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KATA PENGANTAR (Dari manajemen NS) Sebelumnya kita ucapkan selamat untuk teman-teman yang sudah lulus sma, tak terasa tiga tahun sudah perjuangan di sma telah berlalu dan tentunya meninggalkan kesan yang mendalam KIAT-KIAT BELAJAR BAHASA INGGRIS ala USM STAN - Yakinkan dirimu belajar bahasa inggris tu mudah dan asyik.. - Kalau udah mentok belajar sructure mending hafalin rumus aja - untuk soal cerita, cari kalimat utamanya dulu bisa di awal, di tengah dan di akhir paragraf (soal yang ditanya biasanya berhubungan denga kalimat utamanya) - soal2 yang di ujikan dalam usm stan Cuma 3 jenis aja kok structure, eror recognition, dan reading, dan masih ada kemungkinan soal vocab keluar.. Cuma itu saja kok jadi gag usah berfikir terlalu berat.. - ulangi terus dan ulangi terus - perbayak latihan soal ……… sebelum di print tambahin sesuai ide kalian DAFTAR ISI - Structure and written expression a) T enses b) Causative c) Passive Voice d) Modals e) Gerund and to Infinitive f) Agreement/Concord g) C lauses h) Conditional Clause (IF) i) Parallel Structure j) Direct and Indirect sentence (reported speech) k) Wish, as if/as though, would rather l) Phrasal Verbs m) Countable and Uncountable Nouns n) Conjunctions o) Parallel Verbs



STRUCTUR AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION CHAPTER I TENSES A. PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE PRESENT Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang merupakan : -



Habitual action ( kebiasaan ) General truth ( kebenaran umum )



Rumus : S + V1 Adverb of time : everyday, once, twice, three times, etc Adverb of frequency : always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, etc E.g. :  Istia asri parinda goes to campus everyday.  She always wear a green cloth at campus three times a week.  The sun rises (general truth). PRESENT CONTINUOUS Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada masa sekarang.



Rumus : S + is/am/are + VING Adverb of time : now, right now, at this time, at this moment E.g.:  Istia is dancing salsa right now.  The boys is renovating they room at this time. PRESENT PERFECT Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah selesai pada masa sekarang (hasil masih terlihat/ terasa).



Rumus : S + have/has + V3



Biasanya diikuti oleh : yet, already, just E.g.:  I have already swept the floor  He has just moved to another country



PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang telah berlangsung beberapa lama dan terus berlangsung sampai sekarang.



Rumus : S + have/has + been + V3 Adverb of time : for three months, since yesterday, all these years, etc E.g.:  It has been raining since last week.  The gangga’s boy and Parinda have been playing uno for an hour. B. PAST TENSE SIMPLE PAST Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang terjadi pada masa lampau.



Rumus : S + V2 Adverb of time : yesterday, last night, twenty hours ago, just now E.g.:  They went to Medan last week  I visited my father yesterday PAST CONTINUOS Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu tertentu pada maa lampau.



Rumus : S + was/were + VING Adverb of time : at 10 last night, at this time yesterday, when + S + V 2 , While + S + was/were + VING , etc



E.g.:  She was watching a movie at 11 last night  She was waiting him when he came  They were studying English while he was eating PAST PERFECT Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian telah selesai ketika kejadian lain terjadi.



Rumus : S + had + V3 Bisa diikuti oleh : already, just Pemakaian :  S + had + V3 before S + V2  After S + had + V3 , S + V2  S + had + V3 when S + V2 (atau) S + V2 when S + had + V3 E.g.:  Fika had already swept the floor before her mother came home.  After Adit had had dinner, he went to bed. PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah berlangsung beberapa lama tetapi masih terus berlangsung ketika kejadian lain terjadi dimasa lampau.



Rumus : S + had + been + VING Pemakaiannya :  Before + S + V2 , S + had + been + VING for…  When + S + V2 , S + had + been + VING for…  After + S + had + been + VING, S + V2 for… Catatan : Harus diikuti oleh for E.g.:  My little brother had been playing football for half an hour when I came by



C. FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE FUTURE Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang akan dilakukan pada masa yang akan datang.



Rumus : S + will/shall + V1 Adverb of time : tonight, tomorrow, soon, next week, etc E.g.:  Istia will go abroad next week.  My grandpa will recover from his illness soon.



PRESENT FUTURE CONTINUOUS Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang akan sedang dilakukan pada waktu tertentu dimasa yang akan datang.



Rumus : S + will/shall + be + V1 Adverb of time : at 9 tonight, at this time, next week, etc E.g.:  She will be swimming in the lake at 3 tomorrow.  He will be teaching at this time next month.



PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT Menyatakan kegiatan yang akan sudah selesai terjadi dimasa akan datang.



Rumus : S + will/shall + have + V3 Adverb of time : - By next week, by next July - By the end of this year - By the time + S + V1 / Vs/es + O/C E.g.:  They will have sent the letter, by the time you remind them.



PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang telah akan berlangsung beberapa lama dan terus berlangsung sampai masa yang akan datang.



Rumus : S + will/shall + have + been + V3 Adverb of time : by tomorrow, by the end of this month, by the time, etc Catatan : harus diikuti oleh for E.g.:  By next week, he will have been living here for five years.  Aditya will have been teaching English for four months by the end of this week. Contoh Soal : 1. All of my life...in the library. a. Is spent c. Spending b. Are spending d. Has spending 2. I sterted school when i was five years old. I ... a student for seventeen years now. a. Am c. Have been b. Am being d. Am to be 3. Istia...Indonesia before he came to Jakarta to study in the international student program. a. Has never visited c. Would never visited b. Never visited d. Had never visited 4. I have(A) spent(B) three weeks(C) in Germany last July. 5. Tony is going to return to Medan as soon as he...his university diploma’s degree. a. Gets c. Would get b. Will get d. Got 6. When ... the conference? a. The Director attended c. The Director will attend b. Did the Director attend d. The Director’s attendance 7. How many cards...in the box. a. There are a there have c. Are there b. There have d. Have there 8. At this moment, the government...the military operation in Aceh. a. Legalizes c. Has legalizes



b. Is legalizes



d. Has been legalizes “ If better is possible, good is not enough” CHAPTER II CAUSATIVE



1. Active a.Infinitive Without to b. Infinitive with to has get have order S+ make + object + V1 S + want + object+ to V1 Let command Help Example : 1. Erwin has Hasan cut his hair 2. SBY get Hidayat Nur Wahid to copy the text 2. Passive has get Have order S+ Make want + Object + V3 Let command Help Example: Emak has Bajuri kicked by Oneng Notes: 1. make : memaksa 2. have : meminta 3. get : membujuk Questions: 1. Mr. Jusuf Kalla have the commission of general ellection( KPU) ________the result of general ellection quickly. A. To process C. processed B. Process D. Processing 2. Mr. Endarto had his student__________their valuation report before August. A. finish C. They finished B. to finish D. Finished 3. The Minister of finanance, Mrs.Sri mulyani, get all of STAN graduations _____well. A. To work C. working B. Will work D. Is worked 4. Computer has the CPU __________the data. A. Transfered C. It transfered



B. Transfer D.to be transfered 5. My darling has all of our memories________for her. A. Will be cancel C. cancelled B. To cancel D.Be cancelled 6. AA : ‘What is your plan to make this computer run?’ WW: ‘I______________’ A. Will have repaired it C. Will have it repaired B. Have repaired it D. will have been being repaired 7. X : “Why didn’t you come yesterday?” Y : “I ‘m sorry, I didn’t get the sms, my cellphone wasn’t working yesterday.” X : “Have you taken it to the service center___________” A. They will have check it for you C. They have to check it B. To have it checked D. To have to check it 8. “Your dress is too short, Ani, you must have it___________” A. Length C. Lengthened B. Long D. Lengthen 9. “If you don’t love me anymore, dear I’ll get you______away to Mimika” A. To takes C. to take B. To be taken D. taken 10. My sister and I do not have time to clean this room, we ______for us. A. Must have done it for someone C. must have someone done it B. Must have to do it D. must have someone do it 11. She got her brother _______the toy for her birthday yesterday. A. Brought C. brings B. To bring D. to be brought



CHAPTER III PASSIVE VOICE Bentuk kalimat dimana subjek atau pokok kalimatnya dikenai suatu tindakan. S + be + V3 (past participle) (be)I : am, is, are (be)II : was, were (be)III : been (be)ing : being (be)inf : be



1. 2. I3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.



TENSES Simple Present Simple Past Present Continous Past Continous Present Perfect Past Perfect Simple Future Future Perfect Past Future Past Future Perfect



ACTIVE S + Verb1(s/es) + O S+verbII S+am,is,are+ Ving S+was/were+Ving S+has/have+VIII S+had+ VIII S+shall/will+V1 S+will+have+ VIII S+would+ V1 S+should/would+have+ VIII



PASSIVE S+am,is,are+VerbIII S+was/were+VerbIII S+am,is,are+being+ VIII S+was/were+being+ VIII S+has/have+been+ VIII S+had +been+ VIII S+shall/will+be+ VIII S+will+have+been+ VIII S+would+be+ VIII S+should/would+have+ been+VIII S+modal+be+ VIII



11. Modals Aux. S+modal+ V1 Questions: 1. All the books in the library______by the minister of Finance last year. A. Were given C. has given B. gave D. give 2. ‘have you posted the mail?’ ‘Not yet sir, it _____at five ‘oclock.’ A. Will posted C.posts B. Will post D. will be posted 3. ‘What should ________to be accepted as the collegian of state acountancy college?.’ A. To be done C. being done B. Be done D.been done 4. It’s no use expecting an answer today, as your proposal_______by his mother. A.had not yet been receive C. will not have been received yet



B. is not receive yet D. will receive 5. ‘Jones : ‘Why doesn’t she accept the job?’ Michle : ___________________________ A. Because she hasn’t been offered it C. because she didn’t offer it B. Because she doesn’t offer it D. Because she hasn’t offered it 6. If you_________ in the STAN enterance test, there will be many alternative to choose. A. are not accepted C. accepted B. do not accept D. was accept 7. Ustman Bin Affan ,one of disciples of our prophet Muhamad SAW, ____ by God to enter the heaven. A. have quaranteed C. is quarenteed B. quaranteed D. was quarenting 8. I became quite nervous when I knew that I would be _______by Mr. Kusman Aji. A. Was interviewing C. interviewed B. Interview D. interviewing 9. The tower of Telkomsel ________when the earth quake happened A. was built C. is to built B.are building D. was being built 10. ‘who will represent our school to join the mathematic olympiad ?’ ‘I don’t know yet, they _______by our head master.’ A. Still selecting C. are still being selected B. Still be selected D.. are still selecting



CHAPTER IV MODALS Modals adalah kata kerja bantu yang memberikan arti tambahandan harus diikuti dengan kata kerja bentuk dasar(Vinf) yang terdiri dari: Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, need, dare, used to. MODAL + VERB 1 1. Can/could/may/might  Menyatakan suatu kemungkinan suatu peristiwa. Eg: It might rain tomorrow 2. Should  Menyatakan suatu anjuran/ saran Eg: You should study hard to pass USM STAN  Menyatakan arti seharusnya dalam bentuk present Eg: As agood moslem, We should obey our parents 3. Must  Keharusan mutlak you must work at department of finance to be rich young man.  Kesimpulan logis Andi bought new car, He must be rich. MODAL PERFECT S + Modals + Have + VIII + Object 1. Could have + VIII Menyatakan suatu yang sebenarnya kejadian yang bisa terjadi diwaktu lampau namun tidak terjadi 2. Might have+ V III Menyatakan suatu kemungkinan dari suatu kejadian yang telah terjadi di waktu lampau. 3. Should have + VIII Menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sehausnya terjadi di waktulampau namun tidak terjadi. 4. Mut have + VIII Menyatakan kesimpulan logis dari kejadian masa lalu. Questions: 1. Narjik was absent two days. He____sick. A. Could be C. might have been B. will D. should



2. He told me about the history of this village He_______here for along time A. must have lived C. would have lived B. should be living D. ought to have lived 3. There is a bird in a locked room. It _____down the chimney. A. might have come C. should have come B. would have come D. should come 4. Bedu passed the exams with flying colour. She ____hard for it A. must study C. must have studied B. should have studied D.should study 5. Miing is the best student in my class. I saw she living his house, but he missed the exam.She____an accident. A. Should have C. must have had B. Must have D. should have had 6. All of students of Newton Six supposed to be here at 07.00 p.m They_______about this meeting A. Must have forgotten C. will forget B. May have forgotten D.must forget 7. It could be rain tomorrow. It means that____rain tomorrow. A. It should be C. may be it will B. it must be D. it is necessary 8. She repaired her computer, but it became worse. She__________ A.should have it repaired C. ahould have it repaired B. must repaired it D. will repaire it 9. The pharmacist _______a record of prescriptions that are filled. A. may keep C. can keep B.could keep D. must keep 10. Oneng, together with his boy friend,is watching TV now,actually she ____be doing her homework. A. might C. would B. should D. can



