Intermediate Burmese Lessons [PDF]

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Intermediate Burmese Lessons



Francisco Jose



Lesson 1



qc\Kn\;sa 1



`pv\eTac\su `mn\maNuci c\ M e`mpuMkui ~kv\.pf" `mn\maNuicc\ Mkui etQ>pflim\.my\" `pv\eTac\su `mn\maNuic\cMlui> eKFpfty\" Ba`Ps\liu> AEdIlui eKFqlE" qipfqla;" `pv\ny\nE> tuic\;etQ suenlui> `pv\eTac\su eKFtapf" kya; krc\ kKjc\ Kjc\; mQn\ rKuic\ RHm\; `pv\ny\etQkui etQ>Nuic\pfty\" kya; krc\ stE. tuic\;rc\;qa;etQha AEdI `pv\ny\etQmHa enpfty\" ! pI;eta. ss\kuic\; tnqCarI pEKU; mekQ; mNtel; rn\kun\tuic\; /rawtItuic\;etQkuilE etQ>Nuic\pfty\" dItuic\;etQmHaeta. mja;eqaAa;`Pc\. bmatuic\;rc\;qa;etQ enpfty\" t`Ka;tuic\;rc\;qa;etQlE enpfty\" dIlui `pv\ny\nE>tuic\;etQ KQETa;epmy\. `mn\matuic\;rc\;qa;Aa;luM; Sc\;rElE AtUtU Kjm\;qalE AtUtU en~kpfty\"



Translations Union of Burma (Myanma) Look at the map. (You) will see the country of Myanma. It is also called the Union of Myanma. Why is it called like that. Do you know? As it is called a union, states and division live together. (You) can see the states of Kayah, Kayin, Kachin, Chin, Mon, Yakhine and Shan. In those states live the nationalities of Kachin, Kayah, Kayin etc.



Then (you) will see the divisions of Sagaing, Taninthari, Bago, Magway, Mandalay, Yangon and Ayeyawaddy. Mostly the Bama nationalities live in those states. Other nationalities also live there. Although they live in the different states and divisions, nationalities of Myanma are united. (They) live together in poverty or wealth.



Glossary



etQ> lim\. lui> Ba`Ps\lui> AEdIlui eKF qi etQ Nuic\ AEdI !pI;eta. eta. en t`Ka; lE ~k Aa;luM;



to see, find a verb particle for future tense quotation marker why like that to call to know plural suffix to nouns can that, those then, and as for to live other al verb particle (plural) all



SYNTAX



stE. literally means "that starts (from)." It is always preceded by a group of nouns and followed by another noun which shows the type of the preceding nouns. noun+noun+ stE. noun+noun



stE. such as, etc.



noun+etQ nouns



the (noun)s such as (noun) (noun)



kuikakuila BIya stE. eqak\sraetQ drinks such as cocacola, beer tuiyiuta masI;dI; stE. ka;etQ cars such as Toyota, Mercedes epmy\. "although" follows a verb. verb+ epmy\. verb



epmy\. although



although (subject) (verb)



qU e`pa epmy\. Although he said qU e`paepmy\. kYne\ ta\ myuMBU;" Although he said, I do not believe. qU ep; epmy\. kYn\eta\ myUBU;" I did not take although he gave. lE "also" is used after a noun. noun+ lE



lE



noun



also (noun) also



qU saAupl \ E wy\my\" He will buy a book also. qUlE saAup\ wy\my\"



He also will buy (a) book.



lE "although" is used after a verb. verb+ lE



lE



subject+ verb



although although (subject) (verb)



qUep;lE kYn\eta\myUBU;" Although he gives, I do not take. qU SalE msa;BU;"



He does not eat although he is hungry.



lE is used between the two reduplicated verbs when the subject is involved in more than one action. It will be an imcomplete sentence unless it is followed by another sentence in the same structure but with a different verb. Notice that lE will function as "nor" in English when it occurs in negative statements. verb+ lE +verb verb



lE



verb



also also verb -----



kYn\eta\ sa;lEsa;my\" eqak\leE qak\my\" I will eat and drink. kYn\eta\ sa;lEmsa;BU;" eqak\lE meqak\BU;"



I will not eat or drink.



lui> is used as a quotation marker after a noun or sentence. noun/sentence+ lui> noun/sentence



lui>



verb



that verb that ------His name is called Maung Maung.



qU>namv\ emac\emac\lui> eKFpfty\" qUlamy\lui> e`papfty\"



He said he will come.



lui> "because" is used after a verb. verb



lui>



verb



because verb because verb



qU Salui> sa;pfty\" He eats because he is hungry. mAa;lui> kYne\ ta\ mqQa;pfBU;" I did not go because I am not free.



Lesson 2



qc\Kn\;sa 2



q~kCn\ 1 q~kCn\Suita `mn\maNuicc\ MrE . pQeE ta\ts\Kpu f" `mn\maNHs\qs\kU;pQElui>lE SuNi uic\pfty\" NHs\sV\ /!pIl 13rk\elak\mHa stt\pfty\" ts\`pv\luM;mHa quM; el;rk\ kjc\;ppfty\" AEdI q~kCn\rk\etQ!pI; enak\ts\rk\ha `mn\maNHs\Sn\;ts\rk\pfpE" q~kCnA \ KfmHa tuci \;rc\;qa;Aa;luM; AKftuic\;Tk\ puiepja\~kpfty\" ts\eyak\kuits\eyak\ erpk\ ksa;~kpfty\" tKjio>keta. Aqc\;PQE>!pI; ka;@kI;ka;cy\etQnE> lHv\.~kpfty\" #mi>tuic\; lm\;etQepFmHa erksa;enta etQ>Nuic\pfty\"



Translation Thin-gyan What (the people) call Thin-gyan is one of Burma's festivals. It can also be called Burma's new year festival. Yearly, it usually begins around April 13th. The whole country celeberates three or four days. The following day after Thin-gyan is the first day of the Burmese new year. During the Thin-gyan period the nationalities are all happier than usual. Everyone plays throwing water at each other. As for some people, they form teams and go around in big and small cars. One can see playing water in the streets of every city.



Glossary



kjc\;p N tiuc\; titi pQeE ta\ NHs\Sn\;trk\ piu NHs\kU; q~kCn\



to celebrate every N



Number + Nc lMu;lMu;



the whole Number



N rE>



of the N



Suita N Tk\ erpk\ kU; Ku



what the people say



exactly festival the first day of a new year more; to exceed to commence as a new year new year festival



than N to throw water to cross over numeral classifier for things; a unit



AKftiuc\;



every time; usual



SYNTAX Sut i a literally means "the thing that is called ---." It is always preceded by a noun or a sentence. Noun+ Suita noun



Suita that/who/what is called



the (noun)s that is called ------



emac\emac\Suita By\qUlE" Who is the one called Maung Maung. saAup\ Suita BalE What is the thing called " saAup\ ."



tuic\; "every" follows a noun. noun



tuic\; every



every noun



lUtuic\; qity\ Everybody knows. qU en>tuic\; ekjac\;laty\"



He comes to school everyday.



tuic\; "every" sometimes follows a verb. verb



tuic\; every



everytime/ whenever (someone) verbs



kYn\eta\ em;tuic\; qU e`PNuic\ty\" qUlatuic\; kYn\eta\ Aim\maH mRHiBU;"



Everytime I ask, he can answer. I was not home whenever he came.



sV\ "every" follows a noun.



sV\



noun (time)



ly (time)+ ly



en>sV\ lapf" Please come every day. lsV\ rn\kun\kui qQa;pfty\"



(I) go to Yangon every month.



luM; / luM;luM; "the whole/ throughout/all" comes after a numeral classifier. number



numeral classifier



luM;/ luM;luM; whole/throughout/all



(number) whole (numeral classifier)/ throughout (number) (numeral classifier)



qU ten>luM; Aip\ty\" He sleeps the whole day. qU quM;Aup\luM; Pt\my\" He will read all the three books.



N N Tk\pui/ N Tk\ N pui "more than": the inferior one is always placed right before Tk\ . The superior one could take place before the inferior noun or after Tk\ . The main verb always follows this phrase. noun (superior) noun (inferior) Tk\ pui verb than more noun is more v than the noun



dIsaAup\ huisaAup\Tk\ puiekac\;ty\" This book is better than that one. men>kTk\ dIen> puieA;ty\"



Today is colder than yesterday.



Lesson 3



qc\Kn\;sa 3



q@kCn\ 2



vmHaeta. ermpk\~kpfBU;' lm\;eB;mHasc\etQ eSak\!pI; AEdIsc\etQepFmaH k~kpfty\' AlH`pka;etQk sc\RHitE.enrakiu la~kpfty\' ka;epFmHalE AkAPQE .etQ pfpfty\' ka;etQkiu sc\eRH>maH rp\!pI; k`p~kpfty\' sc\epFmHaRHitE. APEQ .klE k`p /v\.KMpfty\" sc\eRH m. Ha ka;ts\sI;nE>ts\sI; AlH#pic\~kpfty\' Ak#pic\~kpfty\' AlHSMu; AkAekac\;SMu; ka;etQkiu Su ep;pfty\" etaRQaq~kCn\keta. dIliu mhut\pfBU;' q~kCn\rk\etQmHa lUcy\etQk RQaTEmHaRiHtE. lU@kI;qUmetQkiu kn\eta.~kpfty\' eKfc\;elJa\ep;~kpfty\' Bun\;@kI;ekjac\;etQkiu qQa;!pI; erlL~kpfty\' Bura;puTiu;etQkiu erqpXay\~kpfty\' lU@kI;etQk Vpuqe\ sac\. !pI; Bun\;@kI;ekjac\;etQmaH ts\en>lMu; en~kpfty\" NHs\qs\kiu `mn\maetQ dIlui $ki~kpfty\'



Translation



Thingyan 2 We do not throw water at night. We build stages over sidewalks and dance-groups dance on these stages. Floats come to the stages. There are also groups of dancers on each float. They stop the floats and dance in front of stages. The group on the stage also entertain the visitors. The floats compete each other both in dancing and decorationof the float. The best performers and the most beautiful floats are awarded. A village-Thingyan is quite different. Young villagers pay homage to the elders during Thingyan days. They wash the hair of the elders. People offer water to the monasteries. They wash the pagodas. Old people observe Sabbath in monasteries through out the day. Burmese usher in the new year in this way.



Glossary



ska;lM;u APQc\.



kn\eta. .eKfc\;elJa\ cy\ sI; sc\ Su eSak\ tKjoi . .etaRQa #pic\ PQE . Bura;puTui; Bun\;@kI;ekjac\; erqpXay\ lU@kI;qUm lHv\. Aekac\;SMu; APQE . AlHSMu; AlH`pka; Aqc\; Vpuqe\ sac\. /v\.KM



to pay obeisance to wash hair to be young numeral classifier for vehicles stage award; prize to build some village to compete;to contest to organize;to form pagoda monastery to bathe; to wash( appilicable to religious buildings only) elders to go around best organization; association most beautiful float team to observe the eight Buddhist precepts to host; to entertain



SYNTAX A V SuM; is used for the word or form in superlative degree. A V SuM; A



verb



SuM; most



the most V



dIsaAup\ Aekac\;SuM; pf" This book is the best. Aekac\;SuM; saAup\ kYn\eta\ Pt\Kjc\pfty\"



I want to read the best book.



