Chemistry 08 [8] [PDF]

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‫د پوهن‪ ３‬وزارت‬



‫کﻴمﻴا اتم ！ﻮل‪／‬ﻰ‬



‫اتم ！ﻮل‪／‬ﻰ‬



‫د ﭼاپ ﻛال‪ 1399 :‬ﻫـ ‪ .‬ش‪.‬‬



‫ملي سرود‬ ‫دا وطن افغانســـتـــان دى‬



‫دا عــــزت د هـــر افـغـان دى‬



‫کور د سول‪ ３‬کور د تورې‬



‫هر بچی ي‪ ３‬قهرمـــــان دى‬



‫دا وطن د ټولـــو کـور دى‬



‫د بـــــلـوڅـــــــو د ازبـکــــــــو‬



‫د پ‪＋‬ـــتــون او هـــــزاره وو‬



‫د تـــرکـمنـــــــو د تـــاجـکــــــو‬



‫ورســـره عرب‪ ،‬گوجــر دي‬



‫پــاميــريـــان‪ ،‬نـورســـتانيــــان‬



‫براهوي دي‪ ،‬قزلباش دي‬



‫هـــم ايمـــاق‪ ،‬هم پشـه يان‬



‫دا ه‪５‬ــــــواد به تل ځلي‪８‬ي‬



‫لـکـه لـمــر پـر شـــنـه آســـمـان‬



‫په ســـينــه ک‪ ３‬د آســـيـــا به‬



‫لـکــــه زړه وي جـــاويــــــدان‬



‫نوم د حق مـــو دى رهبـــر‬



‫وايـــو اهلل اکبر وايو اهلل اکبر‬



C h e m i s t r y



[email protected]



atomos



P



n



e



F



19 9



K



Cu



Cl



2n2



n n 1



2n n=1 2 12=2 1=2 2



1p



2n2 n=2 2 22=2 4=8



2p 2n



K



M



Cl



S



L



Mg



Al



Be



K



Ne



P



Ar



K



*



IUPAC



*(IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)



period



Na



Li



H



Kr Xe



)-107,1 C( 0



Ar



)-186 C( 0



Xe



Kr



Ar 2



o



152 3oC



( 107,1 C) ( 186o C) 2



146 550C



146,55o C



B



IIIA VIIIA



Fr



A



IIA



Li



IA



VIIIA



VIIA



He H



O2



C CO2



S



C CS2



NaCl



MgI2



Cl



Na



Br



Na



I



Mg



MgF2



F



Mg



AlCl3



Cl



Al



BCl3



Cl



B



Al Zn



Cu Fe



IA



3p 4n



19P



11P



20n



12n



IIA IIIA VIIIA He



VIIIA



Hg P O



Br N



S F



C H Cl



I



F



Fluorine



C



Carbon



Hydrogen Oxygen Fluorine Iodine Sulfur Tungsten Potassium



H



Hydrogen



Hydrogen Oxygen Fluorine Iodine Sulfur Wolfram Kalium



H O F I S W K



Ca



Calcium Cl Os Osmium



Chlorine Cr Chromium Ne Neon Na Natrium Ba Barium Br Bromine



Silver Gold Copper Iron Mercury Sodium Lead Antimony



Argentum Aurum Cuprum Ferrum Hydrargyrum Natrium Plumbum Stibium



Ag Au Cu Fe Hg Na Pb Sb



Tin



Stannum



Sn



NaCI



NH3



H2O



H2SO4 H



2 4



NaCl



NaCl HCl CaBr2 NH3 KF MgCl2 BaI2



3P 4n



p



e 4P 5n



Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra F Cl Br I



9P 10n



10P 10n



Octet



+ 11p+ 12n0



-



17p+ 18n0



3p 4n



9p 10n



(anion ) (cation )



NaCl 2+



1+ 1+ Na CaCl2 AlCl3



Ca+2



3+ 1Na2O



2



O2



Na AlCl3 NaCl



F Cl Br I 2



O



2



S 3 N 3



P H



F Cl Br I O S N P H



-



IO 4



Li



Li



-



CIO 4



Na



Na



CO 32



K



K



PO34



Ca



SO 24



Mg



NO3



-



2



Ca



2



Mg Al



3



Al



OH



H



H + 4



NH



Ionic Bond



Cl



Na



NaCl



HN



Covalent bond



H



H



H2



H-H



O



N



O



O2



N



N2



H2O NH3



O O



N



N



HCl



H2SO4



H



N



N H H



N



NH3



H2O



O H



H



O O



Metalic bond



N2



Ca2+



SO42



Na



NO3



(CuSO 4 5H 2 O)



A



B



AB



A B



AB B A



AB



s



l



g aq



2Fe s 3O2 g



2Fe2O3 s



H2 g



O2 g



H2O l



H2 g



O2 g



2H2O l



2H2)g( + O2)g( H O



2H2O)l(



KClO3 KClO3 s



KClO3 s



MnO2 ( )



KCl s



O2 g



KCl s



O2 g



MnO2 ( )



