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CAESAR II Statics Training
CAESAR II [G
-
Z
Make Units Files from the Main Window
Tools IHE •D
o p e
Configure/Setup Make Units files
k
This allows the creation of new units files, or the review of existing units files, useful if you receive a units file from a colleague and wish to check the units in use in the file. Choose to Create New Units File and for the template file to use as a start point, select *MM.FIL.
.
Give the new file a name and click View/Edit file
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11
Existing Rle to Review Review Existing Units Files
Existing Rle to Start From: MMRL
=5
1
Create a New Units Rle
New Units Rle Name TRAIN
Cancel
View / Edit Rle
In the Units File dialogue box, change the following units from the MM defaults:
N/ sq .mm.
Stress Pressure Elastic Modulus -> -> Pipe Density Insul. Density > Fluid density ->
bars N/ sq.mm. kg/cu.m.
kg/cu.m. kg/cu.m. N/ mm N/ mm
Transl. Stiffness -> Uniform Load ->
Ensure Nominals is set to ON. This allows the entry of pipe nominal sizes and schedules into the input, which will be converted to actual diameters and wall thicknesses (e . g. enter 4 into the diameter field and CAESAR II will convert this to 114.3mm).
Give the file a label as well to easily identify the file.
f CAFSAR II
* 25 4
Length
inches
Force
pounds
4 4480
Mass dynamics pounds
* 0 4536
-
Moment input Moment-output
I Stress
: JNAV
' YJ '
Temp Scale
-lb
* 011298 »
29 B
* 0 0068946
lbs / sq m
~
degree?F * ' & 5SST
I Pressure
psig
•
1 Elastic Modulus
lbs / sq in
• 00068946
ibs /artn
1
r Phpe Density 1
in -lb in
Insulation Den
lbs /coin
User Units
Constant
-
1
_
Ufiitf File Maintenance Internal Units
ITEM
0 068946
Fluid Den
»9
»
Nm
M
Nm
.'
.
L '
pI
Ib /m
* 1 7512e 1
teloati
g
lbs / sq in * 6 8946
Elevation
inches
fcmpd Lng Thickness
kg/cu m
*
Nominals
b1 k
Units File Label
TRAINING
I
/ &
;Y
QK / Sove
]
-
Wind Load • Ipiameter
kg/cum
*
-J i
Nm /deq
"• ! z
- '-
- tuuuu
1
*
N /mm
unit Load
-
User Units
• kg/ cu m.
" 17512
-
; ([
[ * [N / sqmm
*
in fb7deo
1 11 Pol SfrfT
M [N. /sqmm I ,
lbs /cu in * 27680
Transl Stiff lbs /in
'
WW
• [ 27680
-j
' ]-: • *
j » • mm
--
0254
inches
* 25 4
inches
* 25 4000
inches
*
25 4000
*
c
Cancel
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TTI
-
KPa
m mm ~
mm
|mm ON
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INTERGRAPH *
CAESAR II Statics Training
Introduction
CADWorx & Analysis Solutions
F = K,Y Example As CAESAR II uses a stick model, and beam theory, it is easy to prove this using a simple cantilever
example. This example will introduce the basic modelling methods in CAESAR II and introduce the Input Spread Sheet, Load Case editor and the Output Processor. In addition, we can check the CAESAR II results against some simple hand calculations.
.
CAESAR II calculates forces using F = Kx Using the example below, we will create a simple cantilever model, fixed at one end, and apply a displacement of 2 mm at the other end. We can then calculate the force required to generate this 2 mm displacement - and see this in the results.
F v
d = 2 mm First we will create the model in CAESAR II.
Create a new file in CAESAR II, called FKLateral
Hie Set Default Data Directory
,,ev;¥ U ,Nev [\ & Open?:.
Ctrl+N
J
Ctr +O
New Job Name S Enter the name for the NEW job file: FKLateral 9> Piping Input
©
Structural Input
Note, structural files should have different names from piping files, even if they are to be combined for analysis. Enter the data directory
Jd
D:\Training\CAESAR n\Exercises
[
2K
Help
Cancel
After creating the new job file, the first time it has opened, the units will be displayed to the user for confirmation. You will notice that the units file displayed here for our file is English ( CAESAR II default units) not the units file we have just created. By default, CAESAR II uses the units file set in the Configuration/Setup as the default file for new jobs (and also as the units to use to display the output results ).
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CAESAR II Statics Training
Introduction
CADWont & Analysis Solutions Review Current Units ITEM
Internal Units
Constant
Length
inches
1
Force
pounds
1
Mass-dynamics pounds
1
--
nternal Units
ITEM
User Units
in.
Fluid Den.
1
in-lb / deg
1
in. lb , / deg
Unif. Load
Ib. /in.
1
Ib. /in.
ft lb
G Load
g's
1
g's
Ib sq in
Wind Load Ibs. / sq.in.
144
lb . / sq . ft.
Ibs./cu.in.
1
lb cu in
Thickness
Ibs./cu.in.
1
Ib./ cu.in.
Nominals
00833333
Ibs. / sq in.
1
Temp Scale
degrees F
1
Pressure
psig
1
Stress
Pipe Density Insulation Den.
-
lb , /in.
Transl. Stiff. lbs. /in. Roll. Stiff.
1
Moment-output in.Hb.
User Units lb , / cu .in.
lb.
Elastic Modulus Ibs. / sq.in.
-
1
Constant 1
Ibm
- .. - ./ . . -F .- / . . - // .. ..
-
in. lb.
Moment input
Ibs./cu in.
in.lb.