Note: Notice that "Aekac\;SuM;" can be used as a noun phrase or an adjective like the "best" in English.



tKjio> "some" is used before or after a noun. Noun+ tKjio> / tKjio>+Noun Noun



tKjio> some



some N



tKjio>ekjac\;qa; lapfty\"" Some students came. SratKjio>kui etQ>pfty\"



I met with some teachers.



ep; "to give" as a verb particle follows a verb for a specific meaning of doing a thing for someone else. Verb



ep; to do for someone else



to verb for someone



qU>kui e`paep;pf"



Tell him for me.



kYn\eta\.kui dIsaAup\ Pt\ep;pf"



Read this book for me.



A V #pic\ "to comepete in V+ing" A



Verb



#pic\ to compete



to comepete in Verb+ing



qU Asa;#pic\Kjc\pfty\"



He likes to compete in eating..



qU Ae`p;#picp\ QE wc\Kjc\pfty\"



He will run a race.



Lesson 4



qc\Kn\;sa 4



`mn\ma qtc\;sa `mn\maNuic\cMmHa qtc\;saTut\KE.ta ~kapf!pI' 1840 ktv\;kpf' mHt\sumHt\tm\;etQAr qiNuic\pfty\' Arc\k qtc\;saAmjoi;mjoi; RHipfty\' AKu qtc\;sa NHs\mjoi;pE RHpi fty\' `mn\ma.Alc\;nE> e~k;muM qtc\;sapf" `mn\ma.Alc\;qtc\;sakui `mn\maluiera AgClip\liuera Tut\pfty\' 1970k 1989ATi qtc\;saetQ pf;pfty\' 1990ks!pI; qtc\;saetQ TUpfty\" `mn\maqtc\;samHa Baqaer;' pvaer;' sI;pQa;er;' Nuci \cMer;' qtc\;etQAa;luM; pfpfty\' Aer;~kI;tE. qtc\;Aa;lMu; Pt\Niuc\pfty\' `pI;eta. Ay\dIta.AaeBa\tui> eSac\;pf;tiu>lv\; pf pfeq;ty\' qtc\;etQA`pc\ e~ka\`caetQlv\; Amja;~kI;pfpfty\" lUmja;mja;Pt\Nuic\eAac\ eZ;etac\ mmja;pfBU;"



Myanma Newspaper According to historical records, newspapers have been published in Myanma since 1840. There were various newspapers in old days. However, only two newspapers exist today. They are; The New Light of Myanmar and The Mirror. The New Light of Myanmar is published in both Burmese and English. The newspapers are thick now. But, they have been thin from 1970 to 1989. Myanma newspapers include news about politics, economic, education and religion. One can read all important news in the papers. Moreover, there are also editorials and articles in them. In addition to the news, they include many advertisements. They do not sell the newspapres at a high price so that more people can read.



Glossary Time ks!pI; starting from Time ktv\;k since e~ka\`ca advertisement Number Ku era of sI;pQa;er; eoncomics suM to be complete, or to have everything



eSac\;pf; etac\ TU Tut\ Nicu \cMer; pvaer; pf; Baqaer; -mjio; mHt\su mHt\tm\; `mn\ma.Alc\; qtc\;sa Amjoi;mjoi; Ar Aer;@kI; Arc\k Ay\dIta.AaeBa\ -eAac\



article even thick to describe, publish politics academic thin religion numeral classifier for kinds notes records The New Light of Myanmar newspaper various according to important before Editorial in order to; until



SYNTAX



ktv\;k "since" follows a time. Time



ktv\;k since



since the time



quM;narIktv\;k kYn\eta\ erak\pfty\" I arrived since three o'clock. eqa~kaen>ktv\;k dI#mi>kui qUlapfty\" He came to this city since Friday.



ktv\;k "since" also follows a verb. Verb



ktv\;k since



since the time someone Verbs



qU>kui etQ>ktv\;k $kik\ty\" I like her since the time I met.



Tmc\;sa;`pI;ktv\;k qU saPt\ty\" Since the time he finished eating, he reads.



ks`pI;



"starting from" follows a time.



ks`pI;



time



starting from starting from the time



dIen>k s`pI; qU BIyameqak\eta.BU;" He won't drink beer starting from today. el;narIks`pI; kYne\ ta\Aa;pfty\"



ATi



I am free after four o'clock.



"till" follows a time.



time



ATi till



till the time



4narIk 6narIATi kYn\eta\ ksa;my\" I will play from 4 to 6. mnk\ 10 narIATi qU Aip\my\" He will sleep till 10.00 a.m..



etac\ "even" follows a noun or a verb depending on what one wants to emphasize. Noun+ etac\ Noun



etac\ even



Even Noun ------



kYn\eta\etac\ mqiBU;" I don't even know. saAup\etac\ qU mwy\BU;"



He does not even buy a book.



Verb etac\ Verb or Verb etac\ m Verb is the common pattern in emphasizing a verb.



etac\



noun



even every noun



kYn\eta\ qietac\ mqiBU;" I don't even know. qU sa;etac\sa;ty\"



He even eats.



Ar "according to" follows a noun..



Ar



Noun



according to according to Noun



dIe`mpuMAr dIlm\; mHn\ty\"



.This is the right street according to this map.



Sra.Ae`paAr dIen> ekjac\;pit\ty\"



According to what the teacher said, the school is



closed today.. eAac\ "in order to" follows a verb. Verb



eAac\ in order to



in order to verb



enekac\;eAac\ enpf" Stay well. (Literally: Stay in order to be well.) na;lv\eAac\ Pt\pf"



Read in order to understand.



Lesson 5 qc\Kn\;sa 5 mc\;raza 1 eRH;tun\;k wn\zc\;RQamHa lUcy\teyak\ RiHty\' qU .namv\k cviotE.' cy\cy\ktv\;k cvioha A!mE saPt\ty\tE.' Alup\ lup\rc\;lE Pt\ty\' Ana;yUrc\;lE Pt\ty\' etQqmJ > saAmjio;mjoi;



Pt\ty\tE.' AEdIliu saPt\liu> qU>kui {satiucvio} liu . eKF ~kty\' RQaqURQaqa;etQ mqitaRiHtE.AKf qU>.kiu em;~krqtE.' cvio .rv\;sa;k qU@kI;qmI; tE.' qU@kI;k cviokui ATc\m@kI;pfBU;' cvioha t`Ka;RQaqa;etQlpu \qliu Alup\~km\;lE mlup\BU;' mc\;m:Tm\;lE mhut\BU;' dfe~kac\. qU>qmI;nE> qeBamtUBU;tE.' dfepmy\. qmI;k cviokiu qip\Kjs\liu .lk\Tp\ep;luik\qtE.' Aim\eTac\kjepmy\. cvoiketa. Arc\kliu sa A!mEPt\enqtE.' ts\en>eta. Burc\@kI;tpf; wn\zc\;RQakiu erak\laty\' RQana;k kn\eBac\mHa nt\kQn\;tKu etQ q . tE.' Burc\@kI;k AEdInt\kQn\;qmiuc\; em;tE.AKf RQaqa;etQ By\qUmH me`PNuic\BU;tE.' cvoiqiqelak\ By\qUmH mqi~kpfBU;' dfe~kac\. cvioqipflim\.my\ liu> .elJak\~kqtE.''



Min Ya Za 1 Once upon a time, there was a young man in Wun Zin village. His name was Nga Nyo. Nga Nyo had been spending his time reading since he was young. He read while he was working as well as taking a rest. He read all kinds of writings he found. That's why he was named " Sato Nga Nyo" (Nga Nyo the short pieces of literature) by people. The villagers had to ask Nga Nyo whenever they wanted to know something. Nga Nyo's girl friend was a daughter of the village headman. The headman did not admire Nga Nyo because he was neither a royal servant nor he could do hard labor as other villagers did. Therefore, he did not approve Nga Nyo for his daughter. However, since the daughter was so fond of Nga Nyo that the headman finally had to allow her to marry him. Nga Nyo continued reading as before even after the marriage. One day, a king arrived at Wun Zin village. He found a nat-house on the embankment of the lake near the village. The king asked the history of the nat-house to the villagers. But nobody could answer the question. Nobody was as knowledgeable as Nga Nyo was. Therefore, the villagers replied: "Nga Nyo would know the answer, your Majesty"



ska;lMu;APQc\. kn\eBac\ satui N tE./ V qtE. nt\kQn\; -pf;



embankment of a lake short peaces of literature quotation markers nat's house; spirit house numeral classifier for kings



person in the service of the king or state while Ving girl friend once upon a time to marry to speak to monks and kings name of a village to agree with history as much as; all as much as like take rest several kinds to admire hard labor to get married



mc\;m:Tm\; V rc\; rv\;sa; eRH;tun\;k lk\Tp\ elJak\ wn\zc\;RQa qeBatU qmicu \; qmJ qelak\ qliu \Ana;yU Amjoi;mjoi; ATc\@kI; Alup\~km\; Aim\eTac\kj



SYNTAX



tE. is a quotation marker that follows a noun or a sentence. Noun+ tE. noun



tE. "quotation marker"



known/ called/ said as



qU>namv\ emac\emac\ tE." His name is called "Maung Maung.". df bmalui saAup\ tE." This is called saAup\ in Burmese.



Sentence+ tE. sentence



tE. "quotation marker"



known/ called/ said as



qUlamy\ tE." He said that he will come. (Literally: It is said that he will come.)



nk\`Pn\Kc\bja; lamla; tE." (Someone) asked if you are coming tomorrow.



qtE. "it is said that" follows a verb. verb



qtE. "it is said that"



it is said that (someone) verbs



qUwqtE." It is said that he is fat. dIen> Sra mN[el; qQa;qtE." It is said that the teacher went to Mandalay today. Notes: If the quotated statement is in future tense qtE. is replaced with mtE. like in following sentences.



nk\`Pn\ mui;RQamtE." It is said that it will rain tomorrow. qU kYn\eta\A . im\mHa Tmc\;sa;mtE." It is said he will eat at my house.



qmJ "all/ as much as/ as many as" follows a Verb. verb



qmJ all/ as much as/ as many as



all (someone) verbs



kYn\eta\qiqmJ e`papfmy\" I will tell you all what I know. Sraem;qmJ kYn\eta\ e`PNuic\ty\" I can answer all the teacher asks.



m Verb qmJ with m before the Verb means "until" or "so long as." m Negative



verb



qmJ all/ as much as/ as many



as until/ so long as



dIsaAup\ Pt\m`pI;qmJ mna;BU;" I won't take a break until I finish reading this book. qU me`paqmJ kYne\ ta\ myuMBU;" I will not believe so long as he does not tell me.



qliu "like/as" follows a verb. verb



qlui like/ as



like/ as (someone) verb



qUer;qlui er;pf" Write like he does. cfe`paqlui lup\' cflupq \ lui mlup\nE>"



Do as I said. Don't do as I do.



qelak\ "as much as" follows a verb. verb



qelak\ as much as



as much as (someone) verb



qUqiqelak\ kYn\eta\ mqipfBU;" I don't know as much as he does. qU e`paqelak\ dIsaAup\ mKk\pfBU;" This book is not as much difficult as he said



rc\; "while" follows a verb. verb



rc\; while



while (someone) verb



lm\;qQa;rc\; eS;lip\meqak\r" Do not smoke while you are walking in the street. (Note: It is a common reminder in the villages in Burma as a precaution against fire hazard)



Tmc\;sa;rc\; ska;e`pamy\"



We will talk while we are eating.



