समकालीन विश्व राजनीति / Contemporary World Politics (Political Science 12) [12-1] 8174507108 [PDF]

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ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr d{kk 12 osQ fy, jktuhfr foKku dh ikB~;iqLrd



2021–22



12108 – ledkyhu d{kk 12 OksQ fy, ikB~;iqLrd



izFke laLdj.k pS=k 1929 iqueqæZ .k uoacj 2007 ekpZ 2008 tuojh 2009 tuojh 2010 tuojh 2011 tuojh 2012 ekpZ 2013 tuojh 2014 ekpZ 2015 tuojh 2016 i- Qjojh 2017 tuojh 2018 tuojh 2019 tuojh 2020 ekpZ 2021



fo'o jktuhfr



ISBN 81-7450-710-8



ekpZ 2007



lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr q



dk£rd 1929 iQkYxqu 1929 ikS"k 1930 ikS"k 1931 ikS"k 1932 ek?k 1933 iQkYxqu 1934 ek?k 1935 iQkYxqu 1936 ikS"k 1937 ek?k 1938 ek?k 1939 ikS"k 1940 ikS"k 1941 iQkYxqu 1942



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izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rFkk bysDVªkWfudh] e'khuh] iQksVksizfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu% iz;ksx i¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok izlkj.k oftZr gSA bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk ;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU; izdkj ls O;kikj }kjk m/kjh ij] iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA bl izdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok fpidkbZ xbZ iphZ (fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh la'kksf/r ewY; xyr gS rFkk ekU; ugha gksxkA



,u lh bZ vkj Vh osQ izdk'ku izHkkx osQ dk;kZy;



PD 21T RPS



a ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ ] 2007 © jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuql/



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108] 100 iQhV jksM gsyh ,DlVsas'ku] gksLMsosQjs cuk'kadjh III bLVst csaxyq# 560 085



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uothou VªLV Hkou Mkd?kj uothou vgenkckn 380 014



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iQksu % 0361&2674869



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izdk'ku lg;ksx



vkoj.k ij Mkd fVdVksa osQ fp=k ;wukbVsM us'kUl iksLVy ,MfefuLVªs'ku (U;w;koZQ) }kjk cuk, x, gSaA ;s fo'o osQ fofHkUu ledkyhu eqíksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA



vè;{k] izdk'ku izHkkx



% vuwi oqQekj jktiwr



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eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh



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,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okVjekoZQ 80 th-,l-,e- isij ij eqfnzrA



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izdk'ku izHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016 }kjk izdkf'kr rFkk



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vkoj.k ,oa lTtk 'osrk jko



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2021–22



iii



vkeq[k jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) lq>krh gS fd cPpksa osQ LowQyh thou dks ckgj osQ thou ls tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A ;g fl¼kar fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr osQ foijhr gS ftlosQ çHkkoo'k gekjh O;oLFkk vkt rd LowQy vkSj ?kj osQ chp varjky cuk, gq, gSA u;h jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ ij vk/kfjr ikB~;Øe vkSj ikB~;iqLrosaQ bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij vey djus dk ç;kl gSA bl ç;kl esa gj fo"k; dks ,d e”kcwr nhokj ls ?ksj nsus vkSj tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh ço`fÙk dk fojks/ 'kkfey gSA vk'kk gS fd ;s dne gesa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) eas of.kZr cky&oasQfnzr O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dkI+kQh nwj rd ys tk,¡xsA bl ç;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ çkpk;Z vkSj vè;kid cPpksa dks dYiuk'khy xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus vkSj vius vuqHko ij fopkj djus dk volj nsrs gSaA gesa ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vk”kknh nh tk, rks cPps cM+ksa }kjk lkSaih xbZ lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqM+dj vkSj tw>dj u, Kku dk l`tu djrs gSaA f'k{kk osQ fofo/ lk/uksa o Ïksrksa dh vuns[kh fd, tkus dk çeq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd dks ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vk/kj cukus dh ço`fÙk gSA ltZuk vkSj igy dks fodflr djus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd ge cPpksa dks lh[kus dh çfØ;k esa iwjk Hkkxhnkj ekusa vkSj cuk,¡] mUgsa Kku dh fu/kZfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk NksM+ nsaA ;s mís'; LowQy dh nSfud f”kanxh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dkI+kQh isQjcny dh ek¡x djrs gSaA nSfud le;&lkj.kh esa yphykiu mruk gh ”k:jh gS ftruk okf"kZd oSQys.Mj osQ vey esa pqLrh] ftlls f'k{k.k osQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdr cu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fof/;k¡ Hkh bl ckr dks r; djsaxh fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esa cPpksa osQ thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk cksfj;r dh txg [kq'kh dk vuqHko cukus esa fdruh çHkkoh fl¼ gksrh gSA cks> dh leL;k ls fuiVus osQ fy, ikB~;ozQe fuekZrkvksa us fofHkUu pj.kksa esa Kku dk iqufuZ/kZj.k djrs le; cPpksa osQ euksfoKku ,oa vè;kiu osQ fy, miyC/ le; dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vf/d lpsr dksf'k'k dh gSA bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj xgjkus osQ ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj vkSj foLe;] NksVs lewgksa esa fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj ,slh xfrfof/;ksa dks çkFkfedrk nsrh gS ftUgsa djus osQ fy, O;kogkfjd vuqHkoksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bl iqLrd dh jpuk osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ ikB~;iqLrd fodkl lfefr osQ ifjJe osQ fy, o`QrKrk O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~ lkekftd foKku lykgdkj lewg osQ vè;{k çksI+ksQlj gfj oklqnsou vkSj jktuhfr foKku ikB~;iqLrd lfefr osQ eq[; lykgdkj çksI+ksQlj lqgkl iG'khdj] çksI+ksQlj ;ksxsanz ;kno rFkk lykgdkj dkafr cktisbZ osQ fo'ks"k vkHkkjh gSaA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us ;ksxnku fn;k_ bl ;ksxnku dks laHko cukus osQ fy, ge muosQ çkpk;ks± osQ vkHkkjh gSaA ge mu lHkh laLFkkvksa vkSj laxBuksa osQ çfr ÑrK gSa ftUgksaus vius lalkèkuksa] lkexzh vkSj lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn ysus esa gesa mnkjrkiwoZd lg;ksx fn;kA ge ekè;fed ,oa mPp f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; }kjk



2021–22



iv



çksI+ksQlj e`.kky ehjh ,oa çksI+ksQlj th-ih- ns'kikaMs dh vè;{krk esa xfBr fuxjkuh lfefr (ekWfuVfjax desVh) osQ lnL;ksa dks viuk ewY;oku le; vkSj lg;ksx nsus osQ fy, èkU;okn nsrs gSaA O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa vkSj vius çdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osQ çfr lefiZr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- fVIif.k;ksa o lq>koksa dk Lokxr djsxh ftuls Hkkoh la'kksèkuksa esa enn yh tk losQA funs'kd jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~



u;h fnYyh 20 uoacj 2006



2021–22



v



nks ckrsa--,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh dksf'k'k gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks jktuhfr dh le> cukus esa enn feysA ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ blh iz;kl dk fgLlk gSA 11oha vkSj 12oha osQ jktuhfr foKku dh nwljh fdrkcksa esa jktuhfr osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa] elyu µ Hkkjrh; lafoèkku] Hkkjr esa jktuhfr rFkk jktuhfrd&fl¼kar dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr esa jktuhfr osQ nk;js dks cs fcuk ge ;g vankt ugha yxk ik,¡xs fd vkt ge dgk¡ gSaA vki bl fdrkc dk ç;ksx oSQls djsaxs\ ge vk'kk djrs gSa fd ;g iqLrd fo'o jktuhfr ls ifjfpr djk,xhA gesa fo'okl gS fd ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr dh tkudkjh çkIr djus osQ fy, vè;kid vkSj fo|kFkhZ bl iqLrd dks vk/kj cuk,¡xsA izR;sd vè;k; esa vkidks fuf'pr lhek esa lwpuk,¡ feysaxhA blosQ lkFk&lkFk gj vè;k; esa fo'o jktuhfr dks le>us esa mi;ksxh vo/kj.kkvksa ls vkidh HksVa gksxh tSlµ s 'khr;q¼_ opZLo dh /kj.kk_ varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu_ jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vkSj ekuoh; lqj{kk_ i;kZoj.kh; lqj{kk_ oS'ohdj.k vkfnA gj vè;k; dh 'kq#vkr esa ^ifjp;* fn;k x;k gSA blls ljljh rkSj ij vkidks vanktk yx tk,xk fd vè;k; esa fdu ckrksa dh ppkZ dh x;h gSA gj vè;k; esa ekufp=k] lkj.kh] vkjs[k] ckWDl] dkVwZu rFkk vU; :i&jpukvksa (izn'kksZa) dk Hkh bLrseky fd;k gS rkfd vkidks iko fn, x, gSaA blesa lkefxz;ksa dks lkFk feydj tqVkus] varjkZ"Vªh; leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus vkSj vki lc ls bl rjg ckrphr djus dks dgk x;k gS ekuksa vki jktuf;d gksaA blosQ vykos oqQN ^Iyl ckWDl* gSaA blesa fdlh tk¡p&ij[k vFkok ijh{kk osQ fygkt ls ugha cfYd vkidh tkudkjh dks cy gksrkA ,d ea'kk ;g Hkh gS fd vki fdlh fo"k; ij vkSj vkxs lkspsaA gj vè;k; osQ var esa ,d ç'ukoyh gSA blls vkidks vè;k; esa i dks ij[kus esa enn feysxhA ^iz'ukoyh* vkidks vè;k; esa crk;h xbZ ckrksa ls vkSj vkxs Hkh ys tk,xhA vki ns[ksaxs fd bl fdrkc esa ekufp=kksa dh Hkjekj gSA dkSu&lh txg dgk¡ gS_ dkSu fdlosQ iM+ksl esa jgrk gS rFkk ,d&nwljs dh ekStnw xh osQ ek;uksa esa ns'kksa dh lhek&js[kk] unh rFkk vU; jktuhfrd vkSj HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krk,¡ dgk¡ vkSj dSls gSaµ bu ckrksa osQ cks/ osQ fcuk fo'o&jktuhfr dks le>uk vlaHko ugha rks eqf'dy ”k:j gSA blh dkj.k geus cM+h nfj;kfnyh ls ekufp=kksa dk bLrseky fd;k gSA ftu jktuhfrd vkSj HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa osQ ckjs esa vki iko ns jgs gSa A ge ;gk¡ vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa miyC/ ikB~;lkefxz;ksa dh ppkZ djsaxs A ysfdu] bldk eryc ;g ugha fd tkudkjh osQ fy, blh Hkk"kk esa vPNh ikB~;lkexzh miyC/ gSA gk¡] Hkkjrh; Nk=kksa osQ fy, vaxzsth esa miyC/ ikB~;lkefxz;ksa dks gkfly djuk vklku gSA bl fdrkc esa tks fo"k; mBk, x, gSa vFkok ftu ns'kksa] O;fDr;ksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dk gokyk fn;k x;k gS mlosQ ckjs esa cgqr&lh tkudkjh vki baVjusV ij miyC/ fodhihfM;k ls gkfly dj ldrs gSaA vki oqQNsd fo'odks'k tSls ,UlkbDyksihfM;k fczVsfudk dk Hkh mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA fo'o jktuhfr dh 'kq#vkrh tkudkjh nsus okyh dbZ iqLrosaQ gSa tks vkidks fdlh vPNs vkSj cM+s iqLrdky; esa fey tk,axhA 'kks/kFkhZ] ewy ç'u vkSj le;kUrj tSlh oqQN if=kdk,¡ varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr ij iBuh; lkexzh miyC/ djkrh gSaA vki ^izaQVykbu*] ^bafM;k VqMs*] ^vkmVyqd* vkSj ^ohd* tSlh if=kdkvksa dk Hkh bLrseky dj ldrs gSaA buesa ls vf/dka'k osQ fganh laLdj.k Hkh çdkf'kr gksrs gSaA vki pkgsa rks ^bdkWukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh*] ^oYMZ iQksdl* rFkk ^lsfeukj* tSls oqQN vdknfed tuZYl dks Hkh ns[k ldrs gSaA cgjgky] nSfud v[kckjksa dks iko vewY; gSaA ge gj lq>ko dk lEeku djrs gSaA



o`Qi;k gesa bl irs ij fy[ksa leUo;d (jktuhfr foKku) DESS, NCERT



Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh&110 016



2021–22



vè;k; 1



'khr;q) dk nkSj ifjp; ;g vè;k; iwjh iqLrd osQ fy, ,d iwoiZ hfBdk çLrqr djrk gSA 'khr;q¼ dh lekfIr dks ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr dh 'kq#vkr dh rjg ns[kk tkrk gSA ;gh ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr bl iqLrd dh fo"k;&oLrq gS blfy, ;g mfpr gh gS fd ge dgkuh dh 'kq#vkr 'khr;q¼ dh ppkZ ls djsaA bl vè;k; ls ;g lkiQ gksxk fd fdl rjg nks egk'kfDr;ksa la;qDr jkT; vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k dk opZLo 'khr;q¼ osQ osaQæ esa FkkA ;g vè;k; gesa fo'o osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa esa 'khr;q¼ dh lejLFkfy;ksa rd Hkh ys tk,xkA bl vè;k; esa xqVfujis{k vkanksyu ij bl n`f"V ls fopkj fd;k x;k gS fd fdl rjg blus nksuksa jk"Vªksa osQ ncncs dks pqukSrh nhA xqVfujis{k ns'kksa }kjk ^ubZ varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk* LFkkfir djus osQ ç;kl dh ppkZ bl vè;k; esa ;g crkrs gq, dh xbZ gS fd fdl rjg bu ns'kksa us xqVfujis{k vkanksyu dks vius vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj jktuhfrd Lora=krk dk lk/u cuk;kA vè;k; osQ var esa xqVfujis{k vkanksyu esa Hkkjr dh Hkwfedk dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gS vkSj ;g ç'u iwNk x;k gS fd Hkkjr osQ fgrksa dh j{kk esa xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr fdl lhek rd liQy jghA



nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ var osQ ifj.kkeLo:i nks egk'kfDr;ksa dk mn; gqvkA Åij osQ nks fp=k nwljs fo'o;q¼ esa la;qDr jkT; vejhdk vkSj lektoknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; dh fot; dks bafxr djrs gSaA 1- vejhdh lSfud 23 iQjojh] 1945 dks vkboks thek] tkiku dh yM+kbZ esa viuk >aMk iQgjkrs gq,A 2- lektoknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; osQ lSfud ebZ] 1945 esa jkbLVSax fcfYMax (cfyZu] teZuh) ij viuk >aMk iQgjkrs gq,A fp=k 1 tks jkslsUFkky (n ,lksfl,V çSl) ls vkSj fp=k 2 ;soxsuh [kYnsbZ (rk'k) ls lkHkkj 2021–22



ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr



2



D;wck dk felkby ladV



ge nqfu;k dh lSj dj jgs gSaA ,slh txgksa ij tkuk tgk¡ cM+h&cM+h ?kVuk,¡ gqb± gSa lpeqp cgqr e”ksnkj gSA



;g uD'kk D;wck esa rSukr dh tk jgh ijek.kq felkby dh igq¡p dk nk;jk fn[kkrk gSA uD'ks osQ uhps è;ku ls nsf[k,A ;g uD'kk la;qDr jk"Vª vejhdk dh [kqfiQ;k ,tsalh lh-vkbZ-,- }kjk D;wck felkby ladV ij gqbZ xksiuh; cSBd esa ç;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA lzksr% tkWu ,iQ- osQusMh çsflMsafl,y ykbczsjh ,aM E;wft;e 2021–22



1961 dh vçSy esa lksfo;r la?k osQ usrkvksa dks ;g fpark lrk jgh Fkh fd vejhdk lkE;okfn;ksa }kjk 'kkflr D;wck ij vkØe.k dj nsxk vkSj bl ns'k osQ jk"Vªifr fiQnsy dkL=kks dk r[+rkiyV gks tk,xkA D;wck vejhdk osQ rV ls yxk gqvk ,d NksVk&lk }hih; ns'k gSA D;wck dk tqMk+ o lksfo;r la?k ls Fkk vkSj lksfo;r la?k mls owQVuf;d rFkk foÙkh; lgk;rk nsrk FkkA lksfo;r la?k osQ usrk uhfdrk [kq'z pso us D;wck dks :l osQ ^lSfud vM~M*s osQ :i esa cnyus dk iSQlyk fd;kA 1962 esa [kq'z pso us D;wck esa ijek.kq felkbysa rSukr dj nhaA bu gfFk;kjksa dh rSukrh ls igyh ckj vejhdk utnhdh fu'kkus dh lhek esa vk x;kA gfFk;kjksa dh bl rSukrh osQ ckn lksfo;r la?k igys dh rqyuk esa vc vejhdk osQ eq[; Hkw&Hkkx osQ yxHkx nksxqus fBdkuksa ;k 'kgjksa ij geyk cksy ldrk FkkA D;wck esa lksfo;r la?k }kjk ijek.kq gfFk;kj rSukr djus dh Hkud vejhfd;ksa dks rhu gÝrs ckn yxhA vejhdh jk"Vªifr tkWu ,iQ oSQusMh vkSj muosQ lykgdkj ,slk oqQN Hkh djus ls fgpfdpk jgs Fks ftlls nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp ijek.kq ;q¼ 'kq: gks tk,A ysfdu os bl ckr dks ysdj n`us dh ”k:jr gS fd NksVs ns'k fuEu dkj.kksa ls egk'kfDr;ksa osQ cM+s dke osQ Fks µ (d) egÙoiw.kZ lalk/uksa (tSls rsy vkSj [kfut)] ([k) Hkw&{ks=k (rkfd ;gk¡ ls egk'kfDr;k¡ vius gfFk;kjksa vkSj lsuk dk lapkyu dj losaQ)] (x) lSfud fBdkus (tgk¡ ls egk'kfDr;k¡ ,d&nwljs dh tklwlh dj losQa ) vkSj (?k) vkfFkZd enn (ftlesa xBca/u esa 'kkfey cgqr ls NksVs&NksVs ns'k lSU;&[kpZ ogu djus esa ennxkj gks ldrs Fks)A ;s ,sls dkj.k Fks tks NksVs ns'kksa dks egk'kfDr;ksa osQ fy, ”k:jh cuk nsrs FksA fopkj/kjk osQ dkj.k Hkh ;s ns'k egÙoiw.kZ FksA xqVksa esa 'kkfey ns'kksa dh fu"Bk ls ;g laoQs r feyrk Fkk fd egk'kfDr;k¡ fopkjksa dk ikjLifjd ;q¼ Hkh thr jgh gSaA xqV esa 'kkfey gks jgss ns'kksa osQ vk/kj ij os lksp



7 ldrh Fkha fd mnkjoknh yksdra=k vkSj iwt a hokn] lektokn vkSj lkE;okn ls dgha csgrj gS vFkok lektokn vkSj lkE;okn] mnkjoknh yksdra=k vkSj iwathokn dh vis{kk csgrj gSA



'khr;q¼ osQ nk;js 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku vusd ladV lkeus vk;sA D;wck osQ ftl felkby ladV ls geus bl vè;k; dh 'kq#vkr dh] og buesa ls ,d FkkA 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku [kwuh yM+kb;k¡ Hkh gqb±] ysfdu ;gk¡ è;ku nsus dh ckr ;g Hkh gS fd bu ladVksa vkSj yM+kb;ksa dh ifj.kfr rhljs fo'o;q¼ osQ :i esa ugha gqbZA nksuksa egk'kfDr;k¡ dksfj;k (1950&1953)] cfyZu (1958&1962)] dkaxks (1960 osQ n'kd dh 'kq#vkr) vkSj dbZ vU; txgksa ij lh/s&lh/s eqBHksM+ dh fLFkfr esa vk pqdh FkhaA ladV xgjkrk x;k D;ksafd nksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh i{k ihNs gVus osQ fy, rS;kj ugha FkkA tc ge 'khr;q¼ osQ nk;jksa dh ckr djrs gSa rks gekjk vk'k; ,sls {ks=kksa ls gksrk gS tgk¡ fojks/h [kseksa esa c¡Vs ns'kksa osQ chp ladV osQ volj vk;s] ;q¼ gq, ;k buosQ gksus dh laHkkouk cuh] ysfdu ckrsa ,d gn ls T;knk + ugha ckSrs ij gLrk{kj_ 17oha lekukarj js[kk }kjk fo;ruke dk foHkktu_ fl,Vks (SEATO) dk xBuA % fo;ruke esa vejhdh gLr{ksiA % cxnkn le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj_ ckn esa bls lsUVks (CENTO) osQ uke ls tkuk x;kA % gaxjh esa lksfo;r la?k dk gLr{ksiA % D;wck esa vejhdk }kjk çk;ksftr ^cs vkWiQ fiXl* vkØe.k % cfyZu&nhokj [kM+h dh xbZA % D;wck dk felkby ladVA % Mksfefudu fjifCyd esa vejhdh gLr{ksiA % psdksLyksokfd;k esa lksfo;r gLr{ksiA % vejhdh jk"Vªifr fuDlu dk phu nkSjkA % oaQcksfM;k esa fo;ruke dk gLr{ksiA % vI+kQxkfuLrku esa lksfo;r la?k dk gLr{ksi % xksckZPkso lksfo;r la?k osQ jk"Vªifr cus_ lq/kj dh çfØ;k vkjaHk dhA % cfyZu&nhokj fxjh_ iwohZ ;wjksi dh ljdkjksa osQ fo#¼ yksxksa dk çn'kZuA % teZuh dk ,dhdj.kA % lksfo;r la?k dk fo?kVu_ 'khr;q¼ dh lekfIrA



2021–22



vkanksyu osQ çeq[k usrkvksa esa ,d tokgjyky usg: FksA usg: us mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh dksfj;k osQ chp eè;LFkrk esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA dkaxks ladV esa la;qDr jk"Vª la?k osQ egklfpo us çeq[k eè;LFk dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA varr% ;g ckr mHkjdj lkeus vkrh gS fd egk'kfDr;ksa us le> fy;k Fkk fd ;q¼ dks gj gkyr esa Vkyuk ”k:jh gSA blh le> osQ dkj.k nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa us la;e cjrk vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; ekeyksa esa ftEesokjh Hkjk cjrko fd;kA 'khr;q¼ ,d {ks=k ls nwljs {ks=k dh rjiQ ljdrk x;k vkSj blesa la;e dk roZQ gh dke dj jgk FkkA gkyk¡fd 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku nksuksa gh xBca/uksa osQ chp çfr}afnrk lekIr ugha gqbZ FkhA blh dkj.k ,d&nwljs osQ çfr 'kadk dh gkyr esa nksuksa xqVksa us Hkjiwj gfFk;kj tek fd, vkSj yxkrkj ;q¼ osQ fy, rS;kjh djrs jgsA gfFk;kjksa osQ cM+s ”k[khjs dks ;q¼ ls cps jgus osQ fy, ”k:jh ekuk x;kA nksuksa ns'k yxkrkj bl ckr dks le> jgs Fks fd la;e osQ ckotwn ;q¼ gks ldrk gSA nksuksa i{kksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh nwljs osQ gfFk;kjksa dh la[;k dks ysdj X+kyr vuqeku yxk ldrk FkkA nksuksa xqV ,d&nwljs dh ea'kk dks le>us esa Hkwy dj ldrs FksA blosQ vfrfjDr loky ;g Hkh Fkk fd dksbZ ijek.kq nq?kZVuk gks xbZ rks D;k gksxk\ vxj X+kyrh ls dksbZ ijek.kq gfFk;kj py tk, ;k dksbZ lSfud 'kjkjru ;q¼ 'kq: djus osQ bjkns ls dksbZ gfFk;kj pyk ns rks D;k gksxk\ vxj ijek.kq gfFk;kj osQ dkj.k dksbZ nq?kZVuk gks tk, rks D;k gksxk\ ,slh nq?kZVuk dk f'kdkj gq, ns'k osQ usrkvksa dks oSQls irk pysxk fd ;g 'k=kq dk "kM+;a=k ugha vFkok nwljh rjiQ ls dksbZ felkby ugha nkxh xbZ gS] cfYd ;g egt ,d nq?kZVuk gS\



'khr;q¼ dk nkSj



9



oqQ^h] ykWfiQax fon oqQ^h



;s nksuksa dkVZuw e'kgwj Hkkjrh; dkVZfw uLV oqQ^h us cuk, gSAa buesa 'khr;q¼ dks ysdj Hkkjr osQ u”kfj, dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA igyk dkVZuw ml le; dk gS tc lektoknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; dks va/js s esa j[kdj vejhdk us phu osQ lkFk xqipqi nksLrh xkaBhA bl dkVwuZ esa fn[kk, x, fdjnkjksa osQ ckjs esa vkSj tkudkjh tqVkb,A nwljs dkVwuZ esa fo;ruke esa vejhdh nqLlkgl dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA fo;ruke&;q¼ osQ ckjs esa vkSj tkudkjh tqVk,¡A



,d u”kj b/j Hkh µ vejhdh jk"Vªifr tkWulu fo;ruke osQ elys ij cM+s d"V esa tku iM+rs gSaA



2021–22



oqQ^h] ykWfiQax fon oqQ^h



jktuhfrd clar µ phu osQ gkFkksa esa vejhdk dk gkFk



ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr



10



xqVfujis{k vkanksyu osQ laLFkkid



tkslsiQ czkW”k VhVks (1892&1980) ;qxksLykfo;k osQ 'kkld (1940&80)_ nwljs fo'o ;q¼ esa teZuh osQ f[kykiQ yM+s_ lkE;oknh_ lksfo;r la?k ls nwjh cuk, j[khA ;qxksLykfo;k esa ,drk dk;e dhA



tokgjyky usg: (1889&1964) Hkkjr osQ igys ç/kuea=kh (1947&64)_ ,f'k;kbZ ,drk] vukSifuos'khdj.k vkSj fujL=khdj.k osQ ç;kl fd, vkSj fo'o&'kkafr osQ fy, 'kkafriw.kZ lgvfLrRo dh odkyr dhA



bl dkj.k] le; jgrs vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k us oqQNsd ijekf.od vkSj vU; gfFk;kjksa dks lhfer ;k lekIr djus osQ fy, vkil esa lg;ksx djus dk iSQlyk fd;kA nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa us iSQlyk fd;k fd ^vL=k&fu;a=k.k* }kjk gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ ij yxke dlh tk ldrh gS vkSj mlesa LFkk;h larqyu yk;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls ç;kl dh 'kq#vkr lu~ 1960 osQ n'kd osQ mÙkjk¼Z esa gqbZ vkSj ,d n'kd osQ Hkhrj nksuksa i{kksa us rhu vge le>kSrksa ij nLr[+kr fd,A ;s laf/;k¡ Fkha ijek.kq ijh{k.k çfrca/ laf/] ijek.kq vçlkj laf/ vkSj ijek.kq ç{ksikL=k ifjlheu laf/ (,aVh cSysfLVd felkby VªhVh)A blosQ ckn egk'kfDr;ksa us ^vL=k&ifjlheu* osQ fy, okrkZvksa osQ dbZ nkSj fd, vkSj gfFk;kjksa ij vaoqQ'k j[kus osQ fy, vussd laf/;k¡ dhaA



nks&/zqoh;rk dks pqukSrh µ xqVfujis{krk ge ns[k pqosQ gSa fd fdl rjg 'khr;q¼ dh o”kg ls fo'o nks çfr}a}h xqVksa esa c¡V jgk FkkA blh lanHkZ esa xqVfujis{krk us ,f'k;k] vçQhdk vkSj ykfruh vejhdk osQ uo&Lora=k ns'kksa dks ,d rhljk fodYi fn;kA ;g fodYi Fkk nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa osQ xqVksa ls vyx jgus dkA xqVfujis{k vkanksyu dh tM+ esa ;qxksLykfo;k osQ tkslsiQ czkW”k VhVks] Hkkjr osQ tokgjyky usg: vkSj felz osQ xeky vCnqy ukflj dh nksLrh FkhA bu rhuksa us lu~ 1956 esa ,d liQy cSBd dhA baMksufs 'k;k osQ lqd.kks± vkSj ?kkuk osQ okes ,uØwek us budk tksjnkj leFkZu fd;kA ;s ik¡p usrk xqVfujis{k vkanksyu osQ



2021–22



laLFkkid dgyk,A igyk xqVfujis{k lEesyu lu~ 1961 esa csyxzsM esa gqvkA ;g lEesyu de ls de rhu ckrksa dh ifj.kfr Fkk µ (d) bu ik¡p ns'kksa osQ chp lg;ksx] ([k) 'khr;q¼ dk çlkj vkSj blosQ ckA tc 'khr;q¼ vius f'k[kj ij Fkk rc bl fodYi us rhljh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa osQ fodkl esa oSQls enn igq¡pkbZ\ 10- ^xqV&fujis{k vkanksyu vc vçklafxd gks x;k gS*A vki bl dFku osQ ckjs esa D;k lksprs gSaA vius mÙkj osQ leFkZu esa roZQ çLrqr djsaA