Elevation
inches
00633333
A.
Ib sq in
Cmpd Lng
inches
0.0833333
ft
Ib sq in
Diameter
inches
1
in.
inches
1
in.
ON
ENGUSH
Units File Label:
I
0K
I
Click OK on the units review screen and the input spread sheet will open. To confirm/check the units, hover over any field in the input - the units used in this field will be displayed in the tooltips. For example, we changed the pressure units to bars, but the pressure field displays the units as Ib./sq.in. Temp 2 Temp 3 Pressure 1
ffb./
Pressure 2
sq.in.|
Hydro Press
Close the input screen - we will change the units and return to the input with the correct units displayed. In the CAESAR II main window select Tools > Configure /Setup CAESAR II [ D:\TRAINING\CAESARll\FKAXIAL] __ | File Input Analysis Output Diagnostics ESL Viev
pH
-
t:
.
D e I ISLB
W!
Configure/ Setup Make Units files
In the window which appears, select Database Definitions from the categories tree on the left.
Configuration Computational Control Datab as eiDlSnitions
.... .
CDDD
4U
Now change the Units File Name setting to the units file just created.
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INTERGRAPH "
CAESAR II Statics Training
Introduction
CADWorx & Analysis Solutions
3 Databases Alternate CAESAR II Distributed Data Path Default Sprinq Hanger Table Expansion Joints Load Case Template Piping Size Specification
Structural Database Units File Name User Material Database Filename Valve/Flange Files Location Valves and Flanges 3 ODBC Settings Append re-runs to existing data Enable data export to ODBC compliant databases ODBC Database File Name
C
Anvil FLEXPATH JHD LOAD TPL ANSI AISC89 TRA1N.FIL •ENGLISH FIL •BAR FIL •DEUTSCH FIL
•FRANCE FIL I'MMFIL
•SI FIL •TUVFIL
Save and exit.
"
CAESAR II Co
P :
J
Reset All
-
N| Save and Exit P B Configuration
Return to the Piping Input. Again, the units file to be used will be displayed - this should now be
your custom units file. C1I
CAESAR II - [D:\TRAIf
i File
input
1Da
Analysis
Outpu
E Piping Input
Verify that the correct units are in use via the tooltips Temp 1
C
Temp 2;
Temp 3
Pressure 1 Pressure 2
tv
pars
I
tydro Press.
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CAESAR II Statics Training
Introduction
CADWorx & Analysis Solutions
Model Input We will now create the simple cantilever model and apply a 2mm displacement at the free end. The model will be as follows:
.
One element 10m in length going from node 10 to node 20 in the X direction, anchored at one end 8 pipe with Standard wall thickness.
/ / 20
10
/ Y
10m
-H
/ X
The input spread sheet will have defaulted to nodes 10 to 20, so simply enter 10000 in the DX field. We are in mm units already. Enter the pipe diameter and wall thickness - this is 8 NS and STD wall thickness. As we have nominals set to ON, simply type in 8 in the diameter and hit enter. The actual OD for 8 pipe will be inserted Repeat for the wall thickness, simply type in S and press enter.
.
» From: 10
» DX: 10000 000 mm DY: DZ:
0 Offsets » Diameter 219 0750 Wt/Sch 81700
Now we must fill in the pipe properties. We need to know the material properties to carry out the analysis. Select A106 - B from the list of materials. Notice that all materials have a number to identify it, you can simply type in the material number here - in the case of A106-B this is 106.
Selecting the material will fill in the Elastic modulus and Poisson ratio and various material allowables under the Allowable Stress area, depending on the design code selected ( B31.3 default).
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CAESAR II Statics Training
Introduction
CADWorx & Analysis Solutions Material (106)A1O6 B
0 Allowable Stress >> Elastic Modulus (C) 2.0339E + 008
Elastic Modulus (H1): [2.0340E+008 Elastic Modulus (H2) 2 Q 339E *008 '
Elastic Modulus (H3)' 2.0339E + 008 Poisson's Ratio' 0.2920
Code:
E
031.3 SC 137.892
SHI
137.892
FI:
SH2. 137.892
F2
SH3: 137.892
F3
SH4: 137.892
FA
That is our pipe itself. We now need to anchor it at one end ( node 10) and apply a displacement at the other end (node 20). Place the anchor by double clicking the Restraints check box. All the check boxes shown in the middle column on the spread sheet must be double clicked to check/uncheck.
|j
0Restraints "nHahgers
1
Nozzle Flex.
[Displacements
0 Flange Checks Nozzle Lmt Check
To define a restraint you must specify a minimum of the node that the restraint will be attached to,
plus the type of restraint. Press FI for more information on the different restraint types. We need an anchor, so select ANC and locate it at node 10. Node: 10
CNode:
Type: ANC
1 Gap:
Stif:
Mu:
Now we will apply the 2mm displacement at the opposite end. Double click the Displacements check box to apply a displacement.
0 Restraints Hangers Nozzle Flex.
|[ 0Displacements U flange unecks C
Nozzle Lmt Check
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CAESAR II Statics Training
Introduction
CADWorx & Analysis Solutions
Specify the displacement at node 20, and specify a 2mm displacement downwards in the Y direction - i.e. enter -2 in the DY row. Leave the remaining rows empty - do not specify 0. Specifying 0 fixes the node in the specified direction. Entering 0 in each row would be the same as an anchor. Leaving the values blank leaves
the remaining directions free.
Node 1
20
Vector T| Vector 2 Vector 3 Vector DX DY DZ RX RY RZ
-2
0000
|
!
SH
>
.
