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FIFTY HELPS FOR THE BEGINNER IN THE USE OF THE
KOREAN LANGUAGE
ANNIE
L. A.
BAIRD
FOURTH KDITION
Pfii'r
1
:
Yrn.
PRINTED i»v
THE PUKUIN PRINTING CO LTD. .
YOKOHAMA I9II
—
—
" For thou art speech, and
*
of a
people deep of
lip
*
'
i^an lu
A
;
oi
..
'to
....:.
niany
and heavy of tongue, whose word 1*'zek
people of a deeix:r
perceive
.ipcpK
hard language,
Ihou canst not understand " "
s
sj)cccli
3:5,6. than thou can
t
of a ridiculous tongue that thou canst not
understand."
Isa,
33
:
19,
marginal reading.
FIFTY HELPS FOR THE BEGINNER IN THE USE OF THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.
This those
booklet
litUc
who have
not intended fur the eye uf
is
niadc considerable progress in tlK
study and use of Korean, but lK:Ip IIh:
All
lli.it
{x:rhaps, of tlK
prayer and
I
it
gos|x:l
we
but
First
common
contains,
with
the cxcqition,
vocabulary of religious terms, and
fully anti
iKginiv.
designed simply to
beginner to a s{K*edy use of certain
idioms.
more
is
nwy be
sentences,
found
tlic
much
carefully expresscti in oIIkt works, believe,
in
a fomi as accessible to
>.
of
following
all,
tabic.
the u»
slmlcnl
.sliuuld
recognize
at
learn
sight
character, and thus ec^uip himself for
tlic
iVuiu
the
the
written
use of Gale's
Fim' HELPS FOR THE nEGINNER
4
and
Korean- Mnglisli dictionary,
other available
all
printed helps.
tabu: op KOREAN CHARACTHRS WIIH THEIR EQUIVALENT ENOI ISH SOUNDS.* VOWELS.
^]
i
or 06,
or
i,
5
something
The vowels
^r
Ti
like
wa
character is
^ u or
ii,
or almost
^
u,
cu,
*^
silent,
J.
^6 ^]
or .1
o, .
i
-^ oo .
$^
,
with but slight sound of w, •)
C
a.
connection with each of these
in
omitted whenever the vowel
is
preceded by
a consonant. 1.
**|=i
(to
=i
*}*=:iii in father,
3.
^=0
^,
y ^f,
chip, (house),
as "Ji*
as
*y
=u in purr, as
^
in tub,
be
,
,
(pOp), custom. put, (friend) Ik)tli
far).
;
^
-S-.
^=French eu, article
as
JX
nu
kao,
(to
keu, (tlwt).
by
UatiOQ of Korean Soandt," In 7^*
Kcn^n
mu.
sounds are found
over). 4.
kipta,
!
y
prefixen^ nyun, (famine year). 17.
^1
.1
in
(ate-,
with y prefixed,
i
^I'S''
>
'
zoon, (sixty) -
r in
met with
-^-.t
jn
h\(
ne as if
till
\
it
I
,
pronounced
were a separate
however,
its
effect
S^,
letter.
is
It
often
written
has no value in
being to modify the sound
[.Kveding vowel. li
.(\it\
umlaut or deflection of vowel sound
THE BEGINNER
FIFTY HELPS FOR
8
caused by the influence of another vowel following
by an
either directly or separated
nant,
is
The
found
Korean.
in
disturbing vowel,
English,
is
i^
is
also the case in
Old
d
^
i.
a followed piip,
by
as in the
i
nominative case
by
as in the nominative case of
i
duk, (bread), approximates
o followed by
tollowcd
^
a, as
by
approximates
a,
as
yak, (medicine), approximates
yu followed
b)
pyung,
"^
**|
.
as
i
in
as
-f
the nominative case of
approxinwtes
(bottle),
a,
i,
as
-^
pagi.
as in the nominative case of
i
'^
**li dagi.
as in the nominative case of
i
|X)k, (blessing), a
tJ **)> papi.
(food) approximates a, as
u followed
\
intervening conso-
-f |.
*g
^**|.
pyingi. yf)
followed
by
i
as in
the nominative case of
yok, (abuse), approximates
a,
as -^'*|i
CONSONANTS, SivipU.
C
7
k,
a
I,
X
ch
ni,
C>
U ij.'.
n.
E
1
oi
r.
tf
p,
A
-*|-
y''ig«-
KOREAN LANGUAGE.
IN TUF.
Aspirated Consottants.
These characters are pronounced as indicates with a sharp outgoing transliterating, the arbitrary* sign
xccpt in the case of the
'
first
their nanie
of the breath.
marks the
cliaracter
In
aspiration,
which
is
a
itural aspirate.
"J*=h,as
^,
^ —k", as
3L»
j[t=p*, as
Jij,
p'i,
't=t',
5
t'at. (fault).
as
,
iKiuik, (earth).
k'6, (nose).
(blood).
^ =ch', as ^, ch'on,
(village),
Reduplicatid Consonants.
77
or
A7 =g,
^, got, (flower). ^, byu, in
as
Utf ,1 >^tf=:b, as
^ =s,
or aUnost rot,
CC
^^^
or 'sition in the word.
—
Fim' HELPS FOR THE BEGINXER
lO or
if
they occur double
in the iniildle
arc pronounced as follows
IJA),
as
fjny
\v>'l
or double medial consonants.
Initial,
y=k,
of a
:
kf.psi.
^:?]-,
.'iMic-.>.
kakk.ilc.
(each).
0=m, as ^,
mat
^^,
(taste),
.imniui.
