bcy≥am¿ skan-‰n-°v-h¿K-Øn¬s]-´-h-cm-sW-∂-Xn-\p-t]m-Zv_e-I-as{X t_mLm-kvtImbv tcJ-Iƒ. t_mLm-kvtImbv dn°m¿Un¬ ImWp∂ "aXn-hk' F∂ t]¿ Hcp kwkvIr-X-kw⁄-bm-bn-cp∂p. "aXn-h-i≥' (N{µ-tk-h-I≥) F∂Xns‚ {]m‡-\-cq-]-amhmw AXv. CXp-t]mse DØc saskm-s]m-t´an-b-bn¬ {In. ap. 1450˛-1300 ImeØv, hmWn-cp∂ N{I-h¿Øn-am¿°pw kwkvIr-X-\m-a-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. Ah-bn¬ NneXv amXr-I-°mbn Xmsg ImWn-°p∂p: ]¿i-i-X¿=({]i-kvX¿), A¿X-Za=(EX-[a), A¿X-kp-ac=(EXkvac), XznjvcY=(XzjvcY), kuk-X¿=(ku£{X).28 lnss‰-‰p-I-fpsS t]¿ t_mLm-kvtImbv tcJ-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂Xv JØ, lØn F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv. "£{Xnb' F∂ ]Z-tØmSv AXn\v kmay-ap-s≠∂v tUm. Aø-∏≥ ]d-bp∂p.29



ckm-h-l-amb Hcp IØv lnss‰‰v km{am-Py-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-amb lØp-kmkv ]´-WØn¬-\n∂v Is≠-SpØ dn°m¿Up-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ ckm-h-l-amb Hcp IØp≠v. lnss‰-‰vN-{I-h¿Øn-bmb kp∏n-ep-en-bp-a-kn\v CuPn]vXnse dmWn-bm-bn-cp∂ "As©kv˛F≥˛Asa≥' Ab® IØmWXv . "Sq´≥Km- a ≥' F∂ ^d- t hms‚ hn[- h - b m- b n- c p∂p Ah¿. lnss‰‰v k{am-´ns‚ ]p{X-∑m-cn-sem-cmsf X\n°p `¿Øm-hmbn Ab®p-sIm-Sp-°m-\p≈ A¿Y-\-bmWv IØnse D≈-S°w. AXn¬ FgpXn-bn-cn-°p∂p: ""Fs‚ `¿Ømhv acn-®p-t]mbn. F\n°v Hcp aI≥ t]mep-an√. \n߃-°p Iptd ]p{X-∑m-cp-s≠∂p tIƒ°p∂p. \nß-fpsS Hcp aIs\ F\n°p XcnI. F¶n¬ B cmP-Ip-am-cs\ F\n°v `¿Ømhm-°m-am-bn-cp∂p. Fs‚ {]P-I-fn¬ Hcmsf Rm≥ Fßs\ `¿Ømhmbn BZ-cn°pw?'' N{I-h¿Øn°v cm⁄n-bpsS Dt±-iy-Øn¬ kwibw tXm∂n. \m´p{]-`p-°-∑m-cp-ambn Btem-Nn® tijw, CuPn-]vXn¬ sN∂v kXymhÿ a\-- n-em-t°-≠-Xn\v Hcp ZqX-kw-LsØ \ntbm-Kn®p. cm⁄nbpsS Bh¿-Øn® A`y¿Y\ ho≠pw h∂p. Ah-cpsS Bflm¿Y-Xbn¬ kwi-bn-°m-\n-s√∂v ZqX-kwLw Adn-bn®p. N{I-h¿Øn Xs‚ Hcp ]p{Xs\ CuPn-]vXn-te-°-b®p. ]t£, At±lw hgn-bn¬ h®p h[n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.30 CXp-hsc hnh-cn-®-Xn¬\n∂v hmb-\-°m¿ Hcp kwKXn Ku\n-®n-



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258



cn-°p-sa∂v Icp-Xp∂p: ss__nƒ Acmw F∂pw Jp¿-B≥ Cdav F∂pw hnfn® Ipe-]-Xn-bpsS k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p C≥tUm˛Bcy≥ P\X. AtX Ipe-]-Xn-bpsS k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p BZp-hw-ihpw kaq-Zp-hw-ihpw. Acmw F∂ i_vZw C¥y-bn¬ Bcy\pw t]¿jy-bn¬ sFcn-bm-\-bp-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Chsc√mw BZn-bn¬ Ad_n hwi-P-cm-bn-cp∂p. AYhm skan-‰n°v hwiP¿. kwkvIm-c-Ønepw aX-Øn-ep-ap≈ ASp∏w AXn-te°pt]mZv_e-I-amb sXfn-hs{X! Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ 1. Jp¿-B≥ 89: 9 2. X^vlo-ap¬ Jp¿-B≥ by kønZv A_p¬ AAvem auZqZn hm. 3, t]. 523 t\m°pI. 3. Ibid Vol. P. 523 4. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 186 5. Ibid Vol. 1, P. 196 6. D≤-cWw: Ibid Vol. 1, P. 177 7. D≤-cWw: Ibid Vol. 1, P. 197 8. Jp¿-B≥ 7: 74 9. Ibid 40: 30, 31 10. C_v\p J¬Zq≥˛ InXm-_p¬ C_¿ hm. 1, t]Pv 7 11. Jp¿-B≥ 7: 74 12 Jp¿-B≥ 26: 149˛152 13. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 2, t]. 248, 249 (C-¥y) 14. Jp¿-B≥ 26: 146˛-148 15. EtKzZw a. 6, kq. 61, E. 14 16. Ibid a. 10, kq. 131, E. 2 17. Ibid a. 10, kq. 48, E. 7 18. Ibid a. 1, kq. 23, E. 7 19. Jp¿-B≥ 11: 61 20. Ibid 11: 61 21. `mc-X-∏-ga t]. 99 t\m°pI. 22. DX-v]Øn 10: 1, 6, 15 t\m°pI. 23. lbid 15: 18-21 24. lbid 23: 3,5; 8-˛18 t\m°pI. 25. Encyclopedia Britannica Vol. xi, p. 559 (Hittites) (1965) 26. kwJy 31: 7,8



27. `mc-X-∏-ga t]. 103, 104 28. Ibid P. 107 29. Ibid 30. Ibid



P. 105 P. 105, 106 t\m°pI.



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



259



A[ymbw Ccp-]-sØm∂v



cXv\-®p-cp°w ap≥t]m´p IS-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv \mw CXp-hsc hnh-cn-®-Xns‚ cXv\®p-cp°w ChnsS ImWn-°p-∂Xv kmam-\y-hm-b-\-°msc kw_-‘nt®-S-tØmfw IqSp-X¬ D]-Im-c-{]-Z-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v hniz-kn-°p∂p. Bcy-hw-iØ - ns‚ aqe-Xd - h - mSv Bcy-hw-i-Øns‚ aqe-X-d-hmSv Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂ hnj-bØn¬ Kth-j-I-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ Kpcp-X-c-amb `n∂m-`n-{]m-b-am-Wp-≈sX∂p \mw kqNn-∏n®p. ]mao¿ta-S-bm-sW∂v Hcp ]£w. bqtdm-∏ns‚ hS-°≥ ka-X-e-ß-fm-sW∂v as‰mcp ]£w. l¶dn, Bkv{Xnb, s_mlo- a nb F∂o ÿe- ß - f pƒs°m- ≈ p∂ `q`m- K - a m- s W∂v thsdmcp ]£w. DØ-c-{[p-h-am-sW-∂p C\n-bp-samcp ]£w. Cßs\ hn`n-∂-ß-fmb A`n-{]m-b-K-Xn-I-fmWv Cu hnj-b-Øn-ep-≈Xv. DØ-c-{[p-h-Øn¬ BZn- B-cy-∑msc IpSn-bn-cp-Ønb P¿a≥Imcmb GW-Ãvtlm-¿ao-kns‚ hnh-cWw H´p ck-I-c-amWv: BZn Bcy∑m¿ Kplm-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. Aßs\ Ccn-°p-tºmƒ lna-bpKw h∂p. lna-bp-K-Øn¬ Ah¿ `qcn-`m-Khpw \in®p. Ah-ti-jn-®-h¿ sXt°m´v HmSn. AtXmsS AhnSw iq\y-ambn. sXt°m´v \oßn-bh¿ Bc¬ Dƒ°-S¬, Imkv]n-b≥ IS¬ F∂n-h-bpsS DØ-c-Xo-cß-fn¬ h∂p Xma-kn®p. Nne Imc-W-ß-fm¬ AhnsS Ccn-∏p-d-∏n®n√. Ah¿ \m\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬ Nn∂n-®n-Xdn. hnhn[ kwL-ß-fmbn ]e ÿe- ß - f n- t e°pw HgpIn. C≥tUm˛Cdm- \ n- b ≥ kwL- ° m¿ Imkv ] n- b ≥ XocsØ sÃ∏n- I - f n¬\n∂v sX°p Ing- t °m´p Xncn™p. Bap, km≥Um- d nb F∂o \Zn- I - f psS Xoc- ß - f n- e qsS _pJm-d, ka¿Jµv F∂o ÿe-ßfnse-Øn-s∏´p. Ahn-sS-\n-∂-h¿ c≠p kwL- ß - f mbn ]ncn™p. Hcp kwLw t]¿jy- b n- s eØn. as‰mcp kwLw lnµp-°p-jv]¿hXw Xm≠n, A^vKm≥ Npc-߃ Ibdn- b n- d ßn "Ip`m' XS- Ø n¬ (Im_q¬) FØn- t ®¿∂p. Ch- c s{X `mcX-Øn-te-°p≈ hgn H∂m-a-Xmbn sXfn-bn-®Xv.1 Bcy≥am- c psS C¥y- b n- t e- ° p≈ hc- h n- s \- ∏ ‰n cm[m- I p- a pUv ap°¿Pn-bpsS A`n-{]mbw as‰m-∂mWv: Um\yq_v \Zo Xoc-Øp-\n∂p ]pd-s∏´p, h√-®n-bm-bn-seØn, t_mkv]-dkv˛Um¿sU-\¬kp-Iƒ XcWw-sNbvXp, Gjy-mssa-\-dnepw ]n∂oSv ssS{Kokv˛bq{^-´okv \ZnI-fpsS Xoc-ß-fn-ep-saØn. Ahn-sS-\n∂v amsjUv, sldmØv, _IvSo-



260



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



dnb F∂o ÿe- ß - f n¬IqSn t]¿jy- b n¬h∂p Xmh- f - a p- d - ∏ n®p. C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]q¿hn-I¿ BZn-bn¬ B {]tZ-i-Øm-bn-cp∂p.2 djy≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cmb s_¿kn\pw {Kt¥m-hvkvInbpw thZIm-esØ Bcy-∑m-cpsS aqe-Ip-Spw_w tIm°-k- n\p hS-°p≈ ]p¬ta-Sp-I-fm-sW∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. _n. kn. c≠mw kl-{km_vZ-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS Hcp kwLw sX°p-]Sn-™m-dp≈ kndn-bbpw ^e-kvXo\pw hsc FØn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Nne¿°-`n-{]m-b-ap≠v. Ncn{X-I-mc-\mb FOv.Pn. sh’ns‚ \nK-a\w IqSn ImWpI: ""\mem-bncw h¿j-Øn\p apºv, AXm-bXv, {In. ap. c≠m-bn-cm-am≠n-\-SpØv a[y-bq-tdm-∏nepw sX°p-In-gs° bqtdm-∏nepw at[y-jybnepw C∂-tØ-°m-f-[nIw NqSpw \\hpw h\-km-{µ-Xbpw D≠m-bncp∂p. `qan- b psS Cu {]tZ- i - ß - f n¬ \oe- \ - b - \ - ß - t fm- S p- I q- S nb, shfpØ t\m¿Un°v hwi-Øn¬ s]´, Nne Ahm-¥-c-h¿K-߃ Ae™p\S-∂n-cp∂p. Cu hyXykvX h¿K-߃°v ]c-kv]c _‘ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ sdbn≥\Zn sXm´v Imkv]n-b≥ kap{Zw hscbp≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-se√mw Ah¿ Htc `mj-bpsS hnhn[ cq]-ß-fmWv kwkm-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.... Cu t\m¿Un°v P\-߃ temI-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ AXn-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp `mKw A`n-\-bn-°m≥ hn[n-tNm-Zn-X-cm-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ h\y-`q-an-I-fnepw DS-Pm-¥n-I-ß-fnepw hkn-®n-cp∂ Hcp h¿KamWv. Ah¿°v BZyw IpXn-c-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. I∂p-Im-en-Itf D≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. Xß-fpsS {][m\ t\Xm-°-∑m¿ acn-®m¬ B ih߃ Ah¿ Zln-∏n-°p-Ibpw `kvam-h-in-jvS-߃ ]m{X-ß-fn¬ \nt£]n-°p-Ibpw Ahbv°p Np‰pw hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ aÆp-sIm≠v henb Iqºm-c-߃ ]Sp-Øp-sI-´p-Ibpw sNbvXph∂p. Cu Bcy-∑m¿ ImfIsf ]q´n, \ne-ap-gpXv tKmXºv Irjn sNbvXp.''3 Cßs\ hyXy-kvXm-`n-{]m-b-ß-fmWv C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am-cpsS aqe-X-d-hmSv kw_-‘n®v \ap°v ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv. GXm-bmepw Ah-cpsS aqe-X-d-hmSv C¥y-bm-sW∂ A`n-{]mbw Ch¿°m¿°p-an√. C¥y-b-s√∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Ah¿ GtIm-]n-°p∂p. ]ns∂ Fhn-sSbm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ hnj-b-Øn-emWv `n∂m-`n-{]mbw. Cu A`n-{]m-bhy-Xym-k-Øn\p ]e Imc-W-ß-fp-ap-≠mhmw. F∂m¬ `mjm-K-th-jI-cpsS \nK-a-\-ß-fmWv Hcp {][m\ Imc-W-sa∂p tXm∂p∂p. ta¬ {]kv X m- h n® {]tZ- i - ° m¿ kwkm- c n- ° p∂ `mj- I fpw sshZnI `mjbpw XΩn¬ kmPmXyw ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. AXn-\m¬ Ah¿°pw C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m¿°pw GtXm ImeØv ]c-kv]c _‘-ap-≠m-bncp∂psh∂p Kth-j-I¿ Xocp-am-\n®p. A\-¥cw BZn Bcy-Ip-Spw-_Øns‚ tI{µ-sØ-∏‰n \nco-£n®p. XZv^-e-ambn hyXykvX \nK-a-\ß-fn-se-Øn-t®-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. GXm-bmepw I∂p-Im-en-Isf tabv°epw, ta-®n¬ ÿehpw ]p√pw



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



261



sh≈- h p- a p≈ CS- ß sf At\z- j n®p \S- ° - e p- a m- b n- c p∂p BZn Bcy≥am-cpsS sXmgn-se∂v F√m-hcpw ]d-bp∂p. EtKz-Z-Øn¬ B k{º-Zm-bsØ {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ At\Iw a{¥-ß-fp-≠p-Xm\pw. CuPn-]vXns\ B{I-an®p Iog-S°n, Iptd-Imew `cWw \S-Ønb skan-‰n-°p-Imsc CuPn-]vXp-Im¿ "slIvtkmkv' (CS-b-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿) F∂ ]cn-lm-k-t∏-cn¬ hnfn-®p-h-∂Xpw Ncn-{X-]-kn-≤-amWv. Npcp-°Øn¬ skan-‰n-°p-Ifpw Bcy-∑mcpw CS-b-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcyw kpXcmw hy‡-amWv. BZn- B-cy-∑m¿ ÿnc-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n√; Ducp-Np-‰n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS ÿnXnbpw Aß-s\-Xs - ∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. sh’v Xs∂ ]d-bs´: ""skan-‰n°v h¿K-°m¿ BSp-am-Sp-It- fbpw Igp-XI - t- fbpw ta®p-sIm≠v \S-∂n-cp∂p. Cu skan-‰n-°p-Imcpw Gem-ay¿ F∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cdm\nse Z£n-W`- m-KØ - p-\n∂p h∂ Hcp Xcw \ot{Km-h¿K-°m-cp-amWv {]mNo\-kw-kvIm-cß - f - p-ambn ASpØp ]cn-Nb - s - ∏´ BZysØ \mSp-Np-‰n-Iƒ.''4 BI-bm¬ CS-bXzw, \mSp-Np-‰n-Øn-cn-b¬ F∂o k{º-Zm-bß - f - n¬ skan‰n-°p-Imcpw BZn Bcy-∑mcpw tbmPn-°p∂p. C°m-c-W-ß-fmepw a‰pw Bcy≥amcpw skan-‰n°v h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-hc- m-bn-cn-°W - s - a-∂mWv \mw hnNmcn-°p-∂Xv.



skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS hym]vXn Cu h¿K-°m¿ Hcp L´-Øn¬ ]pcm-X\ - \ - m-Kc - nI tI{µ-߃ B{I-an®p-Io-gS- ° - n-bn-cp-∂X - mbn Ncn-{X-tc-JI - ƒ sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. DZm-lc - W - a - mbn _m_n-tem-Wnb, A o-cnb, Im¬Unb, kndnb, CuPn]vXv, Cdm≥, ^n\ojy, Im¿tØPv, kvs]bn≥, {Ko°v, {Io‰v apX-emb \K-c-cm-jv{S-ßsf√mw Ah-cpsS A[o-\Ø - n¬ h∂n-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. At∏mse `mc-XØ - nepw Ah¿ IpSn-tbdn, Chn-SsØ BZn-hm-kn-Isf B{I-an-®p-Io-g-S-°n-sb∂p hnNm-cn-°p-∂X - n¬ Akw-KX - a - mbn H∂p-an√. F∂m¬, Cu skan-‰n-°p-ImcpsS aqe-Xd- h - mSv Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p? Atd-_y-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ ]£-sØbmWv \nco-£I - c - n¬ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw {]_-ea- m-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv. BI-bm¬ Bcy-h¿K-Øns‚ aqe-Xd- h - mSv Atd-_y-bm-sW∂ \nK-a\ - Ø - n-emWv Ahkm-\a - mbn \mw FØn-t®-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬, Cu \nK-a-\sØ B[p-\n-I-`m-jm-K-th-jWw klm-bn-°p-∂n√. skan-‰n°v `mj-Ifpw Bcy-`m-jI - fpw XΩn¬ AP-KP - m-¥c - a - p-s≠∂mWv ]d-bs - ∏-Sp-∂Xv. hmkvXh - Ø - n¬ `mjm-ssh-Pm-Xy-ap-s≠∂ Imcyw th≠{X sXfn-™n-´n√. hmZ-Øn-\p-th≠n AXp kΩ-Xn-®m¬ Xs∂ AXpsIm≠v Hcp Imcyta hcn-Ib - p≈q˛skan-‰n°v `mj-Ifpw Bcy≥ `mj-Ifpw XΩn¬ th¿Xn-cn-™Xv kl-{km-_vZ-߃°v apºm-sW∂ Imcyw. skan- ‰ n°v hwi- Ø ns‚ D¤hw kl- { k- m - _ v Z - ß ƒ°p apºmsW∂p Xo¿®-bmWv. ss__n-fnse hwim-h-en-b-\p-k-cn®p t\ml-



262



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



bpsS ]p{X-\mb tians‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-cmWv skan-‰n-°p-Im¿. BIbm¬ Ggm- b n- c tam FÆm- b n- c tam h¿j- ß - f psS Ime- ∏ - g °w Iev]n°mw B hwi-Øns‚ DXv]-Øn°v. Cß-s\-bp≈ Hcp hwiØn¬\n∂v `mKw ]ncn-™p-h∂ Bcy≥am-cpsS `mj-Ifpw CXc skan-‰n°v P\-]-Z-ß-fpsS `mj-Ifpw XΩn¬ kmPmXyw ImWp-∂ns√-¶n¬ AXn-sem´pw B›-cy-s∏-Sm-\n√. Hc-—-\n¬\n∂pw Hc-Ωbn¬\n∂pw P\n® k¥-Xn-I-fm-Wt√m bYm¿Y-Øn¬ a\p-jy-hwiw. Ah¿ XΩn¬ F{X- s b{X A¥- c - a mWv \man∂p ImWp- ∂ Xv ! CsX√mw Ime-∏-g°w hcp-Øn-h-®-XmWv. Ime-∏-g°w Gdpw-tXmdpw hwi-ß-fpsS AI¬®bpw s]mcp-Ø-t°Spw h¿[n-°p-sa∂ hkvXpX {]tXyIw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-XmWv. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ DXv]-Øn-]p-kvXI-Ønse Hcp `mKw ChnsS kwt£-]n-°p-∂Xv kµ¿t`m-Nn-X-am-bncn°pw: ""`qan-bn¬ Hs°bpw Htc `mjbpw Htc hm°p-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ Ah¿ Ing-t°m´p bm{X-sNbvXp, io\m¿ tZiØv Hcp ka-`q-an -I≠p. AhnsS IpSn-bn-cp∂p... btlmh, "CXm P\w H∂v, Ah¿s°-√m-h¿°pw `mjbpw H∂v.... Ah¿ sNbvhm≥ \ncq-]n-°p-∂-sXm∂pw Ah¿°-km-[yam-Ip-Ib - n√; hcp-hn≥; \mw Cd-ßn-s®∂p, Ah¿ XΩn¬ `mj Xncn-®d- n-bmXn-cn-∏m≥ Ah-cpsS `mj Ie-°n-°f - I' F∂p Acpfns®bvXp. Aßs\ btlmh Ahsc Ahn-sS-\n∂p `qX-es - Øßpw Nn∂n®p... k¿∆-`q-an-bnse `mjbpw btlmh Ahn-sS-h®p Ie-°n-°-f-I-bm¬ AXn∂p _mt_¬ F∂p t]cmbn; btlmh Ahsc Ahn-sS-\n∂p `qX-eØ - n-seßpw Nn∂n®p If™p.''5 Cu IY-\Ø - nse `mh-\mwiw X¬°mew \ap°v hnt´°mw. F∂m¬ Hcp hkvXpX Ah-ti-jn-°p∂p. a\p-jy-sc√mw BZn-bn¬ Htc hwihpw Htc `mj kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. Htc `qJ-fi-Øn-emWv Ah¿ Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. GXm-≠ntX kn≤m-¥a- mWv B[p-\nI \c-hwi imkv{X⁄-∑m¿°p-ap≈Xv. Ahsc D≤-cn®p {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-et- a-t\m≥ Xs‚ temI-Nc - n-{X-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""hmkvXh - Ø - n¬ a\p-jy-sc-√m-hcpw Htc h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-hc - m-Ip∂p. F√m h¿K-߃°pw PmXn-Iƒ°pw _p≤nbpw Ignhpw kma¿Yyhpw kmamt\y\ ka-amWv.''6 `mj-Is - f- w-_‘ - n®p At±lw ]d-bp∂p: ""C∂p \mw `mj-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ \nc-h[n hm°p-Iƒ Npcp°w Nne [mXp-°f - n¬\n-∂p-¤h - n®p cq]m-¥c - s - ∏-´X - m-sW∂v ]mWn\n ]≠p-Xs∂ \ap°v ImWn-®p-X∂ - n-´p-≠.v ]mWn\n ImWn-®p-sIm-SpØ Cu hgn-bn¬IqSn k©-cn-®mWv `mjm-im-k{v X-⁄≥am¿ `mj-If - psS At\ym-\y-_‘w a\ n-em-°n-bX - v.''7 At∏mƒ BZn-bn¬ a\p-jy-hw-ihpw Ah¿ kwkm-cn® `mjbpw



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



263



H∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ ]£-tØ°v Xs∂-bmWv B[p-\nI Kth-j-WØn- s ‚bpw KXn- s b∂v a\-   n- e m°mw. Cu kn≤m- ¥ - a - \ p- k - c n®p t\m°p-tºmƒ C∂p \mw ImWp∂ `mjm-ssh-hn[yw Ime-∏-g-°Øns‚ krjv S n- b mWv . Ime- ∏ - g °w IqSpw- t Xmdpw sshhn- [ yhpw sshPm-Xyhpw h¿[n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn°pw. BI-bm¬ skan-‰n-°v`m-jIfpw Bcy≥ `mj-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ AI¬®-aqew Bcy-h¿§-߃ skan-‰n-°p-I-f-s√∂v ÿm]n-X-am-bn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n√.



skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS BZn-tI{µw skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS BZn-tI{µw Atd-_y-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv Nne {]Kev ` Kth- j - I - ] - fi n- X - ∑ m- c psS \nK- a \w. Atd- _ y- b n¬ \n∂mWv sa-skm-s]m-t´-anb, CuPn]vXv apX-emb ]pcm-X\ \mK-cnI tI{µ-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ FØn-bXv. Cu h¿K-Øn¬s]´ Hcp hwiw Atd_y-bn¬ AXn-]p-cm-X-\-Im-eØv B[n-]Xyw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Jp¿B-\n¬\n∂pw Atd-_y≥ sFXn-ly-ß-fn¬\n∂pw a\- n-em-Ip∂p. B hwisØ BZv F∂mWv Jp¿-B≥ hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. "Cdw' F∂ Hcp Ipe-]-Xn-bpsS ]n≥ap-d-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. AXn-\m¬ Ahsc "BZp-Cdw' F∂pw Jp¿-B≥ hnfn-®n-´p≠v. ss__n-fn¬ ]te-S-ßfnepw ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏´ "Acmw' Xs∂-bmWv Cdapw. CtX Cdw AYhm, Acmw hnhn[ `mj-I-fn¬ hnhn[ cq]-ß-fn¬ D®-cn-°-s∏´p. t]¿jy-\n¬ sFcn-bm\ F∂pw Cdm≥ F∂p-amWv AXp-®-cn-°-s∏´Xv. Cdm≥ F∂m¬ Bcy-∑m-cpsS \mSv F∂m-W¿Y-sa∂v B[p-\nI ]fin- X - ∑ m¿ ]d- b p∂p. IqSmsX, t]¿jy≥ `mjbpw sshZnI kwkvIr-Xhpw XΩn¬ hep-Xmb ASp-∏hpw ImWmw. \nc-h[n hm°pIƒ sshZnI kw-kvIr-X-Ønepw ]gb t]¿jy-\nepw Htc A¿YØn¬ {]tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v GXm\pw ]Z-߃ Xmsg ImWn-°p∂p: t]¿jy≥ kwkvIrXw A¿Yw kcWy lncWy kz¿Ww tl\ tk\ ssk\yw bkv\ b⁄w bmKw tlma tkmaw Hcp \nthZyw BkpXn BlpXn _en tkm{X tlmX bm⁄n- I ≥ _mkp _mlp ssI Niw N£p IÆv Z≥Zv Z¥w ]√v ]pivØv t{]jvTw ]n≥`mKw Jq≥ timWw c‡w



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



k¿ incw Xe ]nZ¿ ]nXr ]nXmhv amZ¿ amXr amXmhv _dm-Z¿ {`mXr ktlm-Z-c≥ Xiv \ Xrjv W Zmlw tlm¿ kqc≥ kqcy≥ amlv amkw amkw _mcniv h¿jw ag kmb Omb \ng¬ _d-ivKm¬ h¿j-°mew ag-°mew taLv taLw ag-°m¿ X]mkv X]ky Bcm-[\ Pu bhw Hcp [m\yw tZh-Zm¿ tZh-Zmcp tZh-Zmcw ss]am\ ]cn-amWw Afhv Blm¿ Blmcw `£Ww imJv imJ `mKw tUm: Aø-∏≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""`mj-bp-sSbpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw sFIy-Øm¬ {]mNo\ Cdm\n-bcpw {]mNo\ Bcycpw Htc P\-X-bpsS c≠p imJ-I-fm-sW-∂Xn\v kwi-b-an√. "Cdm≥' F∂-Xp-Xs∂ Bcy≥ F∂-Xns‚ Hcp kam\ ]Z-am-Wv. C≥tUm-˛-C-dm-\n-b≥ F∂p `mjm-]-fin-X-∑m¿ ]d™p-h-cp∂ Hcp aqe-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬\n∂p th¿]n-cn™ c≠p D]-`mj-I-fmWv Cdm-\n-b\pw kwkvIr-Xhpw.'' 8 BI-bm¬ Bcy-∑m¿ ta¬ ]d™ Cd-ans‚, AYhm Acm-ans‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬ s]´-h-cs{X. AXn-\m¬, skan-‰n°v h¿K-Øns‚ aqe-X-d-hm-Smb Atd-_y-X-s∂-bm-hWw, C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS BZntI{µw. Cu \nK-a\w AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-]£w C≥tUm˛ Bcy∑m-cpsS ]q¿h-∑m-sc-°p-dn® GXm\pw hkvXp-X-Iƒ \ap°v Jp¿-B\n¬\n∂pw a‰pw e`n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. Jp¿-B-\n¬ BZv F∂ Hcp {]_e hwi-sØ-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n´p≠v. Ah-cpsS tI{µw "AlvJm^m'bncp∂p. BZp-Imsc aX-{]-t_m[\w sNtø-≠-Xn\p ssZh-Øm¬ \nbp-‡-\mb lqZp-\-_n-bpsS tI{µw AXm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Jp¿-B≥ hy‡-am-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. ""BZns‚ ktlm-Z-c-\mb lqZv Xs‚ P\-Xsb AlvJm-^n¬ h®p Xm°o-Xp-sN-bvXXp Hm¿°pI.''9 AlvJm^v Fs∂mcp ÿew C°m-eØv Atd-_y-bn¬ Adn-b-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



265



s∏-Sp-∂n√. aW¬`qan, AYhm aW-em-cWyw F∂mWv Ad_n `mjbn¬ B ]Z-Øn-∂¿Yw. aW-em-c-Wy-߃ \nd™p InS-°p∂ Hcp \mSm-Wt√m Atd_y. AXn-\m¬, {]kvXpX aW-em-c-Wy-ta-sX∂v \n¿W-bn-°pI {]bm-k-as{X. F∂n-cp-∂mepw a‰p ]e kqN-\-Iƒ IqSn ]cn-K-Wn®v auem\m kønZv kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn A`n-{]m-b-s∏Sp-∂Xv bas‚ ]cn-k-c-Øp-≈Xpw "A¿dp-_p-D¬ Jmen' F∂ t]cn¬ C∂v Adn- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ Xpw hnim- e - h p- a mb aW¬°m- S m- b n- c n- ° Ww AlvJm^v F∂s{X.10 Ad_n Ncn-{X-Im-c∑m-cpsS dnt∏m¿´p-I-f-\p-k-cn®v BZp-hw-i-°mcpsS tI{µw ba-\n-em-bn-cp∂p. {Ko°p {KŸ-Im-c-∑m-cpsS ImeØv lZv-d-au-Ønse Nne tKm{X-ßsf "B{U-an-´mbv' F∂pw "HmUn-´mbv' F∂pw hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p≠v. Ad-_n-bn¬ "bØv' F∂Xn-s‚bpw Cw•o-jn¬ "CUvkv' F∂-Xn-s‚bpw ÿm\Øv, {Ko°n¬ tKm{X-sØbpw hwi-sØbpw a‰pw Ipdn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Hcp {]Xy-b-amWv Smbv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn A∫m-kvhw-isØ Ad-_n-Iƒ "A∫m-kn-bØv' F∂p hnfn-°p-tºmƒ Bwt•-b¿ "A∫m-knUvkv' F∂pw {Ko°p-Im¿ "A∫-mkn-´mbv' F∂p-amWv ]d-bpI. At∏mƒ "B{Uw' F∂-XmWv A ¬ ]Zw. CXv Ad-_n-I-fpsS "BZp Cdav' F∂-Xns‚ {Ko°v cq]-am-sW∂v hy‡-am-Wv. CXp-t]mse "BZns‚ bh\ cq]-tØmSp "Smbv' tN¿∂p-≠m-b-XmWv HmUn-´mbv. Hcp ]t£, BZp-hw-i-Ønse Nne imJ-Iƒ {Ko°p `qan-im-kv{X-Im-c≥am-cpsS ImeØpw lZv-d-au-Øn¬ Ah-ti-jn-®n-cp-∂n-cn°mw. AXp-sIm-≠mhWw, {Ko°p Ncn-{X-Im-c∑m¿ HmUn-´mbv lZv-d-au-Øp-Im-cm-sW∂p [cn-®p-h-im-bXv. bZp F∂ Hcp P\-]-ZsØ C{µ≥ Zqc-Zn-°n¬\n∂p sIm≠p-t]m∂p-sh∂p EtKzZw ]d-bp∂p.11 bZp F∂ i_vZ-Øn\v BZn-t\m-Sp≈ ASp∏w {it≤- b - a mWv. AXn- \ m¬, sX°≥ Atd- _ y- b nse AlvJm^v F∂ aW-em-c-Wy-Øn¬ tI{µw ÿm]n-®n-cp∂ BZp hwi-am-hWw Ah¿. Npcp-°-Øn¬, BZp-Imcpw C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑mcpw XΩn¬ h¿K-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ASp-∏-ap-s≠∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ \ap-s°Øm-hp-∂-XmWv.



c≠m-asØ BZv BZysØ BZp-hwiw `oI-c-amb Hcp sImSp-¶m-‰n-\n-c-bm-sb∂pw X∂nanØw Ah-cn¬ `qcn-`mKw \in-®p-sh∂pw Jp¿-B\ - n¬\n∂p \ap°v a\- n-em-hp∂p. F∂m¬ Hcp \yq\-]£w Atd-_y-bn¬Xs∂ Ah-tijn®Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ Ah-Im-is - ∏-Sp-∂p≠v. Ah¿ hf¿∂v B[n-]X - y-Ønte-°p-b¿∂p. {]hm-NI - \ - mb lqZns‚ aX-\n-ba - ß - f - \ - p-kc - n-®p≈ Hcp `cW-IqSw ÿm]n®v, AhnsS hf-sc-°mew hmWp. C°q-´s - c-bmWv Ad_n Ncn-{X-Im-c∑m¿ "c≠m-asØ BZv' (BZp- km-\nb) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv.



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Ch¿ kXy-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw [¿a-io-e-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. Ch-cn¬ epJvam≥ F∂p t]cmb Hcp cmPm-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ct±lw \oXn-am\pw XXz⁄m-\n-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. c≠m-asØ BZns‚ tI{µw ba-\n-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcyw GXm≠p-d-∏n°mw. Ahn-sS-bp≈ Hcp tIm´-bn¬\n∂v lnPvd H∂mw iXI-Øn¬ Atd-_y≥ ]pcm-X-Xz-]-fin-X-∑m¿°v Hcp inem-en-JnXw D]e- _ v[- a mbn. Ah¿ AXv Ad_n `mj- b n¬ ]Zy- c q- ] - Ø n¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp-h®p. X߃ lqZp-\-_n-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fmsW∂pw lqZns‚ aX-\n-b-a-ß-f-\p-k-cn®p `c-W-IqSw \nb-{¥n-°p∂ cmPm-°-∑m-cmWv Xßsf `cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw B enJn-X-I¿Øm-°∑m¿ hnti-j-hn-[n-bmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. 1934-˛¬ CuÃn¥ym Iº\n ba- \ n- t e°v Hcp At\z- j - W - k w- L sØ \ntbm- K n®p. Ah¿°pw AtX Bibw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp enJnXw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign™p. BI-bm¬ ba-\n-em-bn-cp∂p c≠m-asØ BZns‚ B[n-]Xy-tI-{µ-sa∂v hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. c≠m-asØ BZns‚ tI{µ-sa∂v hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ B ÿew Cu iX-I-Øn¬ J\-\-K-th-j-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-ambn. Ahn-sS-\n∂v •mk¿, lm¬sh F∂o c≠p ]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-j-I-∑m¿ At\Iw inem-tc-J-Ifpw a‰-h-in-jvS-ßfpw tiJ-cn®p. "ambo≥' F∂ ÿeØp- \ n- ∂ mWv Ah- b - [ n- I hpw D]- e - _ v [ - a m- b Xv. AXn- \ m¬ C∂p {]kvXpX Ah-in-jvS-߃ ambos‚ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. F¶nepw c≠m-asØ BZns‚ tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂p AsX∂v kpsseam≥ \Zvhn A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.12 ambo-\n¬\n∂p Is≠-SpØ Ah-in-jvS-ß-fpsS Ime-sØ-∏‰n Kth-j-I-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ `n∂m-`n-{]m-b-am-Wp-≈Xv. _n.kn. 16, 17 \q‰m≠p-Iƒhsc Ah-bpsS Ime-sa-Øp-sa∂v Nne¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. a‰p Nne-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ambo≥ km{am-Py-Øns‚ AYhm an\mbn-b≥kns‚ Bcw-`-Imew _n.kn. 3000 hsc FØpw. B ÿnXn°v H∂m-asØ BZns‚ Imew AXn-s\-°mƒ F{Xtbm apºm-bn-cn-°Ww. B-I-bm¬ H∂m-asØ BZns‚ D∞m-\-Imew GXm≠v {In. ap. 3500 BsW∂v ]d-™m¬ an°-hmdpw icn-bm-bn-cn°pw.



kaqZp hwiw Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]te-S-ß-fnepw BZn-t\m-sSm∏w kaq-Zn-t\bpw ]d™-Xmbn ImWmw. BZpw kaqZpw Htc Ipe-]-Xn-bpsS˛Cd-ans‚˛ ]n≥ap-d-bn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂-XmWv ImcWw. BZns\ "BZp-Cdw' F∂-t]mse kaq-Zns\ "kaqZp Cdw' F∂pw Ad-_n-Iƒ hnfn-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. Cdw F∂ Ipe-]-Xn-bn¬ Ccp Iq´cpw tbmPn-°p∂p-sh∂p kmcw. kaq-Zns‚ Imew BZn-s‚-Xn-t\-°mƒ hfsc ]ndIn-es{X. F¶nepw BZn-\p-tijw hfsc {]Xm-]-tØmSpw {]`m-h-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



267



tØmSpw Atd_y hmW Hcp {]_-e-hw-i-am-bn-cp∂p kaqZv. BZp- h w- i - ° m- c psS Bhm- k - Ø m- h fw Atd- _ y- b psS sX°pw Ing°pw `mK-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬, kaq-Zp-hw-i-°m-cpsS tI{µw Atd_y- b psS hS°pw ]Sn- ™ mdpw `mK- ß - f n- e m- b n- c p∂p. BZp- I m¿ t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S¬ Xoc-߃ Np‰n-∏‰n saskm-s]m-t´-anb hsc hym]n®p. kaq-Zp-Im-cpsS tI{µw A¬ lnPvdn-em-bn-cp∂p. Jp¿-B≥ Ah-X-cn-°p∂ ImeØv AXn\p "hmZn¬Jpdm' F∂m-bn-cp∂p t]¿. Ct∏mƒ AXv "aZm-bn-\p-kzm-enlv' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. AXpt]m-se-Øs∂ AJ_m Dƒ°-S-ens‚ Xoc-{]-tZ-i-amb anZym-\nepw tPm¿Um≥ cmjv{S-Øn¬ s]´ s]{Sm-bnepw (dJow) kaq-Zns‚ ta[mhn-Xz-amWv \S-∂n-cp-∂Xv. anZym-s\-bmWv Jp¿-B≥ "aZvb≥' F∂v hnfn®n-´p-≈Xv. BZn-s\-t∏m-se-Øs∂ kaqZpw hmkvXp-hn-Zy-bn¬ ka¿Y-∑mcm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Jp¿-B≥ \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp∂p. BZns‚ Iem- i n- e v ] - ß ƒ Db¿∂ ÿe- ß - f n- e m- b n- c p∂p. kv a mc- I - ß fpw kvXw`-ß-fp-amWv Ah¿ ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv. kaq-Zns‚ inev]I-em-ssh-in-jvSy-am-hs´, as‰m-∂m-bn-cp∂p. ae-Ifpw ]md-Ifpw sh´nØp-c∂v Xpc-¶-`-h-\-߃ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-emWv Ch¿ kma¿Yyw {]ISn-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv. CØcw Xpc-¶-`-h-\-߃ C∂pw A¬ lnPvdnepw anZym\nepw s]{Sm-bnepw [mcmfw ImWp-∂p-s≠∂v ZrIvkm-£n-Iƒ hnhcn-°p∂p. {]kvXpX c≠p amXr-I-I-fn-ep≈ Iem-in-ev]-߃ \ΩpsS `mc-X-Ønepw ImWp-∂p≠v. anZym-\n¬ tamk-kns‚ ImeØv A©p cmP-hw-i-߃ `cn-®n-cp∂-Xmbn ss__nƒ ]d-bp∂p. C°q-´-Øn¬ Hcp hwi-Øns‚ t]¿ "lq¿' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ ÿm]n® cmjv{S-Øn\v anØm\n, As√¶n¬ anØ∂n F∂p t]¿ \evI-s∏´p. CXv kndn-b-hsc hym]n-®ncp∂p. {In. ap. 1500˛t\mS-SpØ Ime-ØmWv {]kvXpX km{amPyw \ne-hn¬ h∂Xv. anØm-\n-Iƒ Bcy-h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-hcpw sshZn-ItZ-h-∑m-cmb C{µ≥, an{X≥, hcp-W≥, \mk-Xy-∑m¿ F∂n-hsc Bcm[n-°p-∂-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v B[p-\nI ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jWw sXfn-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Cu iX-I-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ Gjym-ssa-\-dnse A\m-t‰m-fnb-bn¬s∏´ t_mLm-kvtImbv F∂ ÿew J\\ Kth-j-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-ambn. Ahn-sS-\n∂v [mcmfw Ifn-a¨ ]e-I-Iƒ Is≠-SpØp. lnss‰‰p cmPm-°∑m-cpsS Xe-ÿm-\hpw cmP-[m-\nbpw Ahn-sS-bmWv ÿnXn- s N- b v X n- c p- ∂ Xv . cmP- [ m- \ n- b psS Hcp apdn- b n¬\n- ∂ mWv {]kv X pX Ifn- a ¨ ]e- I - I ƒ e`n- ® Xv . Ah- b - { Xbpw cmP- I ob dn°m¿Up-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. A°m-eØv IS-em- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. IS-em n-\p-]-Icw Ifn-a-Æp- ]m-I-s∏-SpØn, ]e-I-I-fm°n, {][m\ kwK-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Xn-Iƒ Ah-bn¬ Fgp-Øm-Wn-sIm≠v tcJ-s∏-SpØn Nqf-bn¬ Nps´SpØp kq£n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xnhv. t_mLm-kvtImbv cmP-[m-\nbn¬\n∂p In´nb Hcp tcJ-bn¬ lnss‰-‰v-cm-Pm-hmb kp∏n-ep-en-bpakpw anØm-\n-cm-Pm-hmb aXn-h-kbpw XΩn¬ \S∂ Hcp-S-ºSn Dt√J\w sNbvXn-cp∂p. {]kvXpX DS-º-Sn°v Znhy-km-£n-I-fmbn tcJs∏-Sp-Øn-bXv C{µ≥, an{X≥, hcp-W≥, c≠p \mk-Xy-∑m¿ F∂o sshZn-I-tZ-h-∑m-sc-bm-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬, anZym-\y¿ Bcy-∑m-cm-bncp-∂p-sh∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√. kaq-Zns‚ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p anØm-\n-Iƒ. kaqZp-hw-i-amWv AhnsS apºv Xma-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv. kaq-Zob amXr-Ibn-ep≈ Xpc-¶-`-h-\-߃ AhnsS C∂pw [mcmfw ImWp-∂p≠v. AXn\m¬, AXv kaq-Zns‚ as‰mcp tI{µ-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn¬ ktµ-lan√. AsXmcp Ad-_n-{]-tZ-i-as{X. {In. ap. 1500˛t\mS-SpØv AhnsS B[n-]Xyw hmWn-cp∂ cmP-hwiw Bcy-hw-i-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p-sh∂v sXfn-™n-cn-°p∂ ÿnXn°v Ah-cpsS ap≥Km-an-I-fmb kaqZpw Bcy-h¿K-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hnNm-cn-°p-∂-Xmhpw bp‡n. BI-bm¬ ss__n-fnse Bcmapw Jp¿-B-\nse Cdapw Htc Ipe]-Xn-bpsS hyXykvX \ma-cq-]-ß-fs{X. AtX Ipe-]-Xn-bpsS ]n≥apd-°m¿ Xs∂-bmWv C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cp-sa∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv Ahkm-\-ambn \msa-Øn-t®-cp-∂Xv. Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ 1. D≤-cWw: EtKz-Z-Øn-eqsS t]. 131 t\m°pI. 2. D≤-cWw: Ibid P. 131 3. temI-N-cn-{X-kw-{Klw t]. 92, 93 4. Ibid P. 76, 77 5. DXv]Øn 11: 1-˛9 6. temI-N-cn{Xw hm. 1, t]. 54 7. Ibid Vol. 1, P. 61 8. `mc-X-∏-ga t]. 107, 108 9. Jp¿-B≥ 46: 21 10. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 174 11. EtKzZw a. 6, kq. 45, E. 185 12. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hm. 1, t]. 185



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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A[ymbw Ccp-]-Øn-c≠v



Bcy-kw-kvImcw Bcy-tKm-{X-߃ `mc-X-Øn¬ {]th-in-°p-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ ]ptcmK-a-\m-fl-I-amb Hcp kwkvIm-chpw aXhpw ChnsS \ne-hn-en-cp-∂Xmbn kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ \S-Ø-s∏´ J\-\-K-th-jWw sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. "kn‘p-X-S-kw-kvImcw' (Indus valley civilization) F∂ t]cs{X B[p\nI ]pcm-X-Xz-]-fin-X∑m¿ AXn\p \evIn-bn-´p-≈Xv. B kwkvImc-Ønse XXz-Nn-¥-sb-∏‰n Jfin-X-am-sbm∂pw ]d-hm≥ km[y√. kn‘p-X-S-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv ]e Kth-j-I-∑m-cp-tSbpw A`n-{]mbw. {io. ]n. tXmakv At±-l-Øns‚ "`mc-Xob kmwkvIm-cnI km{am-Py-N-cn{Xw' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ F∂ \nKa-\-Øn-emWv an°-hmdpw Kth-j-I-∑m¿ FØn-t®¿∂Xv.''1 a‰p- Nn-e¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv Ah¿ inh-]q-P-Icpw enwKm-cm-[-Icpw tZho]q- P - I - ∑ m- c p- s am- s °- b m- b n- c p∂p F∂mWv. Cu A`n- { ]m- b Øn\pt]mZv_-e-I-amb sXfnhpw J\-\-Øn¬ D]-e-_v[-am-bn-´p≠v. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ Htc P\-Xbpw Htc kwkvIm-c-hpa√ hf¿∂p-h-∂Xv; H∂n-e-[nIw P\-hn-`m-K-ßfpw kwkvIm-c-ßfpw AhnsS \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p. Cu \nK-a-\-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-as{X \c-hwi hn⁄m-\n-I-fpsS A`n-{]mbw. Ahsc D≤-cn®p {io. hn. B¿. ]c-taiz-c≥ ]n≈ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""taml≥sPm-Zm-tcm-hnepw lc-∏-bnepw \n∂p J\\w sNbvsX-Sp-°-s∏´ a\p-jym-ÿn-]-RvP-c-ßsf ]cn-tim-[n®p t\m°nb \c- h w- i - h n- ⁄ m- \ n- I ƒ ]d- b p- ∂ Xv Ah Htc h¿KØn¬s]´ a\p-jy-cp-tS-X√ F∂mWv.''2 BI-bm¬ aX-Ønepw XXzNn-¥-bnepw kwkvIm-c-Ønepw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Cu sshhn[yw tZiob-X-bn-ep≈ sshhn-[y-Øns‚ A\-¥-c-^-e-am-bn-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. C{Xbpw {]kvXm-hn-®Xv Bcym-K-a-\-Øn\p ap≥]v kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ ]m¿∏p-d∏ - n-®n-cp-∂h - s - c-∏‰- n-bmWv. C\n \ap°v Bcy≥am-cpsS aX k¶¬]ß-tfbpw XXz-Nn-¥I - t- fbpw kwkvIm-c] - m-cº - c - y-ßt- fbpw Ipdn®p ]cn-Nn¥\w \SØmw. Chsb kw_-‘n® Kth-jW \nK-a-\-߃°m-[mcw Bcy≥am-cpsS ]pcm-X\ aX-km-ln-Xy-ßf - mWv. \nc-h[n aX-{K-Ÿß - f - p≠v Bcy≥ P\-X°v. \mep thZ-kw-ln-XI - f - mWv Ah-bn¬ G‰hpw {]mNo-\߃. E°v, kmaw, bPp v, AY¿hw F∂n-{]-Im-ca - mWv Ah hnfn-°s - ∏-Sp∂Xv. Bcy≥am-cpsS {]mNo\ `mj°v a‰p Nne `mj-If - p-ambn kmPm-Xy-aps≠∂v ap≥]p kqNn-∏n-®p-ht√m. C°q-´Ø - n¬ sshZnI kwkvIr-Xh - p-ambn IqSp-X¬ ASpØ _‘-ap≈ `mj ]ucm-WnI Cdm-\n-b\ - s{X. Cdm≥Im-



270



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



cpsS thZ-amb "AhkvX' bpsS `mjbpw thZ-`m-jbpw XΩn-ep≈ kmPm-Xy-sØ-∏‰n {io. IrjvW-ssN-X\y At±-l-Øns‚ "kwkvIrX kmlnXy- N-cn-{X'Øn¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""{]mNo\ Cdm-\n-b-cpsS BZna thZ-`m-j-bmb Ah-Ãn-°n-t\mSmWv AXn\v G‰hpw ASpØ _‘w. i–imkv{X -\n-b-a-ß-fpsS {]tbmKw sIm≠p-am{Xw AXm-bXv, D®m-cWw A\p-h-Z-\ob coXnbn¬ kz¬]w am‰p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw, Ah-kvX-bnse apgp-t«m-I߃ sshZnI kwkvIrX `mj-bn-te°v ]Zw ]Z-ambn hnh¿Ø\w sNømw. Ah icn°pw t«mI-cq-]-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-sa∂p am{X-a√, Imhy-`wKn tNm¿∂p-t]m-ImsX kwc-£n-°bpw sNøpw.''3



EtKzZ kwlnX Bcy-∑m-cpsS thZ-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ h®v G‰hpw {]mNo-\-am-bXv EtKz-Z-kw-ln-X-bmWv. IqSp-X¬ {]mam-Wn-Ihpw AXs{X. kwkvIrX-Ønse "ENv' F∂ [mXp-hn¬\n-∂p-Zv`q-X-amb Hcp hm°mWv EIv. kvXpXn F∂mWv {]kvXpX [mXp-hn-\¿Yw. EtKzZw apgp-h≥ tZhkvXp-Xn-]-c-ß-fmb a{¥-ß-fmWv. AXmWv B t]cn\v \nZm-\hpw. ]Zy-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ 10,472 E°p-I-fmWv AXn-ep-≈Xv. B E°p-Isf 1017 kq‡-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p∂p. ]Øp afiew, F¨]-Ø©p A\p-hmIw, Bbn-c-Øn-∏-Xn-t\gv kq‡w F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv thZw hn`-Pn-°-s∏-´p-Im-Wp-∂Xv. as‰mcp hn[-Ønepw Hcp hn`-P-\-ap≠v. AX\p-k-cn®v F´p AjvS-Ihpw Adp-]-Øn-\mev A[ym-bhpw Ccp-\q-‰mdp h¿Khp-am-Wp-≈Xv. CXp IqSmsX, "_me-Jneyw' F∂p t]cmb ]Xns\m∂p kq‡-߃ thsd-bp-s≠-¶nepw Ah km[m-cW thZ-kwln-X-bn¬ Dƒs∏-´-Xmbn IW-°m-°m-dn√.4 EtKz-Z-Øn¬ ]Øp aWvU-e-ß-fm-Wp-≈-sX∂p I≠p-ht√m. Ah Hmtcm Ejn-Ip-e-Øn¬ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-h-bmWv. c≠mw aWvUew `m¿K-hI - p-eØ - nepw aq∂m-at- ØXv hnizm-an-{X-Ip-eØ - nepw \mema-tØXv hma-tZ-h-Ip-e-Ønepw A©m-a-tØXv A{XnIpe-Ønepw Bdm-atØXv `c-Zzm-PI - p-eØ - nepw Ggm-at- ØXv hknjvT Ipe-Ønepw F´mw afiehpw H∂mw afi-eØ - nse Aº-Xp-kq-‡ß - fpw IWz-Ip-eØ - n-ep-amWv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂Xv. Hº-Xm-at- ØXv ]e Ejn-Ip-eß - f - n¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂Xpw "tkmaw' F∂ eX-bpsS cksØ kvXpXn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈X - p-am-Ip∂p. Bcy∑m¿ Xß-fpsS Bcm-[-\-bn¬ tZh≥am¿°v A¿∏n-®n-cp∂ Hcp ]m\ob- a mWv tkma- c kw. H∂m- a sØ afi- e - Ø n¬\n∂v \q‰n- \ m¬]sØm∂v kq‡-ßfpw ]Ømw afi-ehpw Xmc-X-tay\ A¿hm-No-\am-sW∂pw CXc afi-e-ß-fp-ambn Ah-bv°p≈ _‘w hfsc Ab™-Xm-sW∂pw thZ hna¿i-I≥am¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. ]pcp-j≥amsc-t∏m-se-Xs∂ kv{XoIfpw a{¥-{Z-jvSm-°-fm-bn-cp∂p. ]e a{¥-ßfp-sSbpw Z¿i\w kv{XoE-jn-am-tcmSv _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xmbn ImWmw.