2021–22



vè;k; 2



nks /kzqoh;rk dk var ifjp; 'khr;q¼ osQ lcls ljX+keZ nkSj esa cfyZu&nhokj [kM+h dh xbZ Fkh vkSj ;g nhokj 'khr;q¼ dk lcls cM+k çrhd FkhA 1989 esa iwohZ teZuh dh vke turk us bl nhokj dks fxjk fn;kA bl ukVdh; ?kVuk osQ ckn vkSj Hkh ukVdh; rFkk ,sfrgkfld ?kVukØe lkeus vk;kA bldh ifj.kfr nwljh nqfu;k osQ iru vkSj 'khr;q¼ dh lekfIr esa gqbZA nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn foHkkftr gks pqosQ teZuh dk vc ,dhdj.k gks x;kA lksfo;r la?k osQ [kses esa 'kkfey iwohZ ;wjksi osQ vkB ns'kksa us ,d&,d djosQ turk osQ çn'kZuksa dks ns[kdj vius lkE;oknh 'kklu dks cny MkykA 'khr;q¼ osQ var osQ le; lksfo;r la?k dks ;g lc pqipki ns[krs jguk iM+kA ,slk fdlh lSU; etcwjh ls ugha] cfYd vke turk dh lkewfgd dkjZokbZ osQ ncko osQ dkj.k gqvkA var esa Lo;a lksfo;r la?k dk fo?kVu gks x;kA bl vè;k; esa ge nwljh nqfu;k osQ fo?kVu osQ vk'k;] dkj.k vkSj ifj.kkekssa osQ ckjs esa ppkZ djsaxsA ge ;g Hkh ppkZ djsaxs fd lksfo;r 'kklu osQ iru osQ ckn nqfu;k osQ bl fgLls esa D;k gqvk vkSj vc bu ns'kksa ls Hkkjr osQ fj'rs oSQls gSaA



cfyZu dh nhokj iwt ¡ hoknh nqfu;k vkSj lkE;oknh nqfu;k osQ chp foHkktu dk çrhd FkhA 1961 esa cuh ;g nhokj if'peh cfyZu dks iwohZ cfyZu ls vyx djrh FkhA 150 fdyksehVj ls Hkh T;knk yach ;g nhokj 28 o"kksZa rd [kM+h jgh vkSj vkf[kjdkj turk us bls 9 uoacj] 1989 dks rksM+ fn;kA ;g nksuksa teZuh osQ ,dhdj.k vkSj lkE;oknh [kses dh lekfIr dh 'kq#vkr FkhA ;gk¡ fn, x, fp=k blh dFkkØe dks lkeus j[krs gSAa 1- yksx nhokj esa NksVk lk Nsn dj jgsa gSaA 2- eqDr vkokxeu dks laHko cukus osQ fy, nhokj osQ ,d fgLls dks fxjk fn;k x;k gSA 3- 1989 ls igys cfyZu dh nhokj fp=k izsQMfjd jse vkSj ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ ;wVkg ls lkHkkj



2021–22



ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr



18



lksfo;r ç.kkyh D;k Fkh\ lksfo;r la?k osQ usrk



Oykfnehj ysfuu (1870&1924) cksY'ksfod dE;qfuLV ikVhZ osQ laLFkkid_ 1917 dh :lh Økafr osQ uk;d vkSj Økafr osQ ckn osQ lcls eqf'dy nkSj (1917&1924) esa lksfo;r lektoknh x.kjkT; osQ laLFkkid&vè;{k_ ekDlZokn osQ vlkèkkj.k fl¼kardkj vkSj mls veyh tkek igukus esa egkjFkh_ iwjh nqfu;k esa lkE;okn osQ çsj.kkÏksrA



lektoknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; (;w-,l-,l-vkj-) :l esa gqbZ 1917 dh lektoknh Økafr osQ ckn vfLrRo esa vk;kA ;g Økafr iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk osQ fojks/ esa gqbZ Fkh vkSj lektokn osQ vkn'kks± vkSj lerkewyd lekt dh ”k:jr ls çsfjr FkhA ;g ekuo bfrgkl esa futh laifÙk dh laLFkk dks lekIr djus vkSj lekt dks lekurk osQ fl¼kar ij lpsr :i ls jpus dh lcls cM+h dksf'k'k FkhA ,slk djus esa lksfo;r ç.kkyh osQ fuekZrkvksa us jkT; vkSj ^ikVhZ dh laLFkk* dks çkFkfed egÙo fn;kA lksfo;r jktuhfrd ç.kkyh dh /qjh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ FkhA blesa fdlh vU; jktuhfrd ny ;k foi{k osQ fy, txg ugha FkhA vFkZO;oLFkk ;kstukc¼ vkSj jkT; osQ fu;a=k.k esa FkhA nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn iwohZ ;wjksi osQ ns'k lksfo;r la?k osQ vaoqQ'k esa vk x;sA lksfo;r lsuk us bUgsa iQklhoknh rkOkQrksa osQ paxqy ls eqDr djk;k FkkA bu lHkh ns'kksa dh jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk dks lksfo;r la?k dh lektoknh ç.kkyh dh rtZ ij ko fn;k_ vejhdk osQ lkFk laca/kas esa ruko dh deh osQ nkSj ls laca¼_ psdksLyksokfd;k osQ tu&foæksg osQ neu vkSj viQxkfuLrku ij vkØe.k esa 'kkfeyA



ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr



22



lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu dk ?kVuk&pØ lksfo;r la?k osQ usrk



fe[+kkby xksckZpso (tUe 1931) lksfo;r la?k osQ vafre jk"Vªifr (1985&1991)_ isjsLËksbdk (iqujZpuk) vkSj XykluksLr ([kqyis u) osQ vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd lq/kj 'kq: fd,_ vejhdk osQ lkFk gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ ij jksd yxkbZ_ viQxkfuLrku vkSj iwohZ ;wjksi ls lksfo;r lsuk okil cqykbZ_ teZuh osQ ,dhdj.k esa lgk;d_ 'khr;q¼ lekIr fd;k_ lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu dk vkjksi yxkA



ekpZ 1985



% fe[+kkby xksckZpos lksfo;r la?k dh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ osQ egklfpo pqus x,A cksfjl ;sYrflu dks :l dh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk çeq[k cuk;kA lksfo;r la?k esa lq/kjksa dh Ük`a[kyk 'kq: dhA



1988



% fyFkqvkfu;k esa vk”kknh osQ fy, vkanksyu 'kq:A ,LVksfu;k vkSj yrkfo;k esa Hkh iSQykA



vDVwcj 1989



% lksfo;r la?k dh ?kks"k.kk fd ^okjlk le>kSr*s osQ lnL; viuk Hkfo"; r; djus osQ fy, Lora=k gSaA uoacj esa cfyZu dh nhokj fxjhA



iQjojh 1990



% xksckZpos us lksfo;r laln M~;ew k osQ pquko osQ fy, cgqnyh; jktuhfr dh 'kq#vkr dhA lksfo;r lÙkk ij dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk 72 o"kZ iqjkuk ,dkf/dkj lekIrA



twu 1990



% :lh laln us lksfo;r la?k ls viuh Lora=krk ?kksf"kr dhA



ekpZ 1990



% fyFkqvkfu;k Lora=krk dh ?kks"k.kk djus okyk igyk lksfo;r x.kjkT; cukA



twu 1991



% ;sYrflu dk dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ls bLrhiQkA :l osQ jk"Vªifr cusA



vxLr 1991



% dE;qfuLV ikVhZ osQ xjeiafFk;ksa us xksckZpso osQ f[+kykiQ ,d vliQy r[+rkiyV fd;kA



flracj 1991



% ,LVksfu;k] ykrfo;k vkSj fyFkqvkfu;k] rhuksa ckfYVd x.kjkT; la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ lnL; cusA (ekpZ 2004 esa mÙkj vVykafVd laf/ laxBu esa 'kkfey)



fnlacj 1991



% :l] csyk:l vkSj mØsu us 1922 dh lksfo;r la?k osQ fuekZ.k ls lac¼ laf/ dks lekIr djus dk iSQlyk fd;k vkSj Lora=k jk"Vªksa dk jk"VªoqQy cuk;kA vkesZfu;k] vtjcStku] ekYnksok] d”kkfdLrku] fdfxZftLrku] rkf”kfdLrku] rqO+kZQesfuLrku vkSj m”csfdLrku Hkh jk"VªoqQy esa 'kkfeyA tkftZ;k 1993 esa jk"VªoQq y dk lnL; cukA la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k esa lksfo;r la?k dh lhV :l dks feyhA



25 fnlacj] 1991 % xksckZpos us lksfo;r la?k osQ jk"Vªifr osQ in ls bLrhiQk fn;kA lksfo;r la?k dk varA



2021–22



nks /zqoh;rk dk var



lksfo;r la?k osQ fofHkUu x.kjkT; bl mHkkj esa 'kkfey FksA jk"Vªh;rk vkSj laçHkqrk osQ Hkkoksa dk mHkkj lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu dk vafre vkSj lokZf/d rkRdkfyd dkj.k fl¼ gqvkA bl elys ij Hkh vyx&vyx jk; feyrh gSA ,d fopkj rks ;g gS fd jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk vkSj rM+i lksfo;r la?k osQ lewps bfrgkl esa dgha&u&dgha tkjh Fkh vkSj pkgs lq/kj gksrs ;k u gksrs] lksfo;r la?k esa van:uh la?k"kZ gksuk gh FkkA [kSj! ;g rks bfrgkl dh vfuok;Zrk osQ ckjs esa vuqeku yxkuk gqvk ysfdu lksfo;r la?k osQ vkdkj] fofo/rk rFkk bldh ck;k Fkk] gfFk;kjksa dh rst gksM+ 'kq: dh Fkh] ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa osQ lap; dks chnkj gSAa



2- fuEufyf[kr dks dkyØekuqlkj ltk,¡\ (d) vI+kQxku&ladV ([k) cfyZu&nhokj dk fxjuk (x) lksfo;r la?k dk fo?kVu (?k) :lh Økafr 3- fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu&lk lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu dk ifj.kke ugha gS\ (d) la;qDr jkT; vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ chp fopkj/kjkRed yM+kbZ dk var ([k) Lora=k jkT;ksa osQ jk"VªoqQy (lhvkbZ,l) dk tUe



2021–22



ç'ukoyh



1- lksfo;r vFkZO;oLFkk dh çÑfr osQ ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk dFku X+kyr gS\ (d) lksfo;r vFkZO;oLFkk esa lektokn çHkkoh fopkj/kjk FkhA ([k) mRiknu osQ lk/uksa ij jkT; dk LokfeRo@fu;a=k.k gksukA (x) turk dks vkfFkZd vk”kknh FkhA (?k) vFkZO;oLFkk osQ gj igyw dk fu;kstu vkSj fu;a=k.k jkT; djrk FkkA



ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr



ç'ukoyh



30



(x) fo'o&O;oLFkk osQ 'kfDr&larqyu esa cnyko (?k) eè;iwoZ esa ladV 4- fuEufyf[kr esa esy cSBk,a µ (1) fe[+kkby xksckZpso (2) 'kkWd Fksjsih (3) :l (4) cksfjl ;sYrflu (5) okjlkW



(d) ([k) (x) (?k) (Ä)



lksfo;r la?k dk mÙkjkf/dkjh lSU; le>kSrk lq/kjksa dh 'kq#vkr vkfFkZd ekWMy :l osQ jk"Vªifr



5- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsaA (d) lksfo;r jktuhfrd ç.kkyh ---------------------- dh fopkj/kjk ij vk/kfjr FkhA ([k) lksfo;r la?k }kjk cuk;k x;k lSU; xBca/u ---------------------- FkkA (x) ---------------------- ikVhZ dk lksfo;r jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij ncnck FkkA (?k) ---------------------- us 1985 esa lksfo;r la?k esa lq/kjksa dh 'kq#vkr dhA (Ä) ---------------------- dk fxjuk 'khr;q¼ osQ var dk çrhd FkkA 6- lksfo;r vFkZO;oLFkk dks fdlh iwt ¡ hoknh ns'k tSls la;Dq r jkT; vejhdk dh vFkZO;oLFkk ls vyx djus okyh fdUgha rhu fo'ks"krkvksa dk ftØ djsaA 7- fdu ckrksa osQ dkj.k xksckZpso lksfo;r la?k esa lq/kj osQ fy, ckè; gq,\ 8- Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa osQ fy, lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu osQ D;k ifj.kke gq,\ 9- 'kkWd Fksjis h D;k Fkh\ D;k lkE;okn ls iwt ¡ hokn dh rjiQ laØe.k dk ;g lcls csgrj rjhdk Fkk\ 10- fuEufyf[kr dFku osQ i{k ;k foi{k esa ,d ys[k fy[ksa µ ^^nwljh nqfu;k osQ fo?kVu osQ ckn Hkkjr dks viuh fons'k&uhfr cnyuh pkfg, vkSj :l tSls ijaijkxr fe=k dh txg la;qDr jkT; vejhdk ls nksLrh djus ij T;knk è;ku nsuk pkfg,A**



2021–22



vè;k; 3



ledkyhu fo'o esa vejhdh opZLo ifjp; geus ns[kk fd 'khr;q¼ osQ var osQ ckn la;qDr jkT; vejhdk fo'o dh lcls cM+h rkdr cudj mHkjk vkSj nqfu;k esa dksbZ mldh VDdj dk çfr}a}h u jgkA bl ?kVuk osQ ckn osQ nkSj dks vejhdh çHkqRo ;k ,d/zqoh; fo'o dk nkSj dgk tkrk gSA bl vè;k; esa ge vejhdh çHkqRo dh çÑfr] foLrkj vkSj lhekvksa dks le>us dh dksf'k'k djsaxsA igys [kkM+h ;q¼ ls ysdj vejhdh vxqvkbZ esa bjkd ij geys rd ?kVukvksa dk ,d flyflyk gSA ,d/qzoh; fo'o osQ mHkkj dh bl dFkk dh 'kq#vkr ge bl ?kVukØe osQ ftØ ls djsaxsA blosQ ckn ge FkksM+k Bgjdj ^opZLo* dh vo/kj.kk osQ lgkjs bl çHkqRo dh çÑfr dks le>us osQ ç;kl djsaxsA vejhdh opZLo osQ jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd rFkk lkaLÑfrd igyqvksa dh tk¡p&ij[k osQ ckn ge ;g ns[ksaxs fd vejhdk ls fucVus osQ fy, Hkkjr osQ ikl uhfrxr fodYi D;k gSaA vè;k; osQ var esa ge bl ckr ij fopkj djsaxs fd vejhdh opZLo osQ lkeus D;k dksbZ pqukSrh vku [kM+h gS vkSj D;k vejhdh opZLo ls mcjk tk ldrk gS\