(in
uliit
ever way).
U-^n
or
nim
or y, as V}]7f-,
1
ronic
rr-I
doubled nK?diaily
r
or n, or
When
almost
silent, as
^)
silent,
-§-1 ,.,
H
with
as Vj,
silent
,
^,
both
,„
!>•
Is
yj, (tooth).
n.iil,
(tomorrow).
doubled medially with U^ beconKs
as in the example,
H
^y,
i
.
(origin illy).
polla.
-tr^h
1,
times y
S
.,
(guest).
When
f)
„
before
-^^Ii
vowels
given atM^vc.
(-»»in|»(»uii«'*'i«
l)ccoines
r,
as *T*'^|»
iflK-twecn vowels
it
word XT 3'
as "g*^|»
t is
this thing ? (e
What
this
SI o).
*»1^-T*51^)^
will
that thing, (keu gut).
(,keu
^) *!J "T" 5J
n).
'
;
to l>cgin with.
^kcu)
^ ^I.
si
" ?
When he leaves the " Go in [xacc," l
: l>iil
1. [i)
U
[X)litc
is,
^]
**1
it is
chair, bid him.
ix:acc," that
The
the tnorning
in
(Hicry,
In return be will
give
j...ivM:R
i..i.
Please be seated."
house, he that
'K
i
"Have you
is,
ofTer
-
is
wo-
gut hkxi
KOREAN
rv TtVk
s ^) -^
^1 "a"
m.il c
II is
7^^^]^-
(chun
It
c
ni.il
jf^^]S'
kcuin
and ihc following phrases may, be
This,
c»).
prcbciit Uilk, or tense, (chi
by
clunjjed to (jucstions
^
r_\NCLAc;
is
a rising inflection merely. talk;
jMst
or.
Is
talk?
[xist
it
,
It
fuUiie talk
i-->
ui,
.
!.->
fulmc
il
talk
?
(ho!
4l
It is
"scful
,
;
.M
il
1
.
useful
?
(seul ta
is s)-
•^^1^4i ta
up
sfi).
2^^-r>!^)-^ (k.it
"'
'
I'
heun
.SLS.'IaI^I
nial I
moo
Wl.ii u
si
.
..
similar
o).
don't know.
fiiu»
lo ^cs
x.>).
word?
l6
\\
vi\
^ ^ 4l *1^
«>^l
or V^]
Jr
u
111,
1
(iil
soo up
so).
(ye).
No, (anio).
"sf "^
The
^"^
The Chinese
J3.^
icK
don't know,
I
Yes,
^ of-V^^
r>
iii.i
native written character, (kook
Several of
written character, (han moon).
I^et
^^-^^I^r
moon),
us stop, (keu miin hap sc
ta).
phrases, such as the distinctions
tliese
of tense and of niiddle talk, are not native but liave
been invented student
is
by
foreigners
m
:
unless
that
,
so fortunate as to secure one
may how to
j)erienced, he his teacher
find
that
lii"^
who
t;'erson.
''^
person.
>r
'^l
Ijowever,
by
with
reference
in the i)erson,
to
personal
— m Ablative
THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.
'
\
^
.1
'Tj
!"
••
1/
from the person.
•
lor^-ri)Al' A|ipositive
Ijeam
'''r
this
by
a -^
heart and then try to
to otlKr nouns such as (field,)
M'^f.
process
you
in
as for the person.
S
will learn
»
(horse,)
A}),
(kingdom,)
fit
these endings
3i
(bird)
(hat,)
^
In
the
etc.
the slight differences which exist
form, depending upon the letter with which
root ends.
^
Notice that the Dative
"HI is
monly used except with personal nouns. to impersonal objects the Locative
^
tlie
not com-
In reference is
preferred.
Also that with impersonal objects ^} A^ and not S]
A^ is used Make up a
t^l
for the Ablative.
of names of
list
common
objects and
conunit them to memory.
PRONOUNS. X the pronouns
Tal
H,
(you,)
nf'^h
^
^1}
(who,)
^I.)
(he.)
n'^I*
through the case endings.
^,
(I.)
runs as follows
Instru.
:
Wf
I.
...
*^il
(we,)
and put them
by
mc
;
FIITV
l8
Gen
It-S
lil
I
OK
rii:'".INNEK
llii:
my.
*4i
or Ml .^
Dat
Mi
Ace
^, M-^
mc.
H"^
as for me.
App Make
out
the
-ri]
otlici.^
tome.
-ri)
.ucoicliiv^
always securing corrcclK
to
paradigm,
this
of your teacher
s
i
on your
work.
For
the relative pronouns sec Sec. 43.
Korean languat^c
Notice that the
pronouns and learn tho fust
{-»erson, tlie
not rich in
is
to avoiti the use of
them
especially
except where absoUitely necessary to
thought
VERBS. CONJUGATION OF lirst in
\1 UI-.
"$
order comes the gait veio
plays so important n part
in
^ '^r
a (.u-'
and
^^r follow,
which
'^r
Korean.
n (.im
.mu
third.
Let us take up fust the form of the verb used to ehildron and
known
as the
Form.
LiKi'
"^
Present
^|-
[t"^]]
I
M
''
v
:
>'^"'
•
^'''
>.
'''' ^^^^^^
^^ ^^
IN
sit
Future
THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.
"t^
"^ .
did or made.
^^V
I.
you,
etc.
^V
I,
you,
etc. will
"iJl
. .
19
do or make.
Imperative, "J" c-j Ej-
"^ ^r
make or do. us make or
let
do.