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



271



A]me, tem]m-ap{Z, A{Zn-]p{Xn, kqcym, {_lva-hm-Zn\n Pplp, ban apX-em-b-h¿ DZm-l-cWw. EtKz-Z-Øn\v ]mTm-¥-c-an-s√-∂mWv Nne thZ-hn-Øp-Iƒ Ah-Imi-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. thZw \ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m∂ Bcy-hw-iØns‚ A\n-Xc km[m-c-W-amb \njvI¿j-X-sb-bmWv CXv ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. h≈-tØmfns‚ EtKzZ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v Bap-J-sa-gp-Xnb k¿Zm¿ sI.-Fw. ]Wn°¿ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""thZ-Øn\v ]mT-t`-Z-ß-fn-√. C{X ]pcm-X-\hpw `mc-X-Øn-emsI {]N-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp _rlZv{KŸ-Øn\v ]mTt`- Z - a n- √ m- X n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv B›- c y- a m- W t√m. {ipXn- h m- I y- ß ƒ°v hyXymkw hcm-Xn-cn-°m-\mbn BZy-Imew apXevt° sNbvXp-h∂ \njvI¿j-X-IƒsIm-≠mWv, k¿∆-X»p-≤hpw F√m-hcpw AwKo-Icn-°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp ]mTw C∂p \ne-hn-en-cn-°p-∂Xv.''5 F∂m¬, alm `mjy-Im-c-\mb ]X-RvP-en-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬, EtKz-Z-Øn\v 21 imJ-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-bn¬ "imI-e-imJ' am{Xta Ct∏mƒ \ne-hn-ep≈q. "_mjv-I-e-imJ' {]Nm-c-Øn-en-s√-¶nepw AXns\-°p-dn®v ]te-SØpw ]cm-a¿i-߃ ImWp-∂p-≠s{X. imI-e-imJ-sb- A-t]-£n®v _mjvIe imJ-bn¬ F´p kq‡-߃ A[n-I-ambn-°m-Wp-∂p-sh∂pw Ah-bn-sem-∂mWv kw⁄m-\-kq‡w F∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.6 thZ- ß ƒ A]u- c p- t j- b - ß - f m- s W- ∂ s{X {_mlv a - W - c psS hnizmkw. AXm- b Xv , Jp¿- B - s \- ° p- d n®p apkv e nw- I - f psS F∂ t]mse, thZ-ß-sf-°p-dn®p {_mlva-W-cp-sSbpw hnizmkw Ah a\pjy-Ir-X-ß-f-s√-∂mWv. ]t£, thZ-Ønse Hmtcm kq‡-Øn-s‚bpw XpS-°-Øn¬ -A-Xns‚ Ejn-bpsS t]¿ sImSpØp ImWp-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXns‚ "Z¿i\w' At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-b-Xm-sW∂p s]mXpth A\pam-\n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. ]e Ejn-h-cy-∑m¿°pw Z¿i-\-ambn e`n-®Xpw Ahc-h-cpsS Ipe-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xp-amb a{¥-߃ ]n∂oSv t{ImUoI-cn®v {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-sh-®-XmWv kwln-X-Iƒ. "thZ-hym-ks\'∂p ]n∂oSv {]kn-≤-\mb _mZ-cm-b-W-Ir-jvW-\mWv thZ-Øns‚ t{ImUoI¿Øm-sh∂p s]mXpsh hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. thZ-hym-ks‚ ImesØ-∏‰n ]fin-X≥am¿°n-S-bn¬ Kpcp-X-c-amb `n∂m-`n-{]m-b-ap≠v. {InkvXp-hn\p apºv GXm≠v 1800-˛\pw 1500˛-\pw CS-°mWv thZ-hymk≥ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂v Nne¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.7 F∂m¬, `mcXob ]fin- X ≥am- c n¬ Hcm- f mb {io. cmlp¬ kmwIr- X ym- b s‚ ]£w CXmWv: ""At\ym\yw D≤-cWw kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂ ssPan-\nbpw _mZ-cm-bW\pw ka-Im-eo-\≥am-cm-bn-cp∂p... AXns‚ A¿Yw {InkvXz_vZw 300˛-¬ Xs∂-bmWv _mZ-cm-b-W≥ Pohn-®n-cp-∂Xv F∂mWv. ]ucmWn-I≥am¿ _mZ-cm-b-W\pw hymk\pw Hcm-fm-sW∂v Icp-Xp∂p.



272



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Aøm-bncw sIm√-߃-°p-apºv alm-`m-cX bp≤-Im-e-ØmWv At±lw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v ]d-b-s∏Sp∂p. F∂m¬ -C-Xns\ (hymks‚) "thZm-¥-kq-{X-߃' \ntj-[n-°p-∂p≠v. Fs¥-∂m¬, _u≤-Z¿i\sØ am{X-a√ Ah Jfin-®n-´p-≈Xv; _p≤-\p-tijw Btdgp \q‰m≠p-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ D≠mb ssh`m-jnIw, tbmKm-Nmcw, am≤y-anIw F∂o Z¿i-\-am¿K-ß-sf-°qSn AXv Jfi-\w-sN-bvXn-´p≠v.''8 BI-bm¬ _mZ-cm-b-W-Ir-jvWs‚ Ime-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]ucm-WnI≥am-cpsS A`n-{]m-bsØ apJ-hn-e-bvs°-Sp-°p-hm≥ {]bm-k-ap≠v.



EtKz-ZI - mew Bcy≥ P\X C¥y-bn¬ {]th-in® Ime-L-´-sØ-bmWv EtKz-ZØn¬ h¿Wn- ® n- ´ p- ≈ - s X∂v \ncq- ] - I ≥am¿ ka¿Yn- ° p∂p. AXpsIm≠v EtKz-Z-a-{¥-߃ BN-cn-°-s∏-´Xv AXn\v tij-am-bncn-°Ww. Bcy-∑m¿ "Ip`m-XS'(Im_qƒ)Øn¬ Xma-k-am-°nb Imew apX¬ bap-\m-\-Zn-bpsS XS-Øn¬ h∂p-tN-cp∂ Imew hsc-bp≈ Ah-cpsS Ncn-{X-Øn-te-°p≈ kqN-\-I-fmWv EtKzZw \evIp-∂Xv. {InkvXp-hn\v 1500 h¿jw apºmWv Bcy-tKm-{X-ß-fpsS `mcX {]th-i-sa-∂mWv bqtdm-]y≥]-fin-X≥am-cpsS s]mXp-hmb A`n{]mbw. F∂m¬, _me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I≥ \£-{X-im-kv{XsØ Ahew-_-am°n KWn®p ]d-bp-∂Xv Npcp-ßn-bXv {In. ap. 3500 h¿j-ßsf-¶nepw EtKz-Z-Øn\v ]g-°-ap-s≠-∂mWv. t_mLm-kvtImbv F∂nS-Øp-\n∂p Is≠-SpØ inem-tc-J-I-fn¬ sshZn-I-tZ-h-X-I-fpsS \ma߃ Is≠-Øn-sb∂p \mw apºp kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. B inem teJ\-߃°v {In. ap. 1400 h¿jsØ ]g-°-amWv IW-°m-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv. Bcy≥am¿ C¥y-bn¬ {]th-in-®Xv AXns‚ tij-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂mWv {]_-e-amb ]£w. Fs¥-∂m¬ t_mLm-kvtImbv tcJ-bnse `mj°v thZ-`m-j-tb-°mƒ ]g-a-IqSpw. Bcy≥P-\X C¥y-bn¬ h∂-t∏mƒ Ah¿°v IqSp-X¬ {]_-eamb i‡nsb t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn thZw ASn-°Sn kqNn-∏n°p∂p. Bcy-∑m-tc-°mƒ kwkvImc kº-∂cpw \nc-h[n ]´-W-ßfpsS DS-a-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p B P\X. "Zkyp', "Zmk≥' apX-emb t]cpI-fn-emWv thZw Ahsc hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Ch¿ ssk‘h kwkvImc-Øns‚ DS-a-I-fm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv Nne¿ Duln-°p-∂Xv. kn‘p\-Zn-bp-tSbpw cmhn-\-Zn-bp-tSbpw XS-ß-fn¬\n∂v J\-\-Øn¬ e_v[amb hkvXp-°-fpsS Imew Kth-j-I¿ \n¿Æ-bn-®n-´p≠v. BI-bm¬ taml≥sPm-Zm-tcm-hnepw lc-∏-bnepw kwkvIm-c-ku[w ]Sp-Øpb¿Øn-b- P-\-X-bm-bn-cn-°Ww Bcy-i-{Xp-°-fmb Zkyp-°ƒ F∂p Nne¿ hnNm-cn-°p∂p. EtKzZw 6-˛mw afiew 27˛-mw kq‡-Øn¬ "lcnbq-]nb'bpsS Ing-°p-sh®v hrNo-hm≥amsc C{µ≥ h[n® Hcp kw`hw h¿Æn-®n-´p≠v. Cu lcn-bq-]nb Xs∂-bm-hWw, J\-\-Øn\v hnt[-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



273



b-amb lc∏ F∂v Ah¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Aß-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ ssk‘-h-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ Ime-amb _n. kn. 2500˛t\mS-SpØp Xs∂ Bcy-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬ {]th-in-®p-sh∂p hnNm-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. thZw F∂ hm°n\v Adnhv, hnZy Fs∂m-s°-bm-W¿Yw. A[ym-fl⁄m\w Fs∂mcp s]mcpƒ IqSn ]n∂oSv AXn\v e_v[a - mbn. thZ-amWv temI-Ønse G‰hpw {]mNo-\a - mb kmln-Xy-sa∂p Nne `mc-Xob ]finX∑m¿ Ah-Im-is - ∏-Sm-dp≠v. temI-Nc - n-{X-sØ-∏‰n Adn-bm-sX-bp≈ Hc-hIm-ih - m-Za- m-WnXv. {io. IrjvWs - sN-X\y tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv ImWpI: ""Cu hmZw km[q-Ic - n-°m-hp-∂X - √. ImcWw, saskm-s]m-t´-an-bb - n-tebpw CuPn]vXn-tebpw kmln-Xy-߃ Xo¿®-bmbpw thZ-߃°v ap≥]p-≈h - b - mWv.''9



tZh-X-Iƒ EtKz-ZØ - nse a{¥-߃ tZh-Xm-kvXp-Xn-]c - ß - f - m-sW∂p kqNn-∏n-®pht√m. EtKz-Za - X - {- ]-Imcw `qan, A¥-co£w, tZymhv (kz¿Kw) F∂o aq∂p temI-ßf - n-embn ap∏Øn aq∂p tZh≥am-cp≠v. Et-KzZw ]d-bp∂p: ""cn]p-I¿i-\-∑m-cmb tZh-∑mtc, a\p-hn\v bP-\o-b-cmb \n߃ ap∏Øn-aq∂p t]cpw C{]-Imcw kvXpXn-°s - ∏-Sp∂p.''10 AKv\n, C{µ≥, hmbp, tkma≥, kqcy≥, ]¿PvP-\y≥, an{X≥, hcpW≥, hnjvWp, Aizn-\∑ - m¿(c≠v), Dj v, ]qjmhv, cp{Z≥, {]Pm-]Xn, ba≥, Acy-amhv, acp-Øp-Iƒ, _rl-k] v Xn, kc-kzXn, AZnXn, BZn-Xy-∑m¿, E`p°ƒ, Cfm-Xzm-jvSmhv, sshizm-\-c≥, khn-Xmhv, C{µmWn, hcp-Wm\n, AKvt\bn, hkp-°ƒ, `mcXn, amX-cn-izmhv, \mk-Xy-∑m¿ F∂o t]cp-Iƒ A°q-´Ø - n¬ {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p. kqcy≥ (jamjv), tkma≥ AYhm N{µ≥ (kn≥) apX-emb tZh-XI - ƒ ]›n-ta-jy-bnepw Bcm-[n-°s - ∏-´n-cp∂p-sh-∂Xv ChnsS kvac-Wo-b-amWv. C∂v lnµp-°ƒ Bcm-[n-®p-h-cp∂ tZh-∑m¿°v thZ-Øn¬ bmsXmcp ÿm\-hp-an√. inh≥ lnµp-°f - psS Hcp alm-tZ-h\ - m-Wt√m. F∂m¬, At±lw EtKzZ tZh-\√. {io. sI.Fw. ]Wn°¿ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""inh-s\-∏‰n Hcp kvXpXnbpw EtKz-Z-Øn-en√. tZho-]qPbpw enwK-]q-Pbpw EtKz-Za - d - n-bp-∂n√.''11 thZ-Øn¬ k¿h{X {]m[m\yw Iev]n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ tZh≥am¿ AKv\n, C{µ≥, hcp-W≥, an{X≥, acpØp-Iƒ apX-em-bh - c - s{X.



Bcy-k-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw EtKzZw, C¥y-bn¬ {]th-in® Bcy kap-Zm-bØ - ns‚ Hcp Ncn-{Xw-IqSn-bm-sW∂p ]dbmw. Bcy-∑m¿ tKm[-\-Øns‚ DS-a-I-fmbncp∂p. BSv, IgpX, IpXnc Ch-tbbpw Ah¿ CW°n hf¿Øn-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ Hcp I¿j-IP - \ - X IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p. thZ-Øn¬ Irjn°v hep-Xmb {]m[m\yw \evIn-°m-Wp∂p. Irjn-ÿe - sØ "t£{Xw', "D¿hcw' Fs∂m-s°-bmWv thZw hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Bcy-∑m¿ bhhpw a‰p [m\y-ßfpw Irjn-sN-bX v ncp∂p. hym]m-cs - Ø-∏‰- nbpw thZ-Øn¬ ]d-™p-Im-Wp-∂p≠v. km[-\ß - ƒ ]c-k] v cw hn\n-abw sNbvXmWv an°-hmdpw I®-hSw \S-∂n-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Hcp ÿeØv \qdp "\njv I w' Zm\w sNbv X - X mbn ]d- ™ n- ´ p- ≈ Xn¬\n∂v ]W-Øns‚ CS-]mSpw A°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn hnNmcn-°Ww. F´n-sem∂pw ]Xn-\m-dn-sem∂pw ]en-i-bmbn sImSp-°p-∂Xv thZw Hcn-SØv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. AXn-\m¬, ]eni hym]m-chpw A∂v \S-∏n-ep-≈-Xmbn Xo¿®-s∏-SpØmw. ]¥bw h®p NqXm-´hpw ]In-SI-fnbpw km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw thZw AXv A]-e-]n-®n-´p≠v. XpI¬°-®-hSw, teml-∏Wn, ac-∏Wn apX-em-b-h-bn¬ ka¿Ycm-bn-cp∂p C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m¿. Ah¿ sshZy-Øn¬ hnZ-Kv[-∑mcpw s\bvXp-hy-h-km-b-Øn¬ \n]p-W∑m-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. tcmaw-sIm≠v Iw_f-ßfpw, ]™n-sIm≠p hkv{X-ßfpw Ah¿ s\bvsX-Sp-Øn-cp∂p. Ccp-ºns‚ D]-tbmKw kwkvIm-cm-`n-hr-≤n-bpsS Hcp {][m-\-L-´-sØbmWv Ipdn-°p-∂Xv. Bcy-∑m¿ Ccp-ºm-bp-[-ß-fmWp]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂-sX∂v thZw hnfn-t®m-Xp∂p. Ccp-ºp-I-h-N-߃ thZ-Øn¬ h¿Wn°-s∏-´n-´p≠v. `£y-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fn¬ A∂-Øn\pw tKmamw-k-Øn-\p-am-bn-cp∂p IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw. {io. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp-∂Xp ImWpI: ""A°m-esØ Bcy-∑m-cpsS `£-W-km-[\-߃ A∏w, tNmdv, ]mev, s\øv, amwkw F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. amwk-Øn¬ tKmamwkw, hnti-jn®pw I∂p-Ip-´n-I-fpsS amwkw {]nb-¶-c-amb Hcp ]Zm¿Y-ambn-cp∂p. amwkw thhn®pw hdpØpw `£n-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. akm-eIfpw a‰pw A∂n√... kwIr-Xn-bpsS ]p{X-\pw- Zm-\-io-e-\p-amb cXv\n tZh\v 200 ]mN-I-\vam¿ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Zn\w-{]Xn c≠m-bncw ]ip-°fpsS amwkw Ac-a-\-bn¬ ]mIw sNøm-dp≠v. F∂n´pw AXn-Yn-ItfmSv hn\b ]q¿hw "kq]w `qbn-jvT-a-iv\o≤zw \mZy amwkw bYm]pcm' (alm- ` m- c Xw, t{ZmW- ] ¿∆w) F∂p ]d- b m- d p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ phs{X.'' 12 CXp-t]mse tkma-ckw F∂p-t]-cmb el-cn-]-Zm¿Yhpw Ah¿°v ]Yy-am-bn-cp∂p. tZh-∑m¿°v A¿∏n-®n-cp∂ \nth-Zy-ß-fn¬ {][m-\am-bn-cp∂p Cu tkma-ckw. Im´n¬ hf-cp∂ sNSn-bmWv tkma-eX. AXv sIm≠p- h ∂v , IpØn- ∏ n- g n™p ck- s a- S pØp, ]mepw a‰pw tN¿Øv, ]mIw sNbvXv, tZh-∑m¿°v A¿∏n°pw, XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ ]ptcm-ln-X-\vam¿ thZ-a-{¥-߃ Dcp-hnSpw. CXm-bn-cp∂p Bcy≥amcpsS Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn. Ah-km\w B ]m\obw Ah¿ IpSn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. "F≥jy‚ v lnÃdn Hm^v C≥Uy' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ ]dbp∂p: ""C≥Uy≥ P\X s]mXpth aZy-]m-\n-I-f√; ]t£, bmKmZn I¿a-߃ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-h¿ [mcm-f-ambn aZy-]m\w sNbvXn-cp∂p.''13 Ejn-am¿ "APn\w' F∂ DSp∏pw a‰p-≈-h¿ hk-\hpw DØ-cobhpw [cn-®n-cp∂p. s\dp-I-bn¬ IpSpΩ sh®n-cp∂p.



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



275



{Kmaw, hnjbw, P\w, cmjv{Sw F∂n-ßs\ \mep hn[-Øn-emWv \mSp-hn-`-Pn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]e Ipe-߃ Hcp-an®p Xma-kn-°p∂ CS-amWv {Kmaw; ]e {Kma-߃ H∂n®ptN¿∂ ]m¿∏p-ÿ-e-as{X hnjbw; ]e hnj-b-߃ H∂n®p tN¿∂m¬ AXv P\-ambn. ]©-P-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®p≈ {]kvXm-h\ thZ-Øn¬ ]te-S-ß-fnepw ImWmw. Ah-bn¬ bmZh-P-\-Øn\pw `c-X-P-\-Øn\pw {]tXyIw {]m[m-\y-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ChcmWv `c-W-°-Sn-™m¨ \nb-{¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv. Bcy-P-\-X°v i‡-∑m-cmb hntcm-[n-Isf t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂n-cp∂p. Ah¿ cmP-XzsØ AwKo-I-cn-®Xv AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww. {]_-e\mb Hcp cmPm- h n- √ msX FXn- c m- f n- I - t fmSv FXn¿Øp- \ n¬°pI {]bmkamWt√m. icn-bmb Hcp cmPm-hn-√msX hntcm-[n-I-tfm-sSXn¿°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS IjvS-∏mSv thZ-Øn¬ h¿Wn-®n-´p≠v. {]kn≤-cmb ]e cmPm-°∑m-cp-sSbpw \ma-߃ thZ-Øn¬ ImWmw. ZnthmZm-k≥, kpZm v, \lp-j≥, Aw_-co-j≥, ]pcq-c-h v XpS-ßnb t]cpIƒ {]tXyIw {]kvXm-hy-amWv. Hcp `c-W-Ø-e-hs‚ cmPym-Xn¿Øn°p-≈n¬ s]Sp∂ ÿe-am-bn-cp∂p cmjv{Sw. an∂n-Øn-f-ßp∂ DSp∏mWv cmPm-°-∑m¿ [cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. \oXn-\ym-b-]m-e\w cmPm-hns‚ Npa-X-e-bn¬ s]´n-cp∂p. cmPmhm-bn-cp∂p ]c-a-hn-[n-I¿Ømhv. cmPm-hn\v Xncp-ap¬°m-gvN-Iƒ A¿∏n°p∂ kz`m-h-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Hcp a{¥-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""tamZ-s∏-SpØo, bap\, Xr’p-°fpw t`Z-\-bn-t∏m-cn¬ a¿±n® h{Pnsb; in{Kz-P-b-£p-{]-P-Iƒ XZm Xncp˛ ap¬°mgvN h®m¿ Xpcw-K-Ø-e-Isf!''14 AXm-bXv, kpZm- ns‚ {]Xn-tbm-Kn-bmb t`Zs\ C{µ≥ h[n®p. At∏mƒ bap\m Xoc-Øn¬ hkn-°p-∂-hcpw in{Kp, APw, b£p F∂nhn-S-ß-fnse {]P-Ifpw bp≤-Øn¬ h[n-°-s∏´ IpXn-c-I-fpsS Xe-Isf C{µ\p Xncp-ap¬°mgvN sh®p. A∂pw Xncp-ap¬°m-gN v I - f - ¿∏n-°p∂ ]Xnhp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wt√m CXn¬\n∂p sXfn-bp-∂Xv. Kw`o-ca- mb sIm´mc-Øn-emWv cmPmhv Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Bbncw XqWp-Ifpw Bbncw hmXnep-If - p-ap≈ FSp-∏p-Is - f-∏‰n thZ-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿i-ap-≈X - p-sIm≠v AØcw sI´n-Sß - fpw Bcy-∑m¿°v ]cn-Nn-Xa - m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂q-ln°mw. ""Bbncw XqWp-Is - fgpw ÿntcm-Øa k`m-¥tc Ccp-∂c - p-fp-thm-ct√m, kv\nKv[c - Ø - n-cp-ta-\n-am¿!''15 as‰m-cn-SØv ]d-bp∂p: ""hcpW.... A∂-bp‡, Rm≥ hepXpw IW-°p-h® - n-´p-≈Xpw Hcm-bncw



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



hmXn-ep-≈-Xp-amb Aß-bpsS Krl-a-W-bs´!''16 ]ptcm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂p cmPm-hns‚ G‰hpw henb D]-tZ-i-I≥. EtKzZ Ejn-am-cmb hniz-man-{X\pw hkn-jvT\pw `c-X-tKm-{X-cm-Pm°≥am- c psS ]ptcm- l n- X ≥am- c m- b n- c p∂p. shdpw Bflob Kpcp- ` qX≥am¿ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√ A∂sØ aX-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿; {]XypX cmPyX-{¥-⁄≥amcpw bp≤-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-amb D]-tZiw \¬Im≥ {]m]vX-cmb ka-c-N-Xp-c-∑m-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. bp≤-°-f-Øn-te°v cmPmhn-t\m-sSm-∂n®v ]ptcm-ln-X\pw t]mIp-am-bn-cp∂p. A∂sØ cmPmhv tkz—m-[n-]-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√. At±-lsØ D]tZ-in-∏m≥ Hcp- k-`-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. k`-tbmSv Btem-Nn-®mWv cmjv{Sobhpw `c-W-]-c-hp-amb Imcy-߃ cmPmhv \n¿h-ln-®n-cp-∂Xv. k`mwK-߃ D∂X Ipe-Pm-X≥am-cm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v \n_-‘-\-bp-≠mbn-cp∂p. h[n-°-s∏-´-hs‚ IpSpw-_-Øn\v \jvS-]-cn-lmcw({]mb-›nØw) \evI¬ \n¿_-‘-am-bn-cp∂p. Hcmsf sh´n-∏-cn-t°¬]n-®m¬ Bbncw ]ip-°sf ]ng-bn-S-emWv ]Xnhv. {Kma-Ønse \ymbm-[n-]-Xn°v "{Kmahm-Zn≥' F∂ ÿm\-t∏¿ \¬I-s∏-´n-cp∂p. A\y-∑m-cpsS cmPy-߃ sh´n-∏n-Sn-°pI, i{Xp-hns‚ B{I-aWsØ {]Xn-tcm-[n-°pI, CX-c-∑m-cpsS I∂p-Im-en-Isfbpw km[\-km-a-{Kn-I-sfbpw sIm≈-b-Sn-°pI XpS-ßnb Bh-iy-߃°mbn Bcy-∑m¿ bp≤w \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p. Imemƒ∏-Sbpw Aiz-`-S-∑m-cp-am-bncp∂p {][m\ ssk\n-I-hn-`m-K-߃. bp≤-Øn¬ tXcp-Iƒ D]-tbmKn-®n-cp∂p. c≠pw aq∂pw \mepw IpXn-c-Isf ]q´p∂ cY-߃ HmSn®n-cp∂p. cYw sXfn-°p-∂-hs\ "kmcYn' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ""C{µ, anSp-an-Sp-°-∑m-cm-Wt√m Aß-bpsS kmc-Yn-Iƒ''17 F∂v Hcp a{¥-Øn¬ ImWp∂p. Iøpd, IhNw, Ccp-ºp-io¿jIw, Akv{Xw, JUvKw, Ip¥w, iqew, NpcnI, Iøpfn XpS-ßnb bp≤m-bp-[-߃ A∂v th≠p-thmfw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Hcp E°n¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""hn√, ºp, NpcnI, Iøpfn, _mW-[n-ap≥]mw \√ tlXnbpw \√-iz-ßfpw \¬Ør-tØcpw D≈-h-ct√m: acp-Øp-°tf, hcnIn,ßp sh≈-Øn\p,ƒs°evt]dpw ]rjvWn-]p-{Xtc, \n߃.''18 acp- Ø p- ° ƒ F∂ tZh- ∑ m- c psS Iøn¬ hn√v , Aºv , NpcnI, Iøpfn, Bh-\mgn apX-emb Bbp-[-ßfpw \√-Xcw IpXn-c-Ifpw tXcpI-fp-ap≠v, R߃°v sh≈w In´n-°m≥ X° Dƒs°¬]pw at\m_-ehpw Ah¿°p-≠v; ]rjv-Wn-]p-{X-cm-b Ah¿ h∂p R߃°v Pew \evIp-am-dm-Is´˛ CXmWv {]kvXpX a{¥-Øns‚ kmcw. ta¬ ]d™ Bbp-[-߃ A°m-eØv {]kn-≤-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Cu a{¥w [z\n-∏n-°p∂p. IqSmsX [zP--ßfpw sImSn-°q-d-Ifpw Zpµp-`n-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



277



Ifpw (s]cp-º-d-Iƒ) ]S-bm-fn-I-fpsS B{I-µ-\-ß-fp-sa√mw A∂sØ bp≤-߃°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. cmjv{So-b-ambn hf¿∂ Hcp P\-]-Z-ambn-cp∂p C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑-msc-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an√.



IpSpw-_P - o-hnXw EtKz-Z-Ønse IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-kw-_-‘n-bmb ]cm-a¿i-߃ IqSpX¬ {it≤-b-ß-fmWv. cmjv{S-Øns‚ G‰hpw Ah-km-\sØ IÆnIp-Spw-_-am-bn-cp∂p. Htc Krl-\m-Ys‚ Iogn¬ [mcmfw AwK-߃ GI-Kr-l-Øn¬ Hcp-an®p Pohn-®p-h∂p. IpSpw-_-\m-Y\v "Ipe-]≥' F∂mWv EtKzZw \evInb t]¿. ]Xv\n Krl-\m-bn-I-bm-bn-cn°pw. Krl- Ø n\v hnim- e - X bpw `{Z- X - b p- a p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂p. Imen- I ƒ ]Ise√mw ta™v, k‘y-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Xncn-®p-h∂p sXmgp-Øn¬ Ibdn ]m¿°pw. A—\v hn]p-e-amb A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. a°sf hnev°p-∂Xn-\p-t]mepw XS- -ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ip\-t»-]s‚ IY-bn¬\n∂pw CXp sXfn- b p- ∂ p≠v . Cu IY EtKz- Z - Ø n¬ kqNn- ∏ n- ® n- ´ p≠v . 19 AXns‚ hni-Zo-I-cWw EtKz-Z-tØmSp _‘-s∏´ sFX-tcb {_mlvaW-Ønepw ImWmw. k¥-Xn-Isf tZh-X-Iƒ°v BlpXn sNøp∂ BNmcw ]›n-ta-jy-bnepw \S-am-Sn-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ss__n-fn¬\n∂v hy‡-amWv.20 ip\-t»-]s\ Xs‚ ]nXm-hmb APo-K¿Ø≥ lcn-›{µ-]p-{X\v hn‰-Xn¬\n∂pw a\- n-em-Ip-∂Xv A°m-eØv Hcw-Ko-IrX k{º-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p AsX-∂mWv. CXp-t]mse a°ƒ°v kzØ-hIm-i-an-√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xn\pw A—\v kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. hnizm-an{X≥ F∂ al¿jn Xs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn\v FXn-cp-]-d™ AºXp a°sf IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂p ]pd-Øm-°p-Ibpw kzØ-h-Imiw \ntj[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.21 hnhmlw ]mh-\-amb Hcp Icm-dm-bn-cp∂p. h[phns‚ ]mWn {Kln-®p-sIm≠v hc≥ ]d-tb≠ Hcp a{¥w Cß-s\bmWv : ""Krlv-Wman tX ku`-KXzmb lkvXw abm- ]-Xym -P-c-Z-jvSn-cy-Ymkx `tKm Acyam khnXm ]pc-{‘n¿˛ alyw Xzm {Zp¿Km¿l-]-Xymb tZhmx''22 (Rm≥ ku`m-Ky-Øn-\mbn \ns‚ ssI ]nSn-°p∂p. \o `¿Øm-hnt\m-sSm-∂n®p thWw hm¿[-Iy-a-S-bpI. `K≥, Bcy-amhv, khn-Xmhv, ]qjmhv F∂o tZh-∑m¿ \ns∂ Krl-ÿ-Xz-Øn-\mbn F\n°v Iev]n®p-X-∂n-cn-°p∂p.) hnhm-l-Øn\v kv{Xo[\w ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. hnhm-lm-\-¥cw h[p `¿Ør-Kr-l-Øn-te°v t]mtI-≠-XmWv. _lp-`m-cyXzw km[m-c-Wam-bn-cp∂p. 10˛mw afiew 11˛- mw A\p-hmIw 145-˛mw kq‡-Øn¬ k]Xv\o a¿±-\-Øn¬\n-∂p≈ c£-°mbn Hcp h\nXm Ejn {]m¿Yn°p-∂Xp ImWpI:



278



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



""h≥sI-ev]m-fp-an-Ω-cp∂p˛ h≈n ]dn-s®-Sp-∏≥ Rm≥, Aج k]-Xv\nbv-°n-b-‰m≥, `¿Øm-hn-s\-°-ø-S-°m≥, Du¿≤z-ap-J-]t{X, it‡, [mt{X-cntX, kp`tK, \o XmgvØq, k]-Xv\nsb; sbs‚ am{X-am°q, aWm-fs\! tate-°n-S-°m-sc-bv°mfpw tase-bm-IpIp,Øta, Rm≥; Xm∂ s]Æp-ß-sf-°mfpw Xmt∂m-fp-am-sI≥ k]Xv\n!....'' 23 CXn¬\n∂pw _lp- ` m- c y- X zhpw k]- X v \ n- a m- ’ - c yhpw A°meØpw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v a\- n-em°mw. hn[-hm-hn-hm-lhpw A∂v \njn-≤-am-bn-cp-∂n√. A—\v ta[m-hnXzw \evIn-bn-cp∂ IpSpw-_-PohnX k{º-Zm-b-amWv EtKz-Z-Im-eØv \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.



EtKz-Z-Ønse kmlnXyw Hcp kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ EtKz-Z-Øn-\p≈ h≥]n® ÿm\w F√m \ncq-]-I-∑mcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v. AsXmcp A¤pX kmlnXy {]]-©-am-sW∂v ]dbmw. {]Ir-Xn-tbmSv G‰hpw ASpØXpw, {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Ah-ÿm-t`-Z-ßsf kkq£vaw \nco-£Ww sNbvXp h¿Wn-®-Xp-amb Cu kmln-Xy-Øns‚ KpW-K-W-߃ h¿W\mXoX-a-s{X. A·o-{µm-Zn-Isf ho≠pw ho≠pw kvXpXn-°p∂ a{¥ß-fmWv \mw AXn¬ Gdnb Iqdpw ImWpI. thZ-Øn¬ Bh¿Ø\w km¿h-{Xn-I-amWv. F¶nepw hmb-\-°m-cs\ AXv apjn-∏n-°p-∂n√. Htc Imcyw \m\m-Xcw `wKn-I-fn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°m-\p≈ \nkvXp-e-amb kma¿Yy-amWv thZ-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xv. C∂v G‰hpw \ho-\-sa∂p hnNm-cn-°p∂ Ih-\-co-Xn-Iƒ t]mepw B ]pcm-X-\-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ ImWptºmƒ B¿°pw B›cyw tXm∂m-Xn-cn-°n√. ^enXw ]d-bp-∂-Xnepw EtKzZw ]n∂n-e√. tkmaw IpSn®p Ign™m¬ Aß-bpsS aoi XpS-t®-°Ww F∂mWv Hcp a{¥-Øn¬ tZh-t\mSv ]d-bp-∂Xv. ag-°mew XpS-ßp-tºmƒ Xh-f-Iƒ \ne-hn-fn°p-∂-Xns\ tkma-]m-\w-sNbvXp elcn ]nSn® {_mlva-W-cpsS H®bn-S-en-t\mSv kmZr-iy-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p.24 ]m›m-Xy≥ \ncq-]-I-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂p: ""Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Im-esØ Hcp Ihnbpw Hcn-SØpw, Hcp ]t£ Cßs\ ]mSn-bn-cn-°-bn√: Thought was the pillow of her coach,



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



279



Sight was the unqrent of her eyes!"



(kqcy˛`¿Øm-hns‚ ASp-°-te°v t]mIp-tºmƒ NnØn [Nn¥m-tZhX] Xe-b-W-bmbn. IÆp ajn-bmbn.)25 {]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-sØ-bmWv EtKzZw k\m-X\ [¿a-ambn AwKo-Icn- ° p- ∂ Xv . {]Ir- X n- \ n- b - a - Ø n\v thZw \ev I p∂ t]cs{X EXw. AXmWv kXyw. AXmWv temI-[¿aw. tZh∑m-cmb an{Xm-h-cp-W∑m¿ temI-[¿asØ˛ {]IrXn \nb-asØ˛ kq£n-°p-∂-h-cmWv. AXpsIm≠v Ahsc "EX-h¿≤-I¿' F∂v thZw hnfn-®n-cn-°p∂p. k¿Zm¿ ]-Wn-°¿ ]d-bp-∂Xp t\m°pI: ""an{Xm-h-cp-W-≥amsc EX-h¿[-I¿ F∂p h¿Wn-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn I≠p-ht√m. B hnti-jWw Ah¿°v thZ-Øn¬ km[m-c-W-amWv. Cu tZh≥am¿ temI-k-XysØ \ne\n¿Øp-∂-h-cm-sW∂ A¿Y-amWv G‰hpw bp‡w.''26 {]kv X pX Bibw Jp¿- B - \ p- a mbn F{X- a m{Xw ASp- ° p- ∂ ps≠∂p hnti- j n®p ]d- t b- ≠ - X n√. Jp¿- B ≥ Hcn- S Øv {]Ir- X n[¿asØ ]men-°p-hm≥ am\-h-k-ap-Zm-bsØ Blzm-\w-sN-øp∂p. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬, AXmWv am‰-an-√mØ k\m-X-\-[¿aw. 27



Jp¿-Bt- \mSv kmZriyw AZr-iy-Im-cy-߃ CXc aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn-se-∂-t]mse thZ-ß-fnepw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Hcp kvtXm{X-{K-Ÿ-Øn-t‚-XmWv thZ-LS-\. tZh-kvXp-Xn-bmWv Ah-bnse apJy-{]-Xn-]mZyw. AtXm-sSm∏w XXzNn¥, Ncn-{X-kq-N\, AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-߃, kZvhr-Ø-cmbn Pohn°p-hm-\p≈ Blzm\w, Zp¿hr-Ø-≥am¿°v t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp∂ A\¿Y߃ apX-emb Imcy-ßfpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v. Jp¿-B-\p-ambn thZ-Øn\v Gd-°psd ASp∏w ImWp∂p. Htc kwKXn Jp¿-B-\n-se-∂-t]mse AXnepw Bh¿Øn-®n-´p≠v. Nnet∏mƒ bmsXmcp am‰hpw hcp-Øm-sX-bmhpw Bh¿Ø\w. Jp¿-B\nse {]Ya A[ym-bamb "^mØnl'tbmSv thZ-Ønse Nne kq‡ßƒ°v A]m-c-amb kmayw ImWp∂p. "^mØnl'bpsS {]mcw-`sam-gn-Iƒ kvtXm{X-]-chpw a[y-sam-gn-Iƒ {]Xn-⁄m-]-chpw A¥na samgn-Iƒ {]m¿Y-\m-]-c-hp-am-Wt√m. t\m°pI: ""temI-\m-Y-\mb A√m-lp-hn\v kvtXm{Xw! Icp-Wm-\n-[n-bmb dlvam≥, {]Xn-^-e-Zn-h-k-Øns‚ A[n-]Xn!'' Ch-b-{Xbpw kvtXm{X-]cw. A\-¥cw {]Xn⁄: ""\n\°v am{Xw R߃ hW°w sNøp∂p, \nt∂mSv am{Xw R߃ klm-b-a¿Yn-°p∂p.'' Ah-km\w {]m¿Y-\bpw: ""Rßsf t\cmb am¿K-Øn¬˛ \o A\p-{Kln-®n-´p-≈-h-cpsS am¿K-Øn¬˛ \bn-®mepw! tIm]-Øn\v ]m{X-am-b-htcm, hgn-]n-g-®-htcm A√mØ (hcpsS am¿K-Øn¬!)''



280



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



CtX cq]-Øn-emWv EtKz-Z-Ønse {]Ya kq‡-Øn-s‚bpw LS\. tZh-kvXp-Xn-sIm-≠mWv AXpw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv. t\m°pI: ""kvXpXn∏q, Rm≥ b⁄-]p-tcm-ln-X\m-a-·n-tZ-hs\, EXzn-°m-Inb tlmXmsh, pXcmw cXv\-[m-cnsb........'' ]n∂oSv {]Xn⁄: ""Rß-ft·, \mfn¬ \mfn¬∏-I¬ t\c-Øp-a-√nepw lrØm¬ hW-ßn-bn-´t{X, kao-]n-°p-∂-X-ßsb.....'' ^mØn- l m- b nse {]Xn- ⁄ bpw Cu {]Xn- ⁄ bpw kmcmw- i Øn¬ `n∂-a-s√-∂p-≈Xv {]tXyIw {]kvXm-hy-amWv. A\-¥cw {]m¿Y\: ""B \o kp{]m-]-\m-sI-߃°,—≥ aI-\p-t]m-eth; H∂n-®n-cn-°bpw sNøp-IKvt\, R߃°p \nev]n-\mbv!''28 ^mØn-lm-bn-se-∂-t]mse thZ-Ønepw DØ-a-am¿K-Øn¬ \bnt°-W-sa-∂p≈ {]m¿Y\ ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv: ""]qjmth, \nsb-Xn¿t∏m-sc-b-I-e-Øm°n, Rßsf \S-Øp-Ip-Ø-a-h-gnbv°n;Xn¬°-cp-X¬ thWta!''29 Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ 1. `mc-Xob kmwkvIm-cnI km{am-Py-N-cn{Xw t]. 18 2. {]mNo\ enJn-X-߃ t]. 28 3. kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw t]. 58 4. h≈-tØm-fns‚ EtKzZ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ BapJw, t]. 4 t\m°pI. 5. Ibid P. 4, 5 6. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 2, t]. 811 (EtKzZw) 1970 7. h≈-tØmƒ hnh¿Ø\w, BapJw t]. 6 t\m°pI. 8. hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]. 390 9. kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw t]. 68 10. EtKzZw a. 8, kq. 30, E. 2 11. EtKz-Z-Øns‚ h≈-tØmƒ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ BapJw t]. 15 12. hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]. 548 13. Ancient History of India P. 139 14. EtKzZw a. 7, kq. 18, E. 19 15. EtKzZw a. 2, kq. 41, E. 5 16. EtKzZw a. 7, kq. 88, E. 5 17. EtKzZw a. 1, kq. 55, E. 7 18. EtKzZw a. 5, kq. 57, E. 2 19. EtKzZw a. 1, kq. 24, E 12, 13 20. ii cmPm-°∑m¿ 23˛Dw bncay 19 :5˛Dw t\m°pI. 21. h≈-tØmƒ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ BapJw t]Pv 23 22. EtKzZw a. 10, kq. 85, E. 36



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.



281



EtKzZw a. 10, kq. 145, E. 1-˛3 EtKzZw a. 7, kq. 103 t\m°p-I. EtKzZw a. 10, kq. 85, E. 7 h≈-tØmƒ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ BapJw t]. 11 Jp¿-B≥ 30: 30 t\m°p-I. EtKzZw a. 1, kq. 1, E. 1, 7, 9 EtKzZw a. 1, kq. 42, E. 7



A[ymbw Ccp-]-Øn-aq∂v



`mc-Xob XXz-Nn¥ F√m XXz-Nn-¥-I≥amcpw Zm¿i-\n-I≥amcpw {]]-©sØ hymJym\n-°p-hm-\mWv {ian-®Xv . aXm-Nm-cy≥amcpw Aß-s\-Øs∂. Cu {]]©w Fßs\, F¥p-sIm-≠p-≠mbn? Fßs\ Nen-°p∂p? Cu {]iv\-߃°p-Øcw Is≠-Øp-hm≥ F√m-hcpw {ian®p. bp‡nsb B[m-c-am°n B {iaw \S-Øn-b-h-cmWv XXz-Nn-¥-I≥am¿. Ah¿ B {]iv\-߃°v \¬Inb DØcw ]cn-K-Wn®p c≠p hn`n∂ hn`mK-°m-cmbn Xncn™p. BkvXn-I-hm-Z-°mcpw \mkvXn-I-hm-Z-°mcpw. {]hn-im-ehpw Kw`o-c-hp-amb Cu {]]-©-Øns‚ ]nd-In¬ Hcp ]cmi-‡n-bpsS C—bpw Bkq-{X-Whpw \S-∂n-´p-s≠∂pw \S-°p-∂ps≠∂pw hmZn-°p-∂-h-cmWv BkvXn-I-≥am¿. {]]-©-Øns‚ ]nd-In¬ Hcp ]cm-i-‡n-bpsS C—tbm Bkq-{X-Wtam H∂pw \S-∂n-´n-s√∂pw \S-°p-∂n-s√∂pw hmZn-°p-∂-h-cmWv \mkvXn-I-∑m¿. Hcp ]cm-i-‡nbpsS BkvXnIyw k¶-ev]n-°m-sX-Øs∂ {]m]-©nI {]Xn-`m-k߃ hymJym-\n-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v Ch¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® c≠p hn`m-K-°mcpw bp‡nsb B[m-c-am-°nbmWv {]]-©-am-Ip∂ IS-¶-Y-b-psS DØcw I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-hm≥ {ian®Xv. bp‡n-°-Xo-X-amb Hcp ⁄m\-am¿KsØ Ah¿ AwKo-I-cn°p-∂n√. a\p-jy-kn-≤-amb GsXmcp Adnhpw bp‡n-bpsS DXv]-∂amWv. bp‡n-bm-Ip∂ Bbp-[-ta¥n _p≤n-i‡n J\n-s®-Sp-Ø-X√m- Ø - s Xm∂pw hn⁄m- \ - t em- I - Ø n√. AYhm h√- X p- a p- s ≠¶n¬Xs∂ AXv hn⁄m-\-a√. a\p-jys‚ `mh-\m-krjvSn am{X-amWv. CXmWv bp‡n-hm-Zn-I-fpsS kmam\y \ne-]mSv. XXz-Nn-¥bpw CtX \ne-]m-SmWv s]mXp-hn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. aXw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn-Øs∂ CXn¬\n∂pw `n∂-am-Ip∂p. ssZhnI shfn-]m-Sn-t∑-emWv aXsØ sI´n-∏-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv. aXØn¬ bp‡nt°m Nn¥t°m henb ÿm\-sam-∂p-an√. AXn¬ k¿thm- ] - c n- b mb ÿm\w Iev ] n- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ Xv BNm- c y- ∂ s{X.



282



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



bp‡n°v tbmPn-®mepw icn, tbmPn-®n-s√-¶nepw icn, BNm-cy≥ D]tZ-in-®-sX¥pw aX-am-bn-cn°pw. BNm-cy-\m¬ hmNy-amtbm kqNyamtbm ÿnco-I-cn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-sXm∂pw aX-a-√-Xm\pw. XXz-Nn-¥bpw aXhpw XΩn-ep≈ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Cu A¥cw hnkva-cn-°m-hX√. Hcp DZm-l-c-W-Øn-eqsS Cu hkvXpX a\- n-em°mw: an° aXßfpw ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hn-X-sØ-∏‰n Du∂p-∂p≠v. ac-Wm-\-¥cw a\pjy\v t\cn-Sm≥ t]mIp∂ kpJ-Zpx-J-ßsf h¿Wn-°mØ aX-߃ Ipdbpw. F∂m¬ bp‡nsb B[m-c-am°n Cu {]iv\-Øn\v HcpØcw Is≠-ØpI hnj-a-amWv. Fs¥-∂m¬, bp‡n-bpsS hnlmc km{am-Py-Øn¬\n∂pw ]pd-ØmWv ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hnXw ÿnXn-sNøp-∂Xv. ac-Wm-\-¥cw Hcp Pohn-X-ap-s≠t∂m Cs√t∂m bp‡n°v Xocp-am-\n-°m-h-X√. C{Xbpw ]d-™-Xns‚ Dt±iyw bp‡nsb XmgvØn-s°-´-e√. a\pjy-∂p-]-e-_v[-amb A\p-{K-lß-fn¬ Hc-\¿L-kn-≤n-bmWv bp‡nt_m[w F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ X¿°-an√. aX-X-Xz-߃ a\ n-em-°phm≥ Xs∂ bp‡n-t_m[w A\p-t]-£y-amWv. "bp‡n-bn-√m-Ø-h\v aX-an√' F∂v Ckvem-an¬ Hcp B]vX-hm-Iy-ap≠v. F∂m¬, bp‡nbp- s Sbpw aX- Ø n- s ‚bpw bYm¿Y taJ- e - I ƒ c≠mWv . C{Xtb ChnsS hnh-£n-°p-∂p≈q.