2001 osQ flracj esa U;w;koZQ fLFkr oYMZ VªsM lsaVj ij geyk gqvkA bls ledkyhu bfrgkl dh /kjk dks eksM+ nsus okyh ?kVuk osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ geys vkSj mlosQ ckn dh fLFkfr dks c;ku djrh ,d rLohj nh xbZ gSA



2021–22



ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr



32



vk;'kk] tkcw vkSj vkaæsbZ



eSa [kq'k gw¡ fd eSaus foKku osQ fo"k; ugha fy, oukZ eSa Hkh vejhdh opZLo dk f'kdkj gks tkrkA D;k vki crk ldrs gSa D;ksa\



cxnkn osQ Nksj ij dk;e ,d LowQy esa ils eq>s [krjk FkkA



rkuk'kkgh



yksdra=k



fons'kh jk"Vª



vejhdk ls nksLrkuk ugha



vejhdk ls nksLrkuk fj'rs



nfjæ $ rsy Hkh ugha



miQ! eq> ij geyk D;ksa\



,aMh flaxj



Hkjiwj rsy vkSj [kfut la i nk



mis{kk djks



ijek.kq gfFk;kj la i Uu



iq p dkjks ;k nqRdkjks tc rd fd nksLrkuk u gks tk,



tedj iQk;nk mBkvks



ijek.kq gfFk;kj ugha geyk djus dk cgkuk [kkstks geyk djks



cxkor HkM+ d kvks liQyrk



vejhdk leFkZd dBiqryh ljdkj cSBk nks



Hkjiwj rsy vkSj [kfut la i nk tcjnLr vdky ;k ljdkjh neu



ehfM;k dh vk¡[kksa dk rkjk



x`g;q¼ HkM+dkvks



eku ysa fd vki vejhdk osQ fons'k ea=kh gSaA vki çsl&lEesyu esa bu dkVwZuksa ij oSQlh çfrfØ;k trk,axs\



2021–22



vejhdk ls nksLrkuk ugha nfjæ $ rsy Hkh ugha ijek.kq ce ugha dksbZ ladV ugha mis{kk djksa ehfM;k dk dksbZ è;ku ugha lgk;rk cckZn jkT;



,aMh flaxj] osQxYl dkVZwu



D;k vejhdk esa Hkh jktuhfrd oa'k&ijaijk pyrh gS ;k ;g fliQZ ,d viokn gS\



joS;k viuk;k vkSj bu fgrksa dks cuk iM+sxkA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] 'khr;q¼ osQ le; (1945&1991) nks vyx&vyx xqVksa esa 'kkfey ns'kksa osQ chp rkdr dk c¡Vokjk FkkA 'khr;q¼ osQ le; vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k bu nks vyx&vyx 'kfDr&osQa æksa osQ vxqvk FksA lksfo;r la?k osQ iru osQ ckn nqfu;k esa ,dek=k egk'kfDr vejhdk cpkA tc varjkZ"Vªh; O;oLFkk fdlh ,d egk'kfDr ;k dgsa fd m¼r egk'kfDr osQ ncncs esa gks rks cgq/k bls ^,d/zoq h;* O;oLFkk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA HkkSfrdh osQ 'kCn ^/qoz * dk ;g ,d rjg ls Hkzked ç;ksx gSA varjkZ"Vªh; O;oLFkk esa rkdr dk ,d gh osQa æ gks rks bls ^opZLo* (Hegemony) 'kCn osQ bLrseky ls of.kZr djuk T;knk mfpr gksxkA



opZLo µ lSU; 'kfDr osQ vFkZ esa ^vejhdk osQ vaxwBs rys* 'kh"kZd dk ;g dkVwZu opZLo osQ vkeiQge vFkZ dks èofur djrk gSA vejhdh opZLo dh çÑfr osQ ckjs esa ;g dkVwZu D;k dgrk gS\ dkVwZfuLV fo'o osQ fdl fgLls osQ ckjs esa b'kkjk dj jgk gSA



D;k gksrk gS opZLo dk vFkZ\



^opZLo* tSls Hkkjh&Hkjde 'kCn dk bLrseky D;ksa djsa\ gekjs 'kgj esa blosQ fy, ^nknkfxjh* 'kCn pyrk gSA D;k ;g 'kCn T;knk vPNk ugha jgsxk\



jktuhfr ,d ,slh dgkuh gS tks 'kfDr osQ bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh gSA fdlh Hkh vke vkneh dh rjg gj lewg Hkh rkdr ikuk vkSj dk;e j[kuk pkgrk gSA ge jkstkuk ckr djrs gSa fd iQyka vkneh rkdroj gksrk tk jgk gS ;k rkdroj cuus ij rqyk gqvk gSA fo'o jktuhfr esa Hkh fofHkUu ns'k ;k ns'kksa osQ lewg rkdr ikus vkSj dk;e j[kus dh yxkrkj dksf'k'k djrs gSaA ;g rkdr lSU; çHkqRo] vkfFkZd&'kfDr] jktuhfrd #rcs vkSj lkaLÑfrd cs rks ;gk¡ cgqr&ls x+jhc yksx nh[k jgs gSa! buesa vf/dka'k v'osr gSaA



vejhdk dh vFkZO;oLFkk fo'o dh lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk gSA ysfdu lSU; 'kfDr osQ nk;js osQ myV fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa vejhdk osQ dbZ rxM+s çfr}a}h gSaA ;fn ge rqyukRed Ø;'kfDr osQ fglkc ls ns[ksa rks ;g ckr vkSj Li"V gks tkrh gSA nk,a vkjs[k ls bl ckr dks vPNh rjg le>k tk ldrk gSA rqyukRed Ø;'kfDr (PPP&ipsZ¯tx ikoj iSjsVh) ls vk'k; fdlh jk"Vª dh eqæk esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh okLrfod [kjhnnkjh ls fy;k x;k gSA



2021–22



ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr



42 cszVuoqM ç.kkyh osQ varxZr oSf'od O;kikj osQ fu;e r; fd, x, FksA D;k ;s fu;e vejhdh fgrksa osQ vuqowQy cuk, x, Fks\ czsVuoqM ç.kkyh osQ ckjs esa vkSj tkudkjh tqVk;saA



;fn eSaus foKku fy;k gksrk rks eq>s esfMdy ;k bathfu;fjax dkWyst dh ços'k&ijh{kk esa cSBuk iM+rkA bldk eryc gksrk cgqr&ls mu yksxksa ls eqdkcyk djuk tks MkWDVj ;k bathfu;j cu dj vejhdk tkuk pkgrs gSaA



,d Hkh {ks=k ,slk ugha gS ftlesa dksbZ vejhdh daiuh vxz.kh rhu daifu;ksa esa ls ,d ugha gksA è;ku jgs fd vejhdk dh vkfFkZd çcyrk mldh aMk lksus osQ jax osQ flrkjksa dk ?ksjk ;wjksi osQ yksxksa dh ,drk vkSj esyfeyki dk çrhd gSA blesa 12 flrkjsa gSa D;ksafd ckjg dh la[;k dks ogk¡ ikjaifjd :i ls iw.kZrk] lexzrk vkSj ,drk dk çrhd ekuk tkrk gSA lzksr% http:// europa.eu/abc/symbols/emblem/index_en.htm



2021–22



eap cu x;k ftlosQ ekè;e ls if'peh ;wjksi osQ ns'kksa us O;kikj vkSj vkfFkZd ekeyksa esa ,d&nwljs dh enn 'kq: dhA 1949 esa xfBr ;wjksih; ifj"kn~ jktuSfrd lg;ksx osQ ekeys esa ,d vxyk dne lkfcr gqbAZ ;wjksi osQ iwt a hoknh ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vkilh ,dhdj.k dh çfØ;k pj.kc¼ esa vk;k 'kkaxsu ohtk dk erycA ftl le>kSrs ij 'kkaxsu esa nLr[+kr gq, mlosQ vuqlkj vkidks fliZQ ,d ns'k dk ohtk ysuk gksxk vkSj bl ohtk osQ cwrs vki ;wjksih; la?k esa 'kkfey vf/dka'k ns'kksa esa tk losaQxsA



ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr



54



;wjksih; ,drk osQ egÙoiw.kZ iM+ko vçSy 1951



%



if'peh ;wjksi osQ Ng ns'kksa µ Úkal] if'pe teZuh] bVyh] csfYt;e] uhnjySaM vkSj yDtecxZ us isfjl laf/ ij nLr[kr djosQ ;wjksih; dks;yk vkSj bLikr leqnk; dk xBu fd;kA



ekpZ 1957



%



bUgha Ng ns'kksa us jkse dh laf/ osQ ekè;e ls ;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; (EEC) vkSj ;wjksih; ,Veh ÅtkZ leqnk; (Euratom) dk xBu fd;kA



tuojh 1973



%



MsuekoZQ] vk;jySaM vkSj fczVsu us Hkh ;wjksih; leqnk; dh lnL;rk yhA



twu 1979



%



;wjksih; laln osQ fy, igyk çR;{k pqukoA



tuojh 1981



%



;wuku (xzhl) us ;wjksih; leqnk; dh lnL;rk yhA



twu 1985



%



'kkaxsu laf/ us ;wjksih; leqnk; osQ ns'kksa osQ chp lhek fu;a=k.k lekIr fd;kA



tuojh 1986



%



Lisu vkSj iqrZxky Hkh ;wjksih; leqnk; esa 'kkfey gq,A



vDVwcj 1990 %



teZuh dk ,dhdj.kA



iQjojh 1992



%



;wjksih; la?k osQ xBu osQ fy, ekfLVªLV laf/ ij nLr[krA



tuojh 1993



%



,dhÑr cktkj dk xBuA



tuojh 2002



%



ubZ eqæk ;wjks dks 12 lnL; ns'kksa us viuk;kA



ebZ 2004



%



lkbçl] psd x.kjkT;] ,LVksfu;k] gaxjh] yrkfo;k] fyFkqvkfu;k] ekYVk] iksyMaS ] Lyksokfd;k vkSj Lyksofs u;k Hkh ;wjksih; la?k esa 'kkfeyA



tuojh 2007



%



fnlacj 2009 2012 2013 2016



% % % %



cqYxkfj;k vkSj jksekfu;k ;wjksih; la?k esa 'kkfeyA Lyksosfu;k us ;wjks dks viuk;kA fyLcu laf/ ykxw gqbZA ;wjksih; la?k dks ukscsy 'kkafr iq#LdkjA ozQks,f'k;k ;wjksih; la?k dk 28oka lnL; cukA fczVsu esa tuer laxzg] 51-9 izfr'kr ernkrkvksa us iSQlyk fd;k fd fczVus ;wjksih; la?k ls ckgj (Brexit) gks tk,A



lnL;ksa esa 'kkfey gSaA blosQ pyrs ;wjksih; la?k vejhdk lesr lHkh eqYdksa dh uhfr;ksa dks çHkkfor djrk gSA bZjku osQ ijek.kq dk;ZØe ls lacfa /r vejhdh uhfr;ksa dks gky osQ fnuksa



2021–22



esa çHkkfor djuk bldk ,d mnkgj.k gSA phu osQ lkFk ekuokfèkdkjksa osQ mYya?ku vkSj i;kZoj.k fouk'k osQ ekeyksa ij /edh ;k lSfud 'kfDr dk mi;ksx djus dh txg owQVuhfr] vkfFkZd fuos'k vkSj ckrphr dh bldh uhfr T;knk çHkkoh lkfcr gqbZ gSA lSfud rkdr osQ fglkc ls ;wjksih; la?k osQ ikl nqfu;k dh nwljh lcls cM+h lsuk gSA bldk oqQy j{kk ctV vejhdk osQ ckn lcls vf/d gSA ;wjksih; la?k osQ ns'k Úkal osQ ikl ijek.kq gfFk;kj gSa vkSj vuqeku gS fd blosQ ikl djhc 335 ijek.kq gfFk;kj gSaA varfj{k foKku vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh osQ ekeys esa Hkh ;wjksih; la?k dk nqfu;k esa nwljk LFkku gSA vf/jk"Vªh; laxBu osQ rkSj ij ;wjkssih; la?k vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd ekeyksa esa n[ky nsus esa l{ke gSA ysfdu vusd ekeyksa esa blosQ lnL; ns'kksa dh viuh fons'k vkSj j{kk uhfr gS tks dbZ ckj ,d&nwljs osQ f[kykiQ Hkh gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bjkd ij vejhdh geys esa fczVsu osQ çèkkuea=kh Vksuh Cys;j rks mlosQ lkFk Fks ysfdu teZuh vkSj Úkal bl geys osQ f[kykiQ FksA ;wjksih; la?k osQ dbZ u, lnL; ns'k Hkh vejhdh xBca/u esa FksA ;wjksi osQ oqQN fgLlksa esa ;wjks dks ykxw djus osQ dk;ZØe dks ysdj dkiQh ukjktxh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fczVsu dh iwoZ ç/kuea=kh ekxZjsV FkSpj us fczVsu dks ;wjksih; ck”kkj ls vyx j[kkA MsuekoZQ vkSj LohMu us ekfLVªLV laf/ vkSj lk>h ;wjksih; eqæk ;wjks dks ekuus dk çfrjks/ fd;kA blls fons'kh vkSj j{kk ekeyksa esa dke djus dh ;wjksih; la?k dh {kerk lhfer gksrh gSA



lÙkk osQ oSdfYid osQUæ



,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu



55



2003 esa ;wjksih; la?k us ,d lk>k lafo/ku cukus dh dksf'k'k dh FkhA ;g dksf'k'k ukdke;kc jghA blh dks y{; djosQ ;g dkVwZu cuk gSA dkVwZfuLV us ;wjksih; la?k dks VkbVSfud ”kgkt osQ :i esa D;ksa fn[kk;k gS\



nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªkas dk laxBu (vkfl;ku) + ij ,d u”kj MkyasA vkiosQ nqfu;k osQ u D'ks [+;ky ls dkSu&ls ns'k ,f'k;k osQ nf{k.kh {ks=k esa vkus pkfg,\ nwljs fo'o ;q¼ ls igys vkSj mlosQ nkSjku] ,f'k;k dk ;g fgLlk ckj&ckj ;wjksih; vkSj tkikuh mifuos'kokn dk f'kdkj gqvk rFkk Hkkjh jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd dher pqdkbZA ;q¼ lekIr gksus ij bls jk"Vª&fuekZ.k] vkfFkZd fiNM+siu vkSj xjhch tSlh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA bls 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSj esa fdlh ,d egk'kfDr osQ lkFk tkus osQ nckoksa dks Hkh >syuk iM+kA Vdjkoksa vkSj HkkxeHkkx dh ,slh fLFkfr dks nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k laHkkyus dh fLFkfr esa



dYiuk dhft,] D;k gksrk vxj iwjs ;wjksih; la?k dh ,d iqQVcky Vhe gksrh\



ugha FkkA ckaMaxq lEesyu vkSj xqVfujis{k vkanksyu oxSjg osQ ekè;e ls ,f'k;k vkSj rhljh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa esa ,drk dk;e djus osQ ç;kl vukSipkfjd Lrj ij lg;ksx vkSj esytksy djkus osQ ekeys esa dkjxj ugha gks jgs FksA blh osQ pyrs nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa us nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ laxBu (vkfl;ku) cukdj ,d oSdfYid igy dhA 1967 esa bl {ks=k osQ ik¡p ns'kksa us cSd a kWd ?kks"k.kk ij gLrk{kj djosQ ^vkfl;ku* dh LFkkiuk vkfl;ku dk >aMk dhA ;s ns'k Fks baMksusf'k;k] vkfl;ku osQ çrhd&fpÉ esa /ku dh nl ckfy;k¡ nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k osQ nl ns'kksa dks bafxr djrh eysf'k;k] fiQfyihal] flaxkiqj gSa tks vkil esa fe=krk vkSj ,drk osQ /kxs ls vkSj FkkbZyaSMA ^vkfl;ku* dk caèks gSAa o`Ùk vkfl;ku dh ,drk dk çrhd gSA mís'; eq[; :i ls vkfFkZd lzksr% www.aseansec.org



