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‫کيميا‬

‫د هن‬

‫زارت‬

‫نهم ټولگى‬

‫د ﭼاپ ﻛال‪ 1399 :‬ﻫـ ‪ .‬ش‪.‬‬

‫ملي سرود‬ ‫دا وطن افغانســـتـــان دى‬

‫دا عــــزت د هـــر افـغـان دى‬

‫کور د سول‪ ３‬کور د تورې‬

‫هر بچی ي‪ ３‬قهرمـــــان دى‬

‫دا وطن د ټولـــو کـور دى‬

‫د بـــــلـو＇ـــــــو د ازبـکــــــــو‬

‫د پ‪＋‬ـــتــون او هـــــزاره وو‬

‫د تـــرکـمنـــــــو د تـــاجـکــــــو‬

‫ورســـره عرب‪ ،‬گوجــر دي‬

‫پــاميــريـــان‪ ،‬نـورســـتانيــــان‬

‫براهوي دي‪ ،‬قزلباش دي‬

‫هـــم ايمـــاق‪ ،‬هم پشـه يان‬

‫دا ه‪５‬ــــــواد به تل ‪＄‬لي‪８‬ي‬

‫لـکـه لـمــر پـر شـــنـه آســـمـان‬

‫په ســـينــه ک‪ ３‬د آســـيـــا به‬

‫لـکــــه زړه وي جـــاويــــــدان‬

‫نوم د حق مـــو دى رهبـــر‬

‫وايـــو اهلل اکبر وايو اهلل اکبر‬

C h e m i s t r y

[email protected]

Berzelius

Vital Force ..

( W o hler)

NH 4 OCN

( NH 2 ) 2 CO

CO2

( H 2 O)

(Ca (HCO 3 ) 2 , NaHCO3 , Na 2 CO 3 , CaCO 3 )

C n

H H:C:H

H H H C H H

H H H H H H C C C C C H H H H H H

–

( )

C2H 2

C C

C

|

|

C

C

C C C C |

C

C

C C C

C C C C C

C

C

C C C C C C C C C

C C

C C C

C

C

C C C C

C C

(CO 3 )

NaCl H2O

(CO, CO 2 )

C2H4 CaCO3

Gasoline

Gasoline

H

H H H

H C C C C H H H H H

Paraffin CnH2n 2 n

n n 1 C1 H 2 (1)

2

CH 2

2

CH 4

CH4

H H C H H H

H

H C C H H H

H H H H C C C H H H H

H H H H H C C C C H H H H H H H

H H H

H C C C C C H H H H H H

CH 4 Bu tan e C4 H10

Ethane C2 H 6

C5 H12

pentane

C5 H12 CH 4

C2 H 6

H4

CH 4

Methane

ane

ane penta

CH 4

CH 3

CH 4

CH 3

CH 4

CH 4 CH 4 CH 3 CH CH 2 CHCH 3 C2 H 6 3 3 CH 3 CH 3 C2 H 6 CH 3 CH 3 C4 H10 C3H8 CH 3 CH CH CH CH 3 3 2 CH 2 2CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 C3 H 8 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 CH C5 H12 C4 H10 CH 3 CH CH CH 3 2 CH 2 2CHCH 2 2 3CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 C4 H10 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 H12 CH CH CHCH CH 2CHCH 3 CH 3 2 2 C6 H14CH C5CH CH CH CH 2 2 CH 3 CH CH 2 CH 2 3 CH 3 2 C5 H122 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 3 2 3 2 C6 H14 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 C37 H16CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH CH2 3 CH CH CH 2 CH 2 CH CH CH CH CCH CH 2 CH 2 2 2 CH 6 3H142 3 2 CH 2 3CH 2 C7 H16 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH33 CH 2 CH 2 CH CHCH CH CH C28 H18 CH2 3 CH CH CH 2 CH CH CH CCH CH CH 2 2 2 CH 3 7 2H162 3 2 CH 2 2CHCH 2 2 3 2 C8 H18 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH23 CH CH32 CH 2 CH CHCH CHCH CH CH C CH 3 CH 2 3 82H18 2 2 CH 2 3 CH 2 C29 H 20 CH23 CH CH2 2 CH CH CH CH2 2 CH CH CH 2 2 2 2 C9 H 20 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH CH CH CH CH 2 CHC29 HCH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH 2 CH 2 CH C10 H 22 2 3CCHH2 2 CH 3 2 CH2 3 CH CH 20CH2 CH2 CH32 CH3 2 CH2 2 CH2 2 CH2 3 CH 32 CH 2 2 CH 2 2 CH 2 2CH 2 CH CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 10 22 2 CH CH CH CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH C102H 22CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 3 CH 2 2 CH 3 2 CH 2 CH 2 ( CH 2 ) CH 2

