Sejarah, Perkembangan Dan Landasan Hukum Biokonservasi [PDF]

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MAINTANING BIODIVERSITY/ APPROACH TO CONSERVATION • Group 6 • Nana Mardiana (180210103097) • Citra Riski Nurhartanti (180210103101) • Sophi Sandrina (180210103106)



The Origins And History Of Conservation And Conservation Biology



Perspectives and Questions for an Inquiry into Conservation Biology Throughout most of human history, an interest in the conservation of plants and animals, much less a passionate dedication to it, has not been considered a “normal” way of thinking. This is not just the case in ordinary society, but even in the scientific community. Nevertheless, this “different” approach to the natural world, and to science, was given voice and direction at a remarkable meeting in 1978. In that year a group of academic scientists, zookeepers, and wildlife conservationists attended a banquet at the San Diego Wild Animal Park.



There biologist Michael Soulé made an impassioned plea to his colleagues: “with world extinction rates estimated to be at their highest levels in 65 million years, it was time for academics and conservationists to join forces to save threatened and endangered species”



(Gibbons 1992)



Society for Conservation Biology, was created, and a new discipline, conservation biology, was born.



The Origins of Conservation



Conservation in Historical Context



Cultural Foundations of Conservation



Conservation as Expression of Privilege Many early efforts in conservation were not achieved by ethics, but enforced by punishment. In many cultures, conservation began with efforts to preserve nature by prohibiting some or all human use of resources in particular areas, except for a privileged few. European and Asiatic royalty and other wealthy individuals set aside land as hunting and forest preserves, forbidding “common people” to kill game animals, or even gather sticks within preserve boundaries. Violators were imprisoned or even killed for their trespasses. Indeed, the word “forest,” a term of European origin, originally referred to areas where nobility had exclusive rights to game and timber, controlling how much was taken and how much remained. William of Normandy established one such reserve, the New Forest, in England in 1085. Regarding his affection for his New Forest and its creatures, one contemporary wrote that “he loved the stags as dearly as though he had been their father”



Conservation as Right Relationship with Nature – The Arcadian Vision On the island of Peloponnesus, in what is today modern Greece, was the province of Arcadia. According to Greek mythology, Arcadia was the domain of Pan, god of the forest, and his court of dryads, nymphs, and other spirits of nature. Arcadia’s renowned beauty, as well as the presence of spiritual beings, gave it a reputation as an earthly paradise. Its human inhabitants were known for their simple, pastoral way of life, living in harmony with nature.



Conservation as Knowledge – The Invitation to Study and Appreciate Nature In 1788, an obscure British clergyman, Gilbert White, pastor of the Church of Saint Mary’s in the village of Selborne, England, published his records of over 20 years of natural history study and observation. His book’s humble and homely title was The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne. No one then could have foreseen its enormous success and popularity. Two hundred twenty years later White’s work remains one of the classics of natural history, continuously in print from the time of its publication, and among the most published books in the English language.



Conservation to Save Species – Origins of the First Conservation Organizations



Conservation as Preservation of Landscape – The Washburn Expedition Goes to Yellowstone



Intellectual Foundations and History of Conservation in the United States



Conservation as Moral Mission – John Muir and Theodore Roosevelt



“Scientific Conservation” Through Sustained Yield – Moral Mission Gives Way to Utilitarian Purpose ❑ The Federal Government Empowers Conservation as Science and Democratic Ideal ❑ German Infl uences in Conservation – Forest Monocultures and Maximum Yields ❑ The Rise of the Resource Conservation Ethic ❑ Aldo Leopold and the Formation of the “Wilderness Ideal” in Conservation



The Emergence of Global Conservation – Shared Interests Lead to Cooperation



❑Multilateral Treaties – The Beginnings of International Conservation Efforts ❑Conservation Driven by Shared Commercial Interests ❑International Protection of Migratory Species ❑Forums for International Conservation – The United Nations and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature



The Emergence of Conservation Biology from the Applied Sciences



Conceptually Distinctive Characteristics of Conservation Biology ❑Conservation biology has been described as the science of scarcity and abundance, and more precisely defined as “application of biology to the care and protection of plants and animals to prevent their loss or waste”. ❑Conservation biology’s second distinction as a scientific discipline in that it is both value laden and value driven. ❑Conservation biology is mission and advocacyoriented. ❑A fourth distinction is that conservation biology is a crisis-oriented discipline. ❑This is conservation biology’s fifth distinction, its integrative and multi-disciplinary nature. ❑A sixth distinction is that conservation biology is a science that is concerned with evolutionary time. ❑A seventh distinction of conservation biology is that it is an adaptive science, unapologetically imperfect and, at times, imprecise.



Conservation Biology: Definition •



Meffe & Carroll (1997) defined conservation biology as a “response by the scientific community to the biodiversity crisis”.



•



Conservation biology is a goal-oriented science that focuses on reversing and understanding the causes of the loss of biodiversity, or the different types of organisms within an ecosystem.



•



More elaborately Conservation biology is the scientific study of nature and of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions.



•



In a word we can say Conservation biology is the study and implementation of methods to protect biodiversity.



Basic Principles Basic Principles of Conservation Biology (Meffe and Carroll 1997) • Evolutionary change in natural and desirable. • The ecological world is dynamic and non-equilibrial • Human presence must be incorporated into conservation planning since we are the major drivers of change.



Richard Primack (1994) has also established basic principles: • Diversity of organisms is good; humans generally value and appreciate biodiversity, hence the establishment of zoos and botanical gardens. • Human-mediated extinction of populations and species is bad. • Ecological complexity is good and in many instances mandatory to species survival; this principle is best exemplified by consideration of the many coevolutionary relationships that exist among species. Harm to one species may result in 'cascading' effects on others. • Evolution is good. • Biological diversity has intrinsic value.