Lesson 6 qc\Kn\;sa 6 mc\;raza2 dIeta. Burc\@kI; cvoikui eKF Kicu \;ty\' cvio .znI;k qQa;eKF rty\' Burc\Ami . n\> mui> cvio .znI;lE e~kak\enqtE.' AEdIAKjin\mHa cvoik ly\TQn\!pI; K5¯Ana;yUrc\; saPt\enqtE.' Burc\keKFtE.Ae~kac\; qU. .znI;k e`paeta. cvoi wm\;qa qQa; qtE.' qU> NQa;etQkui lWt\liuk\ty\' {mc\;tiu> qWa;Kjc\tE.enra qQa;eta.} liu .leE `paqtE.' qU .znI;k A.M~qenty\' Burc\nE .etQ .eta. cviok dIlui elJak\ty\' {AEdf nt\knQ \; mhutp\ fBU; ARHc\Bura;'' eRH;mc\;tpf;rE. miBura;ARup\pf' dIliu t`Ka;ARup\tKu kn\eBac\TEmaH RiHpfty\' dfepmE. eRWnE>lup\Ta;tE. ARup\pf' eRWRup\miu> .kn\eBac\TEmHa`mHop\Ta;pfty\' dIenramHa eqqQa;tE. qU .miBura;kui Kjs\lQn\;lui> dIliu lup\Ta;tapf' lUetQk nt\kQn\;Tc\`pI; pUeza\en~kpfty\ Bura;} dfe~kac\. Burc\.Amin\>Ar kn\eBac\kiu tU;!pI; ~kv\.~krty\' eRWRpu \tKu tky\ etQ>qtE.' Burc\k cviokiu qip\qeBakjtaepf.' {mc\;raza} SiutE. BQE>ep;!pI; Amt\ Kn\>qtE.' mc\;razaha Tc\RHa;tE. `mn\mapvaRHi@kI;tVI; `Ps\laty\'



Min Yaza 2 Thus the king summoned Nga Nyo. His wife had to go and bring him. She was afraid because it was a king's order. At the same time, Nga Nyo had just finished ploughing and was reading while taking a rest. Nga Nyo was delighted when his wife told him about the King's summon. He untied his oxen and said; "You are free to go!" His wife was amazed. When Nga Nyo met the King, he said;



"My lord, that is not a nat-house. In fact, it is a statue of the queen of an ancient king. There is another statue in the embankment, a golden one. It was buried in it because it was made of gold. The ancient king arranged this because he was so fond of his queen who died at this place. However, the people thought it was a nat house and paid homage." Then, the king ordered them to dig the embankment. They did find the golden statue. The king was so pleased that he appointed Nga Nyo his minister with the title of "Min Yaza." Min Yaza became a famous Myanma wise man.



Glossary eKF Kuic\; Kn\> N SuitE. tU; Tc\RHa; NQa; pvaRHi pUeza\ BQE . miBura; N miu . mc\; V la ly\TQn\ V lQn\; lWt\ eq V qQa; Amt\ Amin\> ARUp\ AM.~q



to call to ask to do something to appoint called N; said N to dig famous; distinct ox wise man to pay homage title queen because of you (spoken to younger or inferior persons) a verb particle to show a changed to plough very/ too adj to let go to die a verb particle to denote a changed situration minister order effigy, statute amazed



SYNTAX



Kuic\; "to ask to do" is used as a verb particle following a verb or a normalized verb with prefix A. Verb+ Kuic\; verb



Kuic\; to ask to do



ask to verb



qU kYn\eta\.kui laKuic\;ty\" He asks me to come. qUtui>kui Tuic\Kuic\;pf" Ask them to sit.. Normalized Verb+ Kuic\; normalized verb



Kuic\; to ask to do



ask to verb



qU kYn\eta\.kui AlaKuic\;ty\" He asks me to come. qUtui>kui ATuci \Kuic\;pf" Ask them to sit.. mui> "because/ being" follows a noun. Noun+ mui> noun



mui> because/ being



because (someone) is a noun/ being a noun



ekjac\;qa;mui> qU saPt\ty\" Because he is a student, he reads. Satamui> qU sa;eqak\Suic\ qQa;ty\" Being hungry, he went to the restaurant.. la"to become" is used as a verb particle to show the continuation of the the preceding verb. Verb+ la verb



la to become, to be getting



verb+ ing



qU wlaty\" He is getting fat.. kYn\eta\ na;lv\la`pI" I am understanding. qQa; "already" is used as a verb particle to show the completion of the the preceding verb. Verb+ qQa; verb



qQa; already



already verb



kYN\eta\ emaqQa;`pI" I already got tired.. kYn\eta\ mHa;qQa;ty\" I made a mistake. lQn\; "too much" follows a verb. Verb+ lQn\; verb



lQn\; too much



verb too much



dIsaAup\ Kk\lQn\;ty\" This book is too difficult. dIAtn\;mHa ekjac\;qa; mja;lQn\;ty\" There are too many students in this class. `pI; "after/ finishing" follows a verb as verb particle. It functions as a connecting element between two sentences. Verb+ `pI; verb



`pI; after/ finishing



after someone verbs



Tmc\;sa;`pI; kYn\eta\ekjac\;qQa;my\" I will go to school after I finish eating rice. mui;RQa`pI; enqamy\" The sun will shine after the rain. `pI; "after" is also used between two nouns.



Noun+ `pI; +Noun noun



noun



`pI; after



noun after noun



dIsaAup\`pI; huisaAup\ kYn\eta\ Pt\my\" I will read that book after this book. pEKU;`pI; rn\kun\erak\my\" You will reach to Yangon after Bago.



`pI; "after" is also used between numeral (one) classifiers. Numeral Classifier+ `pI; + Numeral Classifier numeral (one) classifier



numeral (one) classifier



`pI; after



one after another / noun after noun



ts\eyak\`pI; ts\eyak\lapf" Please come one after another. kYn\eta\ saAup\ ts\Aup\`pI; ts\Aup\ Pt\my\" I will read book after book.



Sut i E. "who/which is called" follows a name. name



SuitE. who/ which is called



who/ which is called name "mN[el;"SuitE.#mi> By\mHalE" Where is the city called "Mandalay.". "emac\emac\" SuitE. ekjac\;qa; etQ>>PU;qla;" "Maung Maung".



Have you ever met a student called



Lesson 7



qc\Kn\;sa 7 qUcy\Kjc\;teyak\keui p;tEs. a 7'11'90 rn\knu \ qUcy\Kjc\; Kc\bja;sakui rpfty\' "`mn\ma`pv\kiu Alv\laKjc\ty\ " Siului> wm\;qapfty\' `mn\ma`pv\mHa Ba~kv\.sraetQRHiqlE" Sut i E. em;KQn\; nE>pt\qk\liu> dIsamHa nv\;nv\;pf;pf; e`Ppfmy\' rn\kun\erak\erak\Kjc\; qtiTa; mimaH keta. eRWtgi MuBura;pf' Aew;k `mc\Nuic\pfty\' eRWerac\etQ wc\;enpfty\' enak\!pI;eta. eRWtigMuBura;na;mHapE t`Ka; ~kv\.sraetQ RHipfeq;ty\' qBawqmiuc\;`ptuik\tiu> tirs+an\RuMtui> krwit\huity\tiu>epf.' KrI;qv\etQ sitA \ wc\sa;SMu;k pugM!mio .pf' rn\kun\k miuc\el;raekja\ ew;pfty\' lQnK\ E.tE. NHs\epfc\;kui;raelak\k !mio>eta\pf' By\enramSui~kv\.liuk\rc\ Bura;puTiu;etQ etQ>rpfmy\\' cljce~kac\ \ . tKjio .!piopjk\qQa;epmy\. Amja;@kI; kjn\pfeq;ty\' tKjio .kiu`pn\`pc\ !pI;pf!pI' /rawtI`ms\km\;eB;mHaRHilui> qalEqayapfty\' t`Ka;enraetQlE Amja;@kI; RHipfeq;ty\' AEdIenraetQkuieta. Kc\bja;erak\tE.AKf qQa;taepf.' enrasMuerak\eAac\ kYn\eta\ luik\pui>pf.my\' eSac\;raqImHa laNuic\rc\ Aekac\;SMu;pfpE' mlaKc\ @kiotc\saer;pf' kjn\;mapfes'Kjm\;qapfes'' Kc\mc\ljk\ tc\TnQ \;



A letter to a friend Dear friend: I received your letter. I was pleased to hear that you want to visit Myanma. I will answer a little bit regarding your question about the places worth seeing in the country.