K Cl O



KClO3



O2 2KClO3 s



MnO2 ( )



KCl s



3O2 g



Cl K



KCl



2KClO3 s K Cl O



MnO2 ( )



2KCl s



3O2 g



CH4)g( + O2)g( Li)s( + Cl2)g(



H2O)l( + CO2)g LiCl)s(



2H2O)l(



2H2)g( + O2)g(



C ( s ) O2 ( g )



2H2)g( + O2)g(



2H2O)l



CO2 ( g ) E



Mg (s) 2HCl(aq)



MgCl 2 (aq) H 2 (g )



2HCl)aq( +2NaOH)aq(



2NaCl )aq( + H2O)l(



2Na)s( + Cl2)g(



Fe



Zn



Ca)s( + Br2)l(



2NaCl)s(



Ca



CaBr2)s



Mg



Li



Br2



K



F2 I2



VIA



O2



IA



4 K ( s) O2 ( g )



2 K 2 O( s)



IIA



2



Mg



O2 Mg



2Mg)s( + O2)g(



2MgO)s(



Ca 2Ca)s( + O2)g



2CaO)s(



2Zn)s( + O2)g



2ZnO)s(



H2



2H2)g( + O2)g



O2



2H2O)l(



NH 3



N2)g( +3H2)g S)s( + O2)g C)s(+O2)g



2NH3)g( SO2)g( CO2)g(



Ba



MgO MgS



C)s( + O2)g N2)g( + O2)g



CO)g( N2O5)g(



FeO



CaO SiO2



CO2



Fe2O3 Oxidation



SO2



Fe



Ca



Na



C



S



N2



Oxidation



Oxidation K2O, SO2,



H2O, CO2, CaO



Fe2O3,



Al2O3, MgO, Na2O, CaO Mg



Ca



2Ca)s(+O2)g(



2CaO)s(



Na Na



IIA



IA Na2O)s(+H2O)1(



2NaOH)aq(



MgO)s(+H2O)1(



Mg)OH(2)aq(



N2O5



NO2 N2O3 SO3 SO2 CO2



S



SO3 )g(+H2O)1(



H2SO4 )aq(



CO2)g(+H2O)1(



H2CO3)aq(



IUPAC



Na2O CaO



Sodium oxide Calcium oxide *)International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(



ic Cu2O CuO



ous



Cuprous oxide Cupric oxide



IUPAC Cu2O CuO



Copper)I( oxide Copper )II( oxide



I II



Oxide Mono Tetra



Tri CO CO2 SO3



Di Oxide Carbon mono oxide Carbon dioxide Sulfur trioxide CO2



Pent



CO SO3



IUPAC



2C2H6 g 7O2 g



6H2O g



4CO2 g



E



Cu



Zn



Al



Ag



Pt



Au



Na 2 O, MgO, Al2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , CaO



CaO



CaCO3)s(



CaO)s(+CO2)g(



CO2 NO2 SO3



SO2



H2SO3 HNO3



H2SO4 CO 2



CaSO4



CaCO3



Ca OH 2



CaO



–



Au



F2 1 4



BaO Magnetite Fe3O4 H2O CO2



Cl2



O2 1 5



C2H6 Cl2O7



SrO Fe2O3 PbO H2S Oxidation



Organic Fertilizers Inorganic Fertilizers



(NH 4 )3 PO 4



KC1 MgC12 6 H 2O



(NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4



[KCl NaCl]



CO(NH 2 ) 2



NH3



CO NH 2



2



NH 4 NO3 CO NH 2



2



132o C 119g



25 C



100g



Ammonium Carbamate



CO2



NH 3



2NH 3 (g)+CO 2 (g)



NH 2 COONH 4 (aq)



Exothermic



NH 2COONH 4 (aq)



NH 2CONH 2 (aq) H 2O(l)



Cl2



KCl



NaCl MgCl2 .6 H 2O



NaCl



2 NaCl(s)



Cl2 (g)+H 2 O(l)



NaClO Ca ClO 2



2 Na (s) Cl2 (g )



HCl(aq)+HOCl(aq) HClO(aq)



KClO NaClO



2 NaOH(aq) Cl2 (g)



NaOCl(aq) NaCl(aq) H 2O(l)



NaClO



NaClO



NH 2 COONH 4



NaOCl NH 3



Ca CN



2



NaOCl



CO (NH 4 ) 2



CaCO3



CO NH 2



2



CO 2



acidus



acid alkali (K 2 CO3 )



Svante Arhenius



H



OH



H HCl(g)



(SO2)



H2O



H (aq) Cl (aq)



(CO 2 ) CO 2 (g) H 2 O(l)



H 2 CO3 (aq)



H (aq) HCO3 (aq)



OH KOH ( s )



H 2O



K (aq ) OH (aq )



Debase



Base



(NH3)



OH NH 3 (g) H 2 O(l)



NH 4 (aq) OH (aq)



CaO K2O



NaOH



NH 3 , H 2SO 4 , HCl (HCl)



HCl(g)



H2O



H (aq) Cl (aq)



(SO3)



(H 2SO 4 )