Legal Basis for Conservation: Plans and Strategies KSDAE (Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam dan Ekosistem)



Legal Basis for Conservation: Plans and Strategies KSDAE (Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam dan Ekosistem)



The Directorate General of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Conservation has the task of organizing the formulation and implementation of policies in the field of conservation management of natural resources and their ecosystems.



KSDAE



KSDAE



KSDAE



History of KSDAE Netherlandsch Indische Vereenigin tot Natuurbescherming by Dr. Sijfert Hendrik Koorders (1863)



Netherlandsh Indische Vereeniging Tot Natuur Bescherming (1912)



Natuur Bescherming afseling Ven’s Lands Flantatuin (1937)



Cagar alam, suaka marga satwa, kebun raya (1950-…)



Lembaga Penelitian Pengawetan Alam (LPPA) (1962) etc …



IUCN (1954)



The Function of Directorate General of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Conservation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.



Formulating policies in the field of administration and management Implementation of policies in the field of administration and management Formulation of norms, standards, procedures and criteria in the field of operation and management Coordination and synchronization of implementation of implementation and management policies Implementation of technical guidance and supervision of the implementation of administration and management affairs 6. Implementation of evaluation and reporting of operation and management 7. Implementing administration of the Directorate General of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Conservation 8. Implementation of other functions assigned by the Minister



Scope number 1-6: national parks and nature tourism parks, fostering management of grand forest parks, management, nature reserves, wildlife reserves and hunting parks, conservation of species and genetic biodiversity both in-situ and external, utilization of environmental services and collaboration in area management, and management of essential ecosystems



Ten ways to improve regional management conservation (Wiratno, 2018) (1) society as the subject of management, (2) respect for human rights, (3) cooperation across echelon I KLHK, (4) cross-ministerial cooperation, (5) respect for cultural and customary values, (6) multi-level leadership, (7) science-based decision making, (8) resort-based management (field), (9) giving awards and assistance, And (10) build a "learning organization".



Program objectives KSDAE 1. Increased protection space biodiversity; 2. The increased value of utilization exports wild flora and fauna; 3. Improved service management environmental conservation area and utilization of wild plants and animals sustainably; 4. Increased business space for communities around the area Conservation; 5. Increased effectiveness of conservation forest management



Nisaetus floris TN Mount Rinjani



Bos javanicus TN Alas Purwo



CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) CITES is a related international (multilateral) agreement with the protection and international trade in animal species and endangered wild plants. Background : • The need for long-term protection of wild flora and fauna • Increasing the value of the source of wild plants and animals for humans • The role of society and the state in protecting wild flora and fauna is very high • The increasing need for an international cooperation protect these species from over-exploitation through control international trade



At a meeting of delegates provided by about 80 countries in Washington D.C. United States on March 3, 1973, formed the date of CITES, and began cooperation on July 1, 1975. The goals and objectives of CITES itself are for development and ensuring that international trade in animals will not threaten animals from extinction.



The Ratification Of CITES In Indonesia • Undang-Undang No. 5 Tahun 1990 concerning Conservation of Living Natural Resources and Ecosystems. • Peraturan Pemerintah No. 7 Tahun 1999 concerning the Preservation of Plant and Animal Species. • Peraturan Pemerintah No. 8 Tahun 1999 concerning Utilization of Wild Plant and Animal Species. • Indonesia has also delegated one management agency responsible for implementing the licensing system. There are Direktorat Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati (KKH), Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK) and Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI).



Cites Are Protection Categories Based On The Appendices 1. Appendix I Appendix I : protects all plant species and wildlife that is under threat from all forms of international trade commercial. Example : Nycticebus spp., Pongo abelii, Pongo pygmaeus, and etc.



Nycticebus javanicus



Pongo abelii



2. Appendix II Appendix II lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled. Example : Manis javanica, Axis kuhlii, Aquilaria malaccencis and etc.



Manis javanica



Axis kuhlii



Hidayat dan Munawaroh, 2019: 139.



Vanda sumatrana



Nepenthes mirabilis



3. Appendix III Appendix III is a list of species included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation. International trade in specimens of species listed in this Appendix is allowed only on presentation of the appropriate permits or certificate of Origin (COO). Example: Antilope cervicapra (Nepal, Pakistan), Pseudois nayaur (Pakistan), Arctictis binturong (India), and etc.



Pseudois nayaur (Pakistan)



Arctictis binturong (India)



References Adi, W. P. 2017. Implementasi CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Adi, W. P. 2017. Implementasi CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) dalam Menangani Perdagangan Kukang Ilegal di Indonesia. Journal of International Relations. 3(4): 21-31. Hidayat, S dan E. Munawaroh. 2019. Tumbuhan Prioritas Konservasi Di Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan. Media Konservasi. 24(2):134-141. Nurzaini, R. R., A. Gumardes, A. Ganesworo, dan A. Pratiwi. 2020. Rencana Strategis Direktur Jenderal Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam dan Ekosistem 2020-2024. Jakarta: Dirjen KSDAE. Van Dyke, F. (2008). The Conservation of Habitat and Landscape. In F. Van Dyke (Ed.), Conservation Biology. Foundations, Concepts, Applications (pp. 279-311, 2nd ed.). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Science and Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6891-1_10. http://ksdae.menlhk.go.id/sejarah-ksdae.html http://ksdae.menlhk.go.id/assets/publikasi/Rentra_KSDAE_20-24_uploads.pdf http://ksdae.menlhk.go.id/struktur-organisasi.html https://cites.org/eng/app/index.php