CHAPTER V GERUND AND TO INFINITIFE 1.Gerund Gerund adalah kata kerja yang berubah fungsi menjadi kata benda dengan cara penambahan ing setelah kata kerja. Gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai:  Subjek  Object  Predicate complement  Noun modifier Adapun kata-kata yang harus diikuti oleh bentuk Gerund adalah: Mind, avoid, keep, enjoy, finish, deny,permit, risk, admit, appreciate, image, dislike, consider, delay, detest, forbid, stop, forget, dan remember.hate, can’t help, can’t stand, prefer, neglect, practice, ,regret. Apabila didahului oleh kata depan ( preposition) maka wajib di bentuk ke dalam Gerund. Kata kata dibawah ini bisa diikuti oleh Gerund atau To Infinitife yaitu: remember, start, begin, love, like continue,hate, stop, forget 2. Infinitife 1. Sebagai subject Example: To understand Cost Accountancy is not easy 2. Sebagai keterangan dari suatu kata benda Example: I have something to do 3. Sebagai keterangan dari kata sifat 4. Example: English is easy to understand if we have great eager 5. Sebagai keterangan dari kata kerja Example: They come to help you solve the problem 6. Sebagai keterangan dari “Wh-word” Example: I don’t know how to make my mother happy Questions: 1. “ I heard you decided to buy a new book on Kwitang? “Well, I considered________one because our lending book is not enough but I finally decided not to. A to buy C. bought B. wanted to buy D. Buying



2. “ I’m accustomed__________at 14.00 P.M. after coming back from my campus.” A. take a nap C. taking a nap B. taken anap D. Took a nap 3. ‘I used to ________________in the morning to keep my health.’ A. walk C. To walk B. walking D. Walked 4. ______English can brighten our future. A. to study C.studied B. studying D. More studied 5. Do you think your mother would object to__________your sister some money. A.giving C.given B.give D. be given 6. ‘ What your mother expect you?’ ‘She expect me _____in his company.’ A. lead C. leading B. is lead D. To lead 7. ‘what do you think about________the Carita Beach?’ A. goes C.to go B. going D. Will go 8. ’Police stoped_______the person because the doer has been arrested.’ A. investigating. C. To investigate B. investigate D. Investigated 9. I can’t stand seing his attitude. He always make his mother get angry with him. A B C D 10. As a good moslem,we must avoid to consume drugs and drinkingalcohol. A B C D



CHAPTER VI AGREEMENT/CONCORD Agreeement adalah penyesuaian antara subjek dengan kata kerjanya dalam suatu kalimat. A. Singular 1. Subject sebuah kalimat yang diawali dengan kata: every..much..,each of.., one of. 2. Subjek yang menyatakan jumlah,jarak, waktu, volume,uang. 3. Subject yang diikuti oleh kata benda abstrak/gerund 4. Apabila diikuti oleh ungkapan as well as, with, along with, together with, inaddition to, accompanied by maka subjeknya berbentuk singular jika subjek pertamanya berbentuk tunggal(singular). 5. Kata a lot of, most, more, some, all, half bila diikuti oleh uncountable noun maka subjeknya berbentuk singular. 6. Either…,or….,neither…,nor…,dianggap singular bila noun keduanya berbentuk tunggal.



7. Kata yang selalu dianggap singular Anybody Anyone anything



Somebody Someone Something



Nobody Noone nothin



8. A number + plural noun plural The number of+ plural noun singular B. Plural 1. The + Adjective 2. Both..,and..,membutuhkan kata kerja plural 3. Kata many, few,several membutuhkan kata kerja plural 4. Kata none,all, majority, half bila di ikuti kata benda jamak maka butuh kata kerja plural. C. Kata hubung and menghubungkan pemakaian jenis dan bentuk kata yang sama seperti gerund dengan gerund, noun dengan noun



“Allah will not change people destiny until they change it by themselves”. (Arra’du : 11)



Questions: 1. Many people_____ by a misterious virus which kills human only in five minutes. A. Has been infected C . have been infected B. Had been infected D. has been being infected 2. Watching TV ______us become lazy person. A. Makes C. Are making B. Have made D.was making 3. Both Mr. Yusuf Kalla and Mrs. Megawati ______the candidate of the president of Republic of Indonesia.in the next ellection. A. wants to become C. Has Wanted to become B. want to become D. Wants becoming 4. The distance between Palembang and Indralaya _______32 kilometres. A. Are C were B. Is D. to be 5. Mr. James Que, accompanied by Mr. Andre Wongso and Mr.Brigie S,_______ a motivation tarining in JCC. A. was holding C. Held B. were holding D. Have held 6. The majority of universities in Indonesia______scholar ship for their clever collegian . A. Was given C. give B. Has given D. is giving 7. All of poor students in my province________given the school’s uniforms by our governoor, Mr.Alex Noerdin last month.. A. Has been C. is B. are D. were 8. ‘Have you checked where most of the Newton six students come from? All right,a half of them _____from Pondok Indah residence A. Come C. comes B. Was coming D. To come 9. Neither the children nor their parents has to take important A B rules to build an effective comunication. C D 10. The number of murder cases in Indonesia have been increasing A B C year by year .



D Answers: 1. TENSES 1.B 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.B



6.C 7.D 8.A 9.B 10.A



2. CAUSATIVE 1.B 6.C 2.A 7.B 3.A 8.C 4.B 9.C 5.C 10.D 11.B



3. PASSIVE VOICE 1.A 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.A



6.A 7.C 8.C 9.D 10.C



4. MODALS 1.C 2.A 3.A 4.C 5C



6.A 7.C 8.A 9.D 10.B



5. GERUND AND TO INFINITIFE 1.D 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.A



6.D 7.B 8.A 9.B 10.C



6. AGREEMENT/CONCORD 1.C 2.A 3.B 4.B 5A



6.C 7.D 8.A 9.A 10.B



CHAPTER VII CLAUSES



A. Adjective Clause Jenis – jenis Relative Pronoun dapat dilihat pada tabel di bawah ini : Subject



Object



Possesive



Person



Who / That



Whom / That



Whose



Thing



Which / that



Which / That



Of which



1. Who Subject of person E.g.: - The girl is my sister - She broke this door yesterday  The girl who broke this door yesterday is my sister 2. Whom Object of person E.g.: - The man looked so tired - I saw him driving a car  The man whom i saw driving a car looked so tired 3. Whose Possesive of person and thing E.g.: - The boy looks hungry - His shoes is green  The boy whose shoes is green looks hungry 4. Which Subject and object of thing E.g.: - The book is expensive - I bouht it in the bookstore over there  The book which i bought in the bookstore over there is expensive 5. Of which Possesive of thing E.g.: - The car is old - Its doors are broken  The house, doors of which are broken, is old. (or)



The House of which does broken, is old. B. Adverbial Clause Anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai kata keterangan. Jenis – jenis : 1. Adverb of Reason Anak kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan alasan. Kata : Because, as, since, for E.g.: He forgot to lock the door because he as in hurry. 2. Adverb Clause of Result Anak kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menyatakan hasil dari suatu pekerjaan. Kata : - so/hence/thus/therefore/consequnetly - so + adj/adv + that (sangat...sehingga) - such + noun + that (...sehingga) E.g.: He didn’t study hard; therefore, he didn’t pass the test 3. Adverb Clause of Purpose Anak kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan tujuan dari suatu pekerjaan. Kata : so that, in order that, in order to + V1 E.g.:- The question is so difficult that i can’t answer it - This is such a difficult question that i can’t answer it 4. Adverb Clause of Contrast Anak kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menunjukan pertentangan Kata : - although, eventhough - however, nevertheless, whereas, still +S+P - on the other hand, but, yet E.g.: - Although it rains heavily, he still goes out 5. Adverb Clause of Place Anak kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menyatakan tempat. Kata : where, wherever E.g.: This is the town where i was born 6. Adverb Cluse of Time Anak kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan waktu. Kata : when, after, before, while, since E.g.: It’s the week when i started to work here C. Noun Clause Anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda dengan menggunakan: That, what, who, which S+P



Where, when, why, whether Posisi : 1. Sebagai Subjek Terletak di awal kalimat E.g.: - What he has done admired everybody in his class room. - Whether he could pass the test will be announced next week. 2. Sebagai Objek Terletak setelah kata kerja E.g.: - Nobody knows why she has involved in the school fighting yesterday. - She realizes that she has lost her new green shoes. 3. Sebagai Pelengkap Terletak disebelah to be atau berfungsi sebagai pelengap keterangan. E.g.: - That is what i want. - I have no idea why she leaves me alone. Contoh Soal : 1. She is so slow as she never gets to class on time. a. Is c. As b. So d. On 2. Don’t forget to register this week so you can vote in the election... a. To register c. So b. This week d. Can 3. I didn’t hear...because there was to much noise when i was sitting. a. What said c. What did he say b. What he said d. What was he saying 4. Sumbawa is not quite fertile, ...it is very good for breeding cattle. a. Since c. Yet b. As d. For 5. The living room was ... tht i had to move to another room to continue my reading. a. Much noisy c. Too noisy b. So noisy d. Very noisy 6. He never cheats in the classroom...he is considered naughty. a. Although c. And b. However d. Since 7. The people which cheated on the examination had to leave the room. a. The people c. Had to b. Which d. Leave



8. Could you please tell me... a. Where is STAN secretariat? b. Where STAN secretariat? c. Where STAN secretariat is? d. Where did STAN secretariat?



MODALS Modals adalah kata kerja bantu (auxulary verb) yang member tambahan arti pada kalimat. Fungsi modals: A. Ability  menyatakan kemampuan Modals : can / could Catatan : can/could = to be + able to (atau) to be + capable VING B. Permission  menyatakan izin Modals : - can / could - to be allowed to - May / might - to be permitted to (makna aktif) (makna pasif) C. Possibility  menyatakan kemungkinan Modals : - can / could - May / might D. Obligation  menyatakan keharusan Modals : - must - Should - Ought to Catatan : must = have/has/had + to = harus E. Logical Conclusion  menyatakan kesimpulan logis dari suatu kejadian / pernyataan. 1. Jika pernyataan (keadaan) berbentuk Present Tense, maka kesimpulan dinyatakan dengan menggunakan modal: Can / could May / might V1 Must + be + VING Should / ougth to be + complement 2. Jika pernyataan (keadaan) berbentuk past tense, maka kesimpulan dinyatakan dengn modal perfect. Could / might V3 Ought to / should + have been + VING Must been + complement



could contoh : Might have = mungkin sudah...  Ought to/ should + have = seharusnya sudah (digunakan untuk menyatkan peristiwa yang tidak terjadi dimasa lampau)  Must have = pasti sudah... (digunakan untuk menyimpulkan sesuatu yang pasti terjadi dimasa lampau)  Could have = seharusnya.. (digunakan untuk peristiwa yang tidak terjadi dimasa lampau)  Would + V1 adalah modal yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang dilakukan secara rutin (berulang – ulang) dimasa lampau. Contoh Soal : 1. He went by bus, but he...by car. a. Might of gone c. Could have gone b. Should gone d. Ougth have gone 2. Mom & dad just left for the airport twenty minutes ago, so they...there yet. a. Can’t have gotten c. Had better have gotten b. Shouldn’t have gotten d. Could have gotten 3. Tropical forests(A) can be find(B) in Shouteast(C) Asia countries(D). 4. The light is out in her room; she... a. Must go to bed c. Must gone to bed b. Must have gone to bed d. Must be gone to bed 5. She went to the office by taxi, but she...by bus. a. Might of gone c. Could have gone b. Should gone d. Ought have gone 6. The garden was very clean. Somebody... a. Must have cleaned c. Should have cleaned b. Ought have cleaned d. Might cleaned 7. He hasn’t finished reading. He ... the whole content of it. a. Could have known b. Had better have



c. Shouldn’t have known d. Can’t have known



CHAPTER VIII CONDIITIONAL CLAUSE (IF)



Conditional Sentence adalah kalimat pengandaian. Terdapat 3 type kalimat pengandaian : • Type I : Future Possible Condition Kalimat pengandaian yang mungkin terjadi apabila syaratnya terpenuhi - Bentuk : S + Shall / will / can / may / must + V1 + if + S + V1 (s/es) Example : He will come here if you call me means : He may come • Type II : Present Unreal Condition Kalimat pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi, karena peristiwa/kegiatannya sedang berlangsung sekarang. - Bentuk : S + should / would / could / might + V1 + if + S + VII (were) - Example : He would come here if you called him means : He doesn’t come because you don’t call him • Type III : Past Unreal Condition Kalimat pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi, karena peristiwa / kegiatannya tealah terjadi di waktu lampau. - Bentuk : S + should / would / could / might + have + VIII + if + S + had + VIII - Example : He would have come here if you called him Means : He didn’t come here because you didn’t call him Soal 1. Get me a glass of lemonade, if you … to the kitchen. a. go c. went b. will go d. going 2. If I … you, I’d save some of your lottery winnings. a. was c. were b. will be d. be 3. If the chair … break, Mr. Dow can fix it for us. a. might c. will b. should d. may 4. This sailboat … go faster if there were more wind. a. would c. might b. will d. can



5. … a tornado come, go to the basement immediately. a. should c. will b. if d.were 6. If Allen had come sooner, he could … eaten dinner with us. a. had c. have b. has d. will 7. I won’t lend you this money … you promise to pay it back. a. if c. when b. unless d. whether 8. If the car … been larger, we would have bought it. a. had c. have b. has d. could be 9. … all agreed, Sara would have been given the scholarship. a. we had c. had we b. had d. we 10. “Are you thinking about going to the Bahamas for the holidays?” “No, but if I … the time, I would definitely go.” a. have c. have had b. had d. would have Kunci Jawaban 1. A 6. C



2. C 7. B



3. B 8. A



4. A 9. C



5. A 10. B



CHAPTER IX Parallel Structure #) use parallel structure with coordinate conjunctions (and, but, or) (same structure),



(same structure),



and But or



(same structure)



Examples:  I need to talk to the manager or the assistant manager.  He eats and sleeps only when he takes a vacation.  The exam that he gave was short but difficult.  They are not interested in what you say or what you do. #) use parallel structure with paired conjunctions (both….and, either … or, neither .. nor, and not only … but also) Both Either Neither Not only



(same structure)



and or nor but also



(same structure)



Examples:  I know both where you went and what you did.  He wants either to go by train or to go by plane. #) use parallel structure with comparisons (-er…than, more…than)



(same structure)



More…than -er….than less…than As…as The same…as Similar…to



(same structure)



Examples:  My school is farther than your school.  Renting those apartments costs about the same as leasing them.