You will notice Shwe Dagon Pagoda as soon as you arrive Rangoon. It is always glittering with gold and can be seen from distance. There are also other attractions such as National History Museum, the Zoo, Karawait hotel and so on near the pagoda. The most popular tourist attraction in Burma is Bagan city. The city is about 900 years old and a bit more than 400 miles from Rangoon. You can see numerous pagodas anywhere in Bagan. Although some pagodas were damaged due to an earthquake, many remain untouched. Of course, some have already been renovated. Since the city is near the Irrawaddy river, the scenery is also beautiful. Still, there are many other interesting places in the country. We will visit those places when you arrive here. I will take you everywhere. It is best if you can come here during the cold season. Write to me before you come. With best wishes Tin Tun



km\; kjn\ kjn\;ma @kiotc\ KrI;qv\ Kc\mc\ljk\ V V Kjc\; cljc\ crc\ eSac\; tirs+an\RMu enrasMu nv\;nv\;pf;pf; enak\!pI;eta. V pfres pugM N nE .pt\qk\liu . `ptuik\ !piopjk\ By\enramSiu m V Kc\ V mi em;KQn\; wc\; qtiTa; qBawqmuic\;`ptiuk\ qaya



bank,beach to remain to be healthy in advance traveller cordially as soon as (he) Vs earthquake cold season zoo everywhere a little bit then let me V Pagan regarding N museum to break down, to fall to pieces anywhere before Ving to happen to V question to glitter to notice Natural History Museum to be pleasant



Alv\la /rawtI



to visit Ayeyawadi



Lesson 8 qc\Kn\;sa 8 mNtel;



mNtel;k `mn\maNiuc\cMmHa dutiyA@kI;SMu;#mi p. f" `mn\ma`pv\ Aly\piuc\;mHa RiHpfty\" enak\SMu; `mn\maBurc\rE .en`pv\eta\pf" nn\;eta\ ehac\; enra' #mi>Riu;nE> kjoM;kiu AKuTi etQ .Niucp\ feq;ty\" kjoM;e`mak\Bk\mHa mNtel;etac\ RHipfty\' etac\epFkuitk\!pI; ~kv\.rc\ mNtel; t#mi>lMu;kiu `mc\Niuc\pfty\" By\Bk\kiu ~kv\.~kv\. AlQn\ ~kv\NU;sraekac\;pfty\' mNtel;twuik\mHa eRH;k Bura;puTiu;etQlE RHipfty\' mha`mt\muni' ekjak\eta\~kI; stE. Bura;etQkiu qQa;!pI;PU;nicu \pfeq;ty\' !pI;eta. eRH;ehac\; ANupvalk\raetQlE RHipfty\" AlQn\ sit\wc\sa;sra ekac\;pfty\' `mn\ma.yV\ekj;m:kui Tin\;qim\;Ta;tE. #mi .pf' df.`pc\ sI;pQa;er;lup\cn\;etQlE Amja;@kI; RHipfty\' tRut\`pv\k kun\etQlE mNtel;kui Arc\ erak\pfty\' AiNdiy `mn\many\sp\k kun\etQlE mNtel;kui Arc\erak\pfty\' tRut\pssv\; liuKjc\qla;' dfmHmhut\ AiNidypssv\; liuKjc\qla;'' tRut\pssv\;`Ps\`Ps\ AiNidypssv\;`Ps\`Ps\ mNtel;mHa Aa;luM;rpfty\' mNtel; eZ;Kjioha namv\@kI; eZ;@kI;teZ;pf' dfe~kac\. AKuAKfmHa mNtel;ha Arc\kTk\ pui!pI; sv\ka;enpfty\'



Mandalay Mandalay is the second largest city in Burma. It is situated in the middle part of the country. The city was the capital of the last Burmese king. Today, one can still see the old palace, the city wall and the moat.



The mandalay mountain is situated in the north of the moat. One can view the whole city from the top of the mountain. It is very pleasant to see any direction from it. There are many ancient pagodas around Mandalay. One can visit famous pagodas like Maha Myatmuni, Kyauktaw Gyi. Besides, the city is full of ancient art crafts. All are very interesting. The whole Burmese culture was preserved in Mandalay. Moreover, there are many business enterprises in the city. Both the goods from China and those from India-Burma border come to Mandalay first. Therefore, the products of China as well as India are readily available in the city. Mandalay Zaycho bazaar is famous in the country. Thus, nowadays, Mandalay is more flourishing than before.



ska;lM;u APQc\. kun\ kjMo; ~kv\NU; sv\ka; t N lMu; twiuk\ etac\ Tin\;qim\; dfe~kac\. dfmHmhut\ df.`pc\ namv\@kI; en`pv\eta\ enak\SMu; nn\;eta\ ny\sp\ PU; Ba`Ps\`Ps\ #mi>Rui; lup\cn\; yV\ekj;m: eRH;ehac\; ehac\; Aly\puic\; ANupvalk\ra



goods moat pleasant crowded, thriving the whole noun around mountain preserve therefore or moeover famous city last palace border worship whatever city wall business culture ancient old middle artcraft



SYNTAX



sraekac\"-able/-ly" follows a verb.. Verb+ sraekdc\; Verb



sraekac\; -ly/ -able



verb+ ly/ able



dIen> epja\sraekac\;ty\" Today is enjoyable. dIe~kac\ Kjs\sraekac\;ty\" This cat is lovely/ adorable.



dfmHmhut\ "or" connects two sentences or two nouns. Sentence+ dfmHmhut\ + Sentence sentence



dfmHmhut\



sentence



or sentence or sentence



ekjac\;qQa;mla;" dfmHmhut\ eZ;qQa;mla;" Are you going to the school or are you going to the market .



qU rn\kun\mHa enmy\" dfmmH hut\ mN[el;mHa enmy\" He will live in Yangon or Mandalay .



A`pc\ "beside" follows a noun. Noun+ A`pc\ noun.



A`pc\ beside/other than



beside +noun



dIsaAup\A`pc\ t`Ka;saAup\RHiqla;" Do you have another book beside this. dIekjac\;qa; A`pc\ t`Ka;ekjac\;qa; mlapfBU;" Beside this student, no other student comes.



A vreb is reduplicated after the question tag Ba. Ba + Verb2 verb verb



Ba what whatever someone verbs



Kc\bja; Balup\lpu \ kYn\eta\ $kikp\ fty\" I like whatever you do. Basa;sa; Aer;m~kI;pfBU;" Whatever you eat does not matter.



Sometimes a vreb is reduplicatedd after a noun that follows the question tag Ba. Ba + Noun+ Verb2 Ba



noun



what



noun



verb verb



whatever noun someone verbs



BasaAupP\ t\Pt\ qU epja\pfty\" He enjoys whatever book he reads. qU Baka;wy\wy\ AtUtUpfpE" Whatever car he buys, it won't make any difference . Notes: When a repeated verb follows a question tag like Ba By\ By\mHa By\qU By\eta., it will function as "whatever, wherever, whoever, whenevr. Notice that the postpositions mHa k kui follows a noun. Question Tag



Noun (if Verb2 necessary)



Ba Ba



lup\lup\ ska;



e`pae`pa



By\



qQa;qQa;



By\mHa



enen



By\



#mi>mHa



enen



Translation Whatever (you) do Whatever language (you) speak WWherever (you) go Wherever (you) live In any city (you) live in



By\



#mi> k



lala



By\



#mi> kui



qQa;qQa;



WWhatever city (you) come from Whatever city (you) go Whoever knows Whoever (you) met with



By\qU



qiqi



By\qUnE>



etQ>etQ>



By\elak\



em;em;



How often (you) ask



By\eta.



~kv\.~kv\.



Whenever (you) look



sa;sa;



Whenever (you) eat



By\



AKjin\



Lesson 9 qc\Kn\;sa 10 ska;rv\lpu EQ 1 el;sa;Ap\tE. lup\qa;`pv\qUmja; Kc\bja; kYn\eta\tui>#mi>ny\rE . Sy\@kim\e`mak\ saSiueta\en> ATim\;AmHt\ AKm\;Ana;mHa qBaptiA`Ps\ eSac\rQk\ KQc\.rlui> Amja;@kI; gu5\yUpfty\' ekj;zU;lEtc\pfty\' Arc\A@kim\etQtnu \;k `pzat\etQ gIt#pic\pQEetQ lup\KE.epmy\. dItKfkjeta. ska;rv\lupQEkjc\;pmHa `Ps\pfty\' lU@kI;mc\;mja; qi~ktE.Atuic\; dIen>ska;rv\lupQErE .eKfc\;sV\keta. {eyak\kja;k min\;mTk\ Nuci \cMtawn\kiu pui Tm\;eSac\Nuic\ty\} Suitapf' dIAe~kac\;Araketa. ska;rv\lupQEtuic\;mHaluilui eKt\sa;entE. Ae~kac\;Arapf' lup\qa;`pv\qUmja; Tp\tlElE ~ka;PU;pflim\.my\' tky\eta. lUetQha kuiy\.kuiy\kiuy\ ATc\@kI;tt\~kpfty\' dfe~kac\. Bwc\`mc\.~k man@kI;~kpfty\' eyak\kja;klE qUpuieta\ty\ Tc\ty\' min\;mklE qUpuieta\ty\ Tc\ty\' dIlui Bwc\`mc\.el teyak\kuiteyak\ ATc\eq;elpfpE' teyak\nE>teyak\ ASc\me`peta.pfBU;' lk\etQ> BwmHaeta. eyak\kja;etQkuiy\tuic\ mlup\Nuict \ alE RHipfty\' min\;metQmtt\Niuc\talE RHipfty\' dfe~kac\. tVI;kuiy\sa; tVI;k lup\ep;rtaetQ Amja;@kI;pf' eyak\kja;nE>min\;m AtUtUeSac\RQk\mH Akjio;RHiNiuc\tE.kissetQlE tKftel RHitt\pfty\'



dfketa. kYn\eta.kuiy\puic\A`mc\pf' dfepmy\. teyak\nE>teyak\ A`mc\mtUpfBU;' tKjio .kmin\;mk piu eSac\RQk\Nuic\ty\lui> Tc\ty\' tKjio .keta. eyak\kja;k pui eSac\RQk\Nuict \ y\lui> Tc\~kty\' dfe~kac\. AKu ska;rv\lupQE `Ps\latapf' Nuic\ceM ta\Akjio;kui By\qUk pui eSac\RQk\Nuic\qlE' eyak\kja;min\;m eSac\RQkN\ uic\~kta AtUtUpEla;'' dIem;KQn\;etQrE .Ae`Pkui dIska;rv\lupQEA!pI;mHa qi~kpfeta.my\'



The Debate 1 Ladies and gentlemen I feel much honored to have the privilege of chairing the tenth anniversary of the writers' day ceremony of our township. Thank you very much. Although we rejoiced plays and musical contests in the previous years, we will present a debate this time. As you all know, the title of toady's' debate is " men are more capable in performing duties of a country than women." This has been a popular topic in almost every debate. I believe you have heard it several times. In fact, people usually think high of themselves and become proud and conceited. Men usually think they are better than women and vice visa. The more they become proud, the more they underestimate each other. There will be clashes among them. In reality, there are many things man can not do and also many tasks women cannot perform. Therefore, there are cases that they have to operate on behalf of each other. In some cases, both men and women have to work together for productiveness. This is my opinion. Still, there will be different ideas. Some may think women are better, and the other may believe men are the best. That's why we are having this debate. Who is more capable in carrying out duties of the country? Men or women? Or are they equal? We will know the answer to these questions after this debate.



ska;lM;u APQc\. kiss N kuiy\sa; N kuiy\tuic\ kuiyp\ uic\ kuiy\.kuiy\kuiy\ N kjeta. eKt\sa; eKfc\;sV\ KQc\.r gIt gu5\yU



case, matter on behalf of N N self one's own to one self as for N to be popular, fashionable title, topic to get permission music to take pride



ska;rv\lupQE saSuieta\en> eSac\RQk\ Sy\@kim\e`mak\ tawn\ tt\Nuic\ Tp\tlElE Tm\;eSac\ Bw Bwc\`mc\. man@kI; #mi>ny\ lU@kI;mc\; el;sa;Ap\tE. N tuic\;luilui lk\etQ> lup\qa;`pv\qU qBapti Akjio; A@kim\ Ae~kac\;Ara AKm\;Ana;



debate writer's day act tenth responsibility can afford frequently, repeatedly to carry out life conceited to be proud township gentlemen respectable almost every N practical working people chairman benefit time content celebration, ceremony