Finally to complete the analysis we must specify a design temperature and pressure In our case these are not really relevant as we are only concerned with displacement, so just enter 21°C in T1 and lbar in PI fields. »
Temp 1 21.0000 Temp 2 Temp 3
Pressure 1 1 0000 Pressure 2.
Hydro Press
.
The file can now be analysed
Before analysis the input must be error checked in order to identify any issues which may prevent the analysis running (such as specifying both an anchor and an applied displacement at the same point), or anything which may provide incorrect results (such as Stress Intensification factors not present at a geometric intersection).
Run the error checker to check the model.
is
ar & i
£s
*
& ?
*
*n
Start Run Run the Error Checker
'tings: 0
You should see only one note in the error checker report - the C of G. This can be useful for identifying problems such as incorrect densities applied - giving an incorrect weight for example.
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CAESAR II Statics Training
Introduction
CADWorx & Analysis Solutions Errors and Warnings
I Errors: 0
« Warnings: 0
Message Type
1
INotes: 1
Message Number
Element/ Node Number
Message Text
NOTE
CENTER OF GRAVITY REPORT Total Wght N. Pipe Insulation
Refractory Fluid Pipe+Ins+Rfrty Pipe+Fluid Pipe+Ins+Rfrty+Fld
4162.5 0.0 0.0
X eg mm.
Y eg mm.
Z eg mm.
5000.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 4162.5
0.0 0.0 5000.0
4162.5
5000.0
0.0
4162.5
5000.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0. D
If you receive anything other than this C of G, review the model for any issues. A common error on this exercise is the following: Errors and Warnings
IErrors: 1
Warnings: 0
Message Type
1
ERROR
Notes: 0
Element/ Number Node Number
Message
57E
10-20
Message Text
At node 10 there is a DISPLACEMENT and a RESTRAINT specified . This results in a numerically overspecified boundary condition. The user should either give the displacements of the point, or restrain the point, but not both. If modelling initial thermal movements at a restraint, define some unique connecting node for the restraint, and specify the displacement for the connecting node .
This indicates that the displacement and the anchor have been specified at the same location. Check that the Anchor is specified at Node 10 and the displacement is specified at Node 20.
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CAESAR II Statics Training
Introduction
CADWorx & Analysis Solutions
Load Case Editor Once the error check is successful, we can create load cases to analyse the system. Access the load case editor. This button is only available after a successful error check.
-
m•
|j @ a g
.-
» -
i•
Edit Static Load Cases
i
s
Start Static Analysis
rnings: 0
Note
The load case editor will be shown.
P :
Static Analysis - [D:\TRAININJGACAESAR II\FKAX!Al!]
x
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[la a
ia _o
'
INI3GR)SPH'
File Edit
«_
Load Case Editor Load Case Options ; Wind Loads j Wave Loads
Load Cases
Loads Defined in Input W - Weight D1 Displcmnt Case #1
L1 L2 L3
-
W+D1+T1+P1 W+P1 L1-L2
|
Stress Type
|
Recommend
OPE SUS EXP
P1 - Pressure Case #1 WW - Water Filled Weight WNC Weight no contents
Load Cycle
*
Import Load Cases
-
The default load cases are the Operating, Sustained and Expansion cases, as required by the design codes such as B31.3. Remove all these load cases, as we are only concerned with the displacement.
wmm , delete Entry Load Case Editor | Load Case Options wind L
[
Add one new row.
Q
a
«&
*
Load Case E Add Entry j
,
Into the load case we can add any of the loads defined in the input into the load case. As we are
only concerned with the displacement, drag in D1- Displacement Case #1into the LI row.
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Introduction
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Loads Defined in Input - Weight D1 - Displcmni Ca ~#1 T1 - 1 hermal Case #1 P1 - Pressure Case #1 WW - Waler Riled Weight WNC - Weightno contents
Load Cases
j
Stre
L1
W
Displcmnt Case.#, j
J
Also select the stress type as SUS(tained). Load Cases
L1
D1
|
Stress Type
|
sus|
The analysis will now take into account only the displacement reaction.
Before we analyse the piping system, let us first perform the hand calculation in order to check.
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CAESAR II Statics Training
CADWorx & Analysis Solutions
Introduction
Hand Calculation As we know, F = Kx
F - Force K = Stiffness
x = Displacement
The stiffness K is K=
I=
3El
ir ( D 4 - d* )
; Where D = Pipe OD and d = Pipe ID
E being Modulus of Elasticity and L being the length.
So if we wish to know what force is required to displace the cantilever 2mm, we can calculate this quite easily. E = 203 A: 103 N / mm2 L = 10,000mm D = 219.08mm
d
202.72 mm
(219.084 - 202.724)
3 x 203 E 3 x
(10E3) 3 K = 18.379 N / mm
So for a 2mm displacement, the force required is
F = Kx F = 18.379 x 2 F = 36.758 N
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CAESAR II Statics Training
Introduction
CADWorx0 & Analysis Solutions
Output Processor Back in CAESAR II, run the analysis by clicking on the Running Man icon from within the load case editor .
F Static Analysis - [D:\TRAMNG\CAESA j File Edit
a
7 9 P
-0.36B
-
"" ' U IBIS 0.0000 -0 . 0 0 0 0 -0 . 0 0 0 0
-
-0 . 0 0 0 -0 . 0 0 0 3.387
n nn6Q
6696
0.4683
O 1412 0.0000 0.0000 -0 . 0 0 0 0
2.870
RZ deg.
-.
0.1596
14.441
-0.077 n no
n
9Q 6
-.
16.387
8.430
-
P
RY deg.