Soal 1. The committee decided to cancel its law suit, to approve the contract, and that it would adjourn the meeting. A B C D 2. Air travel is fast, safe, and it is convenient. A B C D 3. Rock music is not only popular in the United States but also abroad. A B C D 4. Every day the watchman would lock the doors, turning on the spot lights, and walk around the A B C D building. 5. To control quality and making decisions about production are among the many responsibilities of an A B C D industrial engineer. 6. I suggest that the instructor react to the situation by changing the textbook instead of to modify the A B C objectives of the course. D 7. The insurance program used to include not only employees but their families. A B C D 8. The six main parts of a business letter are the address, the inside address, the salutation, the body, A B C the closing, and signing your name. D 9. The new electric typewriters are equipped not only with an element for foreign languages but also A a key for correcting errors automatically. B C D 10. Please send me the smallest, most recently published, and less expensive dictionary that you have A B C D available. Jawaban 1. D 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. D



CHAPTER X Direct and Indirect sentence (reported speech) #) You want to tell someone else what Jesse said. Direct - Jesse said “ I’m feeling ill”. Reported - Jesse said (that) he was feeling ill. #) When we used reported speech, we are usually talking about the past. So verbs usually change to the past in reported speech. Am/is → was are → were have/has → had will → would can → could Do/want/know etc. → did/wanted/knew etc. did → did or had done Other examples: I want to go on holiday but I don’t know where to go. *Jesse said (that) he wanted to go on holiday but he didn’t know where to go. Jesse said “I woke up feeling ill and so I stayed in bed”. *Jesse said (that) he woke (or had woken) up feeling ill and so he stayed (or had stayed) In bed. #) If you are reporting something and you feel that it is still true, you do not need to change the tenses of the verb. Example: Direct - Jesse said “New York is bigger than London”. Reported – Jesse said (that) New York is (or was) bigger than London. #) must, might, could, would, should, and ought stay the same in reported speech. May in direct speech normally changes to might in reported speech. May (direct) → might (reported) #) say and tell If you say who you are talking to, use tell:  Zack told me that he didn’t like Thomas. (not Zack said me..) Otherwise, use say:  Zack said (that) he didn’t like Thomas. (not Zack told (that) he..) #) We also use the infinitive (to do/to stay, etc) in reported speech. Especially for orders and requests) Direct → “Stay in bed for a few days”, the doctor said to me. Reported → The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days. Direct → “Don’t shout”, I said to Gina. Reported → I told Gina not to shout.



Soal 1. Direct → “Can you open the door for me?” Linda asked. Reported → Linda asked me …. the door for her. a. to open c. opening b. open d. opened 2. Jill said, “Ann has bought a new car”. Jill said (that) Ann … bought a new car. a. has c. having b. had d. have 3. Yesterday: Angela said, “ Jill is ill’’. Today, you see Jill is looking well. You say:”Angela said you … ill”. a. was c. are b. is d. were 4. “Please don’t tell anyone what happened”, Angela said to me. Angela asked me … anyone what (had) happened. a. don’t tell c. to not tell b. not to tell d. not telling 5. Ann said, “ I am hungry”. Ann said that she … hungry. a. were c. had b. would d. was 6. Tom said, “I need my pen”. Tom said that he… his pen. a. needed c. need b. needs d. will need 7. He said, “I ought to work hard.” He said that he … to work hard. a. ought to c. ought b. oughted d. is 8. Jessica said, “I may use the money.” Jessica said (that) she … use the money. a. can c. might b. is d. may 9. “Don’t wait for me if I’m late”, Ann said. Ann said not to wait for her if she … late. a. is c.were b. was d. will



10. Jim said,”I’m going away for a few days. I’ll phone you when I get back. Reported → Jim said (that) he … going away for a few days and … phone me when he got back. a. was, would c. was, will b. were, would d. were, will 1. A 2. B 6. A 7. C



3. D 8. C



4. B 9. B



5. D 10. A



CHAPTER XI Wish, as if/as though, would rather #) Wish We use wish to say that we regret something, that something is not as we would like it to be. Present: Subject + wish + Subject + Verb2  I wish I knew Sue’s telephone number. (I don’t know it) Past: Subject + wish + Subject + had + verb3  I wish I had known that Ann was ill. I would have gone to see her. (I didn’t know that she was ill, so I didn’t go to see her) #) As if/as though You can use as if to say how someone or something looks/sounds/feels etc.: Examples:  The house looked as if nobody was living in it.  Tom sounded worried. → Tom sounded as if he was worried.  Ann sounds as if she’s got a cold. You can also use as though:  Ann sounds as though she’s got a cold.  #) would rather a) would rather + bare infinitive (keinginan di masa sekarang atau di masa depan) examples: - I would rather stay at home. - I would rather not go out. b) would rather + Subject + past tense (menginginkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu) examples: - I would rather you went to the shop. - I would rather she cooked. Soal: 1. I would rather … the offer. a. to receive c. receive b. receiving d. receives 2. I’d rather you … the car now. a. fixed c. will fix b. fix d. can fix 3. I’ve just come back from holiday but I feel tired and depressed. I don’t feel as if I … had holiday. a. had b. has



c. had had d. have 4. We took an umbrella because it … as if it … going to rain. a. looked, was c. looked, were b. looks, was d. looks, were 5. My room is too small. I wish my room … larger. a. are c. were b. is d. can be 6. She would rather … the chance. a. takes c. take b. took d. taking 7. I wish I … him the key. He would have chased the car. a. give c. gave b. had given d. given 8. Mira would rather … an apple than an orange. a. has c. had b. have d. have had 9. I don’t like Michelle. He talks as if he … everything. a. knows c. knowing b. know d. knew 10. It’s raining. I wish I … my umbrella. a. brought c. have bring b. bring d. brings kunci Jawaban: 1. C 2. A 3. D 6. C 7. B 8. B



4. A 9. D



5. C 10. A



CHAPTER XII Phrasal Verbs



Dibawah ini adalah sebuah daftar yang berisi 200 phrasal verbs yang umum digunakan. Phrasal verbs adalah frasa yang lazimnya terdiri atas dua kata yang memenuhi struktur verb + adverb atau verb + preposition. Satu phrasal verbs bisa saja mempunyai lebih dari satu makna, tergantung konteksnya. Bebrapa phrasal verbs memelukan objek langsung (someone/something), sementara yang lain tidak. Selain itu, beberapa phrasal verbs dapat dipisahkan objek, sementara yang lain harus digunakan serangkai. Verb



Meaning



Example



ask someone out



invite on a date



Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a movie.



ask around



ask many people the same I asked around but nobody has question seen my wallet.



add up to something



Equal



Your purchases add up to $205.32.



back something up



Reverse



You'll have to back up your car so that I can get out.



back someone up



Support



My wife backed me up over my decision to quit my job.



blow up



Explode



The racing car blew up after it crashed into the fence.



blow something up



add air



We have to blow 50 balloons up for the party.



break down



stop functioning machine)



break down



get upset



The woman broke down when the police told her that her son had died.



break something down



divide into smaller parts



Our teacher broke the final project down into three



(vehicle, Our car broke down at the side of the highway in the snowstorm.



separate parts. break in



force entry to a building



Somebody broke in last night and stole our stereo.



break into something



enter forcibly



The firemen had to break into the room to rescue the children.



break something in



wear something a few times so I need to break these shoes in that it doesn't look/feel new before we run next week.



break in



Interrupt



The TV station broke in to report the news of the president's death.



break up



end a relationship



My boyfriend and I broke up before I moved to America.



break up



start laughing (informal)



The kids just broke up as soon as the clown started talking.



break out



Escape



The prisoners broke out of jail when the guards weren't looking.



break out in something



develop a skin condition



I broke out in a rash after our camping trip.



bring someone down



make unhappy



This sad music is bringing me down.



bring someone up



raise a child



My grandparents brought me up after my parents died.



bring something up



start talking about a subject



My mother walks out of the room when my father brings up sports.



bring something up



Vomit



He drank so much that he brought his dinner up in the toilet.



call around



phone many places/people



different We called around but we weren't able to find the car part



we needed. call someone back



return a phone call



I called the company back but the offices were closed for the weekend.



call something off



Cancel



Jason called the wedding off because he wasn't in love with his fiancé.



call on someone



ask for an answer or opinion



The professor called on me for question 1.



call on someone



visit someone



We called on you last night but you weren't home.



call someone up



Phone



Give me your phone number and I will call you up when we are in town.



calm down



relax after being angry



You are still mad. You need to calm down before you drive the car.



not care for not like (formal) someone/something



I don't care for his behaviour.



catch up



get to the same point as You'll have to run faster than someone else that if you want to catch up with Marty.



check in



arrive and register at a hotel or We will get the hotel keys when airport we check in.



check out



leave a hotel



You have to check out of the hotel before 11:00 AM.



check someone/something out



look at carefully, investigate



The company checks out all new employees.



check out look at (informal) someone/something



Check out the crazy hair on that guy!



cheer up



She cheered up when she heard the good news.



become happier



cheer someone up



make happier



I brought you some flowers to cheer you up.



chip in



Help



If everyone chips in we can get the kitchen painted by noon.



clean something up



tidy, clean



Please clean up your bedroom before you go outside.



come across something



find unexpectedly



I came across these old photos when I was tidying the closet.



come apart



Separate



The top and bottom come apart if you pull hard enough.



come down something



with become sick



My nephew came down with chicken pox this weekend.



come forward



volunteer for a task or to give The woman came forward with evidence her husband's finger prints.



come from somewhere



originate in



count someone/something



on rely on



The art of origami comes from Asia. I am counting on you to make dinner while I am out.



cross something out



draw a line through



Please cross out your old address and write your new one.



cut back on something



consume less



My doctor wants me to cut back on sweets and fatty foods.



cut something down



make something fall to the We had to cut the old tree in ground our yard down after the storm.



cut in



Interrupt



cut in



pull in too closely in front of The bus driver got angry when another vehicle that car cut in.



cut in



start operating (of an engine or The air conditioner cuts in electrical device) when the temperature gets to



Your father cut in while I was dancing with your uncle.



22°C. cut something off



remove with something sharp



The doctors cut off his leg because it was severely injured.



cut something off



stop providing



The phone company cut off our phone because we didn't pay the bill.



cut someone off



take out of a will



My grandparents cut my father off when he remarried.



cut something out



remove part of something I cut this ad out of the (usually with scissors and newspaper. paper)



do someone/something beat up, over informal)



ransack



(Br.E., He's lucky to be alive. His shop was done over by a street gang.



do something over



do again (N.Amer.)



My teacher wants me to do my essay over because she doesn't like my topic.



do away with something



Discard



It's time to do away with all of these old tax records.



do something up



fasten, close



Do your coat up before you go outside. It's snowing!



dress up



wear nice clothing



It's a fancy restaurant so we have to dress up.



drop back



move back in a position/group



Andrea dropped back to third place when she fell off her bike.



drop in/by/over



come without an appointment



I might drop in/by/over for tea some time this week.



drop someone/something off



take someone/something I have to drop my sister off at somewhere and leave them/it work before I come over. there



drop out



quit a class, school etc



I dropped out of Science because it was too difficult.



eat out



eat at a restaurant



I don't feel like cooking tonight. Let's eat out.



end up



eventually reach/do/decide



We ended up renting a movie instead of going to the theatre.



fall apart



break into pieces



My new dress fell apart in the washing machine.



fall down



fall to the ground



The picture that you hung up last night fell down this morning.



fall out



separate from an interior



The money must have fallen out of my pocket.



fall out



(of hair, teeth) become loose His hair started to fall out when and unattached he was only 35.



figure something out



understand, find the answer



fill something in



to write information in blanks Please fill in the form with your (Br.E.) name, address, and phone number.



fill something out



to write information in blanks The form must be filled out in (N.Amer.) capital letters.



fill something up



fill to the top



I always fill the water jug up when it is empty.



find out



Discover



We don't know where he lives. How can we find out?



find something out



Discover



We tried to keep the time of the party a secret, but Samantha found it out.



get across/over get along/on



something communicate, understandable like each other



I need to figure out how to fit the piano and the bookshelf in this room.



make I tried to get my point across/over to the judge but she wouldn't listen. I was surprised how well my



new girlfriend and my sister got along/on. get around



have mobility



My grandfather can get around fine in his new wheelchair.



get away



go on a vacation



We worked so hard this year that we had to get away for a week.



get away with something



do without being noticed or Jason always gets away with punished cheating in his maths tests.



get back



Return



get something back



receive something you had Liz finally got her Science notes before back from my room-mate.



get back at someone



retaliate, take revenge



get back into something



become interested something again



get on something



step onto a vehicle



get over something



recover from an illness, loss, I just got over the flu and now difficulty my sister has it.



get over something



overcome a problem



get round to something



finally find time to (N.Amer.: get around something)



get together



meet (usually reasons)



get up



get out of bed



We got back from our vacation last week.