XXz-Nn-¥I - ∑ - m-cpsS {]]-©h - ym-Jym\w C\n \ap°v XXz- N n- ¥ - I ≥am- c psS {]]- © - h ym- J ym- \ - s Ø- ∏ ‰n kzev]w Btem-Nn°mw. C°q-´-Øn¬ {]]-©sØ Hcp ]cm-i-‡nbpsS krjvSn-bmbn IW-°m-°p-∂-h-sc-°p-dn®v hnkvX-cn-°m-s\m-∂pan√. Ah¿ hmkvX-h-Øn¬ aX-hm-Zn-I-fpsS IqsS-bmWv. icn°p ]d™m¬ aX-hm-Zn-Iƒ Xs∂. aXsØ bp‡n-°-\p-cq-]-ambn hymJym\n-°p-hm≥ Ah¿ Hcp bXv\w \S-Øp-∂p-sh-∂p-am{Xw. B bXv\w hnP-bn-°-W-sa∂v Ah¿°v \n¿_-‘-sam-∂p-an√. \mkvXn-I-∑m-cpsS ÿnXn Aß-s\-b√. Hcp ]cm-i-‡n-bpsS k¶ev]w IqSm-sX-Øs∂ {]m]-©nI {]Xn-`m-k-߃ hymJym-\n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂mWv AhcpsS hmZw. F∂m¬ B hmZw Ah¿ sXfn-bn-®n-´pt≠m? {]]-©Øn\v {]Ir-Xn-imkv{Xw \evIp∂ hymJym-\-sa-¥mWv? CtX-∏‰n `mcXob XXz-⁄m-\n-bmb tUm. Fkv. cm[mIrjvWs‚ A`n-{]mbw ImWpI: ""{]]-©-Øn\v {]Ir-Xn-imkv{Xw \¬Ip∂ hymJym\w GXm≠v C{]-Im-c-amWv: temIw Hcp AZr-iy-amb _ntey¿Uvkv Ifn-bmWv; ]c-am-Wp-°-fmWv ]¥p-Iƒ. Ah XΩn¬ Iq´n-ap´n XpS¿®-bmb Ne\-߃ D≠m-°p∂p. Cu hnh-cWw {]]©w Fß-s\ -\-S-°p-∂p-sh∂-√msX, F¥p-sIm≠v F∂p≈ tNmZy-Øn\v kam-[m\w \evIp-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



283



∂n√. Cu hnj-b-sØ-∏‰n C\n Hcp tNmZyhpw Bh-iy-an-s√∂v IcpXp-∂-h-cpsS a\- n¬ t]mepw X߃ {Kln-®n-´n-√mØ Ft¥m NneXp-IqSn Ds≠-s∂mcp t_m[w Xncp-∏n-Sn®psIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p≠v. C{µnb-߃°pw _p≤n°pw ]nSn-In-´mØ AKm-[-Xew Cu {]]-©-Øn\p-s≠∂ Hcp Ahy-‡-t_m[w Ah¿°p≠v.''1 {]]-©sØ Xr]vXn-I-c-amw-hÆw hymJym-\n-°p-hm≥ B[p-\nI imkv{Xw Ai-‡-am-sW-∂mWv ta¬]-d-™-Xns‚ A¿Yw. A°mcyw `wKn- b mbn \n¿∆- l n- ® n- ´ p- ≈ Xv aX- a mWv . {]]- © - Ø n\v ]nd- I n¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp AZr-iy-ssN-X-\ysØ k¶-ev]n-®p-sIm≠mWv {]m]-©nI {]Xn-`m-k-ßsf aXw hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xv. AXpsIm≠v Hcp aX-hmZn am\-kn-I-°p-g-∏-Øn¬\n∂p ap‡-\mWv.



aX-ßf - psS DZv`h - hpw hnIm-khpw GXp aXhpw DZv`-hn-°p-∂Xv Hcp BNm-cy-\n¬\n-∂m-bn-cn°pw. C∂sØ A¿Y-Øn¬ Hcp {]Xn-`m-im-entbm XXz-Nn-¥I - t\m Zm¿i-\n-It\m A√ aXm-Nm-cy≥. At±lw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ ÿm\w CXs{X: Rm≥ Hcp ssZh-Zq-X\ - mWv. A\n-Xc - k - n-≤a- mb Hcp ⁄m\-am¿Kw F\n°p ssIh∂n-cn-°p∂p. ssZhw Ft∂mSv kwkm-cn-°p∂p. Aßs\ NneXv B⁄m]n-°p-Ibpw NneXv \ntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Rm≥ \n߃°v hnizkvX\ - mb ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Im-c\ - s{X! aXm-Nm-cy∑m¿ Ah-Im-is - ∏-Sp∂ Cu ⁄m\-am¿K-sØ-bmWv hnhn[ `mj-If - n¬ shfn-]mSv, Znhy-Z¿i\w, hlvb,v sdh-te-j≥ (Revelation) F∂nßs\ ]e kw⁄-If - n¬ hyh-lc - n-°p-∂Xv. Cu Akm-[m-cW am¿K-ØneqsS D]-e_ - [ v a- m-Ip∂ Adn-hp-If - mWv Ah¿ P\-ka- £w ka¿∏n-°p-∂Xv. B Adnhv ]c-am-h[n kXyhpw ]mh-\hpw ZrV-Xc - h - p-am-sW∂v Ah¿ AhIm-is - ∏-Sp∂p. \n߃°v Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-ih - mZw btYjvSw AwKo-Ic - n°p-Itbm Xnc-kI v c - n-°p-Itbm sNømw. ]t£, AXns\ \nß-fpsS bp‡nhm-ZØ - ns‚ hcp-Xn-°p-≈n¬ HXp-°n-\n¿Øm≥ {ian-°c - pXv. AXns‚ km[pXbpw Akm-[p-Xbpw \n¿W-bn-°p-∂X - n¬ bp‡n°v {]th-i\ - a - n√. AXpsIm≠v hna¿i-\m-Xo-Xa - m-WXv. aXm-Nm-cy-∑m-cpsS Pohn-XN - c - y-bmWv Cu hnj-bØ - n¬ hn[n-\n¿Wm-bI - a - mb LSIw. kzPo-hn-XØ - n¬ kXy-k‘ - Xbpw Bflm¿Ybpw hniz-kvX-Xbpw a‰p am\p-jnI kZm-Nmc apd-Ifpw IWn-ia- mbpw \njvIr-jSv a- mbpw ]men-®p-hc - p∂ Hcp hy‡n-bmWv {]kvXpX Ah-Im-i-hmZw D∂-bn-®-sX-¶n¬ At±-l-Øn¬ \ap°v hniz-kn°mw. A√mØ]£w Ahn-iz-kn-°p-Ibpw sNømw. as‰mcp hn[w ]d-™m¬ {]hmN-IXzw hmZn-°p∂ hy‡n H∂p-In¬ kXy-Øn-s‚bpw [¿a-Øn-s‚bpw aq¿Øo-aZ- `v m-ha- m-bn-cn°pw; As√-¶n¬ AkXy-Øns‚ ss]im-Nt- Im-ac - hpw. Cßs\ c≠n-semcp hn[-Ønte Abmsf hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ hbv°q. t\sca-dn®v Zm¿i\n-I∑ - m-cpsS \ne-]mSv Aß-s\-b√. bp‡nsb ASn-ÿm\s∏SpØn-bmWv Ah¿ kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬, Ah-cpsS hy‡nXzw



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



hna¿i\ ZrjvSn-bn¬ {]iv\-a√. Ah-cpsS hmZw sIm≈p-Itbm X≈pItbm sNøp-∂-Xn¬ Ah-cpsS Iymc-IvS¿ Hc-h-iy-L-S-I-am-bn-cn-°p∂n√. bp‡n-t_m-[-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS hmZ-Øns‚ icnbpw sX‰pw \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n®p hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw. CXmWv aXm-Nm-cy-∑mcpw Zm¿i-\n-I-∑mcpw XΩn-ep≈ auen-I-amb A¥cw. Znhy-sh-fn-]mSv kn≤n® BNm-cys\ {]hm-N-I≥, ssZh-Zq-X≥, Ejn, al¿jn, ap\n, amap\n, t{]m]‰v F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ `mj-Ifn¬, hnhn[ kw⁄-I-fn¬ hyh-l-cn-°p∂p. `mj F¥m-bmepw Bibw H∂p Xs∂-bmWv. aXm-Nm-cy-∑m¿ F√m Hmtcm P\-k-ap-Zmb-Ønepw Bhn¿`q-X-cm-bn-´p-s≠-∂mWv Jp¿-Bs‚ Ah-Im-i-hmZw. ""Hcp ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Im-c≥ ({]hm-N-I≥) Ign-™p-t]m-bn-´n-√mØ H‰ kap-Zm-b-hp-an√''2 F∂pw, ""F√m Hmtcm P\-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn\pw ssZhZq-X-\p≠v''3 F∂pw Jp¿-B≥ DZvtLm-jn-°p∂p. AXn-{]m-No\ Imew apX¬ alØpw _rl-Øp-amb Hcp kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ DS-a-I-fmbn h¿Øn-°p∂ `mc-Xo-b-cnepw {]hm-N-I≥, AYhm {]hm-N-I-∑m¿ \nbp‡-cm-bn-´p-≠m-h-W-sa∂v Xo¿®-bmWv. `mc-Xo-b-cpsS AhXm-c-]p-cpj-∑m¿ hmkvX-h-Øn¬ {]h-mN-I-∑m¿ Xs∂-bm-bn-cn°mw. Ah-cpsS Poh-N-cn{Xw bYmXY-ambn e`n-°m-bvI-aqew, Ah-cpsS hy‡n-Xz-sØ∏‰n Jfin-X-ambn Hcp Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cm≥ {]bm-k-aps≠∂p am{Xw. {]hm-N-I≥am¿ {]]-©-Øn\v Hcp hymJym\w \¬In-bn-´p≠v. {]]©- Ø n- s ‚bpw {]m]- © nI {]Xn- ` m- k - ß - f p- t Sbpw ]n∂n¬ t_m[hm\pw Iem-\n-]p-W-\p-amb Hcp ]ca i‡n-bpsS C—bpw Bkq-{X-Whpw \S-∂n-´p-s≠∂pw \S-°p-∂p-s≠-∂p-amWv Ah¿ GII-WvT-ambn {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂Xv. Ahs\ Hmtcm aX-°m¿ btlmh, A√mlv, dlvam≥, Alq-c-a-kvZ≥, {_lvaw, ]c-{_lvaw, ]c-am-flmhv F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ \ma-ß-fn¬ hnfn-°p-∂p-sh-t∂-bp≈q. \ma-߃ ]e-Xm-sW-¶nepw \ma-[mcn H∂mWv. CtX-{]-Imcw B ]cm-i-‡n-bpsS KpW-K-W-ßfpw (Attributes) khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Ah¿ ]Tn-®n-´p≠v. ]t£, ssZh-Kp-W-ßsf h¿Wn°p-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ coXn-Ifpw ssien-I-fp-amWv aX-߃ kzoI-cn-®pIm-Wp-∂Xv. ssZhn-I-Kp-W-ßsf samØ-Øn¬ c≠p-X-c-ambn Xncn°m-hp-∂-XmWv. H∂v, cN-\m-flI KpW-߃ (Positive Attributes). a‰Xv, \ntj-[m-flI KpW-߃ (Negative Attributes). \ntj-[m-flI KpW߃ h¿Wn-°p-∂-Xn¬ aX-߃°n-S-bn¬ ]d-b-Ø° A¥-c-sam∂p-an√. ssZhw Acq-]nbpw A\m-Znbpw A\-¥\pw a‰p-am-sW∂v F√m aX-ßfpw ]d-bp∂p. F∂m¬, cN-\m-flI KpW-߃ h¿Wn°p-tºmƒ aX-ß-ƒ hyXykvX `mjm-{]-tbm-K-ßfpw {]Xn-]m-Z-\-ssi-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



285



en-Ifpw Bhn-jvIm-c-co-Xn-Ifpw kzoI-cn-s®-∂p-hcmw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Xs‚ ASn-a-I-tfmSv AXn-c‰ Icp-Wbpw hm’-ey-hp-ap-≈-h-\mWv ssZhw F∂ A¿Y- Ø n¬ Ahs\ "]nXmhv ' Ft∂m, "amXmhv ' Ft∂m Hcp aXw hnti-jn-∏n-t®°mw. cq]Im-e-¶m-c-]-c-amb Nn{Xo-IcWw am{X-amWv hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Cu hnti-jWw. ssZh-Øn\v h√ k¥-Xn-bp-ap-s≠t∂m D≠m-Im-sat∂m AXn-\¿Y-an√. amXm-]n-Xm°ƒ°v kz¥w a°- t fm- s S- ∂ - t ]mse ssZh- Ø n\v Xs‚ krjv S ntbmSpw Af-h‰ hm¬k-ey-am-Wp-≈Xv Ft∂ A¿Yw Iev]n-°mhq. CXp-t]mse \m\m CS-ß-fnepw \S-°p∂ kw`-h-K-Xn-Iƒ GImh- k - c - Ø n¬ Z¿in- ° p- h m≥ Ign- b p- ∂ - h ≥ F∂ A¿Y- Ø n¬ ssZhsØ Hcp aXw "Adp-ap-J≥' F∂p hnfn-s®∂p hcmw. Hcp hy‡nsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Bdp `mK-ß-fm-Wt√m D≈Xv˛ta¬, Iogv, ap≥, ]n≥, heXv, CSXv F∂o `mK-߃. Cu Bdp -`m-KØpw \S-°p∂ kw`-h-hn-Im-k-߃ I≠-dn-bp-∂-Xn\v Bdp apJ-ß-fp-≠mbm- s e- ∂ - t ]m- s e- b mWv ssZh- Ø ns‚ Ahÿ Ft∂ {]kv X pX hnti-j-W-Øn-\¿Yw Iev]n-t°-≠-Xp≈q. A√msX Ah\v Bdp apJhpw ]{¥≠p IÆp-ap-s≠∂v AhnsS hnh-£-bn√. D≠m-Im-hp∂-Xp-a√. Cu kwKXn icn°pw {Kln-°m-Ø-XmWv ssZhsØ kw_‘n-®- sX-‰mb [mc-W-Iƒ°v Hcp {][m\ ImcWw. Nne-t∏mƒ {]kvXpX Bibw Iem-cq-]-Øn¬ Bhn-jvIr-X-amsb∂p ht∂°mw. Aßs\ Bdp apJ-ap≈ Hcp kXzsØ Iem-Imc≥ \n¿an-°p-Ibpw AXns\ ssZh-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. CXn\pw ta¬]-d™ A¿Y-ta -I-ev]n-°mhq. A√msX ssZhtam, ssZh-Øns‚ Hcp Awitam {]Xn-am-cq-]-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn®p F∂p [cn-°p-∂Xv sX‰m-bn-cn°pw. Npcp-°-Øn¬ {]]©-\m-Y-\mb Cuiz-cs‚ cN-\m-flI khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn°p-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ aX-߃ cq]-Im-Xn-i-tbm-‡n-]-c-amb hyXykvX coXn-Ifpw Iem-cq-]-ßfpw kzoI-cn-®p-Im-Wp∂p. F¶nepw Ah≥ Acq]nbpw Ahy-b-\p-am-sW∂v an°-hmdpw aX-߃ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p≠v. `mc-Xob aXhpw CXn¬\n-s∂m-gn-h√. F∂m¬, aX-ß-fpsS kpe-fn-Xhpw kc-f-hp-amb {]mcw-`-Z-i- ]n∂n´v Ipd-®p-Imew Ign-bp-tºmƒ {]kvXpX k¶-ev]-ß-fp-sS-ta¬ XXzim-kv{X-ßfpw Z¿i-\-{]-ÿm-\-ßfpw DS-se-Sp-°p-I-bmbn. Aßs\ ]nXmhpw ]p{X\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w \nP-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ XXz-Nn-¥I≥am¿ apXn-cp∂p; ssZh-Øn\v Hcp {]tXyI cq]hpw `mhhpw Iev]n°p∂p. AtXmsS aXm-[ym-]-\-߃ k¶o¿W {]iv\-ß-fmbn cq]m¥-c-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. At∏mƒ kmam-\y-P-\-߃s°-∂√, D∂X io¿j-cmb ]fin-X≥am¿°p-t]mepw Zp¿{K-l-amb Hcp ka-ky-bmbn-Øocpw aXw. kmam-\y-ambn ]d-™m¬ Cu Ah-ÿm-¥cw F√m aX-߃°pw



286



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



_m[-I-amWv. Hcp DZm-l-c-W-Øn-eqsS CXv a\- n-em°mw: Jp¿-B\n¬ A√m-lp-hns‚ cN-\m-fl-I-Kp-W-߃ h¿Wn-®n-´p≠v. A\ym]-tZ-i-ssi-en-bmWv AhnsS kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. ""A√mlp knwlmk- \ - ÿ - \ mbn'' F∂ {]tbm- K w Hcp DZm- l - c Ww. BZn- b n¬ B {]tbm-K-ß-fpsS s]mcpƒ kmam-\y-P-\-߃°p-t]mepw samØ-Øn¬ kp{K- l - a m- b n- c p∂p. \_n- b psS Ime- t Øm ASpØ \q‰m- ≠ ntem AØcw ssien-I-fpsS A¿Y-sØ-°p-dn®p apkvenw-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ N¿®-sbm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. F∂m¬, ]n¬°m-eØv ssZh-Kp-W-ßsf-°p-dn® hnNn-¥\w Bcw-`n®p. Ahbv°v \n¿h-N-\-ßfpw hymJym\-ßfpw Is≠-Øm-\p≈ shº-embn. AXn¬\n∂v apkvenw-tem-IØv \nc-h[n XXz-imkv{X {]ÿm-\-߃ cq]w-sIm≠p. Aßs\ Hcp hn`mKw ssZh-Øns‚ cN-\m-flI KpW-ß-sf-Øs∂ \ntj-[n-®p. thsdmcp hn`mKw ssZhØn\v a\p-jys‚ cq]hpw hnIm-c-ß-fp-sa√m-ap-s≠∂v hmZn®p. Cu kn≤m-¥-Øn-\mWv Cw•o-jn¬ Anthropomorphism F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. ]ns∂mcp hn`mKw ssZh-Øn\v a\p-jykz-`m-h-ß-fp-s≠∂p kn≤m-¥n®p. Cu kn≤m-¥-sØ-bmWv Bwt•b¿ Anthropophuism F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv. Aiv-Acn hn`m-K-am-Is´ X߃°v Xs∂ a\- n-em-°m-\m-hmØ Hcp \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv FØns∏-´Xv. Ah-cpsS Hcp h‡mhv ]d-bp∂p: ""A√m-lp-hns‚ KpW-߃ kØ-bp-a√, kØ-bn¬\n∂v A\yhp-a√.'' 4 Hcp hkv X p kØtbm, A√m- Ø tXm H∂p- a - s √- ¶ n¬ ]ns∂ AXn√ F∂m-Ip-at√m A¿Yw. BI-bm¬ c≠p taJ-e-I-fn¬ hnlcn-t°-≠n-bn-cp∂ bp‡nbpw aXhpw Htc cwKØv ÿm\-ap-d-∏n-®XmWv {]iv \ w A]- c n- l m- c yhpw k¶o¿W- h p- a m- ° n- Ø o¿ØXv . kzm`m- h n- I - a mbpw Bkv X n- I - h m- Z n- I ƒ°p- ] cn \mkv X n- I - h m- Z nIƒ°mWv CØcw kn≤m-¥-߃ {]tbm-P-Io-`-hn-°p-∂Xv. Cß-s\bp≈ \nc-h[n kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS Ncn-{X-L-´-߃ F√m aX-Øn\pw Ign-™p-t]m-bn-´p≠v. `mc-X-Øn¬ \nc-h[n Zm¿i-\nI {]ÿm-\-߃ DS-se-Sp-Ø-Xmbn Ncn{Xw tLmjn-°p∂p. bp‡nsb aX-Øn-te°v hen-®n-g-®-t∏m-gmWv AØcw hn`n∂ {]ÿm-\-߃ DS-se-Sp-ØXv. aXw imkv{X-a√. aXsØ imkv{X-Øns‚ taJ-e-bn-te°v hen-®n-g°p-∂Xv A]-I-S-I-c-amWv. tUm Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥- F-gp-Xp∂p: ""aXw imkv{X-a√. imkv{X-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-sN-√p-∂Xv aX-Øn\v A]-I-S-I-c-amWv. {In. ap. 4004-˛¬ Hcp Znhkw cmhnse GXm≠v H≥]Xp aWn°v {Xnaq¿Øn-bmb ssZhw a\p-jys\ krjvSn®p F∂p _nj∏v sse‰v ^q´v (Bishop Light Foot) 1618 ¬ Hcp {]kvXm-h\ Cd°n. Aßs\ At±lw A\m-h-iy-ambn {]Ir-Xn-im-kv{X-Øn¬ IS-∂pssI-h-®-t∏mƒ hna¿i-\sØ £Wn-®p-h-cp-Øp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.''5



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



287



BI-bm¬ XXz-im-kv{X-Øn-s‚bpw {]Ir-Xn-im-kv{X-Øn-s‚bpw thZn-I-fn-te°v aXsØ _em-XvImcw hen-®n-g-°p-I-sb-∂Xv aX-Øn\v tZmjta sNøp-∂p≈q. ]t£, F√m aX-ÿcpw Gd-°psd B tZmjw hcp-Øn-sh-®n-´p≠v. AXn-\m¬ Hcp ]pcm-X\ aX-Øns‚ A`u-XnI k¶-ev]-߃ {Kln-°p-∂-Xn\v XXz-imkv{X IrXn-Iƒ hmbn-°p-∂Xnepw t`Zw AXnse {]mNo-\-km-ln-Xy-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xm-bncn°pw.



thZ-Ønse ssZh-k¶ - ev]w C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m¿°v Hcp-]mSv ]pcm-X\ aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fp-s≠∂pw A°q-´-Øn¬ G‰w {]mNo-\-am-bn-´p-≈Xv thZ-km-ln-Xy-am-sW∂pw \mw apºv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v . thZ-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ {]mam-Wn-Ihpw {]mNo-\-hp-am-bn-´p-≈Xv EtKz-Z-kw-ln-X-bs{X. EtKzZw Hcp Zm¿i-\nI {KŸ-a√. F¶nepw AXmWv sslµ-h-Z¿i-\-߃°m-[m-c-ambn IW°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. EtKz-Z-Ønse ssZh-k-¶¬]-sØ-∏‰n BZy-ambn Btem-Nn°mw. BZn-bn¬ C°m-Wp∂ temI-ß-sfm∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. F√mw A{]-Xy-£hpw Ahy-‡hpw Ahy-Xn-cn-‡-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. A\-¥cw {]]©w {]Xy-£o-`-hn®p. Hcp ]cm-i-‡n-bpsS krjvSn-bmWv AXv. B ]cm-i‡n BZyta D-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXmWv {]]-©-Øns‚ aqe ImcWw. B ]cm-i-‡nsb thZw hnizI¿amhv, lnc-Wy-K¿`≥, {]Pm]Xn F∂n-ßs\ hnfn-®n-cn-°p∂p. ""lnc-Wy- K¿`x ka-h¿Ø-Xmt{K `qXky PmXx ]Xn-tcI BkoXv kZm-[mc ]rYnhow, Zymap tXamw Ikvssa Zmhmb lhnjm hnt[a.''6 (lnc-Wy-K¿`≥ aptº D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-\mWv k¿∆ `ph-\-ß-fptSbpw A[o-im-[n-]Xn. BIm-i-`q-an-Isf Ah≥ [mcWw sNbvXp. kpJ-kz-cq-]-\mb Ahs\ \mw \an-°pI.) Cu a{¥-Øn\v {io. Zbm-\µ kc-kzXn \evInb `mjyw IqSpX¬ A¿Y-kv^p-S-amWv: ""krjvSn°p apºv tXtPm-a-b-ß-fmb kqcymZn kIe temI-ßfp-tSbpw DXv]-Øn-ÿm-\hpw B[m-c-hp-am-bn-cp-∂Xv GsXmt∂m, CXn\v apºp-≠m-bn-´p-≈Xpw C\n D≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-amb kIe ]Zm¿Yß-fp-tSbpw {XnIm-e-Ønse kzman GsXmt∂m, AXp k¿∆-tem-Iß-tfbpw \n¿Ωn®p c£n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p. kpJ-kz-cq-]-\mb B ]c-am-flm-hns\ R߃ `‡n-]q¿hw \an-°p∂p.''7 CtX kwKXn bPp¿th-Z-Ønepw hnh-cn-®n-´p≠v. AXv C{]-Im-camWv :



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



""Inw kznZm-ko-Z-[n-jvTm-\-am-cw-`Ww IX-a-’znXv IYm-koXv btXm `qaowP\-b-\zn-izI¿Ωm hn Zym-au¿tWm≥ aln\m hniz-N£mIx'' 8 (Cu krjvSn-bpsS A[n-jvTm\w GsXm-∂m-bn-cp∂p? temIm-cw-`-Øn¬ Cu krjvSn-bpsS D]m-Zm\ ImcWw F¥m-bn-cp∂p? AsX-ß-s\-bmbn-cp∂p? Cu hnim-e-kr-jvSnsb P\n-∏n®, hniz-I¿am-hmb {]Pm]Xn `qan-tbbpw A¥-co-£m-Zn-I-tfbpw cNn®v Ah-sb-sb√mw kz¥w i‡n-bn¬ s]mXn-™p-h-®n-cn-°p∂p.)9 EtKz- Z - Ø nse "krjv S n- K oXw' AYhm "\mk- Z ob kq‡w' {]kvXpX BZ¿isØ IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-°p∂p: ""\mk-Zm-kot∂m kZm-ko-Ø-Zm\ow \mko-{ZtPm t\m thymam ]tcm-bXv Inam-h-cohx Ipl Iky i¿Ω˛ ∂w`x Inam-koZv Kl\w K`ocw. 1 \ arXyp-cm-ko-Z-arXw \ X¿ln \ cm{Xym -Alv\ BkoXv {]tIXx B\oZ-hmXw kz[bm XtZIw Xkvam-≤m-\y∂ ]cx InwN-\mk. 2 Xa Bko-Ø-akm Kqfvl-at{K f{]tIXw kenew k¿∆am CZw Xpt—y-\m-`z-]n-lnXw bZmko˛ Ø]-k-kvX\valn\m Pmb-ssXIw. 3 Ima-kvX-Zt{K ka-h¿Ø-Xm[n a\-tkm- tcXx {]Yaw bZm-koXv ktXm-_-‘p-a-kXn \n¿hn-µ≥˛ lrZn {]Xojym Ihtbm a\ojm. 4 Xnc-›ot\m hnXtXm civan-tcjm a[x- kzn-Zm-ko-Zp-]cn kznZm-koXv tctXm[m Bk-\va-ln-am\ Bk¥v˛ kz[m Ah-kvXmXv {]bXnx ]c-kvXmXv. 5 tIm A≤m thZ I Cl {]thm-NXv IpX BPmXm IpX Cbw hnkrjvSnx A¿∆m-KvtZhm Aky hnk¿÷-t\\m˛ Ym tIm thZ-bX B_-`qh. 6 Cbw hnkr-jvSn-cyX B_-`qh



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



289



XZn hm Zt[ bZn hm \ tbm Akym-[y£x ]cta thyma¥v tkm AwK- thZ bZn hm \ thZ.''10 7 (1. At∏mƒ AkØpw kØp-an-√m-bn-cp∂p, hmbp-a-fiew C√; AXn\p-]cn KK-\-hp-an√. Fs¥m-∂mWv AXv? Fhn-sS-bmWv AXv aqSn°n-S-∂-Xv? GsXm-∂mWv c£-\¬In-bXv? AhnsS Aw`- p-≠m-bn-cp∂pthm ˛ Kl-\hpw Kw`o-c-hp-amb Pe-∏-c∏v? 2. acWw A∂n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Aa-c-am-bn-´p-≈Xpw C√. Zn\-cm{X hyXymkw Ipdn-°p-∂-Xp-an√. izmk-an-√msX AXv ({_lvaw) kzta[bm izkn®p. A√msX bmsXm∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. 3. Ccp-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu {]Ir-Xn- BZnbn¬ Ccp-fn¬ ad™v, Ahy-‡hpw Aaq¿Ø-hp-ambn InS∂p. iq\y-X-bn¬ AXv aqS-s∏-´ncp∂p. B H∂v (Pohm-flmhv) Dujvam-hns‚ alm i‡n-bm¬ kwPmX-ambn. 4. H∂m-a-Xmbn C—-bp-≠mbn, am\-knI ssNX-\y-Øns‚ {]Ya _oP-amb C—. Ihn-Iƒ (Ejn-am¿) Xß-fpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ ÿnXn sNøp∂ _p≤n-sIm≠v Ak-Øn\v kØp-am-bp≈ _‘w Bcm™- d n™p. 5. Ah-bpsS ({_lvaw, Pohm-flmhv, {]IrXn F∂n-h-bpsS) hn`P-\-tc-J-Iƒ hne-ßs\ h¿Øn-°p∂p. Xmsg-sb-¥mWv? tase-sb¥mWv? _oP-hm-ln-\n-I-fpw h≥]n® i‡n-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Hcp `mKØv kzX-{¥-I¿Ωhpw adp-`m-KØv C—m-i-‡nbpw! 6. Cu B›cy krjvSn Fhn-sS-\n-∂p-≠mbn, Fhn-sS-\n∂p hcp∂p F∂p kXy-ambn B¿ Adn-bp∂p; B¿°p ]d-bm≥ Ignbpw? CXns‚ DXv]Ø - n-°p-ti-ja- mWv tZh-∑m-cp-≠m-bXv. At∏mƒ B¿°-dnbmw, GXn¬ \n-∂mWv CXp-≠m-bs - X∂v? 7. bmsXm-cp-h-\m¬ Cu hnNn{X krjvSn kwPm-X-amtbm, Ah≥ AXp-≠m-°n-btXm, A√tbm? k¿thm-∂-X-amb temIØv ÿnXnsN-øp∂ k¿thm-∂-X-\mb ⁄m\n°p am{Xw AXv Adnbmw; As√¶n¬ Adn-bm-Xn-cn°mw.)



krjvSn-k¶ - ¬]w ta¬ kq‡-Øn¬ {][m-\-ambpw aq∂p Imcy-ß-sf-bmWv h¿Æn®n-´p-≈-sX∂v `mjy-Im-c-∑m¿ {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p: (1) ]c-{_lvaw, (2) Pohm-flmhv. (3) Ahy-‡-{]-IrXn. BZn-bn¬ ]c-{_lvaw AYhm Cuiz-c≥ A√msX as‰m-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ""B\o-X-hmXw kz[bm - X - t ZIw'' (B H∂v {]mW- h m- b p- t ]m- e p- a n- √ msX kzta- [ bm izkn®p) F∂p ]d-™Xv Cuiz-c-s\-∏-‰n-bmWv. Cuiz-c≥ am{X-amWv BZn-bn¬ \ne-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv. as‰m∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Pohm-flm-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



hn- s \- ∏ ‰n ]d- b p∂p, "tctXm[m BkoXv . ' AXm- b Xv hocysØ, ssNX-\ysØ hln-°p∂ AXv D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂v. {]]-©-sØ∏‰n ]d-bp∂p: "A{]-tIXw, kenew CZw k¿∆w.' AXm-bXv, {]]©-sa√mw A⁄m-Xhpw Aaq¿Øhpw Ahy-‡-hp-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v. Npcp-°-Øn¬ krjvSn°p apºv Cuiz-c≥ am{X-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂sX-∂s{X EtKz-Z-Øns‚ A[ym-]\w. Ckvemw, PqX-aXw, ss{IkvXh-aXw apX-emb aX-ßfpw AXp-X-s∂-bmWv ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. ssZhw {]]-©-krjvSn C—n®p. ChnSw apX-emWv krjvSn-{]-{Inb Bcw-`n-®Xv . Aßs\ Pohm-flmhpw {]Ir-Xnbpw Ah-\m¬ \nehn¬h∂p. F∂m¬ Pohm-flm-hns‚ Imcyw thZw Jfin®p ]d-bp∂n√. ssZhw AXp krjvSn-®tXm, At√ F∂p tNmZn®p hnSp-IbmWv sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Ckvemw aX-{]-hm-N-I\pw Bflm-hn-s\-∏‰n tNmZyw h∂-t∏mƒ GXm≠v CtX -\bw Xs∂-bmWv kzoI-cn-®Xv. At±lw hy‡-ambn H∂pw ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn√. Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂Xp t\m°pI: ""Ah¿ Xm¶- t fmSv Bflm- h n- s \- ∏ ‰n tNmZn- ° p∂p. ]d- b pI: Bflmhv Fs‚ d∫ns‚ Imcy-amWv. \n߃°v Aev]-amb Adn-hpam-{Xta \¬I-s∏-´n-´p≈q.''11 C{Xbpw ]d- ™ - X n¬\n∂v temtIm- X v ] - Ø n- s b-   w- _ - ‘ n® {][m\ aX-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw k¶ev]w GXm≠v H∂p-X-s∂-bm-sW∂v hy‡-am-bt√m. CXn-s\-∏‰n cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""{]]©w kzbw ]q¿W-a-s√∂pw AXv AXo-X-amb Hcp ssNX\ysØ B{i-bn®p \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p-sh-∂p-amWv aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fnse {]Xn- c q- ] - h m- I y- ß - f psS hnh£. {]]©w kzbw ]cym- ] v X - a √; AXns‚ D¤hw AXn-kq-£va-amb Hcp cl-ky-amWv. AXv hni-Zam-°p-hm≥ AXn\v ]n∂n¬ AXn-a-l-Ømb _p≤ni‡nbpw Dt±iy-hp-ap-s≠∂ \nK-a\w IqSntb Xocq.''12 {]]-©-Øn\v Hcp I¿Øm-hn-s√∂ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ {]IrXn-im-kv{X-Øns‚ hni-Ie\w kmam\y a\- ns\ Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-ØpI-bn√. Cu hkvXpX {Ko°v kmln-Xy-Im-c-\mb Acn-tÃm-s^-bn‚ v Xs‚ The Clouds F∂ \mS-I-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-®-Xmbn cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ D≤-cn-°p∂p: ""kvs{S]vkn-b-Unkv F∂ Hcp hr≤≥ tkm{I-´o-kn-t\mSp tNmZn°p∂p: "ag s]øn-°p-∂-Xm-cmWv? CSn apg-°p-∂-Xm-cmWv?' B X-Xz⁄m-\n-bpsS adp-]Sn: "AsX√mw sNøp-∂Xv knb-kv tZ-h-\√, taLß-fmWv.' hr≤≥ ho≠pw tNmZn-°p∂p: "taL-ßsf ASn®p ]d-∏n°m≥ knb-kn-\-√msX B¿°p Ignbpw?' tkm{I-´okv: "Aß-s\b√. AXp hmbp- a - fi - e - Ø nse Hcp Npg- e n- b mWv . ' "Npg- e ntbm? knbkv acn-®Xpw aI≥ Npgen B ÿm\-Øv `cWw XpS-ßn-bXpw



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



291



Rm≥ Adn-™n√' F∂p hr≤≥ X∂-Øm≥ ]d™p.''13 Npg-en-°m‰v {]⁄-bp≈ Hcp kXz-am-sW∂p [cn®v, B hr≤≥ kwXr-]vXn-b-S™p. {]⁄-bp≈ Hcp kXz-Øn-\-√msX Cu {]hnim-e-amb {]]-©sØ \nb-{¥n-°m-\m-hp-I-bn√ F∂mWv kmam-\y_p≤n kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂Xv. a\p-jys‚ ss\k¿KnI t_m[-amWv AXv. AXns\ Ah-K-Wn®p {]m]-©nI {]Xn-`m-k-߃°v bp‡n-]-c-amb hymJym- \ - ß ƒ \¬Im≥ ]pd- s ∏- ´ m¬ Fhn- t Sbpw FØp- I - b n√. {]K¤ imkv{X-Im-c-\mb k¿ tPwkv Po≥kn (Sir James Jeans) s\ D≤-cn®p cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""tPymXn-»m-kv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬ {]]©w Hcp Iq‰≥ b{¥-a√, Hcp _rl-’-¶-ev]-amWv. AXns‚ I¿Ømhv Hcp bm{¥nI-\√, KWn-X-im-kv{X-⁄-\mWv. F√m-‰n-s‚bpw ]n∂n¬ Hcp alØmb a\- p-≈-Xmbn tXm∂p∂p.''14 AXm-bXv, t_m[tam Adnthm C√mØ Hcp bm{¥nI i‡n°v {]]-©sØ sIm≠p \S-Øm-\m-hn√. ""BZn-bn¬ hN-\-ap-≠m-bncp∂p... hN\w ssZh-am-bn-cp∂p'' F∂p tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-jØn¬ ]d-bp∂p.15 Npcp-°-Øn¬ BZn-bn¬ GI-ssZ-h-amWp-≠m-bncp-∂Xv F∂ Bibw F√m {][m\ aX-ßfpw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p≠v. krjvSn-bpsS Bcw-`-sØ-∏‰n ""A{]-tIXw kenew CZw k¿∆w'' F∂mWv EtKzZw ]d-bp-∂Xv. AXm-bXv, {]]-©a- J - new Ahy-‡hpw hyman{ihpw Acq-]hpw iq\yhpw A‘-Im-ca- b - hpw A⁄m-Xh - p-am-bn-cp∂p. CtX Bi-ba- mWv DXv]Ø - nbpw {]Im-in-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv: ""`qan ]mgmbpw iq\y-ambpw Ccp∂p.''16 Jp¿-B\ - nepw CXn-t\m-SS- pØ Hcp ssien-Xs - ∂-bmWv kzoI-cn®n-´p-≈Xv: ""BIm-i`- q-an-Iƒ Ahn-—n-∂a - m-bn-cp∂p. A\-¥cw Ahsb \mw hnt—-Zn®p F∂p≈ kwKXn Ahn-iz-kn-®-h¿ I≠n-√tbm?''17 BZn-bn¬ {]]©w Ahy-Xn-cn-‡hpw iq\y-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw A\-¥cw AXns\ cq]-s∏-SpØn D◊-bn-te°v hcp-Øn-bXv Cuiz-c\ - m-sW-∂p-as{X {]kvXpX hN-\ß - f - p-sS-sb√mw Xm¬]cyw.



krjvSn-{Iaw Fß-s\-bmWv krjvSn-bp-≠m-bXv? Cu {]iv\-Øn\v DØcw \evIp∂-Xn¬ ss__nfpw sslµ-hk - m-ln-Xy-ßfpw Jp¿-B\ - p-sa√mw tbmPn-®pIm-Wp∂p. Pe-amWv aqe-]-Zm¿Y-sa-∂mWv Ah {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂Xv. B {]kvXmhw hnhn[ {]tbm-K-ssi-en-I-fn-em-sW-∂p-am{Xw. ss__nƒ ]d-bp∂p: ""ssZh-Øns‚ Bflmhv sh≈-Øn-\p-aosX ]cn-h¿Øn®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p.''18 tIw{_n-UvPv ss_-_nƒ Cß-s\-bmWv Cu hN\w hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv: ""ssZh-ssN-X\yw Pe-∏-c-∏n-\pap-I-fn¬ k©-cn®p.''19 `mc-Xob aX-Ir-Xn-Iƒ kzoI-cn® ssien C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""AXn\v apºv bmsXmcp hkvXp-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Poh-iq-\y-am-bn-cp∂p k¿∆{X.... AXv ({_lvaw) Bfl-bp-‡-ambn,



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



ki-co-cn-bm-bn-Øo-c-W-sa∂p \n›-bn®p. AXv C—n®p. {]kvXpX C—-bn¬\n∂p Pe-ap-≠mbn. Pe-Øns‚ Iam-\m-IrXn hep-Xmbn-h∂p. Aßs\ `qan-bp-≠mbn.''20 Jp¿-B≥ Cu Bibw {]Im-in-∏n® ssien ImWpI: ""Ahs‚ knwlm-k\w Pe-Øn\v aosX-bm-bn-cp∂p.''21 AXm-bXv, BZn-bn¬ Pe-am-Wp-≠m-bXv. AXn-\m¬ At∏mƒ ssZhm-[n-]Xyw Pe-Øn-t∑¬ am{X-amWv \S-∂n-cp-∂Xv. {]]-©-Øns‚ DXv]Øn Pe-Øn¬\n-∂m-sW∂v ta¬ hmIy-߃ Hcp-t]mse Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS DXv]-Øn-sb-∏‰n Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""Poh-\p≈ F√m Hmtcm hkvXp-hn-s\bpw Pe-Øn¬\n-∂mWv \mw D≠m-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv. Ah¿ C\nbpw hniz-kn-°n-√tbm?''22 Npcp- ° n- ∏ - d - ™ m¬ ssZh- k - ¶ - e v ] - Ø n- s e- ∂ - t ]m- s e- Ø s∂ krjv S n- { I- a - Ø ns‚ hnh- c - W - Ø nepw \ne- h n- e p≈ an°- a - X - ß fpw tbmPn-°p-∂p≠v. Cu hnh-c-W-Øn¬ Hmtcm aX-{K-Ÿhpw cq]-Im-Xni-tbm-‡n-]-c-amb {]tbm-K-ß-fmWv kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂p am{Xw. sslµ-h-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ Nne-t∏mƒ as‰mcp ssien kzoI-cn®-Xmbn ImWmw: ""Cuiz-c-ssN-X\yw AS-bn-cp∂p.'' CXpw ta¬{]kvXm-hn® XXz-Øn¬\n∂v `n∂-a√. kmcmw-i-Øn¬ H∂p Xs∂bmWv. cm[m-Ir-jv-W≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""CXn-s‚-Øs∂ as‰mcp cq]-amWv "Pe-Øn\p aosX AS-bn-cp∂p' F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. "D]-tbm-K-c-ln-Xhpw iq\y-hp-amb H∂n¬ Cuizc ssNX-\yw AS-bn-cp∂p, {]Im-i-tØbpw Poh-t\bpw krjvSn®p.' ASbn-cn-°pI F∂ {]XoIw {]]©-kr-jvSn-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ sFXn-lyØn¬\n∂v FSp-Ø-XmWv. AXn¬ temIsØ Hcp Afi-Øn-t\mSpw ssZhsØ AXn-t∑¬ AS-bn-cn-°p∂ ]£n-tbmSpw D]-an-®n-cn-°p∂p. Cuiz-cs‚ Xm]-\-i-‡n-bmWv Poh-s‚bpw shfn-®-Øn-s‚bpw DXv]Øn°p ImcWw. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnepw ssZhw {_lvam-fi-Øn\v aosX AS-bn-cp∂p F∂ cq]-Im-e-¶mcw ImWmw.''23 C{Xbpw hnh-cn-®-Xn¬\n∂v ssZh-k-¶¬]-Ønepw krjvSn-{I-ahn-h-c-W-Ønepw sslµh, ss{IkvXh, PqX, Ckvemw aX-߃ hfsc ASpØp \n¬°p-∂p-sh∂v hy‡-am-bt√m. CXp bmZr-—n-Iam-sW∂p ]d-™p-IqSm. Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ 1. aXw ]uc-kvXy-˛-]m-›mXy cmPy-ß-fn¬ (hn-h¿Ø-I): AºmSn C°m-h-Ω, t]. 91, 92 2. Jp¿-B≥ 35: 24 3. Ibid 10: 47 4. _Zv-D¬ Aamen



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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5. aXw ]uc-kvXy˛ ]m›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ t]. 91 6. EtKzZw a. 10, kq. 121, E. 1 7. EtKz-ZmZn `mjy-`q-anI˛ hnh¿Ø\w, thZ-]-cyS\w by \tc-{µ-`q-j≥ t]. 53 8. bPp¿thZw A[ymbw 17, a{¥w 18 9. thZ-]-cy-S\w t]. 86 10. EtKzZw a. 10, kq. 129 11. Jp¿-B≥ 17: 85 12. aXw ]uc-kvXy-˛-]m-›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ t]. 92, 93 13. Ibid P. 93 14. Ibid P. 94 15. tbml-∂m≥ 1: 1 16. DXv]Øn 1:1 t\m°pI. 17. Jp¿-B≥ 21: 30 18. DXv]Øn 1: 2 19. Genesis-Cambridge Bible for Schools & Colleges 20. _rl-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-jØv A[ymbw 1, {_mlvaWw 2, a{¥w 1 21. Jp¿-B≥ 11: 7 22. Ibid 21: 30 23. aXw ]uckvXy˛ ]m›mXy cmPy-ß-fn¬ t]. 94, 95



A[ymbw Ccp-]-Øn-\mev



aXhpw bp‡n-Nn-¥bpw bp‡n-bp-sSbpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw hnlm-c-km-{am-Py-߃ hmkvX-hØn¬ c≠m-sW-¶nepw aXw bp‡n hncp-≤-am-sW∂v AXn-\¿Y-an√. aXw bp‡n-t_m-[-Ønt\m, imkv{X-Ønt\m Hcn-°epw FXn-c√. Nnet∏mƒ aX-X-Xz-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p t]mepw bp‡n-Nn¥ Bhiy-ambn hcp-sa∂ hkvXpX \mw {]tXyIw Ku\n-t°-≠-XmWv. `uXnI imkv{X-kn-≤n-I-fn¬ G‰hpw alØpw B[p-\n-I-hp-amb H∂m-Wt√m tKmfm-¥-c -bm{X. 1969˛-mam≠n-emWv a\p-jys‚ NncIm-e-kz-]v\-am-bn-cp∂ B e£yw km£m¬°-cn-®Xv. Nm{µ-bm-{XnI-cmb imkv{X-⁄≥am¿ ssZh-\n-tj-[n-Itfm aX-\n-tj-[n-Itfm A√m-bn-cp∂p. adn®v, ssZh-`-‡≥am-cm-bn-cp∂p. At∏m-tfm -]-{¥≠nse Nm{µnI bm{X- ° m¿ bm{X Bcw- ` n- ° p- ∂ - X n\p apsº ssZhsØ {]m¿Yn®p. Iam-≠¿ {^m¶v-_m¿a≥ temI-P-\-X°v km¿h{Xn-I-amb kam-[m\w Biw-kn-®p-sIm≠v {Inkvakv BtLm-jn®p. At±lw {]m¿Yn®p. ""ssZhta, a\p-jy\v Fs¥ms° hogvN-Iƒ kw`-hn-®n-´p-s≠¶nepw temI-Øn¬ kvt\lw ImWm-\p≈ ImgvN R߃°p \¬tIWta! R߃ A⁄≥amcpw Zp¿_-e-∑m-cp-am-sW-¶nepw, \ns‚ al-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Xz-Ønepw \≥a-bnepw hniz-kn-∏m-\p≈ i‡n R߃°v {]Zm-\wsN-bvXmepw! km¿∆-{Xn-I-amb kam-[m-\-Øns‚ Zn\w ssIh-cp-∂Xn\v R߃°p F¥p-sN-øm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v ImWn®p Xtc-Wta!''1 At∏mtfm bm{Xn-I-\mb FUzn≥ Bƒ{Un≥ N{µ-t\m-S-Sp-Øt∏mƒ ssZhsØ {]m¿Yn-®-Xmbn At±lw Xs∂ temIsØ Adnbn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. 2 Cuiz-c-hn-izm-khpw imkv{X-a-\ pw XΩn¬ i{Xp-Xz-an-s√-∂mWv CXp -sX-fn-bn-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Cuiz-c-t\bpw aX-tØbpw \ntj-[n-°p∂ {]h-W-X-bmWv C∂sØ bp‡n-hm-Zn-Ifn¬ s]mXpth \mw ImWp-∂Xv. bp‡n-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw imkv{Xob-hn-⁄m-\-Øn-s‚bpw A\n-hmcy XmXv]-cy-am-W-sX∂v tXm∂pw, Ah-cpsS Cu \ne-]mSp ImWp-tºmƒ. CtX-∏‰n kzev]w Btem-Nn°p-∂Xv ChnsS Akw-K-X-am-hn-s√∂p tXm∂p∂p.



a\x-imkv{X hnZ-Kv[≥am-cpsS \nK-a\w ]sØm-ºXmw iX-I-Ønepw Ccp-]Xmw iX-I-Øns‚ Bcw-`Ønepw a\x-im-kv{X-Im-c≥am-cn¬ ]ecpw aXsØ ]s‰ X≈n-°-f™n-cp∂p. 1856˛-1939 ImeØv Pohn® knKva≠v t{^mbvUv aXsØ Hcp anYy-mk-¶¬]-am-bpw _me-Nm-]-ey-am-bp-amWv ho£n-®n-cp-∂Xv. Cu am¿K-Øn¬ B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X-Im-c≥am¿ Iptd Zqcw k©-cn®p. F∂m¬, B ho£Ww icn-b-s√∂pw aXw a\p-jy\v AXy-¥m-t]£n-X-am-sW-∂p-amWv AXym-[p-\nI a\-kvX-Xz-hn-Z-Kv[≥am-cpsS aXw. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse Hcp {]apJ a\x-im-kv{X-]-fin-X-\mbn KWn°-s∏-Sp∂ bpßn (Jung)s‚ \nK-a\w ImWpI: ""kzm`m-hn-I-amb Hcp aXm-fl-I-L-SIw a\p-jy≥ Dƒs°m-≈p∂p. Ahs‚ am\-kn-Im-tcm-Kyhpw NnØ-ÿn-c-Xbpw˛ a‰p {]h-W-X-I-sf-t∏mse-Øs∂ B aXm-fl-I-tNm-Z-\-Isf {]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-sImt≠ \ne\n¿Øm-\m-hp-Ib - p≈q. aXsØ an[ym-k¶ - e - v]a - mbpw, bmYm¿Yy-Øn¬\n∂p≈ Hfn-t®m-´a - mbpw, _me-Nm-]e - y-ambpw ho£n-°p-∂X - n\v hncp-≤a - mb Hcp \n-e] - m-Ss{X CXv. \ΩpsS Ncn-{X-Øn¬ aX-߃ hln-®n-´p≈ ]¶pw DW¿Øn-hn´ hnIm-tcm¿Phpw Iem-kr-jvSn-Iƒ°pw hn⁄m-\ß - ƒ°pw BXp-ci - p-{iq-j°pw ku[ \n¿am-WØ - n\pw Ah \evInb `oa-amb i‡nbpw a\- n-em-°m-sX-bm-bn-cp∂p {]kvXpX ho£Ww. F¶nepw AXn\p hep-Xmb hym]-IXzw e`n-®n-´p≠v.'' 3 bp‡n-t_m-[Ø - n\v hncp-≤a - s - √-¶nepw AXn-\X - o-Xa - mb H∂mWv aXw F∂p bpßv ka¿Yn-°p∂p. F∂m¬ aX-t_m-[Ø - n\v {][m-\a- mbpw B[mc-ambn h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv A¥x-I-c-Wm-\p-`q-Xn-bs{X. CXn-\mWv imkv{X⁄≥-am¿ Intuition F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. aX-Ønepw ssZh-Ønepw hniz-kn°m≥ a\p-jys\ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv {]kvXpX A¥-t›m-Z\ - a- m-Ip∂p. bp‡ntb-°mƒ B{i-bn-°m≥ ]‰n-bX - mWv A¥x-Ic - W - m- \p`q-Xn. F¥p-sIm-s≠∂m¬ bp‡n-bn¬ t_m[-a\ -   - ns‚ {]h¿Ø\w am{X-ta-bp-≈q. A¥x-I-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



295



cWØn-em-hs´, t_m[-a-\- n-t\m-sSm∏w, bpKm-¥-c-ß-fmbn a\p-jy≥ kam-l-cn®p h∂ ⁄m\-hn-⁄m-\-ß-fpsS `fim-Im-c-amb At_m[-a-\- ns‚ {]h¿Ø\w IqSn-bp≠v. aX-]-c-amb F√m-‰n-s‚bpw km[pXz-Øn\v \nZm\w Iptd-sbms° {]kvXpX A¥xIc-Wm-\p-`q-Xn-bmIp∂p. ]t©-{µn-b-ß-fpsS \nth-Z-\-ß-fm-Wt√m bp‡n-°m-kv]Zw. A¥x-I-c-Wm-\p-`q-Xn°v as‰mcp C{µn-b-Øns‚˛ At_m-[-a-\- ns‚ ˛IqSn ]n≥_ew e`n-°p∂p. ""aXhpw Cuiz-c\pw GXp ap-Xn¿∂ a\p-jy∂pw imkv{X-⁄∂pw A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ kµ¿`-ap≠mhpw. aXw acn-°p-I-bn√; Cuiz-c≥ ]pdw X≈-s∏-Sp-I-bp-an√.''4



imkv{X-Øns‚ ]cn-anXn a\p-jy-hn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ F√m-amWv imkv{X-sa∂v Bsc-¶nepw [cn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ B [mcW A_-≤-am-sW∂v ]d-bmsX Xc-an√. imkv{X-co-Xn°v Hcp ]cn-[n-bp≠v. XnI®pw ]cn-an-X-amb ]cn[n. B koa- ° - ∏ pdw hnl- c n- ° p- h m≥ imkv { X- Ø n\v km[y- a √. AXns‚ ho£Ww hkvXp-\n-jv-T-amWv . ]Zm¿Y-tem-I-Øn-\-∏pdw t]mhm≥ imkv{Xw i‡-a√. G‰hpw D∂-X-io¿j-cmb imkv{X-⁄≥am¿ CXp Xpd∂pkΩ-Xn-°p-∂p≠v. Cu \q‰m-≠nse {]apJ `uXn-I-imkv{X-Im-c-\mb sF≥ssÃ≥ Xs‚ Out of my later years F∂ ]pkvXI-Øn¬ (Ah-km\ A[ymbw) Fgp-Xp∂p: ""hkvXp-°ƒ Fßs\ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p, Hmtcm∂pw Fßs\ cq]s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p F∂-Xn-\∏ - pdw imkv{X k{º-Zm-bØ - n-s\m∂pw ]Tn-∏n°m-\m-hn√. a\p-jy≥ Cu cwK-Øm¿Pn®, hotcm-Nn-Xa- mb t\´-ßsf eLqI-cn-°p-I-bmWv Rm≥ sNøp-∂-sX∂v A¿Y-am-°-cpXv. a\p-jy-I-gn-hn\v {]m]n-°m-hp∂, ]c-tam-∂-X-amb taJ-e-bn-te°v hkvXp-\n-j-vT-amb {]kvXpX hn⁄m\w FØn-bn-´p≠v. ]t£, "F¥mWv' F∂Xp kw_‘n® Adnhv "F¥m-hWw' F∂ Adn-hns‚ IhmSw Xpd-∂p-X-∂n-´n-s√∂Xpw A{X-Xs∂ {]I-Sa - mWv. F¥mWv F∂Xv kw_-\[ -v n®, ]q¿Whpw kphy-‡h - p-amb Adn-hp-t\-Sm≥ Ign-bp-sa-¶nepw a\p-jy-e£yw F¥m-hW-sa∂v {Kln-∏m≥ imkv{X-Øn\p Ign-hp-≠m-bn-´n√. GXm\pw e£y-߃ t\Sn-Øc - m≥ ]‰nb, kpi-‡a - mb D]-Ic - Ww am{X-amWv hkvXp-hn-⁄m\obw. F∂m¬ ]c-ae - £ - yhpw AXv {]mtbm-KnIam°m-\p≈ Xzcbpw a‰p t{kmX- p-If - n¬\n∂p htc-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p!''5 sF≥ssÃ≥ kqNn-∏n® a‰p t{kmX- p-sIm-≠p≈ hnh-£- Zn-hy-shfn-]mSp aptJ\ e`y-am-Ip∂ ⁄m\-kc - n-Øp- Iƒ, AYhm aX-{K-Ÿß - ƒ Bbn-cn-°Ww. Pohn-XØ - ns‚ ]c-aa - mb e£y-sa-s¥∂pw, AXv km£mXvIc - n-°m≥ bp‡-amb am¿K-ßt- f-hs - b∂pw \ap°v Adnhv Xcp-∂Xv Ahbm-Wt√m. Npcp-°n-∏d- ™ m¬ ]mZm¿YnI hn⁄m-\obw a\p-jy-tN-X\ - sb ]q¿W-Xb - n-te-s°-Øn-°p-∂n√. Pohn-XØ - ns‚ AXyp-XvIrjvS taJ-eb - nte°v a\p-jys\ \bn-°p-∂Xv aXhpw Cuiz-c\ - p-amWv. ssZhn-Is - h-fn-]m-



296



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Sns‚ AkvXn-hm-c-Øn-t∑¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb hn⁄m-\-km-K-c-Øn¬ apßn-Ø-∏msX am\-h-cm-in-bpsS ]c-a-e£yw Ic-K-X-am-°m≥ km[ya√.



d ¬ {]`p-hns‚ Cuiz-c≥ B[p-\nI bp‡n-hm-Zn-I-fpsS Hcp alm-Nm-cy\pw `uXnI XXzNn- ¥ - I ≥am- c psS A\n- t j[y \mb- I - \ p- a mbn hnNm- c n- ° - s ∏- S p∂ _¿{Sm≠v d -ens‚ Cu hnj-b-I-amb \ne-]mSv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xv CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ IuXp-I-am-bn-cn°pw. BIm-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h\pw {]m]-©n-I-K-Xn-bn¬ btYjvSw ssII-S-Øp-∂-h-\p-amb Hcp ssZhap-s≠∂ hmZsØ d ¬ FXn¿Øn-´p-≈Xv icn-bmWv. F∂m¬ At±lw tIh-e -ssZ-h-hn-izm-ksØ FXn¿°p-∂n-s√∂pw ssZh-sØ°p-dn® Nne aX k¶¬]-ßsf am{X-amWv \ntj-[n-°p-∂-sX-∂pamWv a\- n-em-Ip-∂Xv. Fs¥-∂m¬, ]Zm¿Y-ß-tfbpw i‡n-I-tfbpw Poh-Pm-e-ß-tfbpw `cn-°p-Ibpw \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp \nba-tØbpw A\p-c-RvP-\-i-‡n-tbbpw At±lw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ {]kvXpX \nb-a-ß-fp-sSbpw A\pc-RvP\ - i - ‡ - n-bp-sSbpw t]cmWv Cuiz-c≥! ssZh-hn-izm-kn-bmb tkma¿ t^¬Uv F∂ imkv{X-⁄\v d ¬ Ab® Hcp IØn¬ C°mcyw hy‡am-°n-bn-´p≠v. AXn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""kmIm-c\pw, C—m-\n-—I - ƒs°mØv {]m]-©n-IK - X - n-bn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂h\pw tkzOm-[n-]X - n-bp-amb Hcp Cuiz-c\ - n¬ Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂n√. {]]©-]-Zm¿Y-ß-tfbpw Poh-Pm-e-ß-tfbpw `cn-°p-Ibpw \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ k\m-X\ - \ - n-ba- ß - ƒ°pw A\p-cR - P v \ - i - ‡ - n-Iƒ°p-ap≈ t]cmWv Cuiz-c≥.''6 F∂m¬ kmIm-c\pw, k¿h-Im-cp-Wn-I\ - p-amb Hcp ssZh-sØ-°p-dn® k¶ev]w a\p-jy\v Bizm-khpw klm-bhpw \evIp-∂p-s≠∂ hkvXpX At±lw kΩ-Xn-®n-´p≠v.7 BI-bm¬ {]m]-©nI {]Xn-`m-kß - f - psS ]ndIn¬ GtXm Hcp AZr-iy-i‡ - n-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w \S-°p-∂p-sh∂ hkvXpX `uXn-Ih - o-£m- KXn AwKo-Ic - n-®h - ¿°pw \ntj-[n-°pI km[y-a√.



