Module in Purposive Communication 1 First Year College [PDF]

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Module-in-Purposive-Communication-1 first year college. BS Management Accounting (Sultan Kudarat State University)



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1 LANGUAGE and COMMUNICATION OVERVIEW Everyday, we engage in the communication process using language as the main instrument. We express ideas, thoughts, commentaries, feelings, and the like using the dynamic language. Given this reality at hand, this chapter explores language and its nature. It also provides a space for a discussion of various processes relative to language such as language acquisition, language learning, language contact, and language change.



OBJECTIVES: At the end of the chapter, the students can: demonstrate an understanding of language and its nature; identify the types of communication in relation to communication mode, context, and purpose and style; discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different communication types in various communication settings; and demonstrate in an essay an understanding of the role of language in the communication process.



1



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LESSON 1 Language and its Nature WHAT TO EXPECT? Explain linguists’ views on language and its nature. Identify and differentiate essential constructs in relation to language. Fill out a biodata form and create their language biography.



PRE-DISCUSSION Study the following words. Which spelling is correct? Which Spelling is incorrect? Tick the appropriate box. Justify your answer. Correct



Incorrect



Justifications



1. Aeroplane 2. Airplane 3. Colonise 4. Colonize 5. Defence 6. Defense 7. Enrolment 8. Enrollment 9. Honour 10. Honor



LESSON OUTLINE Whatever people do when they come together, they talk. As human beings, we have the agency towards the language that is comprehensible to us. When we play, we talk. When we meet our friends, we talk, and the list goes on. By talking, we use



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language. We understand our co-communicators and they understand us because we share the same system of grammar and of sounds, and even vocabulary. Linguists agree that a language can only be called a language if it has a system of rules (grammar), a sound system (phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon). It is also the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. Animals may be able to communicate with one another, but it is only human beings who are capable of using a system sounds, rules, and vocabulary. People belonging to the same speech community understand each other due to the same set of rules present in their language system. They acquire the languages used in the community through the process of language acquisition. The languages acquired by people while growing up are known as mother tongues (first languages). Other languages which are of equal importance for communicating are called second languages which can be learned formally or informally through the process of language learning. Through language contact, people also learn other languages and get meanings across. For instance, an OFW who speaks mother tongue and English and his/her employer who speaks Mandarin and English still manage to understand each other as they learn each other’s languages. This results into language change. In other words, a new form of language emerges. By this at hand, it is argued that language is always dynamic. It always changes as people exercise their agency towards it. What you did in the pre-discussion part of this chapter is one example where language varies across cultures.



SUMMARY Language is a human capacity that consists of (a) a system of rules (also known as grammar), (b) a sound system (phonology), and (c) a vocabulary (lexicon). While growing up in a community, people acquire the languages used by those in the community. This is the process of language acquisition. The languages acquired while growing up are known as mother tongues, which may also be referred to as first languages. Other than first languages, there are other languages that are needed for various reasons. These other languages are



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referred to as second languages. People learn their second languages in school or on their own. This is the process of language learning. In our interaction with other people, our languages come into contact with their languages, resulting in language change. Language change is a natural behavior of all languages. ASSESSMENT/ENRICHMENT Check your understanding of the input by answering the following questions: 1. What is the difference between language acquisition and language learning? 2. What is the difference between first language and second language? 3. What happens after a language comes into contact with another? CONCRETIZING 1. Create your language biography by filling in the Language Biodata Form below. Language Biodata Form How many languages do you speak? Identify these languages. What is/are your first language/s or mother tongue/s? How did you acquire your fist language/s or mother tongue/s? What skills can you perform using your first language/s? What is/are your second language/s? How did you learn your second language/s? What skills can you perform using your second language/s? What are your language strengths? What



are



your



language



weaknesses? Which language is your favorite and why?



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2. After filling the table above, write a paragraph that tells your story of your languages.



My Language Biography



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INTROSPECTING



In this lesson, I learned that as a human being, I should understand that language is



REFERENCES Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., and Hyams, N. (2010). Introduction to linguistics. Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd. Singapore.



Madrunio, M. and Martin, I. (2018). Purposive communication: Using English in multilingual contexts. C & E Publishing. Philippines. Pp.1-29



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LESSON 2 Communication and its Types WHAT TO EXPECT? Define communication. Identify types of communication according to mode, context, and purpose and style.



PRE-DISCUSSION In a paragraph, describe the relationship between language and communication.



LESSON OUTLINE



Communication was derived from the Latin word “communis” which means “to share and inform” ideas, feelings, etc.” It has been defined by various scholars differently



according



communication



as



to the



contexts. process



of



Keyton



(2011),



transmitting



for



instance,



information



and



defined common



understanding from one person to another. Similarly, Johnston (2008) emphasized that communication takes place when one individual, a sender, displays, transmits or otherwise directs a set of



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symbols to another individual, a receiver, with the aim of changing something, either something the receiver is doing (or not doing) or changing his or her world view. Abulencia (2001) shares a similar point by describing communication as a dynamic process which includes the sending and receiving of messages at a conscious or unconscious level. Madrunio and Martin (2018) argue that communication takes on different contexts resulting in people having different views on communication types. Since communication is generally defined as the exchange of thoughts, ideas, concepts, and views between or among two or more people, various contexts come into play. Context is the circumstance or environment in which communication takes place. Such circumstance may include the physical or actual setting, the value positions of a speaker/listener, and the relevance or appropriateness of a message conveyed. If focuses on certain communication processes and even groupings of people that constitute a communication situation. Different contexts can impact one’s communication. Each communication type is governed by a circumstance. Therefore, it is important to focus our attention on the interplay of factors surrounding the context of communication which may be physical, cultural, social, and physiological in nature. Communication may then be classified according to: 1) communication mode, 2) context, and 3) purpose and style.



Types of Communication According to Mode 1. Verbal-Non-Verbal Communication Effective communication calls for the blending of these two. One cannot be separated from the other. Gestures and facial expressions are important components of effective communication. For example, when meeting people for the first time, the initial meeting when you speak during the first few minutes is significant as it leaves a lasting impression on your listeners. You show interest in meeting these people by acknowledging their presence through an amiable, congenial, disposition, and a smiling face. Rather than just speaking, it is to use the non-verbal code through a handshake, an approving facial expression, and a kind disposition or character.



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2. Visual Visual communication is the type of communication that uses visuals to convey information and/or messages. Signs, symbols, imagery, maps, graphs, charts, diagrams, pictograms, photos, drawings or illustrations, and even various forms of electronic communication are examples of visuals. Some examples of electronic communication symbols are emojis, emoticons, and animations to convey the writer’s emotions or clarify the intent of the message sender. Visual communication now occupies an important place in any work environment. For instance, during presentations, people like visuals for them to easily digest information. Visuals also catch audience’s attention during the presentation making them easily recall important information. However, caution must be observed when using visuals because they may also cause misinformation or communication breakdown. The appropriateness of images to the topic, their sizes, positioning, color, shape and the like must be carefully planned and considered. Audience must also be considered when designing a presentation or other forms of visuals.



Types of Communication According to Context 1. Intrapersonal Communication The Latin prefix intra- means within or inside. Intrapersonal communication means talking to oneself, self or inner talk, inner monologue, inner dialogue, self-verbalization or self-statement. A person may talk to oneself because s/he thinks that there is a need to: boost confidence when nervous to speak in front of an audience, apprise oneself that s/he performed a good job, or console oneself that s/he did a task poorly. Moreover, engaging in inner speech such as fantasizing is not bad if one is able to distinguish it from reality. 2. Interpersonal Communication The Latin prefix inter – means between, among, and together. An interactive exchange takes place as interpersonal communication takes place. However, as it occurs, a transaction does not necessarily take place



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since it can only be a simple interaction such as greetings, getting to know the person,



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or ordinary conversations that happen between or among the interactants. This may occur in dyads or small groups, also known as group communication. A communication situation is interpersonal if it is meant to establish or deepen one’s relationship with others. However, if the objective is to achieve somethings at the end of the conversation, it becomes transactional. While the former is characterized by less seriousness and formality, the latter is more formal and profound. Whereas interpersonal talks are meant for maintaining social relationships, transactional talks aim to accomplish or resolve something at the end of the conversation.



3. Extended Communication Extended communication involves the use of electronic media. This includes not just television and radio, but also tele, audio, or phone conferencing; video conferencing; Skype calls, and other technological means. Since extended communication is public in nature, speakers are expected to be prepared when they speak, making their language more formal. With the use of electronic media, messages are transmitted quickly. For instance, with the use of the Internet, recorded videos may be transmitted in seconds/minutes and may be viewed by a greater number of people. With extended communication, your own thinking, behavior, and attitude may be influenced by other people and you may be persuaded to take the views you hear. It is important then that you weigh what you hear and assess them against those beliefs that you hold onto, so you do not get easily swayed by other people’s convictions.