My sister got back at me for stealing her shoes. She stole my favourite hat. in I finally got back into my novel and finished it. We're going to freeze out here if you don't let us get on the bus.



for



The company will have to close if it can't get over the new regulations. do I don't know when I am going to to get round to writing the thank you cards.



social Let's get together for a BBQ this weekend. I got up early today to study for



my exam. get up



Stand



You should get up and give the elderly man your seat.



give someone away



reveal hidden about someone



give someone away



take the bride to the altar



My father gave me away at my wedding.



give something away



ruin a secret



My little sister gave the surprise party away by accident.



give something away



give something to someone for The library was giving away old free books on Friday.



give something back



return a borrowed item



give in



reluctantly stop fighting or My boyfriend didn't want to go arguing to the ballet, but he finally gave in.



give something out



give to many people (usually at They were giving out free no cost) perfume samples at the department store.



give something up



quit a habit



I am giving up smoking as of January 1st.



give up



stop trying



My maths homework was too difficult so I gave up.



go after someone



follow someone



My brother tried to go after the thief in his car.



go after something



try to achieve something



I went after my dream and now I am a published writer.



go against someone



compete, oppose



We are going against the best soccer team in the city tonight.



go ahead



start, proceed



Please go ahead and eat before



information His wife gave him away to the police.



I have to give these skates back to Franz before his hockey game.



the food gets cold. go back



return to a place



I have to go back home and get my lunch.



go out



leave home to go on a social We're going out for dinner event tonight.



go out with someone



Date



Jesse has been going out with Luke since they met last winter.



go over something



Review



Please go over your answers before you submit your test.



go over



visit someone nearby



I haven't seen Tina for a long time. I think I'll go over for an hour or two.



go without something



suffer lack or deprivation



When I was young, we went without winter boots.



grow apart



stop being friends over time



My best friend and I grew apart after she changed schools.



grow back



Regrow



My roses summer.



grow up



become an adult



When Jack grows up he wants to be a fireman.



grow out of something



get too big for



Elizabeth needs a new pair of shoes because she has grown out of her old ones.



grow into something



grow big enough to fit



This bike is too big for him now, but he should grow into it by next year.



hand something down



give something someone else



hand something in



Submit



hand something out



to distribute to a group of We



used



grew



back



this



to I handed my old comic books down to my little cousin. I have to hand in my essay by Friday. will



hand



out



the



people



invitations at the door.



hand something over



give (usually unwillingly)



The police asked the man to hand over his wallet and his weapons.



hang in



stay positive informal)



hang on



wait a short time (informal)



Hang on while I grab my coat and shoes!



hang out



spend time relaxing (informal)



Instead of going to the party we are just going to hang out at my place.



hang up



end a phone call



He didn't say goodbye before he hung up.



(N.Amer., Hang in there. I'm sure you'll find a job very soon.



hold prevent from doing/going someone/something back



I had to hold my dog back because there was a cat in the park.



hold something back



hide an emotion



Jamie held back his tears at his grandfather's funeral.



hold on



wait a short time



Please hold on while I transfer you to the Sales Department.



hold onto hold firmly using your hands or Hold onto your hat because it's someone/something arms very windy outside. hold someone/somethingup



Rob



A man in a black mask held the bank up this morning.



keep on doing something



continue doing



Keep on stirring until the liquid comes to a boil.



keep something someone



from not tell



We kept our relationship from our parents for two years.



keep someone/something out



stop from entering



Try to keep the wet dog out of the living room.



keep something up



continue at the same rate



If you keep those results up



you will get into a great college. let someone down



fail to support disappoint



let someone in



allow to enter



or



help, I need you to be on time. Don't let me down this time. Can you let the cat in before you go to school?



look after take care of someone/something



I have to look after my sick grandmother.



look down on someone



Ever since we stole that chocolate bar your dad has looked down on me.



think less of, consider inferior



look for try to find someone/something



I'm looking for a red dress for the wedding.



look forward something



I'm looking forward to the Christmas break.



to be excited about the future



look into something



Investigate



We are going to look into the price of snowboards today.



look out



be careful, vigilant, and take Look out! That car's going to hit notice you!



look out for be especially vigilant for someone/something



Don't forget to look out for snakes on the hiking trail.



look something over



check, examine



Can you look over my essay for spelling mistakes?



look something up



search and find information in We can look her phone number a reference book or database up on the Internet.



look up to someone



have a lot of respect for



My little sister has always looked up to me.



make something up



invent, lie about something



Josie made up a story about about why we were late.



make up



forgive each other



We were angry last night, but we made up at breakfast.



make someone up



apply cosmetics to



My sisters made me up for my graduation party.



mix something up



confuse two or more things



I mixed up the twins' names again!



pass away



Die



His uncle passed away last night after a long illness.



pass out



Faint



It was so hot in the church that an elderly lady passed out.



pass something out



give the same thing to many The professor passed the people textbooks out before class.



pass something up



decline good)



pay someone back



return owed money



pay for something



be punished something bad



pick something out



Choose



I picked out three sweaters for you to try on.



point someone/something out



indicate with your finger



I'll point my boyfriend out when he runs by.



put something down



put what you are holding on a You can put the groceries down surface or floor on the kitchen counter.



put someone down



insult, make someone feel The students put the substitute stupid teacher down because his pants were too short.



put something off



Postpone



We are putting off our trip until January because of the hurricane.



put something out



Extinguish



The neighbours put the fire out before the firemen arrived.



put something together



Assemble



I have to put the crib together



(usually



something I passed up the job because I am afraid of change.



for



Thanks for buying my ticket. I'll pay you back on Friday. doing That bully will pay for being mean to my little brother.



before the baby arrives. put up with Tolerate someone/something put something on



put clothing/accessories your body



run into meet unexpectedly someone/something



I don't think I can put up with three small children in the car. on Don't forget to put on your new earrings for the party. I ran into an old school-friend at the mall.



run over drive a vehicle over a person or I accidentally ran over your someone/something thing bicycle in the driveway. run over/through rehearse, review something



Let's run over/through these lines one more time before the show.



run away



leave unexpectedly, escape



The child ran away from home and has been missing for three days.



run out



have none left



We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash my hair with soap.



send something back



return (usually by mail)



My letter got sent back to me because I used the wrong stamp.



set something up



arrange, organize



Our boss set a meeting up with the president of the company.



set someone up



trick, trap



The police set up the car thief by using a hidden camera.



shop around



compare prices



I want to shop around a little before I decide on these boots.



show off



act extra special for people He always shows off on his watching (usually boastfully) skateboard



sleep over



stay somewhere for the night You should sleep over tonight if (informal) the weather is too bad to drive home.



sort something out



organize, resolve a problem



We need to sort the bills out before the first of the month.



stick to something



continue doing something, You will lose weight if you stick limit yourself to one particular to the diet. thing



switch something off



stop the energy flow, turn off



The light's too bright. Could you switch it off.



switch something on



start the energy flow, turn on



We heard the news as soon as we switched on the car radio.



take after someone



resemble a family member



I take after my mother. We are both impatient.



take something apart



purposely break into pieces



He took the car brakes apart and found the problem.



take something back



return an item



I have to take our new TV back because it doesn't work.



take off



start to fly



My plane takes off in five minutes.



take something off



remove something clothing)



take something out



remove from a place or thing



take someone out



pay for someone somewhere with you



tear something up



rip into pieces



think back



remember (often sometimes + on)



think something over



Consider



(usually Take off your socks and shoes and come in the lake!



to



Can you take the garbage out to the street for me?



go My grandparents took us out for dinner and a movie. I tore up my ex-boyfriend's letters and gave them back to him.



+



to, When I think back on my youth, I wish I had studied harder. I'll have to think this job offer over before I make my final decision.



throw something away



dispose of



We threw our old furniture away when we won the lottery.



turn something down



decrease the volume strength (heat, light etc)



turn something down



Refuse



turn something off



stop the energy flow, switch Your mother wants you to turn off the TV off and come for dinner.



turn something on



start the energy, switch on



turn something up



increase the volume strength (heat, light etc)



turn up



appear suddenly



Our cat turned up after we put posters up all over the neighbourhood.



try something on



sample clothing



I'm going to try these jeans on, but I don't think they will fit.



try something out



Test



I am going to try this new brand of detergent out.



use something up



finish the supply



The kids used all of the toothpaste up so we need to buy some more.



wake up



stop sleeping



We have to wake up early for work on Monday.



warm someone/something up



increase the temperature



You can warm your feet up in front of the fireplace.



warm up



prepare body for exercise



I always warm up by doing situps before I go for a run.



wear off



fade away



Most of my make-up wore off before I got to the party.



work out



Exercise



I work out at the gym three



or Please turn the TV down while the guests are here. I turned the job down because I don't want to move.



It's too dark in here. Let's turn some lights on. or Can you turn the music up? This is my favourite song.



times a week. work out



be successful



Our plan worked out fine.



work something out



make a calculation



We have to work out the total cost before we buy the house.



Contoh Soal: 1. I told every guest to … their shoes before entering my house a. take on c. try on b. take off d. try out answer: B 2. Sometimes it’s hard to … all the hard subjects. a. keep in c. keep on with b. keep up d keep up with answer: B



Latihan Soal: A Night Out Dave's a funny chap! He never wants to (1) in the evenings, but when he does, he never wants to go home again! Last Thursday was a typical example. I phoned him and asked if he wanted to go out to our local pub for a quick drink. At first, he said that he didn't want to - he would rather (2) and watch the telly. But after about 10 minutes, I managed to persuade him to come to the pub. Well, we had a nice evening, and the 'quick drink' turned into a longer drink; the more Dave and I drank, the more we wanted to drink. The pub closed at 11 o'clock, so we had to (3) then, but Dave wanted to (4) and persuaded me that we should go to the nightclub in town to continue our 'conversation'. There weren't many people in the nightclub, but that didn't stop us from having a good time! I finally (5) home at 5 o'clock in the morning, feeling very happy, tired, and drunk. The way my head felt on Friday morning (or, to be more accurate, Friday afternoon!), I had to agree with our friends who say that Dave and I are a bad influence on each other! go out / stay out / stay in / drink up / get back



Choose the correct phrase to fill in the blanks: 1. a. go out b. stay out c.stay in d. go in



2. a. go out b. stay out c. stay in d. go in



3. a. drink in b. drink up



c. drink out d. drink on



4. a. go out b. stay out



c. stay in d. go in



5. a. get out b. get in



c. get on d. get back



6. On my way to the campus. I … a friend whom I had not met for years. a. Ran off c. Ran down b. Ran over d. Ran into 7. The heat … by a pile of paint rags is not able to escape as fast as it is made. a. give off c. given off b. given in d. give in 8. If you have time, please … the trash. Put it near the gate outside. a. take on c. take off b. take in d. take out



CHAPTER XIII Countable and Uncountable Nouns Countable Nouns Countable nouns are mudah dikenali. Yang termasuk countable nouns adalah kata benda yang dapat dihitung. Contohnya: "pen". Kita dapat menghitung banyaknya pulpen. Contoh yang lain sebagai berikut: dog, cat, animal, man, person, bottle, box, litre, coin, note, dollar, cup, plate, fork, table, chair, suitcase, bag Countable nouns bisa berbentuk singular atau plural: My dog is playing. (singular) My dogs are hungry. (plural) Kita dapat menggunakan indefinite article a/an dengan countable nouns: A dog is an animal. Ketika bentuknya singular, kita harus menggunakan kata a/the/my/this sebelumnya: I want an orange. (bukan I want orange.) Where is my bottle? (bukan Where is bottle?) Ketika bentuknya plural, kata itu dapat berdiri sendiri: I like oranges. Bottles can break. Kita dapat menggunakan some, any, few, every, all, dan many dengan countable nouns: I've got some dollars. Have you got any pens? I've got a few dollars. I haven't got many pens. All dogs go to heaven. Every book is a source of knowledge. "People" termasuk dapat dihitung. "People" adalah bentuk jamak atau plural dari "person": There is one person here. There are three people here. Uncountable Nouns Uncountable nouns adalah benda atau zat, konsep, dan sebagainya yang tidak dapat dibagi menjadi elemen-elemen terpisah. Kita tidak dapat menghitung hal tersebut. Sebagai contoh, kita tidak dapat menghitung "milk". Kita dapat menghitung "bottles of milk" atau "litres of milk", tapi kita tidak dapat menghitung “milk” itu sendiri.



Dibawah ini contoh lain dari uncountable nouns: music, art, love, happiness, advice, information, news, furniture, luggage, rice, sugar, butter, water electricity, gas, power, money, currency Biasanya uncountable nouns diperlakukan sebagai kata yang singular. Kita menggunakan singular verb/predikat tunggal. Contohnya: This news is very important. Your luggage looks heavy. Kita tidak menggunakan indefinite article a/an dengan uncountable nouns. Kita tidak dapat mengatakan "an information" atau "a music". Tetapi kita harus mengatakan: a piece of news a bottle of water a grain of rice Kita dapat menggunakan some dan any dengan uncountable nouns: I've got some money. Have you got any rice? Kita juga dapat menggunakan little, all, dan much dengan uncountable nouns: I've got a little money. All the love in the world is here. I haven't got much rice. Countable and Uncountable Terkadang, kata benda yang sama dapat menjadi countable maupun uncountable, biasanya dengan adanya penggantian makna. Countable



Uncountable



There are two hairs in my coffee!



hair



I don't have much hair.



There are two lights in our bedroom.



light



Close the curtain. There's too much light!



noise



It's difficult to work when there is too much noise.



Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise.



Have you got a paper to read? (= I want to draw a picture. Have you got paper newspaper) some paper? Our house has seven rooms.



room Is there room for me to sit here?



We had a great time at the party.



time



Have you got time for a coffee?



Macbeth is one greatest works.



of



Shakespeare's



work



I have no money. I need work!



Contoh Soal: 1. Not … from South Africa, although most of the world’s supply originates there. (USM STAN, 2008) a. every gold comes c. all gold comes b. all gold come d. every gold come jawaban: c 2. When you board on a plane, you have to go through inspection where they … a. inspect a luggage c. inspect luggages b. inspect an luggage d. inspect your luggage jawaban: d Latihan Soal: 1. … like to go to the beach in Summer. a. Every people c. Many people b. All people d. All person 2. You must take … before sleep. You have a bad cold. a. your medicines c. your medicine b. your the medicine d. your every medicine 3. …. Is running out. Please hurry! a. Time c. Every time b. A time d. Many times 4. Sorry, but can I borrow … ? I think I lost my purse. a. a money c. few money b. some money d. all money 5. This week, our lecturer gave us …. that is to make … on Politics. a. some homework, paper c. some homework, a paper b. a homework, a paper d. a homework, paper



CHAPTER XIV Conjunctions Conjunctions atau konjungsi berfungsi menghubungkan kata dengan kelompok kata dalam satu kalimat atau menghubungkan kaimat dengan kalimat yang lain. Beberapa diantaranya sebagai berikut 1. Therefore = karena itu - UI is a famous university in Indonesia. Therefore many students want to study there. 2. After all = bagaimanapun juga - We have to be thankful for what we have now. After all, there are more people less fortunate than us. 3. All the same = namun demikian - The new government has given them a new market. All the same, some of them keep selling at the dirty place. 4. Consequently = akibatnya - His father died 4 years ago. Consequently, he can’t study in university. 5. For = since = because = as = karena - Everybody is looking for him because he is the only person who knows where the key is. 6. In order that/in order to = supaya - We must study hard in order that we can pass the exam/in order to pass the exam. 7. In case = kalau-kalau - You’d better take an umbrella in case it rains. 8. Otherwise = jika tidak - Please study hard otherwise you’ll fail the exam. 9. Nevertheless = however = namun/akan tetapi - She is poor. Nevertheless, she is happy. 10. Although/though/even though/in spite of/despite = walaupun/-menyatakan hubungan pertentangan - Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday. - In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday. - I couldn’t sleep despite being very tired. - The house isn’t very nice. I like the garden though. - Even though I was really tired, I couldn’t sleep. 11. Unless = kecuali jika/-menyatakan syarat - I’ll see you tomorrow unless I have to work late. 12. As long as/providing/provided = hanya jika/tetapi hanya jika/-menyatakan syarat - You can borrow my car as long as you promise not to drive too fast. - Travelling by car is convenient provided/providing (that) you have somewhere to park.



13. During/for = selama - I fell asleep during the film. - We watched television for two hours last night. 14. While = sementara - I fell asleep while I was watching the film. Contoh Soal: 1. You should take some extra money … something unexpected happens. a. unless c. in case b. although d. therefore jawaban: C 2. Learning to play a musical instrument often motivates a child to be disciplined and focused; it can impart a feeling of social worth. (USM STAN, 2008) a. because c. and b. so d. moreover jawaban: d Latihan Soal: 1. I didn’t get the job … I had the necessary qualifications. The expression that cannot be used to complete the sentence is… a. even though c. despite the fact that b. although d. while 2. … the weather is good, we’re going to have a picnic. a. providing c. however b. although d. while 3. Among the students, Fandi is the shortest one; …, he is the fastest Sprinter in Surabaya. a. moreover c. however b. otherwise d. in order to 4. I repeatedly apologized for what happened, … she wouldn’t forgive me. a. but c. nevertheless b. however d. therefore 5. We should have the results of your blood test within a few days; … I am going to start you on a preliminary treatment program. a. meanwhile c. otherwise b. however d. therefore 6. I was so scared … I was also curious about the old lady. a. and c. however b. but d. instead



7. Mr. Prasetyo is a noted economist … a. as well as an effective lecturer b. and too efficient lecture c. but he gives a good lecture d. however he gives a lecture very well also



CHAPTER XV Parallel Verbs Biasanya sebuah subject memiliki dua kata benda yang dihubungkan oleh kata and. Kedua kata benda itu harus parallel dengan bentuk sebagai berikut: Contoh: James makes his bed and cleans up his room every morning. V and V Makes and cleans = parallel verbs Contoh lainnya: - Ann is cooking dinner and (is)* talking on the phone at the same time. - I will stay home and (will)* study tonight. - I am going to stay home and (am going to)* study tonight. * auxiliary verb atau helping verb tidak perlu diulang ketika kedua kata kerja dihubungkan oleh kata and. Contoh Soal: 1. Anne can eat and … TV at the same time. a. watches c. watched b. watch d. watching jawaban: B 2. Some people concentrate better when the are studying or reading and … to music at the same time. a. listen c. to listen b. listened d. listening jawaban: D Latihan Soal: 1. We should not discriminate between … and the rich a. poor people c. a poor person b. poor d. the poor 2. Due to the increase in the price of fossil fuels, cooking is a trial for the poor and …. a. maintain a healthy life is a problem. b. maintaining a healthy life becomes a problem, c. maintain life is healthy, d. maintaining a healthy life does becomes a problem. 3. I wish I could work hard, get a good pay, and…. a. take care of my family at the same time. b. taking care of my family at the same time. c. take care of my family is the same time.



d. taking care of my family at once. 4. She hopes that she can become a good mother and …. a. raising successful children. c. raised successful children. b. raised successful children. d. raise successful children. 5. his motto for life is work hard and … a. play hardly b. plays hardly c. play hard d. played hard EROR RECOGNITION



1. Writers like William Shakespeare and Edgar Allan Poe are not only prolific but too interesting. A B C D 2. In spite Nellie’s fear of heights, She decided to fly with a group of her classmates to the A B C Bahamas during the spring recess. D 3. Let Nancy and her to make all the plants for the party, and you and I will provide A B C the refreshments and entertainment. D 4. Louie got his sister read his class assignment, and then asked her to write the report A B for him because he did not have enough time. C D 5. After rising the flag to commemorate the holiday, the mayor gave a long speech. A B C D 6. Maribel has registered for both the afternoon anthropology class as well as the evening A B C sociology lecture. D 7. Dr. Hawkin, which is the professor for this class, will be absent this week because of illness. A B C D 8. This class has canceled because too few students had registered before registration closed.



A B C D 9. After she had bought himself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle. A B C D 10.George has not completed the assignment yet, and Maria hasn’t neither. A B C D 11.After John had eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed. A B C D 12.Because Sam and Marry had done all the work theirselves, they were unwilling to give the A B C D resulst to Jane. 13.These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return A B C D later. 14.Many theories on conversing the purity of water has been proposed, but not one has been A B C as widely accepted at this one. D 15.Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the students lost the A B C D opportunity to lease the apartment. 16.The next important question we have to decide is when do we have to submit the proposal. A B C D 17.After to take the medication, the patient became drowsy and more manageable. A B C D 18.It has been a long time since we have talked to John, isn’t it? A B C D 19.Peter and Tom plays tennis every afternoon with Marry and me. A B C D 20.He was drink a cup of coffee when the telephone rang. A B C D 21.We called yesterday our friends in Boston to tell them about the reunion that we are planning. A B C D 22.Please give me a few coffee and some donuts if you have any left. A B C D 23.The work performed by these officers are not worth our paying them any longer. A B C D



24.He isn’t driving to the convention in March, and neither they are. A B C D 25.Because they have moved away, they hardly never go to the beach anymore. A B C D 26.If I am rich, I want to buy Bali island. A B C D 27.The president went fishing after he has finished with the conferences. A B C D 28.Those homework that your teacher assigned is due on Tuesday unless you have made prior A B C D arrangements to turn it in late. 29.My cousin attends an university in the Midwest which specializes in astronomy. A B C D 30.Because they have moved away, they hardly never go to the beach anymore. A B C D



Reading Reading adalah pokok bahasan yang cakupannya luas. Namun bagian reading dalam USM STAN sebenarnya tidak susah, asal tahu apa maksud soal dan bagaimana cara menetukan jawabannya. Biasanya, soal-soal Reading mencakup hal-hal sebagai berikut: -



Title identification (menentukan judul) Identifying the main idea (menentukan ide pokok/gagasan/inti dari sebuah tulisan) Expressions and meanings and their usage (menentukan arti dan maksud dari sebuah kata, istilah atau gaya bahasa tertentu) Finding contextual answers according to the passage (menjawab pertanyaan sesuai konteks berdasarkan isi dan maksud sebuah wancana atau tulisan) True or false (menentukan kebenaran atau kesalahan suatu pernyataan)



Jenis Teks Mengetahui jenis teks membantu kita dalam menjawab soal, misalnya dalam menentukan judul, ide pokok, dan maksud yang ingin disampaikan. Jenis-jenis teks secara umum sebaagai berikut: 1. Recount: Menceritakan kembali suatu peristiwa dengan tujuan sekadar memberitahu atau menghibur pembaca. 2. Report: Mendeskripsikan sesuatu hal dengan apa adanya, berdasarkan fenomena alami, buatan manusia, ataupun sosial di dalam lingkungan kita. 3. Discussion: Memaparkan sekurang-kurangnya dua pendapat mengenai suatu isu/masalah. 4. Explanation: Menjelaskan proses-proses yang ada terkait pembuatan atau pelaksanaan dalam fenomena/kejadian alami atau sosial budaya. 5. Narrative: Menceritakan suatu hal dengan tujuan menghibur. Hal-hal yang diceritakan bersifat problematic, dengan urutan kejadian tertentu yang berujung pada konflik atau krisis yang diakhiri resolusi. 6. Procedure: Mendeskripsikan bagaimana sesuatu terjadi lewat rangkaian kejadian atau langkah-langkah tertentu. 7. Description: Mendeskripsikan seseorang, tempat tertentu, atau hal tertentu. 8. Review: Kritik/Ulasan tentang suatu karya atau acara untuk khalayak ramai. Review juga menunjukkan bagaimana suatu karya termasuk film, acara televise, buku, drama, opera,



pameran, konser, daan pertunjukkan balet. Exposition (Analitical): Persuades the reader or listener that something is the case. 9. Exposition (Hortatory): karangan yang berusaha meyakinkan pembaca, yang berisi argument-argumen tentang suatu masalah. 10. News Item: Menginformasikan kepadaa pembaca tentang kejadian tertentu yang dianggap penting untuk diberitakan. 11. Anecdote: Karangan yang bertujuan untuk menceritakan kejadian yang unik, lucu, atau luar biasa. Contoh Soal: People express their personalities in their clothes, their cars, and their homes. A study shows that our diets are also an expression of our personalities. Perhaps we don’t choose foods only for taste and nutrition. We might choose them because they “tell” people something about us. For example, some people eat mainly gourmet foods, such as caviar and lobster, and they only eat in expensive restaurants (never in cafeterias or snack bars). They might want to “tell” the world that they know about the “better things in life”. Human beings can eat many different kinds of food, but some people choose not to eat meat. These vegetarians often have more in common than just their diet. Their personalities might be similar, too. For example, vegetarians in the United States may be creative people, and they might not enjoy competitive sports or jobs. They worry about the health of the world, and they probably don’t believe in war. Some people eat mostly “fast-food”. One study shows that many fat-food eaters have a lot I common with each other, but they are very much different from vegetarians. They are competitive and good at business. They are also in a hurry. Many fast-food eaters might not agree with this description of their personalities, but it’s a common picture of them. Some people also believe that people of the same astrological sign, have similar food personalities. Arians (born under the sign of Aries, between March 21 and April 19) usually like spicy food, with a lot of onions and pepper. People with the sign of Taurus (April 20 to May 20) prefer healthful fruits and vegetables, but they often eat too much. Sgittarians (November 22 to December 21) like ethnic foods from many different countries. Aquarians (January 20 to February 18 ) can eat as much meat and fish as they want, but sugar and cholesterol are sometimes problems for them. 1. What’s the suitable title for the text? a. Types of Food b. How a the Personality of a Vegetarian is Connected with Their Food c. Food Personalities



d. Food and the Zodiac



2. According to the text, it is possible that people choose their foods because… a. They tell the person what interests them. b. They tell them what’s tasty and nutritious. c. They are an alternative to clothes and cars d. They tell people something about those who eat them. 3. What’s the main idea of paragraph two? a. Vegetarians are people who don’t eat meat. b. There are many vegetarians in the US who don’t enjoy competitive sports and jobs. c. Vegetarians in the US don’t believe in war. d. Vegetarians are not only similar in their diet, but they’re also similar in personality. 4. The word “their” in paragraph three line four refers to.. a. fast food c. description b. vegetarians d. fast food eaters 5. The word ethnic in paragraph four has the closest meaning to the word… a. traditional c. old-fashioned b. national d. tribal 6. Which is true according to the text? a. Some people choose not to eat meat because they dislike competitive sports or jobs. b. Fat food eaters have a lot in common with vegetarians. c. People born on the 23rd of April are said to like healthful fruits and vegetables. d. Sugar and cholesterol are objects of no concern to Aquarians. Jawaban: 1. C 2. D 3. D



4. D 5. A 6. C



Latihan Soal: Neither a Borrower nor a Lender Be Both borrowers and lenders in the sub-prime mortgage market are wishing they had listened to the old saying: neither a borrower nor a lender be.