Jp¿-Bs‚ ho£Ww Cuiz-c-t\bpw aX-tØbpw kw_-‘n® imkv{X-Øns‚ km£m¬ \ne-]m-sS-s¥∂p \mw I≠p-I-gn™p. C\n aXw {]]-©sØ ImWp-∂sX-ß-s\-bm-sW∂p t\m°mw. Jp¿-Bs‚ ho£-W-Øn¬, imiz-Xhpw k\m-X\ - h - p-amb Hcp \nb-aa- \ - p-kc - n-®mWv {]]-©hpw AXnse Ft∏¿s∏´ hkvXp-°fpw \ne-hn¬h-∂Xpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xpw. Hmtcm {]m]-©nI hkvXp-hn\pw AXn-t‚-Xmb krjvSn˛ÿnXn˛ kwlmc \nb-aß - f - p≠v. B \nb-a-ßsf Hcn-°epw AXv AXn-ew-Ln-°p-I-bn√. AXn-s\-bmWv Jp¿B≥ "kp∂-Øp√m' (ssZhnI \S-]S- n-{Iaw) F∂pw, "^nXvdØ - p√m' (ssZhØns‚ {]IrXn \nbaw) F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂Xv. {]kvXpX hyh-ÿ°v Hcn-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



297



°epw am‰tam t`Z- K - X ntbm kw`- h y- a √. Jp¿- B ≥ H∂n- e - [ nIw XhW C°mcyw Bh¿Øn-®p-d-∏n-®-Xmbn ImWmw.8 {]]-©-hpw AXnse hkvXp-°fpw i‡n-Ifpw Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw {]kvXpX k\m-X\ - \ - n-ba - ß - ƒ k\n-jvI¿jw ]men-®p-hc - p-∂X - n-\m-emWv Ah-b° v n-Sb - n¬ Fs¥-¶nepw s]mcp-Øt- °tSm kwL-´\ - tam \mw ImWmØXv. ]c-am-h[n cRvPn-∏nepw tbmPn-∏n-ep-amWv {]m]-©n-I-L-S-I-߃ ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv. Aßs\ {]]-©I - ¿Øm-hns\ Ah t- NmZyw IqSmsX A\pk-cn-°p∂p. GsX-¶n-ep-samcp hn[-Øn¬ Ah\v Iog-S-ßmØ bmsXm∂pw {]]-©Ø - n-en√. AXmWv as‰m-cn-SØv Jp¿-B≥ DW¿Øp-∂Xv: ""BIm-i-ß-fnepw `qan-bn-ep-ap-≈-h-sc√mw Ah\v Iog-S-ßn-bn-´p≠v. a\x-]q¿h-ambpw \n¿_-‘n-Xa - mbpw!''9 Cu hmIy-Øns‚ icn-bmb s]mcpƒ {Kln-°W - s - a-¶n¬ ssZh-Øns‚ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ \nb-ah - y-hÿ - n-Xn-Is - f-∏‰n Aev]s - am∂v {]Xn-]m-Zn-t°≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.



ssZhnI \nb-a-hy-h-ÿnXn c≠p-hn[w Jp¿-Bs‚ ZrjvSn-bn¬, ssZh-Øn\v c≠p-hn[w \nb-ah - y-hk - Y v I - f - p≠v. H∂v, {]m]-©nI hyhÿ; a‰Xv km≥am¿KnI hyhÿ. {]m]-©nI \nba-hy-hÿ - sb Hmtcm {]m]-©n-Ih - k - X v phpw ]men-®p-hc - p-∂p≠v. bmsXm∂pw AXn-s\- A-Xn-ew-Ln-°p-Itbm Ih-®p-sh-°p- Itbm sNøp-∂n√. AYhm AXv kw`-hy-a√. {]kvXpX hyhÿ A\p-kc - n-∏m≥ k¿hXpw \n¿_-‘n°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-Ib - mWv. C°m-cy-Øn¬ a\p-jy\pw CXc hkvXp-°fpw XΩn¬ A¥-ca- n√. ssZh-`‡ - \pw ssZh-\n-tj-[n-bp-sa√mw ssZh-Øns‚ {]m]-©nI hyh-ÿb - \ - p-kc - n-®mWv \ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ Cu A\p-kc - W - hpw IogvhW - ° - h - p-sa√w ]mc-X{- ¥y-tØmSp IqSn-bp-≈X - mWv. AXm-bXv, a\pjy≥ Dt±-in-®mepw {]kvXpX hyhÿ sX‰n-\S- ° - m≥ km[y-a√. AXmWv {]kvXpX Jp¿-B≥ hN-\Ø - nse \n¿_-‘nX Iog-S° - w-sIm≠v hnh-£n°-s∏-´Xv. F∂m¬ {]m]-©nI hyh-ÿnXn IqSmsX as‰mcp \nb-ah - y-hÿ - bpw ssZh-Øn-\p≠v. {]hm-N-I≥am¿, Ejn-am¿, aXm-Nm-cy-≥am¿ F∂n-ßs\ ]e t]cp-If - n¬ Adnb-s∏-Sp∂ alm ]pcp-j≥am¿°v shfn-]mSp aptJ\ \¬I-s∏-Sp∂ \oXn-hy-h-ÿ-bm-WXv. CXn\v ssZh-Øns‚ km∑m¿KnI hyhÿ Ft∂m aXw Ft∂m ]d-bp∂p. Cu hy-hÿ a\p-jysc am{XamWv _m[n-°p-∂Xv. AXp ]men-°p-hm≥ bmsXmcp a\p-jy-t\bpw ssZhw _em¬°mcw sNøp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬ AXv a\p-jy\v btYjvSw A\p-kcn-°m\pw [n°-cn-°m\pw Ign-bp∂p. a\p-jys‚ D∂-Xn°pw ]ptcm-KX - n°pw th≠n-bp≈ Cu hyh-ÿnXn {]m]-©n-Ih - y-hÿ - n-Xn-tbmSv XnI®pw s]mcpØ-s∏-´-XmWv. AXn-\m¬ AXv AwKo-I-cn®p \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-∂-Xns\ B{i-bn-®mWv a\p-jys‚ km£m¬ al-Xzhpw ap‡nbpw \ne-sIm-≈p∂Xv. Cu hmkvXhw {Kln® kmXzn-I≥ - am¿ ssZh-Øns‚ km≥am¿§n-I-



298



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



hy-h-ÿ-IqSn AwKo-I-cn®v, Ah\v Iog-Sßn Pohn-°p∂p. ]t£, h√ _e-{]-tbm-Khpw sIm≠√, kz¥w a\x-km-£n-bpsS t{]c-W-sIm≠p- am-{X-amWv Ah¿ Aßs\ sNøp-∂Xv. CXs{X {]kvXpX Jp¿B≥ hN- \ - Ø n¬ kqNn- ∏ n® a\x- ] q¿h- a mb Iog- S - ° - Ø ns‚ XmXv]cyw. GXm-bmepw GsX-¶n-ep-samcp hn[-Øn¬ ssZhsØ A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-∏m≥ bmsXm-cmƒ°pw ChnsS km[y-a√. Npcp-°Øn¬, {]]-©-am-I-am\w a\x-]q¿∆-amtbm \n¿_‘n-X-amtbm ssZhØn\v Iog-S-ßp∂p; AXp-hgn Ahs‚ al-Xzhpw AP-ø-Xbpw {]Io¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. AXmWv Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv: ""Ggm- I m- i - ß fpw `qanbpw Ah- b n- e p≈ k¿hcpw Ahs\ {]Io¿Øn- ° p∂p. Ahs‚ kv t Xm{X- I o¿Ø\w ]mSmØ Hscm‰ hkvXp-hp-an√. ]t£, B Io¿Ø\w \n߃ {Kln-°p-∂n-s√∂p am{Xw!'' 10



"A¬lJv' Jp¿-B-\nse A¿Y-kw-]p-jvS-amb Hcp kmt¶-XnI kw⁄-bmWv "A¬lJv.' kXyw, [¿aw, k\m-X\w, kpÿncw Fs∂ms° Ad_n-bn¬ AXn-\¿Y-ap≠v. F∂m¬ Jp¿-B-\n¬ hn]p-ehpw al-Ø-chp-amb Nne Bi-b-ß-sf-bmWv B ]Zw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂Xv. ssZhsØ "A¬lJv' F∂v ]te- S - ß - f nepw hnti- j n- ∏ n- ® - X mbn ImWmw.11 ssZhn-I-km-∑m¿Kn-I-hy-h-ÿn-Xnsb Jp¿-B≥ "A¬lJv' F∂p hnfn-®n-cn-°p∂p.12 Jp¿-B-s\-Ø-s∂bpw B t]-cn¬ hn-fn-®Xmbn ImWmw. 13 C{]- I mcw {]]©w krjv S n- ° - s ∏- ´ n- ´ p- ≈ Xv "A¬lJn's‚ ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n- e m- s W∂v ]e ÿe- ß - f nepw Bh¿Øn-®p-d-∏n-®-Xmbpw \mw ImWp∂p.14 A¬l-Jns‚ hn]-co-X]-Z-amWv "A¬_m-Xzn¬.' \n∂pw Ccp-∂pw -In-S∂pw ssZh-sØ [ym\n®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ _p≤n-a-Xn-Iƒ°v {]]-©-krjvSn "_mXzn-en's‚ ASn-kvYm-\Ø - n-e√ D≠m-bn-´p-≈s - X∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-sa∂v Hcn-SØv Jp¿B≥ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v.15 ta¬ hmIy-ßsf ka-{K-ambn ho£n-°p-tºmƒ a\- n-em-°m≥ Ignbp-∂Xv CXmWv: {]]-©-kr-jvSn -B-I-kvan-I-a√, Bkq-{Xn-X-amWv. Dt±iy-cl - n-Xa- √, Dt±-iy-]q¿h-am-bn-´mWv. k\m-X\ - hpw imiz-Xh - p-amb Hcp hyhÿ°v hnt[-ba - m-bn-´mWv {]]©w Nen-°p-∂Xv. kpÿn-chpw kpÿn-Xhp-amb B hyh-ÿ°v am‰-an√. Cßs\ hn]p-ehpw Kw`o-chpw kpµ-ch - pamb At\Iw Bi-b-ßsf {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ Hcp hm°mWv A¬lJv. AXns‚ A¿Yw kv^pcn-°p∂ Hcp ]Zw `mj-bn¬ C√.



thZ-Ønse "EXw' Jp¿-B-\nse A¬l-Jn-t\mSv XnI®pw kmZr-iy-ap≈ Hcp ]Z-amWv `mc-Xo-bt- h-ZØ - nse "EXw.' CXns‚ A¿Y-sØ-∏‰n thZ-hym-Jym-Xm-°ƒ°v hyXykvX A`n-{]m-ba- m-Wp-≈Xv. h≈-tØm-fns‚ EtKzZ hnh¿Ø-\Ø - ns‚



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Bap-J-Øn¬ k¿Zm¿ sI.Fw. ]Wn-°¿ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""EtKz-Z-Ønse G‰hpw {][m-\-amb Hcp ]Z-amWv EXw. AXn\v kXyw, Pew, {]tPm-Xv]m-Z\w, tcX v, b⁄w Fs∂m-s°-bmWv bmkv°s‚ A¿Yw. kmb-W≥ CXnepw hym]-I-am-bn-´mWv EX-sØ -hym-Jym-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.''16 F∂m¬ temI-[¿aw, AYhm {]Ir-Xn-hy-hÿ F∂ Bi-bamWv B ]Zw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂-sX∂v {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-tat\m≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""temI-Øn\v Hcp imizX [¿a hyh-ÿ-bp≠v. B hyh-ÿsX‰n \S-°m≥ tZh≥am¿°pw a\p-jy¿°pw ]mSn√; sX‰n \S-°phm≥ km[y-hp-a√. Cßs\ Hcp hnizmkw EtKz-Z-Øn¬ hf¿∂p-hcp-∂-Xmbn \mw ImWp∂p. Cu k\m-X\ [¿a-Øn\v Ejn-am¿ "EXw' F∂ t]cp sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu EXw-X-s∂-bm-Ip∂p kXyw. CXn\p hn]-co-X-am-bn-´p-≈-XmWv "A\rXw', As√-¶n¬ AkXyw. injy≥am-cpsS Pohn-X-Ncy EX-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®m-Ip∂p.''17 Jp¿-B-\nse A¬lJpw thZ-Ønse EX-i-_vZhpw GXm≠v Htc Bi-b-Øn-emWv {]tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v a\- n-em-Ip∂p. {]m]-©nI hyhÿ, AYhm {]IrXn \nbaw; AXn- \ - \ pk- c n® PohnX Ncy˛CXmWv {]kvXpX Bibw.



GI-Xzhpw \m\m-Xzhpw C\n \ap°v ssZh-k-¶-ev]-Øns‚ GIXz˛\m\m-Xz-ß-sf-∏‰n Aev]w Nn¥n°mw. Nne¿ ]e hkvXp-°-fnepw ssZhXzw Btcm-]n°p∂p. a‰p Nne¿ ssZh-Øns‚ GI-Xz-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂p. GIXz-k-¶ev]-amWv G‰hpw ]ptcm-K-an-®Xpw t{ijvT-hp-amb Nn¥-sb∂-Xn¬ ]fin-X≥am¿-°n-S-bn¬ X¿°-an√. Jp¿-B\pw ss__nfpw GI- s sZ- h - X z- k n- ≤ m- ¥ - s Ø- b mWv D]- t Z- i n- ° p- ∂ - s X∂ Imcyw \nkvX¿°-amWv. `mc-Xo-b-th-Z-ß-fpsS \ne-]m-Sn-s\-∏‰n hyXykvX \nK-a-\-ß-fmWv \ncq-]I ]fin-X≥am¿°p-≈Xv. CXn\p ImcWw thZ-ß-fn¬ kvXpXn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ tZh-\m-a-ß-fs{X. EtKz-Z-Ønse Hcp a{¥-Øn¬ ImWp∂p: ""cn]p-I¿i-\-∑m-cmb tZh-∑mtc, a\p-hn\v bP-\o-b-cmb \n߃ ap∏-Øn-aq∂p t]cpw C{]-Imcw kvXpXn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.''18 ""C{µ≥, A·n, tkma≥, hmbp, kqcy≥, an{X≥, hcp- W ≥, hnjvWp, Dj v, Aizn-\≥am¿ (c≠v), ]qjmhv, cp{Z≥, {]Pm-]Xn, ba≥, ]¿P-\y≥, Acy-amhv, acp-Øp-°ƒ, _rl-kv]Xn, kc-kzXn, AZnXn, BZn-Xy≥am¿, EXp-°ƒ, Cfm-Xz-jvSmhv, khn-Xmhv, C{µmWn, hcp-Wm\n, At·bn, hkp-°ƒ, amX-cn-izmhv, sshizm-\-c≥, `mcXn.''19 Ch-bs{X thZ-Ønse kp{]-[m\ tZh-\m-a-߃. {]Y-a-Zr-jvS-Øn¬ Cuizc \m\m-Xz-kn-≤m-¥-sØ-bmWv thZw Ah-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂p tXm∂pw. F∂m¬ AXnse a‰p Nne a{¥-߃ GI-Xz-kn-≤m-¥sØ {]Imin-∏n-°p∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp a{¥w ImWpI: ""C{µw, an{Xw, hcp-W-a-·n-amlp˛ ctYm Znhy- p-]¿tÆm Kcpflm≥ GIw kZzn{]m _lp[m hZ˛ ¥y·nw baw amX-cn-izm-\-amlp!''20 (At±-lsØ C{µ-s\∂pw an{X-s\∂pw hcp-W-s\∂pw A·n-sb∂pw ]d-bp∂p; hm\Øp hSn-hn¬ ]d-°p∂ Kcp-U\pw At±lw Xs∂; H∂ns\ ta[m-hn-Iƒ ]e-Xm-°n-∏-d-bp-I-bmWv. sshZyp-Xm·n, ba≥, hmbp F∂n-hcpw At±-l-as{X!) Cu sshcp[yw ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xns\ B{i-bn-®mWv `mc-Xob thZa-X-Øns‚ bmYm¿Yyw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. C∆n-j-b-I-ambn GtIm]n® Hcp \ne-]m-S√ thZ-hn-Øp-I-fmb ]fin-X≥am¿°p-≈Xv. Nne¿ GI-Xz-k-¶-ev]-Øn\v ap≥K-W\ Iev]n-°p-tºmƒ, a‰p Nne¿ \m\mXz-k-¶-ev]-Øn-\mWv ap≥K-W\ Iev]n-°p-∂Xv. `mc-Xob P\-X-bpsS ]mc-º-cy-am-Is´, HSp-hn-esØ k¶-ev]-Øn\v Dt]m-Zv_-e-I-ambn \nesIm-≈p-∂p-Xm\pw. hn{K-l-]q-P-I-cm-bn-´m-Wt√m C∂-hsc \mw ImWp∂Xv. F∂m¬ EtKzZw bmsXmcp BƒssZ-h-tØbpw Bcm-[n-°phm≥ B⁄m-]n-°p-∂n-s√∂pw, AXnse tZh-∑m¿ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Hmtcm {]Xn-cq-]-ß-fm-sW∂pw lnµp-°-fn∂v Bcm-[n-°p∂ tZh-∑mc-s√∂pw {io. hn.hn.sI. hmeØv ]d-bp∂p.21 EtKz-Z-Ønse Nne hN-\-ß-fp-≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v {io. \mcm-b-W-`-´-Xn-cn -k-a¿Yn-°p-∂Xv AXn¬ Cuizc \m\m-Xz-hn-izm-k-an-s√-∂mWv. Xs‚ "thZm¿∞ hnNmc'-Øn¬ At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p: ""GIw kZzn{]m _lp[m hZ¥n' 22 (kØ- b mb H∂ns\ hnZzm≥am¿ ]e hm°p-IƒsIm≠pw ]d-bp∂p F∂p Xm¬]cyw); "GIw k¥w _lp[m I¬]-b¥n'23 (kØ-bmb H∂ns\ Adn-hp≈-h¿ ]e {]Im-c-Øn¬ I¬]n-°p-∂p); "tbm tZhm\mw \ma[m GI Gh'24 (tZh≥amcpsS \ma-߃ [cn® hy‡n H∂p Xs∂-bm-Ip∂p). Cu aq∂p a{¥-߃ sIm≠v thZ-ß-fn¬ Cuizc \m\m-Xz-an-s√∂v kv]jvS-am-Ip∂p.''25 GI- X z- a - X - Ø n- e mWv C¥y≥ thZ- ß ƒ Du∂n- \ n¬°p- ∂ Xv . F∂m¬ GI-\mb ssZh-Øn\v hnhn[ KpW-ß-fp≠v. B KpW-߃ {]Xn-^-en-∏n-t°-≠-Xn-\mbn Ihn-`m-h\ hnhn[ cq]-ßfpw `mh-ßfpw k¶ev]n®p. AX-\p-k-cn®p ssZhsØ Hmtcm \ma-Øn¬ hnfn®p h¿Wn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ckvem-anse kq^n Ihn-Ifpw Cßs\ hnhn[ cq]-`m-h-߃ \evIn A√m-lpsh h¿Wn-®n-´p≠v. DZm-l-c-Wambn, {In. 1180-˛1235 ImeØv Pohn®, CuPn-]vXp-Im-c-\mb Da-dp-_v\p¬



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^mcnfv Xs‚ Hcp Imhy-Øn¬, A√m-lpsh Iman-\n-bmbpw Imap-I\mbpw k¶¬]n-®n-´p≠v. At±lw ]mSnb Nne hcn-I-fpsS kmcmwiw ImWpI: ""Ah-fn¬\n∂pw cm{Xn-bn¬ k©-cn-°p∂ Hcp hS-°≥ Im‰v ]pe¿°m-e-th-f-bn¬ hoip-tºmƒ AXns‚ Ipfp¿a Fs‚ Bflmhn\v Ah-sf-°p-dn® kvacW \evIp∂p; ]q¿hm-lv\-Øn¬ ]£nIƒ hr£-in-J-c-ß-fn-en-cp∂p ]mSp-Ibpw Nne-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ Fs‚ kvacW DW¿Ø-s∏-Sp∂p; kmbm-lv\-Øn¬ an∂¬ {]Im-i߃ Ah-fpsS kuµ-cy-Øns‚ Zriy-߃ Fs‚ IÆn-se-Øn-°ptºmƒ \b\w k¥p-jvS-am-Ip∂p.''26 Cu hcn- I - f n¬ Ihn A√m- l p- h ns\ Hcp Iman- \ n- b m- b n- ´ mWv k¶¬]n-®n-´p-≈-sX-¶n¬ a‰p Nnte-S-ß-fn¬ Imap-I-\mbpw k¶¬]n®n-´p≠v. DZm-l-c-Ww: ""At±lw t]mbn-°-gn-™mepw Fs‚ Hmtcm Ah-b-hhpw Hmtcm at\m-RvP-X-bnepw emh-Wy-Ønepw kuµ-cy-Øn-epw -A-t±-lsØ Z¿in-°p∂p˛ {ipXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb Bem-]\-Øn-\n-W-ßn-t®¿∂ hoWbp-sSbpw thWp-hn-s‚bpw kwKo-X-Øn¬, Ipfn¿km-bm-lv\-Ønepw {]`m-X-Ønepw am≥t]-S-Iƒ ta™p-\-S-°p∂ ]®-Øm-gvh-c-I-fn¬, ap‰nb taL- ß ƒ, Hcp ]pjv ] - ] - c - h - X m- \ n- b n¬ Ah- b psS ag hogvØp∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬, ]pe¿°m-e-th-f-bn¬ Cfw-Im‰v AXns‚ a[p-c-amb ]cn-a-f-ssXew sIm≠p-h-cp∂ kµ¿`-ß-fn¬, kpJ-\n-jyµn-bmb XW-en¬ Rm≥ IqP-bpsS hmb -Npw-_n®v a[p-a™p \pIcp∂ ka-b-ß-fn¬!''27 CØcw `mh-\m-_-‘p-c-amb h¿W-\-Iƒ Ihn-Iƒ°-\p-h-Zn-°s∏-´-h-bm-sW-∂s{X s]mXp-hmb kmln-Xy-aXw. ]t£, hnZzm-≥amcpw kmam- \ y- P - \ - ß - f p- s am- c p- t ]mse hmbn- ° p∂ aX- { K- Ÿ - ß - f n- e m- I ptºmƒ ]e sX‰mb hnizm-k-߃°pw A_≤ [mc-W-Iƒ°pw AXv hgn-sh-t®°pw. C∂v `mc-Xo-b-X-bpsS aX-hn-izm-khpw Bcm-[\m k{º-Zm-bhpw XnI™ \m\m-Xz-k-¶¬]-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-ambn \mw ImWp∂p. CXns‚ Hcp {][m\ ImcWw {]kvXpX h¿W-\-Ifpw `mh-\-I-fp-a-s√-∂mcp I≠p?



b⁄w AYhm bmKw C\n thZ-Im-esØ Bcy≥am-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn-sb-∏‰n Aev]w Btem-Nn°mw. "b⁄w' AYhm bmKw F∂mWv {]kvXpX Bcm-[\m k{º-Zm-bsØ hnfn-°p-∂Xv. Hcp bmK-ime D≠m-bn-cn°pw. GXm\pw ]ptcmln-X-∑m¿ tN¿∂v thZ-a-{¥-߃ Dcp-hnSpw. "EXzn°p' Isf-∂mWv kmam\y-ambn Ahsc hnfn-°pI. Hcp AKv\n-Ip-fihpw k÷-am-°n-bn-cn°pw. AXn¬ ]ip, Imf, IpXnc, BSv apX-emb Pohn-Isf sIm∂p tlman°pw. IqSmsX "tkmaw' F∂p ]d-bp∂ Hcp eX IpØn-∏n-gn™v \osc-SpØv, Acn®v, £ocw, ssXcv apX-em-bh - bpw tKmX-ºp-amhpw a‰pw tN¿Øv ]pfn-



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∏n® Hcp ]m\o-bhpw tZh≥am¿°¿∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. CXn\v "tkmabmKw' F∂p t]¿. CØcw Bcm- [ \m k{º- Z m- b - ß ƒ ]pcm- X \ ImesØ Cdm≥Imcnepw \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn Kth-j-I-≥am¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. "AhkvX' bmbn-cp∂p Cdm≥Im-cpsS BIm-i-{KŸw. Ah-kvXbpw EtKz-Zhpw ]Tn-°p-Ibpw KmV-amb Kth-jWw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn´p≈ hn≥Uvjvam≥(Windisch Mann) Xs‚ Story of Media28 F∂ {KŸØn¬ Cu hkvXp-X-bn-te°v hnc¬ Nq≠n-bn-´p≠v. Cdm≥Im-cpsS `mj-bn¬ tkmasØ "tlma' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. A·n BZn-bn¬ Hcp "Jn_ve'(Zni) F∂ \ne-bv°m-hWw, Bcm[-\-bn¬ ÿew-]n-Sn-®Xv. ]t£, ]n∂o-SXv Hcp tZh-\mbn Iev]n-°s∏´p. tkmahpw Hcp tZh-\maw Xs∂. AKv\nsb kvXpXn-°p∂ a{¥ßƒ thZ-Øn¬ \nc-h-[n-bp≠v. A·nsb kvXpXn-®p-sIm-≠mWv EtKzZw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xp-Xs∂. AXnse HºXmw afiew apgp-h≥ tkma-th-Z-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-≈-XmWv. BI-bm¬ AKv\n°pw tkma-Øn\pw thZw \¬In-bn-´p≈ {]m[m\yw koam-Xo-X-as{X. bmK-k-{º-Zmbw ss__n-fnepw ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. Ckvem-anepw arK-_en Hcp ]pWyI¿a-amWv. ]t£, GI-\mb A√m-lp-hn\v am{Xta Ckvem-anI kn≤m-¥-a-\p-k-cn®v _en-b¿∏n-°mhq.



ssZh-amWv F√m-‰n-s‚bpw A[n-\m-Y≥ ssZhsØ AJne Ncm-N-c-ß-fpsS A[n-\m-Y-\m-bn-´mWv thZw ImWp-∂Xv. IrjvW-b-Pp¿t∆-Z-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xp ImWpI: ""NXp-∏p-\n-e-ß-fp-tSbpw \S-h-gn-I-fp-tSbpw ImSn-t‚bpw \mSnt‚bpw Be- I - f p- t Sbpw Be- b - ß - f p- t Sbpw Ip∂n- t ‚bpw Ip≠ns‚bpw hn]n\ (ImSp)ßfp-tSbpw Kpl-bp-tSbpw Pem-i-b-ß-fp-tSbpw Xpln\ (a™v, \nemhv) Ønt‚bpw i–-Øn-t‚bpw [qfn-bp-tSbpw Np≈n-s°m-ºn-t‚bpw sNSn-I-fp-tSbpw `qan-bp-tSbpw ]pf-s®m-gp-Ip∂ \Zn-I-fp-tSbpw ac-Ønse ]®n-e-I-fp-tSbpw aÆn¬ sImgn™ CeI-fp-tSbpw \mY-\mb Aß-bv°-`n-hm-Z\w!''29 CXp-t]m-ep≈ ssien-Iƒ Jp¿-B\pw Ahn-S-hnsS kzoI-cn-®Xmbn ImWmw. temI-ß-fpsS \mY≥, BIm-i-ß-fp-tSbpw `qan-bptSbpw A¥-cm-f-ß-fp-sSbpw \mY≥, tNmXn-\-£-{X-Øns‚ \mY≥, DZb ka-b-Øns‚ \mY≥, AkvX-ab ka-b-Øns‚ \mY≥, B aµn-c-Øns‚ \mY≥, Fs‚ \mY≥, Rß-fpsS \mY≥, \ns‚ \mY≥, \nß- f psS \mY≥, Ahs‚ \mY≥, Ah- c psS \mY≥, AXns‚ \mY≥, Ah-bpsS \mY≥ apX-emb {]tbm-K-߃ DZm-l-cWw.



ssZhw kI-e⁄ ≥ ssZhw k¿h- ⁄ \m- s W∂pw \tΩmSv G‰hpw ASp- Ø - h - \ m-



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sW∂pw thZw DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p∂p. AY¿h thZ-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""B¿Xs∂ \n∂mepw \S-∂mepw cl-ky-ambn Nncn-®mepw InS∂mepw Fgp-t∂-‰mepw hcp-W≥ AXv Adn-bp∂p. c≠p hy‡n-Iƒ XΩn¬ Ipip-Ip-ip-°p-∂-Xm-bmepw A[o-i-\mb At±lw Adn-bp∂p. AhnsS At±lw XrXo-b-\mWv.''30 Jp¿-B≥ GI-ssZ-h-Øns‚ KpW-߃ h¿Wn-®-Xn-t\mSv A\¬]amb kmZriyw ChnsS \mw ImWp∂p. Jp¿-B-\n¬ Hcn-SØv Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p: ""BIm-i-ß-fnepw `qan-bn-ep-ap-≈-sX√mw A√mlp Adn-bp-∂psh∂ hkvXpX \o ImWp-∂nt√? aq∂p-t]¿ Ipip-Ip-ip-°p-tºmƒ \mem-a-\mbn Ah-\p-≠m-Ip∂p. A©p t]¿ Ipip-Ip-ip-°p-tºmƒ Bdm-a-\mbn Ah-\p-≠m-Ip∂p. Ipd-™mepw A[n-I-am-bmepw Ahscm-∂n®v Fhn-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw Ah-\p-≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°n√.''31 as‰m-cn-SØv A√mlp ]d-bp∂p: ""a\p-jys\ \mamWv krjvSn-®n-´p-≈Xv. Ahs‚ a\ v a{¥n-°p∂Xv \mw Adn-bp∂p. Ahs‚ IWvT-\m-Un-tb-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ ASpØm-Ip∂p \mw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv.''32 C{km-tb¬ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ btlmh Ah-cpsS am{Xw ssZhsa∂ \ne-bn-emWv ss__n-fn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂Xv. AXn\m¬, kz¥w ktlm-Z-c-∑m-tcm-S-√msX CX-c-∑m-tcmSv \oXn ImWn∏m≥ Ah¿ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-∂n√. AYhm B \ne-°mWv aX-[m¿anI-\n¿tZ-i-߃ hym-Jym-\n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂Xv . tamk- ns‚ ]Øp Iev]-\-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ H∂v CXs{X: ""Iq´p-Im-cs‚ t\sc I≈-km£yw ]d-b-cpXv; Iq´p-Im-cs‚ `h\sØ tamln-°-cpXv; Iq´p-Im-cs‚ `mcy-tbbpw Ahs‚ Zmk-t\bpw Zmkn- t bbpw Ahs‚ Imf- t bbpw Igp- X - t bbpw Iq´p- I m- c - ∂ p≈ bmsXm-∂n-t\bpw tamln-°-cpXv.'' 33 F∂m¬ `mc-Xob thZ-߃ Cu hnth-N-\sØ A\p-Iq-en-°p∂n√. Ahsb D≤-cn®p {io. IrjvW-ssN-X\y Fgp-Xn-bXv t\m°pI: ""hcp-W≥ a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS ssZh-amWv; Hcp h¿K-Øns‚ am{Xw ssZha√. Cu hnime ho£-WØ - n¬ k¶p-Nn-Xa- mb h¿Ko-b\ - o-Xn-t_m[w km[ya√. A]-cn-Nn-X-t\mSv Im´p∂ A[¿a-߃ ]cn-Nn-X-t\mSv Im´p∂ A{XXs∂ sX‰mWv. "R߃ Rßsf kvt\ln-°p∂ Hcp hy‡n-tbmSv sX‰p sNbvXn-´p-s≠-¶n¬, Hcp ktlm-Zc - t- \mtSm, Nßm-Xn-tbmtSm, Ab¬°m-ct\m-tSm, hntZ-in-tbmtSm A[¿aw Im´n-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ tl hcp-W-tZh, Rßsf B A]-cm-[Ø - n¬\n∂p tamNn-∏n-®mepw!''34 \oXn-]m-e\ - Ø - ns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ CXn-t\-°mƒ hnim-eX - c - a - mWv Jp¿B-\n-Ih - o-£Ww. kvt\ln-°p-∂h - t- cmSv am{X-a√, i{Xp-°t- fm-Sp-t]mepw \oXn ]men-°p-hm-\mWv Jp¿-B≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂Xv.



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



""kXy-hn-izm-kn-Itf, \n߃t°m amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒt°m ASpØ IpSpw-_-_-‘p-°ƒt°m tZmj-am-bn-cp-∂mepw sIm≈mw, \oXn-]m-eI-∑mcpw ssZh-Øn-\p-th≠n km£yw hln-°p-∂-h-cp-am-IpI!''35 ""kXy-hn-izm-kn-Itf, ssZh-Øn\v th≠n \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-hcpw \oXn°p km£yw hln- ° p- ∂ - h - c p- a m- I pI. Hcp P\- X - t bm- S p≈ hntZzjw \oXn ImWn-∏m-Xn-cn-°m≥ \nßsf t{]cn-∏n-®p-IqSm. \oXn ]men-∏n≥. AXmWv `‡n-bp-ambn G‰hpw ASp-Øn-´p-≈Xv. ssZh-`‡-cm-hpI.'' 36 B{I- a - W m- h - k - c - Ø n- e - √ msX as‰m- c n- ° epw hna- X - ÿ - c p- a mbn kulr-Z-Øn¬ h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xnt\m, Ah¿°v \∑bpw kpIr-Xhpw sNøp-∂-Xnt\m Ckvemw XS- -a√. aX-Øns‚ t]cn¬ B{I-a-Ww\-S-Øn-b-h-cp-ambn ssa-{Xo-_‘w ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xp-am-{Xta ssZhw XSbp-∂p≈q. Cu Imcyw A¿-Y-i-¶-°nSw \evImØ hn[w, Jp¿-B≥ sh´n-Øp-d∂p {]Jym-]n-®n-´p≠v: ""aX-Øns‚ t]cn¬ \nß-fp-ambn bp≤w \S-Øp-Itbm, \nßsf \nß-fpsS `h-\-ß-fn¬\n∂p ]pd-Øm-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-´n-√mØ hnaX-ÿ≥-am¿°v \∑-sN-øp-∂Xpw Ah-tcmSv \oXn-]q¿hw h¿Øn-°p∂Xpw A√mlp XS-bp-∂n√. \oXn-\n-jvT-∑m-sc-bmWv A√mlp CjvSs∏-Sp-∂Xv. aX-Øns‚ t]cn¬ \nßsf B{I-an-°p-Ibpw \nß-fpsS `h-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v \nßsf ]pd-Øm-°p-Ibpw \nßsf _ln-jvI-cn°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≈-hsc an{X-ß-fm°n hbv°p∂tX A√mlp \ntcm-[n-°p-∂p≈q. Chsc h√-hcpw an{X-ß-fm-°nbm¬ Ah¿ A{I-an-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv.''37 C{Xbpw ]d-™-Xn¬\n∂v `mc-Xob thZ-ß-fnepw Jp¿-B-\nepw hnh-cn-®n-´p≈ ssZhn-I-Kp-W-߃ XΩn¬ ASpØ kmZr-iy-ap-s≠∂v hy‡-ambn. ]t£, `mc-Xo-b-th-Z-߃ Ihn-`m-h-\-Ifpw {]Xo-Im-flI-ssi-en-Ifpw \nd-™-h-bm-I-bm¬ Ah-bnse B[ym-flnI XXz߃ D∂X `mh-\m-k-º-∂-cmb hnZzm-∑m¿°-√msX a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ {]bm-k-am-sW∂v am{Xw! Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ 1. D≤-cWw: amXr-`qan hm¿jn-I-∏-Xn∏v (1972), t]. 50 2. The Hindu, August 22-1969 3. An Introduction to Jung's Psychology p. 69 4. D≤-cWw: amXr-`qan hm¿jn-I-∏-Xn-∏v 1972 t]. 50 5. D≤-cWw: Ibid P. 49 6. D≤cWw: Ibid P. 49 t\m°pI. 7. D≤-cWw: Ibid t]. 49 t\m°pI. 8. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, A. 17, kq. 77; A. 33, kq. 62; A. 30, kq. 30 t\m°pI. 9. Jp¿-B≥ 3: 83 10. Ibid A. 17, kq. 44



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305



11. DZm-l-c-W-ambn A. 22, kq. 62; A. 10, kq. 32 12. DZm-l-c-W-ambn A. 2, kq. 147; A. 10, kq. 108 13. DZm-l-c-W-ambn A. 28, kq. 53; A. 35, kq. 31; A. 57, kq. 16 14. A. 6, kq. 73; A. 15, kq. 85; A. 16, kq. 3 15. A. 3, kq. 190, 191 16. BapJw t]. 10 17. temI-N-cn{Xw hm. 1, t]. 135 18. EtKzZw a. 8, kq. 30, E. 2 19. temI-N-cn{Xw hm. 1, t]. 134 20. EtKzZw a. 1, kq. 164, E. 46 21. EtKz-Z-Øn-eqsS t]. 125 22. EtKzZw a: 1, kq. 165, E. 46 23. Ibid a. 10, kq. 114, E. 5 24. Ibid a. 10, kq. 82, E. 3 25. thZm¿Y hnNmcw t]. 33 26. Ad_n kmlnXyNcn{Xw by IrjvW-ssN-X\y t]. 221 27. Ibid P. 221 28. t]. 118-˛121 t\m°pI. 29. IrjvW bPp¿thZw, A[ymbw 4, a{¥w 6˛9 30. AY¿∆ thZw Imfiw 4, h¿§w 16, a{¥w 8 31. Jp¿-B≥ 58: 7 32. Ibid 50: 16 33. ]pd-∏mSv 20: 16, 17 34. kwkvIrX kmlnXy Ncn{Xw hm. 1, t]. 126 35. Jp¿-B≥ 4: 135 36. Ibid 5: 8 37. Ibid 60: 8, 9



A[ymbw Ccp-]-Ø©v



I¿a ImWvUw C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS apJy-amb Bcm-[-\m-coXn bmKw AYhm b⁄w Bbn-cp∂p. bmK-hn-[n-Ifpw AXn¬ a{¥-ß-fpsS ÿm\hpw hnh-cn-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv thZ-`m-K-amb {_mlva-W-ß-fpsS Imcy-amb tPmen. {_mlva-Ww F∂m¬ {_lvasØ (Cuiz-cs\) kw_-‘n°p-∂Xv F∂m-W¿Yw. {_m-lva-W-ß-fpsS A\p-_-‘-ßfpw ]cnin-jvS-ß-fp-amWv Bc-Wy-I-߃. AcWy(h\)Øn¬ h®p \S-Øp∂ a\-\-am¿§-ß-sf-bmWv Ah D]-tZ-in-°p-∂Xv. hm\-{]-ÿm-{iaw kzoIcn®hsc Bc-Wy-I-߃ a\-\-am¿Kw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂p. {_mlva-W-ßsf "I¿a-Imfiw'F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p. EIv, bPp v, kmaw, AY¿hw F∂o \mep thZ-kw-ln-X-I-tfmSpw _‘-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



s∏- S p∂ {_mlv a - W - ß fpw Bc- W y- I - ß - f p- a p- s ≠- ∂ mWv hbv ] v . F∂m¬ GXm\pw {_mlva-W-ßfpw Bc-Wy-I-ßfpw am{Xta C∂v \ne-hn-ep≈q. sshZnI kmlnXyw F∂p ]d-™m¬ kwln-X-Ifpw {_mlvaW-ßfpw Bc-Wy-I-ß-fp-amWv. Hmtcm C\-Ønepw hnhn[ kam-lmc-ß-fp≠v. {_mlva-W≥am¿°n-S-bn¬ DZv`-hn® A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-kß-fpsS ^e-am-bn-´mWv hn`n-∂-amb C{X-b-[nIw kmln-Xy-߃ D≠mbXv. {io. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""sshZn-I-km-ln-Xy-Øn-t‚bpw I¿a-Im-fi-Øn-t‚bpw kwc-£I- ∑ m- c mb {_mlv a - W ≥am¿ XΩn- e p≈ A`n- { ]m- b - h y- X ym- k - ß ƒ \nanØw hn`n-∂-h¿K-ß-fp-≠mbn. Ch-sb-bmWv "imJ-Iƒ' F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. Hmtcm imJ°pw kz¥-amb kwln-X-Ifpw {_mlva-Wßfpw Bc-Wy-I-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, ssXØ-cob imJ°v ssXØ-cob kwln-X-Ifpw ssXØ-cob {_mlva-Whpw ssXØ-cob Bc-Wy-I-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. C∂v \nc-h[n imJ-I-fpsS kwln-X-Ifpw {_mlva-W-ßfpw Bc-Wy-I-ßfpw D]-e-_v[-a√.''1 BZn - B - c y- ≥ am- c psS Bcm- [ \m k{º- Z m- b - ß - s f- ∏ - ‰ n- b mWv {_mlvaW-߃ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-sX∂v kqNn-∏n-®p-ht√m. \nc-h[n b⁄-am¿K-߃ Ah-bn¬ hnh-cn-®p-ImWmw. ip¢ bPp¿th-Z-tØmSp _‘-s∏´ "iX-]-Y-{_m-lvaWw' IqSp-X¬ {]am-W-tbm-Ky-ambn IcpX-s∏-Sp∂p. CXns‚ Ah-km\ Imfi-Øn-\mWv "_rl-Zm-c-WyIw' F∂p ]d- b p- ∂ Xv . _rl- Z m- c - W yIw Hcp]\n- j Øp IqSn- b mWv . F∂m¬ F√m Bc-Wy-I-ßfpw D]-\n-j-Øp-I-f-√. \qdp am¿Kw F∂mWv iX-]Yw F∂-Xns‚ A¿Yw. {_mlva-W-ß-fn¬ hnkvX-cn-°-s∏´ b⁄-ß-fp-tSbpw bmK-ßfp-tSbpw coXn ChnsS hnh-cn-°p-hm≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂n√. F∂m¬, iX]-Y-Ønse H∂p c≠p bmK-co-Xn-I-sf-∏‰n A¬]-sam∂v hnh-cn-°p∂p. C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am-cpsS {]mNo-\m-Nm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn® GXm-s≠mcp Nn{Xw AXn¬\n∂p a\- n-emIpw.