4. Organizational Communication With this type, the focus is on the role that communication plays in an organizational context. Organizations comprise individuals who work for the company. Graduates, for example, become professionals either working for a company or putting up their own. Whichever, a graduate should know that each



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organization has expectations that a communication professional should meet or the owner may establish.



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For an organization to be successful, a system of communication should be put in place. A set of rules or standards for communication protocol should be made clear so that interaction patterns are established. On the part of the individual, one should be equipped with the needed oral and written communication skills that the organization expects to possess.



Types of Organizational Structure a. Formal It allows communication to take place via designated channels of message flow between positions in the organization. This may make use of four approaches: 1. Downward communication -



It is the type that flows from upper to lower positions



(i.e



president



to



a



manager



or



supervisor; a manager to an ordinary staff). -



The flow of communication is top-down or from a superior to a subordinate, usually asking certain individuals to perform a certain task.



2. Upward communication -



Message transmission in upward communication is



bottom-up



in



which



subordinates



send



communication to their superiors/bosses bearing their views/feedback or organizational policies, issues related to their jobs, and the like. 3. Horizontal communication -



Horizontal communication is lateral in approach as it takes place among people belonging to the same level but coming from different departments or units to facilitate performance of tasks through proper coordination.



4. Crosswise communication -



It is diagonal in nature as employees from different units or departments working at various levels communicate with each other.



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b. Informal It comes from unofficial channels of message flow. It is also known as ‘grapevine’, messages coming from the different levels of the organization are transmitted. This occurs due to the dissatisfaction of some employees accompanied by uncertainty, such as superiors playing favorites and favorable or unacceptable company rules and regulations. Some employees even resort to baseless gossips and rumors which they spread like wildfire. Tracing the origin of a rumor is almost next to impossible. In fact, when some people are confronted, they impute the blame to others so they can get out of the mess quickly. Each organization has its own culture (also known as organizational culture). Based on its history and development, an organization develops its own core values, vision and mission statements, goals, and objectives. Organizational culture is of utmost significance since it will dictate the kind of behavior that employees should possess as well as the extent of commitment expected from them by the organization. They all share the values, practices, vision, and mission of the organization. Peter Drucker’s famous quote, “Company culture are like country cultures. Never try to change one. Try instead, to work, with what you’ve got,” underscores the view that indeed, culture is within the control of the entrepreneur or company owner. If at the outset, you think you cannot adapt to the organization’s culture, better look for another job or workplace where you will be happy and in harmony with your superiors and colleagues.



5. Intercultural Communication As the term implies, it is communication between or among people having different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and professional backgrounds. Even gender difference affects communication. Individual having different orientations communicate and interpret messages differently. This particularly happens with nonverbal communication. For instance, Australians consider eye contact as important in assessing the sincerity of a person while for Indians, talking straight into the eyes of a person while talking is inappropriate. This does not, however, mean that they



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are dishonest or insincere. Moreover, Indians interpret waving of hands from side to side



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as no or go away while it means hello among Westerners. For Filipinos, twitching of lips means to refer to something or someone. When someone asks: “Where is my book?” instead of responding: “There it is,” the response may be twitching or puckering lips. When seen by people from other cultures, such facial expression may be taken to mean as “seduction”. It is important then not to be judgmental or to rush into interpretations as cultures sometimes vary enormously. Similarly, linguistic differences are of the essence. With the advent of World Englishes, different cultures develop different lexicon peculiar only to the speech community. In the Philippines, a local variety of English called Philippine English has been developed which has introduced lexical innovation, not found or used in other varieties, such as thrice, batchmates, CR (comfort room), solons, barangay captain, and high blood. Even in terms of pronunciation, words are pronounced differently by Filipinos, which to some, are considered erroneous. For instance, these supposedly pronounced with a hard /th/ is pronounced instead with a /d/ by the average Filipino since hard /th/ is not part of Filipino phonology.



Types of Communication According to Purpose and Style Rather than focusing on the transmission of message and message flow, the focus here is on the communication setting and the mode of delivery.



Formal Communication It employs formal language delivered orally or in written from. Lectures, public talks/speeches, research and project proposal, reports, and business letters, among others are all considered formal situations and writings. Note that while lectures and speeches are delivered orally, the texts have been thought out carefully and written well before they are delivered. To inform, to entertain, and to persuade are the main objectives of this type of communication.



Informal Communication It certainly does not employ formal language. It involves personal and ordinary conversations with friends, family members, acquaintances about anything under the sun. The mode may be oral as in face-to-face, ordinary or everyday talks and phone calls, or written as in the case of e-mail messages, personal notes,



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letters, or text messages. The purpose is simply to socialize and enhance relationships.



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SUMMARY There are various types of communication. These types can be divided according to mode, context, and purpose and style. In terms of communication mode, the types of communication are verbal, non-verbal, and visual. In terms of context, the communication types are intrapersonal, interpersonal, extended, organizational, and intercultural. In terms of purpose and style, the types of communication are formal and informal. Verbal and non-verbal codes should complement each other. With visual communication, interpretation of signs and symbols is crucial since people have different ways of interpreting them. It is important to always contextualize the symbols/signs received to arrive at the correct interpretation. In any organization, a system of communication should be put in place. Transmission of message and message flow also play an important role in effective organizational communication. People have different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and professional backgrounds. It is then necessary to pay attention to intercultural communication to avoid miscommunication and/or communication breakdown. Formal communication and informal communication have different uses depending on the situation. Both types may be in oral or written mode.



ASSESSMENT / ENRICHMENT To check your understanding of the lesson, answer the following questions: 1. How do you differentiate the types of communication in relation to communication mode? 2. How can visual communication enhance the message conveyed by a speaker? Cite a situation when it is best to employ visual communication. 3. What are the types of communication in relation to context? How do they differ from one another? 4. How can you listen to speaker’s opinions through electronic media without easily swayed into accepting their opinions?



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5. Of the four approaches employed in formal organization structure, which do you think is the best? Cite situations which will call for the use of each approach. Give one advantage of each. 6. Would you know any strategy or method by which you can reduce the complexity of understanding another culture? Do you think it will work with your current set of foreign friends? 7. How



do



you



differentiate



formal



communication



from



informal



communication in relation to purpose and style? Provide situations to illustrate the differences. CONCRETIZING



1. Using the alternatives available to you, look for the mission-vision statements and the core values that characterize a company or an institution. Take the SKSU Vision and Mission statements as your focus of this activity. Evaluate them using the table below. VISION A trailblazer in arts, science and technology in the region. MISSION The University shall primarily provide advanced instruction and professional training in science and technology, agriculture, fisheries, education, and other relevant fields of study. It shall also undertake research and extension services and provide progressive leadership in its areas of specialization. CORE VALUES FATES Fairness Accountability Transparency Excellence



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Service to God and People



Mission Statement Indicators



Strongly agree



Somewhat agree



1. The mission statement focuses on the present. 2. The mission statement is concise and direct. 3. The mission statement states what the organization does. 4. The mission statement states how the organization operates. 5. The mission statement states for whom the organization does things.



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Disagree



Comments



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Vision Statement Indicators



Strongly agree



Somewhat agree



Disagree



Comments



1. The vision statement focuses on the future. 2. The vision statement shows an aspiration. 3. The vision statement is clear and concise.



Core Values Indicators



Strongly agree



Somewhat agree



Disagree



Comments



1. The core values can be easily remembered. 2. The core values are not too many. 3. The core values can be translated into action. 4. The core values are unique to the organization. 5. The core values are connected to the organization’s missionvision statements.



2. Do you think cultures can be created? Modified? Changed



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?



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REFERENCES Madrunio, M. and Martin, I. (2018). Purposive Communication: Using English in multilingual contexts. C & E Publishing. Philippines. Pp.1-29 Tampus, D. and Carnazo, MJ. (2016). Oral Communication in Context. Kampana Publishing House. Philippines Philstar (2020, August 28). Buwan ng Wika: Filipino scholar analyzes SB19 Ken Suson, P-Pop as multilingual genre.https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/koreanwave/2020/08/28/2038458/buwan-ng-wika-filipino-scholar-analyzes-sb19ken-suson-p-pop-multilingual- genre? utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Facebook



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2 UNDERSTANDING 21ST CENTURY COMMUNICATION OVERVIEW Communication is critical to student success. 21 st century educators used a variety of technology tools to expand their ability to give students fast and effective feedback, saving classroom time, developing students’ skills, and accelerating their achievements. Thus, this Chapter consists of five lessons focusing on understanding the 21st Century Communication. It details communication processes, principles, and ethics; communication and globalization; local and global communication in multicultural settings; varieties and registers of spoken and written language; and evaluating messages and/or images of different types of texts reflecting different cultures.



ES: d of the chapter, the students can: ate mastery in elucidating the nature, elements, and functions of verbal and non-verbal communication in various and multi expertise in explicating how cultural and global r communication. hrough written or global communication to the challenges of diverse and multicultural communication.



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LESSON 1 Communication Process, Principles and Ethics WHAT TO EXPECT?