C3 H 8

H6

H8

H103 CH

H122 CH

CH 3

H142 CH

CH 2

H162 CH

CH 2

H182 CH

CH 2

HH202 CH 2

H 22 CH 2 CH 2

2

propane C3H8

CH

CH 3 CH 2

C

CH 2

C

CH 2 CH 2

CH

CH

CH 3 CH CH , CHCH CH 2 CH CH 3 , , CH CH 3 CH 2 3 CH CH2 2 CH CH CH33 2 3 , 3 CH 3 2 3 3

CH CH3 , H 3 CH 2 CH CH , 2 CH 3 3 CH 3 2 CH 3 3

CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 ,

CH 3 CH CH CH 2 CH 3 , 3 3 CH 2

CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 ,

CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 , CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 , CH 3 CH CH 2 CH 3 HCH CH , CH CH CH 3 CH CH CH CH , 2 CH CH CH CH CH CH 3 CH CH CH CH , CH 3 CH 3 3 CH 3 2 CH 2 3 CH,2 3 3CH 3 2 2 CH,3 3 ,CH CH CH CH3 3 , CH CH CH CH 32CH 2 2 CH 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH CH 2 , CH 3 C CH , CH CH2 2 CH 2 H 3 CH CH CH2 2 , CH 3 C CH , CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH CH 2 , CH CH 3 C CH , CH 2 CH 2 2