2021–22



ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr



56 iwoZ ,f'k;k vkSj iSflfiQd dk ekufp=k eaxksfy;k mÙkj dksfj;k nf{k.k dksfj;k tkiku



phu



E;kaekjykvksl fo;ruke FkkbySaM oaQcksfM;k czqusbZ nk#Llyke eysf'k;k flaxkiqj



fiQfyihal iykm



ek'kZy }hilewg ekbozQksusf'k;k osQ la?kh; jkT; fdfjckrh ukW: Vqokyw



baMksufs 'k;k iwohZ freksj ikiqvk U;w fxuh



lksykseu }hilewg fiQth



lzksr% http://www.unicef.org/eapro/EAP_map_final.gif uksV% ;wuhlsiQ lkbV ij fn, x, ekufp=k esa fdlh Hkh ns'k ;k {ks=k ;k fdlh Hkh lhek osQ ifjlheu dh dkuwuh fLFkfr dks izfrfcafcr ugha fd;k x;k gSA



+ esa vkfl;ku uD'ks osQ lnL; nss'kksa dks igpkfu,A uD+'ks esa vkfl;ku osQ lfpoky; dks fn[kk,¡A



D;k Hkkjr nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k dk fgLlk ugha gS\ Hkkjr osQ iwoksZÙkjh jkT; vkfl;ku ns'kksa osQ brus fudV gSaA



fodkl dks rst djuk vkSj mlosQ ekè;e ls lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fodkl gkfly djuk FkkA dkuwu osQ 'kklu vkSj la;Dq r jk"Vª osQ dk;nksa ij vk/kfjr {ks=kh; 'kkafr vkSj LFkkf;Ro dks ckSrs fd, ftuosQ }kjk gj lnL; ns'k us 'kkafr] fu"i{krk] lg;ksx] vgLr{ksi dks ckSrk fd;k gSA 2010 esa vkfl;ku&Hkkjr eqDr O;kikj {ks=k O;oLFkk ykxw gqbAZ vkfl;ku dh vlyh rkdr vius lnL; ns'kksa] lgHkkxh lnL;ksa vkSj ckdh xSj&{ks=kh; laxBuksa osQ chp fujarj laokn vkSj ijke'kZ djus dh uhfr esa gSA ;g ,f'k;k dk ,dek=k ,slk {ks=kh; laxBu gS tks ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa vkSj fo'o 'kfDr;ksa dks jktuSfrd vkSj lqj{kk ekeyksa ij ppkZ osQ fy, jktuSfrd eap miyC/ djkrk gSA



phuh vFkZO;oLFkk dk mRFkku vkb,] vc ge vius fcYoqQy u”knhd osQ iM+kslh vkSj 'kfDr osQ rhljs cM+s osaQæ phu dh vksj #[k+ djsaA vkfFkZd 'kfDr osQ :i esa phu osQ mn; dks iwjs fo'o esa ftl rjg ns[kk tk jgk gS mls vxys iUus ij vafdr dkVwuZ ,dne Bhd&Bhd crk jgk gSA 1978 osQ ckn ls tkjh phu dh vkfFkZd liQyrk dks ,d egk'kfDr osQ :i esa blosQ mHkjus osQ lkFk tksM+dj ns[kk tkrk gSA vkfFkZd lq/kjksa dh 'kq#vkr djus osQ ckn ls phu lcls ”;knk rsth ls vkfFkZd o`f¼ dj jgk gS vkSj ekuk tkrk gS fd bl jÝrkj ls pyrs gq, 2040 rd og nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h vkfFkZd 'kfDr] vejhdk ls Hkh vkxs fudy tk,xkA vkfFkZd Lrj ij vius iM+kslh eqYdksa ls tqM+ko osQ pyrs phu iwoZ ,f'k;k osQ fodkl dk batu&tSlk cuk gqvk gS vkSj bl dkj.k {ks=kh; ekeyksa esa mldk çHkko cgqr ckus esa cy&ç;ksx vFkok ekuo:ih jkscksVA /edh ls dke ysus osQ rjhosQ dk tkiku osQ yksx ges'kk osQ fy, R;kx djrs gSaA** tkiku dk lSU; O;; mlosQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk osQoy 1 çfr'kr gS fiQj Hkh lSU; O;; osQ lz k s r % http://asimo.honda.com fygkt ls fo'o esa tkiku dk LFkku lkroka gSA bu rF;ksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj vuqeku yxkb, fd oSdfYid 'kfDr&osaQæ osQ :i esa tkiku fdruk çHkkodkjh gksxk\ gky osQ fnuksa esa nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp mPpLrjh; f}i{kh; ;k=kkvksa osQ nkSjku gLrk{kj fd, x, izeq[k le>kSrksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh irk djsaA



nf{k.k dksfj;k dksfj;kbZ izk;}hi dks f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ var esa nf{k.k dksfj;k (fjifCyd vkWi+Q dksfj;k) vkSj mÙkjh dksfj;k (MseksoszQfVd ihiqYl fjifCyd vkWi+Q dksfj;k) esa 38osa lekukarj osQ lkFk&lkFk foHkkftr fd;k x;k FkkA 1950&53 osQ nkSjku dksfj;kbZ ;q¼ vkSj 'khr ;q¼ dky dh xfr'khyrk us nksuksa i{kksa osQ chp izfr}afnrk dks rs”k dj fn;kA varr% 17 flracj 1991 dks nksuksa dksfj;k la;qDr jk"Vª osQ lnL; cusA blh chp nf{k.k dksfj;k ,f'k;k esa lÙkk osQ osQa nz osQ :i esa mHkjkA 1960 osQ n'kd ls 1980 osQ n'kd osQ chp] bldk vkfFkZd 'kfDr osQ :i esa rs”kh ls fodkl gqvk] ftls ^^gku unh ij peRdkj** dgk tkrk gSA vius lok±xh.k fodkl dks laoQs frr djrs gq,] nf{k.k dksfj;k 1996 esa vksbZlhMh dk lnL; cu x;kA 2017 esa bldh vFkZO;oLFkk nqfu;k esa X;kjgoha lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk gS vkSj lSU; [kpZ esa bldk gku unh osQ fudV fl;ksy dk f{kfrt lzksr% http://english.seoul.go.kr nloka LFkku gSA ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ 2016 osQ vuqlkj nf{k.k dksfj;k dk ,pMhvkbZ jSd a 18 gSA blosQ mPp ekuo fodkl osQ fy, f”kEesnkj ize[q k dkjdksa esa ^^liQy Hkwfe lq/kj] xzkeh.k fodkl] O;kid ekuo lalk/u fodkl] rhoz U;k;laxr vkfFkZd o`f¼** 'kkfey gSA vU; dkjdksa esa fu;kZr mUeq[khdj.k] e”kcwr iqufoZrj.k uhfr;k¡] lkoZtfud volajpuk fodkl] izHkkoh laLFkk,¡ vkSj 'kklu gSaA lSelax] ,yth vkSj gqaMbZ tSls nf{k.k dksfj;kbZ czkaM Hkkjr esa izfl¼ gks x, gSaA Hkkjr vkSj nf{k.k dksfj;k osQ chp dbZ le>kSrs muosQ cko Hkh nhft,A



2021–22



vè;k; 5



ledkyhu nf{k.k ,f'k;k ifjp; vkb,] vc ge 'khr ;q¼ osQ nkSj esa fo'o osQ ,d cM+s I+kQyd ij gq, cnykoksa ls u”kj gVk dj viuk è;ku vius {ks=k ;kuh nf{k.k ,f'k;k dh vksj eksMAas+ chloha lnh osQ vkf[+kjh lkyksa esa tc Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku us [kqn dks ijek.kq 'kfDr&laiUu jk"Vªkas dh fcjknjh esa cSBk fy;k rks ;g {ks=k vpkud iwjs fo'o dh u”kj esa egÙoiw.kZ gks mBkA Li"V gh fo'o dk è;ku bl bykosQ esa py jgs dbZ rjg osQ la?k"kks± ij x;kA bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa osQ chp lhek vkSj unh ty osQ c¡Vokjs dks ysdj fookn dk;e gSA blosQ vfrfjDr foæksg] tkrh; la?k"kZ vkSj lalk/uksa osQ c¡Vokjs dks ysdj gksus okys >xM+s Hkh gSAa bu otgksa ls nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk bykdk cM+k laons u'khy gS vkSj vusd fo'ks"kKksa dk ekuuk gS fd vkt fo'o esa ;g {ks=k lqj{kk osQ fygkt ls [krjs dh vk'kadk okyk {ks=k gSA lkFk gh ,d ckr vkSj gSA bl bykosQ osQ cgqr ls yksx bl rF; dh fu'kkunsgh djrs gSa fd nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'k vxj vkil esa lg;ksx djsa rks ;g {ks=k fodkl djosQ le`¼ cu ldrk gSA bl vè;k; esa ge nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa osQ chp ekStnw la?k"kks± dh çÑfr vkSj bu ns'kksa osQ vkilh lg;ksx dks le>us dh dksf'k'k djsxa As nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa dh ?kjsyw jktuhfr ls bu >xM+kas ;k lg;ksx dk fe”kkt r; gksrk gS vFkok og buosQ ewy esa gSAa bl otg ls vè;k; esa igys nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk ifjp; fn;k tk,xk vkSj oqQN ns'kksa dh ?kjsyw jktuhfr dh ppkZ dh tk,xhA



;sxsuh MsykØks us lu~ 1830 esa ,d isafVax cuk;h FkhA bldk 'kh"kZd Fkkµ^fycVhZ yhfMax n ihiy*A isafVax esa Lora=krk dh nsoh dks turk dh vxqvkbZ djrs gq, fpf=kr fd;k x;k FkkA ;gk¡ fn;k x;k fp=k mlh isafVax dk lqHkk"k jk; Ñr :ikarj.k gSA fgeky lkmFk ,f'k;u (tuojh] 2007)] n lkmFk ,f'k;u VªLV] usiky ls lkHkkj 2021–22



ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr



66



D;k gS nf{k.k ,f'k;k\ Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp fØosQV&eSp fdruk rukoiw.kZ gksrk gSµ ;g ge c[kwch nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa tkurs gSaA geus ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd fØosQV dh oqQN ,slh fo'ks"krkvksa dh igpku eSp ns[kus osQ fy, ikfdLrkuh vFkok Hkkjrh; ^iSQUl* tc ,d&nwljs osQ ns'kksa esa igq¡prs gSa djsa tks bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa esa rks leku :i rks mudk cM+k vknj&lRdkj gksrk gS_ xeZtks'kh ls ykxw gksrh gSa ijarq ls estckuh dh tkrh gSA ;gh gky nf{k.k if'pe ,f'k;k vFkok ,f'k;kbZ ekeyksa dk Hkh gSA ;g ,d ,slk {ks=k nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k osQ gS tgk¡ ln~Hkko vkSj 'k=kqrk] vk'kk vkSj ns'kksa ij ykxw ugha fujk'kk rFkk ikjLifjd 'kadk vkSj fo'okl gksrhaA lkFk&lkFk clrs gSAa 'kq#vkr ge ,d cqfu;knh loky ls djsa fd nf{k.k ,f'k;k gS D;k\ veweu ckaXykns'k] HkwVku] Hkkjr] ekynho] usiky] ikfdLrku vkSj Jhyadk dks bafxr djus osQ fy, ^nf{k.k ,f'k;k* in dk O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA mÙkj dh fo'kky fgeky; ioZr&J`a[kyk] nf{k.k dk ¯gn egklkxj] if'pe dk vjc lkxj vkSj iwjc esa ekStwn caxky dh [kkM+h ls ;g bykdk ,d fof'k"V çkÑfrd {ks=k osQ :i esa u”kj vkrk gSA ;g HkkSxksfyd fof'k"Vrk gh bl mi&egk}hih; {ks=k osQ Hkk"kkbZ] lkekftd rFkk lkaLÑfrd vuwBsiu osQ fy, ftEesnkj gSA bl {ks=k dh ppkZ esa tc&rc vIk+ QxkfuLrku vkSj E;kaekj dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA phu bl {ks=k dk ,d çeq[k ns'k gS ysfdu phu dks nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk vax ugha ekuk tkrkA bl vè;k; esa ge ^nf{k.k ,f'k;k* in dk bLrseky mi;qDZ r lkr ns'kksa osQ fy, djsaxsA bl rjg ifjHkkf"kr nf{k.k ,f'k;k gj vFkZ esa fofo/rkvksa ls Hkjk&iwjk bykdk gS fiQj Hkh Hkw&jktuhfrd èkjkry ij ;g ,d D;k bu ns'kksa dh dksbZ {ks=k gSA lqfuf'pr ifjHkk"kk gS\ ;g ifjHkk"kk nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ fofHkUu ns'kksa esa ,d&lh cukrk dkSu gS\ jktuhfrd ç.kkyh ugha gSA vusd leL;kvksa



