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%૪/%7 ૬૨33 કુ tye ફેં LIOR Vy



R. H. HORTON



University of Strathclyde Library



Jordanhill Library



100101 1111111 008530 ANDERSON! BN LIBRARY



raN oF |Wi ro



SPEAK , WRITE, READ



Books are to be returned on or before the last date below.



&



ત્ત્ટ [6



HOR



© ROBERT H. HORTON 1995



First published in Great Britain 1995 by Robert H. Horton, 23 Griffiths Close, Greasby, Wirral. L49 3GR



British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Horton, R.H. Speak, Write, Read Gujarati 1. Title



ISBN



0-9525927-0-3



All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of Robert H. Horton, 23 Griffiths Close, Greasby, Wirral. L49 3GR



Printed in Great Britain at the Redwood Press Ltd.



Cover design by Merseyside Graphics Ltd.



This



book



help



and



priceless



of



would



a



reading dedicate



thanks.



have



encouragement gift



producing



seems



never



poor



and this



of



from



reward



book



to



light



wife



others



chaos,



for



many



the



of my



inspiring



order



the



seen



all



hours



of



you



with



Zakia.



and



the



usually



the



typing,



devotion all



of day but



my



my



She



for has



practical



own.



involved. love



and



the



skills



Thank



formatting,



the



you proof



Zakia heartfelt



I



CONTENTS LESSON



I



PAGE



1



13



Non-initial



Vowels.



Non-initial



Vowels.



29



Rules



Script.



Gujarati



Pronunciation.



(Conjunct



Letters



Compound Forms



of



Consonant?.



Parts



of



Speech.



of Nouns.



37



with



Combined



Consonants



using



Construction



Word of



22



Practice.



Writing



and



Pronunciation



Consonants.



and



Vowels



Gujarati



Crude



Use



Sentence of



(Oblique)



Consonants).



Special



Word



Gender



Order.



Dictionary.



Forms



of Nouns.



Plurals



of



Nouns.



42



Adjectives.



Agreements



Adjectives.



Variable



or



more



Nouns



of



of Adjectives.



Adjectives



different



Variable



qualifying



two



Genders.



Invariable



Agreement



with



Adjectives.



47



Possessive



Pronouns.



55



Pronouns.



Verbs.



Infinitives.



Present



10 '11



67



Negative



V2



Postpositions,



of



Possessive of



Present



Variable



of



Crude



Adjectives



Verbal Tense



and



Verbs.



and



Variable on



Aorist



Nouns



Tense.



Suffixes



Case.



Pronouns.



Endings.



Irregular



Postpositions



Summaries



Personal



Tense



Tense.



Their



Particles.



Suffix



Adjectives



and



Forms



of Nouns,



and



Possessive



નુ”.



Effect



other Suffix



words. 4,



Pronouns.



|



LESSON



PAGE



12



83



Verbs



to be,



Tenses



of



to



to have.



Aorist



be.



to have.



Corresponding



Verb



Present Their



Negatives.



13



90



Future



14



કજ



Imperatives.



Interjections.



15



103



Past



be.



Tense.



Tense



and



Numbers



to



1 -



Its



100.



Negative.



Past



Tense



of



to have.



16



108



Past



Indefinite



Tense



17



113



as



an



Transitive Definite



and



and



Imperfect



ઝે



132



Perfect



20



144



Continuous



149



Use



Future



Past Transitive



Tenses.



Perfect



Its



use



to



express



Expression



of



Intention.



Time.



Tense.



to



express



Probability



in



Time.



159



Impersonal



Verbs.



23



160



Expression



of Want,



Wanting,



ટિ



Verbs.



Irregular



Tense.



22



24



Indefinite.



Negative.



in Present



Perfect



Past



Its



Future



Future



of



and



Pluperfect



Probability



Past



Aorist



Verbs.



Tense.



and



to



Negative.



Intransitive



Intransitive



128



Its



alternative



of Regular



18



21



Tense.



Needing,



The



Phrases



and



Should



Compound



Being



Wanted



to,



and



Obligation.



Obliged Needed



to to,



do



Something.



Ought



to



have



have.



Verbs



Use of Compound Completed



Need



or



explained.



Perfect



Verbs. %8%



Continuing



Participle.



and £24’to show



Activity.



LESSON



PAGE



છે



190



Special



Verbal



Beginning



to



Intention,



26



198



Constructions



do



Something,



Simultaneous



Interrogative



27



203



Relative



28



210



and



of Adverbs.



30



222ે



Passive to



the



Express



233



Activity,



Addition.



Subtraction.



Pronouns.



The



પોતે ન



Nouns



Types



od



Forms



of Adjectives.



217



Worthwhile



Reflexive



Types



JES)



Purpose,



Division.



Pronouns.



Possessive



show



Action.



Pronouns.



Multiplication.



to



Comparison



of Adjectives,



Pronouns.



Voice.



Comparison



Passive



Passive



Past



Subjunctive



Mood.



Tenses.



Tense.



Advisability,



of Adverbs.



The



Two



Alternatives



Passive



used



to



Permissibility.



Types



of Conditional



Sentences.



BZ



243



Pluperfect and



33



248



Participle.



Its



use



as



Verb,



Noun.



Adjective.



Formation



and



Causatives. 34



254



Conjunctions.



55



258



Useful



use



of



Passive



Expressions



Causative



Roots



and



Verbs.



of Causative



Phrases.



Irregular



Verbs.



LESSON 1 You will know: the Gujarati Initial Vowels their Pronunciation how to Write them



the Gujarati Consonants their Pronunciation how to Write them



LESSON



GUJARATI



ALPHABET



remainder



are



called



12



and



36



vowels



GUJARATI



same



sound.



used



second word



Lesson



or



adopted to



here,



to



that



of



word



English



long



or



Gujarati



vowel



short



represent



the



produce



the



words



that



lower



a word



with



which



to



or



you



used



to



sound



are



used



letters



case words



would



method



equivalent



is



nearest



within



are



English



letters



case



doubled



and



to



the



A



in



The



sound,



a



explained



and



English.



vowel



containing Lower



occurs



conventions in



with



Vowels.



vowel



given



nearest



Gujarati



vowel.



together



nearest



different



begins



Initial



the be



will



sounds



the



called



list,



following



the



syllable



when



vowel



sounds



vowels



sound



These



Several Gujarati



used



is



or



are



they



syllable.



2.



represent



the



form



different



word



the



Consequently,



vowel.



of



when



in



shown



form,



first



to



characters



different



two The



always



sound



has



consonants.



has



vowel



the



alphabet



VOWELS



Each



is



the



Gujarati



The



consonants.



vowels;



called



are



u



and



o



i,



e,



a,



viz.



letters



these



of



Five



alphabet.



English



the



in



26 letters



are



There



1



give



to



an



that



for



the



for



the



containing



hear



in



the



spoken



Gujarati. For



example,



2{



when



the



word



but



lt



in



the



bat



word



arm.



spoken



when



has



the



spoken has



sound



the



of



sound



a



(short)



in



of a (long)



To



distinguish



represent



the



short



represent



the



Also,



when



in



ઈ



the



sound



ee



between



the



of



Again,



are



the



two



as



short



to



the



vowel



Gl



aa



is



used



to



used



to



of the ઈી



feel,



English



when



i (short)



spoken



peel.



To



has



the



distinguish



is



used



to



represent



the



fit,



sit



and



represent



(3



and



long



in



feel,



peel.



sound



of



by



using



u as



the



vowel



@



in



and



produce



the



ee



to



vowed



under,



sound



of



upper



being



oo



as



found



English



sound



by using nearest



short



.



represented



by ay and



has



the



is



represented



by ai



and



has



exactly



is



represented



by ૦



and



has



the



sound



of



is



represented



by ow



and



has



the



sound



of. ow



in



is



represented



by an



and



has



the



sound



of



in another



is



represented



by roo



is very



important



aa



than



any



other



vowel



અ”



that



i



to



is



is



long



the



words



it,



pool



fool,



a



whereas



whereas



words



to



words



sound



the



sound



the



It



the



vowel



in



sf YY Ye



fit



distinguished



nearest



(bat)



the



sounds



i in



sounds the



in



sounds



(arm).



has



sit,



(long)



two



sound



a sound



it,



the



these



a



spoken



these



long



ઊ



long



words of



sound



between



the



the



nose



mon,



ton



sounds



since



is



called is



producing son.



occur



The



the



ANUSVAR.



sounds



sound



between



dot Les



The



૦



an



of



roo



the more



eye



owl



in



root.



short



a and



frequently top



should



the



of



in ocean



function:



to



in day



sound



written



sound



similar



of ay



the



in Gujarati



single



nasalised.



the



has



distinguish



they



vowel.



sound



and



to



and



sound



right



in



1569



show



come



down



French



words



Now



study



the



list



of



initial



શ્પ



a



short



as



bat



xS



roo



as



in



ખઆ



aa



long



as in arm



શે



ay



as



in day



ef



i



short as in fit



ay



ai



as in eye



ef



ee



long



as



as



in



ocean



u



short



as



aT me vu



૦



G



in feel : in under



૦૪



as



‘ in



owl



Gl



oo



long



as



in



અ



an



as



in



another



in



vowels.



fool



root



GUJARATI CONSONANTS The



following



list



of



sound.



The



represent



themselves



vowel: “



Vaca



the



in



vowel



sound.



short



vowel



All



the



is



other



of



are



is



the



Se



palate



&© black



“the



on



to



represents



the



stroke



sound



has



is



represent



without



stroke. short



ga



been



the but,



added.



pattern. hard



as



, ધઃ



and



the



concave



to



&



consonant



hat



the



required



a



the



, °\



૦7



vowel



cancel



sounds



[૪૮17૬



short



to



the



217010



consonant



letter



always



,



short



a special



are



24



the



a,



this



is



have



only



inherent



cancellation



,™



quickly.



is



English not



Gujarati



the



it



the SI



follow



nearest



consonant



the



the



££ is



g sound



and



words



i.e.



below



The



the



અ“



the



Similarly,



consonants



spoken



touching



used



a.



each



i.e. If



without



their



automatically



ka



consonant.



consonants



throat.



for



also



sound



છ



gives



Thus,



Hence



In Gujarati,



The



but,



the



VIRAMA



alone



used



buift=in*.



consonant



called



g



characters



represents



inherent



consonants



“the



bend



, are



produced



g and



€9,



in



oy



‘tongue



in



the



log



ઝે૪



word



'go'.



spoken from when



h of



૩»



the



the



hut



are



k and



when



produced:



flatly



on



roof



the



of



the



to



h



they



by the



mouth.



€9



is



the



sound



produced



by the



mungéer whéen:»spoken quickly... produced palate



by



rolling



and



releasing



eonsonants. from



"cd



the



by



the



tip



the



mee



used



of



the



are



through



of



the



the



by



the



by



tongue



is



onto



Us



the



touching



are



upper



bbe



hard



front



ખક,



difficult



the



back



come



one



which



of



be



the



through



the The



is



The



A



is the In



produced



SY.



the



lips



jobber.



allowed



palate



hardly



by touching



Mews word



is



of



to distinguish



although



should



, are



top



teeth.



the



much



, B&



produced



in



ક



sound



sound



abe



difference



,



words



direction.



