Intensive Writing Materials and Assignment [PDF]

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COMPARISON PARAGRAPH A comparison paragraph is a paragraph which compares and discusses about two things. This paragraph tells not only their similarities, but also their differences. This can be combined in one paragraph, or this can be in two or more different paragraphs. There is also a pattern of paragraph which discusses only about the differences of two things. It is known as a contrast paragraph. Below are some transitional words when talking about similarities in a comparison paragraph:  in the same way  and, also, in addition  as well as  both, neither  each of  just as...so  similarly  like  too  the same  as  in common There are also various transitional words used when talking about differences in comparison or contrast paragraph:  although  whereas  but  however  conversely  on the other hand  in contrast  while  yet  unlike  instead  than  rather Examples paragraph: My Brothers There are many differences and likenesses between my two brothers. Glenn, my eldest brother, was very rebellious as a teenager. For example, he would go out drinking all night with his buddies, and was always looking for trouble. Eric, whom is older than me, but younger than Glenn, was not rebellious as a teenager. A couple of examples are the fact that Eric always put his academics ahead of everything and stayed out of trouble. Glenn did not attend college, but



pursued a career in the military. Whereas Eric did attend college, became a pharmacist, and is in the Army National Guard. They are both religious, but Glenn is a Catholic who speaks with anyone and everyone about his religion, and Eric is a Christian who lets you believe what you believe. Glenn is a very “manly” person. He hides his emotions, is very handy around the house, and runs his family in the military style. Eric is a “semi-feminine” person. He shows his emotions, hires someone else to fix things around the house, and does not run his home in the military life style. Glenn is overly protective of his family. Eric is protective, but not overly protective of his family. Both Glenn and Eric have a wonderful sense of humor. There is never a dull moment when they are in the same room. Another likeness is that they both have served time in Iraq. They went over to Iraq within one month of each other, and are coming home within one or two months of each other. It has been very difficult for our family having the only two boys in Iraq. Glenn and Eric are both married to their high school sweethearts, and have had large families. Glenn has three boys, and one girl. Eric has three girls. Lastly, they both own beautiful homes that are comfortable for their family sizes. My brothers are very different, yet similar.



ASSIGNMENT: 1. Make one paragraph tell about the differences between your life when you were in high school and your life today in the university! Your paragraph must have at least six (6) sentences. Underline the transitional words you use in the paragraph!



GIVING OPINION



Giving opinion is a dialogue used to tell others about one’s idea, thought, argument, or feeling about something. The words used in writing opinion and argument are:  I think .......  I feel .........  In my opinion, .........  From my point of view, .........  If I had my view, ........... Giving opinion of two different things or situation will be quite complex. The paragraph should have the expression of the idea as well as the transitional words of those two things which being compared. Example: “I think, our school would be better if it has a student council to facilitate us to share our thoughts, ideas, interests, and concerns with the teachers and the school principal like the SMA Neg. 2 Kolaka has.” Explanation of the example sentence: “I think” in this sentence is to tell about the opinion. “like” in this sentence is the transitional word used to compare the school and the other school (SMA Neg. 2 Kolaka).



ASSIGNMENT: 1. Make three (3) sentences about how you think your lecturers should do to give you a better understanding of the material they teach!



CAUSE-EFFECT PARAGRAPH A cause effect paragraph is a paragraph discusses about a thing that causes another thing to happen. This paragraph can be arranged by identifying the cause(s) first followed by the effect(s) which happen later or by mentioning the effect(s) first followed by the cause(s) which make the effect mentioned earlier happened. Example in sentences: 1. Because I forgot my umbrella, I was caught in the rain. (cause-effect) 2. I was caught in the rain because I forgot my umbrella. (effect-cause) Example in paragraphs: 1. Cause followed by effect(s) In 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker spilled millions of gallons of oil in Alaska’s Prince William Sound. Biologists who have studied the local wildlife have noted the consequences of the spill. Ii has resulted in a great decline in the number of birds in the area. The spill also has caused many young harbour seals to suffer from brain damage and death. Killer whales also felt the impact of the spill. Since 1989, more than one third of the whale population has disappeared. 2. Effect followed by cause(s) The frozen yogurt company closed its shop in the centre of the town. There really was no other choice. The poor economy meant fewer customers and higher prices for supplies. Bills for electricity and water seemed to go up every month. And then the landlord decided to double the rent.