CH 3 CH

CH 2 ,

CH 3 C CH

,

CH 2

CH 2

CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 ,

CH 3 CH 2

CH 2

CH 3 ,

CH 3 CH CH 2 CH 3 CH 3

CH 2 CH 3 CH

CH 2 ,

CH 3 C CH

,

CH 2

CH 2

H H H H H H C C C C C H H H H H H

H H H H H H C C C H H H CH C H C H C H H HH H HH H H H C HH H H C HC H H C H H C H C HC H H H CH H H H

H H H C C H H H

H H

Cn H 2 n Cn H 2 n

ane ane

Cn H 2n

yl

1

Cn H 2n

2

ane C n H 2n 2 Alkane Alkane H H H C H H H C H H Methane Methane

1 1

Cn H 2n 1 Calkyl n H 2n 1

H H

alkyl H H

H C H H C H H H Methyl Methyl

yl yl

Cn H 2 n

ane

C nC H 2H n 2

2n 1 CnCHn H 2n 1

2n 2 H

n

Alkane H

alkyl

H C H

H C H H

H

H Methane

Methyl

CH 3

CH 4 CH 4 CH 3

CH 3

CH 3

CH 2

IUPAC IUPAC

CH 3

CH 3

CH 3

CH 2

CH 3

CH 3

CH 3

IUPAC

Hexa

CH 2

CH 3

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

IUPAC

Hexane

ane

IUPAC

IUPAC H H H H C C C C H H H H H H

n Hexane CH 3

C H H

H H H H C C C H H H

CH 3

CH 2

CH 2 CH 3

CH 2 5

CH

CH 2 4

CH

H H H C C C H H H H

H

n Butane

CH 2 CH 3

CH 2 CH 3 CH 3

H C H H C H

H

CH CH 2and Applied Chemistry CH 2 3 IUPAC CH International Union of Pure CH 3 CH

CH 3

ane

ane

H H H C C H H H H H H H H C C C C C H H H H H

1

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

3

CH

2

CH

1

CH

CH 2

CH 3

CH 2

CH 3

n

IUPAC IUPAC IUPAC ane

IUPAC IUPAC IUPAC

ane ane

C 6 H14 H H H H H H H H H CHH 2 -CH 3 CH -CH CH 3 CH 3 C C C 2C H 3 H C C C C C C H H HH 2 -CH HH H HH 3 CH 3 -CH 2 -CH -CH HH HH HH HH HH HH 2H 2 -CH CH CH CH CH - -CH 3 3 - - CH 2 2 H H H H H H H H CC CC CC CC CC CC HH HH CCH CCH CCH CC HH nHHexane 2 Methyl Pentane HH HH HH HH HH HH HH HH HH HH

CH 3 CH CH33

CH 3 CH CH CH33 CH CH

CH 2 CH 3

CHCH 2CH22 CH CH33 CH CH CH322 CH 2 CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

CHCH CH CH CH CH CH22 CH CH33 2 2CH 2 3CH22 CH 2CH 2 2

CH CH33 CH CH22 CH CH22 CH CH22 CH CH22 CH CH33 5

4

3

C H3 C H 2 C H 2

2

ane

1

C H 2 C H3

55 44 33 22 11 2 Methyl Pentane CCHH33 CCHH22 CCHH22CHCC3 HH22 CCHH33 CH CH33

C C C C CC CC CC CC

C C C C C CC CCC CC CC CC CC

C 4 H10

C C C C CC CC CC CC

C 4 H10 H

H

H C H

H C C H H C HH H

Iso-butane Isobutane 2-methylpropane propane 2-methyl

H

H C H

H H H

C C C H H H H C 4 H10

Butane

n Butane H

H

H C H

H C C H H C HH H

Iso-butane 2-methyl propane

H

H C H

H C H

H H H C C C HH C HH H

H

H C H

Butan

H

H HH C H H H C3 C 2 C1 H HH C H H H

H

H C H

H C H

H H H C C C HH C HH H

H HH C H H H C3 C 2 C1 H HH C H H H

H

Methane H Methane

H C H H

CH 4 H

H C H H

H H C Cl

H

CHCl3 CHCl3

Tri

F H F C C Cl

C2 HBrF3 Cl

F Br F H F C C Cl F Br

H 2 O,CO2

H2O CO2H2O CO2 CH 4

2O 2

CO 2

2H 2 O Q

Olium

?

‫ډ‬

Petra

Cn H 2n

CH 2 CH 2

C H2 CH 2

CH 2

Cn H 2n

CH 2

CH H22 C

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2CH 2

CH 2 CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

Cn H 2n

butane Cyclo propane

Cyclo Cyclobutane propane

Cyclo butane

CH 2 CH 2

CH 2 2 CH CHCH 2 2 CH CH 2 2 CH 2 CH 2

Cyclo

CH 2

CH 2 CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

C H2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2

CH 2 CH 2

CH 2 CH 2

CH

CH 2

CH

CH 2

Cyclo hexane Cyclo pentane

Cyclo hexane Cyclo hexane Cyclo pentane Cyclo propane Cyclo butane

CH CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

C C

,

C C

ane yne

H H H C C H H H

Ethane

H H

ene

H C

C

H C

C H

H

Ethene

Ethyne

Cn H 2n

CH 2

Cn H 2n

2

Cn H 2n

2

CH 2

CH 2

Olefin 2n

n

Cn H 2n

2n

n

n 2 n

Cn H 2 n C2 H 2( 2) C2 H 4

H H

C

C

Cn H 2 n

2

H H

Propene Cn H 2 n C3 H 2 ( 3 ) C3 H 6

H H C C C H H H

H

2n

n

Cn H 2 n

n

Cn H 2 n

2n

n H

C2 H 2( 2)

H

C2 H 4 Cn H 2 n

Propene

2n

nH

CC2 HH2 ( 2 ) n

2n

CC2 HH4

2 ( 3)