ક Gt. 5 A;



S



the



the



forward



“hy,



yoy



The



letting



the



the



touch



They



letters



i.e,



a



a



h of



& , S., %W. to



in



listener.



nose.



comes



tongue



there



consonants



nasal



,



દે 2 વ »



tongue



produced



shown



ય. but



2



rapidly



to produce:



addition



sound



.,



above



detectable



sound



the



ch and



to The



with



as



come ideal



the



tip



nose.



ક



Ka



nak



in kill



“{



ક - kh in black hat



ra



ga



g



in gun



ધ્‌



કા



8011



5



nga



ng



in song



4



thay:



>ch 10 church



છ



chha



chh



in much hunger



-



ja



j



in journey



K



jha



dge



in sledge



a



nya,



n



gin. lunch



u



ta



t



in ton



3



that



5



da



d



in dug



લઉ?



dha



dh in red hat



Rt



na



n



in nun



ભા



ta



tain



UY



che



at



in tut



દ...



ઉદ



તં



in double



&



dha



લણ



in red hat



ન



na



n,



in /nut



પ્‌



pa



p



in pun



7



fa



gl



ba



b



in bun



લ



bha



log hut



‘in: turkey touch



11 5008 bb



in jobber



ય લ.



ya 18



in yearn in



let



in work



શ



sha



in



shun



sure



સ



sa



in



sun



in hut



Uy



la



like



in



fleegna



મત્‌



ma



m



in mud



ra



ra



1g



in



વ



wa



w



y



sha



s



in



SS



ha



h



*i



ksha



ksh



PRACTISE



WRITING



Follow



the



at



%



TK ae



12



a



#



al 2



2



ap



‘
kite



કૉ



1૮૦



coal



kow



cow



kroo



crew



0274 S



a



is



given



each



showing



list



detailed



A



+ VOWEL



Pier (Wns Cea meen.fie kaa



11



kee



ku



koo



oy oy Rh khee lokhu khoo a kha khaa khi



fie 5૧



gaa



gi



gee



gu



goo



ghu



a" -chaa Ot chi Rahchee



chu



cha



eo eS chha



chhaa



aja



jaa



ક kay



kai



ko



kow



khay



khai_



kho



khow



go



gow



ગિ ગી



er’ Gi...) el gha ghaa ghi ghee



chhi



eee ghoo



gay



ghay



gai



heghai_ ee ee, gho_ ghow



શ choo



chay



a chai



cho



‘chow



fh es ge “Se eB sr 8 chhee



chhu



જી જિ છ: કju ae jee



chhoo



(



jhi



chhay



chhai



૪ની જે jai ક joo jay



ક j



modified



next.



CONSONANT



ka



with



consonant



સો!



chho



chhow



2jo



jow



જ



RP Mo”



jhu



jhoo



jhay



jhai



jho



jhow



ta



taa



ti



tee



tu



too



tay



tai



to



tow



tha



thaa



«thi



thee



“thus



[109



thay



‘thal



“tho



thow



(en



4



2



ન્ડ



OK



ત્7



wy,



vw)



doo



day



dai



do



dow



dhu



dhoo



dhay



dhai



dho



dhow



dha



dhaa



dhi



dhee



ey.



vowel



SL naa



તા taa



Ul thaa



él daa



ધા dhaa



ના Naa



it



paa



4 faa



Al baa



ભા bhaa



Al maa



Al



yaa



ર1 raa



તા laa



(om)



mai



A



Al



va



vaa



શ



શા



sha _ shaa



Qe” fina ea ery (RON શshay mele shi shee shu shoo shai_ ૫-1



vee



vu



10૦



ષ્‌ sha



vay



shoo



shaa



val



shay



shai_



vo



sho



sho



S



હા



ha



haa



Reig hi hee



599 eeho hu hoo hay hai



ળ



ળા



@d



ag



la



laa



Ase



Practise aloud.



ot



lee



writing



Note



the



loo



the



vowels



shapes



a



A



A



lay



lai



lo



and



of:



jaa



(ન્સ



ji



jee



જ્‌ (or)



j00



2@)



12



consonants.



LESSON 3 You will know: how to Write Words Composed of Consonants how to Write Words which begin with a Vowel =



how to Write Words Containing one or more Vowels how to Write Words Containing or Ending with two Adjacent Vowels the Three Rules for Pronunciation



how to Read and Speak Gujarati



13



LESSON



WRITING WORD



It



AND



SPEAKING



CONSTRUCTION



is now



words.



Words



with



a



aie being the



vowel



Words



which



Words



vowels.



written



in



following



Having



is



vowel



the



a



vowel.



vowel



more



or



more



is



words



begin



each



vowel



form.



vowels,



consonants.



These



words



use



form.



contain



cases,



the



vowel



the



is



in



turn



end



of



form



but



the



in



the



principles



under



14



with



vowel



written



general



or



first



non-initial



illustrated



These



character



one



either



such



indicated



or



this



and



a)



(short



અ



Each



only.



consonants



words.



with



initial



by one



second



these



ways.



of



vowel



contain



which In



in



its



four



composed



begin



in



non-initial



4.



type



which



vowel



in



inherent



sound



separated



place



are



the



has



consonant



25



take



which



Words



only



can



form



to



vowels



and



consonants



together



put



to



time This



We



the



3



four



two the



pair



is



immediately



initial



form.



involved,



Section



adjacent



each



headings.



word



SECTION



Words



Ss



L



constructed



ka



+



વાક



“+



|



ga



58:



ધ્‌



gha



+



2



ra



mM



કલ



+:



&



ta



ઈ



chha



+



૭



જ/



ja



+



Be



jhaiot



eta



-



૮



+



tha



લૂ



from



consonants



18



+ મં



ma



ba



+° 20 ra



=



only.



કલમ



a



pen



khabar



news



124



garam



hot



EIR



ghar



house



=



YY



chat



at



ka



=



£94



chhak



surprised



35 પક



-



૭



jan



person



&



*ta



=



4%



jhat



quickly



બ



Saba



=



704



tab



tub



ga



=



§>|



thag



thug



85»



= “HX



kalam



mae se



once



૫) . da



+



૨



ત્ટ



=



હર્‌



dar



fear



ર9



dha



+



O



ba



=



64



dhab



style



qd



ta



+



૨



ra



= AY



taraf



towards



Mt



that



25 Soda



=



US



thad



trunk



&



da



+



2°



૪8



=



22



dar



every



લ્‌



dha



+



ન



na



=



ઘન



dhan



riches



“1.



na



+



¢&



ta



=



“1 ty



nat



a dancer



પ્‌



૩8



ન



લ



ia



- ક



ka



=



UCAS.



palak



વ્વ second



~



fa



1) RA



Cas



%# OY



je)



=)



Stet,



ftaraj



duty.



બુ



ba



+ ળું la



=



બળ



bal



strength



ભ



bha



+o



na



=



ભત



મ્‌



ma



+



દે. da



+ ટં, da



=



Yt



madad_



help



થ



ya



+



બુ va



=



થવ



yav



barley



Sy



ira



+H



ma



ક તં



ta



=



2HNA



2414



game



લ



18



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‘dha



+ GL



na



=



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ladhan



style



ja



+ x



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fa



15



dhajan



hymn



calmness



=



2



eeeeta



= =



WG) oo yshat sakal US



=



Wor



kha



શ્‌



sha



+%*{



બૂ.



8:



4



કક



+ &



ka



C35



che



+ o



ja



Cl ta



+



(Ala



+



six whole



Haj



Pilgrimage



= 2014



agan



fire



= W156



aath



eight



= CUM



iyal



a worm



2



beginning



with



a vowel.



+A



4



a



મ ગુ



ga



આ



aa



+ §



tha



Cie ઈ



1 ee



ક થુ



ya



મુ દિ. હદ



@



ou



+ Uo



pas



ઊ



૦૦



+ સ



D



ay



+



PD| ai ઓ એ



na la



ot VU



eed



Idd



કપુર.



પછ?



above



sa



= ઊસ



૦૦૩



salt



ક



ka



=



ayk



one



+



§



ka



= su



aikay



unity



૦



+



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da



=



અડ



od



neck



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2



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=



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owras



legitimate



SECTION



Words



= .+X



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ya



MM



sa



€ઈષ્દે



એક



3



containing



one



or



by one



or more



The



ટોપી



topee,



word



following vowels,



pao



+4



separated



not



sham



ma



+ UA



Words



time



GAMA



va



SECTION



vakhat~



=



qd



elements ઓ



adjacent



and to



@ each



.



As



vowels,



each



vowel



being



consonants. a



2



more



cap



which



+ ઓ



constructed



-ખક્ઈ



they



other,



is



are



they



16



not take



initial the



from



the



contains



two



vowels



forms



\ and



and



are



દિ જ



Examine the



the



vowel



3



next



examples



carefully.



Notice



particularly



changes.



Pine ૨, SE



=



ફેરી



kayree



a mango



1



+Ul+4



= Wy



gaay



a cow



અ



+



=



chaa



tea



£9



+ ઓ +%$



+2



= છોકરો



€1110147૦0



a boy



or



+H



+ of



= જમણી



jamnee



right



Yi



= ટેપાળી



tapaalee



postman



(|



+



Re



th



+ ઓં



ચા



5b



+ 2% 4+Wlid



= §r2\4



tharaaw



resolution



S



+ml+e



= ડાધ



daag



stain



૪



+2



= સોર



dhor



cattle



= ass



tadko



sunshine



= થાળી



thaalee



a plate



- દંડો



dado



a ball



= Ref



dhobee



washerman



= “13



noor



brightness



= પીપ



peep



barrel



= ફોન



fon



telephone



= બોલી



bolee



dialect



=



bhook



hunger



+2



+S



4.5.4.



4



+N



+Wi



20



+ ef



ee ધ



-ઓ



ન]



+@l +2



eth



ઉન



કદ”



i+ UY,



ષક



ale



A



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ભ



+Ql



et!



+



ભ્ૂપ્નુ



A



se



+t



+ SG



= ull



maaleek



owner



4G.



i402



-ઓ



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= યુશેપ



yurop



Europe



R



+H



+ Of + A



+2+Q



= રૃવિવા૨



ravivaar



Sunday



(A



+2h+v



= હોષો



lodhee



iron pan



A



-આ-



=



વાત



vaat



a story



શ



૨



+e



coe|



+H



+



=



શરાબ



sharaab



wine



MH



+5



4+ 6



+241 +B



= બડફો ણ



shadkon



a hexagon



S



+H



+4



+ 7



સ હાથી



haathee



elephant



17



SECTION



4



Words



in



this



adjacent



section



vowels.



