Peran Pemerintah Dalam Mengatasi Cyberbullying Di [PDF]

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JPPUMA: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Sosial Politik UMA (Journal of Governance and Political Social UMA), 9 (1) (2021): 66-76, DOI: 10.31289/jppuma.v9i1.4248



JPPUMA: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Sosial Politik UMA



(Journal of Governance and Political Social UMA) Available online http://ojs.uma.ac.id/index.php/jppuma



Government's in Role to Reduce Cyberbullying to Youngster on Social Media Muhamad Badru Salam1) *, Adie Dwiyanto Nurlukman1), Amiludin2) & Irwandi1) Government Science Study Program, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Tangerang, Indonesia 2) Law Studies Program, Faculty of Law, Universitas Muhammadiyah Tangerang, Indonesia 1)



Submitted: 13 September 2020; Reviewed: 25 September 2020; Accepted: 22 February 2021



Abstract Cyberbullying in cyberspace involves a variety of behavioral risks, including bullying and provoking hostility on the internet. This study aims to determine the involvement of children at a young age on social media as victims of cyberbullying cases, as well as the role of the government in efforts to reduce cases of victims of abuse on social media so that it will decrease. The method used in this study uses qualitative research in the form of literature review with systematic mapping study techniques using secondary data such as reports and documents related to research. The results of this study indicate that the factors of social support are very influential for children because the origin of sexual violence or sexual harassment on social media is from the closest people doing social activities with children and how the family practices good parenting, monitoring how children get along with people. another, household harmony is very influential on children. Keywords: Cyberbullying; The Role of Government; Social Media; Children at Young Age.



How to Cite: Salam, M.H., Nurlukman, A.D., Amiludin, A., & Irwandi, I. (2021). The Role of the Government in Overcoming Cyberbullying in Children on Social Media. JPPUMA: Journal of Governance and Political Social Sciences UMA (Journal of Governance and Political Social UMA), 9 (1): 65-76 ISSN 2549-1660 (Print) ISSN 2550-1305 (Online)



*Corresponding author:



E-mail: [email protected]



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Muhamad Badru Salam, Adie Dwiyanto Nurlukman, Amiludin & Irwandi, Government's Role to



INTRODUCTION In today's millennial era, the Internet has become part of the necessities of our life. Human interaction was traditionally based on face-to-face interaction, but this has now been expanded to include cyber or online interactions using the Internet(SG Handono et al., 2019).Research shows that in late January 2020, the number of internet users in Indonesia has reached 175.4 million people, and while the total population of Indonesia is around 272.1 million. Compared to 2019, internet users in Indonesia began to increase by 17 percent or 25 million users(TECH coil, 2020). In the past, most children and adolescents used the internet to communicate and communicate with each other. These sites are therefore considered to be the main places where school age children conduct their social life(Aizenkot, 2020). With the development of new technologies and the widespread proliferation of Social Networking Systems among adolescents to communicate via the internet, interpersonal relationships have acquired new media through which communication is established. In communication using the internet, it is a common thing to see social interactions involving the use of the internet continuously, this is one of the main expressions of aggression in situations of cyber harassment, such as cyberbullying.(Rosa et al., 2019). Bullying and harassment are often used interchangeably, but the two can be distinguished by law and definition. Where bullying is broadly defined as including aggressive, deliberate, persistent, and repeated acts that cause harm, or bullying or intimidation, from the victim but harassment refers to the offensive and discriminatory treatment of one person by another based on the personal characteristics of the victim (such as age, race, religion, sexual orientation, disability, gender), as protected by anti-