Explain the Principles and process and process of communication and the ethical considerations in communication. Elucidate how communication skills help resolve problems, better understand new concepts and aid in your professio Create a slogan about how the knowledge of the communication process aids people in communicating effectively.



PRE-DISCUSSION 1. Why do people communicate? 2. What might happen to the world if communication does not exist? 3. Why do miscommunication and misunderstanding happen?



LESSON OUTLINE Communications is inevitable. Our need for self-expression leads us to communicate not only our thoughts but also our feelings. Communication may be done verbally or nonverbally. A simple yawn from a member of the audience in a public speaking engagement is a non-verbal message sent to the speaker. On the other hand, a phone call inquiring about a certain product is an example of a verbal message. Communication is understood as the process of meaning-making through a channel or a medium. It comes from the Latin term communicares, meaning to share or to make ideas common. The connection that encompasses interaction among partakers is at the center of your learning of communication.



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The Components of the Communication Process Understanding the communication process may help you become a better communicator. 1. Source. The sender carefully crafts the message. The sender maybe anyone: an author of a book, public speaker in special occasion or even a traffic enforcer. 2. Message. The message is the reason behind any interaction. It is the meaning shared between the sender and the receiver. 3. Encoding. The process of transferring the message. 4. Channel. The channel is the means by which the message is conveyed. When we answer a phone call, the phone is the channel. On the other hand, when your parents receive a notification of your absences from school, the channel is the letter. It is the responsibility of both the sender and the receiver to choose the best channel for the interaction. 5. Decoding. The process of interpreting the encoded message. 6. Receiver. The receiver is the person who receives the transmitted message. The receiver may be a part of the audience in a public speaking event, a reader of the letter o a driver who reads the road signs. The receiver is expected to listen or read carefully, to be aware of different kinds of sender to joy down information when needed, to provide response and to ask question for clarification. 7. Feedback. In any communication scenario, a feedback is essential to confirm recipient understanding. Feedbacks, like messages, are expressed in varied forms. A simple nod for a question of verification is considered a feedback. Thus, feedbacks may be written, spoken or acted out. 8. Environment. The place, the feeling, the mood, the mindset and the condition of both sender and receiver are called the environment. The environment may involve the physical set-up of a location where communication takes place, the space occupied by both the sender and the receiver, including the objects surrounding the sender and receiver. 9. Context. This involves the expectations of the sender and the receiver and the common or shared understanding through the environmental signals. 10. Interference. This is also known as a barrier or block, prevents effective communication to take place.



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Kinds of Interference a. Psychological barriers are thoughts that hamper the message to be interpreted correctly by the receiver. This may include past experiences. b. Physical barriers include competing stimulus, weather and climate, health and ignorance of the medium. c. Linguistic and cultural barriers pertain to the language and its cultural environment. Words may mean another in different cultures. d. Mechanical barriers are those raised by the channels employed for interpersonal, group or mass communication. These include cell phones, laptops and other gadgets used in communication. The Nine Principles of Effective Communication Michael Osborn (2009) claims that communication must meet certain standards for effective communication to takes place. 1. Clarity. This makes speeches understandable. Fuzzy language is absolutely forbidden, as are jargons, cliché expression, euphemism and doublespeak language. 2. Concreteness. This reduces misunderstandings. Message must be supported by facts such as research data, statistic or figures. To achieve concreteness, abstract words must be avoided. 3. Courtesy. This builds goodwill. It involves being polite in terms of approach and manner of addressing an individual. 4. Correctness. Glaring mistakes in grammar obscure the meaning of a sentence. Also, the misuse of language can damage your credibility. 5. Consideration. Message must be geared towards the audience. The sender of a message must consider the recipient’s profession, level of education, race, ethnicity, hobbies, interest, passion, advocacies, and age when drafting or delivering a message. 6. Creativity. This means having the ability to craft interesting message in terms of sentence structure and word choice. 7. Conciseness. Simplicity and directness help you to concise. Avoid using lengthy expressions and words that may confuse the recipient.



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8. Cultural Sensitivity. Today, with the increasing emphasis on empowering diverse, cultures, lifestyle and races and pursuit for gender equality, cultural



sensitivity



becomes



an



important



standard



for



effective



communication. 9. Captivating. You must strive to make messages interesting to command more attention and better responses. Ethical Consideration in Communication Ethics is a branch of philosophy that focuses on issues of right and wrong in human affairs. Effective and ethical communicators (a) respect audience; (b) consider the result of communication; (c) value truth; (d) use information correctly; and, (e) do not falsify information especially in a multicultural situation. Below are some of the ethical considerations identified by Barrot and Sipacio (2018). 1. Uphold integrity. Be truthful with your opinion and be accurate with your judgement. 2. Respect diversity of perspective and privacy. Show compassion and consideration with beliefs, status, affiliations, and privacy of others. 3. Observe freedom of expression effectively. Be careful of what and how you say your words depending on the type of people you are communicating with. 4. Promote access to communication. Give others an opportunity to express what they feel and think about the message being communicated. 5. Be open-minded. Accept that others have different views or opinions, which may conflict with yours. So, listen and process the views of other people, and learn how to reconcile their opinions with your own. 6. Develop your sense of accountability. Acknowledge responsibility for all your actions, good or bad.



SUMMARY Communication is defined as the process of transmitting information and common understanding from one person to another. Communication follows a process. There are 8 elements of communication: (a) Source; (b) Message; (c) Channel; (d) Receiver; (e) Feedback; (f) Environment; (g) Context; (h) Interference.



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Principles are consideration in the communication process. These principles will ensure effectiveness along the communication process.



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Ethics is defined as a set of rules or guidelines; these are theories as to which is right or wrong. In communication, ethics is of considerable importance because it would likely guide everyone to effective communication process. Communication ethics emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an individual, group, or organization, thereby affecting their communication.



ASSESSMENT/ENRICHMENT 1. Identify possible communication blocks in the following situations: a. a written letter of complaint b. interaction between a nurse and a patient c. songs with figurative language CONCRETIZING 1. List various channels through which personnel of your university connect with you. Which channel(s) do you find most effective? Why? INTROSPECTING



In this lesson, I learned that to be an effective and ethical communicator, I



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REFERENCES Barrot, J. and Sipacio, JP. (2018) Purposive communication in the 21st century. C & E Publishing. Philippines. Johannesen, R., Valde, K, &Whedbee, K. (2008).Ethics in human communication(6th ed.). Waveland Press, Inc: Longgrove, IL. Krizan, A. ,Arancillo, S., Bautista, J. (2014). Business communication theories and best practices. Cenage Learning Asia Pte Ltd. Wakat, G., Caroy, A., Dela Cruz, A., Dizaon, E.G., Jose, M., Ordonio, M.R., Palangyos, A., Sao-an, M., & Paulino F. (2018). Purposive communication. Lorimar Publishing Inc. Philippines.



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LESSON 2 Communication and Globalization WHAT TO EXPECT?



Analyze communication challenges in a global atmosphere and methods for effective and ethical global communicatio Integrate the concepts learned about communication and globalization in a two minute video communication.



PRE-DISCUSSION



https://natcapsolutions.org/the-challenge-of-globalization/



1. What is the saying about the world today? 2. What do you think has contributed to the easy access and exchange of information these days? Why? 3. In transacting or communicating in a global setting, what vital preparations must be done? Why?



LESSON OUTLINE Globalization is the communication and assimilation among individuals, ethnicities, races, institution, governments of various nations supported by technology and compelled by international trade. Due to globalization, the more you become exposed to diversity—the valuing of the uniqueness or differences in gender preference, color age, religious, affiliation, ethnicity, education, social and economic



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status and political beliefs. Globalization is not a new process or concept. Years before the advent of technology, people had been purchasing and selling each other properties, goods and other objects of certain value. Communication has since been increasingly global, blurring national boundaries. The ability to communicate effectively in a global setting can be challenge. Hence, to effectively communicate in global context, a general understanding of the differences in conducting communication from one country to another helps avoid miscommunication. People’s background and experiences influence their view of the world and the values, beliefs and behavior patterns assumed to be good. The following are possible cultural barriers to effective communication in a global environment: 1. Cultural relativism 2. Lack of knowledge of others’ culture 3. Discrimination and harassment 4. Language differences To get the desired outcome or response, the above barriers must be properly addressed. It is the responsibility of the parties involved in the communication process to eliminate the possible hindrances in their exchange. The goal of effective global communication is to achieve communication that gets the desired response leading to harmonious connection. Krizan (2014) suggests these strategies to become an effective global communicator: 1. Review communication principles. 2. Analyze the message receive. 3. Be open to an accepting of other cultures. 4. Learned about culture and apply what is learned. 5. Consider language needs.



SUMMARY Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies and governments worldwide. Global village refers to the world emphasize that all the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the internet.



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There are cultural barriers when people of different cultures are unable to understand each other’s ‘customs, resulting in inconveniences and difficulties. ASSESSMENT / ENRICHMENT Activity 1 1. What global issues have emerged because of miscommunication? 2. How can effective communication and language use contribute to the creation of a truly global society? Activity 2 1. Formulate a possible strategy for you to be an effective global communicator.