2021–22



vkSj lhekvksa osQ ckotwn Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk esa fczVus ls vk”kkn gksus osQ ckn] yksdrkaf=kd O;oLFkk liQyrkiwoZd dk;e gSA Hkkjr esa yksdra=k osQ fodkl osQ ckjs esa vki ,d vkSj fO+kQrkc esa foLrkj ls ikSrkA 'ks[k eqthcqjgZ eku us iwohZ ikfdLrku dks ”;knk Lok;Ùkrk nsus osQ fy, N% lw=kh çLrko j[kkA ekpZ 1971 % ckaXykns'k osQ usrkvksa }kjk vk”kknh dh mn~?kks"k.kkA vxLr 1971 % Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r la?k us 20 lkyksa osQ fy, eS=kh laf/ ij nLr[+kr fd,A fnlacj 1971 % Hkkjr&ikd ;q¼_ ckaXykns'k dh eqfDrA tqykbZ 1972 % Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp f'keyk&le>kSrkA ebZ 1974 % Hkkjr us ijek.kq&ijh{k.k fd,A 1976 % ikfdLrku vkSj ckaXykns'k osQ chp owQVuf;d lac/ a cgky gq,A fnlacj 1985 % ^n{ksl* osQ igys lEesyu (kSrs ij gLrk{kj gq,A 1988&91 % ikfdLrku] ckaXykns'k vkSj usiky esa yksdra=k dh cgkyhA 1993 % ^n{ksl* osQ lkrosa lEesyu (k fd Hkkjr Jhyadk osQ van:uh ekeyksa esa n[kyankth dj jgk gSA 1989 esa Hkkjr us viuh ^'kkafr lsuk* y{; gkfly fd, fcuk okil cqyk yhA Jhyadk osQ bl ladV dk fgald pfj=k FkkA varjkZ"Vªh; eè;LFk osQ :i esa ukosZ vkSj vkblySMa tSls LosQa fMusfo;kbZ ns'k ;q¼jr nksuksa i{kksa dks fiQj ls vkil esa ckrphr djus osQ fy, jkth dj jgs FksA varr% l'kL=k la?k"kZ lekIr gks x;k D;ksafd 2009 esa fyV~Vs dks [kRe dj fn;k x;kA la?k"kks± dh pisV esa gksus osQ ckn Hkh Jhyadk us vPNh vkfFkZd o`f¼ vkSj fodkl osQ mPp Lrj dks gkfly fd;k gSA tula[;k dh o`f¼&nj ij liQyrkiwod Z fu;a=k.k djus okys fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa Jhyadk çFke gSA nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa esa lcls igys Jhyadk us gh viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dk mnkjhdj.k fd;kA x`g;q¼ ls xqtjus osQ ckotwn dbZ lkyksa ls bl ns'k dk çfr O;fDr ldy ?kjsyw mRikn nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa lcls T;knk gSA van:uh la?k"kZ osQ >a>kokrksa dks >sydj Hkh Jhyadk us yksdrkaf=kd jktO;oLFkk dk;e j[kh gSA



73



;g dkVwZu 'kkafr okrkZvksa esa Jhyadk osQ usr`Ro osQ vkxs ekStwn nqfo/k dks fn[kkrk gSA ,d vksj 'ksj osQ :i esa flagyh dV~VjiaFkh gSa vkSj nwljh vksj ck?k osQ :i esa rfey mxzoknhA



laca/ksa osQ ,sls nk;jksa ij u”kj Mkysa tgk¡ la?k"kZ gq, gSaA 'khr;q¼ dh lekfIr dk ;g vFkZ ugha fd bl bykosQ esa Hkh la?k"kZ vkSj ruko lekIr gks x,A ge vkarfjd yksdra=k ;k tkrh; la?k"kZ osQ elyksa ij gq, Vdjkoksa dks ns[k pqosQ gSaA ysfdu] oqQN egÙoiw.kZ la?k"kZ varjkZ"Vªh; çÑfr osQ Hkh gSaA nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa Hkkjr dh fLFkfr osaQæh; gS vkSj bl o”kg ls buesa ls vf/dka'k la?k"kks± dk fj'rk Hkkjr ls gSA bu la?k"kks± esa lcls çeq[k vkSj loZxkz lh la?k"kZ Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp dk la?k"kZ gSA foHkktu osQ rqjra ckn nksuksa ns'k d'ehj osQ elys ij yM+ iM+sA ikfdLrku dh ljdkj dk nkok Fkk fd d'ehj ikfdLrku dk gSA Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp 1947&48 rFkk 1965 osQ ;q¼ ls bl elys dk lek/ku ugha gqvkA 1948 osQ ;q¼ osQ iQyLo:i d'ehj osQ nks fgLls gks x,A ,d fgLlk ikfdLrku vfèkÑr d'ehj dgyk;k tcfd nwljk fgLlk Hkkjr dk tEew&d'ehj çkUr cukA nksuksa osQ



2021–22



ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr



74



Hkkjr&ikd fj'rs



osQ'ko] n ¯gnw



cadjksa dh Hkwy&HkqyS;k ls dqlhZ&estksa dh Hkwy&HkwyS;k rd



2004&14 osQ nkSjku Hkkjr&ikd okrkZvksa ij ,d u”kfj;k



d'ehj elys ij gksus okyh ckrphr ,slh tku iM+rh gS ekuks Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ 'kkld viuh tk;nkn dk >xM+k fuiVk jgs gksaA d'ehfj;ksa dks blesa oSQlk yxrk gksxk\



chp ,d fu;a=k.k&lhek js[kk gSA 1971 esa Hkkjr us ikfdLrku osQ f[kykiQ ,d fu.kkZ;d ;q¼ thrk ysfdu d'ehj elyk vulqy>k gh jgkA lkefjd elyksa tSls fl;kfpu Xysf'k;j ij fu;a=k.k rFkk gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ dks ysdj Hkh Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp rukruh jgrh gSA 1990 osQ n'kd esa nksuksa ns'kksa us ijek.kq gfFk;kj vkSj ,sls gfFk;kjksa dks ,d&nwljs ij nkxus dh {kerk okys felkby gkfly dj fy,A blls nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ us ,d u;k pfj=k xzg.k fd;k gSA 1998 esa Hkkjr us iks[kj.k esa vkSj blosQ oqQN fnuksa osQ vanj gh ikfdLrku us pxkbZ igkM+h ij ijek.kq&ijh{k.k fd,A blosQ ckn ls ,slk yxrk gS fd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ,d lSU;&laca/ esa ca/ pqosQ gSa vkSj buosQ chp lh/s vkSj loZO;kih ;q¼ fNM+us dh vk'kadk de gks xbZ gSA



2021–22



ysfdu] nksuksa ns'kksa dh ljdkjsa yxkrkj ,d nwljs dks lansg dh u”kj ls ns[krh gSaA Hkkjr ljdkj dk vkjksi gS fd ikfdLrku ljdkj us yqosQ&Nqis xM+k ugha gSA HkwVku ls vius dke dk lapkyu dj jgs iwoksÙZ kj Hkkjr osQ mxzokfn;ksa vkSj xqfjYyksa dks HkwVku us vius {ks=k ls [knsM+ Hkxk;kA HkwVku osQ bl dne ls Hkkjr dks cM+h enn feyh gSA Hkkjr HkwVku esa iufctyh dh cM+h ifj;kstukvksa esa gkFk c¡Vk jgk gSA bl fgeky;h ns'k osQ fodkl dk;ks± osQ fy, lcls T;knk vuqnku Hkkjr ls gkfly gksrk gSA ekynho osQ lkFk Hkkjr osQ laca/ lkSgknZiw.kZ rFkk xeZtks'kh ls Hkjs gSAa 1988 esa Jhyadk ls vk, oqQN HkkM+s osQ rfey lSfudksa us ekynho ij geyk fd;kA ekynho us tc vkØe.k jksdus osQ fy, Hkkjr ls enn ek¡xh rks Hkkjrh; ok;qlsuk vkSj ukSlsuk us rqjar dkjZokbZ dhA Hkkjr us ekynho osQ vkfFkZd fodkl] i;ZVu vkSj eRL; m|ksx esa Hkh enn dh gSA vkius è;ku fn;k gksxk fd nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ NksVs&NksVs iM+ksfl;ksa osQ lkFk Hkkjr dks dbZ leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA Hkkjr dk vkdkj cM+k gS vkSj og 'kfDr'kkyh gSA bldh o”kg ls vis{kkÑr NksVs ns'kksa dk Hkkjr osQ bjknksa dks ysdj 'kd djuk ykfteh



ledkyhu nf{k.k ,f'k;k



gSA nwljh rjiQ] Hkkjr ljdkj dks vDlj eglwl gksrk gS fd mlosQ iM+kl s h ns'k mldk cs”kk iQk;nk mBk jgs gSaA Hkkjr ugha pkgrk fd bu ns'kksa esa jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk iSnk gksA mls Hk; yxrk gS fd ,slh fLFkfr esa ckgjh rkdrksa dks bl {ks=k esa çHkko tekus esa enn feysxhA NksVs ns'kksa dks yxrk gS fd Hkkjr nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa viuk ncnck dk;e djuk pkgrk gSA nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ lkjs >xM+s fliQZ Hkkjr vkSj mlosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ chp gh ugha gSA usiky&HkwVku rFkk ckaXykns'k&E;kaekj osQ chp tkrh; ewy osQ usikfy;ksa osQ HkwVku vkçokl rFkk jksfgaX;k yksxksa osQ E;kaekj esa vkçokl osQ elys ij erHksn jgs gSAa ckaXykns'k vkSj usiky osQ chp fgeky;h ufn;ksa osQ ty dh fgLlsnkjh dks ysdj [kViV gSA ;g ckr lgh gS fd bl bykosQ osQ lHkh cM+s >xMs+ Hkkjr vkSj mlosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ chp gaAS bldk ,d dkj.k nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk Hkwxksy Hkh gS tgk¡ Hkkjr chp esa fLFkr gS vkSj ckdh ns'k Hkkjr dh lhek osQ bnZ&fxnZ iM+rs gSaA



77 ekStwnxh osQ dkj.k n{ksl dks T;knk liQyrk ugha feyh gSA n{ksl osQ lnL; ns'kksa us lu~ 2002 esa ^nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ eqDr O;kikj&{ks=k le>kSr*s (SAFTA) ij nLr[+kr fd;sA blesa iwjs nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ fy, eqDr O;kikj {ks=k cukus dk ok;nk gSA ;fn nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ lHkh ns'k viuh lhekjs[kk osQ vkj&ikj eqDr&O;kikj ij lger gks tk,¡ rks bl {ks=k esa 'kkafr vkSj lg;ksx osQ ,d u, vè;k; dh 'kq#vkr gks ldrh gSA nf{k.k ,f'k;k eqDr O;kikj {ks=k le>kSrs (SAFTA) osQ ihNs ;gh Hkkouk dke dj jgh gSA bl le>kSrs ij 2004 esa gLrk{kj gq, vkSj ;g le>kSrk 1 tuojh 2006 ls çHkkoh gks x;kA bl le>kSrs dk y{; gS fd bu ns'kksa osQ chp vkilh O;kikj esa yxus okys lhek 'kqYd dks de dj fn;k tk,A oqQN NksVs ns'k ekurs gSa fd ^lkÝVk* dh vksV ysdj Hkkjr muosQ ck”kkj esa lsa/ ekjuk pkgrk gS vkSj



vxj vejhdk osQ ckjs esa fy[ks x, vè;k; dks ^vejhdh opZLo* dk 'kh"kZd fn;k x;k rks bl vè;k; dks Hkkjrh; opZLo D;ksa ugha dgk x;k\



D;k nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'k ,d&nwljs dk lg;ksx djrs gSa ;k ;s ns'k ,d&nwljs ls fli+Z Q yM+rs jgrs gS\a vusd la?k"kks± osQ ckotwn nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'k vkil esa nksLrkuk fj'rs rFkk lg;ksx osQ egÙo dks igpkurs gSaA 'kkafr osQ ç;kl f}i{kh; Hkh gq, gSa vkSj {ks=kh; Lrj ij HkhA n{ksl (lkmFk ,f'k;u ,lks f 'k;u iQkW j fjtuy dks v kW i js ' ku (SAARC) nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa }kjk cgqLrjh; lk/uksa ls vkil esa lg;ksx djus dh fn'kk esa mBk;k x;k cM+k dne gSA bldh 'kq#vkr 1985 esa gqbAZ nqHkkZX; ls foHksnksa dh



lqjsanj] n ¯gnw



'kkafr vkSj lg;ksx



;g dkVwZu {ks=kh; lg;ksx dh çxfr esa Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku dh Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esa D;k crkrk gS\



2021–22



ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr



78



osQ'ko] n ¯gnw



tukc gwA dkjksckj] dkelZ] bdksukseh! vki Hkkjr osQ lkFk osQoy cqfu;knh eqíksa dh ckrsa D;ksa ugha djrs\



ikfdLrku fVªC;wu



vkWuykbu



vaik;j dks r; djuk gS fd xsan Hkkjr osQ ikys esa gS ;k ikfdLrku osQA Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ls fy, x, nks dkVwZu bl {ks=k esa fnypLih j[kus okys nks ckgjh f[kykfM+;ksa dh Hkwfedk dh O;k[;k djrs gSaA ;s ckgjh f[kykM+h dkSu gSa\ D;k vkidks bu nksuksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k esa oqQN lekurk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS\



yxrk gS gj laxBu O;kikj osQ fy, gh curk gS\ D;k O;kikj yksxkssa osQ vkilh esytksy ls T;knk egÙoiw.kZ gS\



O;kolkf;d m|e rFkk O;kolkf;d ekStwnxh osQ tfj;s muosQ lekt vkSj jktuhfr ij vlj Mkyuk pkgrk gSA Hkkjr lksprk gS fd ^lkÝVk* ls bl {ks=k osQ gj ns'k dks iQk;nk gksxk vkSj {ks=k esa eqDr O;kikj csnkjh ikfdLrku osQ lkFk gS vkSj ;g Hkkjr&phu laca/ksa esa ,d cM+h dfBukbZ gSA fodkl dh ”k:jr vkSj oS'ohdj.k osQ dkj.k ,f'k;k egkns'k osQ ;s nks cM+s ns'k T;knk utnhd vk;s gSAa lu~ 1991 osQ ckn ls buosQ vkfFkZd lac/ a ”;knk e”kcwr gq, gSAa 'khr;q¼ osQ ckn nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa vejhdh çHkko rsth ls cko nsaxs\ 10- nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'k ,d&nwljs ij vfo'okl djrs gSaA blls varjkZ"Vªh; eapksa ij ;g {ks=k ,dtqV gksdj viuk çHkko ugha tek ikrkA bl dFku dh iqf"V esa dksbZ Hkh nks mnkgj.k nsa vkSj nf{k.k ,f'k;k dks etcwr cukus osQ fy, mik; lq>k,¡A 11- nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'k Hkkjr dks ,d ckgqcyh le>rs gSa tks bl {ks=k osQ NksVs ns'kksa ij viuk ncnck tekuk pkgrk gS vkSj muosQ van:uh ekeyksa esa n[ky nsrk gSA bu ns'kksa dh ,slh lksp osQ fy, dkSu&dkSu lh ckrsa ftEesnkj gSa\