Last year people with poor credit ratings borrowed $605 billion in mortgages, a figure that is about 20% of the home-loan market. It includes people who cannot afford to meet the mortgage payments on expensive homes they have bought, and low-income buyers. In some cases, the latter could not even meet the first payment. Lenders include banks like HSBC, which may have lost almost $7 billion. Both sides can be blamed. Lenders, after the 2-3 percentage point premium they could charge, offered loans, known as 'liar loans', with no down payments and without any income verification to people with bad credit histories. They believed that rising house prices would cover them in the event of default. Borrowers ignored the fact that interest rates would rise after an initial period. One result is that default rates on these sub-prime mortgages reached 14% last year- a record. The problems in this market also threaten to spread to the rest of the mortgage market, which would reduce the flow of credit available to the shrinking numbers of consumers still interested in buying property. So, the housing market will remain weak; borrowers with weak credit histories will find the credit window closed; people with adjustable-rate mortgages will have to spend less so they can meet their increased payments; tighter lending standards and falling home prices will reduce consumers' ability to tap the equity in their homes. But as long as the labor market remains strong, which it has done despite job losses in housingrelated industries, and as long as real incomes continue to go up, consumers might complain, but they are unlikely to go on a buyers' strike on a scale that will make this slowdown become a recession. Therefore, we should not be too worried, but, at the same time, we should be a bit cautious and watch closely how things develop. 1. Sub-prime mortgage loans were offered a. only to low income families. b. to people who wanted to by very expensive houses. c. to people with poor credit histories. d. to people with sufficient credit. 2. Who believed that rising house prices would cover them in the event of a default? a. borrowers b. lenders c. both d. none of the above 3. Borrowers have been caught out a. because they lied when applying for the loan.



b. because house prices have risen. c. because house prices have declined d. because interest rates rise after a while.



4. According to the text, people with adjustable-rate mortgages a. will not be able to get credit. b. will buy new houses c. will have to economize d. have weak credit histories. 5. The writer is a. a bit concerned about the housing market. b. very worried about the housing market. c. not worried about the housing market. d. not concerned about the housing market. The four young faces on which the firelight shone brightened at the cheerful words, but darkened again as Jo said sadly, “We haven’t got Father, and shall not have him for a long time.” She did not say “perhaps never”, but each silently added it, thinking of Father far away, where the fighting was. Nobody spoke for a minute; then Meg said in an altered tone, “You know the reason Mother proposed not having presents this Christmas was because it is going to be a hard winter for everyone; and she thinks we ought not to spend money for pleasure, when our men are suffering so in the army. We can’t do much, but we can make our little sacrifices, and ought to do it gladly. But I’m afraid I don’t.” And Meg shook her head, as she thought of all the pretty things she wanted. 6. What is the purpose of the text? a. To give information on a certain topic b. To describe a particular event c. To tell a story d. To give a point of view on a specific subject 7. Which statement is true according to the text? a. The four people mentioned are happy because it is Christmas. b. The father has passed away c. The four people mentioned are mourning because a lot of gentlemen are at war. d. The four young people are worried about their father who is at war. 8. How does Meg feel about the situation that Christmas? a. willing b. regretful



c. angry



d. bored



9. Which word has the closest meaning to the word altered (paragraph two) in the text? b. change d. monotone c. similar e. indifferent 10. Who does “our” refer to? ( paragraph two, line three) a. the mother b. the four people c. the four people and the mother d. all those whose male families are at war



Subject and Verb Agreement yang harus diingat dalam materi ini adalah dalam satu kalimat bahasa Inggris hanya terdapat satu Subject dan kata kerja Utama. Subject : muncul dalam bentuk kata benda (noun) atau frase kata benda (noun phrase). Untuk memahami noun atau noun phrase paling tidak adik-adik sudah menguasai topik "article","regular/irregular count noun", "plural /singular noun". Verb    : muncul dalam bentuk kata kerja (Verb ) atau verb phrase. Untuk memahami verb phrase, adik-adik minimal memahami berbagai bentuk tenses. Supaya lebih mudah, coba adik-adik pelajari pembahasan soal berikut. SOAL STAN 1. …..of human resources is interviewing applicants a. Director           b. The director                  c. A director        d. Directors. (STAN 2004 , no 157 ). Pembahasan: Kategori soal “Subject and verb Agreement”. Pada soal ini, kata kerja yang muncul adalah “is” sehingga subject yang dibutuhkan adalah tunggal. Dengan pola kalimat menggunakan “of human…” maka yang dibutuhkan ada “noun phrase”. Jawaban untuk soal di atas adalah A. 2……taking over the leadership of this project is what made it succeed. a. her                    b. She                                   d. she                    d. her having (STAN 2005, no 166)



Pembahasan: Pada soal ini, kata kerjanya adalah “is”. Sehingga yang dibutuhkan adalah subject tunggal. Maka untuk melengkapi subject tersebut cukup menambahkan “her” sehingga subjectnya menjadi “her taking ( gerund) ,jawaban A 3. STAN ……as one of the best college in Indonesia. a. is regarded                     b. regarded                        c. regards                            d. regarding (STAN 2005, no 169 ) Pembahasan : pada soal ini, subject kalimat adalah STAN , namun belum ditemukan kata kerja, sehingga yang dibutuhkan adalah kata kerja. Karena STAN merupakan sebuah lembaga maka kata kerja yang muncul harus dalam bentuk pasif. Jawaban A 4. All of my time …..in library a. spending                         b. has spending                c. is spent                            d. are spent (STAN 2006, no 159) Pembahasan: pada soal ini subject kalimat adalah “All of my time”, namun belum ada kata kerja. Maka yang dibutuhkan adalah kata kerja pasif untuk subject tunggal karena “time” menrupakan uncount noun. Jawaban C 5. The proposal ……discussed when I called the office this morning a. was being                       b. been                                                c.being                                  d. have been (STAN 2006, no 169) Pembahasan : Pada soal ini subject kalimat adalah “the proposal”, kata kerja yang dibutukan adalah kata kerja tunggal berbentuk pasif. Supaya setara dengan anak kalimat “called” maka kata kerja juga harus dalam bentuk simple past. Jawaban A 6. The consultant’s duty to keep up to date with the developments in his specialitation…..effort, to ensure that his knowledge remains in the leading edge what is going on. a. means that he should make every      b. meaning that the should make the c. mean that he should make all                                d. means whom he should make every (STAN 2007, no 143)



Pembahasan : Pada soal ini, subject kalimat adalah “the consultant’s duty”. Sehingga subjectnya merupakan subject tunggal. Sehingga kata kerja yang dibutuhkan adalah kata kerja tunggal. Jawaban D diabaikan karena “whom” hanya bisa menggantikan orang. Bukan benda. Jawaban A    7. ever since the information technology revolution of the late 1980,…… of personal computer and microchip, the company, from the Managing director down to the man in the mailroom, has been striving for a constant policy of excellence . a. occasioned by the use              b. occasionally by the use             c. occasional use                               d. Occasions, and the use (STAN 2007, no 146) Pembahasan : Pada soal di atas yang muncul adalah kata kerja “has been” namun belum memiliki subject. Maka yang kita butuhkan adalah subject kalimat. Ingat subject pada kalimat bahasa inggris dapat berbentuk noun atau noun phrase. Jawaban C 8….Arrived at the library, he started to work immediately A, the students                 b. when                               c. he                      d. after the student (STAN 2008, no 170) Pembahasan : pada soal di atas, ada dua kata kerja “ arrived” dan “started”. Sehingga, kalimat diatas merupakan kalimat majemuk karena dipisahkan oleh koma. Maka , supaya menjadi kalimat sempurna dibutuhkan kata hubung atau connector sekaligus subject pada kalimat di depan koma. Jawban D. 9. After finishing his speech,….. a. the audience was invited to ask questions       b. the questions were asked to him c. the audience ask him questions                            d.he invited the audience to ask questions (STAN 2009-2, no 163) Pembahsan : Pada soal di atas, subject kalimat dibelakang koma belum teridentifikasi. Namun, pada pola kalimat di atas mempunyai subject yang sama. Maka dari kalimat “after finishing his speech” kita ketahui bahwa “his” merujuk pada laki-laki. Jadi subject kalimat kedua adalah “he”. Jawban D



The Verb Need “The boy needs cutting his hair” or “The boy needs to cut his hair”……? Kata kerja need diikuti infinitive / to verb hanya jika subjeknya benda hidup. Tapi jika subjeknya benda mati maka kata kerja need diikuti oleh gerund (verb ing) atau diikuti oleh “to be + past participle (Verb 3)” A. Subjek benda hidup + infinitive * John and his brother need to paint the house. * My friend needs to learn Spanish * He will need to drive B. Subjek benda mati + verb ing (to be+ past participle) * The grass needs cutting. OR The grass needs to be painted. * The television needs repairing. OR The television needs to be repaired. * The composition needs rewriting. OR The composition needs to be written. “Perhatikan”, kita menggunakan “ in need of ” dengan aturan berikut Subject + be + in need of + noun For examples -



Jill is in need of money. (Jill needs money)



-



The roof is in need of repairing. (The roof needs to be repaired.)



-



The organization is in need of volunteers. (The organization needs volunteers.)



Gerunds atau verbals atau verbal nouns adalah kata kerja berbentuk ing yang dipakai sebagai kata benda. A. Bentuk Gerund dibentuk dari : kata kerja + ing (V1 + ing) Misalnya: smoking, shoping, hunting dan sebagainya. Bentuk gerund adalah sama seperti bentuk present participle, dan keduanya merupakan bagian dari kata kerja. Perbedaannya gerund merupakan sejenis kata benda, tetapi present participle adalah semacam kata sifat. Oleh karena itu, meskipun serupa tetapi keduanya sangat berbeda dalam sifatnya. Gerund mempunyai empat macam bentuk : Tense



active



Passive



Present or continuous Perfect B. Sifat



doing



being done



having done



having been done



Sifat ganda gerund: Gerund merupakan part of speech ganda. Suatu kata benda dan kata kerja yang digabungkan. Oleh karena itu, kita harus menjelaskannya dalam tiap sifat ini : 1) Sebagai kata benda 2) Sebagai bagian kata kerja C. Pemakaian 1) Karena gerund merupakan sejenis kata benda, maka ia dapat digunakan sebagai berikut : a) Sebagai subjek untuk kata kerja contoh: Sleeping is necessary to life b) Sebagai objek untuk kata kerja contoh: I don’t like smoking c) Sebagai komplemen untuk kata kerja contoh: My chief delight is riding d) Sebagai objek untuk preposisi . contoh: He gave up smoking 2) Gerund dengan objek Karena gerund adalah bagian kata kerja, ia dapat menggunakan objek di belakangnya. a) Objek langsung contoh: He is clever at teaching mathematics (mathematics = objek langsung) b) Objek tak langsung contoh: He is clever at teaching us mathematics (us = objek tak langsung) c) Objek yang tetap dipertahankan dalam kalimat pasif contoh: She is pleased at being taught mathematics d) Objek yang artinya mirip dengan kata kerja itu sendiri contoh: She is proud of having sung a fine song e) Objek refleksif contoh: She is in the habit of oversleeping herself 3) Gerund dengan genitif



Kata benda atau kata ganti, asalkan menunjukkan orang atau binatang, haruslah dalam kasus genitif, bilamana kata benda atau kata ganti itu diletakkan di depan gerund. Contoh: I am pleased at your coming Perhatikan : a) Pemakaian gerund yang didahului kata benda atau kata ganti genitif yang berikut ini kadang-kadang terjadi : Contoh: This was a creative work of my doing b) Kadang-kadang huruf “a” diletakkan di depan gerund dalam pengertian preposisi. Di sini “a” merupakan perubahan atau singkatan dari preposisi on : Contoh: The man has gone a-hunting He has gone a-fishing 4) Yang memiliki bentuk ing, selain gerund, masih ada present participle dan kata benda asli, haruslah kita bedakan dengan jelas. a) A sleeping carriage (a carriage used for sleeping), di sini sleeping merupakan gerund b) A sleeping child (a child that is sleeping), di sini sleeping merupakan present participle yang dipakai sebagai kata sifat c) Rising early is good for health, di sini rising adalah kata kerja yang diterangkan kata keterangan early, merupakan gerund yang berfungsi sebagai subjek. d) Early rising is good for health, di sini rising diterangkan oleh kata sifat early, dengan demikian rising adalah part of speech dan merupakan kata benda asli. 5) Gerund dalam bentuk present perfect: Contoh: He regrets having done so (he regrets that he has done or did so) He regretted having done so (he regretted that he had done so) Gerund dan bukan infinitive harus dipakai: a) Sesudah preposisi atau ungkapan berpreposisi : Without, etc + gerund Contoh: Do your work without speaking. Kerjakanlah pekerjaanmu tanpa berbicara Look forward to + gerund