The



non-initial



form



vowel



is



which



are



given.



the



second



1



The



xt +2



how



is



written



The has



+O vowel



the



is



word



written



©4 and



ઘોડાઓ



but



the



of



the



second



frequently



Analyse



the



variation



chhokraao



You



be



previously



from



these



vowels the



first



is



initial



written



A.



in



the



the



English



the



|



the



arrived



vowels the



This



the



ચોપડીઓ sound



sound



at?



18



in



of



version



word.



elements



~»



of



આ are but



the



Notice



too



Lesson



the



4).



elements.



end



the word.



non-initial



plurals



vowels



boys of



in



from



word,



and



“ll.



(See



change.



writing



from



written



form



second



the



the



The vowels@



form,



type



of



some



nouns.



following



chopdeeo each



given.



the



examples



WITHIN of



two



in



the



Two



END



constructed



not



by



constructed



9.



with



written



form.



Two adjacent is



end



followed



written



is



aware



sounds



pair



at



is



its



are



does



when



છોકરાખો will



in



pair



vowel



is



vowels



horses



first



the



initial



The



૨



The



or



adjacent



word.



+ 24) નડ -ખામ્ઓ.



are



has



adjacent



ધ્‌



How



the



4% 4G 4%41+24+



within



The



occurs



of



contain



immediately in



first



two



consonants



he



first



word ફેબ્રુઆરી February



adjacent second



and



either



word



change



words.



»0૦1૬૩



listed



PRONUNCIATION There



are



RULE



THREE



1.



RULES



Words



inherent the



RULES



the



in



Sections



1



RULE 2.



If



other



than



loses



its



The



final



Rule



2,



a three



as



a



short



RULE



3.



vowel



is



followed



1,



inherent



written



pronounced



word



letter



never by



third its



shadkon



a



the



then



the



final



spoken.



All



consonant



but



kalam



NOT



kalama.



the



vowels,



in any



of



the



તડકો



Oo.



second



tadko



the



letter



sunshine



vowel



is



inherent



than



in



the



m >



other



tadko



when the



letter



is



By



than



S NOT



tadako



letter



ગ્ય.



the



da loses



vowelઅ of



third



the



of



the



Consider



the



consonantGS ,so



§ loses



followed



non-initial NOT



vowel



form



omit



sound.



second



letter



the



tadko



of the word



the



other



ends



તડકો



pronounced



word,



word



a



letter is



=



takes



with



sounded



vowel



3, the



in



word



ends



word



the



,



+ wy



the



બ્રડ કોણ shadkon:



is



ka



a sound;



word



because



a



ends



24



omit



is not



pronounced



The



second



Rule



a



with



non-initial



the



is



Applying



end



vowel



the



Rule



consonant



short



word



અ,



letter



final



is



letter



being



word



the



કલમ



+4



In a four



Applying



2



sound.



da



because



its



and



a



follows:



* ૭



vowel



with



final



inherent



short



inherent



second



sounded;



the



constructed



ta



end



sound,



is not



તૈ



which



remember.



vowel



words



final*4



to



form.



shadkona.



19



by The



its



the



short



sea



word



is



a sound



which



therefore



your



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known



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well



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Gujarati.



in Gujarati



written



ચિપ = chip



example,



speak



and



AOI Me 85.



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પેસિનક₹



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feeble



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20



The



following



Sentences



Gujarati



scripts.



then



if



see



Gujarati



*



- have



transpose



boys shoots



English



version



version



do



and



first;



into



the



love



ધે લવ મનિ



money



I am



going



today



is your



house



many



*



What



is



your



.



- am



reading



. My pocket



is



. Nobody



should



.



you



Before



has



.



I like



.



Chop



* You * Does



ધેર આશ મેની Afar



watches



એપ ગોઈ-”ગ Zs



ઇટ



ઈઝ ચર હાઉસ



ભોટ ઇઝ થોર નેઈમ આઈ Dy Wh એ બૂક



name a book



માય પોકેટ ઇઝ ફલ



full tell



અઈ



NAS



a lie



શુડ ટેલએ લાય



(Qa 4ઝેઈમ



came



a job



હી હેઝ Bol



jam



આઈ



the



have she



ટેઈક થોર યરઈમ



time



to



the



(Crt ટૂ થિ રેડિઓ



radio



યૂ હેવએ નાઈટ હઝ શિગો



a knife go?



should



લાઈક oH}



ચોપ થિ વુડ



wood



your



. Listen



એ ગન



વની ડૂ સમથી'ગ



something



are



. Take



હી wen



a gun



There



You Nh 89 NM ee YE Be Be Ye He YS FP N COS eR ઝે ન ek ૫3૭ ES છળ “55૧૯૪ TOO ૧2"હ. Ne



Gujarati



English



(Q બોયઝ ફલાય એ કાઈટ



fly a kite



.



. He



both



હીયર ઇઝ એ બૂફ



They



tt



in



આઈ હેવ એ કેટ યૂ હેવ એ Az



a letter



*



૧૫007 પ૭. છી Nl ST ce i5 .



the the



is a book



. The



. We



read



a cat



have



. Here



He



can



to



written



version.



* You



.



you



Try



are



4 શુદગો



go



21



LESSON



4



You will know: how to Combine Consonants (Compound Letters) how to Recognise them in Combination



the Special Forms of Consonant 2



more about Reading and Speaking Gujarati



22



LESSON



COMPOUND



LETTERS



All



Gujarati



One



method



-virama, 110



of



the



have



cancelling



certain



cases,



another



two



consonants



are



the



first



what



the



are



Some



of



the



Gujarati



consonants



structure



lose



this



inherent



used



having



bar



removed



when



by



characters.



use



the



(Lesson



1).



to



is



used.



vowel



sound



compounding This



COMPOUND



these



are



now



vertical



bar



as



they



are



the



first



or



results



or



form



a



a.



is



inherent



CONSONANTS to



vowel



cancellation



the



be



consonant



vowel



of



adjacent,



can



short



the consonant.



method



CONJUNCT



methods



'built-in'



below



two



simple



called



of



the



the



this



written



combining



the



consonants



CONSONANTS)



stroke



When



of



(CONJUNCT



4



in



LETTERS.



considered.



part



of



their



consonant



of



pair.



WY



becomes



Ww



૨



becomes



2



ધ્‌



becomes



૬



શ્‌



becomes



૨



ત્ત



becomes



૯



લ



wiheconeso



26



નત



becomes



“



પ



becomes



©



લ



becomes



૯



બવ



becomes



૦૯



Q\



becomes



ર?



સ



becomes



સ



These



modified



first



of



khata),



the the



characters



pair



e.g.



are



used



kha



and



consonant“1 loses



vowel.



23



its



when



ત



ta



the



consonant



become



vertical



bar



“ત and



is



khta



the



(NOT



inherent



Some



compounds



together



e.g. ક



Others



are



0 ta



gives



the



compounds



give



the



kna.



by



are



easily 1:51;



is not



will



the



& which



is



da



and



e.g.



pronounced



and



ya



give



yourself



with



more



ta



NOT



with tata.



ka and 2\ sha



to memorise



familiar



close



@



tta



e.g.4



થય



make



necessary



become



consonants



consonant



recognised



દઇ



carefully



It



They



doubling



not a



by



૨



dya.



aware



of



them



at



the this



experience



of



language.



of



have



note



this



COMPOUND



ka



forms



and



associated. SPECIAL



concerning



lesson.



special



compound,



જુ



ka ૪111"1 na gives કન



compound



ones.



A special end



formed



compounds



stage. the



the



compound



the



unusual



writing



formed



Some



Study



are



also



A



FORMS



OF THE



consonant



The



characters



which



depend



on



full



the



the



2 ra



used



on



explanation CONSONANT



to



its



consonant



is



given



at



represent



position with



is given



under



સ્‌



in



which



the



the



the



it



is



heading



2.



LETTERS



ત ઊં tascsohl



kta



Ska



+ Uma



kma



ક



ka



“4:35



2388



ક



ka



+2



જસ



1314



પ



kha



+ UYU ya



ખ્ય



khya



21



ga



+



sha



#\ na



#1



કુ



ka



+



ka



+U



ya



ક્યૂ



kya



ક- ka



+



roo



ફું



17૦૦



{ kha



+ Gta



કફ



cal gna



24



dna



&{kna



“qd



khta



ghna



chcha



ચ



+



€9 chha



eta



tn



Oe ta



tta



OFA



+



દક



ad



ta



4 યથ tye



ત્ય



tya



tra



if



ta



+ U pa



ત્પ



tpa



ddha



દૈ, da



+ Ova



&



dva



dya



દૃ da



+ 2 ra



Oo



dra



jya



cha



૧૪ 3



chchha tta



ththa



|na



ce



tna



tva +



eo Q22A2Idn2e ow



dhya



nya



+



pta



પ



+ Yna



“et



pna



pma



M4 Spe” oe + ayer



Se



pepya



pra



પ્‌



rga



૨



rya lya



vya



+



Ava



પવ



pva



+



થ્‌ tha



Use



rtha



ર્‌ ra



+ % sha



ધ”



rsha



લ



la



+ Cola



~ CUA



1a



va



+ AS ha



“OG



સાત



ત્ર



ra



vra shcha



2l sha



+ “ma



24



shma



shra



શ



+



Ay



shva



સ્ત



sra



sha



૧ va



shta



ra



સ્ત્ર stra



Sta



“સ



sa



+



sma



સ



sa



+



2



ya



સ્થ



sya



sva



છ



ha



+



io na



AS



ત



+ જેક hya હ a a ee ઝે.



ha



+ મ્‌ ma



ભ



hma



SPECIAL



When



FORMS



the



OF THE



consonant



character



used



to



1.



Its



position



2.



The



consonant



When



the



તી



૬પ



oblique



CONSONANT



૨



the



with



consonant



કબ



occurs



represent



in



૨



બ



2



it



in



a



depends



[સર



which



it



is



immediately



: AA



rand



follows



the



છુ



then



it



42)



(ત



cl



-ta



Ui.



pati



૨ ૨



ra



૬5



ઠક



#22



ra



રટ thra



Q



છ



-



pa



% dhra



દક



26



તદ



૨



Test



your



knowledge



pronunciation. English



1.



of



Try



passages



to



read



written



2.



next



in Gujarati



વૂલન a AYR,



construction



three



items



and



which



are



script.



'*



લેઈફી ટૂ ir મિક્રેનેકઃ આઈ કેનદ ગેટ માય Hr ટૂ ree આઈ Mee આઈ હેવ guss શી Beat. 32 ઇઝ Ar કાર.



કા૨ FAV. લેઈડીઃ



ઈન



થ્રી



રેવર્‌.



નોફ નોક. હૂઝ થેચ, ઓપર્ચ્યું'નિટી. આઈ Az Mean



3,



Madi What



do



dion ded, you



A woollen



2.



the



word



વોટ હૂ યુ ગેટ de થુ કોસ એ શીપ વિથ એ FD. અ



1.



Gujarati



Lady



Car



to



get



car



mechanic



knock.



see



first



if



I have



Where



is



Who's only



the



there?



with



knocks



a kangaroo?



read



the



paragraph



of



this



lesson



using



Gujarati



your



car



to



flooded



start. the



I



engine.



car?



river.