3

H

2

C n

C

C

H

H H

CCn3HH26n C H2n Cn H

C

Cn H 2 n

H H 2

n 3 Propene Cn H 2 n

n

HH H n 2

C Propene C C H H H

C H HH C C C H H H Propene

2( 2)

HH

C3 H 2 ( 3 ) C2 H 4 C3 H 6 Cn H 2 n

Ethene

2

C2H 4

opene CPr 3H 6

3

C3 H 6

24

C 2C H4 H8

HCH 2 H CHH2 C C C H CH 3 HCH 2 CH H CHCH CH CH 2 2 2CH 2

CH 3

35

C3 H CH CH 3 CH 2 C56 H10 CHCH CH 2 2

CH 2

46

C4C H8 H

C3 H 2 ( 3 )

Ethene Butene

Pr opene Pentene Butene Hexene

Ethene Pentene Heptene

6

63

Octene

Heptene Butene

74

Pentene Octene

Hexene

Heptene Octene

CHCH CH CH CH 2CHCH 3 CH 2

12

2

C52H104 CH

25 7

Pr opene Hexene

C

H

2

7

3

n

3

CH 3 CH 2

2

CH 3

CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CHCH CH 2CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 2 CH 2 CH CH 32 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3

14

C36H12 6

C8 H16

8

2

n

CH 2

CH CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

CH 2

CH CH 2

CH 32

85

C85H16 10

CH 2

CH CH 2

CH 2

CH 32

CH 2

6

C6 H12

CH 2

CH CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

7

C7 H14

CH 2

CH CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 3

8

C8 H16

CH 2

CH CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

C C

CH 2

C C

CH 2

CH 3

CH 3

C C C

C C C CC C C

C CC CC C C C C

C

C C

C C

C C

C C C

C C

C C

C C C

CH 3

CH 2

C74 H14 8

C

IUPAC

H

IUPAC

C

C C

C

C C C

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

2H H HC5 H C 4 H C3H CIUPAC C1 5 3 H CH C 4H CH C 2 C1 H H H H H

H H1 H C H C1 H C2 H

H2 H C C3 HC 4 C5 C3 C 4 CH5 HH H H

H H H C5 C 4

H H H C1 C 2

H H C3 C 4

H H C3 C 2

H C1

3

H C5

H

H

CH 3

C8 H16

8

CH 2

CH CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

CH 2

C

C CIUPAC

C C

C C C

C

C C C

C C

C C

CH 2

CH 3

IUPAC

H H H H H H C5 C 4 C3 C 2 C1 H H H H

H H H C1 C 2 H

H H H C3 C 4 C5 H H

H

ene –ene H H H H C5 C 4 C3 C 2 H H H H

H C1 H

1-pentene

H H H C1 C 2 H

H H H C3 C 4 C5 H H

2-pentene

–

H

Polymarization

nCH 2

CH 2

Ti / Al

Alkynes

Alkynes n2

Cnn H 2 n

2

Cn H 2n

Ethyneethyne

Cn H 2n n

2

2 ,

C 2 H 2( 2)

2

C2H 2

H C C H

–ane

yne C C

–yne

ane C

( CH 2 CH 2 ) n

C C C

C C

C C

2

n

Cn H 2n

n

2

Ethyne

Cn H 2n

Cn H 2n

2

2 ,

C 2 H 2( 2)

C2H 2

2

n

H C C H

2 ,

C 2 H 2( 2)