SYNTAX



kuiy\ + Verb kuy i \



verb



self to verb by oneself



kuiy\lpu \rc\ kuiy\rty\" If someone does himself, he will get it. (Literal Translation: If one does onself, one will get it.)



kuiys\ a;Kjc\ta kuiy\sa;pf" Eat what you want to eat.



kuiy.\ "of self" preceeds a noun. kuiy\.+ Noun



kuy i \.



noun



of self/ my noun of self/ my noun



kuiyA \. im\ dImHapf" Here is my house. kuiy\.ska; na;eTac\pf" Listen to my words



kuiy\puic\ "own" preceeds a noun. kuiy\puic\ + Noun kuy i \puic\



\Noun



own own noun



qU>maH kuiy\puic\Aim\ mRHpi fBU;" He does not have his own house. kuiyp\ uic\puik\SMnE> qU wy\Kjcp\ fty\" He wants to buy with his own money.



kuiy\tcui \ "oneself" could be used by itself or following nouns like in qUkuiyt \ uic\ "himself." Noun+ kuy i \tuic\ noun



\kuiyt \ uic\ self



noun self



dIen> kYn\eta\kuiy\tuic\ er;my\" Today I will write it myself. Kc\bja;kuiy\tuic\ mN[el;kui qQa;pf" Go to Mandalay yourself.



kuiy\sa; "on behalf of" follows a noun Noun+ kuy i \sa; noun



\kuiy\sa; on behalf of



on noun's behalf



kYn\eta.\kuiy\sa; Kc\bja; qQa;pf" Please go on my behalf. Nuci \cM.kuiy\sa; kYn\eta\ e`paKjc\pfty\" I want to speak on behalf of my country.



When two identical pronouns are sandwiching kuy i \, it can be interpreted as "to oneself." Noun+ kuy i \ +Noun noun



kuiy\



noun



self to nounself



Kc\bja;kuiyK\ c\bja; BaTc\qlE" What do you think of yourself? qU>kuiy\qU AKjm\;qaSuM;lui> Tc\pfty\" He thought himself to be the richest



A`pI; "end" follows a noun Noun+ A`pI; noun



\A`pI; end



at the end of noun



saem;pQEA`pI;mHa kYn\eta\ rn\kun\kui qQa;my\" I will go to Yangon after the exam. Rup\RHc\A`pI;mHa qUtui> sa;eqak\Suic\ qQa;ty\" They went to a restaurant after the movie.



A`pI; "end" also follows a verb Verb+ A`pI; verb



\A`pI; end



at the end of verbing



saem;pQEe`PA`pI;mHa kYn\eta\ rn\knu \kui qQa;my\" I will go to Yangon after taking the exam. (Literal Translation: At the end of taking the exam, I will go to Yangon.)



Rup\RHc\~kv\.A`pI;mHa qUtui> sa;eqak\Suic\ qQa;ty\" They went to a restaurant after the movie. (Literal Translation: At the end of watching the movie, they went to a restaurant.) Note: Remember that this structure is the corrupted form of Verb+ ta+ A`pI;. Verb+ ta is a verbal noun as you already know.



A`Ps\ "as" follows a noun. Noun+ A`Ps\ noun



\A`Ps\ as



as a noun



qU dI#mi>mHa Srawn\A`Ps\ Alup\lup\enpfty\" He is working as a doctor in this city. dIRup\RHc\maH qUlU~km\;A`Ps\ pfpfty\" He acts as a villain in this movie.



~kim\e`mak\ "th" follows a number. Number+ ~kim\e`mak\ number



\~kim\e`mak\ -th



number th



rn\kun\kui erak\PU;ta dfel;~kim\e`mak\pf" This is the fourth time I have been to Yangon. kYn\eta\tui> Nuic\ck M huiNuicc\ Mkui tra.cf;~kime\ `mak\ qtiep;luik\pfty\" Our country gave one hundred and fifth warning to that country.



A~kim\ "time" follows a cardinal number. Cardinal Number+ A~kim\ cardinal number



\~kim\



time cardinal number time



rn\kun\kui erak\PU;ta dfpTmA~kim\pf" This is the first time I have been to Yangon. kYn\eta\k qU>kui dutiyA~kim\ qtiep;luik\pfty\" I gave him a second reminder.



KQc\.r "to get a perimission" follows a verb. Verb+ KQc\.r verb



\KQc\.r to get a permission



permitted to verb



dINHs\ qU tk*quil\wc\KQc\. rty\" He is admitted to the university this year. kYn\eta\ gjpn\Nuicc\ Mkui qQa;KQc\.rty\" I am permitted to go to Japan.



Notes: r of KQc\.r can be replaced with the other relevent verbs like "#p" " ep;" "etac\; " to convey the different meanings: to allow, to give permission or to ask for permission.



tuic\;luilui"almost every" follows a noun. Noun+ tuic\;luilui noun



\tuic\;luilui almost every



almost every noun



ekjac\;qa;tuic\;luilui dIzat\lm\; qipfty\" Almost every student know this story. dIsaAup\ Suci \tuic\;mHaluilui rNuic\ty\" This book is available at almost every shop.



Lesson 10



qc\Kn\;sa 11 ska;rv\lpu EQ 2 AKu qBaptiAennE> ~kQerak\laqUmja;kui ASuiRHc\mja;nE> mitS \ k\ep;pfres'' kYn\eta.vaBk\mHa Tiuc\entE. ASuiRHc\mja;rE . eKfc\;eSac\keta. ekjac\;Sra VI;`memac\pf' VI;`memac\kuieta. dI#mi>k lU@kI;lUcy\meRQ; qi~kpflim\.my\' dI#mi>mHa ANHs\NHsA \ ll pvaer;tawn\ Tm\;eSac\latE. pug)oil\pf' VI;`memac\k Sy\mins\tt i i ASuitc\qcQ \;pflim\.my\' qUASi > ukuieta. saer;Sra emac\Kc\mc\(DNu`PO) nE> ASuieta\ edFsN]awc\;tui>k cf;mins\sI eTak\KMpflim\.my\' kYn\eta\.by\Bk\mHa enrayUTa;~ktE. AeKjRHc\mja;rE .eKfc\;eSac\keta. Nuci \cMekja\ saer;Sram edFecQKk\ pf' qUklE Sy\mins\titi eKjppfmy\' dIenak\eta. Ac\gjc\ny I a VI;qn\;TQn\;nE> Srawn\ VI;wc\;qin\; tui>k cf;mins\sI Sk\lk\ eKjppflim\.my\' AsIAsV\maH eta. TMu;sMAtuic\; ASitlH u v\. AeKjtlHv\. e`paSuiqQa;~kmHa `Ps\pfty\' AmHt\ep; duci \lU@kI;mja;k ASuA i eKj NHs\Bk\slMu;rE A . mUAra elyUelqim\; AqMu;AN:n\; AKjkA \ lk\etQkui ~kv\.R: na;eTac\!pI; AmHt\ep;~kpflim\.my\' ASuiAeKjNHs\Bk\pug)iol\etQ e`pa!pI;tE.AKf lup\qa;`pv\qUmja;TEklE dIsc\`mc\.epFkui tk\erak\ pfwc\ e`paSuiNuic\~kpfty\' teyak\ cf;mins\Tk\ mpuiBE e`Kak\eyak\ATi pfwc\ e`paSuiKcQ \.#ppfmy\' kuiy\qeBakj NHs\qk\tE.Bk\kluik\!pI; e`paNuic\~kpfty\' AKuAKjin\mHaSuirc\ AmHt\ep;duic\lU@kI;mja;klE ASc\qc\.erak\en~kpf!pI' dfe~kac\. ASiuRHc\mja;rE e. Kfc\;eSac\ SraVI;`memac\kui ASuitc\Pui> Pit\eKFpfty\ Kc\bja;''



The Debate 2 Now, as a chair, I'd like to introduce proposer to you. The gentleman sitting on my right is Saya U Mya Maung, the leader of the proposers. I believe every people in this town know him. He has been serving in this town for several years. He will propose for ten minutes. The writer Maung Khin Min ( Danuphyu) and the singer Daw Sanda Win will second him for five minutes each. The lady sitting on my left is locally well-known writer Daw Ngwai Khet, the leader of the defendants. She will defend for ten minutes. And then, the engineer U Than Tun and Dr U win Thein will recommend her for five minutes each. As usual, both proposer and defendant will perform alternately. The judges will decide by observing their gesture, delivery, diction and facts. After both proposers and defendants have finished their performances, anyone from the audience can join this stage. We allow up to six persons to speak not exceeding five minutes each. You can take any side you like. Now, the judges have already been seated. Therefore, I invite U Mya Maung to present his proposal.



ska;lu;M APQc\. ~kv\.R: eKfc\;eSac\ eKjp KWc\.#p saer;Sra Sk\lk\ Sn\;qs\ tlHv\. eta\ eTak\KM TMu;sM duci \lU@kI; Nicu \cMekja\ NHs\qk\ pfwc\ puggiol\ Pit\eKF lU@kI;lUcy\meRQ; elyUelqim\; AeKj AKjkA \ lk\ AsIAsV\ ASui ASuieta\ ASiutc\ ASiuRHc\ ASc\e`p ASc\qc\. AetQ;AeKF



to look, to see leader to defend to allow writer to continue new in turn smart to second, to recommend custom referee, judge locally well-known to like to be included person invite every people delivery, accent defendant facts program motion singer propose (in a debate) one who proposed go well with already idea



SYNTAX meRQ; "not choosing/ any/ every" follows a noun. Noun+ meRQ; noun



ui,meRQ; not choosing/ any



to verb by oneself



dIsa;eqak\Suic\mHa BaqameRQ; sa;Nuic\pfty\" People of any faith can eat at this restaurent . kYn\eta\.Aim\kui AKjinm\ eRQ; lapf" Come anytime to my house.



kjeta. "as for" follows a noun to contrast the different situations in two seperate sentences. Noun+ kjeta. noun



kjeta. as for



as for noun



qU BIya eqak\ty\" wuic\kjeta. meqak\BU;" He drinks beer but not wine. (Literal Translation: He drinks beer. As for wine, he does not drink.



qU Rup\RHc\ ~kv\.ty\" saAup\kjeta. mPt\BU;" He watched the movie, but he did not read a book. Note: Sometimes the preceding sentence is dropped when the context is easily understandable like in the sentence, "kYn\eta\.kjeta. qU me`paBU; ," meaning, " As for me, you do not tell." One could easily understand that he has told the others.



AennE> "as " follows a noun. Noun+ AennE> noun



AennE> as



as a noun



ekjac\;qa;ts\eyak\AennE> qUdIlui mlup\qc\.BU;" As a student he should not do like this. Srawn\ts\eyak\AennE> qU lUnakui kurmy\" As a doctor he has to help the patient. Note: Sometimes a sentences like, "kYn\eta\.AennE> BamH mqiBU; ," should be translated, " As for me, I know nothing."



m and BE "without" sandwiches a verb. m Verb BE m not not/ without verbing



verb



BE



dIAim\mHa msa;BE m`pn\pfnE>" Don't go back without eating at this house. na;mlv\BE me`papfnE>" Don't say if you do not understand. (Literal Translation: Don't say without understanding.)