discrimination and equal opportunity laws(Huntingdon & Petherick, 2013). Direct harassment takes several forms, including physical (for example encouraging) and verbal (for example, threatening) behavior aimed at the targeted person, and social behavior (for example, excluding or spreading rumors) that targets the victim through peer groups(Beran et al., 2012). On the other hand, cyber harassment usually involves engaging in actions or behaviors that torture, harass, terrorize, offend, or threaten someone via email, text messages, or other means with the aim of harming that person.(Hazelwood & KoonMagnin, 2013). Cyber harassment, in particular, has been found to result in emotional problems, poor concentration, low academic performance, and school avoidance.(Beran et al., 2012). Cyber harassment does not have a standard definition but is usually described as violent, threatening or offensive content directed at others by friends or strangers and is carried out via electronic means such as social networks or mobile phones(Van Royen et al., 2017). Cyber harassment is a broad concept and includes many forms of harassment, such as cyberbullying, single insults, hate speeches, harassing people on social media, stalking cyberspace, identity theft for sexual intercourse.(Lwin et al., 2012). Cyber harassment is a risk factor associated with adolescent's use of electronic technology. Cyber harassment involves a variety of behavioral risks, including cyberbullying and bullyingprovoke hostility on the internet.(Behm-Morawitz & Schipper, 2016) Case harassment on social media also experienced in Indonesia, namely Popdut singer Via Vallen posted a screenshot of the message he received on social media Tuesday night 4 June 2018 it posted with football players "persija" the contents. "i



66



JPPUMA: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Sosial Politik UMA (Journal of Governance and Political Social UMA), 9 (1) (2021): 65-76



want u sign for me in my bedroom, wearing sexy clothes"(BBC INDONESIA, 2018). users are being bullied by letting



Internet users responded by replying



users remove bullies' taunts Internet users report actions to the authorities



Criminal Code it is strictly regulated that insult is an offense of complaint. The decision of the Constitutional Court Article 27 paragraph (3) of the ITE Law confirms that Article 27 paragraph (3) of the ITE Law is an offense on complaint. If there is a case, it can be processed by law if someone is insulted, and also defames on social media. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the number of young people on social media as victims of abuse cases on social media, and what are the factors that cause harassment on social media, such as factors from social support that they experience, social support, which is a Helpful relationships when someone is experiencing problems, in the form of information or real help, so that someone feels cared for and loved by others(O. Handono & Bashori, 2013). Based on Moreno et al., (2013) problematic internet use is defined as excessive, impulsive, and risky Internet use that can affect a person's life physically, emotionally, socially or functionally, so that these factors can become the main problem of harassment on social media, and for the government it can be used as evaluation material and motivation to reduce cases of victims of harassment on social media so that it is decreasing, and provide education, such as seminars for children, teachers and parents in the current millennial era.



•31,6%



•7,9%



•5,2%



•3,6%



Figure 1.The results of the 2019 APJJI Cyberbullying Data Survey Source: Jayani, 2019



In 2019 in Indonesia, APJII showed that 49% of people who used the internet had been intimidated by means of ridicule or harassment on social media. The number of social media users who had never been intimidated was 47.2%. The response of social media users to acts of bullying varies. As many as 31.6% of those who were intimidated let the action. Meanwhile, users who responded with a reply of 7.9%. There were also users who deleted the taunts as much as 5.2%. Meanwhile, only 3.6% of users reported this action to the authorities. The APJI Survey was held on March 9-April 14 2019 in collaboration with the Indonesian Polling. The number of respondents was 5,900 people from all over Indonesia(Dwi Hadya Jayani, 2019). In this case the role of the government plays an important role in warning, securing and enforcing someone when harassing on social media. As for the law on information and electronic transactions (ITE) article 27 paragraph 3, it is explained that people who knowingly and do not have the right to send and disseminate information or electronic documents in the form of insults or defamation. Will be threatened and jailed for 4 years or fined a maximum of Rp. 750 million. In the



RESEARCH METHODS The method used in this research is to use a qualitative approach which is a Literature Review with a systematic mapping study technique as a library search. The literature review activity of systematic mapping studies aims to analyze new issues or research topics that have been previously determined and analyzed in accordance with relevant scientific developments and in this study applied to victims who have been harassed on social media. The data used in this study are journals from previous research in examples of cases of harassment on social 67



Muhamad Badru Salam, Adie Dwiyanto Nurlukman, Amiludin & Irwandi, Government's Role to



media or news magazines regarding harassment on social media and news on the internet about cases of harassment on social media. The steps for a systematic mapping study literature review carried out are as follows:



Cyber Recruitm ent 4% Cyber Stalking/ Tracking 7%



Cyber Hacking Sexting 6% 3%



Revenge Porn 35%



Text Book



Related Reasearch



Imperson ation 8%



Cyber Harassme nt 16%



Malicious Distributi on 21%



State-of-theart research



Figure 2. Activity Stepsliterature review systematic mapping study Source: Putri & Nikawanti, 2017



Textbook, at this stage an assessment of issues related to issues on earth is carried out through previous books to deepen knowledge of the study material. Related research. Namely, efforts to find research results related to the issue to be studied by reading the latest and relevant research journals, both national and international journals that are accessed manually physically or by accessing social networks. Apart from reading research journals, analysis of previous research results can also be obtained from the results of scientific meetings in the form of proceedings relating to the role of the government and the ITE Law in harassment on social media. Latest research, at this stage, the process of analyzing theories obtained from book sources, research results from both journal sources and thesis sources is carried out to be used as a synthesis. (Putri & Nikawanti, 2017).



Figure 3. Data on Cases of Women's Violence Using Cyber Source: National Commission on Violence Against Women, 2019



The most recent incidence of cases of violence for women using cyber, in the 2018 annual record of 65 cases, in 2019 to 97 cases. forms of cyber, namely revenge porn 33%, dangerous distribution 20%, harassment on social media 15%, impersonation based on 8%, stalking on social media 7%, cyber recruitment aims to bully someone on social media 4%, messages in the form of containing elements sex 3% and cyber piracy or commonly known as kidnapping someone's account 6%(National Commission on Violence Against Women, 2019).



RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 68



JPPUMA: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Sosial Politik UMA (Journal of Governance and Political Social UMA), 9 (1) (2021): 65-76 140



child victims of online sexual crimes



120



117 109



100



child sex offender online



80 60 40



•329 child



73 56



•299 child



55



child victims of pornography from social media



34



20



•426 child



0 2016



2017



the child who owns the pornographic media



2018



•316 child



Korban Cyber Bullying



child victim of bullying on social media



Pelaku Cyber Bullying



•281 child Figure 4. Data on Cases of Child Cyberbullying Victims and Offenders Source: Suciatiningrum, 2019



child bully on social media •291 child



The number of children in Indonesia who became victims of bullying on social media was 34 cases in 2016, then in 2017 there were an increase to 55 cases, in 2018 the number of children affected by cyberspace oppression greatly increased to 109 cases. Then the cases of child offenders who commit cyberbullying are bigger. In 2016, 56 children became perpetrators of cyberbullying, in 2017 there were 73 cases and increased rapidly in 2018 to 117 cases. In the field, there were more cases of bullying against children on social media who did not report to the Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) (Dini Suciatiningrum, 2019).



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Figure 5. Data on Complaints on Child Pornography and Cybercrime Source: CNN Indonesia, 2020



The number of complaints of children in pornography and cybercrime reached 1,940 children in 2017-2019. Data obtained from Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) data. The number of children being victims of sexual crimes on the internet was 329 children. There were 299 child perpetrators who committed internet-based sexual crimes. There were 426 child victims of pornography on social media, as many as 426 child offenders who owned pornographic media such as pictures and videos of 316 children, 281 child victims of bullying or bullying on social media and 291 child offenders who were intimidated on social media(CNN Indonesia, 2020). Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) records the total of all complaints on pornography and case datacyber crime of children in 2014 reached 322 cases, in 2015 it reached 463 cases, in 2016 there was always an increase to 587 cases, in 2017 it reached 608 cases in 2018 it reached 679 cases, in 2019 it reached 653 cases, in 2020 from January to May 250 cases (Margaret Aliyatul Maimunah, 2020b).