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REFERENCES Krizan, A. et al. (2014). Business communication theories and best practices.Cenage Learning Asia Pte Ltd TED Global. (2009, July 22). Gordon Brown: Wiring a web for global good. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7rrJAC84FA Ederio, N. etal. (2019). Purposive communication: Integrated learning resource material. Wakat, G., Caroy, A., Dela Cruz, A., Dizaon, E.G., Jose, M., Ordonio, M.R., Palangyos, A., Sao-an, M., & Paulino F. (2018). Purposive communication. Lorimar Publishing Inc. Philippines.



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LESSON3 Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings WHAT TO EXPECT? Discuss the ways in improving intercultural communication competence. Cite examples on how to enhance one’s ability to communicate with people from diverse cultures. Create a three-to four-minute presentation about various cultural modes of communication of a certain country.



PRE-DISCUSSION How do you get to communicate effectively across cultures? Indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of the following statements: 1. I am interested in interacting with people who are both like me and different from me. 2. I am sensitive to the concerns of all minority and majority groups in our multicultural country. 3. I can sense when persons from other cultures seem not to understand me or get confused by my actions. 4. I have no fear communicating with persons from both minor and major cultural groups. 5. People from other cultures may get angry with my cultural affiliates. 6. I deal with conflicts with people from other cultures depending on the situation and their cultural background. 7. My culture is inferior to other cultures. 8. I can manage my behavior when dealing with people of different cultures. 9. I show respect to the diverse communication practices of other people.



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Note: The more number of agreements you have indicates the more prepared you are in expanding your communication arena by welcoming people from different cultures.



LESSON OUTLINE Living in a globalized world, you encounter people with diverse cultural backgrounds. Such interactions occur in social, educational, political and commercial settings. Hence, in today’s era of increased global communication, it is imperative to understand intercultural communication for us to enhance our intercultural awareness and competence. Intercultural competence is essential for us to live harmoniously despite our differences in culture.



Intercultural communication refers to interaction with people from diverse cultures. The forms of intercultural communication according to Jandt (2017) are the following: 1. Interracial communication – communicating with people from different races 2. Interethnic communication – interacting with people of different ethnic origins 3. International communication – communicating between representatives from different nations 4. Intercultural communication – interacting with members of the same racial or ethnic group or co-culture According to Gamble and Gamble (2006), communication style among cultures differs; it may be high-context or low-context communication.High-context communication is a tradition-linked communication system which adheres strongly to being indirect. Low-context communication is a system that works on straightforward communication. Improving Intercultural Communication Competence The following guidelines may help you enhance your ability to communicate effectively across cultures (Gamble & Gamble, 2008).



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1. Recognize the validity and differences of communication styles among people. 2. Learn to eliminate personal biases and prejudices. 3. Strive to acquire communication skills necessary in a multicultural world.



SUMMARY Global communication becomes more complicated when there are multiple recipients from different cultures with different languages all receiving the same message, as well as when there are more layers added to the channel. Local and global communication in multicultural settings will help you realize that miscommunication is essential to enhance our ability to communicate and effectively accept and embrace across country cultures. ASSESSMENT / ENRICHMENT Answer the following questions: 1. “Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart.” (Confucius)Do you agree or disagree? Give concrete situations to support your stand. Based on the concept learned in this lesson. 2. Identify a country where graduates of your program or field of specialization are in demand. Research on the various cultural modes of communication that a newly hired employee in that country should remember. Based on your research, prepare a three-to four-minute presentation.



INTROSPECTING



This lesson on local and global communication in multicultural settings helped me realize that



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REFERENCES Gamble, T.K. & Gamble, M. (2006). Communication works. McGraw Hill. https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=d44rAQAAMAAJ&q=Gamble+%26+ Gamble+(2008) Jandt, F. E. (2017). An introduction to intercultural communication: Identities in a global community. Sage Publications. https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Intercultural_Communication.html ? Ederio, N. et al. (2019). Purposive communication: Integrated learning resource material. Wakat, G., Caroy, A., Dela Cruz, A., Dizaon, E.G., Jose, M., Ordonio, M.R., Palangyos, A., Sao-an, M., & Paulino F. (2018). Purposive communication. Lorimar Publishing Inc. Philippines.



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LESSON 4 Varieties and Register of Spoken and Written Language WHAT TO EXPECT? Explain the varieties and registers of spoken and written language in the proper context. PRE – DISCUSSION The students will be tasked to present orally or in a written form the following questions. -



How do you greet your best friend? Your mother? Your teacher? Your school dean?



-



Do your ways of greeting these people vary?



LESSON OUTLINE For us, speech is well-worth careful study because we depend on it so heavily for our communications with others. The development of human civilization owes it to a great extent to man’s ability to share experiences, to exchange ideas, and to transmit knowledge from one generation to another. The spoken mode is often associated with everyday registers while the written mode is strongly associated with academic registers. However, this is not always true. For instance, in everyday communication, face-to-face conversations are usually supplemented by text messaging. In academic contexts, significant forms of oral communication are used along with



written communication. Significantly, both



every day and



academic



communications are characterized by multi-modality or the use of multiple modes of communication, including spoken, written modes and images, music, videos, gestures, etc.



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Varieties of Spoken and Written Language Lin (2016) presents the following nature of language variation as prescribed by most linguists based on the ideas of Mahboob (2014). 1. Language varies when communicating with people within (local) and outside (global) our community. 2. Language varies in speaking and in writing. 3. Language varies in everyday and specialized discourses.



Mahboob and Dutcher(2014) identified eight different domains in which language varies depending on the combinations of different values on the three dimensions (field, tenor and mode) of the context of communication. The first four domains include language variations that reflect local usage done in one local language or multiple local languages depending on the context. They vary in the following ways: 1. Local everyday written. This may include instances of local usage found in the neighborhood posters (e.g. a poster looking for transients/bed spacers). 2. Local everyday oral. This may occur in local communication among neighbors in everyday, informal and local varieties of languages. 3. Local specialized written. An example of local specialized written usage can be found in the publications and web sites of local societies such as the Baguio Midland Courier. 4. Local specialized oral. It involves specialized discourses. For example, in a computer shop in the neighborhood, specialized local usage can be found (e.g. specialized computer game-related vocabulary is used).



On the other hand, the other four domains involve global usage. These four domains of language usage differ from the first four domains since they refer to contexts of language usage where participants need to communicate with people not sharing their local ways of using language. They are as follows:



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1. Global everyday written avoids local colloquialisms to make the text accessible to wider communities of readers. This can be found in international editions of newspapers and magazines.



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2. Global everyday oral may occur in interactions between people coming from different parts of the world when they talk about everyday casual topics. 3. Global specialized written expands to as many readers internationally, hence the non-usage of local colloquial expressions (e.g. international research journal articles). 4. Global specialized oral occurs when people from different parts of the world discuss specialized topics in spoken form (e.g. paper presentation sessions in an international academic conference).



SUMMARY The kind of register to be used affects the way one speaks and writes. Language has formal and informal registers. These registers have form which defines the social situation.



ASSESSMENT / ENRICHMENT Activity 1. Answer the following questions: 1. In what situations are the local and global varieties of spoken language used? 2. What registers are appropriate to such situations?



Activity 2 Journal Writing: Why is it important to use appropriate varieties and registers of language in certain communication contexts?



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REFERENCES Ederio, N. et al. (2019). Purposive communication: Integrated learning resource material. Mahboob, A., & Dutcher, L. (2014). Dynamic approach to language proficiency—A model. In Englishes in multilingual contexts (pp. 117-136). Springer, Dordrecht. https://www.academia.edu/download/34693779/Dynamic_Approach_to_Lan guage_Proficiency_-_A_Model.pdf Wakat, G., Caroy, A., Dela Cruz, A., Dizaon, E.G., Jose, M., Ordonio, M.R., Palangyos, A., Sao-an, M., & Paulino F. (2018). Purposive communication. Lorimar Publishing Inc. Philippines.



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LESSON 5 Evaluating Messages and/or Images of Different Types of Texts Reflecting Different Cultures WHAT TO EXPECT? Analyze media messages and/or images using Key Concepts of Media Literacy framework. Create a multimodal advertisement of a cause-oriented event.



PRE - DISCUSSION 1. Analyze any advertisement from TV, radio or any reading materials. 2. Generate questions and ideas about the message conveyed by the advertisement. LESSON OUTLINE The Key Concepts of Media Literacy framework serves as a basis for developing a critical understanding of the content of mass media, the techniques used and the impact of these techniques. Also, the Key Concepts of Media Literacy can be very helpful in the construction of media texts for different purpose.



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The term “text” includes any form of written, spoken or media work conveying meaning to an audience. Text may use words, graphics, sounds and images in presenting information. It may also be in oral, print, visual or electronic forms. Key Concepts of Media Literacy (Center for Media Literacy, 2005) Key Concepts 1. All media messages are “constructed”.



Guide Questions in Media Text Analysis  What is the message of the text?  How effectively does it represent reality?  How is the message constructed?