1947
-0.1359 -0.1408
-
0.3627 U .1432 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0735 0.0173 n
n Q7 7
0.0853 0. 233
The restraint summary for the OPE case shows a significant reduction on the operating loads on the pump nozzle. NODE
FX
Load Case
10 3(OPE)
FY N.
N. Displ. Reaction 3113
-3663
FZ N.
MX N.m.
1202
MY N.m.
2650
MZ N.m.
-4816
-5139
As before, run these new loads through the API 610 processor (use Refresh Loads button to bring in the new loads).
The discharge nozzle now shows that only the moment about the Y axis (global Z ) exceeds the allowable limit. Discharge
x distance y distance z distance x force y force z force x moment
y moment z moment
= = = =
500.0
-300.0 0.0
3113.0 1202.0 3663.0
Table 4 Values
Force £ Moment Ratios
Status
3780 3113 4892
0.82 0.39 0.75
Passed Passed Passed
3525 1762 2576
0.75 2.92 1.87
Passed
mm. mm.
mm. N. N.
= =
--
= = =
2650.0 N.m. 5139.0 N.m. -4816.0 N.m.
N.
Failed Passed
Adding the steel effectively increased the guide's gap. This greatly reduced the pivot action and the resulting pump load.
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CAESAR II Statics Training Tutor
CADWorx & Analysis Solutions
Fix Model - Part 3 The only issue with the model now is that the local Y moment, global Z moment on the pump discharge nozzle ( node 10) is excessive Without changing the position of the pump or vessel nozzle, or changing the thermal strain, the only way to reduce these loads is to add flexibility to the layout. There is no inherent flexibility that was excluded from the model so an expansion loop will be introduced.
.
How big a loop is required and where should it be placed?
Expansion loop legs should be perpendicular to the thermal growth causing the load. We will focus on the Z axis bending moment This bending moment is being caused by the +X force - the thermal growth in the X direction (element 70-75).
.
Fx
Therefore the loop can be added in the Y or Z direction (perpendicular to X ). Which is the best loop layout ? c
Layout A - A loop in the Z direction at the end of the X run ( node 80)
Layout B - A loop in the Y direction at the end of the X run (node 80)
Layout C - A Y loop on the opposite end of the X run ( node 70)
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The bending stress at the nozzle is estimated using SEj =
SE /
'/
3
= stress range in legj (leg j is orthogonal to the direction of thermal growth to be absorbed )
Lj = Length of leg j
Li
= length of leg i ( leg i represents each leg helping to absorb the thermal growth )
We know that
M
MR
S E ) - J ~ 1~ 6 EIALj
So let 6EIA = K
C
Therefore solving for K using the current M (MZ Bending moment which is 5139 Nm ) and L| and L) Lj = 4200mm L, = LI 6205 mm & L2 4200mm
M
KLj
7 h 5.139 (62053 + 42003 ) 4200
K = 383 x
106
Keeping K as a constant, we can attempt to reduce M. To do this we will increase the length of the
leg in the three layouts mentioned previously and recalculate M
The following table and graph summarises this. Added Loop Leg (m )
InZ (Layout A) 0 1 2 3 4 5
3.591 2.542
In Y (Layout B) 5.153 5.120 4.902 4.395 3.657 2.865
Riser Max Mz (= 2 * Table 4) (Layout C) 5.153 3.525 5.248 3.525 4.907 3.525 4.326 3.525 3.686 3.525 3 092 3.525
Red = above max Mz Green = below Max Mz
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183
Add button to add into the Output Viewer list. General Computed Results HangerTable HangerTable W/ Text
Output Viewer Wizard o Send to Screen
llnput'Echo
Send to MS Word
Send to Text (ASCII) File
Miscellaneous Data Load Case Report Warnings
Se
v Generate Table of Contents (TOC) Show these reports in this order
(
-> Add
Input Echo GENERAL
- FRP Laminate Type FRP Property Data File Ratio Shear Modulus : Elastic Modulus B Settings BS 7159 Pressure Stiffening Exclude F2 from UKOOA bending stress
Use FRP Flexibilities Use FRP Sif
11999996.143 2.620 20.002 1850.002 CSM and Multi- filament WAVIN55.FRP 0.958
_
Design Strain False True True
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CAESAR II Statics Training CoolH 20 - FRP Piping
0
CADWorx & Analysis Solutions
These parameters are entered using the FRP PROPERTIES group in of Configure/Setup. The configuration items are described below :
.
Axial Modulus of Elasticity: Self-explanatory; can be read from an FRP file
Axial Strain : Hoop Stress ( Ea/Eh * Vh/a ): Ratio of the FRP axial modulus of elasticity to the hoop modulus of elasticity, all multiplied by Poisson's ratio for strain in longitudinal direction due to stress-induced strain in circumferential direction; can be read from an FRP file. FRP Alpha (x E-06): The coefficient of thermal expansion, length/length/degree, multiplied by 1,000,000; can be read from an FRP file.
.
FRP Density: Self-explanatory; can be read from an FRP file
FRP Laminate Type: This item is considered when calculating SIFs and Flexibility Factors of bends under the BS 7159 and UKOOA codes Choices include:
.
Type 1- All chopped strand mat (CSM) construction with an internal and an external surface tissue reinforced layer. Type 2 - Chopped strand mat ( CSM) and woven roving ( WR ) construction with an internal and an external surface tissue reinforced layer. Type 3 - Chopped strand mat ( CSM) and multi-filament roving construction with an internal and an external surface tissue reinforced layer.