I thought



once.



can



Consonants)



my



Opportunity.



you



(Conjunct written



:



get



think



In



Opportunity



Now



a sheep



: I\can't



:



3. Knock



cross



jumper.



mechanic



Lady



if you



but



following



the



script.



27



extract.



concerning



English



tt,is



Compound



words



the



Letters



have



been



If



you



have



referring two



any



back



difficulty



to



the



you



beginning



can



of



check



Lesson



for



4



to



yourself



compare



by



the



versions.



કૉમ્પાઉન્ડ Ave ઓલ



ગાન્તરાતી



(seve SV AM 4-22) ક્ોન્સોનન્ટસ



હેવ ધા. 'બિલ્ટ-ઈન'



શોટ”



NAA અ. વન મેથડ Md Feud Ga dx ટૂ



યુઝ ધી વિરામા ધી સ્ટ્રોક Ra બીલો ધી કોન્સોનન્ટ. (adi). ઈન ula રેસઈઝ અનોધર મેથડ ઓન્‌ કેન્સલેશન Sy યુઝડ. Sl દૂ ક્રેન્સોનન્મ્સ આર અડનસન્ટ



ઓવ



ધી degree



વોવિલ સાઉન્ડ Aid ધી gree



ધી ટૂ ઝેન બી રિમૂતડ બાય કોમપ્પઉન્ડિન્ંગ



ક્મ્બાઈનીન્ગ



ર્‌ઝલ્ટ્સ



ધી શિમ્પલ કોન્સોનન2



ઇન Gre આર



ઓર્‌ કોમ્પાઉન્ડ લેટસ:



ઓ૨



કેરેફ્ટશ્સ. ધિસ



કોલડ Seaegu કોન્સોનન્ય્સ



સમ ઓપવ ધી મેથડસ યુઝડ ટૂ Que



Gr આર નાઉ કાન્સિડરડ.



28



LESSON 5 You will know: the Parts of Speech the Structure of Sentences the Gender of Nouns how Gender Relates to Meaning and Word Ending how to use a Gujarati Dictionary



29



LESSON



Words



different



functions



names



of



persons,



Others



relate



to



Words



VERBS.



(adjectives) their



are



or



also



in



heading



into



functions



a



as



prepositions,



PARTS



SPEECH Parts



of



There



are



also



eight



Parts



adjectives,



Parts



verbs,



interjections. languages



is



in Gujarati simply



means



Prepositions table'



of



but,



postposition



Speech



adverbs,



The that,



POSTPOSITIONS a



slight



are in



in



are



change



written



because



and



it



and



used.



the



the



is written



30



of nouns



place



put



noun



a



of



between the



under



then



subdivided



English



verbs,



in



language.



Gujarati. nouns,



conjunctions



between



in



noun.



AFTER



are



“on’> the



noun.



this



sentence.



say is



used,



terms



the We



and



the _ two



practical



order



“word:



In



pronouns,



prepositions



In



in word



called



interjections.



called



English



are



adjectives,



difference



the



and



are



Speech



are



BEFORE



Gujarati,



NOUNS.



postpositions,



only



whereas



called



are



they



in



of



are



distinguish



To



Speech



to



qualities



conjunctions



eight



relate



the



pronouns,



nouns,



are



the



the



the



Some



being



in



stand



SPEECH,



There



Gujarati,



to



of



sentence OF



PARTS



adverbs,



OF



state



or



used



and



(adverbs).



verb



collective



ideas,



describe



uses



various



their



action



to



and



(pronouns)



or



things the



sentence.



a



within



have



words



Different



Sentences.



in



i.e.



combination



in



used



when



powerful



and



expressive



more



much



become



they



but



communication



of



units



small



as



used



be



can



5



‘on



‘called



the “a



SENTENCES The



usual



word



Subject



Verb



The



teacher



The



most



COMES



END



of



teacher



This



order



give



a



to is



the not



the



the



the



Object



Object



Indirect



book



to



Gujarati



Direct



children



is



of



Object



the



the



Object children



that



You



Gujarati



Verb



book



adhered



emphasis.



structure



the



in



is:



the



VERB



sentence



strictly



particular



sentence



Direct



change



Indirect



The



English



(Predicate)



significant



Subject



with



in an



shows



AT THE



with



order



shows



to



will



(Predicate)



and



often



become



sentences



alters



to



more



familiar



you



progress



as



lessons.



NOUNS Nouns



are



things,



are



words



groups



often



preceded



indefinite Consider



written



of



article the



noun



which



convey



things,



by either ‘a,



the



rivers



names



etc.



a definite



of



people,



In English



article



'the',



they



or



an



it can



be



translated



as



an’.



માણસ



maanas



man.



In English



as: man



In



seas,



ideas,



Gujarati,



WIA



man,



a man



the



All



Gujarati



or



nouns



a man



has



man



only



according



the



one



to



form



the



man



and



is



context.



have:



Gender



masculine,



Number



singular,



Case



Subject,



feminine,



neuter



plural affected



Object,



31



by a postposition.



GENDER It



OF NOUNS



meanings



GENDER



or



endings.



RELATED



TO MEANING



mountains,



Feminine.



f



Female day,



Neuter.



n



GENDER



stars,



Names



RELATED



TO



seas,



living



tongue,



days



things,



living



Male



m



Masculine.



things,



some



arm,



of villages,



ending



in



Feminine.



f



Most



nouns



ending



in



Neuter.



n



All



of



indicate large



A few



same



noun,



a difference



book



a small



nouns



would



nouns



in



that



quite



have



book all



body



e.g.



skin,



the eye



waist,



neck.



fruits.



in



(૦)



થઈ



(ee)



orl



G*



(un)



u nasalised



commonly



a masculine



and



size



same



of



be masculine



ordinary



of



most



ઓ



ending



remembering



the



parts



ENDING



nouns



forms



the



cities,



Most



worth



of



back,



m



is



rivers,



parts



finger,



WORD



months,



week,



the



of



oceans.



Masculine.



It



their



to



related



is



gender



the



general,



in



but



rules



precise



by any



of nouns



gender



the



fix



to



possible



is not



would three



the



there



a feminine, type



in gender



ચૉપડો



feminine



ચપડી



be



(aa)



of



used



thing.



chopdo



masculine



છોકરો



€॥1001::૦0



ક્ષ boy



feminine



છોક્રશી



૮10001૮૪૯૯



a girl



neuter



€NSS



chhokrun



a child



two



to A



whereas



chopdee.



genders:



32



are



Sometimes, three



because



genders



are



of



Regional



ascribed



to



variations,



two



a particular



noun



or



even



all



e.g.



ચા



tea



chaa



masculine/feminine



આવરદા



life



aavardaa



masculine/feminine/neuter



VOCABULARY



January



ole yd



February



April



ખેખ્રીલ



July October



The



ઝુ



દ



ફ્રેબ્રુઆરી



March



Mit



May



મે



June



જુન



MAS



August



ઓગમસ્દ



September



AWW



ઓકટોબર્‌



November



નનેમ્બર



December:



Crug,



names



of



the



months



are



all



direct



transcriptions



of



the



English.



Sunday



2faqi2



ravivaar



Monday



MH



somvaar



Tuesday



YWMat2



mangalvaar



Wednesday



બુધના૨



budhvaar



Thursday



ગુરૂવાર



guroovaar



Friday



રુડવાર



shukravaar



Saturday



WAU



— shanivaar



All



the



above



The



Western



festivals,



nouns



are



calendar Religious



masculine is



gender.



commonly



occasions



used



etc.



are



Gujarati



calendar.



this



સખા



aa



month



today



આને



aajay



day



m



book



aud)



chopdee



is,



are



table



De



mayj



that



પેલ'



paylun



Look



carefully



at



the



compound



India,



but,



determined



by



મહિનો



mahino



દિવસ



divas



છે



chhay



on



ઉપર



upar



that



a



tay



letters



33



in



and



vowel



forms.



many the



TRANSLATION



say



then



answers



your



Write



1. On a table



Wor Bur



2. On the



Yor



table



Gur



3. On the book



યોપડી



4. On this day



ચ્યા qu



5. This is the day



આ



1દવસ છે



6. This is a day



આ



Rau દે



7. Today



આને



is Monday



10.The USE A



book is on a table



OF GUJARATI short



the



aware



note



use



of



whose



is



of



a



is



the



included



Gujarati



letters are



vowErs HM, AH, CONSONANTS



દે? ધન ળ્‌ Generally word



begins



here



સોમવાર છે



છે



છઠ



ચોપડી



મેન Bur



ચોપડી



Aw Bur છે



are



with



help The



and



first



which



starts



vowels



followed



by



The



FC A



order



*



AR



guidance



in



thing



be



with



to



words



words



whose



એ



બો.



is:



a



Ope Mug te ઝમ...



5 MISS), Chay Clap



speaking



give



sequence,



consonants.



CU &



Wey



to



dictionary.



dictionary



letters



ખગ



Bur



DICTIONARY



initial



initial



કફ



table



is on the



9. The book



Guz



Me 4214] ભહિનો



આ



is January



month



8. This



aloud.



Phrase



or



Sentence



each



two



a vowel



A]ra dea, લ



situations OR



it begins



34



can with



a



arise;



ee કક



EITHER



a consonant.



the



WORD If



BEGINNING



the



first



letters



of



WITH



A VOWEL



letter



the



of



word



the



are



with



rH 45



with



the consonants



અક



with



the



અ



with



£ as



second



consonant



the



first



of



the



અખ



with



the vowels



wal



with



“t



The



second



so



on



in



The



section



the



words



in



this



vowel



as



the



vowels



of



the



As



before,



part



order:



applicable)



of a Compound



now



Letter.



changes



to



the



next



of words



order



the



part to



of the



a Compound next



consonant



appears



begin



vowel



letter and to



the



combined the



of



of



where



Letter.



consonant



in



શ



and



the _ second



first



from



words



with



the



$ to



the the



the



The by



word



another



second



is



letter



viz.*Mg.



one



of



applicable



with



where



first



completed



consonants



વી where



vowels



.



Having



beginning



Letters.



35



word.



of



of



આ



followed



applicable,



are



Compound



આ



the



letter



in order



series



with



consist



second



taken



come



(where applicable)



word.



changes



WIS



UL



in order



first



last



second



in the



§to



changes



section



in



word



consonants



finally,



following



third



in order



taken



the



now



the



position



next



as



letter



until



comes



and



“{.



the consonants



last



second



છી (where



word



with



the



the



§ to



taken



24



the



in



, the



vowel



vowels



letter



is Vt



arranged



અ



The



single



word



Mis



applicable,



the



i.e.



. Now and



ત્યા



with



the single vowel



WI &



with



the consonants



WS



with



the



24



with ક as the



second



letter



The so



on



until



position



the



in



the



now



WITH



Words



beginning



with



words



whose



word



the



in



arrangement



summary



Next



initial



words only



is



of a Compound



the



consonant



letter



is પત



Gujarati has



next



is



Letter.



consonant



reached



5



and



starting



already



in



al | 2 and



the



second



come



next



so



until



with



been



on



YW.



followed



&.