Muhamad Badru Salam, Adie Dwiyanto Nurlukman, Amiludin & Irwandi, Government's Role to



sexual crimes, 2 cases of pornography victims from social media, 2 cases of intimidation victims There is 1 case of social media, as for the number of cases of social media complaints such as pornography and cybercrime there are 212 cases, child victims of sexual network crimes 13 cases, perpetrators of pornographic media owners there are 192 cases,There were 7 cases of child victims of intimidation on social media, and (print / online) 31 cases such as pornography and cybercrime, 3 child victims of sexual network crimes, 1 case of child perpetrators of sexual network crimes, 1 victim of child pornography from social media There are 7 cases, child offenders



800 700



679



600



587



500



608



653



463



400 300



322 250



200 100 0



2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Kasus



Figure 6. Data on Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) Child Complaints Source: Maimunah, 2020b



Table 1, The Case of the Complaints Service of the Indonesian Child Protection Commission in 2020



No. 1



Child Protection Case



Direct Online Complaints Complaints



Pornography and Cybercrime 2 Victims of Online Sexual Crimes 3 Online Sex Offenders 4 Victims of Social Media Pornography 5 Perpetrators of Pornographic Media Owners 6 Victims of Social Media Bullying 7 Social Media Bully amount Source: Maimunah, 2020b



Complaint Via Mail



Complaints Social Media Mass Media Via Complaints Complaints Telephone



3



0



4



0



212



31



2



0



1



0



13



3



0



0



0



0



0



1



0



0



2



0



0



7



0



0



0



0



192



14



1



0



1



0



7



4



0



0



0



0



0



2 250



In Table 1, it says that in 2020, while there were 250 complaint cases in Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI), of the several complaints there were various types and also the number of complaint cases, such as direct complaints such as pornography cases and crimes in cyberspace, there were 3 cases, child victims of online sexual crimes. There were 2 cases, there were 1 child victim intimidation on social media, and 4 cases of complaints via letter / email pornography / cybercrime, 1 case of child victims of online 70



who own pornographic media have 14 cases, 4 cases of child victims of intimidation on social media, 2 cases of child perpetrators of bullying on social media, while such as complaints in the form of social networks and complaints by telephone, no community has yet complained to the serviceThere are 14 cases of child perpetrators who own pornographic media, 4 cases of child victims of intimidation on social media, 2 cases of child perpetrators of bullying on social media, while such as complaints in the form



JPPUMA: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Sosial Politik UMA (Journal of Governance and Political Social UMA), 9 (1) (2021): 65-76



of social networks and complaints by telephone, there are no people who have complained to the service.There are 14 cases of child perpetrators who have pornographic media, 4 cases of child victims of intimidation on social media, 2 cases of child perpetrators of bullying on social media, while such as complaints in the form of social networks and complaints by telephone, there are no people who have complained to the service.(Margaret Aliyatul Maimunah, 2020b). From the results of the interview by Margaret Aliyatul Maimunah said that "the average parent does not know about cyberspace oppression, especially harassment on social media and other types of cyberbullying, and Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) tries its best to learn from both children and parents as well as teachers in schools, by visiting schools in Indonesia and then giving lessons such as conducting seminars for children and their parents and if for children under 10 years, Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) provides learning in the form of playing with children. the child then provides motivation to the child to avoid negative social impacts. Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) approaches children who are affected by abuse on social media by contacting the parents of the victim's child and the perpetrator, then advising the two children, and giving an agreement to the victim's parents and the perpetrator so that the problem is resolved, if the problem has been determined, how is the agreement between the two both parties, then Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) will follow up the case to other institutions that follow up on the case concerned. The main factor of sexual harassment, namely the role of the family, especially parents, because at the beginning the child interacts socially with everything, starting with the child's parents, such as how the parent's relationship is the relationship is 71



harmonious, how the parents educate the child. the environmental factor of the child playing so it has a huge impact on the child, for example, as we know, Bowo the child is viral at that time, their children do not know the viral child, but because of the influence factor of their friends they are carried away but they don't know what she's talking about. In this case it is evident that the onset of social media harassment impacts the social support she experiences ”.(Margaret Aliyatul Maimunah, 2020a). Rizka Amelia said that “Ministry of Communication and Informatics has always done it digital literacy education in collaboration with IndonesiaChild Online Protection (ID COP) and Gernas Digital Literacy Siberkreasi. After that we participate in ongoing assistance with local communities. Finally, we enforce the law by blocking negative content, including cyberbullying. There are three stages of handling negative content. The first is the reporting stage carried out by the community, organizations, and internal findings. Then there is a verification stage and after that the blocking stage ”. (Leski Rizkinaswara, 2020) Asep Adi Saputra said that "data owned by the Police, there were 236 cases of abuse on social media against children in 2019.PSexual abuse of children is done through social media. The National Police is still having problems in fully disclosing this case, because the perpetrator carried out the action through a private chat application. The private conversation is also a matter for us how we can penetrate it, but it is not a strong obstacle, we can also make penetration efforts, in this case This is also because children who are victims of abuse cases on social media must be more open in disclosing cases of abuse and the people around them to their parents so that parents can report the cases to the authorities ”. (Muhammad Genantan Saputra, 2019) The use of social media in all activities can be categorized as social change because it can affect the impact of changing social