Relative larticipUs. Present
"^cl
Past
"5
making, doing
made, done. be made or done. labout to be made or done. I [to
Future
-
, _^
Imperfect Pcrft'
"%
^ r^ ..^^^ y
^
•froj:
"o"
^
1]
fmade or was |^,^^^, 'ri
^^
niaking.
^^ ^^j^^
made, done.
making,
mide
doing or
done
lioin^;, iiuiking.
deed, action.
or
liaving
20
THE
FIFTY HELPS FOR
>| ^\,
I
Low
A>J,
BEGINNF.R
HAVE.
I
FortPt.
ludicatii'c,
^C> ^
IVcscnt
^>;s}c).
^ ^
I'ast
'—
you he, etc. Jam or nave. (I. you he etc.
{I,
'
'
^j-5!-v
eJ-H^F
^ '^r
(was or had.
{'•roVsL,"''" I
let
us be or have.
Relative Participles. Present
being or having.
>]
"s
about to be or have.
>i|
^
^^
Past I'uture
Imperfect 1
fe
>!
. .
Vrfcct
.
been or had.
been or had.
>t!^^
been or
luid.
Verbal Participle.
^X^ t\ iJ Verbal
I,
•
jliaviiif;
being. been or K.,
It!
noufis.
^"^1
being
$J^
Ihclxiing.
IN
THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.
y ^\,
AM NOT,
I
HAVE NOT.
I
Lozo Form. Indicative.
Present
^ ^l"
Past
^^^\ ^ ^
:...(I'y°"' ^' *^t^;' have not or am not. \
'
'
Future
^^ll^V " '
jl.
you.
\
was
j^' \
Impcratiic
T"'
etc.
had not or
not.
^^^
"""'
''^''i
have or be.
not in use.
Relative lartuiples. Present
vl
not having or being.
cl
^^
I'ast
not had or been.
Future
^&
about not to have or
Imperfect..
^
't!
not liad or been.
Perfect
y^^
not have or been.
be-.
Verbal Participle.
/
'iri'iil
tA iJ
[not having, not l^'ing,
ojijij *y A] Al
I
luving had, or not liaving been.
o*" "!
am or
have.
"^ ^1 '^M'
">!
.o] A,
you. etc. was or had. ul ,-L n« you- etc. shall be or
*i!^i'^-I'^r| .
you* ^tc.
"^^
^1
^1*
h.^,,e. I
x-t
us be.
High Form. In
^^^^"
'q'^-l^r
T^
"JJOJ-^H^H
Pulun
uI,-l|I. you, etc. shall not ^T}!-&VIc).| ^.^,,hall not have.
>^-ji
>».
'\
have
had
not.
not.
THE DEGINNER
F-imv IIKLPS I'OK
24
not in use.
Imperative
interrogative forms of these
Iklow are the
three
verbs, low, middle and high.
Interrogative Form.
Low, (do
Present
j_ V ,1 M= T
p^^. ^"^^
-fr
Future
f^ V-t
,
"»
ed i^ >« -
\
U: »
I,
you,
etc.
ntake
o^do?
i^'^ O'* ^^ve I you, "'\ etc. made or done ?
"*'"*"" •••{"''"•/dr'
Middle, Exactly the same as middle Indicative with rising inflection.
High, \^^'
y^"'
Present
S
ui -it '''
P^t
^
^3
Future
"?^!-&^|7f{""^/dor
Present
^X^^ ^ /d ^ ^ M: ^ V M:
-*•
"»
o
\
-I /rj
^'
^^ ^r
*^^^'
make? etc.
made or done. '''•"''^'
Past
Future
J
"*
""j!
jhave^I or a,n
('''' ^' etc. \
'
..
will
I
'"' ''''''
^'
he or luvi
^'''"'
'
IN
THE KOREAN
L^l^^V
Whisper
-^-gr-^-fet^l-
Command
"^'^l"*"'^}-
Persuade
^^'^^l-
Cha.-
^i:*^hH^l-
Follow
^^£?7)-^V-^
' ,
'
Push
Vi ^1-
Pull
^^^h^V^iu).
Hurt
^^'t'^}
Kill
^^)^^
1
28
riFlY IIEU-S FOR THE BEGINNER
Ik
bom
y^}"
To
live
"^j"^}*
^larry
^^f^?
Die
-^c).
Bury
^i>^f ^}-
Come ..
out
V^jJ-^]*
in
JE.elJLC)-
Goout Go in Go up
-f M-7f4
Godown
V^i7^t:l
Buy
^}^}
Sell
^'^I-
Vf^F^l* H2-|7|-t|-
Sew
^y^^At"^}
Wash
AfV)-*-c).
Iron
^\^^lt'^}
Ask
-T-^^^F
Answer
'^I'^''^^
Get
Ask
,
for
y^^l-
•?'"?^h
IN
THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.
Borrow
^i^\
Steal
B.^A^it^\
Earn
^^\
Give
'^^I-
Receive
^i^\
Try
f^^^l-
^t^\
Fail
To
29
feel
with the hand..
H ^ " ^1 ^1" -^KKV
Strike
Remember
^7A^ ^]^\ ^^'t^V
Throw away
^H
Forget
^ ^1 ^V ^i-*l«^I^V
Lose Find or seek
for
^Hl^V
Conquer
**1^^V
Be
beaten
^1 ^V
To
dry..
~Erot.