There



The order



established



by



and



of



so,



a



given.



bs ફ ક



with



changing



final



to



the



vowel



with “એ



words



part



A CONSONANT



with



come



applicable)



in order



consonant



+s



with



first



(where



word.



BEGINNING



no



taken



changes



final



WORDS



are



vowels



ક to ળી



consonant



Ny Pw



Compound



beginning



ક



to WU



એએ



ઉ



ee



Letters.



with



consonant.



36



the



consonant



™{



and



so



on



to



LESSON 6 You will know: —



the Two Classes of Nouns



—



their Crude Forms



—



their Plural Forms



—



howto Read and Write the Plural Forms of Nouns



37



LESSON



PLURAL The



FORMS



OF NOUNS



plurals



endings



's'



Gujarati the



of



most



or



'es'



most



form



called



the



on



the



gender



be



divided



CRUDE



1



nouns



ending



CLASS The



of



nouns



in



1 NOUN



PLURALS



make



ઓ



or



the ઉ



the form



distinguish



it



give



The



the



vowel



Crude



final



give Crude



the



vowel



watch



made



by



The plural



affixing form



method



on



ending are



FEMININE



of used



OTHER



i.e.



the



nouns.



other



1 nouns



i.e.



nouns



form



has



be



converted



called



its



CRUDE



or



OBLIQUE



its



Absolute



of



a masculine



neuter NOT



to



from



can



nouns



relationship



Class



noun



depends



Al and



noun



of



to



endings.



the



of



ઓ



nouns



their



in



ALL



the In



the



formation,



depend



2 nouns



adding



- watches.



a modified



nouns



by



of



Absolute



2



or



ABSOLUTE



independent



unfinished



final



the



are



which



ALL



formed



books,



For



Class



plurals »



noun.



and



are



form.



classes



gives



is



noun



masculine



endings



To



The



OBLIQUE



ઉં'.



-



nouns



or



these



which



of the



two



nouns



book



of



are



dictionary



form



e.g.



the



into



Class



English



plurals



singular



having



6



form



to



form



BEFORE



noun



is



things. |



ending into form



adding



changed



in an to



suffix



to Al



ઓ.



to



form.



ઉ ૦£



singular



a neuter



Crude



form



noun



but



form.



38



is



to



આ



also



to



changed



give



to આ



the



to



plural



A



detailed



Class



explanation



1 nouns



MASCULINE



is



NOUN



Dictionary



છોકરો



of



given



being



=



છોફરો



a masculine



form NSA



ending



word



containing



more



Crude



form



makes



it



is also



છોકરા



is used



perfectly



છોકરા



Class



1 noun



in



other this



that



ending



આ



but



one



the



are



plurals



of



to



each



nouns



form



referred



the ક



is



a



being



3).



11115



the



to.



However,



to



the



the



it



when



ending ઓ Hence,



to



vowel



(Lesson



plural



add



is છોકરા



\ since



vowel,



form.



changes



written



being



છોકરાઓ



masculine



in ઓ



consonant.



as



correct



છોકરો



the



a boy = Absolute



noun



one



boys



making



chhokro



than



than



form



All



in



by more



clear



of



IN ઓ



Crude



separated



formation



next.



ENDING



form



the



context



the



plural



it



Crude of



the



or છોકરાચ્ખો



ending



in



ઓ



form



their



plurals



way.



NEUTER NOUN ENDING IN ઉ Dictionary Neuter and



nouns



the



to



the



e.g. and



Crude



the



to



in



ગાપડ્‌



TWO make



Crude



plural.



including



=



have



other



changes in



form



In



postpositions



the



village



particles



form



FORMS,



plural



nouns.



e.g



ગામડા!



singular,



are



one



in



the



all



In



39



for



the



village



singular neuter



the



are



and



and



Crude



plural,



ગામડા



particles



form ગાભડા



all



attached



4145141.



nouns



noun cdlea



singular



suffixes



to



postpositions



in the villages



a small



The



attached



2મ[1મડામા .



including



‘IHS’



CRUDE



forms the



gaamdun



suffixes to



(Lesson



the



11).



making



ગામડાઓ



Hence,



ગામડું



similar



CLASS The



ending



nouns



neuter



other



All



in



form



ઉ



2 NOUN



of



form.



a



Class



2 noun



Consider



the



is



the



same



as



purush



a man



masculine



નામન



naam



a name



neuter



છોંકરી



chhokree



a girl



feminine



These



Dictionary



plural



and



other



~—s singular



aR



singular each



decide



However, ending



case,



it in



the



forms ending



also



are



of



the



Crude



forms



to



added.



or પુરષો



in the plural.



is either જામ



or



in the plural.



it



is



form



the



its



which



is either YOU



should ઈ



are



that



nouns



beagi



which



in



PLURALS



form



Dictionary



In



plurals



their



ways.



Crude



MON



wy



ad plural.



MHS



૦૪



ગાપડા'



is either



singular



ending



the



plurality.



show



to



be added



can



but



plural,



the



as



used



be



also



can



NHS



context



નાતો and



speaker's



preference



used.



be particularly



ALWAYS



1 ALWAYS Hence, E91$2રી is



take



the



કોકરીઓ છોકરાઅ



40



noted affix



that ઓ



feminine in



in the plural.



the



nouns



plural.



Write your



the



plural



forms



of



each



of



the



following



and



check



responses;



ઘડિયાળ



f/n ghadiyaal



a watch



ગાડી



£ gaadee



a coach



ઈય્છા



f



a wish



પેટી



f paytee



a box



કૅરી



f



a mango



છરી



f chharee



a knife



દિવસ



m



divas



a day



Ar



m bataato



a potato



શતો



m



rasto



a road



EEN



m chhokro



a boy



orf ules’



wi



gajvun



a pocket



e943



n chhaaproon



a roof



n



paandun = a



leaf



ERAT



m ordo



a room



m



deekro



a son



છોકસ્ડ



1 chhokrun



a



ghadiyaalo



watches



ગાડીઓ



gaadeeo



coaches



eechchhaao



wishes



પેટીખો payteeo



boxes



kayreeo



mangoes



edie



knives



divaso



days



બરાટાઓ bataataao



potatoes



rastaao



roads



છેક્રાઓ chhokraao



boys



gajvaano



pockets



છાપધખો chhaapraano



roofs



paandaano



leaves



ઓસચ્ડાખો ordaao



rooms



dikraao



sons



છોકરાઓ chhokraano



children



દીકરો



eechchhaa



kayree



child



Responses;



ધડિયાળો ઈચ્છાઓ ફ્રેરીઓ



દિવસો રશ્તાઓ ગનવ'ખઓ



પાડાખ દીક્રાખો



41



chhareeo



LESSON



7



You will know:



how to Recognise Invariable Adjectives how Variable Adjectives Agree with the Noun’s Gender how an Adjective Agrees with Two or More Nouns



of different Genders how the Position of the Adjective in a Sentence affects the Meaning



42



LESSON



7



ADJECTIVES Adjectives



supply



which



are



they



define



the



AGREEMENT When



endings at they



all,



properties



adjectives



their



neuter) others are



to



and do



said



are



the



used



of nouns.



to



(See



are



be



adjectives



neuter



ending



is variable



to



are



the



noun



with



describe



Lesson



or



28).



feminine



ef



neuter



ઉ



or



have



to



(masculine,



plural)



of



the noun



which



change



their



which



do not



change



number



recognised.



given. it has



OF



SINGULAR



આઓ



them



of



the



noun



INVARIABLE.



easily



because



of gender:



Those



gender



be



is ALWAYS



masculine



the



(singular,



VARIABLE.



- ENDINGS GENDER



with



some



Adjectives



of



said



Variable



agree



not.



to



ADJECTIVES



Gujarati,



number



irrespective



qualify



little



in



endings



VARIABLE



the



They



about



OF ADJECTIVES



feminine, whereas



information



associated.



various



using



change



useful



Thus the



In a dictionary the



neuter



VARIABLE



adjective ending



ADJECTIVES PLURAL



જે.



ah



આ



1



ef



|



બ



43



'



ઉ.



નાનુ



adjective નાનુ



nouns



singular masculine



and



addition,



the



neuter,



adjective



forms નાનત(



plural and



feminine



to



qualify In



respectively.



nouns



qualify



and નાની



, નાના



nouns



neuter



qualify



andi]



forms નતો



the



singular



feminine



masculine



Variable



has



also



but



to



form



this



in



used



is



little



respectively.



Masculine



Feminine



Neuter



noun



noun



noun



Singular



little



boy



Little



girl



little ‘child as .



Plural



little



boys



little



girls



little



નાનો AX



નાની DSA



નાનુ 5D



નાતા છોકશ (એપે નાની છોકરીઓ ADJECTIVES When



an



QUALIFYING



adjective



genders



it



NOUNS



OF DIFFERENT



qualifies



is ALWAYS



put



two



into



its



Good boys and girls The



As



boys



and



a mark



spoken



to



HONORIFIC



forms



Father



even



of or



is ill



are



respect, about



though



children



નાન! છોકરાઓ) GENDERS



more



nouns



NEUTER



PLURAL



of



different



FORM.



સારા છોકશએ અને છોકરીઓ



girls



PLURALS,



or



the



example,



For



qualifies.



adjective



the



that



noun



the



of



number



and



gender



the



on



depends



selected



ending



The



good



parents, using



the



the



છોકરાઓ



teachers



plural



adjectives



noun



itself



AW માંદા છે Mother



44



અને



and



forms. are



is in



is ill



others When



put



the



છોકરીઓ



into



wat છે



are



often



using



these



their



plural



singular.



મામાંદી છે, મા માદા દદ,



INVARIABLE



All



ADJECTIVES



invariable



therefore matter



adjectives



easily



what



the



Invariable



end



recognised. gender



or



Their



number



Masculine



adjective



a poor



Plural



man



of



a



endings the



NEVER



are



change



no



noun.



110111



noun



girl



ગરીબ માણસ



ગ્‌રીખ છોકરી



poor



poor



a



girls



clean



Wig AR



clean



LH છોકરીઓ



શ્રવીબ પાણસો



and



Neuter



a poor



men



consonant



Feminine



noun



Singular



with



house



houses



Ale ધરો



ADJECTIVES



sad



ઉદાસ



udaas



happy



-પ્જુશી



khushee



old



જ્ત્તુ



joonun



new



નુ



navun



good



Ud



saarun



bad



{AG



kharaab



211



uy



maandun



well



સાન્તા



saajun



clean



Us



saaf



dirty



ey



gandun



hot



1H



garam



cold



4



thandun



small



“tt



naanun



big



મોર



motun



young



did



juvaan



old



es



poor



ગરીબ



gareeb



rich



ee



Translate



the



following.



adjective



affects



1.



A good



house.



2.



The



house



3.



The



boy



4.



A clever



is



the



Observe



how



the



vrooddh paisaadaar



position



meaning.



good.



MIB



ઘર્‌



ધર



સાજ જે



છોકરો હોશિયાર &



15 clever.