SO3 (g) H 2 O(l)



H 2SO 4 (aq) ( NH 3 )



N 2 (g) 3H 2 (g)



‫ﺗﻮدوﺧﻪ‬



2NH 3 (g)



NaOH



Na 2 O(s) H 2 O(l)



2NaOH(aq)



(H 2 CO3 )



HCl



Hydrochloric acid



HBr



Hydrobromic acid



HNO3



Nitric acid



H2SO4



Sulfuric acid



H3PO4



Phosphoric acid



HCl HCl



- (



2Na(s) 2HCl(aq)



2NaCl(aq) H 2 (g)



(Mg 10mL



HCl HCl 5mL



HCl



HNO3 H2SO4 HCl



H 2 SO4 200mL



200mL



H



H2SO4



100mL



C2H5OC2H5



C



Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide



NaOH KOH



Ca(OH) 2



OH



NaOH



Indicators



HCl NaOH



10mL NaOH



5mL



C



H



OH



K 2O



CO 2



H 3 PO4



OH



H 2 CO3



KOH Na 2 CO3



Mg (OH) 2



H2SO4 H 2 SO4



NaCl



HNO3



HCl



HNO3



H 2 CO3



HCl



Ca



HCl



H



H 2 CO3 HNO3



Ca(OH) 2 SO3



NaCl



NH 4



NaOH



HCl



HCl(aq) NaOH(aq)



HCl (aq ) NH 4OH (aq )



NaCl(aq) H 2 O(l)



NH 4Cl (aq ) H 2O(l )



Neutralization



CH3COOH



NH4OH 20mL



Sodium chloride



NaCl



Magnesium flouride



MgF2



Potassium sulfide



K2S



Calcium nitrate



Ca)NO3(2



Sodium sulfite Potassium carbonate



Na2SO3



Aluminium sulfate



Al2)SO4(3



Zinc phosphate



Zn3)PO4(2



K2CO3



ic



ic



ous



ous IUPAC



ic ous II



Iron(II)sulfate



Ferrous sulfate



FeSO FeSO 44



III



Iron(III)sulfate



Ferric sulfate



Fe2 SO4 3



I



Copper (I)bromide



Cuprous bromide



CuBr



II



Copper(II)bromide



Cupric bromide



CuBr2



d BaCO3 , Fe(NO3 ) 2 , CuI 2 , Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , Fe 2 (CO3 )3 , Cu(NO3 ) 2 , BaCl2 , HgBr2 , CuCl



I Br Cl NO3 CO23 PO34



Iodide



Cu 2



II



Bromide



Fe 3



III



Chlorate



Cu



I



Nitrate



Hg 2



II



Mercury



II



Iron



Carbonate Phosphate



Fe 2 Ba 2



Copper Iron Copper



Barium



NaNO3 CaSO4 2H2O CaCO3



CuSO4 5H2O



CaCO3



CaSO4 2H2O K2SO4



NaCl



H 2O



Na (aq ) Cl (aq )



BaCl 2 (aq) H 2SO 4 (aq)



BaSO 4 (s)



Na 2 CO 3 (aq) Ca (OH) 2 (aq)



CaCO 3 (s)



Fe(s) CuCl 2 (aq)



FeCl 2 (aq)



Cu (s)



II



3 Na 2SO 4 (aq) Pb(NO3 ) 2 (aq) II



2HCl(aq) 2 NaOH(aq)



II



PbSO 4 (s) 2NaNO3 (aq) II



NaCl AgNO3



5mL



5mL



NaOH



AlCl3



AlCl3



NaOH



5mL 5mL AlCl3



- (



NaCl



NaCl



NaOH HCl(aq) NaOH(aq)



NaCl(aq) H 2 O(l)



NaCl



KCl KOH



HCl(aq) + KOH(aq)



Sylvenite NaCl KCl



KCl(aq) + H 2 O(l)



KCl



Chilesaltpeter



HNO3 (aq) NaOH(aq)



NaNO3



NaNO3 (aq) H 2 O(l)



NaNO3 KCl NaCl



Na22CO CO33((aq aq)) Ca Ca((NO NO33))22((aq aq)) Na HCl((aq aq)) LiOH LiOH((aq aq)) HCl KOH((aq aq)) H H22SO SO44((aq aq)) KOH



– II NaNO3



– –



CuCl BaSO4 SrI2 NaClO3 Li2CO3 Be NO3 2 – CuCl Be Be((NO NO33))22 Li Li22CO CO33 NaClO NaClO33 SrI SrI22 BaSO BaSO CuCl –44 Neutralization –



Neutralization tion Neutraliza



Al2 CO3 3



12 12



NaNO33 NaNO



B NO3 3 B2 SO4 3 Iron III phosphate Iron II phosphate



Pherous phosphate Ferric sulfate



HCl aq



Ba NO3 2 Ba CO3 2 Fe3 PO4 2



AgNO3 aq Sylvenite



CuSO4 KCl NaNO3 NaCl NaNO3)aq(+AgCl)s(



AgNO3 aq NaCl aq Copper II sulfate