^^S^V ^^\
X
IIFIY HELPS FOK
JO
THE BEGINNER
Toshut
^^}
To
*M '^f
open
Grow Bloom
^f'^1'^1'
$lci
Fade
A^l:?^)!^)-
Ripen
}4^\
Know
^^H^i^V) ^S^^f
Not know
^ A T^^-^xi^y
Perceive
^l*
Guess Bring
1\7.^^^\
Take
l}-:^^!}^}
Send
A'-H'^f
Await
l]
Prepare for
^)»^I"|"^f
Welcome
'^1^'^^f
^S]c|.
ADJECTIVAL VERBS. When
a Korean wishes to use a predicate adjective
he fuses his copula and adjective into one word and casts
it
into
a
verbal
form.
Thus
the
Knglish
—
IN
"It
is
THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.
good" becomes 5,^} and
the main as follows
is
31
conjugated
in
:
Indicative, Pres.
5.""^r.
Past
5l
I.
he, she, etc.
am
good.
was good.
SiT^i'
I'
you» he,
etc.
Future ^.^l'^)". Verbal participle,
I.
you, he,
etc. shall
^©r
be good.
good.
Relative participle,
Present
1
Past
l-^-c: good.
Future
These
-- ^t
^^
good.
adjectival verbs can
be run through
changes of low, middle and high etc. list
It will
be good practice to
ail
the
talk, interrark
^§^1-
Black
^^\
White
^]^\
Old
^^l-
Young
^4
ad
'^^\
New
^^-f-^V
Beautiful
^h S '^''^^V ^^\
Hateful...
,
of.
False
'H^^'^^h
True..
^^i4
Fierce
^}S^^^\
FIFTY HELPS FOR
34
THE BEGINNER
Right
-i:^)-
Wrong
:3.Hc].
Good
^f ^V
IJad
^-^t"^}
Ignorant
-'t^'^^V
Ixarned
•fr'M't''^)'
Wise
:^1^l-t^l-
Foolish
^H^I^^V
Early
^'^V
Late
-^"^y
Near
TJIJ-'^V
Far
^^1-
'
High
-^^V
Low
>^^r
Sorry
^J^Jf^>
Glad
^i-U^I-
Cheap
M'^^} ^J>^K
T^
IN
THE KOREAN XANGUAGE.
35
Few Many
..
Easy Difficult
^^^\ " H^^^l"
Peaceful
^^J^"**^!*
Agitated
'3''y"?"4
Clean
^"I'^V
Dirty
^i^^V
Weak
^'t"'^V
Strong
li't^\
Deep Shallow
T]^f ^'^V
Useful
-fr
Useless
Bus> Idle
Slov Fast
'-!*=>
—
—
MI TY HELPS FOR THE DEGINNER
36
Heavy
"T" *t}
^V
Light
1}^
y=t:).
^HSj'iV Sg"*'^f
Soft
Hard
^^'^^\ M^'^^f
DefKient
Enough
ADVERBS. Having
familiarized yourself with the
adjectival verbs,
you
your own adverbial
by adding Thus
will
be
in
a position to
derivatives,
the syllable "H]
above
list
of
make up
which you can do
to the root of the verb.
:
^-H)
IJttle.
BLl\\
Greatly.
^"^-rt)
Prettily.
Etc.
Or,
many
ia "^j.
'Sr
adjectival verbs admit an adverbial
Thus
:
"^1
Gently.
-g:^*| 'jiiyM
Entirely.
Near. Etc.
form
—
tOREAN LANGUAGE.
LIST OF ADVERBS. Some Adverbs
in constant use are
:
**)^^^1
Thus,
-^2:1^^1
That way.
this
way.
^j^di Quickly, at once.
37
FIFTY HELPS FOR
3$
^\
\
THE BEGINNER
All.
V)-^
Too much,
tj
More.
^
Less.
^^*^l
^
again,
still
more.
I
Also, too.
Sl. C-|
And,
too.
So much
-^
2.-S-
A
^\^\
Perhaps.
^
Possibly.
•tII
Why.
the more.
little.
^^]
Where.
^^
When.
-t"^^)
Unexpectedly.
Together,
*11i
Like.
A^^\
Like,
^ yi
I
tlie
Almost
all
at once.
same
as.
altogether, nearly.
IN TIIE
KOREAN LANGUAGE.
On
^
,i 5-
39
purpose, purposely.
Of necessity.
1
Naturally, of
Little
by
little.
Just now, a
As
1^1 Ol«?*^
itself.
moment
ago.
yet.
When ? When? ..
Already.
..
Always.
What time?
This time. That time.
1
FIFTY HELPS FOR
40 >t!
'^r'^r
THE BEGINNER
Presently, in
-S-^l
I-ong.
^>^1^1
These days.
?J^
Often.
jjL
Immediately.
f
a
moment
I
O
I
Ej
In advance.
•S-^
^^^]
At At
first.
last
''°"'
7^]^ 4-^1
Soon.
^\'^]
Again, once more.
^5.
Back.
^
In a
Zr
moment
^f-g'^^l
After.
^ "^
There, yonder.
^1^1
1
.
IN
THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.
4I
JPOSTPOSITIONS; The
following
is
a
list
of postpositions, so called
because they follow the noun instead of preceding
it
as in English.
^*^| T"^|
Under.
^1*^1
Behind.
^^1
In front
y
At thesideof.
Over, or on top
*^|
of.
of.
^F^l^I
Below.
^
In'the middle of, between.
^\
...1
'"^
1\^ ^*^1
Inside.
^>*-I
Without
^**"^
On
•^l"*"^
For the sake
XJj^
account
.
T^>**-7
of. of.
Outside.
-lie)
Between, as -?• (between us.)
UH
Across.
^Ml
^I
FIFTY HELPS FOR
42
THE BEGINNLK
^l^^l,
After, as
"^-^^^^I
(after
this.)