Suirc\ "if it is said/ if it were" follows a noun. Noun+ Suirc\ noun



Suirc\ if it is said



if it is said/ if it were



nk\`Pn\Suirc\ Aa;pfty\" If it is tomorrow, I am free. (Note: The speaker is not free on a certain date.)



kYn\eta\Suirc\ dIluimlup\BU;" If I were you, I would not do like this. (Note: Notice that the pronoun " Kc\bja;" "you" is dropped in Burmese sentence.)



Suirc\ "if it issaid/ if it were" also follows the other phrases and sentences as a qutation marker.. Sentence+ Suirc\ sentence



Suirc\ if it is said



if it is/ if it were said that sentence



Kc\bja;lamy\Suirc\ kYn\eta\ wm\;qapfty\" If you are coming, I am glad. (Literal Translation: If it is said that you are coming, I am glad.)



dIluiSuirc\ kYn\eta\ nk\`Pn\mlapfBU;" If it is so, I would not come tomorrow. (Literal Translation: If it is said so, I would not come tomorrow.) Note: Some Burmese speakers who tend to be wordy use this Suirc\ excessively. See the example: dIen>haSuirc\ kYn\etahaSuirc\ rn\kun\#mi>kuiSuirc\ qQa;pfmy\"



When the syllable of a noun is repeated after the "prefix" A , the noun that follows A is pluralized. A+ Noun2 A



\Noun2



many noun



qU>kui kYne\ ta\ AKfKf e`papfty\" I told him many times. Atuic\;tuic\;A`pv\`pv\mHa AgClip\ska; e`papfty\" English is spoken in many countries. (Note: Notice that A preceds each syllable in case of prefixing two syllable nouns which are made up of two free morphemes like in the words: "tuic\;`pv\ " "#mi>RQa" "NHs\l " "~kim\Kf ." This structure is not pertinent for the two syllabe words like ekjac\;qa; and saAup\ which consist of one bound morpheme at least.)



mHa `Ps\pfty\ "It will be" follows a verb. Verb+ mHa`Ps\pfty\ verb



mHa`Ps\pfty\" it will be



it is that (someone) will verb



dIen> qUlamHa `Ps\pfty\" He will come today. (Literal Translation: Today it is that he will come.)



AKu Sra~kI;k ska;e`pamHa `Ps\pfty\" The teacher will speak now. (Literal Translation: Now it is that the teacher will speak.) Note: This is another example of wordiness in a formal Burmese. In stead of saying simply and directly, "qUlapfmy\" " he will come," some Burmese people would say,"qUlamHa `Ps\pfty\ ," "It is that he will come" most frequently in the ceremonies.



ta `Ps\pfty\ "It is" follows a verb. Verb+ ta`Ps\pfty\



verb



ta`Ps\pfty\" it is



it is that (someone) verb



df qUe`pata `Ps\pfty\" This is what he said. (Literal Translation: It is that he said.) kYn\eta\ men>k erak\ta `Ps\pfty\" I arrived yesterday. (Literal Translation: Now it is that I arrived yesterday.) Note: This is the same structure as above except in tense. Notice that some speakers say "kYn\eta\ men>k erak\ta `Ps\pfty\ " in stead of saying simply and concisely, "kYn\eta\ men>k erak\pfty\ " or " kYn\eta\ men>k erak\pfty\ " without "`Ps\pfty\" which is uncommon in daily spoken language.



Lesson 11 qc\Kn\;sa 12



kjn\ss\qa; pugMeKt\ Aena\rTamc\;lk\Tk\tcQ \ kjn\ss\qa;' ceTQRU;' cluM;lk\Py\NHc\. evac\VI;PI;hUeqa qUrEekac\;el;VI; epFTnQ \;KE.%' TuiqUrEekac\;tui>Ank\ kjn\ss\qa;qv\ ATU; Tc\RHa;qU`Ps\qv\' kjn\ss\qa;qv\ enac\eta\esalU;mc\;TM Am:Tm\;ensV\ esalU;mc\;kui rn\qUmja;kPm\;qQa;%'' mL;mt\mja;k kjn\ss\qa;kui mc\;#prn\ tuik\tnQ \;~kqv\' qui>eqa\ kjn\ss\qa;klk\mKMeKj' esalU;mc\;kui rn\qUmja;lk\mHky\rn\ $ki;sa;qv\' kjn\ss\qa;% qs=aRHipuMkui `mn\ma.qmuic\;tQc\ mHt\tm\;tc\~krqv\' kjn\ss\qa;mc\;`Ps\eqaAKf Nuci \cMeta\Akjio;AtQk\ eSac\RQk\KE.%' tuic\;qU`pv\qa;mja;Aa; valk\`Pc\. sa;eqak\PQy\ramja;ep;mv\' by\lk\`Pc\. Awt\Asa;mja;ep;mv\hu min\>KE.PU;qv\' kjn\ss\qa;mc\;qv\ Nuci \cMeta\sv\;luM;vIvQt\eAac\ eSac\RQk\KE.%' mQn\`mn\ma sv\;luM;er;AtQk\ mQn\`mn\maeqQ;pfeqa e`m;eta\Aelac\;sv\qUkui nn\;Ap\KE.qv\' pugM#mi>| kjn\ss\qa;mc\;tv\KE.eqa AanN]aBura;kui yKutuic\ PU;`mc\Nuic\pfqv\'



Kyansittha In time of the King Anawyatha of Bagan period, there were four brave men called Kyansittha, Nga Htway yu, Ngaloun Letpheh and Nyaung Oo Phi. Among them, Kyansittha is especially famous.



While Kyansittha was working for his brother, king Saw Lu, the enemies captured Saw Lu. The ministers implored Kyansittha to take the kingship. However, he declined. He tried to rescue king Saw Lu from the enemies. The royality of Kyansittha is reported in Myanmar History. When Kyansittha became a king, he worked for the betterment of the country. He said he would give foods to the people with his right hand and clothings with his left hand. King Kyansittha worked for the unity of the state. With an intention to the unity among Mon and Myanmar people, he bestowed the throne to Alaung Sithu, his grandson, who is of Mon-Myanmar blood (by birth) Up to the present, (we) still can see Ananda Temple built by King Kyansittha in Bagan.



ska;lM;u APQc\. pugMeKt\ lk\Tk\ qUrEekac\; ATU; Tc\RHa; enac\eta\ SImHa Am:Tm\; tun\; rn\qU Pm\; mL;mt\ mc\;#p tuik\tnQ \; lk\mKM lk\ ky\ qs=aRHi mHt\tm\;tc\ eSac\RQk\ Awt\Asa; sv\;luM; eqQ; e`m; Ap\ tv\



Bagan era era hero special famous brother(royal) at serve while enemy arrest ministers enthrone urge decline hand save loyal record carry out clothing unite blood grandchild give build



SYNTAX SImHa "at" follows a noun. Noun+ SImHa noun



ui,SImHa at



at noun



kYn\eta\.SImHa saAup\mRHiBU;" I do not have the book with me. (Literary Translation: The book is not at me.)



kYn\eta\.SImHa Kc\bja;enNuic\pfty\" You can stay at my place. (Literary Translation: You can stay at me.)



SIkui "to" follows a noun. Noun+ SIkui noun



ui,SIkui to



to noun



kYn\eta\.SIkui lapf" Come to me Kc\bja;SIkui samer;Nuic\pfBU;" I cannot write to you. Note: It is to compulsory to use SIkui instead of kui when the verb in the sentence is "to come" or "to go."



tun\; "while/still" follows a verb. Verb+ tun\; verb



tun\; while/still



while verbing/ still verbing



qU>saAup\ kYn\eta\ Pt\tun\;pf" I am still reading his book. Kc\bja;Aip\entun\; kYn\eta\ ekjac\;qQa;my\" I will go to school while you are sleeping. Note: Sometimes en comes in between the verb and tun\; to emphasize the continuouity of the verb.



Pui> "for" follows a noun. Noun+ Pui> noun



Pui> for



for noun



df kYn\eta\.Pui> saAup\" This is the book for me. Kc\bja;Pui> puik\SM kYne\ ta\ ep;my\" I will give the money for you.



Pui> "for" follows a verb. Verb+ Pui> verb



Pui> to



to verb



Ac\;kjIwy\Pui> kYne\ ta\ Suic\kui qQa;my\" I will go to the shop to buy a shirt. dIen>laPui> qU>kui kYne\ ta\ e`papfmy\" I will tell him to come today.



puM "the way, manner" follows a verb.



Verb+ puM verb



puM the way, manner



the way (someone) verbs



qUe`papuMkui kYn\eta\ m$kik\BU;" I don't like the way he speaks. saem;pQEmHa qUe`PpuM qip\ekac\;ty\" The way he answers (the questions) in the exam is very good.



tuic\ "till, until, up to" follows a noun. Noun+ tuic\ noun



tuic\ till, until, up to



till, until, up to noun



dIen>tuic\ kYne\ ta\ mHt\mity\" I still remember. (Literarl Translation: I remember till now.).



mN[el;tiuc\ qQa;my\" I will go up to Mandalay. Note: tuic\ is interchangeable with ATi.



Lesson 12 qc\Kn\;sa 13



Burc\e. nac\ Burc\.enac\qv\ etac\cUeKt\| Tc\RaH ;eqa Burc\tpf;`Ps\qv\' Burc\.enac\qv\ rEsQm\;qttiRHiqU`Ps\qv\' rEsQm\;qtti RHieqa qUrEekac\;mja;kuilv\; e`mHak\sa;qv\'



Burc\.enac\% qUrEekac\;eRQ;Kjy\pMumHa sitw\ c\sa;PQy\ekac\;qv\' lk\qv\;~ka;tQc\ Ap\ suik\& tUNcH \. Ruik\ka sm\;qp\%' enak\mtQn\>qk U uiqa qUrEekac\;A`Ps\ eRQ;Kjyq \ v\' Burc\.enac\qv\ rErc\.eqa qUrEekac\;mja;kui eRQ;Kjy\ka `mn\matp\meta\@kI;kui PQE>sv\;KE.qv\' Burc\.enac\AupK\ jop\eqa `mn\matp\meta\@kI;qv\ AaRHtuik\tQc\ Tc\RHa;ekja\~ka;KE.qv\' Burc\.enac\lk\Tk\tQc\ `mn\maNuic\cMeta\@kI; sv\;luM;vIvQt\& Ac\Aa;etac\.tc\;eqa Nuci \cMA`Ps\qui> erak\RHiKE.qv\'



Bayintnaung Bayintnaung is a famous king during Taungngu dynasty. He was one of the brave kings. He also awarded braved heroes. His selection of a hero was very interesting. He tested by hitting a nail between a finger nail with a hammer. He only chose the one who was not distorted. Then he formed a huge Burmese army with those selected heroes. This great army led by Bayintnaung was well-known in Asia. Burma became united and strong under Bayantnaung's rule.



ska;lM;u APQc\. rEsQm\;qtti e`mHak\sa; eRQ;Kjy\ rErc\. lk\qv\; Ap\ suik\ tU Ruik\ sm\;qp\ enak\tQn\> tp\meta\ PQE>sv\; Aup\Kjop\ AaRHtuik\ Ac\Aa;etac\.tc\; erak\RHi A`Ps\qui>erak\RiH



qtit courage KjI;e`mHak\/ Aa;ep; encourage eRQ; select, choose qtitRHi finger nail needle strike hammer/ nephew hit sm\; test enak\Sup\ retreat army organize/ form VI;eSac\ lead continent of Asia Ac\Aa;ekac\; strong



erak\ `Ps\la



SYNTAX



pE "only" follows a noun. Noun+ pE noun



pE only



at noun



bmaska;pE kYn\eta\ e`patt\ty\" I can speak Burmese only. qUpE qity\" He is the only one who knows. Note: When a post-position follows a noun, pE comes after the post-position.