FRP Property Data File: Selecting an FRP type from one of the ones listed reads in much of the associated material data.
Ratio Shear Mod : Elastic Mod: Ratio of the FRP shear modulus to the axial modulus of elasticity; can be read from an FRP file. The remaining settings are used with the other FRP codes BS 7159 and UKOOA and are unused for ISO 14962. Their uses are discussed in the help file and are displayed on pressing FI while on the field.
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CAESAR II Statics Training Cool H20 - FRP Piping
CADWorx & Analysis Solutions
Model the system When modelling using the orthotropic material, the very first thing that must be done, before even creating a new file, is to enter the material properties in the configuration file (remember this can be
done by selecting an FRP data file). The once material 20 is selected within the job, these properties will be used Any changes made to the FRP properties in the configuration file will only take effect when a new job is created.
.
On the CAESAR II main window, select Tools > Configure/Setup 9
Tools
D
©
£9 ra
DX DY: DZ
6700 000 mm Offsets
» Diameter: 1800 0000
Wt/ Sch 46 0000
Select the material number 20 - FRP. Material (20JFRP (FIBER REIN PLASTIC -
2 Allowable Stress
» Elastic Modulus / axial 1.2000E *007
Elastic Modulus (H1) Elastic Modulus (H2): Elastic Modulus (H3)' Ea/Eh*Vh/a. 0.3800
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CAESAR II Statics Training Cool H20 - FRP Piping
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CADWorx & Analysis Solutions
Upon selection of the material, the labels on the material properties change. Elastic Modulus (C) becomes Elastic Modulus/axial and Poisson's Ratio becomes Ea/Eh * Vh/a.
The values will be brought in from the FRP data file and will be as described above (as we chose the Wavin55 FRP data file ).
Also check the Special execution parameters for further FRP data. Again this should match the correct data coming from the FRP data file.
..
uai7 j«niua:< j«iiir«T«u:fcTBirirjrafc»
428
22.05 22.02
21.03 21.80 21.59 21.57
>
10.14 10.21 10.63 10.42 8.06 7.95 7.48 7.40
Time: 13:57
Allowable Stress
Piping Code
N./sq.mm. 21.30 21.27
22.05 22.02 21.83
21.80 21.59 21.57
ISO 14692 ISO 14692 ISO 14692 ISO 14692 ISO 14692 ISO 14692 ISO 14692 ISO 14692
* *
Cases 4 and 5 represent the-X,+Y and -X,-Y seismic loadings. Now we need to find out which component of the seismic loadings caused the failure - the interial or the displacement. Stress due to force-based load is a primary load, stress due to strain is a secondary load. Once we find out the
cause we can take the appropriate action to resolve the overstress situation.
An easy way to determine which is the worst cause is to run the components of the load case individually to see wihich gives the greatest stress.
Return to the load case editor.
Load cases 4 and 5 both consist of W, Dl, Tl, PI, U1and U2.
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1 W-D1+T1+P1-U1+U2
| L5 J W-D1+T1+P1-U1-U2
.
We know that W+D1+T1+P1is not the cause as the OPE case is perfectly fine So the culprit must be one of eiether Dl, Ul or U 2. Therefore, create three new load cases and assign D1,U1and U2 respectively to each load case
.
L10 L11 L12
D1 U1 U2
OPE OPE OPE
After re-running the analysis review the code compliance report for the three new cases. Code Compliance
CAESAR II 2011 SP1 Ver.5.30.01, (Build 110228) Date: JUL 29, 2011 Job: D:\7RAINING\CAESAR II\COOLH20 Licensed To: Seat ID #51 CODE COMPLIANCE REPORT: Code Stresses on Elements Various Load Cases
Load Case
10(OPE) 11(OPE) 12(OPE)
From Node
Code Stress N./sq.mm.
180
1
Allowable Stress N./sq.rrm.
12.35
19.64
0.23
19.29 19.31
2.16
„ .. . Code stress To Node N./sq.mm.
428
6.13 0.16
2.35
Time: 14:16
*x
Allowable Stress N./sq.mm.
19.64 19.29 19.31
Piping Code
ISO 14692 ISO 14692 ISO 14692
This shows that clearly the Dl components is the largest contributer to the overstress, by a long way. This is a secondary loading, so the solution is to add more flexibility. In this case the fix is actually very simple and involves simply removing the guide just before node 180 located at node 170.
The system will now pass the stress check.
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1
'
CAESAR I 2Oil sPI Ver.5.30.01, (Build 110228) Job: D:\TRAINING\CAESAR II\COOLH20 Licensed To: Seat ID #51 STRESSES REPORT: Stresses on Elements CASE 13 (OCC) L13=L1,L2,L3,L4,L5,L6 , L7, L8 , L9
NODE
Bending Stress N./sq.mm.
Torsion Stress
N./sq.mm
Piping Code: ISO 14692
=
Date: JUL 29, 2011
SIF In
SIF Out
Plane
Plane
Code Stress N./sq.mm.
Time: 14:26
Allowable Stress N./sq.mm.
Ratio %
Piping Code
ISO 14692 (2005)
CODE STRESS CHECK PASSED
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm codestress Ratio (%): Code Stress: Axial Stress: Bending Stress: Torsion Stress: Hoop Stress: 3D Max Intensity:
LOADCASE 13 (OCC) L13=L1,L2,L3 L4,L5,L6,L7,L8,L9 /
) 63.5 @Node 180 13.2 Allowable: 140 2.1 @Node 180 11.2 @Node 429 7.0 @Node 240 10.1 @Node 180 13.5 @Node
20.8
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&
*
w
GASTRANS
\
!