હી(શેથા૨ છોકરો



boy.



45



of



the



The



girl



is



છોકરી નાની છે



small.



નાની છોકરી



~ Avlittleseiek. .



A clean The



KO . ૬71 OS, aah, (OOS



સાફ ઘર્‌ ઘર સાફ છે



house.



house



is



clean



ray દિવસ



A hotaday.



1



The



Tk



An



255



The



lige



A cold



14.



The



day



es



The



boys



Le.



Clever



LY



The



18.



Little



fo



Clean



20.



The



houses



ar



Old



men.



Pat



The



men



23



Good



24.



The



25%



Cold



26.



The



eae



Small



28.



The



29.



Rich



30s



The



Notice



day



is



old



દિવસ ગરમ છે



hot.



AW માણસ



man.



man



માણસ વરદ છે



is old.



ઠડો દિવસ Rau sar છે છોકશઓ હોશિય।૨ જે



day.



is cold. are



clever.



હોશિયાર છોક્રપ્ખઓ છોક્રીઓ નાની છે



boys.



girls



are



small.



નાની છોકરીગ્ખો સાહ્‌ ઘરો



girls. houses. are



are



ધરો wg ઠે de® માણસો



clean.



માખ્યુસો 422 છે



old.



સારા



houses. houses



are



ધરો સાર છે



good.



ss દિવસો



days. days



are



Raw ss, છે



cold.



નાના' MASCAD Hse નાન! ed



villages.



villages



are



small.



Daze



men.



men



how



agreement



ઘરો



are



the



MwA



rich.



plurals



between



of



adjective



the



and



nouns



noun.



are



formed



માણસો પેસારાર છે and



also



the



LESSON 8 You will know: the Possessive Pronouns my, thy, etc. their Agreements with Masculine, Feminine and



Neuter Nouns



how to use Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns with Nouns how to Write Simple Sentences, Phrases and their Plurals



47



LESSON



POSSESSIVE The



PRONOUNS



Possessive



her Alig, They



are



with



the



8



our



Pronouns



are:



MAID



, your



variable nouns



they



and



my



have



qualify.



Possessive



“\%,



ANID, to



thy



his/its dt,



their તખોનુ”.



agree



They



('%,



in



have



gender



the



and



following



Masculine



Feminine



Neuter



my,



પારો



પારી



માર



તારો તેનો તેપખ્હીનો



તારી તેની તૈણ્ીની



Ad



હણી



WUD તપારો તેઓનો



અમારી



અમારુ



તમારી



તમાજું



તેઓને



તેનુ



mine



thine



his,



-bts



her,



hers



our,



ours



your,



yours



their,



my,



theirs



mine



thy,



thine



his;



15



her,



hers



our,



ours



your,



લાશ તેન તેણીના અમાર AYA



તાર્શ તેની



માર્શ તાર!” તેના'



તેપ્યીની



Ae



244121 તમારી



અમારા



તેઓના



' તેઓની



theirs



Thy is used friends. તેઓ નુ *



their



તેનુ'



Plural માર



WII



yours



their,



forms:



Singular



Pronoun



thy,



number



when



speaking



to



animals,



AHI



Ave ’ servants



or



close



The usual word for your is A%\% and for their Often



તેમના હ



used



as



Both



are



a mark



of



variable.



respect



are



your આપના



is and



POSSESSIVE



PRONOUNS



WITH



NOUNS



Singular



Masculine



Feminine



my



midi દીકરો



પારી કલમ



thy



son/pen/house



AMD Ms



atl ક્રલમ



2413 ઘર્‌ તારુ ઘર



his



son/pen/house



તેની કલમ



તેજુ વર



her



son/pen/house



our



son/pen/house



તેનો ઘૌકરો તેણીનો દીકરો અપારો દીકરો



son/pen/house



your



son/pen/house



their



son/pen/house



AN કલમ તેણીનું ધર wud) કકમ WUD A તમારી કલમ તમારું A તેઓની Sar તેઓનું a2



તમારો દૈૌક્રો તૈઓનો “sd Masculine



Feminine



' Neuter



ભારી sam



thy sons/pens/houses



મારા દીકરાઓ તારા દીકરાએ



his



sons/pens/houses



તેન દીકરાઓ



her



sons/pens/houses



તેણીના દીકરાઓ



તેનાં લશે તેણીની કલમો તેણીનાં ધરો



our



sons/pens/houses



અમારા દીકરાખ



અમારી san



તમારા દીકરાઓ



તમારી કલમો



અમાર” ધરો તમારા વરો



તેખોના દીકરાઓ



લેઓની ક્લમો



તેના ઘરો



my sons/pens/houses



your



sons/pens/houses



their



sons/pens/houses



NOUNS



WITH



MASCULINE a/the



dog



that



dog



his



AND



POSSESSIVE



PRONOUNS



€ar આ કૂતરો



તે કૂતરો મારશે sad AN કૂતરો નાનો gad કૂતરો નાનો છે



dog dog



a small



dog



the



is



dog



તેની scant



NOUN



dog



this



my



ADJECTIVES



તારી કલમો



small



49



માર! ઘચે તાર થશો



this



is my



dog



this



is my



small



this



dog



this



small



the



is



dog



mine



dog



આ નાનો KAD મારો છે



is mine



small



ફતરાઓ આ કૂતરાએ તે કૂતરાઓ મારા કૂતરાઓ તેના કૂતરાઓ નાના ડૂતરપઓ કૂતરાઓ નાન। છે



આ મારા ફૂતરાઓ છે



dogs



these



dogs



those



dogs



my



આ મારો કૂતરો છે આ મારો નાનો કૂતરો છે આ કૂતરો મારો છે



dogs



his



dogs



small



the



dogs



dogs



are



these



are



my



dogs



these



are



my



small



these



dogs



these



small



FEMININE



a/the



are



આ મારા નાના ફૂતરાખો છે



dogs



આ કૂતશઓ મારા છે



mine



dogs



are



આ નાના કૂતરાઓ માસ છેટે



mine



NOUN



મોટશગાડી આ મોટરગાફી તે મોટરગાડી



car



this



car



that



car



માર્શ Aig jell પોટરગાફી



my car his



car



a small



car



the



is



car



નાર્ની મોટસર્ગાડી



મોટર્ગાડી નાની છે આ મારી Meoud છે આપારી નાની મોટરગાડી છે ayy MUU માર્ચ છે



small



this



is my car



this



is my



this



car



this



small



small



car



is mine car



is



આ નાની મોદરગાડી મારી છે



mine



50



these



cars



પોટર21ડીઓ આ મોસટશ્ગાડીઓ



those



cars



તે Maule



the



my



cars



મારી મોટરગાડીઓ તેની Aran



cars



his



cars



small the



નાની મોમ્સ્ગાડીઓ



cars



cars



are



these



are



my



cars



these



are



my



small



these



cars



these



small



NEUTER



a/the



મોટશ્ગાડીઓ નાની છે આ મારી મોૉટરગાડીઓ છે આ મારી નાની મોરરગારીઓ છે આ મોરટરગાડીઓ મારી છે અપ નાની મોટરગપડીશ્યો મારી છે



small



are



cars



mine



cars



are



mine



NOUN



SEY



house



this



house



આ



that



house



તે Ar



my



મારું થચ



house



his



the



તૅનુ' Ur નન 8



house



a small



house



house



is



થઘરનાનુ'



small



this



is my house



this



is my



small



this



house



is mine



this



small



house



the



ઘર્‌



આ His ઘર છે આ માજ નાનુ” ઘર છે આ ધર મારું છે



house



is



છે



આ નાન! ધર માસ છે



mine



ઘધશે



houses



these



houses



આ



those



houses



A e2\ 51



ઘરો



my



houses



411૨1”



his houses



ઘરો



તેન”



small houses the houses



થરો



elt



are



small



these



are my houses



these



are



these



houses



these



small



small



my



SEU “at



houses



are mine houses



are



ઘર્‌



mine



છે



આ



માર” ઘશે ey



આ



મારાનાના



આ



થશે



આ



નાના ધરો શ્રાર1 દે



મારપ



ઘરો ed



છં



TRANSLATION



1. My watch



પાર



2. Her watch



તેણ્ડીનુ'



3. This watch is hers



આ થડિયાળ Ave છકે



4. This is her watch



આ



5. That watch



તે ધાડેયાળ માર છછ



6. That 7.



is mine



is my watch



ઘડિયાળ ઘાડેયાળ



તેણ્ડીનુ' ઘડિયાળ છે



તે મારુ ધડિયાળ



Our



box



ESTE



8. His



box



તેની



XZ)



UD



9. This is my box 10. This box is mine 11. That is my box



આ મારી પેટી છે આ પેટી મારી છે પેલી મારી AL છે



12.



That



a પેટી મારી છે



13.



Their



14.



This



is your



15.



This



room



16.



1160



15



17.



That



room



is ours



18.



That



room



is



box



is mine



room



તૌઓનો



room



આ



our



ઓરડો



તમારો



2st



સખા 2123) CAD



is yours room



a



—



theirs



અપારો



તે ઓરડો



ઓરડો



a છે છે



અપારો છે



તે 24).28) તેઓનો



52



છે



છે



આતેની



19.



This



is his



20.



That



book



21.



My table



22.



This



is my



table



23.



That



table



is mine



24.



The



25.



My pen



is on



Now



write



the



Check



1.



pen



your



book



મારું Aer



is



on



the



the



આપ માસ્ડ Av છે Ra મેન્ટ મપ્ઝુ છે



S44 Der Y2 &



table



ui SAM Der 4r &



table



plurals



responses



of



these



Sentences



WU



3. These



watches



are



4.



are



watches



5. Those



watches



6. Those



are



hers



are mine



ધડિયાળો apie છે



આ



ada’



તે



war



Our



boxes



અમારી



8.



His



boxes



તૈની



'આ ગ્યા તે તે



my boxes



10.



These



boxes



11.



Those



are



12.



Those



boxes



13.



Their



rooms



14.



These



are



15.



These



rooms



16.



Those



are



17.



Those



rooms



are



mine



my boxes



are



your



our



mine



છે



છે



ઘડિયાળો



છે



પેટીઓ



પેટીઓ



મડી પેદીઓ પેટીઓ મારી મારી પેટીઓ પેટીઓ મારી



ઇક છે છે છે



જે આ ઓરડાઓ તમ।૨। દરે તે અમાશ ઓરડાઓ છે તે ઓચ્ડાઓ ea છે



yours



rooms



are



rae



તેઓના ઓશ્ડાઓ આ તમારા ઓરડાઓ



rooms



are



ઘડિયાળો



તે ધડિયાળો



my watches



are



ઘડિયાળો



આ



7.



9 . These



Phrases.



ધાડેયથાળો



તેણીના”



her



and



below:



watches



These



છે



પેલી ચોપડી dell &



is hers



My watches



2. Her



Bus)



ours



53



* Those



rooms



. These



are



* Those



books



* My



his



તે ઓરડાઓ તેઓના &



theirs



આ તેની ચોપડીચ્ઝો છે



books



are



તે ચોપડીઓ



hers



are



. Those



tables



pens



* My pens



my



are are



tables are on on



mine the



the



તેણીની



ua Way આ yi AA A Ra wna



tables



. These



* The



are



SM Mit



table table.