2. Media have embedded values and points of view.



 What lifestyles, values and points of view  are represented in the text?  Who or what is missing? 



3. Each person interprets messages differently.



 What message do you perceive from the text?  How might others understand it differently?  Why?



4. Media have commercial,



 What is the purpose of the text?



ideological or political



 Who is the target audience of the text?



interests.



 Who might be disadvantaged?  Who created the text and why?



5. Media messages are constructed using a creative language having its own



 What techniques are used and why?  How effective are the techniques in supporting the messages or themes of the text?  What are other ways of presenting the



rules.



message?



SUMMARY Media literacy is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, create, and act using all forms of communication. In its simplest terms, media literacy builds upon the foundation of traditional literacy and offers new forms of reading and writing. Media literacy empowers people to be critical thinkers and makers, effective communicators and active citizens.



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ASSESSMENT / ENRICHMENT Activity 1. Answer this question: 1. Make personal, world and text connections to an advertisement you chose. 2. What are your observations or generalizations on how texts and/or images are presented? 3. In what ways should media present texts/images about various cultures?



REFERENCES Ederio, N. etal. (2019). Purposive communication: Integrated learning resource material. Center for Media Literacy. (2005). Five key questions of media literacy. http://www.medialit.org/sites/default/files/14B_CCKQPoster+5essays.p df Wakat, G., Caroy, A., Dela Cruz, A., Dizaon, E.G., Jose, M., Ordonio, M.R., Palangyos, A., Sao-an, M., & Paulino F. (2018). Purposive communication. Lorimar Publishing Inc.



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c



h



a



p



T



e



r



3 Communication for Various Purposes OVERVIEW Talking is something most people do every day at home, in school, in the streets, in parties, in church, at table while eating. Practically everywhere many of our pleasant hours are spent in friendly conversations with our fellowmen. For all we don’t know, conversation is an art, and like all other arts, it must be practiced intelligently to be mastered. It is not just words. It is a complex interplay between people, an informal spoken exchange of thoughts and feelings involving many signals, seen and implied. Therefore, Chapter III centers on communication skills needed in giving information, persuasion, and argumentation. It also dwells on public speaking and making inquiries.



OBJECTIVES: At the end of the chapter, the students can: demonstrate mastery in obtaining, providing and disseminating information; and, present ideas persuasively using appropriate verbal and nonverbal cues.



LESSON



1



Informative, Persuasive and



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Argumentative Communication



types of communication. e announcement regarding environmental disaster preparedness employing the concepts of informative, persuasive and arg



PRE – DISCUSSION “The improvement of understanding is for two ends: first our own increase of knowledge; secondly, to enable us to deliver that knowledge to others.” 1. What do you think does John Locke mean? 2. In which aspect of your field do you find Locke’s idea most relevant? Explain.



LESSON OUTLINE Communication is made for numerous purposes. The way messages are crafted depends highly on the intention of the sender. In a supermarket, a sales agent makes sure that the way a product is promoted gets consumers buying. A news anchor delivers information in such a way that all the facts are clearly stated doing away with words that may cause confusion. On the other hand, a criminal lawyer must design his arguments supported by facts to convince the judge and the jury. Informative Communication involves giving than asking. As an informative communicator, you want your receivers to pay attention and understand, but not to change their behavior. By sharing information, ignorance is reduced, or better yet, eliminates the informative value of a message is measured by how novel and relevant the information is or the kind of understanding it provides the receivers.



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Osborn, Osborn and Osborn (2014) purports that informative communication arises out of three deep impulses: (a) we seek to expand our awareness of the world around us; (b) we seek to become more competent; and, (c) we have an abiding curiosity about how things work and how they are made. When preparing for an informative exchange, ask yourself the following questions: (a) Is my topic noteworthy to be considered informative?; (b) What do my recipients already know about my topic?; (c) What more do they have to know?; and, (d) Am I knowledgeable enough of my topic to help my receivers understand it? Persuasive Communication is an art of gaining fair and favorable considerations for our point of view. a. Provides a choice among options and advocates something through a speaker. b. Uses supporting material to justify advice and turns the audience into agents of change. c. Asks for strong audience commitment and gives importance to the speaker's credibility. d. Appeals to feelings and has higher ethical obligation. Argumentative Communication relies heavily on sound proof and reasoning. The nature of proof has been studied since the Golden Age of Greece and has been improved through time. According to Aristotle, logos, ethos and pathos are the three primary forms of proof. In our time, whoever, many scholars have confirmed the presence of a fourth dimension of proof, mythos, which suggests that we respond to appeals to the traditions and values of our culture and to the legends and folktales that embody them. Lucas (in Wakat et al, 2018) claims that to avoid defective argumentation, the following must be avoided: 1. Defective evidence (Misuse of facts, Statistical fallacies, Defective Testimony, Inappropriate evidence) 2. Defective Patterns of reasoning (Evidential fallacies such as slippery slope, confusing facts with opinion, red herring, myth of the mean [flawed proofs and defective arguments])



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SUMMARY An informative speech aims to inform the audience about a specific topic.A persuasive speech aims to persuade the audience to perform a certain action or convince the audience to adopt the belief or opinion of the speaker. Hence, an argumentative communication is the art of persuading based on reason, on facts and not emotions. Many speeches will combine features of informative and persuasive speeches. Know the audience: the types of knowledge they possess, the core beliefs they hold, and what motivates them to undertake actions. Considering the purpose of the speech will help determine if the speech should use more of the features of informative or persuasive speeches.



ASSESSMENT / ENRICHMENT 1. What is the difference between an informative communication and a persuasive communication? Which do you think is more challenging in terms of preparation and delivery? 2.



List essential preparations when communicating to inform, to persuade, and to argue. To inform



To persuade



To argue



3. What ethical considerations must one bear in mind when informing, persuading or arguing?



CONCRETIZING 1.Examine a magazine advertisement or a newspaper article to find "infomercials". What alerts you to the persuasive intent? In what respects does such communication



possess



the



characteristics



information.



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of



persuasion



and



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REFERENCES: Osborn, M., Osborn, S., & Osborn, R. (2014). Public speaking: Finding your voice. Pearson Higher Ed. Wakat, G., Caroy, A., Dela Cruz, A., Dizaon, E.G., Jose, M., Ordonio, M.R., Palangyos, A., Sao-an, M., & Paulino F. (2018). Purposive communication. Lorimar Publishing Inc. Philippines.



LESSON 2



Public Speaking WHAT TO EXPECT? Compare the different modes of delivering a speech. Deliver effectively a message to an audience.



PRE-DISCUSSION Do these statements apply to you? Answer Yes or No only. 1. I am excited at the thought of speaking in public. 2. I see myself speaking in public often in the future. 3. I think I can be a very good speaker. 4. The thought of public speaking terrifies me. 5. I would avoid speaking in public as much as I can. 6. No amount of practice can make me a better speaker. Items 1, 2 and 4, 5 determine your public speaking anxiety. If you answered items 1 and 2 with a yes, you probably have a low anxiety. If you answered items 4 and 5 with a yes, you most probably have a high public speaking anxiety. Items 3 and 6 determine your attitude toward public speaking. If you answered item 3 with a yes, you have a growth mindset. If you answered item 6 with a yes, you have a closed mindset. Do you agree or disagree? 1. “Your ability to communicate with others will account for fully 85% of your success in your business and in your life.” – Brian Tracy 2. “Ninety percent of how well the talk will go is determined before the speaker steps on the platform.” – Somers White



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3. “Only the prepared speaker deserves to be confident.” – Dale Carnegie 4. “Courage is resistance to fear, mastery of fear – not absence of fear.” – Mark Twain (Re-evaluate your answer after reading engagement)



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You have probably delivered a speech before an audience once, twice, or thrice in high school in the forms of reporting, research presentations, or creative presentations or you might have read Biblical passages in church. How did the experience make you feel? If the experience made you wish to speak more in public or made you confident of yourself, then you belong to the few who do not fear public speaking or who have overcome it. If the experience made you feel the opposite, you are not alone. Jerry Seinfeld was quoted saying: "According to most studies, people's number one fear is public speaking. Number two is death. Death is number two. Does that sound right? This means to the average person, if you go to a funeral, you're better off in the casket than delivering the eulogy." Fear of public speaking is, therefore, common to most people, but despite this fact, many have turned public speaking into their ticket to success. Brian Tracy phrased this idea in his statement: "Your ability to communicate with others will account for fully 85% of your success in your business and in your life." What apparently matters is your reaction to fear of public speaking. How should you handle fear? Mark Twain suggests: "Courage is resistance to fear, mastery of fear - not absence of fear". Your awareness of your fear of public speaking is a good starting point. With your awareness, you acknowledge that you need to take actions to overcome that fear. You might also need a strong reason to overcome that fear. While it is true that not all professions require public speaking skills, you must consider the fact that public speaking is an essential skill in your academic life. Also, in many professions such as those in business, education, mass media etc., public speaking skills are a requirement. In some other professions, public speaking skills are an advantage. Most importantly, public speaking has long been the tool for activism that paved way for social and political changes. By this time, you must have decided that public speaking is highly relevant to your academic, professional and personal life.