Muhamad Badru Salam, Adie Dwiyanto Nurlukman, Amiludin & Irwandi, Government's Role to



habits on society, changing the traditional way of social interaction in a modern way, changing space and time when interacting. Social change is meant by changes in the structure and function of society, these changes can be identified by changes that occur in the pattern of human life(Rosyidah & Nurdin, 2018). In essence, children in the millennial era now quickly understand this so that there are innate impacts from existing technology such as positive and negative impacts, especially those that affect their social activities. There are many impacts from this social media development, both positive and negative. Technological advances have made communication between countries easier and smoother, so that foreign culture is more influential. Positively, technology such as social media can be an innovation in the development of learning in educational institutions in Indonesia(Afrianto, 2018). Cyber harassment is defined as obscene computermediated comments, sexual harassment, and generally harassing behavior aimed at degrading and expelling cyber users(BehmMorawitz & Schipper, 2016). The role of social media in question is all forms of media in which people socialize online, whether in the form of websites, social networks, content, films, or images, and anything related to the internet or cyberspace. Social media very quickly affects the behavior of its users and makes a person feel dependent to access it. In one case, the perpetrator came to the victim's house when the victim was alone and the house was quiet. Initially the victim and the perpetrator watched one of the films on the DVD in the victim's family room, because the perpetrator carried out his action by pulling the victim's hand to one of the rooms, then pushing the victim to lie on the bed. The perpetrator took action against the victim so that the victim could not do anything. then fuck the victim(Agung et al., 2017). Social media can be a versatile tool that can function depending on how we use it it 72



can lead to positive or negative behavior, in the context of violence against children, there are indeed many cases that start from social media and then bully each other, including sexual violence. The impact is indeed on children who do not know and are crazy, including online pornography that cannot escape children. The large number of reports related to pornography, accounts or social networking sites are often blocked but when blocked, many new sites or social media about pornography have emerged, from the side of the influence that is quite powerful regarding the comparison of the number of violence or abuse against children before and after social media is very popular. There are many examples of cases, namely online prostitution recently and one of the perpetrators is children and the victims are also children, most of which are related to cases of abuse, namely on social media than on the internet and the tendency is from pornographywhich triggers children to practice the videos they see, apart from that it has a big psychological impact, for example getting bullying from friends and being bullied by people older than the child. Then they have been harassed, insulted each other. Social media can provoke violence or harassment because they can access social networks in the form of writings, pictures, videos and so on so that children can learn from social media. So that children are not affected by the negative impact of social media, someone must supervise one of them, namely the family, because the beginning of the beginning of the children doing social interactions from family first then to other people, How to do social activities between children and parents, at home in the family living in urban areas, his father and mother work and are busy doing their job, that's a limited situation, but when they hang out with their families they are busy with their respective cellphones. So that doing stories about each other is



JPPUMA: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Sosial Politik UMA (Journal of Governance and Political Social UMA), 9 (1) (2021): 65-76