Aiz-ta[ bmKw tkma-bmKw, ku{Xm-a-Wn-bmKw, ]ufi-coIw, Aiz-ta-[-bmKw XpSßn \nc- h [n Bcm- [ - \ m- k - { º- Z m- b - ß - f p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂p C≥tUm˛Bcy≥am¿°v. C°m-eØv Ah-bpsS {]m[m\yw Xptemw Ipd-™n-cn-°p∂p. Aiz-ta-[-bmKw hºn® ]W-s®-ehpw hn]p-e-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-bp-ap≈ Hcp aX-N-S-ßm-bn-cp∂p. £{Xnb cmPm-°≥am¿ i{Xp-°-fp-am-bp≈ bp≤-Øn¬ hnPbw hcn-®m¬ \S-Øn-h-∂n-cp∂ Hcp bmK-am-WnXv. bp≤-Øn¬ Nne-t∏mƒ {_m-lvaW PmXn-bn¬ s]´hsc h[n-s®∂p hcpw. alm-]m-]-ß-fn¬ s]Sp∂p Cu {_mlvaWlXy. CΩm-Xncn ]m]-߃ s]mdp-∏n-°m-\p≈ Hcp -{]m-b-›nØw



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307



IqSn-bm-Ip∂p Aiz-ta[w. CXns‚ NS-ßp-Iƒ Hcp sIm√w apgp-h≥ \o≠p-\n¬°pw. B bmK-]-cn-]mSn kzev]-sam∂p hnh-cn-°p∂p. BZy-ambn Hcp b⁄-I-hmSw \n¿an-°p-Ibpw bmKw \S-Øp-∂Xn\v t\XrXzw sImSp-°p∂ {_mlva-Wsc \nb-an-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. tlmXmhv, A[zcyp, {_lva≥, DZvKm-Xmhv F∂n-ßs\ \mep-Xcw ]ptcm-ln-X-k-aq-l-ap-≠m-bn-cn°pw. Hmtcm kaq-l-Øn\pw kp\n-›nX IrXy-ß-fp≠v. Chsc s]mXpsh "EXzn°p'Iƒ F∂p-hn-fn-°p∂p. A\-¥cw e£-W-samØ Hcp AizsØ Xnc-s™-Sp°pw. ]ptcmln-X≥am¿°v Bbncw ]iphpw \qdp ]ew kz¿Æhpw hoXw Z£nW- \ - e v I Ww. bmKw sNøn- ° p∂ Bƒ˛Ct±- l sØ "bP- a m- \ ≥' F∂p hnfn-°p∂p˛ \J-in-Jm-Zn-Iƒ apdn®v , icocw hrØn-bm°n, ]pXp-h-kv{X-a-Wn™v, bmK-im-e-bn¬ {]th-in-°p∂p. XZ-h-kcw bPam-\s‚ ]Xv\n-am¿, ]p{Xn-am-cp-tSbpw ]cn-Nm-cn-I-am-cp-tSbpw AI-ºSn-tbm-Sp-IqSn AhnsS {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂p. cmPm-hn\v, \mep-hoXw `mcyam-cp-≠mhpw: alnjn (apJy-`mcy), hmhmX (CjvS-`mcy), ]cn-hr‡ (Ah-K-WnX `mcy), ]mem-Ken (iq{Z-Pm-Xn-bn-ep≈ `mcy). Ch¿ bYm{Iaw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂p. Chsc AI-ºSn tkhn-°p-∂-Xn\v \m\qtdmfw kv{XoIƒ thtd-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cn°pw. ]ptcm-ln-X≥am¿ b⁄I-hm-S-Øns‚ \mep hi-ß-fn-embn \nev]p-d-∏n°pw. Hmtcm ]ptcmln-X-k-aq-l-Øn-t‚bpw kao-]-Ømbn cmPm-°-∑m¿, {Kma-{]-am-Wn-am¿ apX-emb {]apJ hy‡n-Iƒ ÿew ]nSn°pw. Aßs\ Aiz-ta[mizw bmK-im-esb {]Z-£nWw shbv°p∂p. ]ptcm-ln-X-hrµw Aiz-Øns‚ ta¬ Xo¿Yw Xfn°pw. A\-¥cw a[p-a-Ø-\mb Hcmƒ Hcp ]´nsb De-°-sIm≠v ˛kn{[Iw F∂mWo De-°-bpsS t]¿˛ ASn-®p-sIm-√Ww. ]ns∂ AizsØ sh≈-Øn-en-d°n, h[n-°-s∏´ ]´n-bpsS ihw IpXn-c-bpsS Iogn-eqsS Nqc¬sIm≠v Ipcp°n Hgp°Ww. tijw IpXn-csb bmK-im-e-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂v AXns‚ ta¬ Nne Blp- X n- I ƒ \S- Ø p∂p. ]p√p- s Im≠p \n¿an® Hcp IbdpsIm≠v IpXn-csb _‘n®p, a{¥-߃ Dcp-hn´v Xo¿Y-m`n-tjIw sNøpw. bP-am-\≥ IpXn-c-bpsS sNhn-bn¬ Cßs\ a{¥n°pw: ""tZh∑mtc, ZnIv]m-e≥amtc! Cu AizsØ c£n-∏n≥!'' Aßs\ IpXncsb cmPyw Np‰m≥ Agn-®p-hn-Sp∂p. IpXn-c-bpsS k©m-c-th-f-bn¬ AXn-t\m-sSm∏w Bbp-[-[m-cn-Ifmb c£n-Ifpw aq∂p CjvSn-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cn°pw. CjvSn-Iƒ cmPmhns‚ A]-Zm-\-߃ Io¿Øn®p KmY-Iƒ ]mSpw. s]¨Ip-X-nc-bpambn kº¿°w ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xnt\m sh≈-Øn-en-d-ßp-∂-Xnt\m Aizta-[m-izsØ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bn√. AXns‚ k©m-c-Im-eØv bmKim-e-bn¬ h®pw cmPm-hns\ kvXpXn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Km\m-em-]-\-ßfpw a‰pw \S°pw. Znh-tk\ kmbw ImeØv "[rXn' F∂p t]cp≈



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



tlmahpw \S-Ø-s∏Spw. tlmXmhv, A[zcyp F∂o {][m\ ]ptcmln-X≥am¿°v A°m-eØv [mcmfw Z£nW \evI-s∏Spw. h¿jw XnI-bp-tºmƒ AizsØ Xncn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cp∂p. A\¥c Znh- k - ß - f nse NS- ß p- I - f mWv G‰hpw {][m\w. BZysØ Znhkw A\-h[n Pohn-Iƒ h[n-°-s∏Spw. bmK-im-e-bn¬ Ccp-]sØm∂p kvXw`-߃ \m´n-bn-cn°pw. Hmtcm tZh-s‚bpw t]cn¬ ]eXcw P¥p-°ƒ Blp-Xn-sN-ø-s∏Spw. C°q-´-Øn¬ ]ip-°-fp-ap≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂Xv {]tXyIw {]kvXm-hy-amWv. alm-`m-cX-Øn¬ bp[n- j v T n- c s‚ Aiz- t a- [ sØ h¿Wn- ® n- S Øv ]d- b p∂p: ""]ip°sfs°m¬h-Xn-\p-a¥w I≠o-e-Xn¬ P\w!'' (Ip™n-°p-´≥ Xºpcms‚ hnh¿Ø\w t\m°pI.) c≠mw Znh-k-Ønse NS-ßp-I-fmWv G‰hpw A]-lm-k-I-c-ambn tØm∂p-∂Xv. A∂v Aiz-ta-[m-izsØ thsd aq∂p IpXn-cI - t- fm-sSm-∂n®v cY-Øn¬ ]q´n, AXn¬ bP-am-\\pw {][m\ ]ptcm-ln-X\ - mb A[z-cyphpw Ib-dn-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ Pem-i-b-Øn¬ Cd-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. cYw bmK-im-e-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Øp-∂-tXmsS cmP-]-Xv\n-amcpw ]cn-Nm-cn-I-amcpw {]Xy-£s - ∏-Sp∂p. ]´-al - njn Aiz-Øns‚ ap≥`m-KØpw, hmhm-Xmhv a[y`m-KØpw, ]cn-hr-‡mhv ]n≥`m-KØpw shÆ ]pc´pw. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ ]ptcm-ln-X∑ - m¿ EtKzZ kq‡-߃ sNm√n AizsØ kvXpXn°pw.2 A\-¥cw Xd-bn¬ Z¿`-∏p√pw Iw_-fhpw hncn®v AXn¬ Hcp kz¿W°-jW-an´v IpXn-csb AXn≥ta¬ InSØn izmkw ap´n®v sIm√p∂p. cm⁄n-am¿ "KWm-\mw Xzm' F∂p-cp-hn´v CS-Øp-\n∂v he-tØm´pw "{]nb \mw Xzm' F∂p-®c - n®v he-Øp-\n-∂n-St- Øm-´pw, "\n[o\mw Xzm' F∂p sNm√n ho≠pw CS-Øp-\n∂p he-tØm´pw \S-°p∂p. Cßs\ aq∂p {]mhiyw Bh¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. XZ-hk - cw Xß-fpsS hkv{Xm-©ew sIm≠v IpXn-csb hoip-Ibpw thWw. CØ-cpW-Øn¬ cm⁄n-am¿ Xß-fpsS heXp-hi - sØ Xe-apSn taevt]m´v sI´n-sh®v, CS-Xp-hi - Øp Agn-®n-Sp-Ibpw sNøWw.3 Poh≥ t]mbn-°-gn-™m¬ bP-am\≥ Xs‚ aln-jnsb IpXn-c-bpsS tate°v "kz¿Kob kpJw A\p-`h - n-®p-sIm-≈pI' F∂p-®c - n®p X≈n-bn-SpIbpw A[z-cyp -A-hsc Iw_fw hen®p aqSp-Ibpw sNøpw. "CXp-X-s∂bmWv kz¿K-temIw...' F∂p ]d™v alnjn IpXn-cb - p-ambn kwt`m-KØ - nte¿s∏Spw.4 CØ-cp-WØ - n¬ ]ptcm-ln-X≥amcpw cmP-]X - v\n-am-cpsS ]cnNm-cn-Ia - mcpw XΩn¬ A«oe hmIvka - cw \SØpw. A[zcyp ]´-al - n-jnsb t\m°n ]dbpw: ""Ipamco, lsb lsb, Ipamco! bImfkIu iIp-¥nIm!'' CXn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn ]´-a-ln-jn -]-dbpw: "A[ztcym, lsb lsb, A[ztcym! btImfkIu iIp-¥nI!''5 A\¥cw as‰mcp ]ptcm-ln-X-\mb {_lva≥ Ipam-cnsb t\m°n "alnjo; lsb lsb, alnjo! \ns‚ A—-\Ω - a - m¿ apf-®p-hc - p∂ hr£-



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Øns‚ A{K-ß-fmWv' F∂p- hn-fn®p ]dbpw. Ipam-cn°v \qdp cP-]p{Xn-am¿ ]cn-Nm-cn-I-am-cm-bp-≠m-bn-cn°pw. Ch¿ {_lvas\ A`n-ap-JoI-cn®p adp-]Sn ]dbpw: ""{_“≥, lsb, lsb, {_lva≥! \nßfpsS A—-\-Ω-am¿ {IoUn-°p∂ hr£-Øns‚ apI-fn-es{X!'' 6 CXn-\p-tijw thsdmcp ]ptcm-ln-X-\mb DZvKm-Xmhv ]´-a-ln-jnbpsS k]-Xv\n-bmb hmhm-Xm-hns\ t\m°n ]dbpw: ""hmhm-Xmth, lsb lsb, hmhm-Xmth! Cu bP-am\ ]Xv\n-bpsS ...!''7 Ch¿°v \qdp £{Xn-b-kv{Xo-Iƒ ]cn-Nm-cn-I-am-cm-bp-≠mhpw. Ch¿ DZvKm-Xmhns\ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn®p adp-]Sn ]dbpw: ""DZvKm-Xmth, lsb lsb, DZvKm-Xmth! Aßv IpXn-c-bpsS...8 ]ns∂mcp ]ptcm-ln-X-\mb tlmXmhpw aln-jn-bpsS as‰mcp k]Xv\n-bmb ]cn-hr-‡m-hns\ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn®p CtX {]Imcw Dcp-hnSpw. Ch¿°v ]cn-Nm-cn-I-am-cmbn \qdp kqX {Kma-Wn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cn°pw. Ah¿ tlmXm-hn\v adp-]-Sn-sb-t∂mWw ta¬ {]Imcw A«o-tem-‡nIƒ Dcp-hnSpw. £Ømhv ]mem-K-en-tbmSpw C{]-Imcw A«o-tem-‡nIƒ ]dbpw. Ah¿°v £{Xn-b-Pm-Xn-bn¬s]´ \qdp sh∏m-´n-Iƒ ]cnNm-cn-I-am-cm-bp-≠m-bn-cn°pw. Ch¿ £Øm-hn-t\mSpw ta¬{]-Imcw adp]Sn ]dbpw.9 Ah-km-\-ambn F√m kv{XoIfpw tN¿∂v, cmP-]-Xv\nsb ]nSns®-gp-t∂-ev]n-°p∂p. Cø-h-k-c-Ønepw \n¿Zn-jvS-amb a{¥-ßfpw {]m¿Y-\-Ifpw Dcp-hn-Sm-\p≠v. ]n∂oSv IpXn-csb apdn-°p∂ NS-ßmWv. ]´-a-lnjn kz¿W-°-Ønbpw hmhmX sh≈n-°-Ønbpw ]cn-hr-‡ C-cp-ºp-I-Ønbpw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv "h]' (ta[ v) FSp-t°-≠Xv. EXznIv h] ]mIw sNøpw. Cu IrXy-Øn\v apºv {_mlva-W-cmb ]fin-X≥am¿ B[ym-flnI Imcy-ß-sf-∏‰n hmZ-{]-Xn-hmZw \S-Øp∂ as‰mcp NS-ßp-ap≠v. AXn\v "{_lvtamZyw' F∂p ]d-bp∂p. ta[ v tlman-®p-I-gn-™m¬ bP-am-\≥ knwl-Øn-s‚tbm ]penbp-sStbm tXmen¬ D]-hn-jvS-\mIpw. At±-l-Øns‚ inc- n¬ Hcp IjWw kz¿Æw sh®v, Xe-°p-ap-I-fn¬ Imf-tØm¬ ]nSn®v, lhymh-injvSw sNmcn-bp∂p. CtXmsS c≠mw Znh-ksØ ]cn-]mSn Ahkm-\n°pw. aq∂mw Znh-k-amWv bP-am-\s‚ "Ah-`r-Y-kv\m\w' F∂ NSßv. ]nwK-e-h¿W-ap≈ IÆpw D¥nb ]√pw Ij-≠n-Ø-ebpw ]mfipap≈ Hcmƒ sh≈-Øn¬ apßpw. Abm-fpsS Xe°p aosX "Pw_pI kzmlm' F∂p ]d-™p-sIm≠v Hcp _en-b¿∏n°pw. CXs{X Aizta-[-bm-K-Ønse Ah-km\ NSßv.10 Cu I¿a-߃ \S-°p-tºm-sgms° ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cmb {_mlvaW-∑m¿°v Z£n-W-Iƒ [mcm-f-ambn \¬I-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-∂Xv {]tXyIw {]kvXm-hy-amWv. H∂m-asØ Znh-khpw aq∂m-asØ Znh-khpw bP-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



am-\≥ EXzn-°p-Iƒ°v Bbncw ]ip-°ƒ hoXw \¬IWw. IqSmsX bp≤-Øn¬ i{Xp-°-fn¬\n∂p ]nSn-s®-SpØ kzØp-°fpw Ah¿°v hoXn- ® p- s Im- S p- ° Ww. Ing- ° ≥ Zn°p- I - f nse [\w tlmXm- h n\v; sX°≥ Zn°p-I-fn-teXv {_lvam-hn\v; ]Sn-™m-d≥ Zn°p-I-fn-teXv A[z-cyp-hn\v; hS-°≥ Zn°p-I-fn-teXv DZvKm-Xm-hn\pw!11



Ncn{X]cX CØcw bmK-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ {]mNo\ `mc-X-Øn¬ \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Ncn{Xw kwi-bn-°p-∂n√. EtKzZw H∂mw afi-e-Ønse 162˛Dw 163˛-Dw kq‡-߃ Aiz-ta-[-bm-K-sØ-bmWv h¿Wn-®n-´p-≈Xv. F∂m¬, thZ-Øn¬ ImWp∂ Cu bmK-Øn\v AXy-Km-[hpw AXnK- l - \ - h p- a mb B¥- c m¿Y- ß - f m- W p- ≈ - s X∂pw _mlym¿Y- Ø n¬ AsX-Sp-°p-∂Xv icn-b-s√∂pw C∂v Nne `mc-Xob ]fin-X-\vam¿ hmZn-°p∂p. ]t£, \njv]£ \ncq-]-I-∑m¿ Cu hmZw AwKo-I-cn∏m≥ k∂-≤-c√. ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® Xc-Øn-ep≈ aX-N-S-ßp-Iƒ a‰p Nnte-SØpw \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-I-∑m¿ sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, bqtdm-∏ns‚ Nne `mK-ß-fn¬ Aiz-ta-[-bmKw \S∂n-cp-∂p-ht{X. Vision of India F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""bqtdm-∏ns‚ hS-°p-`m-K-ß-fn-ep≈ Nne ÿe-ß-fn¬ Aiz-ta[-bmKw \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp≠v. lnµp-°-fpsS Nne BNm-c-I¿a߃ enXzm-\n-bm-bn¬ Ct∏mgpw \S-∂p-h-cp∂p. C¥y-bnse Nne \ZnI-fp-tSbpw a‰pw t]cp-Ifpw C{µ≥, hcp-W≥, ]pcp F∂o tZh-\m-aßfpw AhnsS cq]m-¥-c-s∏´p ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv.''12 arK-hp-am-bp≈ ssewKn-I-k-º¿°w {]mIrX kap-Zm-b-߃°n-Sbn¬ ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv aX-N-S-sß∂ \ne-bn¬ \S-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xmbpw sXfn-bn-°-s∏-´n-´p≠v. slkv\m¿Un (Hesnard)s\ D≤-cn®v dÃw Pn. taØ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xp ImWpI: ""slkv\m¿Uns‚ A`n-{]m-b-a-\p-k-cn®v, {]mIrX h¿K-߃°nS-bn¬ arK-hp-am-bp≈ ssewKn-I-tN¿® \S-∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. DZml-cW-Øn\v sNdp-∏-°m¿ BZy-ambn \mbm-Sn-s°m-√p∂ arK-ß-fp-ambn ssewKn-I-hrØn BN-cn-°p∂ k{º-Zmbw B{^n-°-bpsS Nne `mKß-fn¬ \S-∂n-cp∂p.''13 CXp-{]-Imcw {]mNo\ CuPn-]vXn¬ BSp-Ifpw Imf-I-fp-ambn kv{XoIƒ kwt`mKw \S-Øp∂ aX-N-S-ßp-Iƒ BN-cn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂phs{X. {Ko°p-N-cn-{X-Im-c-\mb sltdm-tUm-´-kn-t\bpw ({In. ap. 484˛-425) a‰pw D≤-cn®p taØ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""CuPn-]vXnse sawUkv (Memdas) F∂ ÿeØv BSp-I-fp-ambn kv{XoIƒ kwt`m-Kw-\-S-Øp∂ aX-N-Sßv BN-cn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xmbn Ncn{X-Im-c≥am-cmb sltdm-tUm-´kpw ^vfp´m¿°pw ]d-™n-´p≠v. saw^nkv (Memphis) F∂n-SØv Hcp hnip≤ Imfsb Cu Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-



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Kn-®p-h-∂n-cp∂p. IdpØ \ndhpw s\‰n-bn¬ shfpØ ]p≈nbpw Hcp `mKØv N{µ-°-ebv°v Xpey-amb AS-bm-fhpw D≈ Hcp Imfsb tXSn-∏n-Sn®v, BtLm-j-]q¿hw tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h∂p, \mev]Xp-Zn-hkw sI´n-bnSpw. Cu ImeØv kv{XoIƒ°p am{Xta AXns\ kao-]n-°mhq. Ah¿ AXn\v Xo‰-sIm-Sp-°pI am{X-a√, kzi-co-csØ ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.''14 C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS Aiz-ta-[-bm-K-tØmSv GI-tZiw kmayap≈ Hcp aX-I¿a-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. C{Xbpw {]kvXm-hn-®-Xn¬\n-∂v N-cn-{X-]-c-amb as‰mcp hkvXpX sXfn-bp∂p. C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ CuPn-]vXnepw a‰pw IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWXv. At£m-bvIp-am¿ aPpw-Zm¿ Xs‚ "ln≥Up-ln-Ãdn' F∂ IrXnbn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""Bcy-∑m¿ Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ ]›n-ta-jym-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ IpSn-tbdn-∏m¿-°p-∂-Xn¬ ssha-\kyw {]I-Sn-∏n®p. AXn\p apºv Ah¿ _m_n-tem-Wnb, A o-cnb, CuPn]vXv F∂o cmPy-ß-fn¬ IpSn-tbdn-∏m¿Øn-cp∂p.''15



Igp-Xb - mKw Aiz-ta-[w-t]mse Igp-X-bmKw Fs∂mcp aX-N-Sßpw {]mNo-\mcy-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ \S-∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. bmKw Zo£n-°p∂ bP-am-\≥ {_lva-Nm-cn-bmbn h¿Øn-°-W-sa-∂mWv hn[n. AYhm {_lva-Ncyw ]ng-®p-t]m-bm¬ AXns‚ {]mb-›n-Ø-ambn Igp-X-bmKw \S-ØWw.16 CXn\p Xpey-amb Nne- B-Nm-c-߃ a[y-]u-c-kvXy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ {]mNo\ ImeØv \S-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I≥am¿ ]dbp∂p. Nnte-S-ß-fn¬ hy`n-Nm-cn-Wn-I-fmb kv{XoIsf in£n-°p-∂Xn-\mWv Igp-Xsb D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv. Ah-sc-s°m≠v IgpX-bp-ambn kwt`mKw sNøn-®n-cp∂p. dÃw Xs∂ ]d-bs´: ""{]mNo\ Ime-ß-fn¬, Iºm-\nb (Campania) bnse Iyqam°v (Cumac) F∂n-SØv hnti-jn®pw, hy`n-Nm-c-°p‰w sNøp∂ kv{XoIsf in£n-°p-∂-Xn\v Igp-X-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. em‰nbw (Latium) F∂n-SØv Ip‰-°m-cn-bmb `mcy-sb-s°m≠v, Hcp in£ F∂ \nebn¬ Igp-X-bp-ambn kwt`mKw sNøn-®p-h-∂n-cp∂p.''17 BI-bm¬ P¥p-°sf sIm∂p bmKw \S-Øp∂ NS-ßp-Ifpw arKß- s f- s °m≠v kwt`m- K w- s N- ø n- ° p∂ k{º- Z m- b hpw {]mNo\ Bcy≥am¿°n-S-bn¬ \S-am-Sn-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXn-sem´pw AZv`p-XØn-\-h-Im-i-an√. AØcw Bcm-[-\m-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ C¥y-bn¬ am{Xa√, Bcy-h¿K-߃ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø a‰n-S-ß-fnepw \S-am-Sn-bn-cp∂p. arK-_-en-bm-sW-¶n¬ C∂pw ]e aX-hn-`m-K-ß-fnepw ]pWy-I¿a-ambn BN-cn-®p-h-cp-∂p≠v.



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ku{Xm-aWn bmKw ip¢- b - P p¿t∆- Z ob iX- ] Y {_mlv a - W - Ø n¬ \n¿Zn- j v S - a mb thsdmcp bmK-amWv "ku{Xm-aWn' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. tkma-bm-K-Øn-\p-tijw ku{Xm-a-Wn-bmKw \S-Ø-W-sa-∂mWv thZhn[n. kpπ≥ k¿tP-b-t\mSv tkmaw ]mI-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°p∂ am¿Kam-cm-™-t∏mƒ At±lw ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-Ø-XmWv tkma-]mI hn[nsb∂v iX-]Yw ]d-bp∂p.18 Cu tkma-bmK-sØ-∏-‰nbpw B[p-\nI `mc-Xob ]WvUn-X-∑m¿°nS-bn¬ X¿°-ap≠v. AsXmcp el-cn-]-Zm¿Y-am-sW∂p Nne¿; As√∂p a‰p- Nn-ecpw. \ap°o X¿°-Øn¬ {]tXyI XmXv]-cy-sam-∂p-an√. F∂n-cp-∂mepw kXym-hÿ Bcm-tb-≠Xv Ncn-{X-hn-Zym¿Yn-bpsS ISa-bm-Wt√m. AXn-\m¬ c≠p I£n-I-fp-sSbpw hmZ-ßfpw sXfn-hpIfpw ChnsS ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xv bp‡-am-sW∂p Icp-Xp∂p. ku{Xm- a - W n- b m- K - Ø n- \ m- h - i y- a mb tkma- s Ø- ∏ ‰n iX- ] Y {_m“Ww 12˛-mw ImWvUw 8-˛mw {_mlvaWw 2-˛mw {]]m-T-I-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p≠v . AXns‚ Hcp kw£n]vX cq]w NphsS ImWn°p∂p. tkmaw ]¿h- X - ß - f nse ]md- s °- ´ p- I - f n- e mWv hf- c p- ∂ - s X∂v bPp¿thZw ]d-bp∂p.19 ChnsS sNdp-hSn F∂¿Y-ap≈ "imjv]w' F∂ hm°mWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv. AXn-\m¬ tkmaw kky-h¿§Øn¬ s]´-Xm-sW∂p a\- n-em°mw. CXp ]dn-®p-sIm-≠p-h∂v ip≤P-e-Øn¬ Znh-tk\ apΩq∂p {]mhiyw Igp-In-sb-Sp-°Ww. Hmtcm Znh-khpw ]ip-hn≥]m-en¬ aq∂v XhW ip≤n-sN-bvIbpw thWw. A\- ¥ cw Ac- ® p- I - e °n ]mI- s ∏- S pØpw. CXp ]m\w- s N- b v X m¬ hocyw h¿[n-°p-sa-∂mWv iX-]Yw ]d-bp-∂Xv. tkma-eX ]dn-®p-sIm-≠p-h∂v cm{Xn-bn¬ ip≤-P-e-Øn¬ C´psh-°Ww. ]n‰-∂mƒ ImeØv AsX-SpØv Igp-IWw. Cu H∂m-asØ ip≤n°v "Bizn\w' F∂p ]d-bp∂p. C{]-Imcw c≠m-asØ cm{Xnbpw sh≈-Øn-en-´p-sh-°Ww. ASpØ Znhkw a[ym-lv\-Øn-se-SpØp IgpIWw. Cu c≠mw ip≤n°v "kmc-kzXw' F∂p-t]¿. aq∂m-asØ cm{Xn-bnepw sh≈-Øn-en´v, ASpØ ]I-en¬ FSpØp Igp-IWw. Cu aq∂mw ip≤n°v "sF{µw' F∂p ]d-bp∂p. ip≤n-bpsS c≠m-asØ Bh¿Ø\w ]ip-hn≥ ]men-em-bn-cn-°Ww. BZysØ Znhkw Hcp ]ip-hn-s‚bpw c≠m-asØ Znhkw c≠p ]ip-°-fp-tSbpw aq∂m-asØ Znhkw aq∂p ]ip-°-fp-tSbpw ]menemWv ip≤n sNtø-≠Xv. Cu ip≤n-I-fm¬ tkma-eX Pemw-i-ap-≈Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p-sh∂pw CXmWv ku{Xm-aWn bmK-Øn-\p-Nn-X-amb tkma-sa∂pw iX-]Yw ]d-bp∂p: ""Cu hn[ ip≤n-I-fm¬ tkmaw Pemw-i-ap-≈-Xm-bn-Øo-cp∂p;



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tkma-s\-t∏m-se-bm-hp∂p. CXmWv ku{Xm-a-Wn-bm-K-Øn¬ DNn-Xam-bn-´p≈ tkmaw. F√mw ss\a-b-ambn `hn-°p∂p; AXp-Xs∂ {]Xy£- tkm-a-cq]w {]m]n-°p∂p. CXp-X-s∂-bmWv a[p!''20 Cu h¿W-\-Øn¬\n∂p tkmaw BZn-bn¬ Pemw-i-c-ln-X-ambn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ip≤n-Iƒ aqe-amWv AXv Pemw-i-ap-≈-Xm-bn-Øo-cp∂-sX∂pw a\- n-em-Ip∂p. AXn-\m¬, Nne¿ Duln-°p-∂Xv ]¿h-Xß-fn¬ hf-cp∂ H∂mw-Xcw I©m-hmWo tkma-e-X-sb-∂s{X.21 BI- b m¬ tkma- c kw Hcp el- c n- ] m- \ o- b - a m- s W∂p hnNm- c n°Ww. CXn-te-°p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv AXv tkhn-®m¬ hocy-h¿[\-hp-≠m-Ip-sa∂ thZ-hmIyw.22 "F≥jy‚ v lnÃdn Hm^v C≥Uy' F∂- Ir-Xn-bn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""C¥y≥ P\X s]mXp-hn¬ aZy-]m-\n-If√; F∂m¬ bmKm-Zn-I¿a-߃ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-h¿ [mcm-f-ambn aZy]m\w sNbvXn-cp∂p.''23 bmKw sNøn-°p∂ bP-am\\pw sNøp∂ EXzn-°p-Ifpw tkmackw \pI¿∂n- c p- ∂ p- s h- ∂ - X n¬ kwi- b - a n√. iX- ] Yw ]d- b p∂p: ""CXp sh≈-Øn¬ Ie°n bmKw sNøn-°p∂ bP-am-\≥ H‰-°ncp∂p `£n-°p∂p; F√m EXzn-°p-Ifpw tkmaw `£n-°p∂p.''24 ""A[z-cyp-°ƒ F∂ EXzn-°p-Iƒ Bizn-\-hpw, tlmXm-hv, {_“≥, ssa{Xm-hc - p-W≥ F∂o EXzn-°p-Iƒ kmc-kz-Xhpw bmKw sNøn-°p∂ bPam-\≥ sF{µhpw `£n-°p-∂p. X\n°pw Xs‚ ÿm\-Øn\pw th≠n bPam-\≥ AXp `£n-°p-∂p.''25 Npcp-°-Øn¬ tkma-ckw Hcp el-cn-]-Zm¿Y-am-sW∂ \nK-a-\-amWv icn-bmbn tXm∂p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ ]WvUn-X\pw "thZm¿Y-hn-Nm-c'-Øns‚ I¿Øm-hp-amb {io. hn.sI.F. \mcm-bW `´-Xn-cn-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ tkmaw Hcp el-cn-]Z- m¿Y-a√. At±lw ]d-bp∂p: ""tkma-]m-e\-Øn-emWv b⁄-XXzw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. el-cn-bp-≠m°p∂ Nne eX-Iƒ CSn-®p-]n-gn™p IpSn-°pI Bcy≥am-cpsS b⁄-Øn¬ {][m-\a- m-bn-cp∂p.'' CØ-cØ - n-emWv tkma-]m-e\ - s - Ø-°p-dn®p ]m›m-Xy¿ hymJym-\n-°p-∂Xv. C∂p bmK-ßf - n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ tkma Hcp el-cn]-Zm¿Y-a√. EXzn-°mbn c≠p XhW tkma-]m-\w-sN-øm≥ Ah-kc - a- p-≠mb F\n°v tkmaw Hcp el-cn-]Z- m¿Y-as - √∂p A\p-`h - s - ∏-´n-´p≠v.''26 C°m- e sØ tkma- s b- ∏ - ‰ n- b mWv At±lw ]d- ™ Xv . CXpsIm≠v {]mNo-\ -B-cy-∑m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ tkma el-cn-]-Zm¿Ya-√m-Xm-h-W-sa-∂n√. tIc-f-Øn¬ \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ \S-Øn-h-cp∂ tkmabm-K-Øn\v tkmaw \evIp-hm≥ _m[y-X-s∏-´-h¿ sXs° ae-_m-dnse sIm√-t¶mSv \ºn-Sn-am-cm-sW∂pw, Ah¿ XZm-h-iym¿Yw, "tkma-eX' F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp sNSn \´p-h-f¿Øn hcp-∂p-s≠∂pw tIƒ°p∂p.27 CXv km£m¬ tkmaw Xs∂-bmtWm F∂-dn-™p-IqSm. EtKz-Z-Ønse HºXmw aWvUew apgp-h≥ tkmakvXp-Xn-]-c-amWv.



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



thZ-Ønse tkma Hcp eX-b-s√∂pw, {]XypX Bflm-hmWv hnh£-sb∂pw {io. `´-Xncn ]d-bp∂p: ""tkma F∂ i_vZ-Øn\v Da-tbm-Sp-IqSn h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX∂pw A¿Y- a p≠v . Da F∂m¬ amb- b m- s W∂p tIt\m- ] - \ n- j - Ø n¬ ImWp∂p. amb-bm-Ip∂ D]m-[n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb Bflm-hp-X-s∂-bmWv tkma-sb∂p hnNm-cn°mw. bmK-ß-fn¬ tkma-e-Xsb CSn®p ]ngn™-cn®v, ]m¬ apX-embh tN¿Øp kwkvI-cn-°m-dp≠v. Cßs\ kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Xm¬]cyw Hmtcm Pohm-flm-hn-ep-ap≈ ambm_-‘sØ kwkvImcw aqew th¿s]-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂m-Ip∂p. At∏mƒ tkmam-lpXn, tkma-]m\w F∂p-≈-Xn-s‚-sb√mw apJy Xm¬]cyw Bfl-km-£m-¬°m-chpw AXn-\p≈ {ia-hp-am-Ip∂p. Bfl-km-£m¬°m- c - Ø ns‚ D]m- b - ß - f psS A`n- \ - b - a mWv tkma- b m- K - s a∂v Npcp°w.'' 28 Cu hymJym\w BI¿j-I-am-bn-cn°mw. ]t£, tkma-]m\w Hcp Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-b-s√∂v CXp-sIm≠p hcp-∂n√.



kpc-]m\w {]mNo-\m-cy-∑m¿°v tkma-]m\w t]mse, kpc-]m-\hpw ]Xn-hmbn-cp∂p. "kpc' Hgn-®p≈ aZy-ß-sfm∂pw {_mlva-W¿ Ign-®p-IqSm F∂v KuX-a≥ ]d-™-Xmbn t_m[m-b-\≥ Xs‚ [¿a-kq-{X-Øn¬ \n¿tZ-in-®n-cn-°p∂p.29 CXn¬\n∂v kpc Hcp aZy-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hywKy-¥-tcW kn≤-am-Ip∂p. ku{Xm-a-Wn-bm-K-Øn-emWv Cu ]m\obhpw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂v iX-]Y {_m“-W-Øn¬\n∂p a\- nem°mw. ""kpc-sIm≠p ]cn-ip≤n hcp-Øp∂p; kpc-X-s∂bpw ]cn-ip-≤-ambn-´p-≈-Xm-Wt√m. ]cn-ip-≤-amb kpcsb sXfn-sb-SpØv th¿Xn-cn°p∂p. CXv a\- n-em°n ku{Xm-a-Wn-bmKw sNbvXp.''30 thZ-`m-jy-Øn¬ kmb-W≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""kpc F∂ t]cn¬ Adnb-s∏-Sp∂ aZyw D≠m°n Hgn-®p-sh® tijw sXfn-sb-SpØv, _m°n Dt]-£n-t°-≠-XmWv.'' BI-bm¬ kpc Hcp-Xcw "hmjm'sW∂p a\ n-em-Ip∂p.



{_m“-Wß - ƒ H‰-t\m-´Ø - n¬ Bcy- t h- Z - ß - f n¬ {_mlv a - W - ß ƒ°p≈ ÿm\w hep- X m- b ncn°mw. F∂m¬ kwln-X-I-fp-ambn X´n-®p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ XnI®pw `n∂-amb Hcp A¥-co-£-amWv Ah-bn¬ \mw ImWpI. {_mlva-W߃ \n¿Po-h-amb aX-N-S-ßp-I-sf-bmWv apJy-ambpw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂Xv. {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xn-bXp ImWpI: ""thZ-kq-‡-߃ kmam-t\y\ \nd™ lrZ-b-Øn¬\n∂p Ihns™m-gp-Ip∂ Ihn-Xm-{]-hm-l-am-Ip∂p. {_mlva-W-ß-fn-te°p IS-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



315



°p-tºm-tg°v A¥-co£w Xosc amdp∂p. AhnsS lrZ-b-Øn\p ÿm\-an√. A¿Yw Adn-b-W-sa-∂n√. D®m-c-W-Øn\pw {Inb-Iƒ°pambn {]m[m\yw. aXw \n¿Po-h-amb Hcp NS-ßm-bn-Øo¿∂p. EtKz-ZIm-eØv ]utcm-lnXyw Hcp {]tXyI hrØn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√. Hmtcm Krl-Ønepw Krl-ÿ≥ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p ]ptcm-ln-X≥. {_mlvaW Ime- ß - f n¬ ]utcm- l nXyw Hcp D]- P o- h - \ - h r- Ø n- b m- b n- Ø o¿∂p. sshZnI I¿a-ß-fpsS FÆhpw NS-ßp-Ifpw h¿≤n®p. Cu I¿a߃ sIm-s≠¥pw ˛ Aa-c-Xzhpw sF{µ-]-Z-hnbpw IqSn˛ km[n-°msa-∂mbn. "{_mlva-W≥ `qtZ-h-\mbn. {_mlva-W-Im-e-ß-fn¬ PmXnhy-hÿ ]q¿W-ambn. h¿Æm-{ia [¿a-ß-tfbpw am\-h-[¿Ω-ß-tfbpw hyh-ÿs - ∏-SpØn. Cu h¿Wm-{i-a[ - ¿a-{]-Imcw PohnXw \mem-{i-aß - f - mbn hn`-Pn®p: (1) {_“-Ncyw. CXp hnZym-`ym-k-Im-e-am-Ip∂p. (2) Krl-ÿm{iaw. 3. hm\-{]-ÿw. Cu ImeØv {hX-߃ apX-em-bXp Ign®p Cuizcs\ Nn¥n-®p-sIm≠p Imew Ign-°Ww. (4) k\ym-km-{iaw. Cu ImeØv hnj-bß - f - n¬\n∂p hn´v tIhew Bfl-⁄m-\Ø - n-\mbn ]cn-{i-an®p Ign™p-Iq-SWw.''31 Aßs\ Imem-¥-tcW Bcy-aXw tIhew \n¿Poh NS-ßp-I-fmbn amdn; as‰√m aX-ßt- fbpw t]mse-Øs∂. Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ 1. hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]. 544 2. EtKzZw 1˛ afi-e-Ønse 162˛Dw 163˛Dw kq‡-߃ Aiz-kvXp-Xo-]-c-ßfmWv. 3. hniz hn⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 1, t]. 654 t\m°pI. 4. bPp¿th-Zob i]-Y-{_m-lvaWw, Imfiw 13, {_mlvaWw 3, {]]m-TIw 4, JWvUnI 1 5. Ibid Im. 13, {_m. 3, {]. 4, J. 4 6. Ibid Im. 13, {_m. 3, {]. 4, J. 5 7. _m°n `mKw Ak-t`ym-‡n-I-fm-I-bm¬ hnSp-∂p. 8. i.]. {_mlvaWw Im. 13, {_m. 3, {]. 4, JfinI. 6 9. Ibid Im. 13, {_. 3, {]. 4, J. 7, 8 10. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 1, t]. 655 t\m°pI 11. Ibid hm. 1, t]. 665 12. D≤-cWw: C¥y-bnse h¿Æ-k-acw t]. 57, 58 13. Scientific Curiosities of Sexual Life - by Restom G. Metha P. 68 14 Ibid P. 68 15. Hindu History by Akshoy Kumar Majumdar P. 78 16. B]-kvXw_ [¿a-kq{Xw (\h-a-{]iv\w)t\m°pI. 17. Scientific Curiosities of Sexual Life P. 29 18. iX-]Yw Im. 12, {_. 8, {]. 2, J. 3 t\m°pI. 19. D≤-cWw: C¥y-bnse h¿W-k-acw t]. 62



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



20. iX-]Yw Im. 12, {_. 8, {]. 2, J. 15 21. C¥y-bnse h¿W-k-acw t]. 62, 63 t\m°pI. 22. iX-]Yw Im. 12, {_m. 8, {]. 2, J. 16 23. Ancient History of India P. 139 24. iX-]Yw Im. 12, {_m. 8, {]. 2 25. Ibid Im. 12, {_m. 8, {]m. 2, J. 22˛ 23 26. thZm¿Y-hn-Nmcw t]. 71 27. C¥y-bnse h¿W-k-acw t]. 61, 62 t\m°pI. 28. thZm¿Y-hn-Nmcw t]. 69, 70 29. t_m[m-b\ [¿a-kq{Xw 1, 1, 10 30. iX-]Yw Im. 13, {_m. 8, {]. 1, J. 16 31. temI-N-cn{Xw hm. 1, t]. 139



A[ymbw Ccp-]-Ømdv



D]-\n-j±- m¿i-\n-I≥am¿ `mc-X-Øn¬ ]n¬°m-eØv hf¿∂p-h∂ Zm¿i-\n-I-Nn-¥-Iƒ Dƒs°m≈p-∂ Hcp {]tXy-I-Xcw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fmWv D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ. D]-\n-j-±¿i\w "thZm¥w' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. C∂p \nehn-ep≈ {][m\ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ ]eXpw thZ-`m-K-amb {_mlvaW-ß-fpsS, As√-¶n¬ Bc-Wy-I-ß-fpsS Ah-km\ `mK-ØmWv ImWp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠m-h-Ww, thZm¥w (th-Z-Øns‚ Ah-km-\w) F∂ t]¿ Ah°v kn≤n-®-sX∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂p. D]-\n-jØv IrXnIƒ \qdp-I-W-°n-\p≠v. t_mws_-bnse "\n¿Wb kmK¿ {] p'Im¿ 112 D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬ F√m D]-\n-jØp-Ifpw Hcpt]mse kzoIm-cy-ß-f√. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-bs‚ A`n{]m-b-Øn¬, ]Xn-aq-s∂Æw IqSp-X¬ {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p. Cuimhmkyw, OmtµmKyw, _rl-Zm-c-WyIw, sFX-tcbw, ssXØn-cobw, {]iv\w, tI\w, ITw, apWvUIw, amWvUqIyw, Iujo-XIn, ssa{Xn, tizXm-iz-Xcw F∂n-h-bm-Wh. Ch-bn¬ an°-Xn\pw {io. i¶-cm-Nmcy¿ `mjyw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v. ]eXpw `mj-bn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNøs∏-´n-´p-ap≠v. D≈-S°w ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ tIhew kzX-{¥-IrXn-I-fm-bmWv ImWpI. ]t£, Ah thZ-ß-fpsS A\p-_-‘-ßfpw, ]cn-in-jvS-ßfpw BsW-∂s{X amaq¬ aXw. thZ-ß-fn¬ apJy-ambpw I¿a-Im-WvU-sØ-∏-‰n-bmWv {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fm-hs´, I¿a-Im-WvUsØ Ah-K-Wn-°p∂p. Z¿i-\-]-chpw XXz-im-kv{X]-c-hp-amb hnNn-¥-\-ß-fmWv Ah-bpsS D≈-S°w. NneXv I¿a-Im-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



317



WvUsØ AYhm lnwkm-]-c-amb bmK-]-cn-]m-Sn-Isf hna¿in-°pI t]mepw sNøp∂p. BI-bm¬ ⁄m\Im-WvU-sØ-bmWv D]-\n-jØp-Iƒ {]Xn-\n-[m-\w-sN-øp-∂Xv. Kpcp ASp-Øn-cn-°p∂, A¿l-cmb injy≥am¿°v D]-tZ-in-®p-sImSpØ {_lva-c-l-ky-sa-∂mWv D]-\n-j-sØ∂ kmt¶-XnI ]Z-Øns‚ A¿Yw. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ NneXv ]Zy-cq-]-Ønepw NneXv ]Zy-an-{iamb KZy-cq-]-Øn-ep-amWv. BZna D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-sem-∂mbn Icp-Xs∏-Sp∂ Cutim-]-\n-jØv ip¢-b-Pp¿th-Z-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ \mev]Xmw A[ym-b-am-bn-´mWv \n_-‘n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]Xn-s\´v ]Zyß-fm-W-Xn-ep-≈Xv. Omtµm-Kyw, _rl-Zm-c-WyIw F∂nh an°-hmdpw KZy-cq-]-Ønepw injvSw D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ KZy-]Zy kΩn-{i-cq-]-Ønep-amWv. temIw, Bflmhv, {_lvaw, ]p\¿P∑w, tam£w F∂o Kl-\-hnj-b-ß-sf-∏‰n D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂p. F∂m¬, Ahsb√mw Htc ho£m-K-Xn-b√ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. Nne Ejn-am¿ AssZz-X-th-Zm-¥sØ Du∂n-bp-d-∏n-°p-tºmƒ, a‰p Nne Ejn-am¿ ssZzXhmZsØ ]n¥m-ßp∂p. thsdmcp ]£-am-Is´, {_“-Øn-s‚bpw PK-Øn-s‚bpw ico-c-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ AssZz-X-`mh-sØ-bmWv AwKoI-cn-°p-∂Xv. {io. kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp-∂Xp t\m°pI: "D]-\n-j-Ønse ⁄mXcpw A⁄-mX-cp-amb Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m¿ ]ckv]cw A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ap-≈-h-cmWv . Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ Bcp-Wntbbpw At±-l-Øns‚ injy-\mb bm⁄-h¬Iy-t\bpw t]mse, AssZz-X-hn-⁄m-\-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. a‰p-≈-h¿ ssZzX-hm-Zn-I-fp-ambn-cp∂p. aq∂m-a-sXmcp Iq´¿ ico-c-cq-]-Øn¬ {_lva-Øn-s‚bpw PKØn-s‚bpw AssZz-X-`m-hsØ kzoI-cn®p. CØcw Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m-cpsS Nn¥-Isf Ah-cpsS injy-∑mcpw imJ-Ifpw {Kln®v, ASpØ Xeap-d°v D]-tZ-in-®p-h-∂-Xns‚ kw{K-l-amWv D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ.''1 "BI-bm¬ apkvenw-I-fn¬ ]n¬°m-eØv hf¿∂p-h∂ Zm¿i-\nI-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS \ne-]mSpw ÿm\-hp-amWv D]-\n-j-±¿i-\-߃°p≈Xv. F∂m¬, Hcp hyXym-k-ap≠v. apkvenw-I-fn-ep-S-se-SpØ Hmtcm "aZvl_n' (Zm¿i-\nI am¿Kw) s‚bpw BNm-cy-∑m-cpsS Ncn{Xw tcJs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v . D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse alm-Nm-cy≥am-cpsS Poh-Ncn{Xw t]mepw C∂p-]-e-_v[-a√. apI-fn¬ ]d™ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS I¿Øm-°-∑m-tctbm, AhcpsS Ncn-{X-tØtbm, Ime-tØtbm ]‰n B¿°pw kq£va-ambn Adn™p-IqSm. {In. ap. 700˛\pw 100˛\pan-S-°m-hWw Ah \ne-hn¬ h∂sX∂p \ncq-]-I≥am¿ A\p-am-\n-°p∂p. {]kvXpX IrXn-I-fn¬ NneB-Nm-cy-∑m-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ ImWm-sa-¶nepw Ah-cmcpw h√ IrXnbpw cNn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Adn-bp-∂n√. C°q-´-Øn¬ Xs∂ Omtµm-Ky-Ønepw



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



_rl- Z m- c - W y- I - Ø nepw Iujo- X - I n- b nepw ssa{Xn- b nepw ]d™ t]cp-Iƒt° Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Fs¥-¶nepw {]m[m-\y-ap≈q. Ch¿ Ipcp]m-©me cmPysØ cmPm-°-∑mtcm {][m\ hnZzm≥amtcm Bbn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ a‰p-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ ÿew-]n-Sn® BNm-cy-\m-a-߃°v Ncn{X-Øn¬ bmsXmcp FØpw ]nSnbpw ImWp-I-bn√. Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏´ Nne D]-\n-j-±m¿i-\n-I-cpsS ÿnXn-KXn-I-sf-∏‰n CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ kzev]-sam-∂m-tem-Nn-°p-∂-Xp-Nn-X-ambn-cn-°p-sa∂v Icp-Xp∂p. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬\n∂pw a‰pw e`n® kqN\-I-fmWv Cu hnh-c-W-Øn-\m-[mcw.



{]hm-lW ssPhen Poh-es‚ ]p{X-\mb {]hm-l-W≥ F∂mWv Cu t]cns‚ A¿Yw. {In. ap. 700˛\pw 600˛\pw CS-°mWv Ct±-l-Øns‚ Ime-sa-∂-\p-am-\n-°s∏-Sp∂p. Ct±lw Hcp £{Xnb cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p. ]©m-_nse cptl¬°WvUpw CØm-hbpw AS-ßp∂ {]tZ-iØ - n\v ]m©mew F∂m-bn-cp∂p ap≥Im-esØ t]¿. ]m©mew `cn-®n-cp∂ Hcp cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p {]hm-lW ssPhen. Ct±-lØ - n¬\n-∂mWv {_mlvaW - ¿ CZw-{]-Ya- a- mbn {_lvah - nZy, AYhm D]-\n-j±- ¿i\w A`y-kn-®s - X∂p ImWn-°p∂ Hcp IY OmtµmKy-Ønepw _rl-Zm-cW - y-IØ - nepw ImWmw. AXns‚ Npcp°w: D±m-eI Bcp-Wo-Ku-Xa- ≥ Hcp {_mlvaW ]WvUn-X\ - m-bn-cp∂p. kz]p{X-\mb tizX-tI-Xp-hns\ At±lw {_mlvaW Nn´-{]-Imcw hnZy-b`- y-kn∏n®p. Aßs\ Ct±lw Hcp alm ]WvUn-X\ - m-bn-Øo¿∂p. Hcn-°¬ tizXtIXp {]hm-lW - s - sP-he - n-bpsS ]cn-jØ - n¬ sN∂p. XZ-hk - cw {]hm-lW≥ tNmZn®p: ""tizX-tItXm, A—≥ h√Xpw Xm¶sf ]Tn-∏n-®n-´pt≠m?'' tizX-tIXp {]Xn-hN - n®p: ""D≠v, tZhm.'' A\-¥cw ssPhen tizX-tI-Xp-hn-t\mSp Nne tNmZy-߃ tNmZn®p. F√mw Bfl-⁄m\ kw_-‘n-bm-bn-cp∂p. H∂n-s\-¶nepw adp-]Sn \¬Iphm≥ tizX-tI-Xp-hn\v km[n-®n√. "Adn-™p-IqSm' F∂mWv At±lw ]d™Xv. CØ-cp-WØ - n¬ cmPmhv tizX-tI-Xp-hns\ H∂p Ii°n: ""]ns∂ F¥mWv Xm¶ƒ ]Tn-®Xv? CØcw Imcy-ß-sfm∂pw Adn-™p-Iq-SmØ Hcmƒ Fßs\ kpin-£n-X\ - mhpw?'' tizX-tIXp e÷n-X-\mbn. aS-ßn-s®∂p kz]n-Xm-hn-t\mSv ]d™p: ""tZh≥ F - s∂ Ain-£n-X≥ F∂p hnfn®p Ifn-bm°n. Aßv bmsXm∂pw ]Tn-∏n-°msX Xs∂ ]Tn-∏n-s®∂p ]d™p. cmP-\y-_‘p(£{Xn-b≥) Ft∂mSv A©p tNmZy-߃ tNmZn®p. H∂n\pw DØcw sImSp-°m≥ F\n°p Ign-™n√.'' {]kvXpX tNmZy-ßt- fm-tcm-∂mbn tizX-tIXp ]nXm-hn\v hnkvXc - n®p sImSpØp. BcpWn ]d™p: ""Cu {]iv\-߃°p≈ DØcw \n\°p am{X-a√, F\n°pw \n›-ba - n√. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Rm≥ \ns∂ ]Tn-∏n-°mXn-cp-∂Xv. Adn-bp-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Rm≥ Xo¿®-bmbpw ]Tn-∏n-t®s\.'' A\-



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¥cw Bcp-Wo-Ku-X-a≥ ssPh-ensb kao-]n®p. cmPmhv \nb-a-{]Imcw B {_m“-W-]-WvUn-Xs\ kzoI-cn®p. "am\p-j-hnØw Bhiy-s∏-SpI, X-t∂°mw' F∂p {]hm-l-W≥ ]d™p. (B\, kz¿Ww, ]ip, IpXnc, Zmkn-am¿, hkv{X-߃ apX-em-b-h-bmWo am\p-j-hnØ-sa∂p _rl-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p≠v). BcpWn ]d™p: ""cmPmth, am\p-j-hnØw Atß-°p-X-s∂-bn-cn-°s´. Rm\nt∏mƒ [\-Zm\w tNmZn-∏m-\√, tizX-tI-Xp-hn-t\mSp tNmZn® {]iv\ß-fpsS DØcw tIƒ°m-\mWv h∂n-´p-≈Xv.'' ssPhen hnj-a-Øn-embn. F¶nepw Ah-km\w At±lw AXp ]d-™p-sIm-SpØp. ChnsS \ΩpsS {i≤°v IqSp-X¬ hnj-b-am-hp∂Xv Hcp apJ-hp-c-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ssPhen B {_m-lvaW ]WvUnX-t\mSv ]d™ hm°mWv: ""A√tbm KuXa, \n߃ Bh-iy-s∏´ Cu Imcyw A-Xy¥w hnj-a-I-c-amb H∂m-Ip∂p. Cu hnZy \n߃°p apºp≈ {_m“- W ≥am¿°v Ae- ` y- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. AXp- s Im- ≠ mWv temIw apgp-h≥ £{Xn-b-∑m¿ Cu hnZy-bn¬ D]-tZ-jvSm-°-fmbn \nesIm-≠Xv.'' 2 {_lv a - h nZy A{_m- l v a - W - c psS IpØ- I - b m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂pw, A°mew hsc {_mlva-W-∑m¿°v AsX-∏‰n bmsXmcp ]nSn-]m-Sp-an√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ta¬ kw`-h-Øn¬\n∂pw hy‡-am-hp∂p. D]-\nj-±¿i\w thZ-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬\n-∂pSse-Sp-Øp-sh-∂mWv C∂sØ s]mXp-[m-c-W. CXv icn-bm-bn-cp∂p-sh-¶n¬ thZ-km-ln-XysØ \nc¥cw ssIImcyw sNbvXp-h∂ {_mlva-W-]-WvUn-X≥am-cm-Ip-ambn- c p∂p AXns‚ D]- ⁄ m- X m- ° - ∑ mcpw BZn- Z m¿i- \ n- I ≥amcpw. F∂m¬ Ncn{Xw t\sc adn-®mWv \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬, D]-\n-j-±¿i\w thZ-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬\n-∂p-d-sIm-≠-X√ F∂ B[p\n-I-\n-co£-I-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-amWv IqSp-X¬ bp‡n-k-l-am-bntØm-∂p-∂Xv. BZn-bn¬ {_mlva-W-]-WvUn-X≥am¿°v A⁄m-Xam-bn-cp∂p Cu hnZy. ]n¬°m-eØv Ah-cXv Ic-ÿ-am-°n-sb-¶nepw A{_m-lva-W-cn¬\n-∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Ncn-{X-h-kvXpX {]tXyIw kva¿Ø-hy-as{X. {]hm-l-W-ssP-h-en-bn¬\n∂p D±m-eI BcpWn ]Tn-®Xv ]©m-lpXn, tZh-bm\w, ]nXr-bm\w F∂o Hu]-\n-j-XnI XXz-ß-fmWv .3