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LESSON OUTLINE Public speaking is a process of speaking in a structured, deliberate manner to inform, influence or entertain an audience. Speech is the term used to refer to the body spoken expressions of information and ideas. A speech may be delivered in any of the following modes: read from a manuscript, memorized and delivered extemporaneous or impromptu. The choice of mode of speech delivery is determined by factors such as length of preparation, complexity of message purpose, and occasion. Reading from a Manuscript is appropriate when the speech is long and when details are complicated and essential such as that they need to be given completely. Reading is also appropriate when one is asked to deliver a prepared speech on behalf of another speaker. Reading may pose the least challenge in public speaking but the speaker may be tricked into thinking that no preparation is needed. When a message is delivered through reading, the force, naturalness, and eye contact may be diminished because the eyes have to travel from page to the audience and vice versa. Memorized speech requires a speaker to commit everything to memory. This method is excellent for short messages although it is also used for long pieces in oratorical, declamation and other literary contests. Just like a read speech, a memorized speech also poses challenge in naturalness. The worst experience one could have in delivering a memorized speech is to forget the lines and fail to shift smoothly to another mode of delivery Extemporaneous speaking may have a short or a long preparation. The speaker may use an outline to guide him through his speech to achieve better organization and to avoid leaving out details. But unlike reading, extemporaneous speaking necessitates the speaker to formulate his sentences while he is speaking. Extemporaneous is a method that most lecturers and teachers use. A good extemporaneous speaker must be spontaneous. Impromptu means speaking at the spur of the moment. Since there is very minimal or no time for preparation given for impromptu, the content and organization may suffer. Impromptu may not deliver the best thought in the best way but it brings out the most natural thing to say at the moment.



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SUMMARY There are four main kinds of speech delivery: impromptu, extemporaneous, manuscript, and memorized. Impromptu speaking involves delivering a message on the spur of the moment, as when someone is asked to “say a few words.” Extemporaneous speaking consists of delivering a speech in a conversational fashion using notes. This is the style most speeches call for. Additionally, manuscript speaking consists of reading a fully scripted speech. It is useful when a message needs to be delivered in precise words. Memorized speaking consists of reciting a scripted speech from memory. Memorization allows the speaker to be free of notes.



ASSESSMENT / ENRICHMENT I. A. Using the table below, compare and contrast extemporaneous speaking to/from impromptu speaking by writing their differences in their respective their similarities in the middle column. Impromptu



similarities



Extemporaneous



Do the same for read and memorized Speech. Read



similarities



extemporaneous



B. Which mode of speech delivery has the least application? Why do you say so? C. Which mode of speech delivery has the most application? Why do you say so?



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II.A. Reading an article Rubric for a Read Speech. Criteria



8-10



5-7



4-3



1 -2



Eye contact connection



Maintained eye contact with the audience throughout the speech, engaged audience throughout the speech



Maintained eye contact most of the time, engaged audience most of the time



Inconsistent eye contact; somewhat engaged audience



Avoided eye contact with the audience, disengaged audience.



content



Fully developed topic idea with unified substantial supporting details



Developed topic idea with unified supporting details.



Some understanding of the topic with few supporting details



Vague sense of the topic or idea



Language use



Excellent command of language, uses varied and accurate words to express ideas, and uses grammatically correct responding



Good command of the language somewhat accurate and with few grammar errors



Understandable Language yet lacks accuracy and with some grammar errors



Inaccurate words and marked with grammar errors that affect the message



Clear and varied voice



Somewhat clear and varied voice



Monotonous and lacks vocal clarity



Vocal clarity Very clear and and dynamics appropriately varied voice



III. On your own 1. Prepare topic outline of a highly relevant topic. 2. Deliver your extemporaneous speech. Rubric for Extemporaneous Speech Criteria 8-10 5-7



4-3



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1 -2



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Content



Fully developed idea with unified substantial supporting details



Developed idea with unified supporting details



Some understanding of the topic with few supporting details



Vague sense of the topic or idea



Language use



Excellent command of the language use varied and accurate words to express ideas, grammatically correct expressions



Good command of the language somewhat accurate and with few grammar errors



Understandable language yet lacks accuracy and with some grammar errors



Inaccurate words and marked with grammar error that affect the message



Spontaneity and naturalness



Very natural and spontaneous with appropriate pauses



Natural and spontaneous with some awkward pauses



Somewhat natural with some awkward pauses



Marked with long awkward pauses



Vocal clarity Very clear and and dynamics appropriately varied voice



Clear and varied voice



Somewhat clear and varied voice



Monotonous and lacks vocal clarity



Eye contact/ connection



Maintained eye contact with the audience throughout the speech, engaged audience throughout the speech



Maintained eye contact most of the time, engaged audience most of the time



Inconsistent eye contact; somewhat engaged audience



Avoided eye contact with the audience, disengaged audience.



Relevance of the chosen topic



Very relevant and useful to the majority of the audience



Relevant to the majority of the audience



Somewhat relevant to the majority of the audience



Of little relevance to the audience



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IV.A.On the Spot Pick from the teacher’s box a quote or a question. From either a quotation or question, develop a minute of impromptu speech. You may explain, argue, support and/or illustrate the quote you picked. Answer the following questions: 1. What is the most difficult part of being a teenager or a college student today? 2. How has the social media affected you? 3. What is the kindest gesture you have experienced from a stranger? 4. Are there times when you feel people misjudge you? Cite an example. 5. Was there an instance when you misjudge someone? Give details of that instance. Follow Up! 1. Has your attitude toward public speaking become more positive? 2. In a scale of 1-10 with 10 being the highest, what rating do you give yourself? Why? 3. In what area of public speaking do you feel you need the most improvement?



REFERENCES Ederio, N. etal. (2019). Purposive communication: Integrated learning resource material. Four methods of delivery. (n.d.). https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/public-speaking-practice-andethics/s17-01-four-methods-of-delivery.html Wakat, G., Caroy, A., Dela Cruz, A., Dizaon, E.G., Jose, M., Ordonio, M.R., Palangyos, A., Sao-an, M., & Paulino F. (2018). Purposive communication. Lorimar Publishing Inc. Philippines.



LESSON 3 Making Inquiries



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WHAT TO EXPECT? Write effective letters of inquiry. Create incident report template. Provide information accurately.



PRE-DISCUSSION Do these statements apply to you? 1. I have effective techniques in seeking for information online. 2. I can easily ask for information from anyone. 3. I can easily start a conversation with other people. 4. I feel that people easily comprehend what I say. 5. I am confident I can write a formal inquiry letter. 6. I avoid writing letters as much as I can. 7. I would rather call people than write them. Do you agree or disagree? 1. You need not observe the writing conventions in writing e-mails. 2. English is the best language for interviews. 3. Emails are informal. 4. Abbreviations are encouraged in emails. You probably texted or called people to obtain information you needed several times already. Did you get the information you needed? Did you use the same language and tone in all your queries through phone calls and text messages? You might have also received queries via text messages, conversations, and phone calls. Were there times when you felt the language or the tone of the caller or message sender was inappropriate? Were you able to provide the information sought satisfactorily?



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Both obtaining and giving information are a part of our daily activities. Information provide individuals basis for actions, plans, and decisions. An individual’s skill in finding information helps him save time and make well-informed decisions, and actions. Likewise, giving information effectively is of great help to others. Find someone in class who can provide or who can help you find information about the following: 1. the most popular brand of cellular phone in class. 2. the most visited site in the city. 3. the number of children born last year. 4. the number of visitors of Baguio City or your city last year. 5. the place that recorded the coldest temperature in the Philippines. 6. the most in demand work abroad. 7. the most expensive course in the university. 8. the ten highest paying jobs in the world. 9. the most popular cuisine in the world. 10. five jobs that you can apply for after finishing your course. Verify your answers by finding reliable internet sources or individuals.



LESSON OUTLINE An inquiry letter is written when a person needs more information about products, services, internships, scholarships, or job vacancies offered by companies, association or individuals. Often, inquiry letters are sent when a person has specific questions that are not addressed by the general information available provided by brochures, websites Advertisements, classified ads, etc. An inquiry may also be in the form of telephone or personal interview. Depending on the immediacy and specificity of the need, one of these modes may prove more responsive to your need. Both interview and letter require correct and appropriate language use. Both require correctness, conciseness, clarity of language, and courtesy. While letters correctness of spelling, punctuations, capitalizations, indentions, margins, etc., interviews require clarity of words, correct pronunciation, intonation and pauses, spontaneity, pleasing personality, and confidence.