Aim\mHapE kYn\eta\ enmy\" I will stay only at home.



A`Ps\kuierak\ "to become" follows a noun. Noun+ A`Ps\kuierak\ noun



A`Ps\kuierak\ to become



to become noun



qU kYn\eta\.SraA`Ps\kui erak\pfty\" He became my teacher. (Literal Translation: He reached to (the status of) being my teacher.)



dImuikersINuic\cMA`Ps\kui qUtui> erak\Kjc\enpfty\" They want (their country) become a state of Democracy. (Literal Translation: They want their country reach to (the status of) being a state of Democracy. Note: This is an example of wordiness caused by an attempt to be very formal. See below the simple version of the two sentences mentioned above.



qU kYn\eta\.Sra `Ps\lapfty\" He became my teacher. qUtui> dImuikersINuicc\ M `Ps\Kjce\ npfty\" They want (their country) become a state of Democracy.



Lesson 13 qc\Kn\;sa 14



yun\NHc\l . ip\ ten>q| yun\NHc\.lip\tui> etQ>SuM~kra yun\k "AeSQlip\' qc\qv\ AqQa;eNH;qv\" hu kE.rE.%' TiuAKf lip\k "AeSQyun\ qc\NHc\.cfAe`p;#picw\ M.qv\' qc\.kuicfme~kak\" hu Sui%' yun\klv\; "ekac\;!pI' cftui>Ae`p;#pic\~kmv\" hu e`pa%'' enak\en>nMnk\| yun\NHc\.lpi \tui>qv\ Ae`p;#pic\~kel%'' yun\qv\ ljc\`mn\sQa e`p;elqv\' lip\mHamUka; mrp\na;BE teRQ>eRQ> qQa;%'' yun\qv\ `mk\Kc\;tKuqui> erak\eqaAKf cfqv\ pn\;tuic\NcH \. nI;kp\la!pI' lip\kuiesac\.rn\na;VI;mv\huSuika ter;Aip\el%'' yun\qv\ Aipe\ nramHNui;lt\eqa\ T&thun\tv\;e`p;el%'' qui>ratQc\ lip\qv\ pn\;tiuc\qui> eRH;VI;sQa erak\NHc\.!pI;`Ps\elqtv\;'



A hare and a turtle One day, when a hare and a turtle met, the hare scoffed, " my friend turtle, you are very slow!" Then the turtle replied," I can compete with you in a running contest, I'm not afraid of you!" The hare agreed, "very well, let's do it!" Then , the next day, they competed running each other. At first, the hare run very fast. Though the turtle move slowly and continuously. When the hare reached a grass land, he thought, " I am almost at the goal, I'd better wait the turtle while resting. Then, he fell asleep. When he woke up, the hare run with tremendous speed. However, the turtle had already reached the goal.



ska;lM;u APQc\. yun\ lip\



rabbit turtle



etQ>SuM AeSQ qc\ eNH; kE.rE. e~kak\ teRQ>eRQ> `mk\Kc\; pn\;tuic\ nI;kp\ ter;Aip\ Aip\enramHNui; thun\tv\; eRH;VI;sQa erak\NHc\.!pI;`Ps\elqtv\;



etQ> mit\eSQ' qUcy\Kjc\; Kc\bja; m`mn\BU;' e`P;e`P; say sarcastically, mock to be afraid of



te`P;e`P;



grass area



#pic\pQEmHa enak\SuM;erak\rmE.enra nI; to have a nap Aip\rakNui; wake up



A`mn\ Arc\ erak\en!pI



SYNTAX `mn\`mn\ "quickly" precedes a verb. `mn\`mn\ + Verb `mn\`mn\



verb



quickly verb quickly



qU `mn\`mn\ e`p;Nuic\ty\" He can run quickly. `mn\`mn\lapf" Please come quickly. Note: Repetition of a Verb "V2"like in `mn\`mn\ function as an adverbial phrase . See more examples below. Verb



Adverb



ekac\; "to be good" ekac\;ekac\; "well" epja\RWc\"to be happy" epja\epja\RWcR\ Wc\ "happily" Kjm\;qa "to be peaceful" Kjm\;Kjm\;qaqa "softly"



rak "from the status" follows a verb. Verb+ rak verb



rak from the status of



from the status of verbing



qU pjc\;rak epja\lapf`pI" He became happy although he was bored earlier. (Literal Translation: He became happy from the status of being bored.)



qUsa;enrak Tpf`pI" He got up from eating. (Literal Translation: He got up from the status of eating.)



NHc\. "ahead" follows a verb. Verb+ NHc\. verb



NHc\. ahead



verb ahead



Aip\NHc\.pf" Please sleep ahead. kYn\eta\ Kc\bja;Arc\ dIkui erak\NcH \.pfty\" I arrived here ahead of you.



Lesson 14 qc\Kn\;sa 15



Aelac\;mc\;tra;



mhaDmmrazaDiptilk\Tk\tQc\ Ac\;wen`pv\eta\@kI;qv\ m!cim\mqk\ `Ps\enqv\' m?iprU kqv\;mja;k



Ac\;wen`pv\eta\% e`mak\Pk\tlWa;kui tuik\Kuik\Pjk\SI;qv\' eAak\`mn\maNuic\cM hMqawtIqa;tui>klv\; pun\kn\qv\' mttraAup\PuiRHi ekQ>RHm\;mja;klv\; T~kQqv\' TuA i Kjin\tQc\ muSui;PiuRQaqU@kI; VI;eAac\ezyjqv\ mimi%RQakui luM#KMeAac\ Tn\;luM;tp\mja;karMqv\' AnI;Apf; ekj;RQa el;Sy\.e`Kak\RQakui qim\;qQc\;Ta;qv\' m~kamHIpc\ Ac\;wen`pv\eta\@kI;qv\ hMqawtItp\mja; lk\tQc\; qk\Sc\;reta.qv\' Ac\;wkui qim\;puik\!pI;eqa hMqawtItp\mja;qv\ e`mak\Pk\tlWa;ekj;RQamja;kui qs=aKMKcui \;rn\ la~kra muSui;PuiRQaqui> erak\RHilaqv\' tKjin\tv\;mHapc\ ekQR> Hm\;mja;klv\; qs=aKMKuic\;rn\ erak\RHilaqv\' VI;eAac\ezyjqv\ APQE>NsH \PQE>kui e`KcMsQa Sk\SMqv\' mv\qU>qs=akuimJ KMyU`Kc\;m#pep'' hMqawtItp\PQE>kui A`pn\KrI;tQc\ lm\;mH`Pt\& tuk i \Kuik\qv\' hMqawtItp\PQE>mja; ATiAKuik\ AkjASuM;mja;sQa`Pc\. `pn\rqv\' hMqawtItp\mja;qv\ muSui;PuiRQakui laerak\tuik\Kuik\~k`pn\qv\' VI;eAac\ezyjqv\ eqQ;eqak\rEeBa\ e`Kak\kjpi \RHs\eyak\NHc\.AtU VI;sI;ka eAac\`mc\sQa KuKMtQn\;lHn\Ncui \KE.qv\' Tui>enak\ VI;eAac\ezyjqv\ e`mak\Pk\tlWa;RHi RHm\;mja;NHc\.`mn\mamja;kuilv\; Sk\qQy\sv\;RuM;Nuic\KE.qv\' ^qui>`Pc\. VI;eAac\ezyj% ARHni \Awf `mc\.ma;laqv\' VI;eAac\ezyjqv\ Aelac\;mc\;tra;BQE>kui KMyUka kun\;eBac\mc\;Sk\kui stc\tv\eTac\qv\' muSui;PuiRQakui eRWBuihu qmut\ka #mi>nn\;tv\qv\' nn\;tv\ qkkraz\`Ps\eqa 1115 Kukui V~qeAa\`mv\ kun\;eBac\tv\hu AmHt\Aqa;#p~kqv\' Aelac\;mc\;tra;qv\ /rawtINHc\.Kjc\;tQc\; `ms\NHs\qQy\A~ka; edqmja;kui AKuic\Ama susv\;!pI;enak\ Ac\;wkui tuikK\ uik\eAac\`mc\qv\' Tiuenak\tQc\ `pv\' lQne\ S;' dgMu#mi>mja;kui qim\;puik\qv\' lQn\eS;kui `mn\eAac\hU& qmut\qv\' dguMkui rn\kun\hU& qmut\qv\' qn\ljc\#m>ikuika; eKt\mHI lk\nk\mja;NHc\. Nuci \cM`Ka;qa;mja; AkUAvIrRHiTa;q`Pc\. mepfk\Nuic\RHiqv\kui lk\eRQ;sc\ rEeBa\kui;kjip\quM;eyak\k #mi>tQc\;kuiwc\erak\tiuk\Kuik\mH eAac\`mc\qv\' qn\ljc\kj!pI;enak\ hMqawtIkui AlQy\tkU qim\;puikN\ uic\qv\' Aelac\;mc\;tra;@kI;qv\ ^qui>`Pc\. `mn\maNuic\cMeta\@kI;kui tsutsv\;tv\;`Ps\eAac\ `pn\lv\ sv\;RuM;tv\eTac\Nuic\KE.epqv\' rn\@kI;eAac\ kun\;eBac\K cf;mv\r `pv\eRQBui eB;rn\k#pi' muSui;Pui rn\#pitE.naqiGC Bui;eta\.edq hUeqaet;kui yen>Tei Aac\pc\ `pv\qUtui>k qISui~kSE`Ps\pfqv\'