^ ^1
^^1
IJcforeas
•^-^M)
During.
^^]
After. /»>:•'>
^n 5.
According
«>)
ihcfore
this.)
5.» '\
J
Commit
(just as
To, as to
/
these
With these
words perfectly
to, as
to
^§
you
^
please.)
sjxiak /o a [xirson.
memory.
preliminaries let us begin the process of
language building.
1.
lA-^Aii
This
is,
"
literally,
Doing means
valent to our English expression,
The
negative form
"J
^ ^ 4:
Take
these
two
It
Your
piDiuiiicialion.
and
equi-
is
can be done."
cannot be dune.
foini*;
•^f-Sr^l'^.
'^\E,^' and
It
is
variations of T^l-g"
"S,
are,"
"
nnd run thcin through
^. ^^ ^. -S-^^l-
Uaclicr
will
^^
all
Also ilnough suggest
the
X?
tn
the result
is
is it,
and
at first thought.
Notice the invariable construction of Korean senres. First, if,
the subject,
there are any.
lificrs, if
For example
expressed, preceded
Then
person whom A pers(
by
its
the object, preceded
any, and lastly the verb. s
It is
not
It is
not deep.
ami
like the
far.
i:tc.
Tile student will find
advantageous to accustom
it
by sound
himself to learn
with this in view
rather than
by
sight,
writing out of exercises.
Committing them and
them aloud as rapidly as
possible will be
Take
frequent
find profitable.
for study.
:r
Use
Remember
practice than this.
The
the
terms on
p.
You
cannot
origi-
have
short vocabulary of
83 and the other
lists
of words
presented will be found useful for this purpose.
words and terms which you
day. 6.
these are only suggestions
form.
rre in
better.
any way that you may
in
with each
sligious
much
But do not omit the construction of
sentences
nal
reciting
and vary the routine of
reviews,
study herein suggested
and
much
be well to avoid too
will
it
l^S5!4i Doing mind
is.
It^rn
from day to
52
1
rv
II
Doing
;
' '
luind
-
is
K
'
-1111.
nut.
lujuivalcnt in our ICnglish idiom
mind
to do, (thus or so)." "
I
lo.
"
I
li.ivc
a
have no mind to do.
(thus or so)."
Applications of this useful form will speedily suggest themselves.
have a mind to go up to the (IJuddhi
I
temple.
*5
have no mind to
I
I
you no mind
lave [)
rot her
-%
'
I
Applications
help your young'
wish to do,
C —»—
you, we,
I,
to
?
you, w
I,
try.
etc.,
do not wish
:
VVe wish to see your house.
'
I
'
not
'
\\;»nt
to do.
^
1 )i
8.
1
\'i
wanf to
HI
•
'1 >
to
tin-
I
lir
53
-
flit] it )oin^
is
easy.
Doin;;
is
hard.
1
Idioniaticallv. " It
is
easy to do," "
Wrong
doing
l'.ating
medicine
say, "
difficult,
is
It is liard
or as uc would
to take medicine."
good
It is
hideous to look
b good
hard to do."
suggest allied forms such
It is
It
It is
easy.
is
>ur teacher to
to look
as.
at.
at.
to hear.
Ktc.
Run
these
through
^^pi'iMtive fornK, thus
Hi
TJSNGUAGE.
^N'
tin
v.nious
tenses
;
'^"ll'y^l *y"4l
It is iK)t ca.
with
ihe
.
riFTV ITETPS FOR TTIE nECINNKR
54
"? ll
H ^ ^1 ^4l-
It is
^llS.*1^4l
It is
^1)^7^]
^^
It IS
:^ l] 5. ^1
^"41
It is
not hard to do. not
good
to see.
not hideous to sec.
not
good
to
lieai
f^^51l4l
9.
you do, (thus or
If
This
is
so)
convenient to use
giving directions, and
is
a
if, it
be good.
will
a wish, or
in exj^ressing eh'cf
i
of the imperative forms. conditional
it
in
from the constmt use
Ifcing equivalent
our
to
opens up a wide range of expression
If
he comes
If
you
it
will
be well.
will call the chair coolies,
i
will
go
at
once
It
he does the work
I will
If
he revcrcrKes his
|)arents, is
Tliis
form
10.
f -H-^
This since
form
will
\\\c\-
is
give him the wages.
be found of endless
given
in
Ixith roiu'cv the
it
not well
use.
connection
ideaof
?
oiir
uilii .'V".
-jru^^
huf fluMc
is
;
THE KORBAN LANGUAGE.
IN
in their
iin{x>rtant difference
wider
i(
a
ienoting either
choice as, I
result,
-^
•''
of the condition stated, a
result
nev'cr followed
is
"^"^
use.
be followed by a clause
with the speaker or a
rcslinjT
"i" 'j\
may
and
apiilication
55
command
by a
where-
;
clause denoting
but always a choice resting with the speaker
or by a command.
If
it
is
cold
I
will
If tlie
room
is
door, (that
shut the
the speaker chooses to
warm
do
is,
so).
stop the
fire,
tlut
is,
do
'^
"'>^
not start any more.
This difference
in the
use of
easy for forcigiKMs, but that l)e
easily verified
sentence
^
it is
by proposing
to
and
a very
your
ntT real
may
one
teaclier
such a
n*^
which "n "CT '^ Allowed by must always be foJloweti by a choice or
or any other sentence I
result.
I
command.
It
If
only you I
.r,
in
will
very often,
do, (thus or so)
You must do
it
will
(thus or
do
so).