Contoh: I look forward to seeing you soon. Saya mengharapkan dengan senang hati menemui anda segera Instead of, etc + gerund Contoh: You had much better work instead of idling away your time. Sebaiknya Anda bekerja daripada buang-buang waktu b) Sesudah kata-kata yang secara tetap menggunakan preposisi : Fond of + gerund Contoh: He is always fond of hunting. Ia selalu suka berburu Insist on + gerund Contoh: He insisted on going to Kudus. Ia bersikeras untuk pergi ke Kudus Object to + gerund Contoh: I object to smoking. Saya keberatan merokok Prevent from + gerund Contoh: I was prevented from going because of illness. Saya terhalang pergi karena sakit Succeed in + gerund Contoh: He succeeded in solving the problem. Ia berhasil memecahkan masalah itu Think of + gerund Contoh: I often think of going to France. Saya sering bermaksud pergi ke Perancis Tired of + gerund Contoh: I’m tired of eating foreign food every day. Saya bosan makan makanan asing tiap hari Is/am/are + Used to + gerund Contoh: I’m used to getting up early. Saya biasa bangun pagi-pagi c) Sesudah katakata kerja tertentu Avoid + gerund Contoh: We can’t avoid making mistakes. Kita tak dapat menghindari membuat kesalahan Can’t bear + gerund Contoh: He can’t bear being laughed at. Ia tak dapat tahan ditertawakan orang Can’t help + gerund Contoh: I can’t help laughing. Saya tak dapat menahan tertawa



Catatan 1 : Cannot help dan cannot but mempunyai arti yang sama tidak dapat menahan, tetapi pemakaiannya berbeda. Cannot help diikuti oleh gerund tetapi cannot but diikuti oleh infinitive tanpa to. contoh : I cannot but laugh Can’t stand + gerund Contoh: She can’t stand being laughed at. Ia tak tahan ditertawakan orang Delay + gerund Contoh: I delayed answering you owing to pressure of work. Saya menunda untuk menjawab anda karena sibuk Enjoy + gerund He enjoys playing a game of football. Ia senang sekali bermain sepak bola Catatan 2 : Kata-kata kerja yang berarti “to like” atau “to dislike” boleh diikuti infinitive atau gerund. Contoh: He likes reading English literature (he likes to read English literature). Ia suka membaca kesusastraan Inggris She dislikes swimming (he dislike to swim). Ia tak suka berenang Escape + gerund Contoh: He narrowly escaped drowning. Ia nyaris tenggelam Finish + gerund Contoh: I haven’t finished speaking. Saya belum selesai berbicara Catatan 3 : Kata kerja yang berarti “to begin” diikuti oleh infinitive atau gerund Go on (= continue) + gerund Contoh: The rain went on falling all night. Hujan terus turun sepanjang malam Keep (on) + gerund Contoh: He was kept waiting a long time, but he kept his temper. Ia dibiarkan menunggu lama, tetapi ia menahan amarahnya



Mind (= object to) + gerund Contoh: Would you mind shutting the window? berkeberatankah anda menutup jendela itu? Miss + gerund Contoh: He narrowly missed getting killed. Ia nyaris terbunuh Postpone + gerund Contoh: I shall postpone writing till I learn full particulars. Saya akan menunda menulis surat sampai saya mendengar/mengetahui data yang lengkap Remember + gerund Contoh: I remember meeting you at the theatre. Saya ingat pernah menjumpai anda di dalam gedung bioskop Stop + gerund Contoh: My watch stopped ticking. Jam saya mati Understand + gerund Contoh: He understands managing his business. Ia mengerti bagaimana mengurus bisnisnya d) Sesudah kata-kata sifat tertentu Busy + gerund Contoh: I am busy writing letters. Saya sibuk menulis surat Worth + gerund Contoh: This book is worth reading. Buku ini patut dibaca e) Sesudah ungkapan-ungkapan tertentu It is no use + gerund Contoh: It’s no use begging like a beggar. Tak ada gunanya meminta-minta seperti orang mintaminta It is no good + gerund Contoh: It’s no good getting angry at once. Tak ada gunanya segera menjadi marah There is no + gerund Contoh: There’s no getting around it. Hal itu tak dapat dielakkan There is no harm in + gerund Contoh: There’s no harm in trying. Tak ada ruginya bila mencoba Have the pleasure of + gerund Contoh: I had the pleasure of meeting him. Saya senang sekali bertemu dengannya



Take pleasure in + gerund Contoh: He takes pleasure in visiting the sick. Dengan senang hati ia mengunjungi orang sakit To be interested in + gerund Contoh: He was interested in learning more about my work. Ia berminat belajar lebih banyak tentang pekerjaanku To be ashamed of + gerund Contoh: The girl was ashamed of having been beaten in class by her brother. Gadis itu malu karena telah dipukul di kelas oleh saudara laki-lakinya Gerund dipakai pada papan tanda yang menyatakan suatu larangan, yaitu sesudah no Contoh: No, talking! diamlah! No, passing! dilarang melintas! No, smoking! dilarang merokok! No, spitting! dilarang meludah! etc. Dipakai dalam ungkapan Contoh: Seeing is believing. Kalau sudah melihat baru percaya D. Gerund sejenis kata benda abstrak Gerund sebenarnya merupakan sejenis kata benda abstrak dan mempunyai arti yang sama seperti abstract noun atau seperti noun infinitive: Gerund : Sleeping is necessary to health Abstract Noun : Sleep is necessary to health Noun infinitive : To sleep is necessary to health Ketiga kalimat tersebut di atas semuanya berarti suatu hal yang sama yaitu tidur perlu untuk kesehatan. THE INFINITIVE Bentuk Dasar Kata Kerja A. Infinitive with to. Kita menggunakan infinitive with to, jika : 1) Didahului oleh kata-kata kerja yang sering diikuti oleh infinitif. a) Tidak mempunyai sebuah objek



agree (menyetujui), refuse (menolak), promise (berjanji), propose (bermaksud, berniat), decide (memutuskan), determine (memutuskan), hesitate (ragu-ragu), hope (berharap), regret (menyesal), learn (belajar), manage (berusaha), arrange (mengatur), undertake (berusaha), remember (ingat), forget (lupa), seem (rupa-rupanya, rasanya), try (mencoba, berusaha), fail (lalai, lupa), neglect (lalai) contoh : He tried to fix the car He fails to return the book, etc. b) Boleh diikuti objek ask (minta), help (membantu), expect (mengharapkan, mengira), like (suka), prefer (lebih suka), mean (bermaksud), intend (bermaksud), want (ingin, menghendaki), wish (hendak, menghendaki) contoh : He asked to be allowed to enter I helped to open the letters They asked me to wait a moment I helped him to paint, etc.



c) Selalu mempunyai objek advise (menasehati), urge (mendorong), tempt (menggoda), encourage (membesarkan hati, mendorong), warn (memperingatkan). invite (mengundang), request (minta, memohon), teach (mengajar), instruct (memerintahkan, melatih, mengajar),remind (mengingatkan), tell (mengatakan, menyuruh), command (memerintahkan), order (menyuruh), compel (memaksa, mengharuskan), oblige (mengharuskan), allow (memperkenankan), permit (mengizinkan, membolehkan), forbid (melarang) contoh : I advised him to give up smoking I urged him to persevere, etc.



2) Didahului oleh ought : Contoh: Children ought to obey their parents. Anak-anak seharusnya mentaati orang tua mereka 3) Didahului oleh to be Contoh: He is very naughty to tease his friend. Ia sangat nakal menggoda temannya B. Infinitive without to, digunakan jika : 1) Didahului oleh kata kerja bantu kecuali to be dan ought Contoh: He can swim very well. Ia dapat berenang dengan baik sekali 2) Didahului oleh need dan dare dalam kalimat menyangkal dan kalimat tanya Contoh: He needn’t go 3) Didahului oleh had better (lebih baik), had rather (lebih suka) dan would rather (lebih suka) Contoh: You had better go there at once. Anda lebih baik pergi kesana segera I had rather stay at home than go to the cinema. Saya lebih suka tinggal di rumah daripada pergi menonton bioskop 4) Didahului oleh kata kerja to see, to hear, to feel, dan to watch Contoh: I saw her leave the building. Saya melihat dia meninggalkan gedung itu I heard him speak in English. Saya mendengar dia berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris atau boleh digunakan gerund : Contoh: I saw her leaving the building Kalau kata kerja see, hear, feel, watch dipakai dalam kalimat pasif, infinitif with to harus dipakai. Contoh: She was seen to leave the building 5) Didahului oleh kata kerja to have, to let, dan to make (dalam pengertian menyebabkan) Contoh: I had the tailor sew my shirt. Saya menyuruh penjahit itu menjahit baju saya You can’t make her understand. Anda tidak dapat memaksakan dia supaya mengerti C. The two kinds of infinitive (dua jenis infinitif) Ada dua jenis infinitif, bentuk sama tetapi fungsinya berbeda : 1. The noun infinitive (infinitif kata benda) 2. The gerundial infinitive (infinitif kata kerja yang dibendakan) 1) The noun infinitive boleh dipakai sebagai : a) Subjek terhadap kata kerja To err (= error) is human



To forgive (= forgiveness) is divine b) Objek terhadap kata kerja Contoh: We expect to succeed. Kita mengharapkan sukses c) Komplemen terhadap kata kerja Contoh: She appears to be a wise woman. Ia kelihatannya seorang wanita yang bijaksana d) Objek terhadap kata depan except, about, but, than, etc. Contoh: He desired nothing except to succeed. Ia tak menginginkan apa-apa kecuali keberhasilan e) Bentuk eksklamasi/seruan : Contoh: Foolish fellow! to suppose that he could be pardoned! orang tolol! siapa kira bahwa ia dapat diampuni! 2) The gerundial infinitive dapat dipakai untuk : a) Memberi sifat kata kerja, dalam pengertian tujuan/maksud, sebab, atau hasil. Contoh: He came to see the flower show. Ia datang untuk melihat pameran bunga b) Memberi sifat kata benda, dalam pengertian tujuan atau maksud. Infinitifnya mungkin atributif atau predikatif Contoh: An apartment to let. Sebuah apartemen yang disewakan (pemakaian atributif) This apartment is to let. Apartemen ini disewakan (pemakaian predikatif) c) Memberi sifat kata sifat, dalam pengertian hal atau maksud : Contoh: Slow to speak and quick to hear. Lambat berbicara dan cepat mendengar



UNTUK SOAL FILL THE BLANK, GRAMMAR, AND INCORRECT SENTENCES RUMUS BENTUK KATA DLM B.INGGRIS : (ntar apalin ciri2 dari dr ini ) 1. Adjective (K.sifat) + Noun (K.benda)  =  beautiful picture 2. Verb (K.Kerja) + Adverb (K.keterangan) = work easily (bekerja dgn mudah) biasanya di akhir kalimat 3. Adverb (K.keterangan) + Verb (K.Kerja) = easily work (dgn mudah bekerja) biasanya di tengah kalimat 4. Verb (K.kerja) + Noun (K.benda) = Take a book



petunjuk Adjective (kta sifat) :               petunjuk adverb (kta keterangan) : - ful    = careful                                            ly    = easily, correctly, etc - l       = physical - ous   = dangerous - nt      = different - less   = useless - able  = valuable - ive    = aggressive - very, so = diikuti oleh adjective kesimpulan : klian cm perlu ngapalin huruf2 d blkang ny aj, klo kalian nemu kata2 yg belakangnya -ful atau -ive itu berati kata tersebut termasuk dalam kata sifat/adjective (bgtu jg dgn yg laen), mw kalian gk tau artiny gk terlalu jd masalah. Kemudian sesudah kata adj pasti ad kata benda/noun karna adjective selalu diikuti oleh noun (rumus 1). ngerti kan maksudnya??.. petunjuk Noun (kta benda) :                            petunjuk Verb (kta Kerja) : - th      = death                                                    -en    =   lessen, frigthen - ment = infotainment                                           en-    =   enjoy, enlarge - ion    = action                                                    -fy     =   beautify - ness  = happiness                                              -ize    =   memorize - dom  = freedom - ty      = activity - hood = childhood - ance  = - er      = driver - ist      = pianist - some/preposition = selalu diikuti oleh noun contoh dalam soal (dikutip dr soal USM STAN ) : * There is some ................ about his true identity. a. doubtful b. doubtless c. doubt d. doubtly solusi : kata kunci ny adalah some, some slalu diikuti oleh Noun. Lalu skrg kita identifikasi dari pilihan tersebut manakah yg termasuk Noun (dgn meng petunjuk d atas). (a), belakangnya -ful berarti adj, (b) belakangnya less berarti adj, (d) belakangnya -ly berarti adverb. maka jwaban yg benar adalah C. tanpa harus tahu vocab pun qta dpt dgn bnar mengisiny ^^ * you can easily ................. another paragraph. (kata kunci adl easily). ingat adverb+verb (rumus 3) a. add            ------> verb b. additional   ------> adj



c. additionally ------> adverb d. additive      -------> adj UNTUK SOAL CONJUNCTION YG BERHUBUNGAN Neither ---------------> nor    ---------> subjek kedua yg dipakai Either    ---------------> or     ---------> subjek kedua yg dipakai Both     ---------------> and    ---------> subjek ke- 1 yg dipakai Not only --------------> but also ---------> subjek k-1 yg dipakai *ingat, dlm 1 kalimat gak mungkin ada conjunction yg disebut di atas yg berdiri sendiri. contoh dalam soal (dikutip dr soal USM STAN ) : * Neither The Teachers nor Budi ........ ashamed being banned naked a few time ago. (a) is            (c) was (b) are         (d) were solusi : ingat, neither n either memiliki kekarakteristik tersendiri, Subjek yg digunakan adalah subjek ke-2. jd kita liat subjek k-2 pd klimat, yaitu Budi. karna budi adalah 1 orang, maka kita menggunakan to/be untuk singular yaitu was (kata klimt d atas tentang masa lampau) Conjunction : - because  ------> because + Subjek + Predikat   ex: I don't go to school because I am sick  - because of ----> because of + noun ex : I don't go to school  because of illness -although  -------> although + S + P   (meskipun)   ex:  although I was sick, I ......... - Inspite Of -------------> + Noun - Despite ---------------> + Noun ex: Inspite of/despite ilness, I ...... bedanya despite dan inspite of cuma inspite itu pake of, klo despite gak pke of. mudah tapi sering terlupakan. jgn ampe lupa ya, ini simpel tp beberapa X kluar di soal USM STAN. USING A FEW & A LITTLE a few = count