54



a



& છટે



મેન્ટ (પર દે: . 4 ક્લબો. Ter પર જે



LESSON 9 You will know: the Five Features of Verbs the Personal Pronouns



how to Recognise the Infinitive of a Verb how the Root of the Verb is its Simplest Form how the Root is used to make the Three Basic Tenses by Adding the Appropriate Endings the Formation and Meaning of the Aorist Tense the Formation and Meaning of the Present Tense



the Present Tenses of Irregular Verbs



55



LESSON



PRONOUNS The



AND



VERBS



personal



single



9



pronouns



words



which



I,



take



thou, the



he,



place



she,



it,



you,



and



are



equivalent



of



they



are to



nouns. Verbs



are



being.



words All



Mood,



Person



which



verbs and



indicate



have



five



an



action



features



or



viz.



a



state



Voice,



of



Tense,



Number.



VOICE A verb the



is



verb



Passive the



said



to



be



in



is



actually



Voice



when



its



the



time



of



the



Active



doing



the



Subject



Voice



when



action. is



the



Subject



A verb



suffering



the



is



in



of the



action



of



verb.



TENSE



Indicates Past



or



an



action



or



state



of being



Present,



Future.



MOOD There



are



three



main



Moods:



1.



Indicative



: All



2.



Imperative



: All commands.



3.



Subjunctive



: Sentences



or



statements



which



impossible



they



express



56



and



questions.



contain



improbable



conditions. a wish



or



Sometimes



desire.



PERSON The



pronoun



appropriate



and to



the



verb



are



put



person



or



persons



into



a



which



is



speaking.



Person



Singular



Plural



First



I



we



Second



thou



you



Third



he,



she,



form



it



they



NUMBER The



singular



refers



to



PERSONAL



form



more



refers



than



to



one



person



or



thing;



the



plural



one.



PRONOUNS



Person



Singular



First



i§



હુ



We



ખમે ઊપણે)



Second



thou



લુ



you



તમે (આપ)



Third



he/she/it



a



they



તેઓ



she



તેણી



First



me,



Second



thee,



Third



him/her/it



Plural



to me to



મને thee



to him/to her;



There



are



INCLUDE



two



the



her/to



person(s)



of



to us



અમને તમને



to you



dA



you,



તેને



૬16%, to them



તેઓને



it aa



sto ‘her



forms



: us,



તેણીને



the



first



spoken



person



plural;



to whereas



QA\YL



57



અપે



does.



does



NOT



The



usual



word



for



you



sense



as



in English.



આપ



is



used



is



instead



તમે



of તમે



which



when



is



used



talking



in



or



the



same



writing



with



respect. તૈ



is



used



meaning



VERBAL



The



for



three



genders;



A



has



the



specific



she.



INFINITIVES



infinitive



"to'



e.g.



verb



to



to



do,



is



do,



the



Just



English,



part



to make



to make



dictionary.



in



all



so



of



are



the



the



the



which



infinitives.



is $%q . as



verb



This



word



ending



to



begins



with



In Gujarati,



is the form



indicates



found



the



4



indentifies



Root



(Base)



the



in a



infinitive



the



Gujarati



infinitive.



The



Root



Infinitive



=



કરન્‌



wi



of



a Command



Certain



e.g.







%$its



is the



simplest



Command



added



Time,



ending



2



નર



and



can



be



used



as



Do!



to



Future



and



form



+



the Time



Gender.



Root and



of



Past



There



the Time



are



verb and



THREE



to also



BASIC



in Gujarati:



Aorist



Tense



2.



Future



Tense.



3. Past



the



is



Number



1.



Each



$2



are



Present



Person,



TENSES



verb



suffixes



indicate the



the



Verbal



(Preterite)



tense



Root



(from



of



is



the



which



is



formed



the



Present



Tense).



appropriate



endings



Tense.



formed



by



adding



verb.



58



the



to



AORIST The



TENSE



Aorist



general, It



Tense



it has



can



also



The



Aorist



to



the Root



gets



the



be



of



to



is



the



name



meaning



used



Tense



its



'may'



ask



etc.



I do?



following



etc.



suffixes



Plural



First person



ઈથ્



Second



એ



“



Second



24)



|



એ



™~



Third



R



ie



person



person



conjugation



mayest



he/she/it



do,



may



may



he/she/it



she



may



we may



do,



of



the



mayest



do?,



may



shall



she



they may



do, may



The



forms



question. in



person



person



to do,



to make



do?,



they



are



I do?



The



shalt



thou



do?



pitch



SX



a



કેરે



of



the



do?



તે કરે



shall



do?



તેણી કરે



we



shall



in



she



do?



અમે કરીએ



you do?



shall



they



Gujarati form



speaker's



તમે કરો



is



do?



for



both



easily



voice



તેઓ gr



statement



recognised



which



occurs



word.



negative



a



he/she/it



do?,



question



is



formed



follows,



ઠઠ $B



do?,



shall



used



VR



$24



do,



do, may you do?,



same



verb



thou



do, may we do?,



you may



The



the



Shall



come



|



I may do, may I do?, shall



second



question



may



ઉ. ૭



full



rise



do,



In



First person Third



thou



indefiniteness.



may



by adding



Singular



The



its



e.g.



the



formed



verb:



from



by prefixing



59



નં



to



the



verb.



and



by



the



on



the



I may not do, may/shall thou



mayest



not



I not do?



do, mayest/shalt



he/she/it may do, may/shall she may not do, may/shall



The a



more



to



open



the



PRESENT This or



verbs



with



this



tense,



as



its



as



Person



First



name



implies,



Pram



she



three



SS



plural



suffixઓ has



It approximates



is



time.



used The



the



to make



Present



Aorist



Root



is



Tense



&.



statements



Tense of



This



of



the



all verb



auxiliary



Plural



he/she/it



all



~



નાર



AML નકરે



used.



Singular



Third



for



person



>



follows:



thou



negative



oC



MOOD



whose



Second



The



તેણી As «sr હાણ્યા



on.



combining



verb



તે નકર



speaking.



in Present



auxiliary



conjugates



word



when



by



not do?



do?



normally



INDICATIVE



formed



an



second



Tin



Longe



અમે નકશીએ



they not



is



the



sound



questions is



than



°



do?



do?



you not



the



o in



TENSE.



ask



of



sound



English



Emphasise



he/she/it



do, may/shall



pronunciation



not



we not do?



do, may/shall



they may not



thou



she not do?



we may not do, may/shall you may not



ણુ 453



form



art



is



of



persons



is



WH છ



we are



અમે



છીએ



તુ છકે



you



તમે



છો



તે છે



they are



are



તેઓ



છે



તેણી છે



this



auxiliary



singular



60



and



is



નથી



plural.



which (Lesson



is used 10).



PRESENT



TENSE



Verb



do,



to



to make



કરતુ



I do, I am doing



%



thou doest,



ae કરે છે



thou art doing



he/she/it



does,



she does,



she



is doing



તેણી કરે છ



we



are



doing



અમે



do,



you



we



do,



they



you are



do,



they



Exactly



the



Does



she?'



from



the



the



thou



The



are



to go



used



question



There



final



thou



word



art



to ask is



she



is walking



would in



the



majority



A few



verbs



of



મ. દે



questions



'Do



I?



listener



be a rise



in



the



pitch



question



it is walking



of



form.



verbs



wy Ud



છુ:



તુ



Ui



છે



cl



ata



છે



તેણી ચાલે છે અમે ચાલીએ



walking



however,



the



છો



the



તમે



they walk, they are walking The



si



છીએ



to



walking



you are



SS



apparent



walking



he/she



we are



કરીએ



UWAd



walks,



she walks,



છે



તઓ



I am walking



he/she/it



you walk,



doing



forms



the



walkest,



walk,



rahe



તમે



intonation.



to walk,



I walk,



we



are



same



of



is doing



doing



etc.



sound



Verb



he/she/it



53). છું:



form



are



ચાલો



છીએ



ey



તેઓ Ala છે their



irregular.



61



Present



Tense



in



this



way.



PRESENT



There



are



very



formation



whose TWO



of



Roots



forms



Root



IRREGULAR



TENSE.



their



end



of



used



given



occur



and



make



especially



VERBS to



go



ENDING



am



goest,



go,



art



are



go, go,



I eat,



of



to



the



variations



memorise the



verb



the place



them. ends



તે nae



Ae ny &



going



are



છીએ A



તેઓ ety છે



going



ખાવુ. am



yg ખાઉ છુ



eating



eatest,



art



she



is eating



eats, eat,



eat, eat.



are



¢ "ખાય છે



eating



તે wma છેકે



is eating



તેણી ખાય છેકે અપે vied છીએ તમે ખાઓ ed) AD ખાય &



eating



are are



eating eating



62



of



which Note



with



the-



ofએ wherever



આ



અપે va તમ્‌ na



The



Examples



is going



eats,



they



IN VOWEL



the



verbs



Tense.



added.



going



he/she/it



you



to



takes



going



are



to eat



we



be



Present



BS” છ્‌ ત્‌; 4s



is going



goes,



thou



their



to



effort



going



she



they



make



Root



several



occur.



goes,



you



the



are



in



, &, ® or AW which have



*



sufix



the ending ચ



he/she/it



we



There



Tenses.



to



irregularity



ન્તતુ



I go,



thou



ROOT



show



Pay attention



special



normally



WITH



the



next.



when



which



vowel



used



on



a



then



the



base



that



Al



it would



Present



depends



are



verbs



with



the



these



vowel



few



VERBS



to become



U4



I become,



am becoming



thou



becomest,



he/she/it



are



you become,



WITH



I drink,



are



drink,



are are



છીએ



તમે



થાઓ



છો



તેઓ



થાય



છે



ay પીએ છે



is drinking



a



drinking



are



Note



that



there



drinking



is



NO



correct



WITH



form



is



doubling



wD



ROOTS



ENDING



to say



SRO!



Nee



ula



of



Way



IN



છીએ



VOWEL



63



એ.



છે



a



પીએ છે



wy



પીએ



તમે



પીઓ



તેઓ



plural.



to speak,



થઈએ



Ss પીઉ' છુ



drinking



drink,



VERBS



અમે



ઈ



art drinking



they



The



IN VOWEL



is drinking



drink,



person



છે



ack થાય છે



becoming



ENDING



drinks,



drinks,



you



UA



am drinking



he/she/it



we



is becoming



છે



પીનુ



thou drinkest, she



$f થાય



becoming



ROOT



drink



becoming



becoming



are



they become,



to



art



Cy થાઉ' ઝાકી થાને oiet



1. I called the boy servant



Object.



affixed



YW શેથને અને ઝાકીયાને person



and



of



the



4. I called the girl 9719531186: the children If



there



is



its



NEUTER



LiL



put



NO



OBJECT



WY છોકરીને બો(લાનબી YW છોકર/ને બોલાવ્યા” in



y



5. The girls



A



ee



the



to



put



DEFINITE



few



give



the



VERB



2.The man put



MUST



be



Definite



“bet



and



મૂક્ય



IRREGULAR



Transitive



છોકરીએ મૂક્ય



verbs



related



TRANSITIVE have



special



Tenses.