}
This
KELPS FOK
Fir-TV
$6 is
also a |>lcasant
rj-CINNEK
Till:
way
of expressing a wi
'
a necessity, or of givinjj an order.
there
If oiil)'
If
I
you
will
will
he
-v-
something to
but worship the
eat,
to
do
it.
to do, or, to let to do.
uFv^^if Hi-fi I
1
lave her
had
it
do
all
the sewing.
done yesterday.
Let the carjx^ntcr come
To
1
in.
intend to do, (thus or so).
am
intending to write a
I
spirits
|)caccful.
must have the money
To make
A
is
letter.
will eat
it.
the house
—
IcnHFAV
FN Tin*
When An
o"r]
U|
This
^
«^1
woman
nioon.
Sf -S iS. fe:
*t|
pretended not to
f ^ 4: know kook-
—
•
IN
THE KORKAN L^GUAGE.
6^
Future tense.
who
Those 22.
The
know
will
pretend to know,
^
t^'-Jeifi I
fear this or that
T
fear ho will
I (car
will
don't
he
will
is
liapiKjnin^ or will h»ip|»cn.
only waste his strength.
not conic.
contrasting expression, to hope that this or that
happen,
I
I
:
—
hope the nian of that house
The form tease
is
is
will
conic back,
naturally expresses the future idea.
expressed as follows
hojx.'d that the
Since no
letter
The
:
barley crop had turned out well.
lias
conie,
her husband has died.
site
will
fear tliat
.
FIFH' HELPS FOR
64 Notice
in
THE BEGINNER
these sentences that
and fearing as well as
all
all
tenses of hoping
tenses of the thing
hoiwd or
feared, arc expressed.
Similar forms are
"f
M ^ 4l, 1 ^ ^
ing, ex[3ecting
23. This
and
and other verbsof hop-
fearing.
t^T.] is
-
/
used to express our whether, and very often
equals n'hether or not,
or
^>^
-T"
^ 4l, '%^l]^^]X,
by taking on
*fH "? cl^l
•
-5''^fe>^l 'el-
f
fe: T^l
Whether he
4^ is
*
•*•
fe 7^1 iZ.5.Tfl4l doing well or badly, I do not
know.
1
don't
C. ^1 atlded gives
q"
know whether he
going or
not.
to the root of the jjast tense "*"
^ C.^1
.
Whether he
M
These forms are used a sentence.
As
:
for joining unequal parts of
—
*fv y ^
4? -t.*
Obeying the
will
Comtnandnjcnts
Having
left
Note well that
and one reads it badly.
went by boat and by land.
soldiers
-t^.
well,
in
#t
'^ -y-^i -a -I:
of God, he keeps the
Ten
well.
honie he went to a distant place.
each of these sentences the two
verbs have the same subject, and case where the
J
{larticiple
is
this
is
always the
derived from an active
verb, except in occasional instances where the verb,
though active meaning.
in
form
may be
strongly adjectival in
Generally speaking, the clause immediately
following an active
participle,
must have the same
subject as the participle.
Where ^vcrb,
the {larticiple
is
derived fn
however, tlK subject of
tlic
following clause
—
FIFTY HELPS FOR THE BEGINNER
72 iiMiy
may
or
instance
not be
tlic
For
as the participle.
Stiiiic
—
:
The
flower being beautiful,
ing
it, (literally,
plucking
I
like
feci
pluck
niind arises).
Or:—
The of
flower being beautiful,
man
34. tcl^l S^^' A form very much used
and indicating
written,
a
comma and
said
s|x:cch
it
a [)ause.
makes
in
in narrative,
print a
may be As
the
mind
equivalent
translated
to
by
spoken
t)i
pause longer than
not so long as a period.
be about
to
it
^^'
glad.
It
may
a semi-colon.
" and " or simply
be In
by
:
Tlicy are liaving a feast how, and have pre
pared several kinds of nice food.
A sorrowful laugh
?
aflair lias
occurred
;
why do you
—
IN
The
THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.
and future tenses are formed as one would
past
expect:
t^^ H
^1 ^d. ^1 ai ^i>M t' ^1 The baptisnul ceremony has already been performed you have come late.
t
;
era a.-^ fe: «| t will
I
i
use
bought 35.
t^1'4
An
ending used
something which
it
tomorrow and
not yet
liave
it
I
in
^leaking to another person of
know
to be a fact, but
which they
have not seen or known.
oi 5f -ft^m*)) -t e| American
In
making
The \xAitc form
i -5 i
schools
tlK* least
for the
they
goite for
a walk.
is ?
^\.
^
.
FIFTY HELPS FOR THE DEGIKNER
74
The
interrogative forms,
used in enquiring
which
am
I
known.
high and low, arc also
another about something of
ignorant,
but which
he has seen or
Thus, to a child,
Where
He
36.
of
has your father gone
?
has gone to a village.
Is
it
It
is.
in
t" ^1
the church
M ^*
A past imperfect 35 and used like
?
-—
'
connective, corresponding to
it
to convey the idea of sonK:thii\
known by the Translated by " and." seen or
speaker but not by the
&H
^^'^^ ji
"^i
M "I'^i)
Yang Ssi believed and attended now her hii'^bnnd, too, trusts Notice
th.it tin
No
r
.1,
.
N.,^.
,.
im.
fe:
listener.
^€5.
(church,) and in Testis.
..,..
.^
I
IN
used
in
the
first
THE KOREAN LANGUAGE. This
person.
75 ht)wcvcr,
not true,
is
of the following form.
t^^lM
37.
This
is
force as
persons.