C2H 2

2

H C C H

–ane

–yne

–ane

C C C,C C C C,C C C C

C

C C C

C C

C C

C

C C

C

C C C

IUPAC

IUPAC

H

C H

2

4

H C5 H

H 5 O2

H

IUPAC

H H H H C5 C 4 C3 C 2 H H H

1

C

H

yne –yne 1 Pentyne

H H C1 H

H C

2

C

3

H C5 H

H

H H H C5 C 4 H H

2-Pentyne

–yn

1-Pentyne2 Pentyne

C2H 2

4CO 2

C H

4

C2H2

2H 2 O

2 CH

2CH

CH 5O 2

4CO 2

2H 2 O Q

CH 5 O 2

4CO 2

2H 2 O

C

o

80o C

C6 H 6 15O 2 C6 H 6 15O 2

OH C CH HC

HC

C H

CH

12CO 2

12CO HO Q 12CO 2 C6 H2 6 615 2O 2

OH C CHO OH H C CCC H HH CC H CC C H HH C C HH HH CCH CC CC HH

6H 2 O Q 6H 2 O Q

CHO C CHO COOH H C CC H C H H C C CC HHC H HC C HCH HC C HC H CC HH

COOH C COOH HC CC H HC C C HH HC C HCH C H C H

C10 H 8

H C

C10H8

o

C

o

C

HC

C

HC

C

C H

H C

CH CH

C H

C Cl 4

CnH2n+1 CnH2n+2

CH Cl3

CH 2 Cl2

CH 3 Cl

CnH2n Cn H2n-2

Cn H 2 n

C5 H 10 2

Penten

C8H16

C2H2

C7H12 C6H6

H

H C

H C H H C H C H H C C H H

H

H C

H C H

C H C H C C H

H

H C H C

H C

C H

C H C H

OH

R OH

CH3-CH2-OH

O

R O R

CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3

CHO

R CHO

CH3-CHO

O

R CO R

CH3-CO-CH3

COOH

R COOH

CH3-COOH

O C O

R COO R

CH3-COO-CH3

C

OH

ROH

OH

RH CH3 –H

CH3 –H

OH

Methane

CH3 – CH2 – H Ethane

H

R –OH CH3 –OH

CH3-OH Methanol

OH H

CH3 – CH2 – OH Ethanol

IUPAC ol

CH 3 OH

IUPAC

Methyl Alchohol

IUPAC CH4

Methane

CH3 OH

Methanol

C2H6

Ethane

CH3 –CH2 OH

Ethanol

C3 H8

Propane

CH3 –CH2 – CH2 OH

Propanol

o

0,97 65o C

2H 2 CO

ZnO ,Cr2 O 3 ( 400 o C )

CH 3 OH

e

C

( OH) ( OH) 1

CH 2

2

CH 2

OH OH 1,2 Ethanediol

1

CH 2 OH

2

CH OH

3

CH 2 OH

1,2,3 Pr opanetriol

-OH -OH -OH Secondary alcohol alcohol Primary alcohol Secondary Primary Tertiary alcohol alcohol Secondary alcoholSecondaryPrimary alcohol COH COH COH

1

( C OH ) 1

-OH -OH -OH

H H H – OH R –– C C R – OH R–H C – OH H H

H H H – OH R –– C C R – OH R–C – OH R 1 R1 R1

R2 R 2 R –– C CR––2 OH OH R R–C – R 1 OH R R11

Primary alcohol Tertiary alcohol alcohol alcohol Tertiary Tertiary alcohol OH

CH3 – CH2 – OH

CH 3 CH CH 3

CH 3

OH

CH 3 C CH 3

CH3 – CH- CH3 OH

OH

CH 3 CH3 – C – CH3 OH CH 3 CH 2 OH

CH 3 OH

CH3 – OH

Ethanol 78

Zymase

CC6 HH12OO6 6

12

Zymase

Zymase

6

2

Glucose Glucose

CH 2

CH 2

H 2O

Zymase

2C H OH 2CO2 C H 2OH5 2CO

H 2SO 4

5

Ethanol Ethanol

2

CH 3 CH 2 OH

90

1 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH H OH C CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C OH H

OH

R OH ( R)

H

R O R

34

34

R- O- R Ether R- O- R Ether

R

OH

R R

CH CH3 - O -CH 3 3 - O -CH3

H

R

O R

CH2 2- CH –O 3– CH2 - CH3 CH3 – CH2 CH –O 3––CH

Dimethyl ether Dimethyl Di ether methyl ether CH 3 CH 2

OHR RO RH

Diethyl ether) Diethyl ether) Di ethyl ether Methyl ethyl ether Methal ethyl ether

O CH 3

O C H

R CHO

35

35 CH 4

al

e

( CHO )

