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Regions of the Body



PLATE 1



Parietal region Frontal region



Temporal region



Nasal region



Orbital region



Oral region Mental region



Sternocleidomastoid region Infraclavicular region



Palm



Anterior neck region Posterior cervical triangle Axillary region Anterior antebrachial (forearm) region



Deltopectoral triangle Deltoid region



Anterior cubital region



Sternal region



Anterior brachial (arm) region



Pectoral region



Axillary fossa Lateral pectoral region Hypochondriac region



Posterior brachial (arm) region



Epigastric region Umbilical region Lateral abdominal region



Posterior antebrachial (forearm) region



Inguinal region Hypogastric (pubic) region



Anterior antebrachial (forearm) region



Trochanteric region Penis Dorsal hand Femoral triangle



Anterior femoral (thigh) region



Anterior knee region



Posterior crural (leg) region



Anterior crural (leg) region Posterior crural (leg) region



Lateral malleolus Dorsal foot



Calcaneal region



FIGURE 1 Regions of the Body: Anterior View NOTE: (1) Surface areas are identified by specific names to describe the location of structures and symptoms precisely. (2) Some regions are named after bones (sternal, parietal, infraclavicular, etc.), others for muscles (deltoid, pectoral, sternocleidomastoid), and still others for specialized anatomical structures (umbilical, oral, nasal, etc.). (3) The principal regions of the body include the pectoral region and upper extremity, thorax, abdomen, pelvis and perineum, lower extremity, back and spinal column, and neck and head.



Chapter 1 Pectoral Region, Axilla, Shoulder, and Upper Limb



Regions of the Body: Gastrointestinal Tract PLATE 219



Anterior cervical region (anterior cervical triangle) Sternocleidomastoid region Lateral cervical region (posterior cervical triangle) Deltoid region



Clavipectoral triangle (deltopectoral triangle) Presternal region



Axillary region Mammary region



Pectoral region Inframammary region



Anterior region of arm Epigastric region (epigastric fossa) Anterior region of elbow (cubital fossa) Posterior region of forearm Anterior region of forearm



Hypochondrium Umbilical region Flank (lateral abdominal region) Groin (inguinal region) Pubic region Urogenital triangle



Dorsum of hand



Femoral triangle



 FIGURE 219.1 Regions of the Body (Anterior View)



Anterior region of thigh



Anterior region of knee



Posterior region of leg Anterior region of leg Oral cavity Oral vestibule Oral fissure, oral opening



Oropharynx



Parotid gland Dorsum of foot (dorsal region of foot)



Sublingual gland



Laryngopharynx [hypopharynx]



Submandibular gland



Esophagus



Liver



Stomach



Pancreas Duodenum Gallbladder



Transverse colon Ascending colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Caecum Appendix



Jejunum Ileum



Rectum Anal canal



FIGURE 219.2 Organs of the Gastrointestinal System 



Anus



Chapter 3 The Abdomen



Female Urogenital Triangle: Surface Anatomy of Anal Region PLATE 350



Symphysis pubis



Suspensory ligament of clitoris



Corpus cavernosum of clitoris



Prepuce of clitoris Glans clitoris Crus of clitoris Frenulum of clitoris Labium minus External urethral orifice Vaginal orifice



Remnants of hymen Ischiocavernosus muscle



Vestibular bulb Greater vestibular gland and its orifice



Bulbospongiosus muscle



Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm (perineal membrane)



Superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles External anal sphincter muscle



Vestibule of vagina; frenulum of labia minora



Anus



Anococcygeal ligament



FIGURE 350.1 Dissected Female External Genitalia NOTE: (1) The skin and fascia of the labia majora have been removed. Observe the crura, body and glans clitoris, the vestibular bulbs, and the location of the greater vestibular glands. (2) Each crus of the clitoris is covered by an ischiocavernosus muscle, and the vestibular bulbs are surrounded by the bulbospongiosus muscles. (3) The greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) are found just behind the vestibular bulbs. During sexual stimulation, they secrete a viscous fluid that lubricates the vagina.