D±m-eI BcpWo KuX-a≥ kmwIr-Xym-bs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬, Ct±-l-Øns‚ Imew {In. ap. 650 BWv. Ipcp-]m-©m-e-Ønse {_mlva-W-\m-bn-cp∂p Ct±-l-sa∂p iX-]-Y-{_m-lva-W-Øn¬\n∂p a\- n-em°mw. ]m©m-e-cm-Pm-hmb ssPh-en-bm-bn-cp∂p Bcp-Wn-bpsS Hcp Kpcp F∂pw \mw apI-fn¬ I≠t√m. A\-¥cw tIIb cmPm-hmb Aiz-]-Xn-bn¬\n∂pw Nn{XKm¿Kym-b-W-\n¬\n∂pw At±lw Z¿i-\-in-£Ww t\Sn. Aiz-]-Xn-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



bn¬\n∂v BcpWn {_lva-hnZy Ic-ÿ-am-°nb IY Omtµm-Ky-Ønep≠v. AXns‚ kw£n-]vX-cq]w: {]mNo-\-ime Hu]-a-\y-h≥, kXy-b-⁄-]u-epjn, C{µ-Zypav\ `m√-th-b≥, P\-i¿°-cm-£y≥, _pUne Aiz-Xm-cizn F∂o almssh- Z n- I - c mb A©p {_mlv a - W ≥am¿ Nn¥n®p, Bflm- h pt≠m {_lv a - a pt≠m F∂v . D±m- e - I - B - c p- W o- K u- X - a s\ kao- ] n- ® m¬ {]kvXpX {]iv-\-߃°p-Øcw e`n-°p-sa∂ {]Xo-£-tbmsS Ah¿ At±-l-Øns‚ ASp-Øp-sN∂p. BcpWn hnNm-cn®p: Cu {_mlvaW-]-WvUn-X≥am¿ {]Xm-]n-Ifpw alm sshZn-I-cp-amWv. Ch-cpsS F√m {]iv-\-ßfpw ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm≥ Fs∂-s°m-≠m-hn√. AXn-\m¬, as‰m- c msf \n¿tZ- i n- ® p- s Im- S p- ° p- ∂ - X mhpw \√Xv . At±lw B {_mlvaW≥am-tcmSp ]d™p: ""tZh-∑mtc, tIIb cmPm-hmb Aiz]Xn sshizm-\-cm-flm-hn-s\-∏‰n ]T\w \S-Øp-I-bmWv, \ap°v At±lsØ kao-]n°mw.'' Ch-sc√mw tN¿∂v Aiz-]-Xnsb I≠p. cmPmhv Ahsc acym-Z]q¿hw k¬°-cn®p. A\-¥cw ]d™p: ""Fs‚ \m´n¬ XkvI-ct\m aZy-]m-\ntbm Ahn-Zzmt\m A·n-tlm{Xw \S-Øm-Ø-ht\m kv{Xoeº-St\m hy`n-Nm-cn-Wntbm ep_v[t\m C√. Rm≥ I¿a-a-\p-jvTn°p∂p. Chn- s S- b p≈ ]ptcm- l n- X ≥am¿°p \ev I p- ∂ {X Zm\w \n߃°pw Xcmw. ChnsS Xma-kn-®mepw!'' Ah¿ ]d™p: ""a\pjys‚ Pohn-X-e£yw ]d-™p-X-cnI. AXv Adn-bm-\m-Ip∂p R߃ h∂n-´p-≈Xv. \n߃ Ct∏mƒ sshizm-\-cm-flm-hn-s\-∏‰n A[y-b\w \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wt√m. sshizm-\-cm-flmhv F¥m-sW∂pw Rßsf Adn-bn-®mepw!'' ""icn, ]d-™p-Xcmw'' ˛cmPmhp kΩ-Xn®p. ]ns‰-∂mƒ ]q¿hm-lv\-Øn¬ injy-Xz-kzo-I-cW Nnlv\-amb kanØpw Iøn-se-SpØv Ah¿ Aiz-]Xn ssItI-bs\ kao-]n®p. At±-l-a-hsc D]-\-b-\w-sN-bvXn√; Nn´-{]-Imcw injy-∑m-cm-°n-b-Xpan√. Fs¥-∂m¬, {_mlva-W¿°v A{_m-lva-W≥ hnZy-b-`y-kn-∏n°p-I-sb-∂Xv A°m-esØ BNm-c-{I-a-Øn\p hncp-≤-am-bn-cp∂p. F¶nepw At±lw Ah-cn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Ø\pw D]m-k-\-sN-øp∂ Bflmhn-s\-∏‰n At\z-jn-°p-Ibpw AXv hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-km\w ]d™p: ""\nß-sf-√m-hcpw sshizm-\-cm-flmhns\ Adn-bp∂p, `qansb F∂-t]mse!''4 CXn¬\n∂pw Bcp-Wo-Ku-X-a≥ ]m©m-e-cm-Pm-hmb {]hm-l-W\n¬\n- s ∂- ∂ - t ]mse, tII- b - c m- P m- h mb Aiz- ] - X n- b n¬\n∂pw {_lva-⁄m\w A`y-kn-®p-sh∂p a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. Xv[ew, kn‘p F∂o \Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬, Xmgv∂ lnam-eb {]tZ-iØv ÿnXnsN-øp∂ cmPu-cn-°-Sp-Øm-bn-cp∂p tIIb cmPyw. C{]-Imcw Xs∂ BcpWn, Nn{X-Km¿Kym-bWn F∂ al¿jnbn¬ \n∂pw Bfl-⁄m\w kºm-Zn-®-Xmbn Iujo-X-In-bn¬\n∂pw



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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sXfn-bp-∂p≠v. Ncn-{X-Øn¬ H∂m-asØ {_mlva-W-Zm¿i-\n-I≥ Bcp-Wn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-™p-ht√m. At±lw kz¥-amb Hcp Z¿i-\-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-hmbn kz]p-{X-\mb tizX-tI-Xp-hn\v AXp]- t Z- i n®p. PKØpw {_- l v a hpw XΩn- e p≈ At`- Z - h mZw AYhm "XØz-ako' (AXv \obmWv) F∂ kn≤m¥w At±-l-amWv BZyambn Bhn-jvI-cn-®Xv. Cu kn≤m¥w ]ptcm-K-an®v Ah-km\w AssZzX-th-Zm-¥-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏´p.



bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ F∂ al¿jn ]pwK-hs‚ cmPyw GXm-sW∂v \ncq-]-I≥am¿°v Xo¿®-bn√. tUm. {io[c -sh-¶n-tSi tIXv°-dpsS "alm-cm-jv{Sob hn⁄m\ tImi'-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv, bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ hntZ-l-cm-Py-°m-c-\m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv. Fs¥-∂m¬ hntZl cmPmhmb P\-Is‚ Kpcp-hm-bn-cp∂p At±lw. F∂m¬, kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Cu \nK-a\w AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n√. Ipcp-]m-©me \nhm-kn-bm-bn-cp∂p bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ F∂s{X At±-l-Øns‚ \nK-a\w.5 bm⁄-h¬Iys‚ IY-bn¬\n∂p a\- n-em-Ip-∂Xv At±lw Hcp GI-]-Xv\o-{h-X-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂mWv. ImØym-b\n, ssat{Xbn -F-∂n-ßs\ c≠p ]Xv\n-am-cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p Cu Ejn°v. F∂m¬, k¥- X n- b p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ n- √ . ssat{Xbn `¿Øm- h n- s \- t ∏mse {_“hmZn\nbm- b n- c p∂p. ImØym- b \n kmam\y kv { Xobpw. bm⁄h¬Iy≥ ]cn-{hPy(k\ymkw) kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ Dt±-in-®-t∏mƒ Xs‚ kº-sØ√mw ]Xv\n-am¿°n-S-bn¬ hoXn-°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n®p. ]t£, ssat{Xbn kº-Øn¬ XXv]-cb-√m-bn-cp∂p. `¿Øm-hn-s\-t∏mse temI-]-cn-Xym-K-Øn\v apXn-cp-I-bmWv Ah¿ sNbvXXv . Aßs\ `¿Øm-hn¬\n∂v {_lva-hnZy A`y-kn-°p-Ibpw k\ym-kn-\n-bm-hpIbpw sNbvXp. _rl- Z m- c - W y- I - Ø n¬ aq∂p {]I- c - W - ß - f n- e mbn bm⁄h¬Iys‚ Zm¿i-\nI Nn¥-Iƒ t{ImUo-Ir-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. aq∂p kw`-h-߃ AXn¬ hnh-cn-®n-´p≠v. H∂v, P\-I-cm-Pm-hns‚ ]cn-jØn¬ ]s¶-SpØv imkv{X-N¿®-\-S-Øn-bXv; c≠v, P\-I-\p-ambn IqSn°m-gvN-\-SØn {_lva-⁄m\w D]-tZ-in-®Xv; aq∂v, kz]Xv\n ssat{Xbn-°p-]-tZiw \evIn-bXv. B kw`-h-ß-tfm-tcm∂pw ChnsS Npcp°n hnh-cn-°p∂p: P\-Is‚ b⁄-]-cn-j-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØv hmZ-{]-Xn-hmZw \S-Ønb IY ck-I-c-amWv. P\-I-cm-Pmhv hfsc Z£nW \¬In b⁄w \SØn-°p∂ Hcp [¿an-jvT-\m-bn-cp∂p. Ipcp-]m-©me-Ønse {_mlvaW-]-fin-X≥am¿ Hcn-°¬ At±-l-Øns‚ k`-bn¬ kw_-‘n®p. B ]fin-X≥am-cn¬ G‰hpw t{ij-vT-\mb ⁄m\n- B-sc∂v ]co£n-∏m≥ cmPmhv Xocp-am-\n®p. Bbncw ]ip-°sf Hcp ÿeØv



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



\n¿Øp-Ibpw H∂ns‚ Ccp-sIm-ºp-I-fn¬ ]Xp-∏Øp "Zi-]mZw' F∂ \mWbw sI´n-bn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±lw ]d™p: ""tZh≥amtc, \nß-fn¬ k¿h t{ijvT-\mb ]WvUn-X≥ Cu ]ip-°sf sIm≠pt]m-Is´.'' {_mlvaW ]fin-X≥amcmcpw Ahsb sIm≠pt]mIm≥ ss[cys∏-Sp-∂n-s√∂v I≠-t∏mƒ bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ kzin-jy-\mb tkma{i-h-t\mSp Iev]n®p: ""B ]ip-°sf sXfn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-hpI.'' At±lw Aßs\ sNbvXp. {_m“W ]WvUn-X≥am¿°v Acniw ]nSn-®p. ""Cbmƒ Fß-s\-bmWv \Ω-sf-°mƒ t{ijvT-s\-∂-h-Im-is∏-Sp-∂Xv'' ˛Ah¿ ]d™p. cmPm- h ns‚ a{¥- ] p- t cm- l n- X - \ m- b n- c p∂p Aiz- e ≥. At±lw tNmZn®p: ""A√tbm bm⁄-h¬Iy, Xm¶ƒ Rß-tf-°mƒ {_lvanj-vT-\mtWm?'' ""Rm≥ {_lvan-jvTs\ \a-kvI-cn-°p∂p. F\n°v ]ip°-sf-bm-Wm-hiyw''˛ bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ ]d™p. Aiz-e≥ I¿a-Imfi-sØ-∏‰n hfsc tNmZy-߃ tNmZn®p. sshZn-I-I¿a-Im-fi-Øn¬ AKm-[-]m-finXyw t\Snb Bfm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ bm⁄-h¬Iy\v Aiz-es\ \n»-_vZ-\m-°m≥ {]bm-k-ap-≠m-bn√. ]n∂oSv B¿Ø-`mK≥, `pPyp¿√m-lym-b\n, DjkvXn ]m{Im-b-W≥, Iujo-X-tI-b-I≥, Km¿Kn-hm-N-Iv\hn, hnZ-Kv[-im-I-ey≥, BcpWn apX-em-b-hcpw tNmZy߃ D∂-bn®p. Ch¿s°√mw Xr]vXn-I-c-amb adp]Sn sImSpØp. (C°q-´-Øn¬ BcpWn tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-®p-sh-∂Xv Akw-K-X-amsW∂pw BcpWn bm⁄-h¬Iys‚ {]Xn-Zz-µn-b√, Kpcp-hm-sW∂pw Nne \ncq-]-I-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂p. Km¿Kn-hm-N-Iv\hn Hcp h\n-X-bmWv. h\n-X-Ifpw A°m-eØv {_lva-hn-Zym-]-c-amb hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-Øn¬ kw_-‘n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Cu kw`hw sXfn-bn-°p∂p). Aßs\ kIe {_mlva-W-hn-Zzm≥am-tcbpw hnZp-jn-I-tfbpw AXn-P-bn-°p∂ alm⁄m-\n-bm-Wv Xm-s\∂v bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-Øn-eqsS sXfn-bn®p. kZ v ]ncn™ tijw bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ P\-I-\p-ambn kzImcy IqSn-°m-gvN-\-S-Øp-Ibpw P\-I\v {_lva-hn-Zym-kw-_-‘n-bmb D]tZ-i-߃ \evIp-I-bpw-sNbvXp. _rl-Zm-c-Wy-I-Ønse \memw A[ymb-Øn¬ Cu IqSn-°mgvN hnh-cn-®n-´p≠v. Bÿm-\-a-WvU-]-Øn¬ P\-I≥ Ccn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. bm⁄h¬Iy≥ At±-lsØ sN∂p-I≠p. ""F¥n-\mWv h∂Xv, ]ip-°sf sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-hmt\m, h√ kq£va-X-Xzhpw D]-tZ-in-°p-hmt\m?'' P\-I≥ tNmZn®p. ""c≠n-\p-amWv'' ˛bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ XpS¿∂p: ""a‰m-sc-¶nepw D]tZ-in-®n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXp tIƒ°p-hm\pw.'' XZ-hk - cw ]e ]WvUn-X∑ - mcpw D]-tZ-in® XXz-߃ P\-I≥ tIƒ∏n®p. bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ Ah-bpsS hniZo-Ic - Ww Adn-bn®p.



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thsdmcp XhW sN∂-t∏mƒ P\-I≥ ]d™p: ""\a-kvImcw! bm⁄-h¬Iy, F\n°v D]-tZiw \evIpI.'' bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ {]Xnh-Nn®p: ""Zo¿L-bm-{X-°m-c≥ cY-Øntem tXmWn-bntem k©-cn°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Cu D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ (XtXzm-]-tZ-i-߃) AßbpsS Bflm-hn\v A`bw \evIn-bn-cn-°p-I-bmWv.'' XpS¿∂p \evInb D]-tZ-i-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ At±lw ]d™p: ""Bflmhv {Kln°m-\m-hm-ØXpw en]vX-am-hm-Ø-Xp-am-Ip∂p. P\-I-cm-Pmth, Aß°n-t∏mƒ A`bw e`n-®n-cn-°p∂p!'' P\-I≥ {]-Xyp-Øcw \evIn: ""\n߃°mWv A`bw e`n-®Xv. A`-b-sØ-∏‰n F\n°v Adnhp \evIn-bXv \nß-fm-Wt√m. \a-kvImcw! Cu cmPyhpw Rm\pw, \nßfp-tS-XmWv !'' aq∂m-a-sXmcp Xh-Wbpw P\-I\pw bm⁄-h¬Iy\pw XΩn¬ ⁄m\-N¿® \SØn. Xs‚ tNmZy-߃°v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb adp-]Sn e`n-®-t∏mƒ cmPmhv ]d™p: ""Bbncw B\-I-tfbpw Imf-I-tfbpw Xcp-∂p≠v.'' Cßs\ bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ A°m-esØ G‰hpw henb Zm¿i-\n-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v sXfn-bn-°-s∏´p. _rl-Zm-c-Wy-I-Øn¬ bm⁄-h¬Iys‚ Z¿i-\-߃ Ah-X-cn∏n® as‰mcp ]›m-Øew CXmWv: At±lw k\ym-km-{iaw kzoIcn-°m-\p-t±-in-®-t∏mƒ kz]Xv\n ssat{X-bn-tbmSp ]d™p: ""Rm≥ ]cn- { hPy kzoI- c n- ° p- h m≥ t]mI- b mWv . Rm≥ ImØym- b - \ nbn¬\n∂p \ns∂ th¿s]-Sp-Øp-Ibpw \ns‚ kzØp hnlnXw \evIpIbpw sNømw.'' {_lva-hm-Zn-\n-bmb ssat{Xbn tNmZn®p: ""`K-h≥, kº¬kar- ≤ - a mb Cu temIw apgp- h ≥ Ft‚- X m- b n- Ø o¿∂m¬ F\n°p Aa-cXzw {]m]n-°mtam?'' ""C√, ssat{Xbn, kº-∂≥amcpsS PohnXw t]mse-bm-bn-Øocpw \ns‚ Pohn-Xhpw'' -˛`¿Ømhv. ""F\n°v Aa- c Xzw {]m]n- ° m≥ klm- b - I - a - √ mØ H∂p- s Im≠v F¥p≠v t\´w? `K- h ≥, F\n°p th≠Xv ]d- ™ p- X - ∂ mepw'' ˛ssat{Xbn. ""Fs‚ {]nb-Xa G‰hpw {]nb-¶-c-amb H∂mWv Bhiy-s∏-´-Xv. AXv Rm≥ ]d-™p-Xcmw.'' Aßs\ bm⁄-h¬Iy≥ Ah¿°v {_“-⁄m\w D]-tZ-in®p sImSpØp. BI-bm¬ P\-I\pw ssat{X-bnbpw bm⁄-h¬Iys‚ injy-K-W-Øn¬ s]Sp∂p. D±meI Bcp-Wo-Ku-X-a-\m-bn-cp∂p bm⁄-h¬Iys‚ Kpcp-`q-X-s\∂p apºp kqNn-∏n-®p-ht√m.



kXy-Ima Pm_m-e≥ kmwIr-Xym-bs‚ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ kXy-Ima Ejn-bpsS Imew {In. ap. 650˛mam-≠n-t\m-S-Sp-ØmWv. Omtµm-Ky-Øn-emWv At±-l-Øns‚ Z¿i\w ImWp-∂Xv. AXnse \mem-a-[ym-b-Øn¬\n∂v Xmsg ]dbp∂ kwK-Xn-Iƒ a\- n-em°mw: kXy-Im-a\v {_lva-Ncyw A\p-jvTn-°m≥ tamlw P\n®p. amXm-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



hmb Pm_m-e-tbmSv At±lw Bh-iy-s∏´p: ""F\n°v {_lva-N-cy-a\p-jvTn-∏m-\m-{Kl-ap≠v. Fs‚ tKm{X-ta-sX∂p ]d-™p-X-∂mepw!'' Pm_me ]d-™p: ""Rm≥ buh-\m-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ hfsc AXn-Yn-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn k©-cn-°p-Ibpw tkh-\-Øn¬ \nc-X-bm-bn-cn°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. B Ah-k-c-Øn-emWv \ns∂ e`n-®Xv. \ns‚tKm{Xw F\n-°-dn-™p-IqSm. \ns‚ t]¿ kXy-Im-a≥ F∂pw Fs‚ t]¿ Pm_me F∂p-amWv. AXp-sIm≠v kXy-Ima Pm_m-e≥ F∂ \maw kzoI-cn-t®mfq.'' kXy-Im-a≥ lcn-{Zp-aX ]p{X-\mb KuX-as‚ ASpØv hnZym-`ymk-Øn\v sN∂-t]-£n®p. ""tZh, Rm≥ Aß-bpsS ASpØv {_lvaNm-cn-bmbn hkn-°p-hm≥ B{K-ln-°p∂p. F\n°v injyXzw \evInbmepw!'' BNm- c y≥ tNmZn®p: ""h¬k, \ns‚ tKm{X- t a- X mWv ? '' kXyIm-a≥ {]Xyp-Øcw sNbvXp: ""hnt`m, AXv F-\n-°-dn-™p-IqSm. AΩ-tbmSp tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ ]d-™Xv A[nIw AXn-Yn-I-sfm-∂n®p tkh-\-Øn-te¿s∏-´-t∏m-gmWv X\n-s°s∂ In´n-b-sX∂pw, tKm{Xw Adn-bn-s√∂pw kXy-Ima Pm_m-e≥ F∂ t]¿ kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≈pI-sb-∂p-amWv.'' KuX-a≥ ]d™p: ""A{_m-lva-W¿°n-ßs\ ]dbp-hm≥ Ign-bn√. h¬k, kanØv sIm≠p-h-cnI, Rm≥ \ns∂ D]\-b\w sNøn°mw. \o kXy-Øn¬\n∂p hyXn-N-en-®n-´n√.'' timjn®p ]c-h-i-s∏´ \m\qdp ]ip-°sf G¬]n-®p-sIm≠v KuXa≥ kXy-Im-a-t\mSp ]d™p: ""Chsb sIm≠p-t]mbn tabv°pI; Bbncw XnI-™n-´-√msX Xncn-®p-h-c-cpXv.'' injy≥ Iptd h¿j-߃ A\y {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn®p. ]ip-°ƒ Bbncw XnI™p. Hcp\mƒ Hcp Ej`w (Imf) kXy-Im-as\ Adn-bn®p: ""R߃ Bbncw XnI-™n-cn-°p∂p. Rßsf BNm-cy-Ip-e-Øn-te°v Xncn-®p-sIm≠p-t]m-bmepw!....'' ]n‰-∂mƒ k‘y-bm-b-t∏mƒ ]ip-°sf hrØmIr-Xn-bn¬ \n¿Øn a[y-Øn¬ kXy-Im-a≥ Xo°q´n. A·n-tZ-h≥ {]Xy-£-\mbn; Nne -D-]-tZ-i-߃ \¬In. kXy-Im-a≥ ]ip-°sf BNm-cy-Ip-e-Øn-te°v sIm≠p-t]mbn. BNm-cy≥ kXy-Im-as\ t\m°n-∏-d™p: ""kXy-Ima, \ns∂-°-≠m¬ {_lva-⁄m-\n-sb-t∏mse tXm∂p-∂p-ht√m. BcmWv \n\-°p-]-tZiw \¬In-bXv?'' ""a\p-jy-cm-cp-am-bn-cp-∂n√. Aßp Xs∂ Fs‚ B{Kl-Øn-s\m-Ø-hn[w D]-tZ-in-®p-X-∂mepw! BNm-cy-\n¬\n∂p In´p∂ ⁄m\w am{Xta ap‡n t\Sn-Ø-cn-I-bp≈q F∂m-Wt√m Aß-sbt∏m-ep≈ alm-flm-°-fn¬\n∂pw tI´n-´p-≈Xv'' ˛injy≥. ""At∏mƒ H∂pw Xs∂ hn´p-t]m-bn-´n-√t√m'' ˛BNm-cy≥. Aßs\ lcn-{Zp-aX ]p{X-\mb KuX-as‚ injy-Øn-embn kXy-Im-a-Pm-_m-e≥ {_lva⁄m-\n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p.6 kXy- I m- a ≥ ]n∂oSv Hcp BNm- c y- \ m- h p- I bpw injy≥am¿°v



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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{_t“m-]-tZiw \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. D]-tIm-k-e-I-a-em-b-\≥ Pm_mes‚ in-jyXzw kzoI-cn®p Pohn-°p∂ Hcp {_“-Nm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p. ]{¥-≠p-h¿jw Kpcp-]q-Pbpw A·n-]-cn-N-c-Whpw \SØn. F∂m¬, kXy-Im-a≥ a‰p in-jy≥amsc kam-h¿Ø\w sNøn-®p-sh-¶nepw, D]tIm-k-es\ kam-h¿Ø-\w sNøn-®n√. XZ-h-kcw kXy-Im-a-t\mSv Xs‚ `mcy Pb tNmZn®p: ""{_lva-Nm-cn-bmb D]-tIm-k-e≥ X]- p-sNbvXp. \√ t]mse AKv\n-]-cn-N-cWw \SØn. F∂n´pw Abmsf kam-h¿Ø\w sNøn®n√. F¥mWv ImcWw?'' kXy-Im-a≥ adp-]-Sn-sbm∂pw ]d-bmsX hntZi k©m-c-Øn\p ]pd-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. D]-tIm-k-e≥ ZpxJm¿Ø-\mbn, \ncm-lm-c-{hXw A\p-jvTn®p. BNm-cy-]Xv\n At±-l-tØmSv At]-£n®p: ""{_lva-Nmco, `£Ww Ign°q, F¥mWv H∂pw Ign-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.'' D]-tIm-k-e≥ {]Xnh-Nn®p: ""Cu ]pcp-j-\n¬ \m\m-X-c-Øn-ep≈ A`n-em-j-ß-fp≠v. am\kn- I - a mbn hym- [ n°pw B[n°pw Cc- b m- b n- c n- ° p- I - b mWv Rm≥. kz¥w ico-csØ \in-∏n-°p-hm-\mWv hnNm-cn-°p-∂Xv.'' ]n∂oSv D]-tIm-k-e≥ {_lva-⁄m-\n-bmb IY OmtµmKyw ]dbp-∂Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv: Xm≥ tkhn® AKv\n-I-sf√mw D]-tIm-k-et\mSv D]-tZ-in®p: ""{]mW-\mWv {_lvaw. {]mWs\ BIm-i-sa∂pw hnfn-°p∂p. BZn-Xy-\nse Bflmhv Rm\m-Ip∂p. AXp-X-s∂-bmWv Rm≥! N{µ-\nse Bflmhv Rm\m-Ip-∂p. AXp -X-s∂-bmWv Rm≥! sshZyp-Xn-bnse Bflmhv Rm\m-Ip-∂p. AXp-Xs∂-bm-Ip∂p Rm≥!'' A·n-Iƒ XpS¿∂p: ""D]-tIm-ke, Cu hnZy \o Rß-fn¬\n∂p {Kln-°pI. _m°n-bp-≈-sXms° BNm-cy≥ Xs∂ \n\°p ]d-™pXcpw!'' Aßs\ D]-tIm-k-e≥ {_lva-⁄m-\n-bmbn. BNm-cy≥ Xncn®p-h∂p. injy-s\- t\m°n tNmZn®p: ""A√tbm D]-tIm-ke, \ns‚ apJw {_lva-⁄m-\n-bp-tS-Xp-t]m-en-cn-°p-∂p-ht√m. BcmWv \n\-°p]-tZ-in-®Xv?'' ""hnt`m, F\n-°m¿ D]-tZ-in-°m≥˛'' injy≥. Pm_me≥ ho≠pw Xnc°n. D]-tIm-k-e≥ kw`hw hnkvX-cn®p. kXy-Ima≥ ]d™p: ""h’, \n\°v Ah¿ temI- ß - s f- ∏ ‰n am{X- a mWv ]d™pX∂n-´p-≈Xv. Rm≥ \n\°p ⁄mt\m-]-tZiw \evImw. AXv Adn-bp-∂-hsc Xma-c-bn-e-bn¬ Pe-IWw \nev°m-Ø-Xp-t]mse ]m]w kv]¿in-°p-I-bn√.'' ""`K-hm≥ ]d™p X-∂mepw!'' D]-tIm-k-e≥.7 ""IÆp-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ Cu ]pcp-j-\mWv Bflmhv. Aar-Xhpw A`bhpw {_lva-hp-as{X AXv'' ˛kXy-Im-a≥. Cßs\ Bflm-hpw PKØpw {_lv a - h p- s a√mw hmkv X - h - Ø n¬ H∂p- X - s ∂- b m- s W∂ AssZzX thZm¥w D]-tIm-k-e≥ {Kln®p.



kbp-Kzm-ssc-Iz≥



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



kmwIr-Xym-bs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ BZysØ D]-\n-j-±m¿i-\nI-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fmWv kbp-Kzm-ssc-Iz≥. Hcp Bflob hmZn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√, `uXn-I-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±lw F∂mWv kmwIr-Xym-b≥ ka¿Yn®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Imf-h≠n sXfn®v A¿[-{`m-¥-\mbn Np‰n-Øn-cn-b-embn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ apJy-tPmen. kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""N{µ- K p]v X aucys‚ knwlm- k - \ m- t cm- l W ImeØv acn® {Ko°nse Utbm-P-\okv (Diogenes, B.C 412˛-322)F∂ Zm¿i-\n-I\pw C{]-Imcw Hcp k©m-c-{]n-b-\m-bn-cp∂p. Xs‚ kv\m\Kmc (Ipfnapdn)Øn¬ Ccp-∂n-´mWv At±lw D]-tZiw \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. C¥ybn¬ CØcw k©m-cn-Iƒ kn≤≥amcpw alm-flm-°-fp-am-bn-´mWv Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Ah-cpsS Nn¥-Iƒ auen-I-ßtfm, A√m-Ø-htbm F∂ t\m´-an√. {_“-⁄m\n Hcp _me-I-s\-t∏mse Ccn-°-W-sa∂ bm⁄-h-evIys‚ D]-tZiw kbp-KzmsscIz-s\-t∏m-se-bp-≈-h-cpsS s]cp-am‰w I≠v BIrjvS-\mbn ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xm-sW∂v thWw IcpXp-I. F∂m¬, kbpKzmhv B[y-fl-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√; `uXnI hmZnbmb Zm¿i-\n-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. temI-Øns‚ aqtem-]-Zm\w (aqe-Im-cWw) bm⁄- h ¬Iys‚ ka- I m- e o- \ - \ mb A\- I vkn- t a- \ n-   ns\ (Anaximanes) t∏mse hmbp-hm-sW∂v At±lw kn≤m-¥n®p.''8 OmtµmKyw \memw A[ym-b-Øn-emWv sscIzs‚ Z¿i\w Nq≠n°m-Wn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂Xv. AXn\v Hcp-°nb ]›m-Øew Cß-s\bmWv: Pm\-{ipXn ]u{Xm-b-W≥ (P\-{ip-Xn-bpsS ]p{Xs‚ ]u{X≥) F∂ cmPmhv A\-h[n Zm\-߃ \evIn-s°m≠v AXn-Yn-Isf hnizmk-]q¿∆w BZ-cn-®n-cp∂p. F√m-bn-S-ß-fnepw [¿a-im-e-Iƒ ÿm]n°p-Ibpw Ah aptJ\ A∂-Zm\w \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. Hcn°¬ Xs‚ hn{i-a-Kr-l-Øn¬ Ccp∂v At±lw Bin®p, F√m-hcpw Xs‚ A∂w `£n-°-W-sa∂v. Hcp cm{Xn c≠p lwk-߃ (Ac-b∂-߃) ]d-°p-∂-Xp-I≠p. Ah XΩn¬ Cßs\ Hcp kw`m-jWw \S∂p: Hcp lwkw a‰-Xn-t\mSp ]d™p: ""A√tbm `√m£, Pm\{ip-Xn-]u-{Xm-b-Ws‚ {]` ChnsS ]I¬sh-fn-®w-t]mse hym]n-®ncn-°p∂p. sXm´p-t]m-I-cptX; s]m≈n-t∏mhpw.'' Pm\-{ipXn ]u{Xmb-W≥ CXp tIƒ°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. XZ-h-kcw as‰ Ac-b∂w ]d™p: ""Iºc, \o ]pI-gvØp∂ Cbmƒ kbp-Kzm-ssc-Iz-s\-t∏mse-bmtWm?'' ""kbp-Kzm-ssc-Iz≥ Fß-s\-bp≈ BfmWv?''˛ H∂masØ Ac-b∂w. ""tPXm-°-fpsS ASp-tØ°v Xmgv∂ ]Sn-bn-ep≈ Bfp- I ƒ sN√pw- t ]mse P\- ß ƒ sNøp∂ kZv { ]- h r- Ø n- I - f psS ]pWy-^ew h≠n-°m-c-\mb sscIzs‚ kao-]-tØ°v sN√p∂p.'' A⁄m-X-\mb Cu sscIz-\n¬ cmPm-hn\v Xm¬]cyw P\n®p. At±lw cmhnse Fgp-t∂‰v kz¥w kNn-h-∑m-tcmSv tNmZn®p: ""kbpKzm-ssc-Iz-s\-∏‰n h√Xpw Adn-bptam?'' ""C√. BcmWv At±lw?



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



327



F¥mWv hn-tijw?'' kNn-h-∑m¿. ""hntP-Xm-°-fpsS kao-]-tØ°v Xmgv∂-]-Sn-bn-ep-≈-h¿ t]mIpw t]mse F√m kXvI¿a-ß-fp-tSbpw ]pWy-^ew At±-l-Øns‚ kao-]-tØ°p t]mhp∂p˛'' Pm\-{ipXn. kNn-h-∑m¿ sscIzs\ At\z-jn®p ]pd-s∏´p. Is≠-Øn-bn√. Xncn-®p-sN∂p ]d™p: ""I≠n√, Xncp-ta\o.'' Pm\-{ipXn B⁄m]n®p: ""{_mlva-Wsc ImWm≥ Ign-bp∂ hnP\ ÿe-ß-fn-se√mw At\z-jn-°pI.'' Aßs\ kNn-h-∑m¿ ho≠pw Xnc°n. Ah-km\w Hcp h≠n-bpsS Xmsg-bn-cp∂v sNmdn am¥n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp {_mlva-W-s\- I-s≠Øn. cmP-tk-h-I-∑m¿ tNmZn®p: ""tZhm, Aßp∂mtWm kbp-Kzm-ssc-Iz≥?'' ""AsX, Rm≥ Xs∂, F¥p-thWw?'' sscIz≥. kNn-h≥am¿ cmPm-hns\ hnh-c-a-dn-bn®p. Adp-\qdp ]ip°-sfbpw kz¿W-lm-c-ß-sfbpw Igp-X-Isf ]q´nb cY-ß-sfbpw sIm≠v Pm\-{ipXn ]u{Xm-b-W≥ sscIzs\ kao-]n®p. ""sscIzm, CXm Adp-\qdp ]ip-°fpw kph¿W-lm-c-ßfpw cYßfpw. Ch Aßp∂v kzoI-cn-®mepw! tZhm, Aßv D]m-k\ sNøp∂ tZh-s\-°p-dn®p F\n°v D]-tZiw X∂mepw!'' ""Oo, amdn-\n¬°q, iq{Z! ]ip-°fpw kz¿W-ap-{Z-Ifpw \n\-°pX-s∂-bn-cn-°s´''˛ al¿jn-bpsS {]Xn-I-c-Ww. Pm\-{ipXn ]u{Xm-b-W≥ aS-ßn. A\-¥cw Bbncw ]ip-°ƒ. kz¿W-lm-c-߃, cY-߃ F∂n-h-tbm-sSm∏w kz¥w I\yI ]p{Xnsb-°qSn sIm≠p-t]mbn sscIz-t\mSp ]d™p: ""CXm, Bbncw ]ip°fpw kz¿W-lm-c-ßfpw cY-ßfpw Cu `mcy-bpw. Cu {Kmaw Xs∂ Aß-bp-tS-Xm-Ip-∂p. D]-tZiw X∂m-epw.'' sscIz≥ B I\y-Im-c-Xv\-Øns‚ apJw ]nSn-®p-s]m°n t\m°n, F∂n´p ]d™p: ""Cu apJw Imc-W-ambn am{X-amWv F∂n¬\n∂pw D]-tZiw e`y-am-Ip-∂Xv. a‰p-≈-sX√mw sIm≠p-t]mhq.'' At±lw D]-tZiw \evIn-bXv C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""hmbp-hs{X aqe-am-bn-´p-≈Xv. A·n im¥-am-hp-tºmƒ hmbphn¬ ebn- ° p∂p; kqcy≥ Akv X - a n- ° p- t ºmƒ hmbp- h n¬ ebn- ° p∂p; N{µ≥ AkvX-an-°p-tºmƒ hmbp-hn¬ ebn-°p∂p. sh≈w h‰n-t∏mIp-tºmƒ hmbp-hn¬ ebn-°p∂p. hmbp-hmWv Ch-sbsb√mw hebw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv. A[n-tZ-h-X-sb-°p-dn-®mWv C{Xbpw {]kvXm-hn®Xv. B[ym-fl-nI-ZrjvSym t\m°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ {]mW≥ F∂ aqeh-kvXp -i-co-c-Øn¬ Ah-ÿn-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. ]pcp-j≥ kpjp-]vXnbn (Dd-°-Øn¬)encn-°p-tºmƒ hmWnbpw N£p pw t{im{Xhpw a\ p-sa√mw {]mW-\n¬ ebn-°p∂p. At∏mƒ c≠p aqe-I-ß-fm-Wp≈Xv: tZh-∑m-cn¬ hmbphpw C{µn-b-ß-fn¬ {]mW\pw.'' {]kvXpX D≤-c-W-Øns‚ tijw kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Aß- s \ `uXn- I - P - K - Ø n- s ‚bpw B[ym- fl nI temI- Ø n- s ‚bpw



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



aqem-[m-c-am-bn-´p-≈Xv hmbp-hm-sW-∂s{X sscIzs‚ Z¿i\w.''9 Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ 1. hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]. 559 2. OmtµmKyw A[ymbw 5, JWvUw 3 t\m°p-I. 3. Ibid A. 5, J. 3-˛9 t\m°pI. 4. Ibid A. 5, J. 11˛-18 t\m°pI. 5. hniz-Z¿i-\߃ t]. 661 6. OmtµmKyw A. 4, J. 4-˛9 t\m°pI. 7. Ibid A. 4, J. 10-˛16 t\m°pI. 8. hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]. 682 9. Ibid P. 685



A[ymbw Ccp-]-tØgv



D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse GI-Xz-Z¿i\w `m-cX-Øn¬



D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS Imew-sXm-´mWv "Z¿i\w' AYhm XXz-Nn¥ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv. D]-\n-jXv ImesØ a\o-jn-Iƒ {]m]©nI {]Xn-`m-k-ß-fpsS ]nd-In¬ h¿Øn-°p∂ i‡n-hn-ti-j-sØ∏‰n ]cn-Nn-¥\w \S-Øp-hm-\p-Zy-an®p. Aßs\ hnhn[ Z¿i-\-ßfpw Zm¿i-\nI {]ÿm-\-ßfpw \ne-hn¬ h∂p; Ckvem-an-I-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ "C¬ap¬Iemw' AYhm XXz-Nn-¥m-{]-ÿm\w hf¿∂p-h-∂-t]mse Xs∂. ]t£, C¬ap¬Iemw DS- s e- S p- ° p- ∂ - X n\p kl- { km- _ v Z ߃°p apºmWv, C¥y-bn¬ Zm¿i-\n-I-{]-ÿm-\-߃ hf¿∂p-h∂-sX∂ hkvXpX ChnsS kva¿Ø-hy-amWv.



thZhpw D]-\n-jØpw Jp¿-B\pw C¬ap¬I-emapw XΩn-ep≈ Xmc-X-ay-sat¥m, AXpX-s∂-bmWv thZhpw D]-\n-jØpw XΩn-ep-≈Xv. Jp¿-B-\n¬ Nne AZr-iy-Im-cy-ß-fn-te°p shfn®w hoin. ]t£, Xosc Ahy-‡hpw A\n¿h-N-\o-b-hpamb hn[-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p AXnse {]Xn-]m-Z\w. apkvenw "apX-I-√n-ap-Iƒ' (XXz-Nn-¥-I≥am¿) B AZr-iy-Im-cy-ßsf hni- Z o- I - c n- ° p- h m\pw \n¿h- N n- ° p- h m\pw DZy- a n®p. Aßs\ C¬ap¬Iemw F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp {]tXyI hn⁄m-\-imJ cq]wsIm≠p. CtX {]Imcw thZ-ß-fnepw {]]-©-Øns‚ ]nd-In¬ ÿnXnsN-øp∂ AZr-iyhpw A\n¿h-N-\o-b-hp-amb i‡n-hn-ti-j-sØ∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cp∂p. AXns‚ hni-Zmw-i-߃ Is≠-Øm-\p≈



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329



{iaw ]n¬°m-eØv \S∂p. AXn¬\n-∂mWv Z¿i-\hpw Zm¿i-\n-I{]-ÿm-\-ßfpw \ne-hn¬ h∂Xv. {io. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥ FgpXn-bXv ImWpI: hniz-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-´n¬ F¥mWv, N©-e-amb {]]-©-Øn\p ]n∂n¬ AN-©-e-amb h√-Xp-apt≠m, hniz-Øns‚ DZv`hw Fß-s\bm-bn-cp∂p F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ {]iv\-ß-fpsS Hc-hy‡ cq]w EtKz-ZØnse "\mk-Zob' kq‡-Øn¬ Z¿i-\o-b-amWv: (thZ-Ønse B `mKw Cß-s\-bmWv:) ""A°m-eØv kØtbm Ak-Øtbm D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. A¥-co£tam AXn¬\n∂p hn`n-∂-amb thymatam D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. BcmWv F√m-Øn-t\bpw aqSn-bXv? Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv? BcmWv F√mØn-t\bpw c£n-®n-cp-∂Xv? AKm-[hpw Kw`o-c-hp-amb Pe-am-bn-cp∂pthm AhnsS? A∂v ac- W tam Aa- c - X ztam D≠m- b n- c p- ∂ n√. cm{Xnbpw ]Iepw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. GIhpw kzm{in-X-hp-amb i‡n-bm¬ AXv ({_lvaw) kzbw izkn®p. AX√m-tXtbm, AXn-\p-]-cn-bmtbm bmsXm∂pw C√m-bn-cp∂p. AhnsS A‘-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Bcw-`-Øn¬ AXv A‘-Im-c-Øm¬ aqSs∏-´-Xm-bn-cp∂p. Ahn-`m-Pyhpw, Pew t]mse {]hm-l-cq-]-Øn¬ KXna-b-hp-am-bn-cp∂p hniz-a-Jnew. iq\y-X-bnepw Ahy-Xn-cn-‡-X-bnepw AXv Hfn-™p-In-S∂p. AXv kzi-‡n-bm¬ hnI-kz-c-ambn. Aßs\ G‰hpw BZy-ambn "Imaw' (C—) Df-hmbn. A¥¿`m-K-Øp≈ a\ ns‚ {]mcw` _oP-am-Ip∂p C—. Ejn-am¿ kzlr-Z-b-Øn¬ At\zjn®v Ak-Ø-bn¬ kØ-bpsS kwtbm-P-\-_‘w I≠p-]n-Sn®p... bmsXm-∂n¬\n∂v Cu temIw kwPm-X-am-tbm, B aqe t{kmX v D≠m-°s∏-´tXm AY-hm, AIr-Xtam? k¿thm-∂-X-amb Zutem-IØn¬ \n∂v CXns\ `cn-°p∂ k¿∆-km-£n-bmb \mY≥ am{Xta AXv Adn-bp-Itbm Adn-bm-Xn-cn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂p≈q.''1 ""ta¬ D∂-bn® {]iv\-߃s°√mw kam-[m\w e`n-°p-∂Xp sXm´mWv Z¿i-\-߃ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv.''2 BI-bm¬ thZ-Ønse Ahy-‡-amb XXz-h-N-\-߃°v bp‡nbpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ hymJym\w \evIp-hm-\p≈ {ia-Øn¬ \n∂mWv C¥y-bn¬ Z¿i-\-{]-{Inb DS-se-Sp-ØXv. B Z¿i-\-߃ D]-\n-j-{Zq]-Øn¬ t{ImUo-Ir-X-ß-fmbn. C\n \ap°p D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse {][m-\-amb {]Xn-]m-Zy-ß-sf-∏‰n Btem-Nn°mw.



{_lvahpw Bflmhpw D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse G‰hpw apJy {]Xn-]m-Z\w {_“-tØbpw Bflm-hn-t\bpw ]‰n-bmWv. GI\pw \ncm-Im-c\pw AZzn-Xo-b-\p-amb ]c-ta-iz-cs\ D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ "{_lvaw' F∂p hnfn-°p∂p. ssZhw F∂-t]mse {_lvahpw Hcp \]pw-k-I-enw-K-amWv. Cu ]Z-Øns‚



330



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



A¿Y-sØ-∏‰n kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""\]pw-k-I-enw-K-amb {_lv a w hym]m- c - { ]- [ m- \ - a mb Ime- Ø p- ≠ mb D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I - f n¬ tZh≥am-cpsS tZh-\mbpw, AZzn-Xo-bhpw \ncm-Im-c-hp-amb Hcp i‡nhn-ti-j-ambpw ImW-s∏-Sp∂p.... \]pw-k-I-enw-K-amb {_lva-i-–Øn\v t`mP\w, t`mP-\-Zm\w, kma-KoXw, AZv`p-X-i-‡n-bp≈ a{¥w, b⁄- ] q¿Øn, Km\- Z - £ nW, ]ptcm- l n- X s‚ at{¥m- ® m- c Ww, alm≥am¿ F∂n-XymZn A¿Y-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv.''3 {_lvaw F∂ t]mse-Øs∂ "Bflmhv' F∂pw D]-\n-j-ØpIƒ ]c-ta-iz-cs\ hnfn-°m-dp≠v. F∂m¬, Bflm-hn\v Cu A¿Yw thZ-Im-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂p a\- n-em-hp∂p. EtK-zZ-Im-esØ Ejn-am¿ a\ v, {]mW≥ F∂o A¿Y-Øn-emWv Bfl-i–w {]tbmKn-®n-cp-∂Xv. kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Xs∂ ]d-bs´: "sshZn-I-Im-esØ Ejnam¿ Bflmhv ico-c-Øn¬\n∂v `n∂-amb Hcp kØ-bm-sW∂p hnizkn-®n-cp∂p. EtKz-Z-Ønse Hcp a{¥-Øn¬ hr£-߃, kky-߃, A¥-co£w, kqcy≥ F∂n-h-bn¬\n-∂mWv AXv \ΩpsS ASp-°te°v h∂n´p-≈-sX∂p ]d-bp∂p.... EtKz-Z-Øn¬ a\ v, Bflmhv, Akp ({]mW≥) F∂n-h-sb√mw Pohs‚ ]cym-b-ß-fmWv. F∂m¬, Bflmhv F∂v s]mXp-hmbn ]d-bp-∂Xv {]mW-hm-bp-hn-s\tbm, icoc-sØtbm BIp∂p.''4 ]t£, D]-\n-j-XvIm-eØv Bfl-i-–-Øn\v AXn-Kw-`o-chpw \nKqV-hp-amb A¿Yw Iev]n-°-s∏´p. ]c-{_-lva-Øns‚ ]cym-b-am-bnØo¿∂p AXv. AXn- \ m¬, {_lv a - h nZy alm- ] - Wv U n- X ≥am- c psS IpØ-I-bm-bn-Øo¿-∂p. AXp kmam\y P\-Øn\v Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xpt]mepw D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ \ntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. Omtµm-Ky-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xp t\m°pI: ""]nXmhv aqØ ]p{X∂pw BNm-cy≥ tbmKy\mb injy∂pw am{Xta {_lva-X-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®v D]-tZiw \¬Imhq. a‰m¿°pw Xs∂ AXv D]-tZ-in-°-cpXv. CXns‚ t]cn¬ kap-{Z-Øm¬ Np‰-s∏´, [\-k-ar-≤-amb Cu `qtemIw apgp-h≥ \evIn-bmepw icn, Aßs\ sNø-cpXv, CXmWv AXn-s\-°mƒ t{ijvTw; CXmWv AXns\-°mƒ t{ijvTw!''5 `mc-X-Ønse km[m-c-W-°m¿°v ap≥Im-eØv \njn-≤-am-bn-cp∂p {_lv a - s Ø- ° p- d n® ⁄m\- s a∂p CXn¬\n∂p {Kln°mw. Cu Adnhv D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-emWv Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬, D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS {]Xn-]m-Z-\-ssien Zp¿{K-l-am-bn-Øo¿∂-Xn¬ A¤p-X-an√. `mc-Xo-b-]-fin-X≥am¿°p t]mepw D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS D≈-S°w a\- n-em-°-W-sa-¶n¬ \nc-h[n Imew X]- -\p-jvTn-°Ww. At∏mƒ ]ns∂ kmam- \ y- P - \ - ß - f psS Imcyw ]d- t b- ≠ - X pt≠m? CXn¬\n∂p as‰mcp kwK-Xn-IqSn hy‡-am-hp-∂p≠v. `mc-Xob kmlnXy-ß-fn¬ GIXzZ¿i\w ÿew ]nSn-®n-cp-∂n´pw, `mc-Xob P\X \m\m-Xz-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ ASn-bp-d-®p-t]m-b-Xns‚ bYm¿Y Imc-W-am-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



331



WXv . hnZz¬ P\-Øns‚ tem`-a-t\m-`m-h-am-bn-cp∂p B ImcWw. Ah¿ GI-ssZ-h-Xz-kn-≤m¥w P\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Ign-bp-∂{X ad-®p]n-Sn-®n-cp∂p. X∂n-anØw P\-߃ A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fnepw Dulmt]m-l-ß-fnepw AI-s∏-´p-t]mbn.



{_lvaw AZzn-Xobw kØ-sIm≠pw KpWw-sIm≠pw ]c-{_lva ]c-am-flmhv AZzn-Xob- a m- s W∂p D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I ƒ Xpd∂p]d- b p∂p. DZm- l - c - W - a mbn, OmtµmKyw ]d-bp-∂Xp ImWpI: ""A√tbm {]nb, AXv apºv AZznXo-b-amb Hcp `mh-cq]w am{X-am-bn-cp∂p. AXn-s\-Øs∂ AZzn-Xob-amb Hcp A`m-h-cq]w am{X-ambpw Nne¿ hymJym-\n®p. Aßs\ Ak-Ø-bn¬\n∂v kØ-bp-≠mbn. F∂m¬ AsX-ßs\ kw`-hyamWv? Ak-Ø-bn¬\n∂p kØ-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-sX-ß-s\-bmWv? AXn\m¬ AXv AZzn- X o- b - a mb Hcp `mh- c q]w am{X- a m- b n- c p∂p. AXv C—n®p, Rm≥ _lp- c q- ] - a m- b n- Ø o- c - s ´- s b- ∂ v . AXv tXP-   ns\ krjvSn-®p. {]kvXpX tXP v C—n®p, Rm≥ _lp-cq-]-\m-bn-cn-°s´ F∂v.... AXp PesØ krjvSn®p....''6 CXn¬\n∂pw ]c-ta-iz-c≥ AZzn-Xo-b\pw GI-\p-am-sW∂p hy‡am-Ip-∂p-≠t√m. ssZh-Øn\v c≠p-Xcw KpW-ß-fp-s≠∂pw H∂v `mhmfl- I - ß fpw ( Positive attributes ) a‰Xv A`m- h m- fl - I - ß fp( Negative attributes)amsW-∂pw \mw apsºm-cn-SØv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. ssZhsØ Xs‚ `mhm-fl-I-Kp-W-߃ ]cn-K-Wn®v "kXv' Bbpw A`m-hm-fl-IKp-W-߃ ]cn-K-Wn®v "AkXv' Bbpw Iev]n-°p∂p. Omtµm-KyØnse Ejn-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ A`m-hm-flI KpW-ß-fn¬\n-∂√ `mhm-flI KpW-ß-fn¬\n-∂mWv hnizw kw`-hy-am-bXv. CXm-bn-cn°Ww {]kvXpX hmIy-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ. GXm-bmepw {_lvaw AZznXo-b-am-sW∂p OmtµmKyw Xo¿Øp ]d-bp∂p. Jp¿B\n¬ "A√mlp GI-\mWv' F∂pw "Ah\v Xpey-ambn bmsXm-∂p-ans√'∂pw ]d-™-Xns‚ as‰mcp {]Xn-]m-Z-\-ssi-en-bmWnXv. Cu hmIy-߃°v Ckvem-anI ]fin-X≥am¿ hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬In-b-Xp-t]mse Xs∂-bmWv D]-\n-j-Ønse Ejn-am¿ {_lvaØns‚ AZzn-Xo-bX ka¿Yn-®n-´p-≈Xv. Ckvem-anI ]fin-X≥am-cpsS hni-Zo-I-cWw Camw A_p¬ lk-\n¬ Aiv-Acn Cßs\ D≤-cn°p∂p: ""A√mlp GI-\mWv. Ah\p Xpey-ambn bmsXm-∂p-an√; Ah≥ ico-c-a√, \ng-e√, ]nfi-a√, cq]-a√, `mh-a√, amwk-a√, c‡-a√, {Zhy-a√, KpW-a√, \nd-a√, ck-bp-‡-\√, K‘-bp-‡-\√, kv]¿io-b-\√, NqtSm XWpt∏m ]in-atbm ipjvI-Xtbm D≈-h\√....'' 7 Cßs\ t]mIp∂p A√m-lp-hns‚ A`m-hm-flI KpW-ß-fpsS \o≠ ]´nI. Ahs‚ AZzn-Xo-b-Xbpw \nkvXp-e-X-bp-amWv ChnsS



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



hni-Zo-I-cn-®Xv. C\n CtX XXzw _rl-Zm-c-WyIw hni-Z-am-°nb ssien -Im-WpI: ""AXv ÿqe-a√, kq£va-a√, {lkz-a√, Zo¿L-a√, sNat∏m, kv\nKv[-Xtbm D≈-X√, Inc-W-bp-‡hpw A‘-Im-c-a-b-hp-a√, hmbph√, BIm-i-a√, \ng-e√, kao-]-ÿtam Zqc-ÿtam A√, hnIm-cbp-‡tam, ck-bp-‡tam K‘-bp-‡tam A√, IÆnt\m sNhnt°m a\- nt\m {]mWt∂m hnj-b-a√, B¥-ctam _mlytam A√, AXv bmsXm∂pw A\p- ` - h n- ° p- ∂ n√, AXns\ Bcpw A\p- ` - h n- ° p- ∂ pan√....''8 Cu D≤-c-Wn°p tijw kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""{_lvaØns‚ KpW-߃°p Ah-km-\-an√. "t\Xn-t\Xn' (CsXm-∂p-a√) F∂ hnti-jWw {_lva-Øn\v BZy-ambn e`n-®Xv A°m-e-ØmWv.''9 ]t©-{µn-b-߃t°m a\- nt\m {]mWt∂m hnj-b-am-hmØ H∂mWv {_lva-sa∂v tIt\m-]-\n-jØv hy‡-am-°p∂p. "\ \{X N£p-K¿—Xn \ hm§-—-Xnt\m a\x \ hnZvtam \ hnPm-\otam bssY-X-Z-\p-in-jymZv.''10 (AXns\ t\{XmZn C{µn-b-߃t°m hm°nt\m a\- nt\m hnj-bam-°m-\m-hn√; AsX-ß-s\-bp-≈-Xm-sW∂p R߃ Adn-bp-∂n√. AXn-s\-∏‰n ]Tn-∏n-t°-≠-sX-ß-s\-sb∂pw R߃°-dn-™p-IqSm.) ssZh-k-Ø-bpsS A\n¿h-N-\o-b-X-sb-∏‰n H∂mw Jeo^ A_q_-Ivdn- n-±oJv ]d-bp∂p:



(AXv Adn-bpI Akm-[y-am-sW∂p Adn-b-emWv bYm¿Y ⁄m\w!)11 CtX Bibw as‰mcp ssien-bn¬ tIt\m-]-\n-jØpw Ah-Xcn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p: ""bkym-aXw Xky-aXw aXw bky \ thZ kx Ahn-⁄mXw hnPm-\Xmw hn⁄m-Xa hnPm-\Xmw.''12 ({_lvasØ Adn- b pI km[y- a √ F∂p hnNm- c n- ° p- ∂ - h ≥ {_lvasØ Adn-™p-sh∂p ]dbmw. {_lvasØ Adn-™p-sh∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h≥ hmkvX-h-Øn¬ AXns\ Adn-™n-´n√. Adn-s™∂v hnNm-cn-°p-∂-h\v Adn-bm-ØXpw Adn-bn-s√∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h\v Adn™-Xp-amWv {_lvaw.) BI-bm¬ A√m-lp-hn-s\-∏‰n Ckvemw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw {_lvasØ-∏‰n {]mNo\ D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw GXm-s≠m-∂pX- s ∂- b mWv . ]t£, Ckv e mw hcp- ∂ - X n\v kl- { km- _ v Z - ß ƒ ap≥]mWv D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS Imew.



