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BERKOMUNIKASI MENGGUNAKAN PETA
CARTOGRAPHIC BASICS
Maps perform two important functions: Storage medium for information that humanity needs
Provides a picture of the world to help understand spatial patterns, relationships, and environmental complexity
Maps tell us: Where is it? What is it? (often) When is it? What is nearby? How far away? In which direction? How do I get there? What other things are there also? How might they be related?
CARTOGRAPHIC BASICS
Where am I? How far to my destination?
In what direction do I go? How large? What shape?
After James R. Smith, page 46
CARTOGRAPHIC BASICS All maps have the same goal:
Communicating spatial relationships
Communicating the ‘form’ of the landscape
Basic characteristics of all maps:
Location
Attribution
Reduction of reality
Scale
Geometrical transformation/projection
Abstractions of reality
Symbolism
CARTOGRAPHIC BASICS
Location and Attribution allow many types of relationships to be formed: Relationships among locations with no attributes – distance, bearing Relationship among various attributes at the same point
Relationship among different locations of the same attribute Relationships among locations of combined/derived attributes of given distributions -- spatial distribution of per capita income vs. educational attainment
Shift in Cartography • Communication paradigm • Assumed that the map itself was a final product designed to communicate spatial pattern through the use of symbols, class limit selection, and so on. E.g. Tourism maps • Map is end result and the user is incapable of regrouping the data into forms more useful • Analytical (holistic) paradigm • Maintains the raw attribute data inside a computer storage and displays data based on user needs and classification • The map allow for both communication and analysis
State Park
Tipe Peta • Peta Politik (administratif) • Peta yang memiliki batas-batas (misal, negara, provinsi, kabupaten, kota) • Batas politik bukan alami, mereka dibuat manusia • Peta Fisik • Peta yang menunjukkan unsur-unsur fisik dan alami Bumi (misal gunung, sungai, dll)
Contoh peta fisik
Contoh peta politik
Informasi tepi = Kunci membaca Peta
Aturan #1: Judul • Selalu tambahkan judul yang jelas dan detil pada
peta. • Contoh, pada peta di atas, judul “Canada” saja tidak cukup spesifik. “A political map of Canada” lebih jelas dan spesifik.
Aturan #2: Legenda • Sebuah legenda
sangat berguna untuk memahami unsur-unsur (fiturfitur) pada peta.
Aturan #3: Skala • Skala membantu memahami kita mengetahui ukurn
sebenarnya daripada tempat-tempat yang tergambar di peta. • Skala sangat penting, karena tanpa skala, anda tidak akan tahu ukuran spasial dari unsur-unsur peta. • Dari peta kita bisa memiliki bayangan jarak beberapa kota pada peta ini.
Skala • Skala menunjukkan hubungan antara jarak di peta dan
jarak sebenarnya di permukaan bumi. Jenis skala: • Direct Statement Scale menggunakan kata-kata untuk mendeskripsikan jarak di peta serta representasinya di dunia nyata • 1 cm = 10 kilometres • Linear Scale menggunakan aturan khusus menggunakan simbol grafik untuk mendeskripsikan jarak di peta serta representasinya di dunia nyata • 0 km 400 km • Representative Fraction Scale menunjukkan ratio antara satu unit ukuran di peta dengan unit ukuran di dunia nyata • 1:50 000 (1 cm pada peta merepresentasikan jarak 50 000 cm di dunia nyata)
Skala Area Large Scale Maps Small Scale Maps
Small
Large
Detail
Example
A lot (streets, schools, railways, …) A little (borders, lakes, large rivers, …)
Topographic maps, road maps, city bus maps Globes, world maps, atlases
Skala – Memetakan Lokasi Kita • Central Peel Area
Skala – Memetakan Lokasi Kita • Peta Kota Brampton
Skala – Memetakan Lokasi Kita
• Peta Southern Ontario
Skala – Memetakan Lokasi Kita • Peta Ontario
Skala – Memetakan Lokasi Kita • Peta Canada
Skala – Memetakan Lokasi Kita • Peta Dunia
Effect of scale on accuracy The rule of thumb: It is always better to reduce a map after analysis than to enlarge it for analysis
Aturan #4: Kompas • A compass is a way of
finding direction • The four cardinal points are N, E, S, W • The twelve ordinal points are NE, SE, SW, NW, NNE, ENE, ESE, SSE, SSW, WSW, WNW, NNW • The points all have corresponding degrees of a circle (0° → 360°)
Aturan #5: Nama & Tanggal • Semua peta harus memiliki informasi mengenai nama
pembuat. • Semua peta harus memiliki tanggal pembuatan peta. • Tanggal diperlukan karena unsur-unsur spasial dan informasi yang ada selalu berubah seiring waktu. • Jika tidak ada tanggal, peta tersebut tidak bisa digunakan secara tepat sesuai dengan konteks waktu.
Kenapa kita perlu informasi tanggal?
Aturan #6: Warna • Unsur air selalu diberi warna biru. • Jangan mewarnai tanah dengan warna biru • Unsur vegetasi diberi warna hijau
Aturan #7: Label • Label peta harus diketik, bukan ditulis tangan. • Jangan memberi label dengan arah vertikal
(atas & bawah), selalu horisontal. • Unsur air diberi label dengan huruf miring (italics). • Ketika memberi label pada unsur yang besar/luas, gunakan huruf kapital. • Ketika memberi label pada unsur yang lebih kecil, gunakan huruf kecil.
Tipe Peta • General Purpose Maps • A map drawn to scale using
symbols and colours to indicate major roads for transportation purposes • Often includes parks, hospitals, and tourist attractions • Can be both small scale (a country map) and large scale (a city map)
Tipe Peta • General Purpose Map
of the “Golden Horseshoe” (Niagara Falls to Clarington)
Tipe Peta • Topographic Maps • A map that indicates scale, using symbols and colours for both natural and human features on the Earth’s surface • Shows the Earth’s surface in great detail (large scale) • Depicts the height of land features (topography) • Often shows roads, settlements, vegetation cover, power lines, etc.
Tipe Peta • Topographic Map of
Blue Mountain (Collingwood)
Tipe Peta • Thematic Maps • A map that reveals the geographic patterns of statistical data • Are designed to display distributions over the Earth’s surface • Usually focuses on one theme or topic (e.g., population distribution)
Tipe Peta • Thematic map
showing electricity generating stations in Canada
Tipe Peta • Digital Maps • Computer programs • Handheld devices • Online
Tipe Peta • Google Maps is an example of an online map.
www.maps.google.com
Tipe Peta • Google Earth is an example of a computer program
using digital maps.
www.earth.google.com
Diskusi • Diskusikan dengan teman anda, seberapa besar
efektivitas peta mampu menjadi alat komunikasi? • Bagaimana peta mampu mendukung dan membawa pembaca untuk berfkir secara spasial? Dan bagaimana cara membiasakan pembaca utk berpikir secara spasial? • Sarana apa yang efektif untuk memfasilitasi pembaca untuk berpikir secara spasial?