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Content and Organization of Letter of Inquiry Just like any business letter, letter of inquiry has the following basic parts: A. Heading or Letterhead B. Inside address C. Salutation D. Body of the letter First Paragraph: It provides a background of your inquiry such as how, where and when you first learned of the information. State your purpose in one or two sentences. Middle Paragraph: This section should specify the information you are seeking. Final Paragraph: Express your expectation from your addressee and thank him/her in advance for his favorable action. E. Complimentary close F. Signature Format The format of an inquiry letter follows any of the following most commonly used formats: pure block, semi-block or modified block. The format below illustrates the basic business letter content using the pure block format.



:



.



.



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,



Emails More frequently used now in inquiry are emails. Emails gained popularity because of speed and convenience. Generally, email messages are less formal than letters, although there are still expectations for appropriate and effective email communication. The formality is need by the sender's familiarity and relationship to the receiver, the classification determined by the sender's familiarity and relation and objective of the message to be sent and other factors that shape the context of communication. In academic emails, for example it is more appropriate to sound formal and professional. The use of ‘wanna, gonna', and abbreviations such as “tnx” and gbu, are unprofessional. The use of 'wanna, gonna', and emoticons is inappropriate. In other informal contexts. However, abbreviations and emoticons may be effective. In academic and other more formal emails, correctness and other qualities that apply to business letters should be observed. For more effective email communications (and also letters), remember the following: 1. Be courteous. Courtesy does not only mean greeting, thanking, or using polite expressions. It also means considering the feelings of the receiver, thus, the writer needs to use the appropriate or positive tone. 2. Keep messages as concise and clear as possible. 3. Proofread and spell check before sending. 4. Provide a short but descriptive subject line. The subject line will help the receiver readily identify the content type and the urgency of the message.



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5. Although some parts of the email are optional, it is enabling to know all the other parts. Below is the list of all the parts of an email. The style may vary depending on the system you use. From: Jaylou J. Jose Sent: 26 May, 9:10AM To: Aaron C. Jacinto CC: Maggy J. Jaime Bcc: Luz D. Cruz Subject: Scholarship availability inquiry Attachment: Form 137 Salutation: Dear Mr. Jose Body of the letter Closing: Sincerely yours, Name (email signature) The parts of the emails are explained below: -



From: Name of person sending the email



-



Sent. Date and time



-



To: Name of person receiving the email



-



CC: Other person receiving the message



-



Bcc: Another person receiving the email without the other recipient knowing Subject: Content (title) of the email



Attachment: Document sent separately, not included in the email (but attached) Salutation: Greeting or opening Body of the email: message Closing: ending Name/signature of the sender: name and title (Below the name of the sender, the following information may be included: company and address, telephone number, URL or website address and social media link)



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Interview is a special type of purposive conversation. Interviews are classified into different types according to purpose, but basic to all types of interview is to obtain desired information. Interview requires real time for both the interviewee and interviewer. Whatever your specific purpose is, it is always advantageous to consider the following tips in conducting an interview. Before the interview 1. Remember that if you are seeking for information from people (e.g. interview for research), you are asking them a favor; thus make appointments with your interviewee at their most convenient time. 2. Prepare the list of questions. During the interview An interviewee must have to be punctual, wear appropriate attire. , observe good manners, speak clearly and be attentive. Then, if you have follow-up questions, ask politely. Ask the interviewee to validate your notes. Allow the interviewee sufficient time to answer, rephrase questions to clarify vague points, , acknowledge answers of the interviewee to assure him of your attention and graciously thank the interviewer for his time. Parts of the Interview The opening includes the initial contact of the interviewer and the interviewee. Rapport should be established by creating positive impression. Although introduction might have been done during the appointment, introduce yourself briefly. The body includes several questions to achieve your specific objectives. The conclusion includes expressing gratitude and hope of meeting the interviewee again in the future.



SUMMARY Inquiry is an approach to learning that involves a process of exploring the natural or material world, and that leads to asking questions, making discoveries, and testing those discoveries in the search for new understanding.



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ASSESSMENT / ENRICHMENT A. 1. When is writing a letter of inquiry more advantageous than conducting an interview? 2. What can't a letter of inquiry achieve that the interview can? 3. What determines the appropriateness of attire in interviews? 4. What are the factors that determine the formality level of tone in emails, letters, and interview? 5. Do the principles of seeking information apply to giving information? Why? 6. When an interviewer shifts his tone from very formal to informal, or from English to Filipino, should the interviewee shift also? 7. Regardless of formality level and medium, how should one communicate messages to the target individuals? 8. Illustrate the modified block and semi-block format of letters. 9. What are the optional parts of business letters? What is the content of each? B. A. Achieve the appropriate tone by revising the message below. 1. Boss, I missed work yesterday and I am worried about what I have to do when I get back. I was too sick to report for work. Email me the soft copy of the transactions yesterday so I could prepare a report of it. Let me know if there are other things I have missed due to my absence. 2. Hi Ma'am, How are you doing? Here is my assignment for yesterday's class. I am sending it via email because I am not certain if I can attend our class. I'm terribly coughing. If you don't see me tomorrow, I am certainly very sick.



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REFERENCES Wakat, G., Caroy, A., Dela Cruz, A., Dizaon, E.G., Jose, M., Ordonio, M.R., Palangyos, A., Sao-an, M., & Paulino F. (2018). Purposive communication. Lorimar Publishing Inc. Philippines. WikiHow Staff. (2020, September 15). How to write a formal email. https://www.wikihow.com/Write-a-Formal-Email DocFormats. (2020). Inquiry letter: Tips and sample letters. https://www.docformats.com/inquiry-letter/ Exploratorium. (2020). What is inquiry?. https://www.exploratorium.edu/education/ifi/inquiry



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4 Communication for Work Purposes OVERVIEW Communication in the workplace is very important for companies to work effectively and be productive. Employees can experience increased morale, productivity and commitment if they can communicate up and down a company’s communication drain. Employers who spend time and energy to create open communication lines will quickly create trust among employees, resulting in productivity, performance and overall morale. At the same time, employees who communicate effectively with their colleagues, managers and costumers continue to be valuable assets to a company. Chapter IV highlights communication in the different work areas, specifically Teaching and Business Trade. It also details correspondence for employment and communication within a company.



OBJECTIVES: At the end of the chapter, the students can: communicate ideas effectively using the different forms of communication in the work field. demonstrate mastery of the key concepts to effectively and ethically communicate in the chosen field.



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LESSON 4 Communication for Business and Trade



WHAT TO EXPECT? Identify strengths and needed skills for improvement. Construct personal and business SWOT analyses.



PRE-DISCUSSION What images can you see from the two photos? What do the photos tell you about your future major responsibilities?



https://videohive.net/item/business-meeting-presentation/11313604



https://homebusinessmag.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/04/31047541_m.jpg



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LESSON OUTLINE What images can you see from the two photos? What do the photos tell you about your future major responsibilities?



https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/business-meeting-flat-people-on-presentation- vector23665617



In order to prepare you in the global workforce. You must prepare yourselves to the demands of the industry, and one way of achieving this is through enhancing your English communication skills. As university students, you need to develop your expertise on how to sell an idea in a product presentation, project proposal, and other opportunities of making networks and connections in business. Enhancing your craft in oral presentations will make you succeed in your future internships and future career. A. Definition and Relevance A SWOT analysis or a SWOT matrix is a diagram that shows an organization's or person's key strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Doing this type of analysis, any organization, corporation, or company can innovate or adapt new ways or strategies to put itself better in the corporate world.



B. Internal factors VS External factors 1. Internal factors. Internal factors are things that we can control. An example is when workers in a company spend time and effort on fixing computer crashes. As a solution to this problem, the employees could be trained or better software could be purchased.



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2. External factors. External factors are things we cannot control.For example, the inflation rate of goods due to government regulations. C. Benefits of SWOT analysis 1. SWOT analyses identify any company or organization's capabilities and resources. Moreover, they also provide a look on the organization's competitive environment. 2. Based on the result of SWOT analysis, the company can create a better marketing strategy. 3. ASWOT analysis can create a new venture or new opportunities for the company especially the ones that are not yet explored. 4. This can be an aid for the managers and directors reduce threats by understanding their company's current weaknesses. 5. This can be used by the people in a company as a planning technique. 6. Individuals who like to develop their careers can do SWOT analysis for it identifies their skills, opportunities, and abilities.



D. How to make SWOT analysis 1. Make sure that the analysis heads to the right path or direction by defining your objective. If your study focuses on what matters, this will eventually provide you a right strategy, 2. Focus on the internal and external factors. Strengths. Identify the things that do better in your competition. Are the people familiar with your products or brand? What is your competitive advantage? Which one from your in doing best or the one that excels in all aspects of intellectual property or human resources? Weaknesses. In what areas are your competitors outclassing your company? What holds your business back? Are there any things you can avoid? Does your business lack something? Or weakness? For example, it may not have enough suitably-skilled workers. This is an area that you can control. Opportunities. Opportunities can help your company grow. Can you turn any changes in technology, laws, or society, for example, into an



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Opportunity? Consumers today are more aware of and interested in the quality of life. Threats. Are there obstacles stopping your company from growing? What are these rules, regulations, or technology that impedes your business? Some aspects of society may also represent obstacles. Is inflation rate a threat to the business?