limited. This needs to be considered for parents(Kominfo.go.id, 2015). The incidence of harassment on social media is due to many factors. But from one of the most important causes, namely unwise use of social media and easy access to the internet throughsmartphone, laptops and others(Rega Maradewa, 2019). SOne of the impacts of the emergence of violence against women and children is social media, because in the digital era it is very easy to access pornography and there are no restrictions, for children to be able to view pornographic videos is easier. In addition to factors from social media, there are also factors from social support, one of which is the result of a disharmonious family as a result of children victims of divorce, namely children who are vulnerable to becoming victims of sexual violence or violence against children.(Suranti Yunidar, 2019). Many cases of sexual violence against children originate from pornographic shows, pictures, and reading. For example, in case Y, the perpetrators watched pornographic films and drank alcohol before raping Y. 50% of the perpetrators committed sexual violence because they often watched pornographic films. In this case, children are still free to access pornographic sites and films, either through social media / internet or illegal sales of pornographic video DVDs on the market.(Mohammad Teja, 2016). Sexual violence started with the closest person and received a case report, the victim came from knowing him atFacebook and do not know at all, then have sex and are abandoned. Not only are social media factors the main cause of sexual violence, but the cause of sexual violence is due to inadequate family parenting or lack of attention, for example many husbands and wives who work or are divorced and then leave the child to the grandmother in this case the child can get along too freely without controlled association from parents and cause



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promiscuity due to wrong associations (Ridwan M Fauzi, 2018). There are three things that make sexual crimes cases by child predators, first, the lack of parental supervision of their children's activities, especially those related to the use of gadgets, social media and applications that make children easily accessible and influenced. So it takes close communication with children to be done intensively. Second, the lack of public awareness of the surrounding environment, there needs to be joint awareness to supervise and pay attention to any suspicious events, to supervise where children gather and play, to properly register the residents who live and other necessary steps. Third, law enforcement that is still lacking in effect does not want to do it again for the perpetrators(Herdian, 2020). The factors causing the perpetrator to sexually abuse children, namely there is attraction to those who are the targets of sexual satisfaction of adults who have pedophilia The cause of the emergence of this sexual attraction disease is caused by two things, namely; the first, the result of a child's childhood experiences that do not support the development of maturity. Second, it could also be due to trauma of having experienced sexual violence from adults when they were children. The second is the influence of pornomedia.



This is due to its special ability to reach uncommon information, apart from psychological conditions, other factors that encourage the crime of child sexual abuse, namely bad environmental influences, pornographic writing, pornographic images, pornographic films and VCD widely circulated in the community. Third, the child does not understand the issue of sexuality, the factors causing sexual harassment are caused by lack of control from parents and family, the environment, the presence of opportunities, the influence of playmates and the influence of social media on children's growth, lack of control from parents and family is the main cause. the occurrence of sexual abuse due to the



Muhamad Badru Salam, Adie Dwiyanto Nurlukman, Amiludin & Irwandi, Government's Role to



early formation of the character(Legoh, 2018).



child's



main



cyberbullying and provoking hostility on the internet. The causes of harassment on social media are due to too easily disclosing personal information, the existence of teen social pressure and being too excited to show off something on social media,Social support is very influential for children because the beginning of social media bullying or sexual harassment on social media is from the closest person to socializing the child and how the family practices good parenting, monitoring how children get along with other people, household harmony is very influential With regard to children, the role of the government in this is to participate in overcoming by warning on social media so that children always remember, blocking negative sites, and educating children and parents at school by giving seminars about the dangers of harassment on social media .



In the results of research and discussion, it shows that the factors of social and cyber support are very influential for children because the origin of sexual violence or sexual harassment is from the closest person to socialize the child and how the family practices good parenting, monitoring how children get along with them. other people, household harmony is very influential on children. In the cyber factor it is also very influential for children because it is not wise to use the internet wisely so that they abuse social media, for example, such as viewing, pictures and reading pornography as well as watching pornographic videos. This can lead to the child learning to have sex on the website to see how to do it so that this child demonstrates it to their peers by intimidating the victim or seducing the victim to want to have sex. In this case the role of the government, family and closest people is very influential on their children's association in carrying out social activities on social media so that families need to provide direction to their children in the form of providing education, good association, and also family monitoring, especially parents towards socialization of children, for the community to participate in doing supervision and pay attention to any suspicious events, supervise the place where children gather and play. And for the government to participate in doing itwarning and also preventing harassment on social media by providing education to children and parents such as seminars as well as giving punishment wisely and commensurate with their actions to the perpetrators of harassment on social media.



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CONCLUSION Cyber harassment as a risk factor associated with adolescent electronic technology use. Cyber harassment involves a variety of behavioral risks, including 74



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