> From To
30 305|
Offset From
» DX
X
DY DZ
Y: 1000.000 mm
Z:
3 Offsets
457.000 mm
» From To
305
J
Nome 310
»
ox
Bend Rigid Expansion Joint
Restraints Hangers [ Nozzle Flex
DY
DZ: 1440.000 mm
Forces/ Moments
Offsets
Uniform Loads
Element 370-380 goes underground 685 mm below node 370, so we need a node to indicate where the above ground/underground transition takes place. The entire element 370-380 can be entered first, and then the Break command can be used to insert a node 375, 685 mm along the element length. The temperatures at node 375 should be changed to T1= 30C, T2 = 10C. The valve at element 430-440 is supported within a valve pit. Nodes 405 and 445 represent the buried/non-buried transition. Element 445-450 (like element 115-120) extends indefinitely, in a straight run, underground. We will determine the required modelling length later; and use a dummy length of 10,000 mm for now.
The completed model will look like the one shown below:
c 1
1 v
rs:
r
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Next model the bypass. Create this model in a new file before combining the two files.
1
Combine the models and run the error check. Two errors will appear. Both errors relate to the temperature for case 2, at elements 10- 20 and 30BOS. The temperature for case 2 at these locations is -5°C. The error message is showing that there
is no material data available for either of the two materials we have selected for a temperature this low, in the B31.8 code. Errors and Warnings
IErrors: 2
Warnings: 0
Notes: 0
Message Type
Message Element/ Number Node Number
1
ERROR
60E
10 20
-
20 the TEMPERATURE for case On element 10 to is OUTSIDE the allowed range for this material .
2
2
ERROR
60E
30 305
-
On element 30 to 305 the TEMPERATURE for case is OUTSIDE the allowed range for this material .
2
Message Text
We cannot analyse until this has been corrected. To correct, we can edit the material database to include properties for the material down to the correct temperature.
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Material Database Close the piping input to return to the main window. Access the material database form the Tools menu.
Ii D O 0 ra
(§ Configure/Setup Make Units files Convert Input to New Units
S3 Material Data Base
.
Accountina
Choose to edit a material
|! & & File
*
«
1
©
ss,
13
Edit Material View
| Edit a material
Search for material 102 (A53 B) (you can search on either term). Notice that there are a number of entries for A53 B for the various different codes, including for B31.8 Select the B31.8 entry
.
iflEicaiBiiiaataanait Type the name or number of a material 102
Search
Double Click on the material name (or selection.
All Codes B31.1 B31.3 B31.4
AF1R
Number 102 102 102 102 m?
Is®®
102
B31.8
SA-53 B
102
ASME NC
RA 53 R
m?
ASMF NH
Material Nome
A53 B A53 B A53 B A53 B
|
-
Piping Code
R }1 5
D .
The lowest temperature for which an expansion coefficient is entered is 0 C The next row down is 73.3°C, which has no expansion coefficient. As our temperature in the model is -5°, we can see where we have incomplete data. We could enter in the data here for the missing expansion coefficient. Temperature Exp. Coeff. Allowable Stress Elastic Modulus Yield Stress Ult Tensile Strenqth
1 2 3
-73 33778 0 001420975 15 55822
4 5
37 78222
21 11422
10 85313 11 2491 112491 11 2491
2.082169 e+008 2.047696 e+008 2.033907e+008 2.033907e +008 2.020118 e+008
241 311 241 311 241 311 241 311 241 311
413 676 413 676 413 676 413 676 413 676
Alternatively, using engineering judgement, we can take the material properties for A 53 B from another code where the data is filled in sufficiently and use this in B 31.8 code.
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Search again for the material A 53 B. This time, select the All Codes data. This information is more complete than the B31.8 specific data for A53 B.
If we are confident that this data will be suitable for B31.8 then we can use this data in place of the default B31.8 data.
.
Temperature Exp. Coeff
1
-198 3478
2 3
-73 33778
4 5 6
45 55778 21 11422 37 78222
7
93 34222
8 99928 9 62923 9 899208 10 43917 10 92513 11 03312 11 48308
-128 8978
Allowable Stress Elastic Modulus Yield Stress Ul 241 311 2164904e + 008 241 311 2123537e+008 241 311 2 082169e+008 241 311 2 061485 e+008 241 311 2 033907e+008 241 311 2 027012e+ 008 221 3167 1 985645 e+ 008
The material database is stored in two files. One file is CMAT.bin. This stores all the default data and is read only Any changes to the material are stored in a separate file called UMAT.UMD. This file stores any material information which is different to that in CMAT.bin CAESAR II then uses the UMAT.UMD file first, and reads any further data from CMAT.bin.
.
.
Materials from CMAT.bin cannot be deleted, only those from UMAT.UMD. If we save the A 53 B B31.3 material data for use with B31.8, this will be written to the UMAT database. The CMAT database will be still the same as it currently is, however the UMAT will be read in preference to this, and it will act as though the data has been overwritten
.
To make this change, simply select the Applicable piping code drop down, and change from B31.3 to B 31.8 and save the material. Applicable Piping Code: B31.3 '
I B3 1 . 1
ve (A-D): B31.3 Temperature Curve B31.4 ms Ratio: [B31.5 Poissons ~
|=ETOir
N
H
IB31.9
Fh /Fa
B31.ll
1
UeucMr
.
Return to the input You should see a warning stating that the properties for the material A53 B, code B31.8 have changed in the material database, and given the option to use these new properties or keep the existing. Select to update the material properties via the No - Update button.