{_lvaw krjvSn-I¿Ømhv



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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C\n temtIm- X v ] - Ø n- s b- ∏ ‰n D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I - f psS \ne- ] mSv t\m°mw. {_lvaw am{X-amWv BZn-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂pw PK’r-jvSn°v Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≈Xv AXm-sW∂pw D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ]dbp∂p: ""{_lvaw am{X-amWv apºp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. AXv kzbw Adn™p, "Rm≥ {_lva-amWv' F∂v. AXn¬\n∂v F√mw D≠mbn.'' 13 `uXn-I-X-Xz-ß-fn¬ {]Y-a-am-bp-Zv`-hn-®Xv Pe-am-sW∂v _rl-Zmc-WyIw kqNn-∏n-°p∂p: ""ap≥]p a‰p bmsXm-∂pw-X-s∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Poh-iq-\y-am-bncp∂p k¿h{X. hni-∏p-sIm≠v AXv aqS-s∏-´n-cp∂p. hni∏v ac-WamWv. (AXm-bXv, {]]©w A`m-hm-h-ÿ-bn-emWv ÿnXn-sN-bvXncp-∂-sX-∂¿Yw). AXp-sIm≠v AXv ({_lvaw) Bfl-bp-‡-ambn, ki- c o- c - a m- b n- Ø o- c - W - s a∂p \n›- b n®p. AXv C—n®p. Cu C—bn¬\n∂p Pe-ap-≠mbn. Pe-Øns‚ Iam-\m-IrXn hep-Xm-bn-h∂p. Aßs\ `qan-bp-≠mbn.''14 Pe-amWv {]Ya `uXnI XXzw F∂ Bi-b-Øn-te°v Jp¿-B\pw kqN\ \evIn-bn-´p≠v. ""BZn-bn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ knwlm-k\w Pe-Øn\v aosX-bm-bn-cp∂p.''15 AXm-bXv, BZn-bn¬ Pe-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv; AXn\m¬, Ahs‚ B[n-]-Xyhpw A[n-Im-chpw AXn≥ta¬ ÿm]n-X-am-bncp∂p F∂¿Yw. IqSmsX Pe-Øn¬\n-∂mWv Poh hkvXp-°s - f-√m-ap-≠m°n-bs - X∂pw Jp¿-B≥ {]Jym-]n-®n-´p≠v. ""F√m Hmtcm Poh-h-kvXp-hn-s\bpw \mw Pe-Øn¬\n∂v D≠m°n. Ah¿ C\nbpw hniz-kn-°n-√tbm?''16 {Ko°v Zm¿i-\n-I\ - mb sYbn¬kv hn`m-h\ - s - N-bvXn-cp-∂Xpw Pe-amWv `uXn-IX - X - z-ßf - n¬ {]Y-aa - m-bs - X-∂mWv.17 temI-krjvSn km[n-®X - n-s\-∏‰n sFX-tc-tbm-]\ - n-jØ - n¬ aln-Zmk sFX-tc-b≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""BZn-bn¬ Cu Bflmhv (]c-{_-lva] - c - t- a-iz-c≥) am{X-am-Wp-≠m-bncp-∂Xv. thsd H∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. temI-krjvSn \S-Ø-W-sa∂v AXv (]c-ta-iz-c≥) Cu£Ww sNbvXp (C—n®p). Aßs\ Ah≥ Aw` v, acoNn, acw, B]x F∂o temI-ßsf krjvSn®p. kz¿K-Øn¬ {]Xn-jvTtbm-Sp-IqSn ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ taL-tem-Ia - s{X Aw` v. (as‰mcp hymJym-\a-\p-kcn®v kz¿K-Øn\pw apI-fn-embn \ne-sIm-≈p∂ alx, P\x, X]x, kXyx F∂o temI-ßfpw Ah°v B[m-c-ambn ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ ZyptemIhpw tN¿∂ A©p temI-ßf - psS t]cmWv Aw` v). civan-If - psS temIas{X acoNn. (CXn¬ kqcy\pw N{µ\pw Xmc-ßf - p-apƒs∏-Sp∂p. ]rYznhn (`qan) F∂ temI-amWv acw. (acW-Øn\v hnt[-b-ß-fm-Wt√m `qtem-IØnse Poh-Pm-eß - ƒ. AXn-\m-es{X AXn\v acw [acn-°p-∂Xv] F∂ hntijWw e`n-®Xv.) ]rYzn-hn-bpsS ASn-bn-embn ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ temIw (]m-



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



Xmfw) BIp∂p B]x. AXn\p tijw AXv (]c-{_lva ]c-amflmhv) C—n®p, temI kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn temI-]-cn-]m-e-I∑msc krjvSn-°-W-sa∂v. Aßs\ Pe-Øn¬\n∂v ]pcp-js\ (Pohs\) AwtKm- ] mw- K - ß - t fm- S p- I qSn krjv S n®p. AXv ({_lv a w) X]-   psNbvXp. (AXm-bXv, ]pcp-js‚ hf¿®sb Imw£n-®p-sh-∂¿Yw). X]- ns‚ ^e-ambn X]vX-amb {]kvXpX ]nfiw ]£n-bpsS ap´s]m-´p-∂-Xp-t]mse s]m´n. Aßs\ ]pcp-j\v apJhpw hmb-bp-ap≠mbn. apJ-Øn¬\n∂p hmKn-{µn-bhpw hmKn-{µn-b-Øn¬\n∂pw (hmKvtZ-h-\mb) AKv\nbpw Bhn¿`q-X-ambn. \mkn-Im-Zzm-c-߃ DZv`hn®p. B Zzmc-ß-fn¬\n∂v {]mW\pw {]mW-\n¬ \n∂p hmbp-tZh\pw Df-hmbn. t\{X-ß-fm-hn¿`-hn®p. t\{X-ß-fn¬ \n∂p Z¿i-t\{µn-bhpw Z¿i-t\-{µn-b-Øn¬\n∂p, (AXns‚ tZh-X-bmb) kqcy\pw kwPm-X-ambn. I¿W-Zzm-c-ß-fp-f-hmbn. I¿W-Zzm-c-ß-fn¬\n∂v {ihtW-{µn-bhpw {ih-tW-{µn-b-Øn¬\n∂p Zni-Ifpw (Zn°p-Iƒ) DXv]∂-ambn. N¿aw DZv`-hn®p. N¿a-Øn¬\n∂p tcmam-h-en-Ifpw tcmam-hen-I-fn¬\n∂p Huj-[n-Ifpw (kky-e-Xm-Zn-Iƒ) Bhn¿`-hn®p. lrZb-ap-≠mbn. lrZ-b-Øn¬\n∂pw a\ pw a\- n¬\n∂v (AXns‚ tZh\mb) N{µ-\p-ap-≠m-bn. \m`n {]I-S-am-bn. \m`n-bn¬\n∂v A]m-\-hmbphpw A]m-\-\n¬\n∂v (A-Xns‚ tZh-\m-b) arXyphpw Bhn¿`hn®p. P\-t\-{µnbw DZv`-hn®p. P\-t\-{µn-b-Øn¬\n∂p tcX pw tcX n¬\n∂p Pe- h p- a p- ≠ mbn. (Hcp hymJym- \ - a - \ p- k - c n®p tcX n¬\n∂p {]Pm-]Xn F∂ tZh≥ D≠mbn.)''18 temtIm-Xv]-Ønsb kw_-‘n® Cu Nn{Xo-I-c-W-Ønepw ]pcpj≥ (Poh≥) kwPm-X-am-bn-´p-≈Xv Pe-Øn¬\n-∂m-sW∂p ka¿Yn®n-cn-°p∂p. Cßs\ PK-Øns‚ DXv]-Øn°p ImcWw ]c-{_-lva]- c - a m- fl m- h m- s W∂p F√m D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I fpw Xo¿Øp- ] - d - b p∂p. F∂m¬ GXp hn[-Øn-emWv {_lvaw PK-’r-jvSn-bpsS Imc-W-ambn-´p-≈Xv? Cu {]iv-\-sØ-°p-dn®v A¬]w Nn¥n-°m-\p≠v. ImcWw c≠p hn[-Øn-ep≠v. H∂v \nan-Ø-Im-cWw, AYhm I¿Ømhv. IpSØns‚ \n¿am-W-Øn\v Ipi-h≥ Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-t]mse. at‰Xv D]mZm-\-Im-cWw, As√-¶n¬ D]-I-cWw. IpS-Øn\v aÆp Imc-W-amhpw t]mse. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ NneXv ]c-{_-lvasØ hniz-Øns‚ \nanØ- a mbn Nn{Xo- I - c n- ° p∂p. Jp¿- B s‚ ho£- W hpw Aß- s \- b mWt√m. F∂m¬, a‰p NneXv hniz-Øns‚ D]m-Zm\ Imc-W-am-bmWv {_lv a sØ h¿Wn- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv . BZysØ k¶¬]- a - \ p- k - c n®v PKØpw {_lvahpw c≠m-sW∂pw I¿Ømhpw IrXnbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w am{X-amWv c≠n\pw XΩn-ep-≈-sX∂pw hcpw. c≠m-asØ k¶¬]-a-\p-k-cn®p PKØpw {_lvahpw XΩn¬ bYm¿Y-Øn¬ `n∂X-bn-s√∂pw, c≠pw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ H∂m-sW∂pw hcpw. {]kvXpX c≠p k¶¬]-ß-fn¬\n-∂mhmw `mc-Xo-b-Z¿i-\-Øn¬ ssZzX-hm-Zhpw



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



335



AssZz-X-hm-Zhpw D¤-hn-®-sX∂p tXm∂p∂p.



ssZzXhpw AssZz-Xhpw D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ NneXv ssZzX-hm-ZsØ ]n¥p-W-°p-tºmƒ a‰p NneXv AssZz-Xk - n-≤m-¥sØ klm-bn-°p∂p. ssXØn-cotbm]\n-jØv AssZz-Xh - m-Zs - Ø-bmWv ]n≥Xm-ßp-∂Xv. krjvSn-{]-{In-bs - b-°p-dn-®p≈ AXns‚ {]Xn-]m-Z\w t\m°pI: ""Cu PKØv BZn-bn¬ "AkXv' (Ahy-‡hpw Ahy-Xn-cn-‡hpw) Bbncp∂p. AXn¬\n-∂mWv "kXv' (PU-tN-X\ - m-flI - a- mb {]Xy-£P - K - Øv) DZv`hn-®Xv. ]c-{_-lvam-flmhv kzbw Xs∂ PU-tN-X\ - m-flI - c - q]w ssIs°m≠p. AXp-sIm≠p hnizsØ "kpIrXw' (\√-Xmbn \n¿an-°s - ∏-´Xv) F∂p ]d-bp∂p.''19 {_lvaw Xs∂-bmWv PK-Ømbn cq]m-¥c - s - ∏-´s - X-∂s{X ta¬ ]d-™Xns‚ kmcw. X∂n-anØw PK-Øns‚ D]m-Zm-\I - m-cWw am{X-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p {_lvaw. {_lvaw PK-Øm-bn-Øo¿∂-sX-ßs - \-sb∂p ssXØn-cobw hniZo-Ic - n-°p∂p: ""Rm≥ _lp-cq-]a - mbn Xoc-Ws - a∂p AXv hnNm-cn®p. AXv X] p sNbvXp. (AXm-bXv, Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS I¿a-߃°-\p-k-cn®p krjvSn \S-ØW - s - a∂p k¶-e] v n®p). Aßs\ Cu ImWp-∂Xpw tIƒ°p∂-Xp-amb PKØp apgp-h≥ kwPm-X-ambn. A\-¥cw AXv ({_lvaw) AXn¬ (PK-Øns‚ km¶¬]nI cq]-Øn¬) {]th-in®p. {]th-in® tijw AXv "kØpw' "XyØpw' (AXm-bXv aq¿Ø-hpw- A-aq¿Ø-hp-amb cq]-Øn¬) Bbn-Øo¿∂p. \ncp-‡hpw (ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw) A\n-cp-‡hpw (ImW-s∏Sm-ØXpw) Bbn. \ne-b-\hpw (B{ibw \¬Ip-∂Xpw) A\n-e-b-\hpw (B{ibw \¬Im-ØXpw) Bbn. hn⁄m-\hpw Ahn-⁄m-\hpw kXyhpw Ak-Xy-hp-ambn.''20 F∂m¬ a‰p-Nne D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ {_“-sØ- Im-Wp-∂Xv PKØns‚ \nan-Ø-Im-c-Whpw D]m-Zm\ Imc-W-hp-am-bmWv. F´p-Im-enbpsS DZm-l-c-W-Øn-eqsS {]kvXpX c≠p `mh-ß-fp-amWv apfitIm-]-\n-jØv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. ""F´p-Imen a‰p Imc-W-sØsbm∂pw At]-£n-°msX X∂n-ep≈ X¥p-°-fm¬ he s\bvsX-Sp°p-∂-Xp-t]mse, `qan-bn¬ kky-߃ apf-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse, a\p-jy\n¬ tIihpw tcmam-h-en-Ifpw kwPm-X-am-hp-∂-Xp-t]mse A£-cØn¬ (Ahn-\m-in-bmb {_“-Øn¬) \n∂v Cu hniz-ap-≠mbn.'' 21 Nne-¥n-h-e-bpsS \nan-Ø-Im-c-Whpw D]m-Zm-\-Im-c-Whpw Nne-¥nX-s∂-bm-Wt√m. AXp-t]m-se-bmWv {_“-Øn¬\n∂p hniz-ap-≠mb-sX∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ hniz-Øns‚ \nan-Øhpw D]m-Zm-\hpw {_lvaw Xs∂-bm-sW∂p A¿Y-am-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. Cu Bibw as‰m-cpZm-l-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw apfiIw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v: ""XtZ X’Xyw bYm kpZo-]vXm-Xv]m-h-ImZv hnkv^p-enwKmx kl-{k-ix-{]-`-ht¥ kcq]mx



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



XY-m£-cmZv hnhn[x tkmay `mhmx {]Pm-bt¥ X{X ssNhm-]n-bm¥n.''22 (AwKn-ckv al¿jn ]d-bp∂p: ""{]nb-s∏´ iu\I, Rm≥ \n-\°v BZyw ]c-{_-lva-Øns‚ kzcq]w h¿Wn-®p-X-∂Xv kXy-am-Ip∂p. ho≠pw AXv {Kln- ∏ n°mw; F{]- I mcw Bfn- ° - Ø p∂ A·nbn¬\n∂v ]e cq]-h¿W-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p kv^penwK-߃ \mep ]mSpw NnX-dp-∂pthm, AXp-{]-Imcw Ahn-\m-in-bmb {_lva-Øn¬\n∂pw krjvSn-Im-eØv \m\m {]Im-c-Øn-ep≈ `mhß-tfm-Sp-IqSn, aq¿Øhpw Aaq¿Ø-hp-amb hkvXp-°ƒ DZv`-hn-°pIbpw {]f- b - I m- e Øv ho≠pw AXn¬Xs∂ eo\- a m- h p- I bpw sNøp∂p.) cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Aßs\ apfi-I-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ {_lvaw PK-Øns‚ \nan-Øhpw D]m-Zm-\-hp-amb Imc-W-am-Ip∂p. {_lvahpw PKØpw XΩn¬ ico-chpw ico-cnbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-am-Wp-≈-sX∂p AXp Icp-Xp∂p. F¶n-epw kØ-sb-∏‰n ]d-bp-tºmƒ Poh≥, {_lvaw, {]IrXn F∂n-ßs\ aq∂n-t‚bpw AkvXn-XzsØ AXv AwKo-I-cn°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. krjvSn-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ {]Ir-Xnsb `n∂ambn Icp-Xp-∂n√. F´p-Im-en-bpsS DZm-l-cWw CXmWv ImWn-°p∂Xv . ''23 Aßs\ D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I ƒ {_lv a hpw PKØpw XΩn- e p≈ _‘sØ hyXykv X ho£m- K - X n- b n¬IqSn t\m°n- ° m- W p- I bpw hymJym-\n-°p-I-bp-amWv sNøp-∂Xv. Pohm-flm-hn-t\bpw ]c-am-flmhn-t\bpw c≠m-bn-Øs∂ apfiIw ImWp∂p. Pohm-flm-hmWv I¿a^ew A\p-`-hn-°p-∂Xv; ]c-am-flmhv AXv t\m°n-bn-cn-°p-t∂-bp≈q. ]t£, c≠pw Htc ico-c-Øn¬ Xs∂ \ne-sIm-≈p∂p. Cu kwKXn Hcp-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-eqsS apfiIw hy‡-am-°p∂p. ""Zzm kp]¿Æm kbpPm kJmbm kam\w hr£w ]cn-j-kz-PmtX Xtbm-c-\yx-]n-∏ew kzmZzØy˛ \iv\-∂t\ym A`n-Nm-I-ioXn''24 (kwbp-‡cpw kJm-°-fp-amb c≠p ]£n-Iƒ [Pohm-flmhpw ]c-amflmhpw] Htc hr£-Øn¬ [ico-c-Øn¬] H∂n®p \nh-kn-°p∂p. Ahbn¬ H∂v [Pohm-flmhv ] hr£-Øns‚ ^ew, AYhm I¿a-^ew Bkz-Zn-°p-Ibpw a‰Xv []c-am-flmhv] H∂pw A\p-`-hn-°msX I≠psIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.) {_lvahpw Pohm-flmhpw XΩn-ep≈ ssZzX-`m-h-sØ-bmWv Cu a{¥-hpw Ipdn-°p-∂Xv. Cu Imcyw tIt\m-]-\n-jØv IqSp-X¬ Du∂n∏-d-bp∂p:



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""A\y-tZh XZzn-Zn-Xm-ZtYm Ahn-Zn-Xy-Z[n CXn ip{ipa ]q¿t∆jmw tb \kvX-Zz-ym-N-N-£ntc.''25 (Adn-b-s∏-´-Xn¬\n∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xn¬\n∂pw XnI®pw `n∂-ambn-´p-≈-Xm-Ip∂p {_lvaw. CXmWv AXns\ hymJym-\n®p X∂ BNmcy-∑m-cn¬\n∂pw R߃ tI´n-´p-≈Xv.) F∂m¬ k¿∆-Øn\pw km£m¬ Imc-W-ambn h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv {_lva-as{X. tI\w ]d-bp∂p: ""BcpsS km∂n[yw sIm≠mtWm t{im{X-Øn\v tIƒhnbpw a\ n\v a\-\i-‡nbpw hmKn-{µn-b-Øn\v kwkm-c-I-gnhpw {]mW\v Ne\ i‡nbpw t\t{X-{µn-b-Øn\p Z¿i-\-I-gnhpw D≠m-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv, AXmWv ]c- a m- fl mhv . _p≤n- a m≥am- c mb Bfp- I ƒ AXp a\-   nem°n, t{im{XmZn C{µn-b-ß-fn¬\n∂v Bflm-hns\ th¿Xn-cn®dn™v, C{µnb Pohn-X-Øn¬\n∂p hnc-an®v, ac-W-c-ln-X-amb Ahÿ {]m]n°p∂p.''26 tIt\m-]-\n-j-Øns‚ Ah-km\ `mK-Øn¬ PK-Øns‚ ]n∂n¬ \nKq-V-ambn h¿Øn-°p∂ A]-cn-tab i‡n-sb-∏-‰n-bmWv h¿Wn®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂p {]tXyIw {]kvXm-hy-amWv.



{_lvaØ - ns‚ KpW-\m-aß - ƒ ]c- { _- l v a - Ø ns‚ KpW- ß fpw \ma- ß fpw D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I - f n¬ h¿Wn-®n-´p≠v. Ah an°-hmdpw Jp¿-B-\nse ssZh-Kp-W-ß-fp-ambn tbmPn-°p∂p. ItTm-]-\n-jØv {_lvasØ h¿Wn-°p-∂Xp ImWpI: ""C{µn-b-ß-tf-°mƒ DXvIr-jvS-ß-fmWv hnj-b-߃. hnj-b-ßtf-°mƒ DXvIr-jvS-amWv a\ v. a\- n-t\-°mƒ DXvIr-jvS-amWv _p≤n. _p≤n-tb-°mƒ DXvIr-jvS-as{X Bflmhv (al-XXzw). alX-Xz-tØ-°mƒ DXvIr-jvS-am-Ip∂p Ahy-‡-amb aqe-{]-IrXn. Ahy‡-amb aqe-{]-Ir-Xn-tb-°mƒ DXvIr-jvS-amWv ]pcp-j≥ AYhm {_lvaw. ]pcp-j-t\-°mƒ ]c-a-ambn bmsXm∂pw Xs∂-bn√. ]c-aIm-jvTbpw ]ca e£y-hp-am-Ip∂p AXv.''27 Jp¿-B-\nse "A¿d-∫p¬ AAvem' (]c-tam-XvIr-jvS-\mb Cuizc≥) F∂ ssZh-hn-ti-j-W-Øns‚ Bibw Xs∂-bmWv ta¬ a{¥w Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xv. CXp-t]mse A√m-lp-hns‚ "A¬Jp-±qkv (]cn-ip≤≥), "A z-aZv' (kI-e¿°pw B{i-b-ap-≈-h≥), "A¬Akokv' (AP-ø≥), "A¬ l-øp¬Jøqw' (A\-izc tNX\≥), "A¬ _mJn' (imiz-X≥) F∂o KpW-hn-ti-j-߃ ItTm-]-\n-j-Ønepw ImWmhp-∂-XmWv. AXn¬ Hcn-SØv ]d-bp∂p: ""apI-fn¬ thcpw Xmsg imJ-I-fp-ap≈ Hcp Aiz∞ hr£w (Acbm¬) t]mse-bp-≈Xpw A\m-Znbpw k\m-X\ - h - p-am-WnXv. ]cn-ip-≤s - a∂pw {_lvas - a∂pw Aar-Xsa (acW clnXw)∂pw AXns\ hnfn-°p∂p. kIe



338



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



temIhpw AXns\ B{i- b n®p \n¬°p∂p. bmsXm∂pw Xs∂ AXns\ AXn-{I-an-°p-∂n√. AXs{X B Bflmhv.''28 ae-°p-Ifpw as‰√m hkvXp-°fpw A√m-lpsh `b-s∏´v Ahs‚ A\p-im-k-\-߃°-\p-k-cn®v kz¥w IrXy-߃ \S-Øn-s°m-≠ncn-°p-∂-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp-∂p-≠t√m. AXp-t]mse ItTm-]-\njØv ]d-bp∂p: "`bm-Z-kym-·n-kvX-]Xn `bm-Ø-]Xn kqcyx `bm-Zn-{µ› hmbp-› -ar-Xyp¿[m-hXn ]©ax''29 (AXn-s\-°p-dn® `b-Øm¬ AKv\n-tZ-h≥ X]n-°p∂p; AXn-s\-°pdn® `b-Øm¬ kqcy-tZ-h≥ X]n-°p∂p; AXns\ `b-s∏-´p-sIm≠p Xs∂ C{µ≥, hmbp, A©m-a-\mb arXyp F∂o tZh≥amcpw kzhym]m-c-ß-fn¬ hym]r-X-cm-hp∂p.) ""A√mlp \qdp- -am-hmØn h¬ A¿Zn'' (BImi `qan-I-fpsS shfn-®-amWv A√mlp) F∂p Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p. ItTm-]-\n-jØpw CtX Bibw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p: ""AhnsS kqcy≥ {]Im-in-°p-∂n√; N{µ\pw \£-{X-ßfpw Cu an∂-ep-Ifpw {]Im-in-°p-∂n√; ]ns∂ A·n-sb-∏‰n ]d-bm-\pt≠m! AXns‚ ({_lv a - Ø ns‚) {]Im- i - s Ø- Ø p- S ¿∂mWv Ch- s b√mw {]Im-in-°p-∂Xv. AXns‚ shfn-®-amWv Ah-s°√mw shfn®w \evIp∂Xv . ''30 Jp¿-B-\n¬ A√m-lp-hns\ "amen-Ip¬ap¬Iv' (cmP-Xz-Øns‚ ]ca-amb DSa) F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®-t]m-se-Øs∂ _rl-Zm-c-Wy-I-Øn¬ {_lvasØ kI-e- Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp-tSbpw cmPm-hmbn h¿Wn-®n-cn°p∂p. "F√m Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp-sSbpw cmPm-hm-Ip∂p Bflmhv AYhm {_lvaw. cY-N-{I-Øns‚ A®p-X-≠n-te°v F√m Bc-ßfpw LSn-∏n®n-´p-≈-Xp-t]mse {_lva-Øn¬ k¿h-`q-X-ßfpw (aqe-X-Xz-߃) tZh≥amcpw temI-ßfpw Pohm-flm-°fpw ka¿∏n-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂p.''31 Jp¿-B≥ 112˛-mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ A√m-lp-hns\ hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p≈Xv Cß-s\-bm-Ip∂p: ""Ah≥ P\-It\m PmXt\m Bbn-´n√.'' CtX {]Imcw {_lvasØ ItTm-]-\n-jØv h¿Wn-®n-cn-°p∂p: ""\ PmbtX {anbtX hm hn]›n˛ ∂mbw IpX-›n∂ _`qh I›nXv AtPm \nXyx imiz-tXmfbw ]pcmtWm \ l\ytX l\y-amt\ icotc.''32 (⁄m\-kz-cq-]-\mb Cu Bflmhv [{_lvaw] P\n-°p-Itbm acn-°pItbm sNøp- ∂ n√. CXv as‰m- ∂ n- \ m¬ D≠m- b - X √; CXn¬\n∂v bmsXm∂pw P∑-sa-Sp-Øn-´p-an√. DXv]-Øntbm \mitam C√m-ØXpw



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



339



\nXyhpw imiz-Xhpw A\m-Znbpw A\-¥hpw Bb Cu Bflmhv icocw \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmgpw \in-°p-∂-X√.) Jp¿- B - \ n¬ A√m- l p- h n- s \- ∂ - t ]m- s e- Ø s∂ D]- \ n- j - Ø n¬ {_lva-Øn\pw {ihWw, Z¿i\w, hN\w, ⁄m\w, i‡n apX-emb KpW-߃ ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p∂p. ssXØn-co-tbm-]-\n-j-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""Aßs\ AXv hmIv ] - X nbpw N£p- j v ] - X nbpw t{im{X- ] - X nbpw hn⁄m-\-]-Xn-bp-am-sW∂p ImWmw.''33 tiz-Xm-iz-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Ønse ssZh-KpW h¿W\w t\m°pI: ""Cuiz-c-∑m-cpsS atl-iz-c\pw tZh-∑m-cpsS ]c-a-tZ-h\pw, {kjvSm°-fn¬h®v ]ca {kjvSmhpw c£-I-∑m-cpsS c£m-I¿Ømhpw `pht\-iz-c\pw kvXpXy\p-amb B ssZhsØ \mw Adn-bWw. Ah\v Imcy-Im-c-W-߃ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂n√. Ah\v Xpey-ambn Bcp-an√. Ah\p-]-cn-bmbn as‰m∂pw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n√. B ]c-ta-iz-cs‚ _ew, ⁄m\w, {Inbm- t ijn F∂nh \m\m {]Im- c - Ø n¬ tIƒ°- s ∏Sp∂p.''34 Jp¿-B-\n¬ A√m-lp-hns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fmbn D≤-cn® "d∫p¬ aem-CIx', "d∫p¬ Be-ao≥', "Alvk-\p¬ Jmen-Io≥' apX-emb KpW-ß-fpsS kmcmwiw Xs∂-bmWv Cu h¿W-\-bnepw \mw ImWp∂Xv. Cßs\ GI-ssZ-h-Øns‚ kuµ-cy-sØbpw Kmw`o-cy-sØbpw ]cn- ] q¿W- X - s bbpw al- X z- s Øbpw kv ] jv S - a mbn h¿Wn- ® n- ´ p≈ [mcmfw a{¥-߃ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpƒs°m-≈p∂p. amXr-I-°mbn GXm\pw D≤-cn-s®-∂p-am{Xw! Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ 1. EtKzZw a. 10, kq. 129 t\m°pI. 2. hniz-Z¿i\w t]. 554, 555 3. Ibid P. 551 4. Ibid P. 552 5. OmtµmKyw A. 3, J. 11, a. 5, 6 6. OmtµmKyw A. 6, J. 2 7. aJm-em-Øp¬ Ckvem-an-øo≥ t\m°pI. 8. _rl-Zm-c-WyIw A[ymbw 3, {_m“Ww 8, a{¥w 8 9. hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]. 585 10. tI\w Jfiw 1, a{¥w 3 11. Clvbm hm. 4, t]. 362 12. tI\w J. 2, a. 3 13. _rl-Zm-c-WyIw A[ymbw 1, {_m“Ww 4, a{¥w 10 14. Ibid A. 1, {_m. 2, a. 1 15. Jp¿-B≥ A. 11, kq. 7 16. Jp¿-B≥ A. 11, kq. 30 17. hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]. 586



340



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



18. sFX-tcbw A. 1, J. 1, a. 1-˛4 t\m°pI. 19. ssXØn-cobw, {_lvam-\-µ-h√n, A\p-hmIw 7, a. 1 20. Ibid {_lvam-\-µ-h√n, A\p. 6, a. 4 21. apfiIw 1, Jfiw 1, a{¥w 7 22. apfiIw 2, J. 1, a. 1 23. hniz-Z¿i-\-߃ t]. 612 24. ap. 3, J. 1, a. 1 25. tI\w Jfiw 1, a{¥w 4 26. Ibid J. 1, a. 2 27. ItTm-]-\n-jØv A[ymbw 1, h√n 3, a{¥w 10, 11 28. Ibid A. 2, h. 6, a. 1 29. Ibid A. 2, h. 6, a. 3 30. Ibid A. 2, h. 5, a. 15 31. _rl-Zm-c-WyIw 32. ItTm-]-\n-jØv A. 1, h. 2, a. 18 33. ssXØn-cobw, in£m-h√n, A\p-hmIw 6, a{¥w 3 34. tizXm-iz-Xcw A. 6, a. 7, 8



A[ymbw Ccp-]-sØ´v



Bflmhv Hcn-°¬ apl-ΩZv \_n-tbmSv Nne PqX≥am¿ Bfl-X-Xz-sØ-∏‰n tNmZn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ {]hm-N-I\v ssZh-Øn-¶¬\n∂v shfn-]m-Sp-≠mbn: ""Ah¿ Xm¶- t fmSv Bflm- h n- s \- ∏ ‰n tNmZn- ° p∂p. ]d- b pI: Bflmhv Fs‚ \mYs‚ Imcy-Øn¬ s]´-XmWv. Adn-hn¬ Aev]w am{Xta \n߃°v \¬In-bn-´p≈q.''1 Bflm-hns‚ bmYm¿Yy-sØ-°p-dn® Adnhv a\p-jy¿°p \¬Is∏-´n-´n-s√∂pw Bfl-XXzw \n¿h-Nn-°m≥ B¿°pw -km-[y-a-s√-∂pamWv taep--≤-cn® hN-\-Øn¬\n∂pw apkvenw ]fin-X≥am-cn¬ hensbmcp hn`mKw a\- n-em-°p-∂Xv. ]pcm-X\ ]fin-X≥amcpw BflX-XzsØ \n¿h-Nn-®n-cp-∂n√. F∂m¬ ]n¬°m-esØ hn⁄m-\-IpXp- I n- I - f mb kq^n ]fin- X - ∑ m¿ Bfl- c - l kyw Is≠- Ø p- h m≥ {ian®p. Ah¿ Bflm-hn\v \n¿h-N\w \¬In. Camw K men C°q-´Øn- s em- c m- f mWv . At±lw Xs‚ "Clv b m'bn¬ Bfl- X - X zsØ \n¿h-Nn®p ]d-bp∂p: ""dqlv (Bflmhv) F∂ hm°v c≠¿Y-ß-fn¬ hyh-l-cn-°-s∏Sp∂p: H∂v , Hcp kq£v a - { Zhyw. PUm- fl - I - a mb lrZ- b - Ø ns‚ A¥¿`m-K-ØmWv AXns‚ tI{µw. AXns‚ i‡n ico-c-Øns‚ F√m `mK-ß-fn-te°pw \mUo-hyq-l-ß-fn-eqsS hym]-cn-°p∂p. ico-



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



341



c-Øn-\-IØv AXv Nen-°p-∂-Xn-t\bpw AXn¬\n∂v Poh≥, t_m[w, Z¿i\w, {ihWw, {LmWw apX-em-b-h-bpsS {]Im-i-߃ AXXp Ah-b-h-ß-fn-te°v {]k-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\bpw \ap°v Hcp Zo]-\m-fØns‚ Ne-\-tØmSpw {]k-c-tØmSpw D]-an°mw. Hcp `h-\-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ Nen-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Zo]-Øns‚ shfn®w FØp∂ CS-ß-sf√mw {]Im-i-am-\-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p. AXp-t]mse Bflm-hns‚ {]k- c hpw ico- c - s Ø- b m- I - a m\w {]Im- i - a m- \ - a m- ° p∂p. Bflmhv {]kvXpX Zo]w t]mse-bm-Ip∂p. Poh-\m-Is´ `h-\-Øns‚ `nØnI-fn¬ ]Xn-°p∂ shfn®w t]msebpw. ico-c-Øn-\-IØv Bflmhv Nen-°p-∂Xv Krl-Øns‚ A¥¿`m-K-ß-fn¬ Nen-∏n-°p∂ Zo]-Øns‚ Ne-\-Øn\p Xpey-am-Ip∂p. C\n Bflm-hns‚ c≠m-asØ A¿Yw ]dbmw: a\p- j y- \ nse ⁄m\nbpw Imcy- { Km- l n- b p- a mb kq£v a hkvXp-hm-WXv, lrZ-b-Øn\p \mw hnh-cn® c≠¿Y-ß-fn-sem-∂s{X CXv.2 ta¬ kqNn-∏n® Jp¿-B≥ kq‡-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ "dqlv ' CXm-Ip∂p. AXy¥w A¤p-X-mh-lhpw Znhy-hp-amb Hcp i‡n-hn-ti-j-am-WnXv. Cu dqlns‚ bYm¿Y XXzw an°-h¿°pw {Kln-°mt\m a\- n-em-°mt\m Ign-bp-I-bn√.''3 Nne hninjvS hy‡n-Iƒ°v Bfl-c-lkyw {Kln-°p-hm\pw a\ n-em-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp-sa-∂mWv K m-en-bpsS ta¬ {]kvXm-h-\bpsS [z\n. F∂m¬, Bfl-c-lkyw ssZh-Øn-\-√msX B¿°pw Adn-bn√ F∂mWv a‰p ]e-cp-tSbpw hmZw. GXm-bmepw ]n≥Km-an-Ifmb kq^n-]-fin-X≥am¿ Bfl-c-lkyw Is≠-Øp-hm-\p≈ {iaw \S-ØpI Xs∂ sNbvXp. Aßs\ Ah¿ hyXy-kvX-amb \nK-a-\ß-fn-seØn. Nne¿ Bflmhv AIr-X-am-sW-∂p-t]mepw hmZn®p.4 F∂m¬ A[nI ]fin-X-∑mcpw Cu hmZsØ Xnc-kvI-cn-°p∂p. Bflmhv AIr-X-am-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂-h-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ c≠pXcw temI-ß-fp≠v. H∂v krjvS-temIw. CXn\v "Be-ap¬ J¬Jv' F∂p ]d-bp∂p. a‰Xv Akr-jvS-temIw. CXn\v "Be-ap¬ Awdv' F∂pw "Be-ap¬ ae-IqØv' F∂pw ]d-bp∂p. Bflmhv Akr-jvStem-I-Øn¬ s]´-Xm-Ws{X. apI-fn¬ D≤-cn® Jp¿-B≥ hmIy-Øn¬ ""Bflmhv Fs‚ d∫ns‚ Awdn¬s]-´-XmWv'' F∂p ]d-™-Xns‚ Xm¬]-cyhpw AXm-Wp-t]m¬. kq^n-I-fn¬ ]ecpw Bflmhv A\mZnbpw A\-iz-c-hp-am-sW∂p kn≤m-¥n-®n-´p≠v.5



Bflmhv `mc-Xo-bk - m-ln-Xy-ßf - n¬ Bfl-XXz-sØ-°p-dn® `mc-Xob kmln-Xy-ß-fpsS \ne-]mSp ]cntim-[n-®mepw hyXykvX A`n-{]m-b-ß-fmWv ImWm≥ Ign-bpI. EtKzZ-Im-esØ Ejn-am¿ AXv IrX-sat∂m AIr-X-sat∂m Xocp-am-\n°msX, ]c-ta-iz-c\p am{Xta AXn-s\-∏‰n Adnbq F∂p ]d-s™mgn-bp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. krjvSn-Ko-X-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xp t\m°pI:



342



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



""hmkvX-h-Øn¬ B¿°-dnbpw, ChnsS B¿°v ]d-bm≥ Ignbpw, Fhn-sS-\n∂v AXp-≠mbn F∂pw, Fhn-sS-\n∂p Cu hnhn[ krjvSnIƒ DZv`-hn®p F∂pw? CXns‚ DXv]-Øn°p tij-amWv tZh-∑m¿ (ae-°p-Iƒ) D≠m-bXv. At∏mƒ B¿°-dnbmw, GXn¬\n∂p CXpf-hms-b∂v? bmsXm-∂n¬\n∂p Cu temIw kwPm-X-amtbm B aqet{km-X v IrXtam, AYhm AIr-Xtam? k¿thm-∂-X-amb kz¿Ktem-I-Øp-\n∂pw CXns\ \nb-{¥n-°p∂ k¿h-km-£n-bmb \mY\p-am-{Xta AXp Adn-bp-Itbm Adn-bm-Xn-cn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂p≈q.''6 PK-Øns‚ krjvSn-c-l-kyhpw Bflm-hns‚ bmYm¿Yyhpw a\pjy\v Adn-bm≥ km[y-a-s√∂ \ne-]m-SmWv thZw ChnsS kzoI-cn®n-´p-≈Xv. Jp¿-B≥ kzoI-cn® AtX \ne-]m-Sp-Xs∂. F∂m¬, D]\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS Ime-am-b-t∏mƒ BXva-XXz-sØ-∏‰n hn]p-e-amb tXmXn¬ ]cy-th-£-W-߃ \S-Ø-s∏´p. F∂n-cp-∂mepw GtIm-]n® Hcp \nK-a-\-Øn¬ A∂sØ Nn¥-I≥am¿°v FØn-t®-cm≥ Ign™n-√. apkvenw ]fin-X-∑m-sc-t∏m-se-Øs∂ Ahcpw hyXykvX A`n-{]m-b-°m-cm-bn-Øo-cp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.



£p{Zm-Imiw C\n \ap°v D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse Bfl-Z¿i-\-sØ-∏‰n Hcp hnlK- h o- £ Ww \SØmw. OmtµmKyw Hcp £p{Z- m Im- i sØ h¿Wn°p∂p. _mly {]]-©-tØmSv ]e-hn-t[-\bpw Hu]ay-ap≈ Hcp B¥c-{]-]©w a\p-jy-\n¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p≠v. AXn\v "£p{Zm-Imiw' F∂p ]d-bp∂p. OmtµmKyw {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂Xv ImWpI: ""lrZ-b-Ønse £p{Z-mIm-i-Øn¬ {_t“m-]m-k\ sNø-W-sa∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. {_“-]-c-amb ico-c-Øn¬ Hcp ]pfi-co-I-Kr-l-ap≠v. (AXm-bXv, Xma-c-sam-´p-t]m-esØ lrZbw). AXn-\-IØv Hcp £p{ZmIm-i-ap≠v. AXns‚ A¥¿`m-K-Øp≈ hkvXp-hn-s\-bmWv At\zjn-t°-≠Xv. AXns\ am{Xw B{K-ln-°p-Ibpw thWw. ]pd-ta-bp≈ BImiw t]mse-X-s∂-bmWv lrZ-bm-¥¿`m-K-Øp≈ BIm-ihpw. AXns‚ a[y- Ø n¬ \£- { X- t em- I hpw `qanbpw \ne- s Im- ≈ p∂p. A·n, hmbp, kqcy≥, N{µ≥, taL- t Pym- X n v , \£- { X- ß ƒ˛ Aßs\ Cu temI- Ø p- ≈ Xpw C√m- Ø - X p- a mb F√mw AhnsS ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p.''7 _mly-tem-I-sØ-t∏m-se-bp≈ Hcp B¥-c-temIw a\p-jys‚ AI-Øp-s≠∂ Cu Iev]\ Hcp Ad-_n-°-hnbpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p≠v.



(sNdn-sbmcp ]nfi-am-sW∂p \o ]d-bp∂p. al-Ømb temI-amWv \n∂n¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv.)



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



343



a\ v D]-\n-jXv I¿Øm-°-∑m-cmb Ejn-am-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬ a\ v Bflm-hn¬\n∂p `n∂-amb Hcp ]Zm¿Y-am-Ip∂p. AXp-sIm≠v a\ ns\ Ah¿ "A∂-ab'sa∂p h¿Wn-°p∂p. A∂-Øm¬ ]cn-]pjvS-am-Ip-∂-sX∂p XmXv]cyw. OmtµmKyw ]d-bp∂p: ""`£n- ° - s ∏- S p∂ A∂w aq∂p hn[- Ø n¬ ]cn- W - a n- ° p∂p. AXns‚ ÿqe-[mXp "]pcnj' (ae-aq-{XmZn amen\yw) ambn-Øo-cp∂p. hnN-e-am-bXv amwkhpw, AXn-kq-£va-am-bXv a\- p-ambn `hn-°p∂p. a\ v A∂-a-b-amWv. ssXcp Ie-°n-bm¬ AXnse kq£vamwiw apI-fn-te°v s]m¥n-h-cn-Ibpw shÆ-bm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xpt]mse, `£n- ° - s ∏´ A∂- Ø ns‚ kq£v a mwiw apI- f n- t e°p s]mßnhcn-Ibpw a\- m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøp∂p.''8 a\ v A∂-a-b-am-sW∂ Cu Bibw apkvenw-kq-^n-Ifpw hywKy¥-tcW AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v. kq^n-I-fpsS hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ Imaw, t{Im[w, aZw, tamlw, am’cyw, tem`w XpS-ßnb Zp¿hn-Im-c-ß-fpsS Ccn-∏nSw a\ v AYhm "\^vkv' BIp∂p. AXn-\m¬, \^vkn-s\Xn-cmb kacw \nc-¥cw \S-Ø-W-sa∂v Ah¿ Blzm\w sNøp∂p. \^vkv A∂-Øm¬ ]cn-]p-jvS-am-bn-Øo-cp-sa∂pw Ima-t{Im-[mZn Zp¿∆nIm-c-ßsf t]mjn-∏n-°p-∂Xv A∂-am-sW∂pw Hcp kq^n Ihn-bmb id-^p-±o-\n¬ _qkqcn ({In. 1213-1295?) Xs‚ "_p¿Z' F∂ ImhyØn¬ ka¿Yn-®n-´p≠v.



(A∂w Xs∂-bmWv AXym-k-‡s‚ ImasØ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p∂Xv.)



kp]vXm-hÿ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m¿°v a\p-jys‚ \n{Zm-hÿ hensbmcp cl-ky-am-bn-cp∂p. BXvaX-Xz-tØbpw {_“-XXz-tØbpw hnh-cn°p-hm≥ {]kvXpX Ah-ÿ-sbbmWv Ah¿ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂Xv. KmV-amb \n{Zm-hÿ - b - n¬ a\p-jy≥ bmsXm∂pw Adn-bp-∂n√. kz]v\Z¿i\w t]mep-ap-≠m-Ip-∂n√. F¥p-sIm-≠m-WnXv? _rl-Zm-cW - y-IØ - n¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""KmV-\n-{Zm-hÿ - b - n¬ ]pcp-j≥ (Pohm-flmhv) bmsXm∂pw Xs∂ Adnbp-∂n√. lrZ-bØ - n¬\n∂v "]pco-XØn'te°v t]mhp∂ Fgp-]Ø - n-c≠ - mbncw "lnX' F∂p t]cmb \mUn-If - p≠v. Ah hgn-bmbn Ahn-sS-sbØn AXv (]pcp-j≥) Dd-ßp∂p. inipthm, alm-cm-Pmthm, alm-{_m-“W - t\m kpJ-\n-{Z-sIm-≈p-∂X - p-t]m-se-Øs∂.''9 (lrZ-b-Øn-\-IØv, As√-¶n¬ AXns‚ ]rjvT-Z-WvU-Øn¬ ÿnXn-sNøp∂ Hcp N{I-sØ-bmWv ChnsS ]pco-XXw F∂p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv.