a little = uncount USING ORDINARY NUMBER - page five - the fifth pages (slaen 2 bentuk itu gk ad lagi, ingetin suka kluar d soal USM STAN) TAG QUESTION Roni is handsome, isn't he?.. utk Tag Question, kalian hapalin aja bentuk tag question ny.. -klo verb = don't you? (bs pke does,did, tergantung situasi, ngerti kan maksudnya!) -klo perfect = haven't you? (tobe bs berubah tergantung kondisi) I am -------> aren't I         ------->  am I not ****************************** AGREEMENT : hafalin aj bentuk agreementnya : - so do I - so am 1 - neither do 1 (neither+tobe/modals+subjek) NAS - I don't either (subjek+tobe/modals negatif+either) SAE ( tobe/modals dpt beubah sesuai kondisi pd kalimat, yg penting kalian hapal bentuk ny) SOAL CARI KATA YANG SALAH (pling susah d soal B.inggris STAN) CARA/TAHAPAN MENGIDENTIFIKASI NYA  : 1. cari subjek, klo subjek ny gk ad, iaud d situ terdapat kesalahannya. klo subjeknya betul. qta lanjutkan degn tahapan selanjutnya. 2. cari predikat 3. bandingkan tobe dengan Subjek & keterangan waktu pd klimat, apakah sudah sesuai 4. Lihat, apakah kata2 kerja d kalimat tersebut paralel. klo di kalimat, terdapat 3 kata kerja, ke-3 kata kerja tersebut harus paralel. ex: canceling, calling, and making, = itu paralel n benar ex : to cancel, calling, and making = tidak paralel n salah ******************************************** sedikit tambahan deh tentang gerund, karna td ad yg sms saya minta penjelasan tentang gerund, USING GERUND : simpelnya, klo ada 2verb dalam 1 kalimat, maka verb yg kedua harus dibuat menjadi gerund/ing. tujuan dari gerund adalah utk me-NOUN-kan verb.



contoh : I will stop smoking tomorrow karna ada 2 verb dlm kalimat, yaitu stop dan smoke, maka verb kedua harus qta buat menjadi gerund/ing. tujuanny adalah utk me-NOUN-kan verb tersebut. lihat rumus kata b.inggris di atas, VERB diikuti oleh NOUN (Verb+Noun). karna d contoh kalimat di atas Noun nya gak ada n yg ada malah 2 kata kerja yg berdampingan, maka kta kerja kedua harus kita ubah menjadi NOUN byar sesuai dgn rumus b.inggris Verb+Noun......... JADI, simpelnya klo kamu ngeliat ada 2 verb yang berdampingan dalam 1 kalimat, maka verb kedua kita gerund-in aja. Namun, gk semua kondisi jg sih, karna ada juga verb yang hatus diikuti oleh 'to', (contohnya want to eat). jadi untuk mengetahui verb2 ap aj yg diikuti oleh gerund n oleh 'to', kalian harus buka buku GRAMMAR/semacamnya n hapalin ver2 tersebut. tp kalian pd punya byangan kan verb ap aj yg pke gerund/to ???? *********************************** IDIOM yang harus diikuti oleh gerund (verb+ing) : look forward to object to be accuctomed to be opposed to be used to ****************************** buat soal B.inggris yg ada teks cerita/paragrafnya, ingat, baca dulu soalny !. jgn memulai dengan membaca cerita/paragrafny. itu bs membuang2 waktu anda.



********************************* PENGGUNAAN THE The digunakan sebagai determiner untuk benda yang sudah disebutkan sebelumnya, atau yang sudah sama-sama dipahami oleh pembicara dan lawan bicara, atau memang sudah menjadi pengetahuan umum.  * The boy in the corner is my friend. (Pembicara dan pendengar mengetahui anak lelaki yang mana yang dimaksud) * The earth is round.  (Sudah menjadi pengetahuan umum bumi mana yang dimaksud, karena memang yang namanya bumi itu ya hanya satu) The digunakan sebagai determiner Uncountable noun jika pembicaraannya mengacu pada hal yang spesifik, tapi jika uncountable noun yang digunakan bersifat general maka the tidak digunakan.  * Sugar is sweet.     ( general – semua gula)



* The sugar on the table is from Cuba. (spesifik- gula yang dimaksud adalah gula yang diatas meja) The tidak digunakan sebagai determiner countable noun yang bersifat general.  * Oranges are green until they ripen. (semua jeruk) * Athletes should follow a well-balanced diet. (semua atlit) The tidak digunakan sebagai determiner proper noun  kecuali ada beberapa orang atau benda yang memiliki nama sama dan pembicara mengacu spesifik pada salah satunya.  * There are three Susan Parkers in the telephone directory. * The Susan Parker that I know lives on First Avenue. (mengacu pada Susan Parker yang tinggal di First Avenue) The bisanya tidak digunakan sebagai determiner untuk kata-kata seperti breakfast, dinner, school, church, home,dan college kecuali untuk membatasi makna (spesifik).  * We ate breakfast this morning. * We went to school yesterday. * I am looking for the college we passed by yesterday. (spesifik pada kampus yang kita lewati kemarin)  Secara umum berikut ini aturan penggunaan the. Penting, pelajari!!! USE THE WITH:     * Oceans, rivers, seas, gulfs, plural lakes The Red Sea, The Atlantic Ocean  * Mountains The Rocky Mountains, The Andes  * Earth, moon The earth, the moon  * Schools, colleges, universities when the phrase begins with school, etc The University of Florida, the College of arts and Sciences  * ordinal numbers before nouns the First World War, the third chapter  * wars (except world wars) the Crimean War, the Korean War  * countries with more than one word (except Great Britain) the United States  * historical documents the Constitution, the Magna Carta  * Ethnic groups the Indians, the Javanese  DON'T USE THE WITH:  * singular lakes Lake Geneva, Lake Erie



 * Mounts Mount Merapi, Mount Merbabu  * Planets, constellations Venus, Mars  * Schools, colleges, universities when the phrase begins with proper noun Santa Fe Community College, Stetson University  * cardinal numbers after nouns World War One, chapter three  * countries with one word China, Venezuela, France * continents Europe, Africa, South America  * states Florida, Ohio, California  * sports baseball, basketball  * abstract nouns freedom, happiness  * general areas of subject matter mathematics, sociology  * holidays Idul Fitri, Christmas PERBEDAAN PENGGUNAAN A DAN AN  A dan an keduanya sama-sama selalu terletak sebelum sebuah singular countable noun. Keduanya dapaat digunakan dalam general statement (pernyataan umum) atau digunakan untuk mengawali sebuah kata benda yang belum disebutkan sebelumnya.   Contoh : A baseball is round. (general- means all baseball) I saw a boy in the street. (We don’t know which boy.) Perbedaannya an digunakan sebelum kata yang berawal dengan bunyi vokal. A digunakan sebelum kata yang berwal dengan bunyi konsonan.  Contoh : A book                   an apple Beberapa kata kadang membingungkan karena tulisannya berbeda dengan pengucapannya. Contoh : A house        ( mulai dengan suara konsonan) An hour        ( mulai dengan suara vokal) A university    ( mulai dengan suara konsonan) An umbrella    (mulai dengan suara vokal)



Beberapa kata berikut mulai dengan suara konsonan, sehingga harus selalu diikuti dengan a. House        : rumah Uniform      : seragam Home         : rumah University   : universitas Heavy        : berat Universal    : mendunia Half         : setengah Union        : kesatuan Beberapa kata berikut mulai dengan suara vocal, sehingga harus selalu diikuti dengan an. Uncle        : paman Umbrella   : paying Hour         : jam Heir          : warisan



TIPS SOAL BACAAN / CERITA : Soal bacaan adalah tipe soal yang sebenarnya membutuhkan waktu yang cukup lama dalam pengerjaannya dan kemungkinan malah menghabiskan waktu,, so agar gak menghabiskan waktu:  Baca soalnya dulu, kenapa? Karena apabila baca bacaannya dulu, makla ketika selesai baca soal, maka akan cenderung membaca bacaannya lagi dan itu merupakan pemborosan waktu (jadi kita membaca bacaan hanya untuk mencari jawaban, bukan memahami secara keseluruhan)  Apabila jawaban yang diminta adalah ide pokok paragraph maka mau tak mau paragraph tersebut harus dibaca. Hampir semua paragraph mempunyai ide pokok yang letaknya di awal kalimat atau di akhir kalimat.  Apabila pertanyaan tipenya 5W + 1H, maka yang diperlukan adalah mengetahui KEYWORD dari soal, kemudian mencarinya secara cepat di bacaan.  Jadi intinya, baca soalnya dulu, baru cari jawaban di bacaan. (sebuah pola pikir yang terbalik dari orang kebanyakan)



CAUSATIVE Causative Of Have / Get digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang dilakukan orang lain atas kehendak kita. Causative of Have dibagi atas 2 bagian, dengan berdasarkan pada objek-nya : • Active - Bentuk : S + have/had/made/make/let + Oactive + V1 + Opassive Example : I have Budi clean the floor



Amir had her brother his car yesterday - Bentuk : S + Get / got / Ask / asked + Oactive + to V1 + Opassive Example : I got my brother to wash my clothe yesterday I asked you to do my homework this morning • Passive - Bentuk : S + had/got + Oactive + VIII + (by Oactive) Example : I had my car washed (by my servant) I got my hair cut (by the barber)



PARTICIPLE ACTIVE & PASSIVE PARTICIPLE Active Participle adalah bentuk Verb-ing yang memiliki fungsi sebagai berikut: 1. Adjective (Menerangkan kata benda): • I saw the boat sinking . (I saw the boat which was sinking.) • I heard the girl singing . (I heard the girl who was singing) 2. Menyatakan kejadian yang terjadi pada titik waktu yang sama. • Reading a magazine, I drink a cup of milk. • Playing a piano, my sister sings song. 3. Menyatakan peristiwa yang terjadi berturut-turut: • Having had breakfast, he went out. • Having finished operating the computer, I Switched off it. 4. Ada beberapa kata kerja yang diikuti oleh Active Participle: Catch, feel, hear, keep, leave, look at, notice, observe, see, smel, watch.



• I feel something touching my ear. • I keep the baby sleeping. • I noticed them coming on time. • I smell something burning. • I saw the boys fighting. Passive Participles adalah bentuk kata kerja ketiga yang memiliki fungsi untuk menyatakan sebab akibat : Example: • She enters. She is accompanied by her mother. She enters accompanied by her mother. • He was aroused by the crash and leapt to his feet. Aroused by the crash, he leapt to his feet. • Because/As/Since the city is surrounded by the mountain, the city has a cool climate. Surrounded by mountain the city has a cool climate. Setiap kalimat bahasa Inggris yang mengandung unsur be (am, is, are, was, were, to be, being, been) dan Verb Past Participle (VIII) adalah kalimat pasif (Passive Voice). Diterjemahkan menjadi di atau ter ………. ELLIPTIC 1.Positive A. Ada Auxiliary Verb I am a student and - my sister is a student too - my sister is too Bentuk : S + A. V + too (SAT) - so is my sister Bentuk : so + A.V + subject (SAS) B. Bila tidak ada Auxiliary Verb, harus diganti dengan : - Do (apabila kata kerja bentuk I, Present Tense) - Does (apabila kata kerja bentuk II, Present Tense, subject orang ketiga tunggal). - Did (apabila kata kerja bentuk II, Past Tense) 2.Negative A. You shouldn’t arrive late and - Ali shouldn’t arrive late either - Ali shouldn’t either Bentuk : S + A. Vnot + Either - Nor should Ali Bentuk : Nor + A.V + S



- Neither should Ali Bentuk : Neither + A.V + S B. Bila kalimat tersebut digabung tanpa “and”, menjadi : Neither Ali nor you should arrive late Bentuk : Neither ……nor……= baik…..maupun……tidak…



SUBJUNCTIVE Bentuk : Both … and … = keduanya …. dan …. Subjunctive adalah pola-pola kalimat Bahasa Inggris yang mempunyai arti berlawanan dengan kalimat yang dinyatakan. Bila kalimat yang dinyatakan (+) artinya menjadi (-). Kalimat yang dinyatakan (-) menjadi (+). Ditandai dengan penggunaan kata wish – as if, as though, if only, would rather dan sesudahnya diikuti subject. Subjunctive dibagi atas 2 jenis : • Bentuk I : S + wish / as if / as though + VII +if only / wouldrather+S+(were) Fact : Present Value Example : Subjunctive : I wish I had a big house with swimming pool Fact : I don’t have a big house with swimming pool Subjunctive : Tony wishes he were a student again Fact : Tony is not a student • Bentuk II : S + wish / as if / as though / had + VII + if only / would rather + S + Would have + VIII Fact : Past Tense Example :



Subjunctive : I wish I Could fly Fact : I can’t fly Subjunctive : I wish I would have gone to Moskow Fact : I didn’t go to mosko • Bentuk III S + wish/ as if/ + S + would + V1 Example: Subjunctive: i wish you wouldn’t love him