E. Matrix SWOT Analysis of a Coffee Shop Strengths



Weakness



Close to universities and public transport



No experience in operating a business



Cheaper products offered other than popular brands.



Lack of funds for the start-up of the business



Ambiance is good for study and leisure



Less popularity compared to wellknown brands



Growing demand by different markets for coffee shops.



Staffs to be trained for operations



Opportunities



Threats



New products and services are offered for expansion of the market Brand franchising is also an opportunity to expand business.



There are lots of popular coffee shops.



Co-branding or strategic alliance with other firms



Market tastes are changing.



Diverse target market



Price for coffee beans and other supplies may increase



There are also competition with other coffee shops also starting-up



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SUMMARY The kind of communication that happens in business is known as business communication, and it involves that flow of information back and forth between the higher-ups and the lower-downs, as well as side to side. What that means, basically, is that information will flow down ranks within a company as well as across them. Managers need to communicate with supervisors who need to communicate with their teams. Colleagues need to communicate with each other. All of this needs to happen seamlessly or else havoc and chaos will reign in the business.



ASSESSMENT / ENRICHMENT 1. Create a personal SWOT analysis. Given the situation, plot the applicant's SWOT in a matrix. You can make any organizer showing the relationship of the four elements. Situation: Imagine someone called Tony wan status. Based on the information given. Construct a SWOT analysis by providing information for each characteristic  Strength: Tony attended post graduate.  Weakness: He has no work experience.  Opportunity: He can be relocated to other places.  Threat: In his city, there are less job opportunities related to his field. 2.Create your Personal SWOT Analysis Directions: Imagine you are going to apply as a marketing director, accountant general manager, financial analyst, or any position you wish in a corporate world a. Assess yourself first by listing your potentials, capabilities, talents, skills or skills to improve in a draft. b. Edit and proofread your work. You may write the items in phrases. Observe parallelism in writing the items. c. Use the matrix below to plot your own SWOT.



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d. Present this orally in the class. Each of you is given two minutes to deliver.



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(Oral presentation is graded) SWOT Analysis



3. Business Plan Presentation Directions: A. In a group of five, create a type of business you wish to have in the future. Name your business and identify the nature of it (Product oriented or service oriented) or how it is operated.



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Wakat, G., Caroy, A., Dela Cruz, A., Dizaon, E.G., Jose, M., Ordonio, M.R., Palangyos, A., Sao-an, M., & Paulino F. (2018). Purposive communication. Lorimar Publishing Inc. Philippines.



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LESSON 5 Writing Business and Technical Report WHAT TO EXPECT? Explain the classifications, parts, and types of reports. Write a sample report applying the principles of report writing style.



PRE-DISCUSSION 1. List the types of reports you usually do in school. How do you frame such reports? 2. Bring old reports from the student council, government offices, companies, schools, hospitals, and other organizations. 3. Draw a Venn diagram to show the similarities and differences of school reports and the report that you brought.



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LESSON OUTLINE A Report is a comprehensive document that covers all aspects of the subject matter of study. It presents results of an experiment, investigation, research, or an inquiry to a specific audience. Business and Technical Reports Types Parts Progress reports • Cover Page Sales Reports • Title Page



Classification Formal Informal



Personnel Evaluation



• Table of Contents



Feasibility Reports



• List of Illustrations



Literature Review Credit Reports



• Executive Summary



Informational Reports



• Main Body/Findings/ Discussions



Analytical Reports Recommendation Reports



• Conclusions



Research



• References/Sources



reports



Case Study Analyses



• Recommendations • Appendices



Characteristics of a Report 



It presents information not an argument.







It is meant to be scanned quickly by the reader.







It uses numbered headings and subheadings.







It is composed of short and concise paragraphs.







It uses graphic illustrations such as tables, graphs, pie charts, etc.







It may have an abstract or an executive summary.







It may or may not have references or bibliography.







It often contains recommendations and/or appendices.



Report Categories I. The Informal Report 



It functions to inform, analyze, and recommend.



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



It may be in the form of a memo, financial report, monthly activities report, development report, research, etc.







It is written according to an institution's style and rules. Introductory and prefatory parts are not required.







It is used for conveying routine messages.



Types of Informal Report A. Progress report - written to provide information about the way project is developing B. Sales activity report - helps a firm to understand about the progres the sales people and also identify the shortcomings C. Personnel evaluation - used by an organization to assess an employee's performance D. Financial report - a presents formal record of the financial activities of a business, person, or other entries E. Feasibility report - assesses the viability of a new project; details whether or not a project should be undertaken and the reasons for that decision; persuades or helps the decision makers to choose between available options F. Literature review - conveys to the readers the work already done and the knowledge and ideas that have been already established on a particular topic of research G. Credit report - details report of an individual's credit history prepared by a credit bureau (Credit bureaus collect information and create credit reports based on that information, and lenders use the reports along with other details to determine loan applicants' credit worthiness.)



II. The Formal Report. 



It is an official report that contains a collection of detailed information, research, and data necessary to make decisions.







It is formal, complex and used at an official level. .







It is often a written account of a major project.



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



It may be in the form of launching a new technology or new project results of a study or an experiment, a review of developments in the etc.



TYPES OF FORMAL REPORTS Type



Characteristics



Informational report



Analytical Reports



Recommendation



Examples



Provides data, facts, feedback, and other. Types of information without analysis or recommendations. Presents an update of an operation, an information or status of a current research so readers can understand a particular problem or situation.



Results of a research on or rise of HIV patients



It goes beyond just presenting results Analytical reports present results, analyze those results, and draw conclusions based on those results. It attempts describe why or how something happened and explains what it means.



Explanation of what causes a phenomenon. Presentation of the results conclusions based on those results. of a traffic study showing It attempts to describe why or how accidents at an intersection - the report explains what it means. Explanation of the potential results of a particular course of action. Suggestion which option, action, or procedure is best. Report writing on monthly budgets, staff absentees and so on.



This type advocates a particular course of action. This usually presents the results and conclusions that support the recommendations What should one do about a problem? Can a team do something? Should one change techniques, methods, technology, or do something else?



Using treatment X is more efficient than treatments Y and Z. However, that does not mean that you will use treatment X as cost and other considerations might recommend treatment Y.



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Most widely used report usually in university levels



Research Reports



Writing a report on some product development. Report writing for your competitor's activities.



Case study analysis reports



Includes real life examples



Widely used in university level competitions.



PARTS OF A REPORT Parts of the Report



Brief Description



Contents



Language Characteristics



Name of the report in all caps (e.g. final report) Receiver’s name, title and organization



Title page



Name of the report



Team name and team members



Factual



Date submitted (month/date/year) The authors and their association/organization. No page number on title page (page 1 is executive summary) Table of contents



What you find in the report



Show the beginning page number where each report heading appears in the report (do not put page number range, just the first page number) Connect headings to page number with dots. Heading should be grammatically parallel include major section headings and sub-headings No page number on TOC page.



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Factual



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Executive summary



A summary of report



Should be no longer than one page



Factual, use of third person, use of passive verbs



It provides the key recommendations and conclusions, rather than a summary of the document. Briefly describes the context Identify the general subject matter



Introduction



Background, problem, approach, definition of special words used



Describe the issue or problem to be reported on.



Factual use of third person use of passive verbs



State the specific questions the report answers Outline the scope of the report (extent of investigation) Preview the report structure Comment on the limitations of the report and any assumptions made.



Methods



Methods or procedures which led to the findings



For all types of research provide: procedures Goal for each piece of research which (what is your question/hypothesis?) the findings



Factual use of third person use of passive verbs



Data source For surveys give the number of surveys distributed, how was it distributed, how the population was chosen. For observations give how when and where the observations occurred. The goal is to supply proofs for conclusions. Discuss, analyze and interpret (don’t just give results, also say what they meanparticularly with benchmarking).



Findings



Results investigation, research and Remember to report on all your research, including interviews with calculation clients and personal observations (discuss in methodology too.)



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Factual use of third person, use of passive verbs.



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Support your findings with new evidence. Provide summary paragraph of key findings and their significance at end of section. Explain all graphs in writing. Arrange the findings in logical segments that follows your outline. Findings should be presented in the same order as discussed in methodology. Use clear descriptive headings. Present “just the facts” no opinions, and no feelings. Interpret and summarize the findings Say what they mean. Relate the conclusions to the report issue/problem Conclusions Conclusion drawn from the findings



Limit the conclusions to the data presented; do not introduce new material. Number the conclusions and present them in parallel form.



Transition signals such as it seems that the, results indicate that it is probable that etc.



Be objective: avoid exaggerating or manipulating the data.



SUMMARY Formal reports are meticulously structured. They focus on objectivity and organization, contain deeper detail, and the writer must write them in a style that eliminates factors like personal pronouns. Informal reports are usually short messages with free-flowing, casual use of language. We generally describe the internal report/memorandum as an informal report. For example, a report among your peers, or a report for your small group or team, etc. A formal or long report has major three (3) parts:



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