344



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



kz]v\m-h-ÿ-bnepw KmV-\n-{Zm-h-ÿ-bnepw Poh≥ Ahn-sS-bmWv t]msbm-fn-°p-∂Xv.) CtX kwKXn Omtµm-Ky-Ønepw h∂n-´p≠v: ""Dd-ßp∂ Bƒ B\-µ-a-·-\mbn kz]v\w-t]mepw Adn-bmsX ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Ahk- c - Ø n¬, AXv lnXm- \ m- U n- I - f n¬°qsS kp]v X m- h ÿ {]m]n°p∂p.'' ho≠pw ]d-bp∂p: ""]pcp-j≥ Dd-ßp-tºmƒ {_“-hp-ambn GIo-`mhw {]m]n-°p∂p. kzbw kwtbm-K-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v CXn\v "kz]nXn' F∂p ]d-bp∂p.'' Omtµm-Ky-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ]pcp-j≥ kz]v\w t]mepw Adn-bmsX KmV-\n-{Z-bn¬ ebn-°p-∂Xv {_“-k-am-Kaw sIm≠mWv. At∏mƒ Hmtcm -a-\p-jy\pw Zn\w{]Xn ]c-ta-iz-c-\p-ambn k‘n°p∂p. F∂m¬, F¥p-sIm≠v Abm-fXv Adn-bp-∂n√? OmtµmKyw DØcw ]d-bp∂p: ""ÿew Adn-bm-Ø-h¿ Hfn-™p-In-S-°p∂ kph¿W Ipw`-ßfpsS apIƒ`m- K - Ø p- I qSn \S- ∂ p- t ]m- I p- ∂ p- s ≠- ¶ nepw Ah¿°v {]kvXpX \n[n e`n-°p-∂n√. AXp-t]mse P\-߃ Zn\w {]Xn {_“tem-I-Z¿i\w sNøp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw {_“-]-Z-{]m-]vXn°v A¿l-cm-bnØo-cp-∂n√. Fs¥-∂m¬, Ak-Xy-Ømepw A⁄m-\-Ømepw AXv ad-bv°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p.''11 kpjp-]vXm-h-ÿ-bn¬ Bflmhpw ssZhhpw XΩn-ep≈ A\n-X-ckm-[m-c-W-amb _‘-sØ-∏‰n Jp¿-B\pw kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. AXv Cß-s\-bmWv: ""A√mlp Bflm-°sf Ah-bpsS acWka-bØv Gs‰-Sp-°p∂p; ac-W-a-S-bmØ Bflm-°sf Ah-bpsS \n{Zm-h-k-cØnepw (Gs‰-Sp-°p∂p). F∂n´v acWw hn[n-®n´p≈ Bflm-°sf Ah≥ ]nSn-®p-sh-°p-Ibpw a‰p-≈-hsb kp\n¿Wn-X-amb Hcp Imemh[n htc-°mbn hn´-b-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Nn¥n-°p∂ P\-X°v CXn¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw sXfn-hp-I-fp≠v.''12 kpjp- ] v X m- h - ÿ - b n¬ Bflm- ° ƒ ssZh- Ø ns‚ kao- ] - Ø msW∂pw, XZ-h-kcw Ah-\p-ambn Akm-[m-c-W-_‘w ]pe¿Øp-∂ps≠∂pw ta¬ hmIyw Ipdn-°p∂p. Ejn-amsc kw_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw kz]v\m-h-ÿbpw KmV-\n-{Zm-h-ÿbpw F{X-am{Xw {][m-\-ß-fm-bncp∂psh∂v Omtµm-Ky-Ønse Hcp al¿jn-bmb D±m-e-I -B-cpWn kz]p- { X- \ mb tizX- t I- X p- h n- t \m- S p- ] - t Z- i n- ® - X n¬\n∂pw a\-   nem°mw: ""kz]v\-Øn-\p-≈n-ep≈ Imcy-߃ Adn-bpI. \q¬Ø-e∏n¬ kp_-≤-amb ]£n Hmtcm Zn°n-te°pw ]d∂v, Fßpw ÿew In´msX HSp-hn¬ _‘-\-ÿm-\-sØ-Øs∂ B{i-bn-°p∂p. AXpt]mse a\ v hnhn[ Zn°p-I-fn-te°v HmSn, hn{i-a-ÿm\w e`n-°msX HSp-hn¬ Bflm-hn-te-°p-Xs∂ Xncn-®p-h-cp∂p. a\- ns\ _‘n-°p∂Xv {]mW-\s{X.''13



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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Bflm-hns‚ Ah-ÿm-¥c - ß - ƒ D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ Bflm-hns‚ hyXy-kvX-amb Ah-ÿ-Iƒ hniZo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v {_lv-a-hp-am-bp≈ AXns‚ _‘w ÿm]n-°p∂p. amWvUq-tIym-]-\n-j-ØmWv C°mcyw Ipsd-°qSn hni-Z-ambn N¿® sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv. AXnse Bi-b-߃ Npcp-°-Øn¬ ChnsS {]Imin-∏n°mw: Bflm-hn\v aq∂v Ah-ÿm-¥-c-ß-fp≠v. H∂v Pm{K-Xm-hÿ; c≠v kz]v\m-hÿ; aq∂v kpjp-]X v m-hÿ. Pm{K-Xm-hÿ - b - n-ep≈ Bflm-hns\ "sshizm-\c - ≥' F∂pw, kz]v\m-hÿ - b - n-ep-≈X - ns\ "ssXP-k≥' F∂pw, kpjp-]X v m-hÿ - b - n-ep-≈X - ns\ "{]m⁄≥' F∂pw hnfn-°p∂p. C\n C∏d™ aq∂v Bflm-°f - p-tSbpw khn-ti-jX - I - ƒ ImWpI: Pm{K-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-en-cn-°p∂ sshizm-\-cm-flmhv X∂n¬\n-∂-\y-amb hnj-bß - f - n-te°v hym]-cn-°p-Ibpw {]⁄-sIm≠v _mly-amb ÿqe-hkvXp-°sf Adn-bp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. AXn-\m¬, AXns\ "ÿqe-`pIv' F∂p hnfn-°p∂p. kz]v\m-hÿ - b - n-em-bn-cn-°p∂ ssXP-km-flmhv _mly-tem-IØp≈ bmsXm∂pw Adn-bp-∂n√. F∂m¬, a\- n-\I - Øv kam-lr-Xa - m-bn°n-S-°p∂ hmk-\-Isf ]Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS cq]-Øn¬ AXv Z¿in-°p∂p. CXs{X kz]v\Z- ¿i-\Ø - ns‚ bmYm¿Yyw. BI-bm¬ ssXP-k≥ AXns‚ {]⁄-sIm≠v hym]-cn-°p-∂Xv A¥x-Ic - W - Ø - n-ep≈ kq£va] - Z- m¿Y-ßfn¬ am{X-amWv. AXn-\m¬, AXns\ "A¥x-{]-⁄≥' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n°p∂p. KmV-\n-{Zm-h-ÿ-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ {]m⁄≥ _mly-temItØm B¥-c-tem-ItØm D≈ bmsXm∂pw Xs∂ Adn-bp-∂n√; bmsXmcp hym]m-chpw \S-Øp-∂n√. kz]v\w t]mepw Z¿in-°p-∂n√. KmV-\n-{Z-bn¬ ebn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-WXv. ka-kvX- hm-k-\-Ifpw X∂n¬ Xs∂ AS- ß n- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ m¬ {]m⁄s\ "{]⁄m- \ - L v \ ≥' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ AXn\v Htc-sbmcp t`mPyta-bp≈q˛B\µw! \n{Zm-h-ÿ-bn¬ Bflmhv ]c-am-\µw A\p-`-hn°p∂p. Pm{K-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ sshizm-\-c≥ X∂n¬ \n∂\y- a mb hnj- b - ß - f n¬ hym]- c n- ° p- ∂ p- s h∂p ]d- ™ p- h t√m. ]sØm≥]Xp apJ-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv AXv hnj-b-{K-lWw sNøp∂Xv. A©p _mtly-{µn-b-߃, A©p B¥-tc-{µn-b-߃, A©p {]m-W-∑m¿ ({]mW≥, hym\≥, A]m-\≥, kam-\≥, DZm-\≥ F∂ohm-bp-°ƒ), IqSmsX a\ v, NnØw, _p≤n, Al-¶mcw F∂n-h-bmWv {]kvXpX apJ-߃. Cu ]sØm≥]Xp D]m-[n-I-tfmSp IqSn-b-√msX Pm{K-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ Bflm-hn\v hym]-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-X√. AXn\m¬, sshizm-\-cs\ "GtIm-\-hnw-i-Xn-ap-J≥' (]sØm≥]Xp apJap-≈-h≥) F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p. CXp-t]mse AXn\v Ggw-K-ßfpw Iev ] n- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ p≠v . inc v , t\{Xw, {]mW≥, icocw, ae- a q{X



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



hnk¿P-\-ÿm\w, ]mZw, apJw F∂n-h-bmWv B Ggw-K-߃. AXn\m¬ "k]vXmw-K≥' (Ggw-K-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h≥) F∂pw sshizm-\c≥ hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. BI-bm¬ Pm{K-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ Bflmhv ]sØm≥]Xp apJ-tØmSpw Ggw-K-tØmSpw _mly {]⁄-tbmSpw ÿqe-`p-‡n-tbmSpw IqSn-bmWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. Cu Ah-ÿ-bnep≈ sshizm-\-cs\ {_“-Øns‚ {]Y-a-]m-Z-ambn k¶¬]n-®n-cn°p∂p. 14 kz]v \ m- h - ÿ - b n- e n- c n- ° p∂ ssXP- k \pw {]⁄- s Im- ≠ mWv X∂n¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂ hmk-\-Iƒ A\p-`-hn-°p-∂Xv. at\ma- W v U - e - Ø n¬ AS- ß n- b n- c n- ° p∂ hmk- \ - I - f m- I p∂ AWp- ° ƒ ssXP-ks‚ {]Im-i-Øn¬ hnI-kn®v, ]Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS cq]w {]m]n°p∂p. CXmWv kz]v\w. AXn-kq-£-va-ambn ]Zm¿Y-ß-fn¬ hym]cn-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv ssXP-ks‚ kz`mhw. sshizm-\-c-s\-t∏mse ssXP- k ∂pw ]sØm≥]Xp apJ- ß fpw Ggp AwK- ß - f p- a p≠v . ]t£, Ah AXy¥w kq£-va-ß-fmWv. sshizm-\-c\v ÿqe ]Zm¿Yß- f n¬ am{Xta hnl- c n- ° m≥I- g nbq. ssXP- k - ∂ m- I s´ kq£v a ]Zm¿Y-ß-fn¬ am{Xhpw. AXn-\m¬, kq£va-`p-°mWv ssXP-k≥. CXv {_“-Øns‚ ZznXo-b-]m-Z-ambn Iev]n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. kpjp-]vXm-h-kvY-bn-en-cn-°p∂ {]m⁄\v ÿqe-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fntem kq£va - ] - Z- m¿Y-ßf - ntem hym]m-ca - n√. AXn-\m¬, {]m⁄≥ bmsXm∂pw Adn-bp-∂n√. H∂n-s‚bpw {]Xo-Xn-bn√. AXn\v NnØ-am-Ip∂ Htc-sbmcp apJ-ta-bp≈q. {]m⁄-s\- w-_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw \m\m-Xz-t_m-[-an√. B\µw am{X-amWv AXns‚ t`mPyw. as‰m-cp-]m-[n-bpsS At]-£-bn√. kzbw B\-µa - b - \ - m-Ip∂p {]t⁄-b≥. CXns\ {_“-Øns‚ XrXo-b] - mZ-ambn Iev]n-°p∂p. C{Xbpw hnh-cn-®Xv Bflm-hns‚ KpWm-fl-I-amb Ah-ÿm-¥-c-ßfmWv. C\n Bflm-hn\v \n¿Kp-Wm-fl-I-amb Hc-hÿ IqSn-bp≠v. AXmIp∂p Bflm-hns‚ NXp¿Y-]mZw. Cu NXp¿Y-]m-ZsØ "Xpco-b≥' F∂p hnfn-°p∂p. Xpco-bs\ bmsXmcp hn[-Ønepw h¿Wn-°mt\m \n¿h-Nn°mt\m km[y-a√. AXn\v `mhm-flI KpW-ßtfm e£-W-ßtfm C√. h√ KpWhpw AXn-\p-s≠-¶n¬ A`m-hm-flI - K - pWw am{X-amWv. AXn-\m¬, amWvUqIyw Xpco-bs\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv: ""AZr-jSv a hyhlm-cya {Kmlya e£-Wa Nn¥ya hy]-tZ-iy-ta-Imfl...''15 (AXm-bXv, Xpcobs\ bmsXmcp ZrjvSn-sIm≠pw ImWm≥ km[y-a√. GsXmcp hn[-Ønepw hyh-lc - n-°m≥ hø. AXn-\m¬, AZr-jSv hpw Ahy-hl - m-cy-hp-amWXv. AXv H∂p-sIm≠pw {Kln-°s - ∏-Sp-∂n√. AXn\v bmsXmcp e£-Whpw ]d-bm-hX√. a\- n¬ k¶¬]n-°phmt\m _p≤n-sIm≠v A\p-am-\n-°p-hmt\m hm°p-sIm≠v \n¿tZ-in-°p-hmt\m hø. AXv GI\pw AZzn-Xo-b-\p-amIp∂p.) CXp-{]-Imcw A£-c-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ aqs∂-Æ-ap≠v: A.D.a. Ch



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



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aq∂pw tN¿∂ HmwImcw {_“-Øns‚ t]cmWv. CXns\ "{]Whw' F∂p- h n- f n- ° p∂p. {]kv X pX h¿W- ß - t fm- t cm∂pw Bflm- h ns‚ Hmtcm Ah- ÿ sb AYhm, ]mZsØ {]Xn- \ n- [ m\w sNøp∂p. AImcw sshizm- \ - c - t \bpw DImcw ssXP- k - t \bpw aImcw {]m⁄t\bpw tZymXn-∏n-°p∂p. A. D. a. F∂n-hsb am{X-I-sf∂p ]d-bp∂p. Hmtcm am{Xbpw Bflm-hns‚ Hmtcm ]Z-sØ-bmWv kqNn∏n-°p-∂-sX-∂¿Yw. Ch IqSmsX HmwIm-c-Øn\v \mem-a-sXmcp am{XIqSnbp≠v. AXn\v Aam-{X-am{X F∂p t]¿. AXmWv \mem-asØ ]Z- a mb Xpco- b s\ {]Xn- \ n- [ o- I - c n- ° p- ∂ Xv . amWv U q- I y- Ø ns‚ hymJym-Xm-hmb ⁄m\m\µ kc-kzXn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""{]W-thm-®m-c-W-Øn¬ A. D. a. F∂o aq∂p h¿W-ßfpw Ahkm-\n®v, ]n∂oSv tijn-°p∂ kzcsØ, As√-¶n¬ \mZ-sØ-bmWv Aam-{X-am{X F∂p -]-d-bp-∂Xv..... AXmWv {]W-h-Øns‚ (HmwImc-Øns‚) NXp¿Y-am{X. NXp¿Y-am-{X-bn¬ A`n-[m-\m-`n-t[-b-ßfmb hm°pw a\ pw ebn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ C∂ {]Im-c-Øn-ep-≈-XmWv F∂p ]d-bm≥ hø. AXn-\m¬ Ahy-h-lm-c-amWv.''16 BI-bm¬ Ah-km\ hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ ]c-ta-iz-cs‚ bYm¿Y kzcq]w A\n¿h-N-\o-bhpw Ahy-h-lm-cy-hp-am-sW∂ Xocp-am-\-ØnemWv amWvUq-Iyhpw FØp-∂Xv.



Bflm-hns‚ Ah-ÿm- {Xbw Jp¿-B\ - n¬ "\^vkn's‚, As√-¶n¬ Bflm-hns‚ aq∂v Ahÿm hnti-jW-߃ Jp¿-B\pw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v. ]t£, Ahsb h¿Wn-®n-´p≈Xv D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-te-Xp-t]m-se-b√; as‰mcp Xc-Øn-emWv. H∂v, "\^vkv AΩmd' (Xn∑-t{]-c-Im-flmhv); c≠v, "\^vkv e∆max' (kzbw Bt£-]n-°p∂ Bflmhv ); aq∂v, "\^vkv apØva-C∂' (im-¥X {]m]n® Bflm-hv). Ima-t{Im-[mZn Zp¿hn-Im-c-ß-fpsS XmXv]-cy-߃°v XnI®pw hiw- h - Z - a m- b n- c n- ° p- I bpw Xn∑ sNøp- ∂ - X n¬ Bthiw sIm≈p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-en-cn-°p-tºm-gmWv Bflm-hns\, AYhm a\-   ns\ "\^v k v AΩmd' F∂p hnti- j n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ Xv . CXmWv kmam\y a\- p-I-fp-sS-sb√mw {]IrXw. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Hcp alm-flm-hmb bqkp^v \_n-t]mepw Cßs\ ]d-™-Xmbn Jp¿B≥ D≤-cn-®Xv: ""Fs‚ a\ v \nc-]-cm-[n-bm-sW∂v Rm≥ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂n√. ImcWw, a\ v Xo¿®-bmbpw Xn∑-t{]-c-I-am-Ip∂p.''17 F∂m¬ DNn-X-amb in£-W-io-e-\-߃aqew a\- ns‚ Cu \ne°v am‰w hcp-Øm≥ Ignbpw. Aßs\ AXv ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS tkm]m-\-Øn-te°v Itc-dn-s°m-≠n-cn°pw. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Nne-t∏msgms° Ima-t{Im-[mZn Zp¿hn-Im-c-߃ AXns\ ]nSn-Iq-Sn-sb∂p hcpw. Aßs\ ]e sX‰p-Ip-‰-ßfpw AXv {]h¿Øn-t®°pw. ]t£,



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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ Ip‰-t_m-[hpw A\p-Xm-]hpw AXns\ Akz-ÿ-s∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw AXv X∂-Øm≥ i]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Cø-h-ÿbn¬, ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Bflm-hns\ "\^vkv e∆ma' F∂p hnti-jn∏n-°p∂p. BZyw- ]-d™ Ah-ÿ-tb-°mƒ DXvIr-jvS-amWv Cu Ahÿ. AXn-\m¬, \^vkv e∆m-asb ap≥\n¿Øn A√mlp kXywsN-bvXn-´p≠v.18 F∂m¬, a\p-jym-flmhv Ahn-sSbpw \n¬°p-∂n√. ho≠pw ]ptcmK- a n- ° p∂p. Aßs\ ]c- a - ] Zw {]m]n- ° p∂p. CØ- c p- W - Ø n¬ bmsXmcp Zp¿hn-Im-chpw AXns\ AXn-P-bn-°p-∂n√. AXn\p ]cn]q¿W-amb im¥-Xbpw, ]cn-]q¿W-amb kam-[m-\hpw ssIh-cp∂p. Cu Ah-ÿ-bn-se-Øp∂ Bflm-hns\ "\^vkp -ap-Øva-C∂' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p. CØcw Bflm-hns\ A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXpsIm≠v Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""A√tbm im¥X {]m]n® Bflmth, kwXr- ] v X n- b m¿∂pw kwXr-]vXn°p ]m{X-ambpw sIm≠v \ns‚ \mY-\n-te°p Xncn-®p-hcnI!'' 19 CXn¬ \n∂pw Hcp hkvXpX sXfn-™n-´p≠v: Bflm-hns‚ ]ca-amb e£yw AXns‚ \mY-\mWv. Ahn-tS-°mWv AXv ]ptcm-K-an°p-∂Xv. C°mcyw ]te-S-ß-fnepw Jp¿-B≥ hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v.



Pohm-flmhpw ]c-am-flmhpw XΩn-ep≈ kam-Kaw Pohm-flmhv Ah-km\w ]c-am-flm-hn¬ hnebw {]m]n-°p-sa∂v D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ NneXv kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. {]ivt\m-]-\n-jØv ]dbp-∂Xv ImWpI: ""kap- { ZsØ e£y- a m°n Hgp- I p∂ Cu \Zn- I ƒ kap- { ZsØ {]m]n-°p-∂-tXmsS AXn¬ hnebw {]m]n-°p-Ibpw B \Zn-I-fpsS \mahpw cq]hpw AkvX-an-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. At∏mƒ kap{Zw F∂p am{Xw ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. AXp-t]mse ]c-am-flm-hns\ e£y-am°p∂ k¿h-km-£n-bmb ]pcp-j≥ (Pohm-flmhv) ]c-am-flm-hns\ {]m]n-°p-tºmƒ ]Xn-\mdp Ie-Ifpw \in®v, \ma-cq-]-߃ AkvXan®v, AXn¬ hnebw {]m]n-°p-Ibpw ]pcp-j≥ F∂p am{Xw ]d-bs∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Pohm-flmhv Ie-I-fn-√m-ØXpw ac-W-c-ln-Xhp-ambn `hn-°p∂p.''20 (ChnsS kqNn-∏n® ]Xn-\mdp Ie-Iƒ sXm´p-ap-ºp≈ a{¥-Øn¬ hni-Z-am-°n-bn-´p≠v. {]mW≥, {i≤, BImiw, hmbp, A·n, Pew, `qan, ]t©-{µn-b-߃, a\ v, A∂w, hocyw, X] v, a{¥-߃, I¿aw, temI-߃, \maw F∂n-h-bm-WXv.) {]kvXpX Ah-ÿ-°mWv "ap‡n' F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. ap‡n-{]m]n® alm-]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS alna apWvU-tIm-]-\n-jØv h¿Wn-°p-∂Xv t\m°p-I: ""Hgp-In-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ \Zn-Iƒ Ah-bpsS \ma-cq-]-߃



]Z-\m-ak - qNn



349



XyPn®v, kap-{Z-Øn¬ ebn-®p-tNcpw t]mse ⁄m\n-Iƒ \ma-cq-]-cln-X-cmbn ]cm-Xv]c Znhy-]p-cp-j-\mb ]c-am-flm-hn¬ \neo-\-cmbn `hn-°p∂p. GsXm-cmƒ ]c-{_-“sØ icn°v Adn-bp-∂pthm, Abmƒ Aßs\ {_lvaw Xs∂-bm-bn-Øo-cp∂p. Ahs‚ hwi-Øn¬ Bcpw Xs∂ {_lvasØ Adn-bm-Ø-h-cmbn ImWp-I-bn√. F√m Xc-Ønep≈ timI- ß - f n¬\n∂pw Nn¥- I - f n¬\n∂pw k¿hYm Ah≥ AI∂v Pohn-°p-∂p. F√m ]m]-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ]q¿W-ambpw ap‡\mbn `hn-°p∂p. F√m kwi-b-ßfpw Al-¶m-c-ßfpw hnj-bm-k‡n-Ifpw thtcmsS \in®v Aa-c-\m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøp∂p!''21 C{Xbpw hnh-cn-®-Xn¬\n∂pw Bflm-hns‚ A¥na e£yw ]cta-iz-c-\m-sW∂p D]-\n-jØpw Jp¿-B\pw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p-s≠∂ kwKXn Xptemw hy‡-am-bt√m.



A¥y-\mƒ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ Hcp "]cm-¥-Imew' (G‰hpw A¥y-am-b-Imew) hn`m-h\ sNø-s∏-´n-´p≠v. Ckvemw "buap¬ BJn¿' F∂ t]cn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ A¥y-\mƒX-s∂-bm-WXv. B ImeØv alm-]pcp-j-∑m¿ Znhy-amb {_lva-k-t¶-X-Øn¬ {]th-in-°p-Ibpw XnI®pw hnap-‡cpw Aar-X-cp-ambn `hn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. CsX-∏‰n apfi-IØn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xp ImWpI: ""thZm¥ hn⁄m\ kp\n-›n-Xm¿Ymx k∂ym-k-tbm-Km-Zy-Xbx ip≤-kØzmx tX {_lva-tem-tIjvS ]cm-¥-Imte ]cm-arXmx ]cn-ap-Ny¥n k¿th.''22 (thZm- ¥ - ⁄ m\w aptJ\ kp\n- › n- X m¿Y- c mb []c- a - ] p- c p- j s\ \∂mbpw ZrV-ambpw a\- n-em-°nb] bXn-h-cy-∑m¿ [almflm-°ƒ] Ah-cpsS k∂ym-k-tbm-Kw-aqew, G‰hpw A¥n-a-Im-eØv ip≤-X-Xz∑m-cmbn ]c-{_-lva-Øns‚ Znhy-k-t¶-X-Øn¬ {]th-in-°p-∂-XmWv. Ah¿ F√m hnt[-\bpw ap‡n t\Sp-Ibpw Aar-XXzw {]m]n-°pIbpw sNøpw.) CtX Bibw as‰mcp ssien-bn¬ Jp¿-B\pw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n´p≠v . kØp- ° - f mb `‡- ≥ am¿ k¿h- i - ‡ n- a m- \ mb cmPm- h ns‚ (A√m- l p- h ns‚) k∂n- [ m- \ - Ø n- e p≈ "aJv - A - Z p- k nZv J n'(kXy- ] oTw)emWv ÿnXn-sN-øpI F∂p Jp¿-B≥ {]tLm-jn-°p∂p.23



kq^n-If - psS "^\m'bpw "_Jm'bpw Pohmfl˛]c-am-flm-°-fpsS ]c-kv]c kam-K-a-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ D]\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS \ne-]mSp \mw I≠p. \ΩpsS kq^n-Ifpw CØcw Hcp Ah-ÿ-sb-∏‰n h¿Wn-®p-Im-Wp∂p. Ah-cpsS kmt¶-XnI `mjbn¬ {]kvXpX Ah-ÿ°v "^\m' F∂pw "_Jm' F∂p-amWv t]¿. {]kn≤ kq^n-t\Xm-hmb A_q-k-Cu-Zn¬ J¿dmkv ]d-bp∂p: ""]ca-k-Ø- (ssZhw) hnebw {]m]n-°-emWv "^\m.' ]ca kØ-bpsS IqsS-bp≈ km∂n-[y-amWv "_Jm.'24



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



350



]Z-\m-a-kqNn



A A°m-Unb 119, 190 At°-b≥am¿ 206 A·n-tZ-h≥ 163, 232, 233, 272, 277, 298, 300, 323, 336 APm-X-i{Xp 164 As©-kv-˛-F≥-˛-A-sa≥(-Cu-Pn-]vXnse dmWn) 256 AY¿hw 71, 74, 269 AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yyw(-ssK-_v) 37, 38 AZv\m≥ 136 AtZm-ay¿ 203 AssZz-X-hmZw 333, 348, 349 A\Ivkn ta\n v 324 A¥y-\mƒ 347 A^vKm-\n-ÿm≥ 100, 101, 115 A_p¬l-k-\n¬ Aiv-Acn 330 A_p¬l-k≥ akqZn 16, 130 A_q-_-Ivcn- n-±o-Jv(-J-eo-^) 331 A_vZp-√m-ln_v\p A∫mkv 132 A{_-lmw(-C-_vdmlow \_n) 86, 90, 124, 125, 148, 149, 176, 177, 180, 188, 192, 193, 198, 220, 254 Aam-en-°-hwiw 188 Ata-cn-°-\n-¥y≥ `mj-Iƒ 88 Atam-kokv {]`p 205 Atam-cy¿(-A-a-ssd-‰p-Im¿) 191, 194, 214 A{am-s^¬ 124, 125, 192 Acm-ay¿ 178, 179,181, 209 Acmw 177, 178, 179, 181, 256, 262, 263 Acm-dmØv ]¿hXw 84, 112, 129, 131, 143 Acn-tÃm-s^-bn‚ v 288 A¿Pp-\≥ 23, 24, 25 A¿ao-\nb 143, 185 "A¿d-∫p¬ AAvem' 336 Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ 217, 218 "A¬-A-d-_p¬ _mbnZx' 187, 264 "A¬Jp-±qkv' 336 A¬P-_vl¿ 18 A¬_o-dq\n 31, 32, 34, 71 A√mlp 283, 284, 285, 299, 301, 302, 330, 331, 336, 337, 346 "A¬lJv' 296, 297 A¬ lnPv¿ 247, 248, 250 Ah-Xmck¶¬]w 26, 27, 28 "AhkvX' 269, 300 Ah-ÃnIv 269 Aiv-Acn hn`mKw 285 A»q¿ 177, 178



Aiz-]Xn cmPmhv 319 Aiz-ta-[-bmKw 305˛309 Ajq¿ _m\n-]m¬ 117, 118, 129, 135, 215 Ako-cnb 115, 117, 119, 128, 135, 177, 186, 215, 221, 225, 309 Akp-c≥am¿ 107, 122, 134, 135, 136 "A z-aZv' 336 Al-tcm≥(-lm-dq≥) 204 Alp-c-akvZv 90, 135, 283 AlvJm^v 225, 263, 264 Alvdo-am≥ 90 "Alvep¬ InXm_v' 90 At≈m-]-\n-jØv 74, 156 Ad-_n-Iƒ 119, 133, 134, 136, 176, 178, 187, 188, 190, 203, 209, 211, 214, 215, 224, 240, 243, 248 Atd_y 65, 133, 134, 179, 182, 185, 186, 190, 194, 206, 209, 214, 223, 235, 237, 239, 240, 244, 247, 263, 264



B BWn-sb-gpØv 253 Bflmhv 328, 329, 339˛348 BZw 62, 63, 66, 83 BZw ae 62 BZp hwiw 178˛182, 187, 188, 194, 223˛234, 237, 239, 242, 248˛251, 256, 263˛265 BZp-km-\n-b(-c-≠m-asØ BZv) 237, 242, 245, 264, 265 B[ym-fl-cm-am-bWw 77 B\n 244, 245 Bt{¥m-t]m-^yq-bnkw 284 Bt{¥m-t]m-tam¿^nkw 284 B]-kvXw-_≥ 229 B{^n° 185, 186, 309 Baq¿ 130 BbØv 27 Bc-Wy-I-߃ 69, 73˛76, 151, 152, 304 "Bcn_' 187 Bcy-˛-Z-kyp-{]iv\w 102, 103, 104, 153 Bcy≥`mj 87, 134, 181 Bcy≥am¿ 16, 68, 70, 72, 79, 92, 102˛104, 107˛110, 119, 128, 133˛135, 137, 145, 146, 151˛157, 160, 165, 171˛182, 184˛186. 193, 214, 221, 223, 225˛230, 232˛234, 247, 251˛263, 266˛275, 285, 300, 304, 305, 309˛311 Bcy-`-S≥ 18, 134 "Bcy-k-Xy-߃' 178 Bcym-h¿Øw 66, 178 "Be-ap¬ Awdv' 340



]Z-\m-ak - qNn



351



"Be-ap¬ J¬Jv' 340 "Be-ap¬ ae-IqØv' 340 "B¬^-s_‰v' 209 Bd¬ IS¬ 62



C CXn-lm-k-߃ 69, 77 C≥tUm-˛-C-dm-\n-b≥ tZh-X-Iƒ 254 C≥tUm-˛-bq-tdm-]y≥ h¿Kw 253 C{µ≥ 103-˛108, 134, 137, 163, 174-˛176, 180, 190, 211, 226, 232, 233, 254, 255, 264, 266, 271, 272, 274, 277, 298, 308, 336 C_m-ZØv 29 C_v\p-_mP 18 C_v\p-ko\m 18 C_v\p-dpjvZv 18 C_vdmlow \_n(-A-{_lmw t\m°p-I) Camw K men 339, 340 Ccpºv 104, 105, 273 Ccpºv bpKw 57 "C¬ap¬ Iemw' 327 C¬bm-kv(-G-en-b) 136 Ckvam-tb¬ 176 Ckvemw 36, 82, 290 Ckvdm-tb¬ (bm-t°m_v t\m°p-I) Cdw 178˛181, 233, 234, 249, 256, 262, 265 CdmJv 100, 101, 115, 116, 140, 142, 173, 188, 189,196 Cdm≥ 64, 90, 100, 180, 214, 215, 262, 263, 269 CuPn]vXv 65, 116, 128, 176, 187˛189, 194, 196, 197, 201-˛205, 208, 244, 255, 272, 309 CuPn-b≥am¿ 212, 213, 214 CuÃv C¥ym Iº\n 237



D D{K-tk-\≥ 22 D±m-eI BcpWn KuX-a≥ 157, 158, 160, 164, 317˛322, 343 D]-tIm-k-e-I-a-em-b-\≥ 323, 324 D]-\n-j-Øp-°ƒ 69, 73-˛76, 151, 152, 155, 156, 160, 161, 163, 164, 166, 315, 316, 327˛329, 333, 341 Da-dp-_v\p¬ JØm-_v(-J-eo-^) 90 Da-dp-_v\p¬ ^mcn-fv(-kq-^o-I-hn) 299 D¬]Øn 288˛290 "D m' 65 Ddp-°m-Kn\ 120, 121, 174, 189 Du¿]-´Ww 123, 191, 198



E EtKzZw 28, 70-˛74, 102, 103, 156, 172, 269, 270˛272, 275, 277, 278, 285, 297, 299 "EXw' 297 EXzn-°p-Iƒ 108, 300, 305, 308, 311



F FUn≥ Bƒ{Un≥ 292 F´p-Imen 334 "F≥en≥' 120˛122 F{_m-b-hwiw 189, 193, 198, 202, 204 Fh-dÃv 61 Fdm-‰-kvX-\okv 240 Ftd°v \Kcw 173, 174, 190 GI-ssZ-hXzw 38, 39, 131, 132, 136, 143, 145, 146, 148, 163, 164, 233, 268, 298, 299, 301, 327, 329, 330 G_¿(-ti-ans‚ ]p{X≥) 193, 198 Gem-ssa-‰p-Im¿(-G-em-ay¿) 184, 191, 194, 214, 260 Gemw(-t\m-l-bpsS ]u{X≥) 184, 214 Gen-b(-C¬bmkv t\m°p-I) Gimhv 177 Gjym-ssa-\¿ 84, 175, 176, 206, 221, 254, 259,266



H Hm°iv 173, 174, 190 Hm°ven 58 "Hmw' 145, 146, 345



I I]¿Zn-Iƒ 206 I∏¬t£{Xw 143 I_o¿ 28 Iam-≠¿ {^m¶v _m¿a≥ 292 Iwk≥ 22 Icn-¶-S¬ 62 "I¿a-am¿Kw' 155 Ien-bpKw 66, 67 I¬°n 27 I¬l-W≥ 69 I¬_vtKm{Xw 132 Igp-X-bmKw 309 Im¬Unb 130, 225 Im¿tØPv 209, 210 Imkv]n-b≥ 62 Ip¥n 23 Ipcp-t£-{X-bp≤w 23 Ipfw 94, 95, 147, 149 Ipfn-apdn 17, 94˛96, 146, 147, 149, 212, 231, 324 IrXbpKw 66 IrjvW≥(-A-kp-c-cm-Pm-hv) 104˛106 ssI_¿ Npcw 62 tImavSv Un tKm_n-t\mkv 79 tImc-kv(-ssk-dkv t\m°p-I) Iu¿aw 27 {Io‰v 142, 212, 213, 225



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



352



{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ 89, 90, 140 £{Xn-b≥ 81, 158˛160, 317 £p{Zm-Imiw 341 ¢mh¿ 97



J JX-_m-\n-b≥kv 240 JlvXm≥ 136 "Jn_ve' 147, 148, 300 Jp¿-B≥ 75, 223, 224, 270, 277, 278, 289, 295˛298, 301, 302, 327, 331, 333, 335, 336, 345 Jpkvdp(-Io-Jp-kvdp) 215 Jpssd-in-Iƒ 224



K K{_n-tb¬ amem-J(-Pn-_vco¬ t\m°p-I) KwK 153, 154 Km¿Ky≥ 164 Kme-]m-tKm-kvZzo]v 46 Kn¬K-tajv NcnXw 118, 119, 129 KpUnb cmPmhv 123 ssK_v(-A-Zr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yyw t\m°p-I) tKmhv(-]ip t\m°p-I) {Ko°p-Im¿ 127, 213, 214, 220 •mh-ssa-t{X-b≥ 161



N N{µ-Kp-]vX-au-cy≥ 324 NmXp¿h¿Wyw 81, 103, 146 Nn{X-Km¿Kym-bWn al¿jn 319 No\m-`m-j-Iƒ 88 No\m-`nØn 218



P P\-I-cm-Pmhv 320, 321 Pcm-k-‘≥ 22 Pe-{]-f-bw(-a-lm-P-e-{]-fbw t\m°p-I) Pdq-kew 215 Pm\-{ipXn ]u{Xm-b-W≥ 324, 325 Pmhm-a-\p-jy≥ 48, 51 Pn_vco¬ 27, 219 PqZn ]¿hXw 143 ssP\-aXw 99, 166 "⁄m\-am¿Kw' 153, 154



S



tSmfan 182



U Uam-kvIkv 147, 178 Utbm-P-\okv 324 "Umcn≥]mkv' 218 Um¿hn≥ 46, 47, 50 UnUm-e-kv(-{Io‰v imkv{X-⁄≥) 213 tUhnUvk≥ªm-°v, s{]m^. 48, 49 tUmk≥ 58



X "XØz-akn' 319, 348 Xm{a-bpKw 57 Xmeq-Øv(-iu¬ t\m°p-I) Xncp-bm-^nYv 111, 112, 130 Xp¿h-i≥ 206 Xp¿j≥am¿ 206 tXmakv lIvken 50 {XnXz-hmZw 38 {Xn]n-S-I-߃ 166 t{XXm-bpKw 66, 67 "XzmKqØv' 29



Y sYbn¬kv(-{Ko°v Zm¿i-\n-I≥) 332



Z Zbm\-µ-k-c-kzXn 72, 73, 171, 234, 286 Z¿i-\-kq{Xw 69, 78 Zkyp-°ƒ 102˛105, 107˛110, 133, 137, 145, 153, 154, 156, 157, 227, 271 Zkyp-kw-kvImcw 151, 153, 154, 156, 165, 166 Zm\n-tb¬ \_n 219 Zmcn-bkv H∂m-a≥ 220, 221 Zmi-cm-⁄-bp≤w 153, 154, 165 "Zo≥' 25 Zptcym-[-\≥ 23 "Zp¬J¿ss\≥' 216˛220 tZhIn 22 Zua-Xp¬ P≥Z¬ 132 {Zmhn-U≥am¿ 16, 110˛112, 130, 142, 149, 225˛227 {Zmhn-U-`mj 88, 110, 111 Zzm]-c-bpKw 66, 67 ssZzX-hmZw 148, 333



\ Sb¿(-tkm¿) 208˛210 Sn¿tl-\n-b≥am¿ 206 SpWo-jy(-Xp-\o-kv) 210 Sptd-\n-b≥ `mj-Iƒ 87 Sq´≥Km-a≥(-^-tdm-h) 256 ssS{Kokv 112, 114, 115, 117, 128, 129, 142, 189



\_m-Øn-b≥kv 248 "\_n' 32 "\^vkv AΩmd' 345, 346 "\^vkv apØvaC∂' 345, 346 "\^vkv e∆ma' 345, 346



]Z-\m-ak - qNn



353



\cIw 159 \c-knwlw 27, 174 \cmw-kn≥I¿ 174, 175, 191 \ho\ inem-bpKw 57, 63, 64 \kvdv 132, 133, 135 \mk-Xy≥am¿ 175, 176, 254, 255, 286 \nwdqZv 124, 180, 188 \nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy≥ 49, 50, 51 \nln-Ωmhv 30 \ot{Km 88, 89, 260 \q^n¿ 130 s\_p-°Uv \kv¿(-_pJvXv \kv¿) 215, 216 "t\Xn-t\Xn' 330 ss\¬ \Zn 128 t\mt_mkv sIm´mcw 212 t\ml(-\q-lv) 15, 83˛85, 90, 111, 112, 118, 119, 129, 130, 132, 133, 142˛146, 148, 149, 177, 184, 195, 198, 225, 226 t\ml-bpsS I∏¬ 83, 84, 129, 143



] "]Wn-Iƒ' 137, 211, 212 ]c-tem-I-hn-izmkw 39, 40 ]c-ip-cm-a≥ 27 "]cn-jØv' 157 ]ip 211, 212, 273, 300, 305, 310, 317, 320, 322,325 ]m°n-ÿm≥ 92 ]m©men 24 ]mXmfw 159, 332 ]mao¿ 172, 258 ]n{]p 104, 106 ]p\¿P≥a-k-¶¬]w 39, 40, 159, 160 ]pcm-W-߃ 77 ]qWn-I-bp≤w 210 s]°nßp a\p-jy≥ 48, 49, 51 s]dp kwkvIcw 128 ]ue-kvXy¿ 206 "{]Xv\ Hm°kv' 173, 174, 190 {]hm-N-IXzw 26˛28, 42, 282, 283 {]mNo-\-in-em-bpKw 57, 63, 64



^ "^÷p-∂mJx' (H-´-I-Øns‚ ae-bn-Sp-°v) 248 "^\m' 348 ^e-kvXo≥ 86, 87, 135, 198 ^tdm-h(-^n¿-Hu≥) 188, 194, 196, 198, 201˛204, 249 "^mØnl' 278 "^nXvd-Øp√m' 295 ^n\o-jy¿ 137, 208˛211, 214, 225



_ _I-Zm-ev`y≥ 161, 164



"_Jm' 348 _¿{Sm≠v d ¬ 294 _e-cm-a≥ 27 _eq-Nn-ÿm≥ 140 _en 152, 213, 234, 300 _lp-ssZ-hXzw 131, 143, 232, 233, 252, 298, 329 _lp-`m-cyXzw 276, 277 _m_n-tem-Wnb 116, 118˛120, 122˛124, 129, 135, 140, 180, 187, 188, 194, 215, 216, 221, 309 _m≥‰p `mj-Iƒ 88 _m¬tZ-h≥ 135, 137, 210, 211 _oZ_ 18, 134 _p≤≥ 71, 74, 77, 178, 229, 271 _p≤-aXw 99, 166, 271 s_d-kqkn 130, 188 t_¬i- ¿ 216 ss__vƒ 223, 224, 289, 298, 301 t_mLm-kvtImbv 175, 252˛256, 266, 271 {_“w˛ 162, 163, 283, 287, 288, 290, 304, 319, 324, 328-˛337, 341, 342, 347, 348 {_m“-W-߃ 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 151, 152, 304, 305, 312 {_m“-W¿ 81, 108, 148, 157, 158, 159, 160, 164, 229, 230, 270, 277, 304, 305, 312, 313, 317, 318, 325 {_mlzn hn`mKw 110



` `K-h-ZvKoX 24, 77 `c-X≥ 65 `c-Zzm-P≥ 251 `mK-hXw 28 `mK-h-X-aXw 166, 167 `n£p-°ƒ 165



a "aP√Xp epJvam≥' 245 aPq-kn-Iƒ 89, 90 "aJv-A-Zp-knZvJn' 347 aKm≥ \Kcw 175 aZvl_v 316 a\ v 341˛344, 346 a\p (ssh-h-kz-X-a\p t\m°p-I) abn≥ 241, 242 abo≥Im¿(-sa-tbm-\y¿) 213 ac-Wm-\-¥c PohnXw 281 a¿ZqIv tZh≥ 115, 120, 121 ae-°p-Iƒ(-am-em-Ja - m¿) 26, 27, 37, 63, 121, 336, 348 "aiolv' 216, 221 alm-P-e-{]-fbw 66, 83, 84, 85, 111, 118, 119, 129˛131, 142, 144, 145 alm-`m-cXw 69, 77



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



354



"alm-aZ' 28 "alm-ime' 156, 157 am\o-tØm≥ 197, 198 an´m-Wn-Iƒ 176, 254˛256 anUnb km{amPyw 220 an{X≥ 175, 176, 233, 254, 255, 266, 272, 277, 298 anZym≥ (a-Zvb≥) 176, 204, 248, 255, 266 anZym-\y¿(-an-´m-Wn-Iƒ ImWp-I) an\m-bn-b≥kv 240, 241, 265 an{kbnw 206 apA-van-\p-Iƒ 89, 90 apB-hnb 237 "ap‡n' 347 "ap‡n-am¿Kw'(⁄m-\-am¿Kw t\m°p-I) apKƒ km{amPyw 68 apX-I-√n-ap-Iƒ 327 apivcn-°p-Iƒ 89, 90 apl-ΩZv \_n 28, 42, 43, 82, 193, 219, 245, 288, 339 saskm-s]m-t´-anb 54, 65, 97, 101, 110, 114˛122, 124, 125, 127-˛132, 135, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 173, 178, 186-˛191, 208, 214, 231, 255, 272 ssat\mkv 213 ssakq¿ 64, 119 tamk- v(a - q-km-\_ - n) 36, 124, 176, 192, 193, 204, 205, 224, 249, 255, 301 taml≥P-Zmtcm 92-˛101, 110, 114, 115, 119, 131, 145, 146, 230, 268, 271



b "bDuJv' 132, 133, 135 "bKqYv' 132, 133, 135 b⁄w 72, 107, 108, 152, 211, 300, 304, 305 bPp¿thZw 71, 74, 269 bZp 81, 180, 226, 264 bap\ 153, 154 ba≥ 238, 239, 240, 264 bh-\≥am¿ 100, 136 bi-ømhv 30, 216 bl-kvtI¬ 30 blq-Z≥am¿ 80, 85, 86, 89, 111, 119, 136, 177, 198, 201, 204, 205, 215, 216, 219, 221, 254, 301, 339 bmt°m-_v(-C-{km-tb¬) 176, 177, 198 bm⁄-h-evIy≥ 71, 164, 319, 320, 321, 322, 324 bmPqPv˛am-PqPv 216, 217 bmZ-h-hwiw 22, 24, 180 bmZz¿ 181 bm^nYv 16 bms^Øv 85, 86, 111, 226 bnc-aymhv 30 bpMv 293



bqPn≥ Zp_m-bv, tUm. 48 bq{^-´okv 112, 114, 115, 117, 128, 129, 142, 189 tbip-{InkvXp 36, 108, 193 tbmtk^v (bq-kp-^v\-_n) 176, 197, 198, 196, 201, 346



c c≠m-asØ BZv(-BZp km\nb t\m°p-I) cXv\n-tZ-h≥ 273 "cmP-X-cw-KnWn' 69 cmam-bWw 69, 77 cmh-W≥ 245



e e£va-W≥ 245 e¶m-Zzo-]v(-kn-tem¨) 62 epJvam-\p¬ lIow 242, 243˛246, 264 epK¬ HmIvkn cmPmhv 173, 174, 190 epK¬ kmlnkn cmPmhv 173, 174, 189, 190 temØv(-eq-Øv) 192



h h±v 132, 134 h¿K-kn-≤m¥w 79, 80, 82 h¿W-ta-[m-hnXzw 81 h¿[-am-\-a-lm-ho-c≥ 166 hcp-W≥ 107, 163, 175, 176, 233, 234, 254, 255, 266, 272, 277, 298, 302, 308 he≥tZ-h≥ 137, 211 hj-j≥am¿ 206 hkn-jvT≥ 107, 108, 227, 229, 274 hkp-tZ-h≥ 22 "hlvbv'(ssZ-hnI shfn-]mSv) 26, 280, 296 "hmZn¬Jpdm' 247, 265 hm\-{]ÿw 313 hm\-c≥ 46, 47, 48 hma\w 27 hmcmlw 27 hmkp-tZh IrjvW≥ 166 hn≥Ã≥ N¿®n¬ 52 hnth-Im-\-µ-kzman 72, 224 hnizm-an-{X≥ 274, 276 hnjvWp 21, 174 "hpkq¬' 348 hr{X≥ 134 thZw 69, 70, 75, 151, 152, 160, 164, 166, 272, 277, 278, 285, 302, 312, 315, 327, 328 thZmw-K-߃ 78 thZ-hym-k≥ 134, 270, 271 "sshX-cWn' 139 sshh-kz-X-a\p 66, 129, 130, 131, 142 sshiy≥ 81, 159, 160



]Z-\m-ak - qNn



355



i±mZv cmPmhv 180, 197, 242 i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ 348 iap-th¬ 30 "ilm-ZØv' 37 inem-bpKw 50, 57 inh≥ 99, 133, 134, 272 ioYv 15, 90, 148 ip\x-ti-]≥ 234, 276 ipjvW≥ 104, 106, 137 iq{Z≥ 33, 81, 102, 146, 159, 160, 229, 230 iw_-c≥ 104, 105 si_m 239 tiw 85, 86, 111, 177, 181, 184, 261 tiay-h¿K-°m¿(-sk-an-‰nIv h¿Kw t\m°p-I) iu¬(-Xm-eqØv) 227 {ioIr-jvW≥ 21˛25, 27, 52, 66, 67 {iocm-a≥ 27, 67, 74 tizX-tIXp 157, 164, 317



kq^n-Iƒ 299, 339, 340, 342, 348 kqcy-tZ-h≥ 163 kvarXn-Iƒ(-[¿a-im-kv{Xw) 69, 76, 77, 102, 151 krjvSn-]qP 38 skan-‰nIv `mj-Iƒ 87 skan-‰nIv h¿Kw 184-˛196, 201, 203, 205, 206, 208, 209, 221, 223-˛225, 249, 255, 256, 260, 262, 268 ssk‘-h≥am¿ 96˛98, 100, 110, 125, 127, 128, 131, 132, 139, 141, 148, 231, 268 ssk‘h kwkvImcw 17, 101, 119, 148, 149, 212, 268, 271, 272 sskdkv N{I-h¿Øn(-tIm-c-iv) 215˛221 tkm{I-´okv 289 tkmaw 270, 273, 277, 300, 310˛312 tkma¿ t^¬Uv 295 ku{Xma-Wn-bmKw 310˛312 kzbw-`p-h-a\p 66, 67 kzmenlv \_n 249˛252, 265 kvs]bn≥ 210, 225



j



l



i



jI¿j≥am¿ 206 jamkv 121 jm^vlukv s{]m^. 49, 50



k kXy-Im-a-Pm-_m-e≥ 322, 323, 324 kaqZv 179, 180, 187, 247˛252, 255, 256, 265˛267 kbp-Kzm-ssc-Iz≥ 324, 325, 326 kc-Xp-jv{S-a-X-°m¿(-a-Pq-kv) 90 k¿tKm¨ H∂m-a≥ 174, 191, 194, 212, 214 k¿hw JmeznZw {_“w 348 km_n-aXw 15, 17, 146˛149, 213 km_n-b≥am¿ 17, 90, 112, 146˛149, 239 kma-thZw 71, 72, 74, 269 kmw 185 kmap-h¬ ebnwKv 186 kn‹≠v t{^mbnUv 293 knXn-b≥am¿ 218 kn‘p-XSw 17, 92, 97, 110, 114, 115, 127, 128, 130, 131, 133, 145, 146, 151, 231, 268, 271 knkn-e-b≥am¿ 206 "kndmØv' 139 koX 245 "kp∂-Øp√m' 295 kpta-cn-b≥am¿ 97, 110˛112, 114, 116-˛120, 129, 130, 132, 133, 139, 141˛143, 173, 174, 189, 191, 195, 209, 214, 225, 226, 249 kpta-cn-b≥ kwkvImcw 116, 118, 120 kpc 312 kpsse-am≥ \_n(-tkm-f-a≥ cmPm-hv) 239 "kphmAv' 65, 132, 133, 134



l÷v 142 lZvd-auØv 181, 182, 237, 240, 264 l\p-am≥ 74 laq-dm_n 123˛125, 191˛194, 209, 212, 214 lwZm≥ 133 lc∏ 92-˛95, 98-˛101, 110, 119, 131, 140, 145, 147, 230, 268, 271 l¿dm≥ 17 l∆ 83 lman-‰nIv 87, 206 lmw 85, 111 lmdq≥(-A-l-tcm≥ t\m°p-I) lnPmkv 136 "lnµv' 64, 65 lnam-ebw 62, 112, 131, 319 lnc-Wy-K¿`≥ 285, 286 ln‰ve¿ 79, 80 lns‰-‰p-Im¿(-ln-Xy¿)176, 177, 253, 254, 256, 266 lp_v¬ 136 lqZv\_n 179, 195, 225-˛227, 230-˛232, 235, 237, 239, 264, 265 lqdn-b¿ 255 slIvtkmkv h¿Kw 201˛204, 228, 241,255, 260 tlmtc_v ]¿hXw 204



d dbw-kokv c≠m-a≥ 205 døm-\p-_v\p¬ heoZv (^-tdm-h) 205 tdm_¿´v sF≥sÃ≥ 80 tdmw 210



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



356



Ah-ew-_-Ir-Xn-Iƒ Advanced History of India Ancient History of India An Introduction to Jung's psychology Artic Home in Vedas - Balagangadhara Thilak Encyclopedea of Religion and Ethics Vol.5 Encyclopedea of Britannica Vol. 2, 11 Genesis- Cambridge Bible for Schools & Colleges Hindu Civilization - Jayaswalal Hindu History- Akshoy Kumar Majumdar History of Civilization of Ancient India - R.C. Dutt History of Sanskrit Literature, Vedic Period - C.V. Vaidya M.A Indian Phylosophy- Dr. Radhakrishnan Influence of Islam on Indian Culture- Dr. Thara Chand Religion of Rigveda- Arrow Smith Rgvedic India and Rgvedic Culture- Abinas Chandra Das Sacred Books of the East Vol. 1- Maxmuller Scientific Curiosities of Sexual Life- Restom G. Metha The Hindu Aug. 22, 1969 United Nations Bullettin Vol.ix No.3 Veda and Vedanta- Homees What Happend in History - Gorden Child.



AY¿h-thZw A¬_n-dq\n I≠ C¥y ˛ A_q-d-bvlm≥ apl-Ω-Zp¬ _odq\n B]-kvXw_ [¿a-kq{Xw Bcy-`m-cXw ˛ Fw. cma-Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿ C¥y-bnse h¿W-k-a-cw˛ Sn.-sI. {Ko^nØv C¥y-bpsS Bflm-hv˛ sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥ C¥ysb Is≠-ج˛ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp C_v\p J¬Zqs‚ Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿw CuPn-]vjy≥ kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw ˛ IrjvW-ssN-X\y EtKzZw



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ EtKzZw h≈-tØmƒ hnh¿Ø-\ BapJw˛ k¿Zm¿ sI.-Fw. ]Wn-°¿ EtKz-Z-Øn-eqsS ˛ hn.-hn.-sI. hmeØv Ha¿ Jømw ˛ Ipkp-aØv Ien-bpKw ˛ t]m™n-°c dm^n ItTm-]-\n-jØv ae-bmf hnh¿Ø\w ˛ hnth-Im-\µ kzman-Iƒ Imhy-Z¿i\w ˛Fw.-]n. t]mƒ IrjvWb-Pp¿thZw tIt\m-]-\n-jØv Jp¿-B≥ KZy-ssI-cfn ˛ ]n. Zmtam-Z-c≥ ]n≈ Omtµm-tKym-]-\n-jØv ]mWn-\ob alm-`mjyw {]mNo\ enJn-X-߃ ˛ hn.-B¿. ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈ _rl-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-jØv ss__nƒ `K-h-ZvKoX `hn-jy-]p-cmWw `mc-X-∏-g-a˛ tUm. F. Aø-∏≥ `mc-X-_r-l-®-cn{Xw hm. 1˛ B¿.-kn. aPpw-Zm¿, F®v.-kn. dmbv Nu[-cn, Imfn-In-¶¿ZØ `mc-Xob XØz-Nn-¥˛ tZho-{]-kmZv Nt´m-]m-[ymb `mc-Xob kmwkvIm-cnI km{amPy Ncn-{Xw˛ ]n. tXmakv aXw ]uc-kvXy˛]m›mXy cmPy-ß-fn¬ ˛ tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, hnh: AºmSn C°m-hΩ a\p-kvarXn alm-`m-cXw saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw ˛ sltdm-tUm-´kv bPp¿thZw blqZ kmlnXy Ncn-{Xw˛ IrjvW-ssN-X\y bm°q-_n-bpsS Ncn-{Xw hm. 1 ˛ C_v\p hmknlv bm°q_n temI Ncn{Xw hm.1 ˛ sI.-hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m≥ temI-N-cn{X kw{Klw ˛ F®v. Pn. sh¬kv hnth-Im-\-µ-kzm-an-I-fpsS Fgp-Øp-Iƒ hniz-N-cn{X kw{Klw ˛ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp hniz-Z¿i-\-߃˛ cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥ hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hm. 1˛6, 10



357



358



`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ



thZ-]-cy-S\w ˛ \tc-{µ-`q-j≥ thZm¿Y-hn-Nmcw ˛ hn.-sI.-F. \mcm-bW `´-Xncn iXm-_vZ-߃°∏p-d-Øp-\n-∂p≈ i_vZ-߃ ˛ Sn.-kn. i¶-c-ta-t\m≥ i_vZ-Xm-cm-h-en˛ {ioI-WvtT-izcw Pn. ]fl-\m-`-]n≈ kwkvIrX kmlnXy Ncn-{Xw˛ IrjvW-ssN-X\y