1
a past perfcci cunnn-uvi
No. 36 except
For
(or he,)
that
it
and
the sanie
Ills
can be used with
all
instance,
wept and prayed and
very comnionly used when
God
licanl.
the speaker
It
is
wishes to
convey the idea that a change has taken place, and is
translated
by "
but."
FurnK-rly
1
being old,
:
—
worked a great I
deal,
but
row
cannot.
t^>M
38.
A
As
connective used to indicate simultaneous action.
As:— As
lie
was going
a book.
aloti^
tli
!
-fe
Drinking and gambling are upright
man ought
H^ nMH1''^' ^''^ ^) 5.^, ;
Kim
;
Lower forms
1lA=lSl'^.
In addressing an audience useful purpose.
mother of so and
or
descendant of
for these latter
'S^^'lH^M-
^ 2.-]-^-^'>|
answers a
THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.
IN
50. To offer an apology
in acceptable fashion is not
accomplished as the foreigner literal
83
rendering of our "
apt to
is
am
I
tliink,
sorry."
If
a
by a
Korean
wishes to express regret for some omission or con> mission, he says simply,
^^ -^ "^
Or
have not done well."
if
elevated turn of expression he
S-,
that
is.
" Avoid,"
LIST
Angry,
may
say,
"^
to be,
Je.'**-SL
/^ Sl
Baptism,
^I ^| >**|S^1-^^
Baptize,
Baptized, to be, Believe, to,
Believer.
^\ ^I
^4l
^ >Ji ^1 4" >J cl
^^f
^-^
Bless, to,
^'f-S-
Blessed, to be.
-^Hl^l
Blessing,
-^
Bow,
'^i'^S-
to,
"
I
^ ^\^\
" overlook the fault."
^/r
Apostle,
Bible,
tliat is,
OF RELIGIOUS TERMS.
^ ^,
Angel,
or,
^ 4l>
he wishes to use a more
t
,
ji^-.
5Si
^•
FIFrV HELPS FOR
84
Born
"H
^ M'-fi-
i]
^.
again, to be,
-^*j
Buddha,
-^ J£
Buddhism,
Church
THE nEGINNEK
building,
Commit,
^
to, as sin,
>5 -^ "^
Confess, to,
Confucius,
"S"
^
,
"q"
Congregation
jH 5] /J ;^
"?]
7)-
Destruction,
^
^
^] ^^
,
H^^ Ji,
J5.
to, as destruction,
^^t.
Etemallife,
^
-^B.
Doctrine,
Eternal,
"*"
^J"
^ ^J""?
Disobey.
Escape,
>fc
^"J-^S"^!^
to,
Destroyed, to be,
Disciple,
yf^
^ «J-^ ie)-7f>a
Crucified, to be,
Destroy,
^^
^^^^h^^)^
Crucify, to.
Demon,
S^,
^
-y-
-^ Mt^.
to.
85
^t S.
"**-"M|
y^
"^^
J
to
demons,
THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.
Suv.our.
-^-^-^-y*
Sing,
:^^]^S^
to.
^
Sin,
^1^>L
51^-t-S-.
Sin. to.
^ ^1 ^ ^^ t Son of God. -^fVy^^H ^1
Sinner,
Soul.
H 3. ^ o^ 1 -t
•*F vr
God
were many lie loved
sins
I
THE BEGINNER
t ^ ^fjx-g e^l-t "U * T}!>L
can we ref>ay such kindness
must do according
to the
?
word of Jesus.
«•
s.
VVc must
realize
our
sinfulness,
and
Iiaving repented
IN
we
THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.
believe in Jesus
we
will
go
89
to Heaven.
D wc do
If
not believe in
but to
As
fall
I
liin
there
for these words, tliey are not the
They
is
nothing for us
into hell.
words of
nian.
are the words of God.
It will
be good practice for the student to take these
sentences and join them by the proj)er connectives, as had been already done in the following.
PRAYER SENTENCES. '
>ur l-athcr
which
4V y ^ l-orgive
the
-H)
art in
Heaven.
^ -g 51 # Af -* c^ ^^A) a
sins
tlut
we have
coiimiitted
against
Thee, and,
i\%.^A
V
V %
c|.A)
«?) 7^1
?i «1
t "! ^-^iL
FIFTY HELPS FOR
90
We
know
we pray
that
are
weak and
that thou will help
foolish,
and teach
moment, 1 ^1 -a i *! £ * *^ ?•
Leave us not
*F S but
we
THE BEGINNER
lead
and,
us.
for a
us
•S-'^l
we pray Thee, along
i1
the
€ «l
path
to
Heaven.
I
Iclp us to forgive the sins of others, and,
-^1-
f
'^>
grant that
I
1 -I- -^ we may
21 -S-
^ 2 *l ^ ^i t t -Hi
love others as ourselves.
lave pity upon those
who know
not and trust not
Jesus, and,
grant
tliat
they
may
of the Bible.
hear and understand the wonl
1
THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.
IN
Realizing their
sinfulrxrss,
coming and confessing
51
-^f
f -i: 51
do Thou grant
-HI
9
and,
to Jesus,
t H -f -S-'^hl # "1 -S-3L receive forgiveness for
that they niay
their sins, and,
*£ All /.fl si ^} also,
m
make them
-*• a:)
-^ -g- /-hi
become new
to
^ ^ V| U)
persons,
we pray
Thee.