ASSIGNMENT: 1. Mention the causes and the effects in details in each example above! 2. Make one paragraph using cause-effect pattern about where you see your self in the next twenty (20) years. What you would do for living, where would you be, and how your life would be, how the today you make the future you. You can use the cause followed by effect pattern or the effect followed by cause pattern.



DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH (INSTRUCTION) Descriptive text is a text that explains or describes people, animals or an object in terms of its shape, characteristics, number, and so on. The purpose of descriptive text is to explain, describe, or reveal a person or thing. A descriptive text can also be in the form of an instruction. An instruction text is a piece of text which gives instructions on how to complete a task. The text may include organisational devices such as bullet points or numbers, diagrams or pictures. There are many ways in giving instruction, for instance an instruction of building something, an instruction of a direction to a specific place, an instruction of cooking something, and so forth. When writing an instruction text, the transitional words that are used in such text are sequencing transitional words, such as: - First - Next - And then - Last - Finally Examples: Recipe Pasta Carbonara Recipe INGREDIENTS: 12 oz. spaghetti Kosher salt 3 large eggs 1 c. freshly grated Parmesan 8 slices bacon 2 cloves garlic, minced Freshly ground black pepper Extra-virgin olive oil (optional), for garnish Flaky sea salt (optional), for garnish Freshly chopped parsley, for garnish DIRECTIONS 1. In a large pot of salted boiling water, cook spaghetti according to package directions until al dente. Drain, reserving 1 cup pasta water. 2. In a medium bowl, whisk eggs and Parmesan until combined.



3. Meanwhile, in a large skillet over medium heat, cook bacon until crispy, about 8 minutes. Reserve fat in skillet and transfer slices to a paper towel-lined plate to drain. 4. To the same skillet, add garlic and cook until fragrant, about 1 minutes. Add cooked spaghetti and toss until fully coated in bacon fat. Remove from heat. Pour over egg and cheese mixture and stir vigorously until creamy (be careful not to scramble eggs). Add pasta water a couple tablespoons a time to loosen sauce if necessary. 5. Season generously with salt and pepper and stir in cooked bacon. 6. Drizzle with olive oil and garnish with flaky sea salt, Parmesan, and parsley before serving.



ASSIGNMENT: 1. Write an instruction (recipe) of your favorite food! 2. Write an instruction (direction) of going to the most beautiful place you can recommend in Kolaka Regency strat from USN!



FORMAL LETTER



A formal letter is one written in an orderly and conventional language and follows a specific stipulated format. These letters are written for official purposes only, such as writing a letter to the manager, to the HR manager, to an employee, to the Principal of the college or school, to a teacher, etc. But we do not use formal letters for personal use such as writing it to our family, relatives or friends. Formal letter writing format requires some specific rules and conventions. Also, the language of the letters should be very professional. The format here will help in relaying the content of the letter in a formal way. An example of a formal letter is writing a resignation letter to the manager of the company, stating the reason for resignation in the same letter. Rules for Writing Formal Letters in English In English there are a number of conventions that should be used when formatting a formal or business letter. Furthermore, you try to write as simply and as clearly as possible, and not to make the letter longer than necessary. Remember not to use informal language like contractions.



Addresses 1) Your Address The return address should be written in the top right-hand corner of the letter. 2) The Address of the person you are writing to The inside address should be written on the left, starting below your address.



The Date Different people put the date on different sides of the page. You can write this on the right or the left on the line after the address you are writing to. Write the month as a word.



How to start a formal letter



1) Dear Sir or Madam, If you do not know the name of the person you are writing to, use this. It is always advisable to try to find out a name.