H

CH 3 CHO

Aldehyds Aldehyds

R-CHO

R-CHO

( C

o

H CHO

C

o

Methanal

CH 3 CHO

Ethanal Propanal

CH 3 CH 2 CHO

Butanal

CH 3 (CH) 2 CHO CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CHO

Pentanal

C6 H 5 CHO

Benz aldehyde

CH 3

CH 2

CHO, CH 3

CH 2

CH 2

CHO

C 2CH 3

OH O 2 2CH 3

Cu

|| C H C H 2H 2 O

OH O 2

Cu

||

H C H 2H 2 O

g / 100ml

2CH 3 CH 2

OH O2

Cu

2 CH 3

O C H

C6 H 5 CHO

2 H 2O

O O

O

R R C C R R

R C R

R R

IUPAC C

C

o

CH 3CO CH 3

Propanone

CH 3COCH 2 CH 3

butanone

C6 H 5 COCH 3

Phenylethanone

o

34 o

IUPAC

one

e

C

o

CH 3CO CH 3

Propanone

95

65

CH 3COCH 2 CH 3

butanone

86

80

Phenylethanone

21

202

C6 H 5

COCH 3

g/100mL

C

Carboxylic acids

Carboxylic acids

C n H 2 n 1COOH O R C OH

R

CH 3

R

C2H5 CH 3

R

R

CH 3 COOH C2 H5 R

HCOOH C2H5

COOH

C6 H5 COOH

CH 3CO CH 3

Propanone

95

65

CH 3COCH 2 CH 3

butanone

86

80

Phenylethanone

21

202

C6 H 5

COCH 3

CH3 R CH3C H R n

2n 1

CarboxylicRacids

COOH R

CH3 COOH

HCOOH C2H5 COOH

R C6H5 COOH R

( C2 H 5O)

R C OH

CH 3

R

C2H5 CH 3

R

formica CH3 COOH Formica oic Acetum

R

HCOOH

CH 3 COOH C2 H5 R

H COOH

C2H5

COOH

C6 H5 COOH

Acetum H COOH

e

CH 3 COOH

e oic H COOH

,

Methanoic acid

Methanoic acid

CH 3

O C OH

Ethanoic acid ethanoic acid

,

CH 3 CH 2 COOH

Propanoic acid

Propanoic acid

C2H5

3 10

3 11 o

CO NaOH 200 C /10 Atm HCOONa HCOONa H 2SO 4 HCOOH NaHSO 4

CO NaOH HCOONa

200 C / 10 Atm

H 2SO 4

HCOONa HCOOH

NaHSO 4

118 16.5

CH3COOH CH 3COOH

CH 3

CH 2

OH O 2

CH 3

COOH H 2 O

3 12

COOH COOH COOH COOH

3 13 COOH

122

122 C6 H 5

COOH NaOH

C6 H 5

COONa

H 2O

C6 H 5

COOH NaOH

C6 H 5

COON

COONa

14 3314

3 14

3 14

OO O CH3 3 O CC CH COOH COOH

O O C CH 3 COOH

O O C CH 3 COOH O O

C

C CH 3

OH

O

15 3315 3 15 CC3H 3H 7 COOH 7 COOH C3H 7 COOH

C3H 7 COOH

COOH CC1717HH3535 COOH COOH CC1515HH3131 COOH COOH CC1717HH3333 COOH

C17 H 35 COOH C15H 31 COOH C17 H33 COOH

C17 H 35 COOH C15H 31 COOH C17 H33 COOH

3 15

700 C

CH 3 COOH

(CH 2 )16

COOH

m.p 70 C

130 C

CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH CH (CH 2 ) 7 COOH COOH

m.p 13 C

3 16

OR

OH

O

R C O R

O ( C O ) O ( H C O CH 3 )