2021–22



vè;k; 6



varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ifjp; bl vè;k; esa ge lksfo;r la?k osQ fc[kjus osQ ckn varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esa ixM+ksa vkSj foHksnksa dk lek/ku fcuk ;q¼ osQ gh fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu ;g ,d ,slk rF; gS ftl ij de è;ku tkrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dksbZ 'kfDr'kkyh jkT; ugha gksrk ftldh vius lnL;ksa ij /kSal pyrh gksA varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dk fuekZ.k fofHkUu jkT; gh djrs gSa vkSj ;g muosQ ekeyksa osQ fy, tokcnsg gksrk gSA tc jkT;ksa esa bl ckr ij lgefr gksrh gS fd dksbZ varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu cuuk pkfg,] rHkh ,sls laxBu dk;e gksrs gSaA ,d ckj budk fuekZ.k gks tk, rks ;s leL;kvksa osQ 'kkafriw.kZ lek/ku esa lnL; ns'kksa dh enn djrs gSaA varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ,d vkSj rjhosQ ls ennxkj gksrs gSAa jk"Vªkas osQ lkeus vDlj oqQN dke ,sls vk tkrs gSa ftUgsa lkFk feydj gh djuk gksrk gSA oqQN elys brus pqukSrhiw.kZ gksrs gSa fd muls rHkh fuiVk tk ldrk gS tc lHkh lkFk feydj dke djsaA bldh ,d felky rks chekjh gh gSA oqQN jksxksa dks rc gh [kRe fd;k tk ldrk gS tc fo'o dk gj ns'k viuh vkcknh dks VhosQ yxkus esa lg;ksx djsA ge ^Xykscy okfe±x* (fo'oO;kih rkio`f¼) vkSj mlosQ çHkkoksa dk gh mnkgj.k ysaA okrkoj.k esa xzhugkml xSlksa osQ ckSrs osQ fu;e vkSj 'krks± dk ikyu djsxkA 'khr;q¼ osQ var osQ ckn vc la;qDr jk"Vªla?k FkksM+h vyx Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gS µ ge ,slk vuqeku dj ldrs gSAa vejhdk vkSj mlosQ [kses osQ ns'k fotsrk cudj mHkjs gSAa ,sls esa cgqr ls yksxksa vkSj ljdkjksa dks bl ckr dh fpark lrk jgh gS fd vejhdk dh vxqvkbZ esa if'peh ns'k brus rkdroj gks



2021–22



tk,¡xs fd mudh bPNkvksa&vkdka{kkvksa ij yxke dluk vlaHko gksxkA D;k la;qDr jk"Vªla?k vejhdk osQ lkFk laokn vkSj ppkZ esa ennxkj gks ldrk gS vkSj D;k ;g laxBu vejhdh ljdkj dh rkdr ij vaoqQ'k yxk ldrk gS\ ge bu lokyksa osQ mÙkj vè;k; osQ var esa [kkstsaxsA



la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk fodkl igys fo'o;q¼ us nqfu;k dks bl ckr osQ fy, txk;k fd >xM+ksa osQ fuiVkjs osQ fy, ,d varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu cukus dk ç;kl ”k:j fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ^yhx vkWo us'kal* dk tUe gqvkA 'kq#vkrh liQyrkvksa osQ ckotwn ;g laxBu nwljk fo'o;q¼ (1939&45) u jksd ldkA igys dh rqyuk esa bl egk;q¼ esa dgha ”;knk yksx ekjs x;s vkSj ?kk;y gq,A



1942 dh la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh ?kks"k.kk osQ vk/kj ij nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ nkSjku (1943 esa) vejhsdk osQ ;q¼ lwpuk foHkkx (;wukbVsM LVs~Vl vkWfiQl vkWo okj baiQkWjes'ku) }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k iksLVjA bl iksLVj esa mu ns'kksa osQ >aMksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS ftUgkasus fe=k jk"Vªksa osQ ;q¼d ç;klksa osQ leFkZu djus dk ladYi fd;k FkkA ;g iksLVj ,d vFkZ esa egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;g fn[kkrk gS fd la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh tM+sa ;q¼ esa FkhaA



varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu



85



la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh lajpuk izeq[k vax lgk;d fudk; lSU; lfefr] varjkZ"Vªh; vijk/ U;k;kf/dj.k (iwoZ ;wxksLykfo;k] jokaMk) 'kkafr laLFkkid vfHk;ku vkSj fe'ku lac¼ laxBu varjkZ"Vªh; vkf.od ÅtkZ (IAEA) vke lHkk vkSj lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ nksuksa osQ çfr mÙkjnk;hA dk;ZØe vkSj dks"k O;kikj ,oa fodkl lEesyu (UNCTAD) i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe ( UNEP ) fodkl dk;ZØe ( UNDP) ckydks"k (UNICEF) tula[;k&dks"k ( UNFPA ) 'kj.kkFkhZ mPpk;ksx ( UNHCR) fo'o [kk| dk;ZØe ( WFP)



fo'ks"k dk;ks± osQ fy, vk;ksx ekuokf/dkj] eknd nzO;] fVdkÅ fodkl] efgykvksa dh fLFkfr {ks=kh; vk;ksx vkfFkZd vk;ksx (vÚhdk] ;wjksi] nf{k.k vejhdk vkSj oSQjsfc;kbZ ns'k) vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd vk;ksx (,f'k;k&ç'kkar vkSj if'pe ,f'k;k)



varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; blesa 15 U;k;/h'kksa dk pquko 9 o"kksZ± osQ fy, vke lHkk vkSj lqj{kk ifj"kn~ nksuksa esa iw.kZ cgqer }kjk gksrk gSA eq[;ky; gsx esaA



lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ 15 lnL; gSAa ik¡p LFkk;h lnL;ksa phu] izQkal] :l] fczVus vkSj vejhdk dks ohVks (fu"ks/kf/dkj) dk vf/dkjA nl vLFkk;h lnL;ksa dk pquko vke lHkk }kjk nks o"kksaZ osQ fy,A fu.kZ; lHkh lnL;ksa ij ckè;dkjhA 'kks/ vkSj çf'k{k.k laLFkku lkekftd fodkl osQ fy, 'kks/ laLFkku (UNRISD)



vke lHkk 193 lnL;ksa osQ çfrfuf/A lHkh dks ,dleku erA çeq[k fu.kZ;ksa osQ fy, nks frgkbZ vkSj ckdh esa lkekU; cgqer dh ”k:jrA fu.kZ; lHkh lnL;ksa ij ckè;dkjh ughaA



lgk;d fudk; lfefr;k¡ vkSj rnFkZ fudk;



vU; bdkbZ;k¡ ekuokf/dkj mPpk;ksx dk dk;kZy; (OHCHR) la;D q r jk"Vª fo'ofo|ky; (UNU) ,pvkbZoh@,M~l dk;ZØe (UNAIDS)



fo'ks"k ,tsfa l;k¡ (foÙkh; lgk;rk osQ fcuk) varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu (ILO) [kk| ,oa Ñf"k laxBu (FAO) la;qDr jk"Vªla?k 'kS{kf.kd] oSKkfud ,oa lkaLd`frd laxBu (UNESCO) fo'o LokLF; laxBu (WHO) varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk&dks"k (IMF) varjkZ"Vªh; ekSle&foKku laxBu (IMO) varjkZ"Vªh; nwjlapkj la?k (ITU)



lac¼ laxBu jklk;fud gfFk;kjksa ij fu"ks/ osQ fy, laxBu (OPCW)



vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd ifj"kn~ lnL; ns'kksa dk pquko vke lHkk }kjk rhu o"kksZa osQ fy,A lHkh HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa dks çfrfuf/Ro nsrs gq, 54 lnL;A lac¼ laxBu fo'o O;kikj laxBu



U;kflrk ifj"kn~ la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh U;kflrk iz.kkyh osQ varxZr vkus okyh vafre ^VªLV VsjhVjh* iykm osQ vktkn gksus osQ lkFk 1 uoEcj 1994 ls ;g ifj"kn~ LFkfxrA fu;qDr djus okys osQ çfr lh/h tokcnsgh n'kkZrk gS



(WTO)



http://www.newint.org/issue375/pics/un-map-big.gif ij



lfpoky; vU; izeq[k laxBuksa osQ dk;ks± osQ fy, varjkZ"Vªh; LVkiQA bldk iz/ku egklfpo gksrk gS ftldh fu;qfDr lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ dh lykg ij vke lHkk ik¡p lkyksa osQ fy, djrh gSA



foÙkh; lgk;rk foghu lac/ a n'kkZrk gSA lqj{kk ifj"kn~ dh fo'ks"k fLFkfr n'kkZrk gSA ;g ik¡p LFkk;h lnL;ksa osQ fu"ks/kf/dkj (ohVks) ls fu;af=kr gksrh gSA



vk/kfjr



2021–22



ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr



86 la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dh vusd ,tsfa l;ksa dk ;gk¡ ftØ fd;k x;k gSA gjsd ,tsl a h dh xfrfof/;ksa osQ ckjs esa ,d lekpkj [kkstAas



'khr;q¼ gks ;k u gks] ,d lq/kj rks lcls igys ”k:jh gSA la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa osQoy yksdrkaf=kd usrkvksa dks gh vius ns'k dh uqekbanxh djus dk gd gksuk pkfg,A vkf[kj fdlh rkuk'kkg dks ns'k dh turk dh vksj ls cksyus dh vuqefr oSQls nh tk ldrh gS\



^yhx vkWo us'kal* osQ mÙkjkf/dkjh osQ :i esa la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dh LFkkiuk gqbAZ nwljs fo'o;q¼ dh lekfIr osQ rqjra ckn lu~ 1945 esa bls LFkkfir fd;k x;kA 51 ns'kksa }kjk la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k osQ ?kks"k.kki=k ij nLr[+kr djus osQ lkFk bl laxBu dh LFkkiuk gks xbZA nks fo'o;q¼ksa osQ chp ^yhx vkWo us'kal* tks ugha dj ik;k Fkk mls dj fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k us dhA la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dk mís'; gS varjkZ"Vªh; >xM+kas dks jksduk vkSj jk"Vªkas osQ chp lg;ksx dh jkg fn[kkukA bldh LFkkiuk osQ ihNs ;g vk'kk dke dj jgh Fkh fd ;g laxBu fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ chp tkjh ,sls >xM+kas dks jksdus dk dke djsxk tks vkxs pydj ;q¼ dk :i ys ldrs gSa vkSj vxj ;q¼ fNM+ gh tk, rks 'k=kqrk osQ nk;js dks lhfer djus dk dke djsxkA blosQ vykok] pwf¡ d >xM+s vDlj lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl osQ vHkko esa [kM+s gksrs gSa blfy, la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh ,d ea'kk iwjs fo'o esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dh laHkkoukvksa dks ck, x, fdlh ,d ekunaM dk ikyu djsxkA © gj lewg vius ekunaM osQ vk/kj ij LFkk;h lnL;ksa dh ,d lwph cuk,xkA (elyu tula[;k osQ ekunaM dks viukus okyk lewg ik¡p lokZf/d tula[;k okys ns'kksa dh lwph cuk,xkA) © gj lewg viuh lq>kbZ gqbZ lwph ij ,d çLrqfr djsxk vkSj crk,xk fd ;g ekunaM D;ksa viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A



vè;kidksa osQ fy, *



Nk=kksa dks lewg osQ fy, og ekunaM viukus nsa ftldh os Lo;a rjiQnkjh dj jgs gksaA



*



lHkh lwfp;ksa dh rqyuk djsa vkSj ns[ksa fd fdrus uke bu lwfp;ksa esa lk>s gSaA ;g Hkh ns[ksa fd fdruh ckj Hkkjr dk uke vk jgk gSA



*



oqQN le; ,d [kqyh ppkZ djsa fd gesa dkSu&lk ekunaM viukuk pkfg,A



tk,\ D;k HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls cjkcjh osQ çfrfuf/Ro dk ;g vFkZ gS fd ,f'k;k] vçQhdk] ykfruh vejhdk vkSj oSQjsfc;kbZ {ks=k dh ,d&,d lhV lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa gksuh pkfg,\ ,d ç'u ;g Hkh gS fd D;k egkns'kksa osQ ctk, {ks=k vkSj mi{ks=k dks çfrfuf/Ro dk vk/kj cuk;k tk,A çfrfuf/Ro dk elyk Hkwxksy osQ vk/kj ij D;ksa gy fd;k tk,\ vkfFkZd fodkl dks vk/kj ekudj ;g elyk D;ksa ugha gy fd;k tk,\ vxj vkfFkZd fodkl dks vk/kj ekusa rc Hkh dfBukbZ gSA fodkl'khy ns'k fodkl dh vyx&vyx lhfh laink vkSj ^fo'o dh lk>h fojklr* tSlh /kj.kkvksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh ih laink lk>h laink dk vFkZ gksrk gS ,slh laink ftl ij fdlh lewg osQ çR;sd lnL; dk LokfeRo gksA blosQ ihNs ewy roZQ ;g gS fd



2021–22



;g ”kk;t fl¼kar gS! gekjs ns'k esa tkjh vkj{k.k dh uhfr dh rjg! gS u\



ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr



124



yksx dgrs gSa fd ykfruh vejhdk esa ,d unh csp nh xbZA lk>h laink oSQls csph tk ldrh gS\



,sls lalk/u dh çÑfr] mi;ksx osQ Lrj vkSj j[k&j[kko osQ lanHkZ esa lewg osQ gj lnL; dks leku vf/dkj çkIr gksxa s vkSj leku mÙkjnkf;Ro fuHkkus gksxa As mnkgj.k osQ fy,] lfn;ksa osQ pyu vkSj vkilh le>nkjh ls Hkkjr osQ xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa us lk>h laink osQ lanHkZ esa vius lnL;ksa osQ vf/dkj vkSj nkf;Ro r; fd, gSAa futhdj.k] xgurj [ksrh] vkcknh dh o`f¼ vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dh fxjkoV lesr dbZ dkj.kksa ls iwjh nqfu;k esa lk>h laink dk vkdkj ?kV jgk gS] mldh xq.koÙkk vkSj xjhcksa dks mldh miyC/rk de gks jgh gSA jktdh; LokfeRo okyh oU;Hkwfe esa ikou ekus tkus okys ou&çkarj osQ okLrfod çca/u dh iqjkuh O;oLFkk lk>h laink osQ j[k&j[kko vkSj miHkksx dk Bhd&Bhd mnkgj.k gSA nf{k.k