2) Dear Mr Jenkins, If you know the name, use the title (Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms, Dr, etc.) and the surname only. If you are writing to a woman and do not know if she uses Mrs or Miss, you can use Ms, which is for married and single women.



How to end a formal letter 1) Yours faithfully If you do not know the name of the person, end the letter this way. 2) Yours sincerely If you know the name of the person, end the letter this way. 3) Your signature Sign your name, and then print it underneath the signature. If you think the person you are writing to might not know whether you are male of female, put you title in brackets after your name. Content of a Formal Letter First paragraph The first paragraph should be short and state the purpose of the letter- to make an enquiry, complain, request something, etc. The paragraph or paragraphs in the middle of the letter should contain the relevant information behind the writing of the letter. Most letters in English are not very long, so keep the information to the essentials and concentrate on organising it in a clear and logical manner rather than expanding too much. Last Paragraph The last paragraph of a formal letter should state what action you expect the recipient to take- to refund, send you information, etc.



BUSINESS LETTER



A business letter is a professional, formal letter that is sent by one company to another. These letters can be used for professional correspondence between business clients, employees, stakeholders as well as individuals. Whether you need to tell a potential client about your product, collaborate with another company, convince someone to attend your event, or give a thank you note – a wellwritten business letter can stand out. Example: Jakarta, April 20, 2016



Ms. PrisiaTanuwardana Chief Executive Officer Wardana Financial Firm Kelapa Jaya Street number 12



Dear, Mr. KaynanJejaka



I am writing this letter to invite you in a business meeting, regarding to our cooperation. The topic that will be brought is about my intention and plan to do research and audit. I am as the leader of a financial firm expects the cleanness of my institution and keeping trust of my clients to invest their fund in my company. This meeting is confidential because I need to analyse the report of the audit by myself. I have arranged the schedule of the meeting.



Date : Friday, April 22, 2016 Time : 09.00 a.m. to 11 a.m. Place :Prista Coffee Shop



Thank you very much for your attention. I hope that we could have great work together. We look forward to hearing from you soon.



Sincerely yours,



Ms. PrisiaTanuwardana Chief Executive Officer Wardana Financial Firm



PERSONAL LETTER A personal letter is a type of letter (or informal composition) that usually concerns personal matters (rather than professional concerns) and is sent from one individual to another. It's longer than a dashed-off note or invitation and is often handwritten and sent through the mail. Example:



ASSIGNMENT



1. Write a personal letter to your old friend telling how you are and what you do today, and also ask her/him how they are and what they do today. 2. Write one formal letter of an application letter to the most company you would really want to work in.



REPORT TEXT Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analyses. It is a text that describes something in general. Every text has a communicative purpose. Communicative purpose of report text is to present information about something in general. Report text has two generic structures. The first is general classification it is usually in the first paragraph of the text. This part usually introduces the topic of the report or tells what phenomenon under discussion is. It can be a short description of the subject or it can be definitions from the subject that is described. The second is, description. In this part, we usually will describe the details of the topic or subject such as physical appearance, parts, qualities, habits or behaviour. Every paragraph in the part of description usually gives us information about one feature of the subject. Generic Structure of Report Text 1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general 2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials and things. Language Feature of Report text – Use of general nouns, eg:“hunting dogs”, rather than particular nouns, eg:“our dog”; – Use simple present tense – Use conditional logical connection; “when”, “and”, “so”, etc. – Use of paragraphs with topic sentences to organise bundles of information; repeated naming of the topic as the beginning focus of the clause.



A report text is similar with descriptive text but, actually there is a big difference between two of them. The difference is in report text we describe something in general but in descriptive text, we describe something specifically. We can guess which one of the text is report text is from the title. For example, there are two texts with the titles, ‘the school’ and ‘my school’. From this, we can know which one is report text. ‘The school’ is described in general so it is report text but ‘my school’, it is special, because it is only ‘my school’, so it is descriptive text.