3 17

O

C OH CH 3

CH 2 OH

-ate COOC 2 H 5

,

yl ethanoate

CH 2 OH

R

1 2

R

CH 3

-ate

CH,3 COOC H 2COOCH H5 3 ,

H 35

O C OH

CH 2

CH 2

Ethyl ethanoate

methyl ethanoate

17

Oil

OH OH

,

CH 2

Oil O CO

H COOCH 3

oate

, H COO CH 3

CH 2 O CO C17 H 35 O C OHmethyl CHethanoate O CO C17 H 35 methyl 3H 2 O

35

CH OH 3C17 H 35 CH 2

fat

COO CH 3

C17 H 35

methanoate

fat

OilOH

O C OH

CH 2

O CO C17 H 35

CH O CO C17 H 35 CH 2

1 2

methyl methanoate

Oil

(C17 H 35 COO OH)

CH 2

H COOCH 3

CH 3 COOCH 3

fat fat

EthylO Propanoate CH COCHC17OH H 35 33CH172H O35 CH OH fat 2 C H CH O CO

R

methyl methanoate ic acid

,

O CO H 35 CH 2 C17OH

R ,

CH 3 COOC 2 H 5

COO C 2 H 5 , CH 3

2

ic acid

H 2O

1 2

R

CH 3 COOCH 3

Oil

CH 3

H 2O

C O C2H5

methyl-ate ethanoate

Ethylmethyl ethanoate methanoate

ic

Oil

C O O C2H5

CH 3

R

ic acid

methyl ethanoate

acid

CH 2 OH

C OH CH 3

CH 3 COOCH 3

Esteryfication

O

C CH O 3O C2H C 5 OH H 2 O CH 3

CH 3

CH 3

3

O

O

O CO C17 H 35

3H 2 O

fat

Oil

Oil

Oil

fat

fat

O (R C )

CH 2

OH

CH OH 3C17 H 35 CH 2

O C OH

OH

CH 2

O CO C17 H 35

CH O CO C17 H 35 CH 2

O CO C17 H 35

OH

(C17 H 35 COO)

oate

oic acid

O

CH 2 OH CH OH CH 2 OH

3H 2 O

OH C C15 H 31 HO O OH HO C C15 H 31 O OH C C15 H 31 HO

CH 2

O O C C15 H 31

O CH O C C15 H 31

CH 2

O O C C15 H 31

3H 2O

(C17 H 33COOH)

Ni Margarine

163

3 20

O CH 2 O C C17 H 35 O CH O C C17 H 35 3NaOH

o

O

CH 2 OH CH OH 3C17 H 35 COONa CH 2 OH

CH 2 O C C17 H 35

3 21

KOH NaOH NaOH

15mL

50mL

50mL

150mL

C12 H22O11

C6 H12O 6 C12 (H 2O)11 C6 H2O 6

Cn H2O m

CO 2 6CO 2

6H 2 O

C6 H12 O6 6O 2

C6 H12 O6

C 6 H12 O 6

6O 2

6CO 2 6H 2 O E

C12 H 22 O11

(C6

H10 O5 ) n

C6H12O6

32 C 6 H12 O 6

C1222H C12 H O2211O11H 2HO2 O

6CO 2 6H 2 O

6CO2

6 H 2O

CC OO6 6 CC6 6HH1212OO66 6H 6H 1212

C6 H12 O6 6O 2

C6 H12 O6

6O2

C6H12O6

3

C12 H 22O11 H 2O

HCl

6CO 2 6H 2 O

C6 H12O6 C6 H12O6 C 6 H12 O 6 6O 2

C 6 H12 O 6

3 26

4

6

3 27

(C6 H10O5 )n nH 2O

nC6 H12O6

R O ( C )

R CH 3

R COOH

R O R

C2 H 5 OH

R HO

H 2 CO 2

H 2 CO

R HO

R OH CH 3 OH

CO 2

H 2O

R HO

O ( C

R CHO CH 3 COOH H 2 O CO

R COOH

H)