-S-jL
From
the official class to the
Koreans become
*K
"d ^it 3| «F
make them
to
believers,
ii ^1
know
common
that
people
may
and
1 H y^,^,H.^,
etc.,
These words have
words as " r
fel
»
*^ T"
H
»
to excess, should be avoided.
their place
but not to the extent
by foreigners. The 4l endings should not be exclusively used any longer than you can help. Notice that 7*] S-t
that they are used
a
somewhat higher form, can be used
in all
in place
of
4l
but interrogative forms, and furnishes a pleasing
variety to the listener.
Sometimes new comers
inuigine that
or degrading to the recipient
and thus
fall
low
talk
hesitation.
in
its
is
low
our sense of the word,
into the error of refusing to use
entirely acceptiblc
without
in
place,
it.
It fa
and should be used
THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.
IN
Do
not neglect any oppui tunity to exercise yourselt
high and low forms, the
in the use of
children, boys, and, in theory, to
As
latter
always to
servants.
all
a matter of practice, however, friend talk should
true
especially distinctions
Seoul, but
women
men and
be used to
is
g^
it is
country
in
much
are
less
where
is
class
sharply drawn than in cases
where the desire
relation of friend
rather than that
applicable in
to emphasize the
This
servants.
districts,
all
of servant and served.
Aged men and women among your will afford valuable
You
forms.
occasion for the use of the highest
will lose
of Koreans, even
acquaintances
if
nothing
by
it
in the estimation
the person's actual
rank
is
not
high.
Avoid the use of
half talk until
you have had
derable practice of the proper forms.
you
after
do
know
just
how,
when
It
consi-
can be used
and where
to
it
Get
rid
of your
first
poor makeshifts just as soon as
you have learned something of
construction
better.
Weed
and pronunciation as
out errors
fast
as
you
can.
Do
not allow the Koreans
habitually talk
to
which you arc
1^
whom you
continue to use to
you
talk with
the imperfect
at present obliged to use to
them.
HELPS FOR THE BEGINNER
FIFIA'
94 In-ist that
they shall talk slowly, and simply, but
in
good, idiomatic Korean.
Avoid the sad mistake of and do not
teacher,
interjections
your
I'.nglish to
your own speech with
interlard
Ah
Well," " Oh," "
as, "
such
talking
" " Yes,"
etc.
A
Ifewarc of the faults of other foreigners.
many
we took them from a we heard them from a
faulty transliteration, or
because just as
ing the pronunciation verified
Do
good
of us are mispronouncing words yet, simply
not
They
assistance.
know, that you
go
to
hesitate
to
native.
older niLssionaries for
more anxious than you can a good start and have a
are
shall
foreigner, instead of hav-
by a
make
better chance at the language than they
had them-
selves.
Learn as many Chinese characters as you can,
any
but at
^, enable
rate,
learn
names,
Ihcir
'^S-^. ^H-;?, you
to
recognize
the
^rS'
as
This
etc.
will
meaning of Chinese
when you hear or see tliem. For insyou know that the Chinese equivalent of
derivatives
tmcc,
^}^
if
is
vl»
great mental
and of
agility
to
^ S
is
grasp
^,
the
it
fact
requires no that
^I '^
probably means " man's mind."
Do
not be satisfied with
what
is
sometimes cuphe-
IN
styled a "
ically
the language. falls
THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.
95
good working knowledge " of that a knowledge which
Remember
short of being able to say easily and well
you want
to say,
is
not a
'•
all
that
good working knowledge
"
of the language.
Avoid your
all
and
You may do
too.
you can
the mistake of thinking that literary
so,
and
of the language, but you
attain to
will
Koreans do, without some
gratify
and learn Korean
social tastes
a " pigeon " use
never talk Korean as the
sacrifice.
It is
the greatest
of undertakings, but with pains, prayer, perseverance,
and right methods of study, every one has the right to Drudge faithfully through expect to accomplish it. the
first
three years,
and
promised land, tho' yet
and study
will
be
a
end of that time, the
at the
for distant,
pleasure
will
and
be
in view,
acquisition
a
delight.
Read
the church paper in the vernacular regulariy,
and thus keep informed
at
first
hand as to what your
people are thinking and doing. It
may not
be
out
of
place
in
booklet
a
intended for the help of newcomers, to mention a few points
which most of us are naturally a
apprehend.
Koreans, as a people, are
little
slow to
much more
attentive to all the niceties of etiquette than
t\\c
West-
ern nations from which we come, and unless we wish
If'
FIFn' HELPS FOR
96 to
make
THE BEGINNER
a very unfavorable impression,
we must
culti-
vate a similar punctiliousness.
For
instance,
never
to salute
fail
other Koreans of similar rank,
find yourself
not in a hurried fashion, and perhaps
in their presence,
half turning
your teacher, or
when you
away
as
you speak, but standing properly
facing them, and with
due dcliberateness.
Always acknowledge
all
politdy proffered saluta-
from high or low.
tioas
Do
not, as a rule, salute children
or servants
first,
but expect and return their salutatioas. In meeting and talking with Koreans, pay especial attention to the
woman, ture,
rising
aged among them whether man or
when they
and addressing them
When
in
a
enter and take tl^ir deparin the best
mixed company
language.
of foreigners and
Koreans, be careful not to devote yourself to the
former to the exclusion of the
We
should take care not to offend the best social
customs of the people. it is
latter.
Whatever may be
the reason,
often unfortunately true that foieigncrs are tempted
to greater freedom of behavior than in their countries, whereas
much more
own home
carefulness should be
observed. In encounters
between foreign men and
women on
the street, dignified reserve should be the rule, and on
^B|
IN
97
Koreans are onlookers,
wlicrc
occasions
all
THE KOREAN LANGUAGE.
ladies
and gentlemen
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