Hkkjr osQ ou&çns'kksa esa fo|eku ikou ou&çkarjksa dk çca/u ijaijkuqlkj xzkeh.k leqnk; djrk vk jgk gSA



i;kZoj.k osQ elys ij Hkkjr dk i{k Hkkjr us 2002 esa D;ksVks çksVksdkWy (1997) ij gLrk{kj fd, vkSj bldk vuqeksnu fd;kA Hkkjr] phu vkSj vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks D;ksVks çksVksdkWy dh ckè;rkvksa ls NwV nh xbZ gS D;ksfa d vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ nkSj esa xzhugkÅl xSlksa osQ mRl”kZu osQ ekeys esa budk oqQN [+kkl ;ksxnku ugha FkkA vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ nkSj dks ekStnw k oSf'od rkio`f¼ vkSj tyok;q&ifjorZu dk ftEesnkj ekuk tkrk gSA cgjgky] D;ksVks çksVksdkWy osQ vkykspdksa us è;ku fnyk;k gS fd vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa lfgr Hkkjr vkSj



Hkkjr osQ ikou ou&çkarj cgqr ls iqjkus lektksa esa /kfeZd dkj.kksa ls çÑfr dh j{kk djus dk pyu gSA Hkkjr esa fo|eku ^ikou ou&çkarj* bl pyu osQ lqanj mnkgj.k gSaA bl çFkk esa ouksa osQ oqQN fgLlksa dks dkVk ugha tkrkA bu LFkkuksa ij nsork vFkok fdlh iq.;kRek dk okl ekuk tkrk gSA bUgsa gh ^ikou ou&çkarj* ;k ^nsoLFkku* dgk tkrk gSA bu ikou ou&çkarjksa osQ ns'kO;kih iSQyko dk vanktk bl ckr ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd ns'kHkj dh Hkk"kkvksa esa buosQ fy, vyx&vyx 'kCn gSAa bu nsoLFkkuksa dks jktLFkku esa okuh] osaQdM+h vkSj vksjku_ >kj[kaM esa tgsjk Fkku vkSj ljuk_ es?kky; esa fyaxnksg_ osQjy esa dko_ mÙkjk[kaM esa Fkku ;k nsoHkwfe vkSj egkjk"Vª esa nso jgfrl vkfn lSdM+ksa ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA i;kZoj.k&laj{k.k ls tqM+s lkfgR; esa ^nsoLFkku* osQ egÙo dks vc Lohdkj fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj bls leqnk; vk/kfjr lalk/u&çca/u osQ :i esa ns[kk tk jgk gSA ^nsoLFkku* dks ge ,sslh O;oLFkk osQ :i esa ns[k ldrs gSa ftlosQ varxZr iqjkus lekt çkÑfrd lalk/uksa dk bLrseky bl rjg djrs gSa fd ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dk lary q u cuk jgsA oqQN vuql/ a kudÙkkZvksa dk fo'okl gS fd ^nsoLFkku* dh ekU;rk ls tSo&fofo/rk vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh&laj{k.k esa gh ugha lkaLÑfrd oSfoè; dks Hkh dk;e j[kus esa enn fey ldrh gSA ^nsoLFkku* dh O;oLFkk ou&laj{k.k osQ fofHkUu rkSj&rjhdksa ls laiUu gS vkSj bl O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ lk>h laink osQ laj{k.k dh O;oLFkk ls feyrh&tqyrh gSaA ^nsoLFkku* osQ egÙo dk ijaijkxr vk/kj ,sls {ks=k dh vkè;kfRed vFkok lkaLÑfrd fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA fganw leosr :i ls çkÑfrd oLrqvksa dh iwtk djrs gSa ftlesa isM+ vkSj ou&çkUrj Hkh 'kkfey gSaA cgqr&ls eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k ^nsoLFkku* esa gqvk gSA lalk/uksa dh fojyrk ugha çÑfr osQ çfr xgjh J¼k gh og vk/kj Fkh ftlus brus ;qxksa ls ouksa dks cpk, j[kus dh çfrc¼rk dk;e j[khA cgjgky] gky osQ lkyksa esa euq";ksa dh clkgV osQ foLrkj us /hjs&/hjs ,sls ^nsoLFkkuks*a ij viuk dC”kk dj fy;k gSA u;h jk"Vªh; ou&uhfr;ksa osQ vkus osQ lkFk dbZ txgksa ij bu ijaijkxr ouksa dh igpku ean iM+us yxh gSA ^nsoLFkku* osQ çca/u esa ,d dfBu leL;k rc vkrh gS tc ,sls LFkku dk dkuwuh LokfeRo ,d osQ ikl gks vkSj O;kogkfjd fu;a=k.k fdlh nwljs osQ gkFk esa gks ;kuh dkuwuh LokfeRo jkT; dk gks vkSj O;kogkfjd fu;a=k.k leqnk; osQ gkFk esAa bu nksuksa osQ uhfrxr ekud vyx&vyx gSa vkSj ^nsoLFkku* osQ mi;ksx osQ mís';ksa esa Hkh buosQ chp dksbZ esy ughaA



2021–22



i;kZoj.k vkSj çkÑfrd lalk/u



125 vle



ikuh esa rwiQku & turk ijs'kku



eè; çns'k vkSj NÙkhlxkSrksa dks leFkZu nsuk 'kkfey gSA if'peh ns'kksa osQ jktuhfrd fparu dk osQa æh; ljksdkj ;g Fkk fd lalk/uksa rd igq¡p vck/ :i ls cuh jgs D;ksafd lksfo;r la?k bls [krjs esa Mky ldrk FkkA ,d cM+h fpark ;g Hkh Fkh fd [kkM+h osQ ns'kksa esa ekStnw rsy rFkk nf{k.kh vkSj if'peh ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa esa ekStnw [kfut ij fodflr ns'kksa dk fu;a=k.k cjdjkj jgsA 'khr;q¼ dh lekfIr vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu osQ ckn ljdkjksa dh ekStnw k fpark lqjf{kr vkiwfrZ dks cuk, j[kus dh gSA vusd [kfu”k [+kkldj jsfM;ks/ehZ [kfu”kksa ls tqM+s O;kolkf;d IkS+ Qlyksa dks ysdj Hkh ljdkjksa dks fpark lrkrh gSA cgjgky] oSf'od j.kuhfr esa rsy yxkrkj lcls egÙoiw.kZ lalk/u cuk gqvk gSA chloha lnh osQ vf/dka'k le; esa fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk rsy ij fuHkZj jghA ;g ,d txg ls nwljh txg rd igq¡pk, tk ldus okys b±/u osQ :i esa vifjgk;Z cuk jgkA rsy osQ lkFk foiqy laink tqM+h gS vkSj blh dkj.k bl ij dC”kk tekus osQ fy, jktuhfrd la?k"kZ fNM+rk gSA isVªksfy;e dk bfrgkl ;q¼ vkSj la?k"kks± dk Hkh bfrgkl gSA ;g ckr if'pe ,f'k;k vkSj eè; ,f'k;k esa lcls Li"V :i ls u”kj vkrh gSA if'pe ,f'k;k] [+kkldj [kkM+h&{ks=k fo'o osQ oqQy rsy&mRiknu dk 30 çfr'kr eqgS;k djkrk gSA bl {ks=k esa fo'o osQ Kkr rsy&HkaMkj dk 64 çfr'kr fgLlk ekStwn gS vkSj bl dkj.k ;gh ,dykSrk {ks=k gS tks rsy dh ek¡x esa [k+kl ck gS vkSj muosQ chp lSU;&la?k"kZ gksrs jgrs gSaA



,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu



ewyoklh (Indigenous People) vkSj muosQ vf/dkj



i`Foh ij ikuh dk foLrkj ”;knk vkSj Hkwfe foLrkj de gSA fiQj Hkh] dkVwZfuLV us ”kehu ikuh dh vis{kk ”;knk cM+s fgLls esa fn[kkus iQSlyk fd;k gSA ;g dkVZwu fdl rjg ikuh deh dks fpf=kr djrk gS\



dk dks dk dh



erHksn 21oha lnh esa iQlkn dh tM+ lkfcr gksAa bl thounk;h lalk/u dks ysdj fgald la?k"kZ gksus dh laHkkouk gS vkSj blh dks bafxr djus osQ fy, fo'o&jktuhfr osQ oqQN fo}kuksa us ^ty;q¼* 'kCn xh ijarq vyx&vyx f”kEesnkfj;k¡* ls D;k vfHkçk; gS\ ge bl fopkj dks dSls ykxw dj ldrs gS\a 7- oSf'od i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk ls tqM+s eqís 1990 osQ n'kd ls fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ çkFkfed ljksdkj D;ksa cu x, gSa\ 8- i`Foh dks cpkus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd fofHkUu ns'k lqyg vkSj lgdkj dh uhfr viuk,¡A i;kZoj.k osQ loky ij mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh ns'kksa osQ chp tkjh okrkZvksa dh jks'kuh esa bl dFku dh iqf"V djsaA 9- fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ lkeus lcls xaHkhj pqukSrh oSf'od i;kZoj.k dks vkxs dksbZ uqdlku igq¡pk, cxSj vkfFkZd fodkl djus dh gSA ;g dSls gks ldrk gS\ oqQN mnkgj.kksa osQ lkFk le>k,¡A



2021–22



fo'o lkekftd eap



,d eqDr vkdk'k



dksfeUVuZ tSlk laxBu cukuk [krjukd gksxk tks lewps vkanksyu dk çoDrk vkSj osaQæ ,d vksj iqjkus cuus dh dksf'k'k fdLe dh lrgh djsA okeiaFkh jktuhfr gS vkSj nwljh vksj vyx&vyx jaxksa okyh vjktdrkoknh rkdrsa gSaA budk lk>s eqíksa ij l?ku :i ls ,d gksuk ukeqefdu gSA



D;k iwt ¡ hokn dks [kRe djus dk bdykSrk rjhdk loZlÙkkoknh rkuk'kkgh gSA



uomnkjokn ubZ cksry esa iqjkuh 'kjkc gSA ;g iw¡thokn dk [krjukd :i gSA bls gj dher ij fodYiksa dh [kkst [kRe dj nsuk pkfg,A D;k ;g vkSj fuekZ.k dh yxkrkj oqQN vPNk Hkh gks ldrk gS\ pyus okyh ;g çfØ;k ge Hkh mrus gh Hkzfer gSa cgqyrk vkSj fofo/rk Hkjh ftrus dh vkiA gksxhA bldk lanHkZ xSj nyh; vkSj xSj ljdkjh gksxkA



lPph lektoknh O;oLFkk osQoy la?k"kZ ls ykbZ tk ldrh gS_ varghu vkSj fujFkZd cglksa ls ughaA



lzksr% xkscj VkbEl] Mkmu Vw vFkZ osQ iksLVj ij vk/kfjr



ifjp; iqLrd osQ bl vafre vè;k; esa ge oS'ohdj.k ij ckr djsaxsA oS'ohdj.k dh ppkZ bl iqLrd osQ dbZ vè;k;ksa esa vkSj dbZ fo"k;ksa dh iqLrd esa dh xbZ gSA ge 'kq#vkr oS'ohdj.k dh vo/kj.kk osQ fo'ys"k.k vkSj blosQ dkj.kksa dh tk¡p ls djsaxsA blosQ ckn ge oS'ohdj.k osQ jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd ifj.kkeksa dh ckr djsaxsA gekjh fnypLih ;g le>us esa Hkh gS fd oS'ohdj.k dk Hkkjr ij D;k çHkko iM+k gS vkSj Hkkjr oS'ohdj.k dks oSQls çHkkfor dj jgk gSA vkf[kj esa ge oS'ohdj.k dks ysdj gksus okys çfrjks/ ij u”kj Mkysaxs vkSj tkusaxs fd oSQls Hkkjr osQ lkekftd vkanksyu bl çfrjks/ dk fgLlk gSaA



vè;k; 9



k . j d h oS'o



2021–22



csgrj gS fd eqc a bZ çfrjks/ 2004 rFkkdfFkr fo'o lkekftd eap dk fojks/ dj jgk gSA eqc a bZ çfrjks/ us fo'o lkekftd eap osQ vyksdrkaf=kd rkSj&rjhdksa rFkk lkezkT;oknh ns'kksa vkSj cM+s O;kikj osQ /u ij bldh fuHkZjrk dks mtkxj fd;k gSA fo'o lkekftd eap lkezkT;oknh oS'ohdj.k vkSj ;q¼ osQ f[kykiQ iui jgs tq>k#iu dks iVjh ls mrkjuk vkSj vius esa gte dj ysuk pkgrk gSA lkekftd eap fo'o iwt ¡ hoknh O;oLFkk dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, la?k"kZ dks lq/kjokn dh rjiQ eksMu+ k pkgrk gSA blesa lkezkT;okfn;ksa osQ jktuhfrd vkdk vkSj dBiqryh ljdkjsa rks 'kkfey gSa ysfdu jk"Vªh; eqfDr vkanksyu osQ uqekbans ughaA



,u-th-vkslkezkT;okn osQ nyky gSaA ;s turk dks Hkjekrs&cjxkyrs gSa vkSj Hkz"V djrs gSaA



ledkyhu fo'o jktfufr



136



oS'ohdj.k dh vo/kj.kk



cgqr&ls usikyh etnwj dke djus osQ fy, Hkkjr vkrs gSaA D;k ;g oS'ohdj.k gS\



,d gÝ+rs osQ v[+kckj ij u”kj nkSM+kb, vkSj oS'ohdj.k osQ fo"k; esa tks oqQN Nik gks mldh drju ,df=kr dhft,A



tuknZu ,d dkWy&lsaVj esa dke djrk gSA og nsj nksigj esa dke osQ fy, fudyrk gS_ nÝrj esa ?kqlus osQ lkFk gh og tkWu cu tkrk gS_ u;k ygtk vf[+r;kj dj ysrk gS vkSj gtkjksa fdyksehVj nwj cls vius xzkgdksa ls ckr djus osQ fy, ,d u;h Hkk"kk cksyus yxrk gSA vius ?kj esa og u rks ;g Hkk"kk vkSj u gh bl ygts esa cksyrk gSA og lkjh jkr dke djrk gS tks njvly mlosQ fons'kh xzkgdksa osQ fy, fnu dk le; gksrk gSA tuknZu ,d ,sls vkneh dks viuh lsok çnku dj jgk gS ftlls cgqr laHko gS] og dHkh vkeus&lkeus dh eqykdkr u dj losQA ;gh mldh fnup;kZ gSA tuknZu dh Nqf^;k¡ Hkh Hkkjrh; oSQysaMj ls ugha cfYd vejhdk osQ oSQysaMj ls esy [kkrh gSa tgk¡ mlosQ xzkgd jgrs gSaA viuh ukS o"khZ;k csVh dks tUefnu dk migkj nsus osQ fy, jke/kjh ck”kkj x;k gSA mlus viuh csVh dks ,d NksVh&lh lkbfdy migkj esa nsus dk ok;nk fd;k gSA jke/kjh us ck”kkj esa tkdj ,slh lkbfdy