Alaung Mintaya



During the reign of Maharajadipiti the city of Inwa was unstable. Kathehs of Manipur attacked the places in the north of Inwa. Hanthawadi people of the lower Myanmar revolted. Gway Shans of the city of Madaya and Okepho also rebelled. At that time, U Aung Zayya, the headman of Mouthsobo fortified his village with the trunks of palm trees for its security. (He) also took forty six neighboring villages under his control. Soon the city of Inwa fell into the hands of the troops from Hanthawadi. After seizing Inwa, the Hanthawadi troops, on their way to force the northern villages take an oath of royalty to them, arrived at Mouthsobo. At the same time, the Gway Shan also came to force an oath. U Aung Zayya dealt with both parties agreeably. However, he did not take oath from neither parties. (He) ambushed the Hanthawadi troops on their way back. The Hanthawadi troops had to retreat with heavy causalities. Later, Hanthawadi troops returned and attacked Mouthsobo again. However, U Aung Zayya, leading along with his sixty eight comrades, resisted successfully. Then U Aung Zayya was able to unify the Shans and Myanmars of the north. Thus U Aung Zayya's power arose. U Aung Zayya, taking the title of " Alaung Mintaya," founded the Konebaung dynasty. (He) built a palace after acclaiming Mouthsobo village as Shwebo. (Myanmar people) use mnmonics of "Oataw aw myi Koneboung ti" for the Myanmar era 1115 (1753 A.D) when the palace was built. Alaung Phaya conquered Inwa after consolidating the regions between the Ayyawadi and Chindwin rivers. Then he captured the cities of Pyi, Lunsay and Dagon. He renamed Lunsay and Dagon as "Myanaung" and "Yangon" respectively. He succeeded the city of Tanyin after his ninety three selected soldiers penetrated the city which they could not enter earlier because (the enemy) had latest weapons and assistance from the foreigners. After the fall of Thnyin, the city of Hanthawadi was captured easily. Alaung Mintayagyi had reunified the country of Myanmar harmoniously thus. Myanmar people are still singing the song: Yangyi Aung, Konebaung Shwebo that has five diferent names All the evils destroyed. Mouthsobo Yatana Theinga that crushes the enemies The place of Bowdaw.



ska;lM;u APQc\. m!cim\mqk\ pun\kn\ T~kQ Tn\;luM;tp\ karM AnI;Apf; ekj;RQa qim\;qQc\; lk\tQc\; qk\Sc\; qssaKM e`KcMsQa KMyU`Kc\;m#pep ATiAKuik\ AkjASMu; eqQ;eqak\rEeBa\ VI;sI; KuKM Sk\qQy\ ARHin\Awf `mc\.ma; KMyUka stc\tv\eTac\ qmut\ AmHt\Aqa;#p~k `ms\NHs\qQy\ AKuic\Ama eKt\mHI lk\nk\ epfk\ lk\eRQ;sV\ kui;kjip\ AlQy\tkU eB;rn\k#pi et;



l:p\l:p\RHa;RHa; unstable Rebel Fort built of Palm trunks ka' protect



Ana;' AnI;Ana; RQa qim\;puik\' qim\; seize lk\TE erak\' kj fall take an oath e`Ke`KcMcM politely



mKMBU; TiKuik\tE.lU' d5\rartE.lU' wounded kjSMu;tE.lU' ss\pQEmHaeqtE.lU' casuality blood comrade



eKfc\;eSac\ tQn\;lHn\ defend contact



tn\Kui;Aa5a' power `mc\. KM!pI; seTac\ namv\ep;qv\ mHt\Ta;~k `ms\NHs\Ku Kuci \Kuic\mama strongly modern weapon to get through



eqeqKjaKjaeRQ;Ta;tE.lU kui;Sy\ AlQy\kel; rn\etQmRHieta. qIKjc\;



SYNTAX pE "only" follows a noun as an emphatice particle. noun pE noun



pE emphatic particle, only



only noun



qUpE dIAe~kac\; qity\" He only knows this story. qU m~kaKc\pE lamy\" He will be here very soon. Note: pE in the second sentence functions as an emphatic particle that cannot be translated exactly in English.



nE>AtU "together" follows a noun. noun nE>AtU noun



nE>AtU together with



together with noun



qU kYn\eta\nE>AtU sa;my\" He will eat with me. ekjac\;qa;etQnE>AtU Sra lamy\" The teacher will come together with the students.



mH "only if" follows a verb. verb mH verb



mH only, only if



only if (someone) verbs



qUlamH kYne\ ta\ lamy\" I will come only if he does. Kc\bja;em;mH kYn\eta\ e`Pmy\" I will answer only if you ask.



By\ / Ba Noun mH "whichever noun"/ "any"/ "every" or "all" preceeds a negative verb. noun



Ba



mH



m v BU;



not not saying saying



whatever



(one) does not verb whatever noun/ one does not verb any---



kYn\eta\ BamH mqiBU;" I don't know anything. kYn\eta\ BasaAupm\ H mPt\BU;" I do not read any book. Notes: When mH follows a question tag like Ba By\ By\mHa By\qU By\eta. or a noun after a question tag as in BasaAup\ By\Scui \mHa, it will function as "any," every," or "all." However the sentence ends with a negative statement. Question Noun (if mH Tag necessary)



Ba Ba By\ By\mHa By\ By\ By\ By\qU By\qUnE>



saAup\



saAup\mHa #mi> k #mi> kui



Translation Whatever,any..... Whatever, any...book WWherever,anywhere



mH mH mH mH mH mH mH mH



Wherever In any book From any city To any city Whoever, anybody... With anybody



By\qUnE>



mH



With anybody



By\eta.



mH



Whenever/ anytime



mH



Whenever/ anytime



By\



AKjin\



SE "still" follows a verb .



verb SE verb



SE still



still verbing



qU saAup\ Pt\SEpf" He is still reading a book. AKu mui;RQaenSEpf" It is still raining.



Lesson 15 qc\Kn\;sa 16



Amjio;qa;en> tn\eSac\mun\;lSut\ 10 rk\en>qv\ Amjio;qa;en> `Ps\pfqv\' Tuien>tcQ \ `mn\maNuic\cM twn\;luM;| Amjio;qa;en>AKm\;Ana;mja; kjc\;p~kpfqv\' Amjio;qa;en> ATim\;AmHtA \ `Ps\ ehae`papQEmja;NHc\. `ppQE#picp\ QEmja;kui #plup\kjc\;p~kpfqv\' `mn\maNuic\cMqv\ 1885 KuNHs\tQc\ AgClip\tui>% lk\eAak\KMBwqui> kjerak\KE.pfqv\' TiuAKjin\mHs& AgClip\Asui;rk `mn\matui>kui Amjio;mjio;PiNHip\ Kjop\Kjy\KpE. fqv\' 1920 `pv\.NHs\tcQ \ AgClipA \ sui;rk rn\kun\tkkquil\kui PQc\.lHs\rn\ sIsV\qv\' tk*qiulVpedku \ ilv\; `p7an\;qv\' ^VpedAr tk*qiul\pvaqc\liuqUtuic\; qc\~ka;KQc\.mrNuic\q`Pc\. `mn\matmjio;qa;luM;k mekjnp\~keKj' Tui>e~kac\. tk*qiul\ekjac\;qa;@kI;mja;k VI;eSac\& qpit\emHak\KE.~kqv\' rn\knu \tk*quil\ekjac\;qa;mja;qpit\qv\ Any\ny\Arp\rp\qui> pjM>NHM>qQa;!pI; ny\ekjac\;mja;klv\; qpit\emHak\~kpfqv\' Amjio;qa;ekalipN\ Hc\. Amjio;qa;ekjac\;mja;kui tv\eTac\~kpfqv\' Tuei kjac\;mja;e~kac\. Amjio;qa;sit\Dat\mja;lv\; pumi uiNui;~ka; PQM>#Pi;lapfqv\' Amjio;qa;saep el.lam:lv\; pQc\.ln\;lapfqv\' TuiAKjni \mHs& `mn\maAmjio;qa;tui>qv\ AgClipA \ sui;rkui Sn\>kjc\ SNd`ppQEmja; ASk\m`pt\ Sc\NQEka lQt\lp\er;kui etac\;SuiKE.~kpfqv\' Tui>e~kac\. lQtl \ p\er;As Amjio;qa;en>khU& Sui~kpfqv\' `mn\matmjio;qa;luM;Aa; mjio;Kjs\sit\Dat\ tk\~kQeAac\ l:M>eSa\ep;eqa Tuien>kui Amjio;qa;en>hU& qt\mt H \KE.~kqv\' mjio;Kjs\sit\Nui;~ka;esKE.eqa Amjio;qa;en>kui mem.qc\.pf' Amjio;qa;en>kui NHs\sV\kjc\;pka mjio;Kjs\sit\Dft\ TawsV\ RHc\qn\eAac\ $ki;pm\;rmv\`Ps\pfqv\'



The National Day. The 10th waning day of the month of Tazaungmone is the National Day. On that day, Myanma people observe the National Day throughout Myanmar. To commemorate the National Day, the people enjoy the public lectures, exhibitions and games. The country of Myanma fell under the hands of the British in 1885. From that time the British government oppressed the Myanmar people in many ways. In 1920, the British government made arrangements to open the Rangoon University. The government also passed the University Act. All Myanma citizens were upset because this act abuses the right of learning of those who wish to obtain the university education. Therefore the university students led a boycott. Rangoon University Students strike stretched out all over the country and the schools away from Yangon also boycotted. They founded the National College and the National schools. These schools motivated more nationalism. The study of the national literature developed. From that time, Myanmar nationalities demanded for independence striking incessantly against the British government. Therefore it is noted that the National Day is the beginning of the independence. The day that has inspired the nationalism of all the Myanma people is recognized as the National Day. We should not neglect the National Day that triggered our nationalism. We must endeavor to enliven the patriotism by observing the National Day every year.



ska;lM;u APQc\. tn\eSac\mun\;lSut\ Amjoi;qa;en> twn\;luM; PiNiHp\ Kjop\Kjy\ PQc\.lHs\ sIsV\ Vped `p7an\; ekjnp\ VI;eSac\ qpit\emHak\ pjM>NHM> ny\



waning day of the month of Tazaungmone National Day all over supress control



PQc\.



make arrangement Act, Law prescribe



qeBakjqv\'qeBatUqv\ VI;eSac\qv\ lead boycott spread provicial



sit\Dat\ Nui;~ka; PQM>#Pi; saep el.lam: pQc\.ln\; Sn\>kjc\ SNd`ppQE ASk\m`pt\ Sc\NWE etac\;Siu mjoi;Kjs\sit\Dat\ tk\~kQ l:M>eSa\ NHs\sV\ TawsV\ RHc\qn\ $ki;pm\;



spirit



Nui; puimja;qv\' tui;tk\qv\ Literature study blossom oppose strike unceasiningly



kjc\;p



demand patriotism arise stimulate



NHs\tuic\; A!mE



live, strong



$ki;sa;



SYNTAX mHapf "sentence ending (future tense)" follows a verb. verb mHapf verb



mHapf sentence ending (future tense)



only noun



qU lamHapf" He will come. kYn\eta\ m~kaKc\pE sa;mHapf" I will eat soon.