Material Warning 3 Properties for material # 102. A53 B. code B31 8 have changed in the material database Do you want to keep the existing material properties?
Yes - Keep
No - Update
Details »
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Select part of the bypass (or any part that is material A53 B that we have just changed) and double click on the chevron in the temperature/pressure area Notice that the expansion coefficient is now filled in for both temperatures (whereas it was 0.000 for T2 previously).
.
Re-running the error check will show that the error is no longer present, for material A 53 B but still present for API-5L X65. We now need to update the material database for this material.
Repeat the exercise from before and update the material properties for API-5L X65.
Properties for material
.
.
# 306 API-5LX65 code: B 31.8
have changed in the material database. Do you want to keep the existing material properties?
(
Yes - Keep
No - Update
Details »
Run the error check again - the material errors will no longer appear. The error checler should show only the Centre of Gravity report. 1Errors; 0
Warnings: 0
Notes: l
Message Element/ Message Type Number Node Humber 1
Message Text
MOTE CENTER OF GRAVITY REPORT Total Wght N. Pipe Insulation Refractory
Fluid Pipe+Ins+Rfrty Pipe+Fluid Pipe+Ins+P.frty+Fld
297911.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 297911.8 297911.B 297911.B
X eg mm.
mm ,
Z eg mm .
-19525.3 -1714.0 0.0 0.0
730.9 0.0
0.0 0.0 19525.3 19525.3
Y eg
0.0 0.0
--1714.0 1714.0 19525.3 -1714.0
-
(
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0.0 0.0
730.9 730.9 730.9
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.
The piping system beyond nodes 65 and 375 is mostly buried The effect of this is (1) It will be continually supported, causing the weight stresses to be negligible, (2 ) It will be continually restrained against axial growth and bending by the adjacent soil
.
The former effect can be best modelled by zeroing the density of any pipe, fluid, and insulation; the latter can best be modelled by meshing the pipe and adding restraints, with mesh spacing, restraint stiffness, etc. based upon the soil properties. CAESAR II provides an underground pipe modeller which simplifies this process, performing the following functions:
•
•
•
Allows for the direct input of soil properties. These properties are used to generate first the stiffnesses on a per length of pipe basis, and then the restraints that simulate the discrete buried pipe restraint. (Note that any existing restraints in the underground area are deleted during this process.) CAESAR II supports three different soil modellers - one based upon the published work of Mr. L. C. Peng, plus two others (for clay and granular soils ) from the American Lifelines Alliance. Automatically breaks down straight and curved lengths of pipe. CAESAR II uses a three Zone concept to break down straight and curved sections. Those ends of pipe identified as transverse bearing lengths are broken down into Zone 1 lengths (the smallest element lengths selected to properly distribute the lateral forces to the soil). At distances far away from Zone 1are Zone 3 lengths (long lengths of pipe selected to transmit axial loads). Between Zone 1and Zone 3 is Zone 2 (transition lengths which vary linearly from the Zone 1 end to the Zone 3 end). Allows for the direct input of user' s soil stiffnesses on a per-length of pipe basis. Input parameters include axial, transverse, upward, and downward stiffnesses, as well as ultimate loads. The user can specify user-defined stiffnesses separately, or in conjunction with CAESAR ITs automatically generated soil stiffnesses.
Restraint Parameters The Underground Pipe Modeller allows the use of any of three different soil modelling algorithms The first two are based upon the work of the American Lifelines Alliance, as published in their document Guidelines for the Design of Buried Steel Pipe , dated July, 2001 (with addenda through February 2005); this document offers different models for clay soils and granular (sand/gravel). The third model is based on the soil restraint modelling algorithm presented by L.C. Peng in his two-part paper entitled "Stress Analysis Methods for Underground Pipelines," published in 1978 in Pipeline Industry. Soil supports are modelled as bilinear restraints having an initial stiffness, an ultimate load, and a yield stiffness The yield stiffness is typically set close to zero, i e once the ultimate load on the soil is reached there is no further increase in load even though the displacement may continue. The basic ultimate loads that must be calculated to analyse buried pipe are the axial and three bearing (transverse, upward, and downward) ultimate loads. ( Note that for the Peng model, all three bearing ultimate loads are considered to be identical.) Once the axial and bearing ultimate loads are known, the stiffness in these directions can be determined by dividing the ultimate load by the yield displacement. (Researchers have found that the yield displacement is typically related to the buried depth, the pipe diameter, the soil type, and the load type.) The ultimate loads and stiffnesses
.
(
..
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computed are on a force per unit length of pipe basis; the restraint ultimate loads and stiffnesses are then based upon tributary lengths of the adjacent piping elements. Idealized N
Actual
45 ®“ /2
*
.
b Downward
Upward
.
c Sideward
Displacement
.
d Force displacement
The restraint equations use these soil properties to generate ultimate loads and stiffnesses using the following equations.