COOH

CO

CONH

CHO

COOR

CH3 CHO C

O

O H CHO CH 3 CH 2 OH

C2H5 IUPAC

OH

CH3 CO CH3

CHO

IUPAC

Substitution Reactions

H H

H

C H

Cl Cl

H

Cl

H

H

CH 3Cl

C

Cl Cl

CHCl3 Cl Cl CHCl Cl Cl CH 2 Cl 2 3 CHCl3 Cl Cl

CH 2 Cl2

HCl

CCl4 HCl CCl CHCl HCl 4 3 HCl CCl4 HCl

HCl

C2H6

H

H

H

H

2

H 2O

H

H

H

NO

H 2SO 4

H O NO 2 H

H

H

H

NO2

H

H

H

H Cl Cl

H

H

H

H

Cl

Fe

HCl H H

H

(Addation Reactions)

Addition Reactions

CH 2

CH 2 CHBr 2

CH 2 BrCH 2CH Br2 Br CHBr Br Br Br 2CH 2 1,2 dibromoeth ane 1,2- dibromo ethane

CH 2

CH 2

H2

Ni

CH 3 CH 3

1 2 di iodo propane CH 3 CH

CH 2

I2

CH 3 CHI CH 2 I

Cl2

C2H4

HCl

CH 2

CH 2

HCl

CH 2

CH 2

H 2O

CH 3 CH 2 Cl

H 2SO 4

Hydration

CH 3 CH 2 OH

1,2-dibromo 1-propene

1 2 di bromo propene CH 3 C CH (CCl 4 )

Br Br

CH 3 CBr

1 2 di bromo propene

CCl4

CH CH

CH CH

CHBr

Cl ClCCl CCl

CHCl

4

CHCl

4 1 CHCl CH ethene Cl 2 di chloro

Cl Cl

CCl 4 CHCl CHCl Cl (Cl CCL )

4

CHCl 1 CH Cl Cl Cl 2 di chloro ethelene

CHCl 2

CHCl

CHCl 2

CHCl

1122 2 tetra chloro2ethane

____________________________________________________

Hydrogenation Pd Pt Ni (Hydrogenation)

CH 3 CH

CH 2

CH

2H 2

(Pd, Pt ,Ni)

CH

3

CH

CH

CH

2

H

Pd 2

H2 Ni

CH

Pd

CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 Propane

CH 3 CH 3

3

CH

2

CH

3

Dehydration

CH 3 CH 2 OH

2CH 3 CH 2 OH

H 2SO 4

H 2SO 4

CH 2 CH 2 H 2 O

CH 3 CH 2 O CH 2 CH 3 H 2 O

Hydrolysis

O

O CH 3 C O CH 3 H 2 O

CH 3 C OH CH 3 OH

NaOH O CH 32 O C C17 H 35

CH 2 OH

O CH O C C17 H 35 3NaOH

CH OH 3C17 H 35COONa

O

CH 2 O C C17 H 35

CH 2 OH

Oxidation

CuO CH 3 CH 2 OH

CuO

CH 3

O C H H 2 O Cu

Combustion

CH 4 2O 2

CO 2

CH 3 CH 2 OH 3O 2

2H 2 O

2CO 2 3H 2 O

Reduction

CH 3 CH

a) CH 3 CH

CH CH 3 H 2

O b) CH 3 C CH 3 H 2 c) CH 3 C C H H 2

Ni Ni

CH 2

Ni

H2

Ni

CH 3 CH 2

CH 3

Cracking ‫ز‬

C16H34

C16 H 34

C8H18 C8H16 700 C

C8 H16 C8 H18

SiO2

Al2O3

o

500 C

Polymerization

o

700 C

nCH 2

Ethene

CH 2

( CH 2 CH 2 ) n Polyethelene

PVC PVC CH 2

CH 2

Cl 2

CH 2 CH 2 Cl

nCH 2

CH

Cl

PVC

HCL

CH 2

Cl

( CH 2 CH ) n

Cl

CHCl

CH3Cl

CH2Cl2

CCl4

CH 2

CH 2

CHCl3

H 2O

CH 3COOH R OH C 6 H 5COOH CH

CH 3

NaOH

CH 4 Cl2 CH H 2 C2H 2 O2

Ni

CH 3 CH 2 CH CH 2 H 2 Pt H2SO4 CH 2 CH 2 CH CH 2 H 2 O