POSTERIOR Sacral region



Anal cleft Anal region Perineum Urogenital region



Gluteal region Anus



Posterior labial commissure Labium majus Pudendal cleft



Genital hair



ANTERIOR



FIGURE 350.2 Surface Anatomy of the Female Sacral, Gluteal, and Perineal Regions (Posteroinferior View)



Chapter 4 The Pelvis and Perineum



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PLATE 365 Male Perineum: Surface Anatomy; Muscles



Sacral region



Gluteal region Anal region Anus Perineum Urogenital region



Raphe of scrotum Right testis Penis



FIGURE 365.1 Surface Anatomy of the Male Perineum



Anococcygeal ligament



Coccyx



Gluteal fascia



Anus



Levator ani muscle External anal sphincter muscle Gluteus maximus muscle



Ischiorectal fossa



Obturator fascia; pudendal canal (Alcock) Sacrotuberous ligament



Obturator fascia; foramina for pudendal vessels and nerves Femoral fascia Ischial tuberosity Adductor magnus muscle



Foramina for perineal vessels and nerves



Superficial transverse perineal muscle Deep transverse perineal muscle



Inferior fascia, urogenital diaphragm Gracilis muscle Ischiocavernosus muscle Bulbospongiosus muscle Corpus spongiosum penis



Bulbourethral gland (Cowper) Central tendinous point of perineum Dartos layer of scrotum Raphe of scrotum



FIGURE 365.2 Superficial Muscles of the Male Perineum



Chapter 4 The Pelvis and Perineum



Lower Limb: Photographs (Anterior and Posterior Views) PLATE 409



Sacrum



Anterior superior iliac spine



Anal sulcus Tensor fasciae latae muscle Gluteal region; gluteus maximus muscle



Inguinal ligament



Greater trochanter Greater trochanter



Gluteal crease



Anterior femoral region



Sartorius muscle Posterior femoral region



Quadriceps femoris muscle Posterior knee region; popliteal fossa Head of the fibula Anterior knee region; patella Head of the fibula Tibial tuberosity Gastrocnemius



Posterior crural region



Anterior crural region



Anterior margin of the tibia Medial malleolus (tibia) Medial malleolus (tibia) Lateral malleolus (fibula) Lateral malleolus (fibula) Dorsum of the foot Dorsum of the foot Small toe (5th digit)



Calcaneal tuberosity



4th digit 3rd digit 2nd digit



Plantar surface of foot Large toe (hallux)



FIGURE 409.1 Photograph of the Anterior Surface



of the Lower Limb NOTE: (1) The following bony landmarks are shown: (a) Anterior superior iliac spine (b) Greater trochanter (c) Patella (d) Head of the fibula (e) Tibial tuberosity (f) Anterior margin of the tibia (g) Medial and lateral malleoli (2) The inguinal ligament, which forms the lower anterior boundary of the abdominal wall, separating it from the anterior thigh inferiorly. (3) Deep to the surface areas shown in this figure course branches of the cutaneous nerves that supply the anterior and lateral aspects of the thigh and leg and the dorsum of the foot. These branches are shown in Figure 411.1.



FIGURE 409.2 Photograph of the Posterior Surface of the Lower Limb NOTE: (1) The following bony landmarks are shown: (a) Sacrum (b) Greater trochanter (c) Head of the fibula (d) Medial and lateral malleoli (e) Calcaneal tuberosity (2) The gluteal crease. Midway between the greater trochanter laterally and the ischial tuberosity medially and deep to this crease is found the large sciatic nerve descending in the posterior thigh. The nerve is vulnerable at this site because only skin and superficial fascia overlie it. (3) The popliteal fossa located behind the knee joint. Deep to the skin at this site are found the tibial and fibular divisions of the sciatic nerve and the popliteal artery and vein. (4) The calcaneal tuberosity into which inserts the calcaneus tendon formed as the common tendon of the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris muscles.



Chapter 6 The Lower Limb



PLATE 517



Regions of the Neck and Head



Frontal region



Orbital region



Infraorbital region



Temproal region



Nasal region



Zygomatic region Oral region Buccal region



Mental region



Submental triangle Submandibular triangle



Anterior triangle



Carotid triangle Muscular triangle Sternocleidomastoid region Lesser supraclavicular fossa



Occipital triangle Omoclavicular triangle



Posterior triangle



FIGURE 517.1 Regions of the Head and Neck (Anterior Aspect)



Parietal region



Frontal region Temporal region Orbital region Nasal region Zygomatic region



Occipital region



Infraorbital region Oral region Buccal region



Parotid region



Mental region



Submandibular triangle Anterior triangle Carotid triangle Muscular triangle (omotracheal)



Sternocleidomastoid region



Posterior cervical region Occipital triangle Posterior Omoclavicular triangle triangle



Lesser supraclavicular fossa Deltoid region



FIGURE 517.2 Regions of the Head and Neck (Lateral Aspect)



Chapter 7 The Back, Vertebral Column, and Spinal Cord