Initial restraint stiffness is estimated by assuming that the Ultimate Load is developed over a Yield Displacement (YD). Axial Stiffness (KAX) on a per-length of pipe basis:
KAX
FAX YDAX
Transverse stiffness ( KTR) on a per-length of pipe basis:
KTR
FTR YDTR
American Lifelines Alliance Clay Model Lateral Ultimate Load ( FAX) per unit length
FAX =
nDac
YDAX = 0.3 inches (stiff clay) or 0.4 inches (soft clay) Where: D a
c
Pipe diameter = soil adhesion factor (dimensionless ) = 0.608 - 0.123 c - c 2 1 c3 l + + : soil cohesion representative of soil backfill
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Transverse Ultimate Load ( FTR) per unit length
FTR
NCHCD
( |) < 0.1Dto 0.15D
YDTR = 0.041 tfW + Where:
D
A B C D H
= 6.752 = 0.065 = -11.063 = 7.119 = height of soil cover (measured to centre of pipe, note CAESAR II requests distance to top of pipe )
Downward Ultimate Load (F0), per unit length
FD = NccD + NQ y' HD YD0 = 0.2 D
Where:
Nc NQ y'
= 5.14 = 1.0 (for clay) = defective density of soil (taking buoyancy into account )
Upward Ultimate Load (Fu), per unit length
Fu = NcvcD
YDU = 0.1W ( stiff
clay ) to 0.2H ( soft clay ) < 0.2 D
Where:
Ncv = 2 < 10
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American Lifelines Alliance sand model: Axial Ultimate Load ( FAX), per unit length
FAX
y'(1 + K0 ) - tan 6 = n DH -
YDAX
= 0.1 inches ( dense sand)or 0.2 inches (loose sand )
Where:
K0
= coefficient of pressure at rest (dimensionless ) = 1 sin
S
= interface angle of friction for pipe and soil = f 4>
= soil angle of internal friction, typical values are: 27 - 45° for sand 26 - 35° for silt coating dependant factor (dimensionless ), typical values are:
Pipe Coating
f
Concrete
1.0
Coal Tar
0.9
Rough Steel
0.8
Smooth Steel
0.7
Fusion Bonded Epoxy
0.6
Polyethylene
0.5
Transverse Ultimate Load (F ), per unit length
FTR = NQHy' HD YDTR
(
= 0.04 tf +
Y) < 0.1 D to 0.15D
Where:
NQH
= A + BX + CX 2 + DX 3 + EX 4
A, B, C, D, E based on , according to the following table:
$ 20° 25°
A
B
2.399 3.332
0.439 0.839
C -0.30 -0.090
D
E
1.059E -3 5.606E -3
-1.754E-5 -1.319E-4
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30° 35° 40° 45°
-0.089 -0.146 -0.045 -0.048
1.234 2.019 1.783 3.309
4.565 6.816 10.959 17.658
4.275 E-3 7.651E-3 5.425 E-3 6.44E -3
-9.159 E-5 -1.683 E -4 -1.153 E-4 -1.299 E-4
Downward Ultimate Load (FD), per unit length
,
FD = NQy' HD +
NyyD2
YDD = 0.1D Where:
NQ
p = e(re tan < ) tan2 (45 +
Ny
_ e(
y
= density of dry soil
.
0.18< > 2 S)
*
Upward Ultimate Load (Fu), per unit length
Fu = NQVy' HD YDa = 0.01W (dense sand) to 0.02 H (loose sand) < 0.1D Where:
nQ
NQV
Meshing Parameters Typical buried pipe displacements are considerably different than similar above ground displacements. Buried pipe deforms laterally in areas immediately adjacent to changes in directions (i.e. bends and tees); in areas far removed from bends and tees the deformation is primarily axial. The optimal size of an element (i.e., the distance between a single FROM and a TO node) is very dependent on which of these deformation patterns is to be modelled. Where the deformation is lateral smaller elements are needed to properly distribute the forces from the pipe to the soil. The length over which the pipe deflects laterally is termed the lateral bearing length (Lb) and can be calculated by the equation:
4 = .75
°
(
*(
El 1/ 4 4-A
)
Where:
E = Pipe modulus of elasticity / = Pipe moment of inertia
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CAESAR II places three elements in the vicinity of a bearing span to properly model this load distribution. The bearing span lengths in a piping system are called the Zone 1lengths. The axial displacement lengths in a piping system are called the Zone 3 lengths, and the intermediate lengths in a piping system are called the Zone 2 lengths. Zone 3 element lengths (to properly transmit axial loads ) are computed by 100 * D„, where D0 is the outside diameter of the piping. The Zone 2 mesh is comprised of elements that are 1.5 times the length of a Zone 1element at its Zone 1end, and that are 50 * Do long at the Zone 3 end. A typical piping system and how CAESAR II views this zone mesh distribution is illustrated below :
#3
#1
(
#2 #2 #1
#1
nr
#2
#1
#1
#2
#3
#3
#2 #1
(Buried)
Enter Soil + (Unburied)
Schematic of the 3 Buried Zones used in CAESAR II:
(
Zone 1 (#1) bearing Zone 2 (# 2) transition from #1 to #3 Zone 3 (# 3) axial friction
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Virtual Anchor Length ( VAL ): Since soil restraint capacity is a function of piping length, after a certain length, the soil restraints will fully counteract the piping loads, acting as a virtual anchor . The piping need not be modelled beyond this length. This length can be calculated as that length where the axial pipe force equals the ultimate axial restraint load. Axial pipe force consists of three types: 1.
Thermal Load = EaAtemp D nt
2. Poisson effect (longitudinal shrinkage due to hoop strain) = v PD 2 n / 2 3. Longitudinal pressure load = PD 2 n / A
Using the ( ALA Sand Model), the Axial Ultimate Load ( FAX) per unit length is:
FAX
= n D H t a nS
The ultimate restraint load therefore is the VAL * Fax ,or: Ultimate restraint load = V A L x
EaAtemp Dnt
-v
[
71 D
H
y
K
°
tan
PD 2 n PD 2 n „„y ' (i + K0 ) . , tan 6 -2 H 4 = VAL x n DH
Simplifying this gives :
[
VAL = EaAcemp t +
( ) (0.5 - v)] / \Hy' 12+ K (
0)
tan