Masculine



VERBS



Four



Roots



such



Feminine



to



verbs



Neuter



મે



દીધો



y



દીધી



y



thou



av દીધો



a



દીધી



તે દીધુ”



as



ad



gave



she



gave



દીધો



gave



દીધી



dela



Ze



તેણે દીધ”



દીધી



we gave



અપે



દીધા



અમે



you gave



તમે



દીધા



તમે દીધી



તમે



they gave



તેઓએ



તેઓએ



તેઓએ



to



see



દીધી દીધી



અમે દીધા ટીધા Alar



Masculine



Feminine



Neuter



I saw



yY za



મે" ટીઠી



ન



thou saw



a



nets



au Z|5°



ag



તેણે દીઠ”



he/she/it



દેખનુ'



દીધા



form are:



I gave he/she/it



in



માણસે પૂક્યુ'



મૂક્યું 4.11૯ girl put



ઈછોફરીઓને



TENSE.



irregular



Past



Sentence,



form.



3. The men put માણુસઓએ



PAST



the



saw



ae



218 દીઠી



she saw



દીઠી



તેણીએ



we saw



અમે



રીઠા



you saw



AX



they saw



તેખોસ્મે



કા દીઠા 123



દીઠી



અમે દકી



અભે



દીઠા”



PUA



તમે



2S



તેઓએ



દીદી



તેઓએ



દહ



to take A I took thou took



Feminine મે” લીધી



Neuter પે લીલ



તે' લૌલો



ral તીધી



a (Mey



Ay (Nat



rales (AEN



ag Ae



took



he/she/it she



Masculine મે' લીધો



took



તેણીએ



we took



Ud



to drink



લીધા



તમે (A



તમે leu



ay પીધો



મે' પીધી



મે' પીધું



a



તે” પીધી



તે' ule’



તેણે yer



ag પીધુ



પીધો



તેણે પીધો



drank



he/she/it drank



drank



In



to



addition



others,



which



if



were



they



અપે



પીધા



અભે



પીધી



અમે પીધા”



તમે



પીધા



તપે



પીધી



તમે પીધા”



these



irregular



although



TRANSITIVE



normal



INTRANSITIVE



to miss



Ysa



to understand



to play



રમતુ



to



The



negative



writing al



hatte



after



શી



trousers’ sock



form



n.



necktie



of



a



verbs, are



CONJUGATED



verbs.



Some



Uv 4



Transitive



verb



of



પીધા”



are



several



AND



USED



these



to bring



(ALAA,



to learn



all’



is



“a



n. ખાદેલુન



coat



im.



54 (AV



produced



War



belt



mm.



ક્રમ્ર્પરેો



handkerchief



124



m.3HtG@



turban £. પાઘડી shoe m.



AS



are:



the verb.



shirt n.



£. ASU



there



Cad



study



AAA



તેખોય્ને પીધી



પીધા



તેઓએ



drank



they



Neuter



તેણીચ્મે પીધી



we drank you



(REC



Ai



(ધા



તેઓએ



લીધા



Feminine



drank



she



અમે CAL



Masculine



I drank thou



અમે લીધી



તેઓએ



took



they



અપે લીધા તમે



took



you



હીધી



નસો



dress



m.



પોશાક



towel



m. ZALA



by



TRANSLATION



Ty He wore I did



her



gave



I saw



€9 (ONS Bs પછ. Uy RS CS Si



મે માછી ફામ sue



my work



I gave You



ag ટોપી પહેરી



a hat



me



the



મે! તેણીને થોપડી આપી તમે મને Ae ચોપડી આપી



a book a book



મે” ગામ ey મે ચોપડી લીધી



village



I took



a book



I read



a book



a Dus ate



9 ક e



I showed



him



a



*



I called



the



boy



મે' તને પત્ર બતાવ્યુ DW Asur બોલાવ્યો



the



book



તેણે ચોપડી art



- He



wrote



- He



wore



*



She



the



spent



. They -



He



wrote



*



- saw



-



We



rupee



gave



wrote



his their



names



showed



Hasheem



the



*



wore



a coat



two



. We



showed



him



* He



didn't



wear



SAND તેનું ly



name



this



them



મારા બાપુએ મને ટોપી આપી



a hat



brother



gave



oO કા sos. ન J|



me



his



* We He



I ડગલો war ALMA અક gar wane



coat



one



* My father



letter



the



morning socks



socks



didn't



give



her



the



didn't



take



the



book



didn't



read



the



book



didn't



show



him



the



didn't



call



the



boy



અમે હાશીમને Mot’ Ad lor" અમે તેમને બે મોન ara’



AQ ટોપી પહેરી નહિ



a hat



do my work



તેણે Ardler’ નામ Gua’ WW સતરે તેના ભાઈને am



AR ડગલો wane અમે તેને wath બતાવ્યુ”



shirt



didn't



લખ્યુ”



મે' માર્સ કામ કયુ? નહિ book



WALA ચોપડી Hol a®



letter



મે' ચોપડી લીધી નહિ મે' થોપડી ન'ચી નહિ T તેને પત્ર બતાવ્યુ નહિ DW sar



125



બોલાન્યો નજિ



28. He didn't wear 29. They didn't



the coat



write



Rey ડગલો ugar



his name



તેઓએ



નહિ



તેનુ નામ લખ્યુ નહિ



અમે તેને ખર્પીસ બતાવ્યું ર્તાઠે



30. We didn't show him the shirt નુડશાન



પતિ અને પત્ની છોકરાઓને Ae પૂડીને સિનેમા નના ગયા. પાછા gar વારે છોફરા'ઓ બાચ્ણુ «7 મખ્યા, માએ પૂછથુંઃ તમે લડયાતો નથીને?' નાની ટીકરીએ sag:ભા. મેં Gola ધોઈ નાખ્યું નાના 'મે'લુછણિયુ' wee.” આ સા'ભળીને તેઓ ખૂબ દીકરાએ કહ્યુઃ ખુશ થયા' અને Dell નાના



દીકરાને



માએ



પૂછ્યુ: ઝલ શુ



ડયુલ?' તેણે ardror awa. RW કાચના



Zest



બહાર FA



દીધા મૂકીને



having



put and



Perfect નોના



AI



ધોઈ નાખ્યુ



સભળીને



Participles.(Lesson



They



went



Root



of the verb



Washed here



to



see.



The



the duster.



as



an



દીધા



Threw



away,



to



mess. It



is



idea



દીધા used of



The main



verb “ત્યારે ... ત્યારે



as



an



activity



is



indicated



omitted.(Lesson



ડલ



the



to



for



convey



the



someone.



by the



first



24)



writing,



TheA



126



up



Conjunction.



and



34)



completion



of the verb eq,



auxiliary kindness



omitted.



25)



is used



of clearing



or



in speaking



usually



emphasise



a service



A Relative



the



purpose.(Lesson



is the Past Tense here



to



24)



sense



of the Salty



when.



Both



the



are



A\ added



The verb નાપ્ખજુ



auxiliary



in



heard



24)



ending



expresses



of the action.(Lesson ¥A



having



the



form AIR



w



form



is



is NEVER



EXERCISE.



* The



*



Give



man



the



correct



jumped



in



(The man)



‘Weyyxr'



He



the



sat



on



the



forms



of



the



Subject



and



water



(E24 )



ground



on



the



bank



of



the



river



(He) નદીને sth orefla પશ (And) -



He



didn't



answer



(He) ov ict (આપવુ) * Hearing



this



the



(The teacher) * He



stayed



(He) * The



આ



boy



spoke



without



ગભરાય



મ



10.



The



A712



teacher



went



teacher) hunter



he



came



a little



Afuretl



killed



2A\'6A



I called



boy



the



(બોહનુ' ) near



to



a



tree



(he) ઝાડ પાસે (અઆનતુ')



(The hunter)



(1)



2iag (થન)



fear



afterwards,



થોડીવાર પછી (The



સળભળીને



pleased



YY (284)



Sometime



* The



became



silent



(The boy) *



teacher



the



way



ais lion



CAR



)



છોકરાને (NUM)



127



out



બહાર



of



the



class



Cor )



the



verb.



LESSON



18



You will know: —



how to express Action in Progress in Past Time (Imperfect Tense)



—



the Negative of this Tense



128



LESSON



THE



IMPERFECT



This was



Tense



TENSE



expresses



doing,



she



was



Imperfect



action



in



=



in Past



Time



e.g.



of



the



Participle



verb



Past



$i



OF



હોવુ



Feminine



Neuter



Singular



Root



Root



Root



Plural



Root મતા



Root +f



Root +c



Past Tense of NY



Masculine



Feminine



Neuter



Singular



હતો



હતી



હતુ



Plural



હતા



હતી



હતા



are



variable



I



Tense



Masculine



Both



Participle



progress



walking.



Present



Tense



Present



18



i.e



મલો



agree



in



gender



+d\



and



number



+q



with



the



Subject.



to do I was thou



424



we



Feminine



હુ કરતો હતો



હુ ૬૨તી હ્તી



doing



તુ કરતો હતે



તુ 452. હતી



was



તે ડશતો હતો



A કશ્તી હતી



doing wert



he/she/it she



Masculine



was



doing



were



doing



you were they



were



doing



doing doing



Ae wy



કરતા હતા



તે42d" Sa’



કરતી wat



અપે કરતી હ્તી



AD ડરતા હતા



ATL કરતી હતી



તેઓ કરત। હત!



તેઓ કરતી હતી



129



Neuter



તઓ ક્સ્તા'હત!



The



negative



is



produced



prefixing



ન



to



the



verb wd



¥ કરતો નહતો .



I was not doing



e.g.



(variable)



by



TRANSLATION



1.Raj



was



2.Azee



reading



was



3.Mother



a book



writing



a letter



4.1/€ were not doing



the work



working in the town 7 .My wife was buying a dress .He was



speaking



10.Her



mother



was



were



the milk



Na દ્ધ પીતો હતો



a song



GA ગીત



were



walking



તમે ખગીયામાં 16.The



man



Mla 17.We



were



a 18.The



was



shoes



boy



in



the



થાલતા



not



garden



હતા



wearing



a coat



ડગલો પહેરતો નહતો living



ગામમા and



મા eich



ગાતા



હર “તી હતો



હુસેન તવા' Ast પહેશ્તો હતો 15.You



હતો



anid



new



in



the



village



ચ્હેતા હતા girl



છૉકશ્વે અને છોકરી



were



going



નિશાળે



હતી



પીતા હતા



cooking



wearing



હતી



નહુતા



તે ફેરી કાપતો હતો



singing



was



ay



તે તેમને aad



13.1 was going 14.Hussein



કાપતી



the mango



11.1 was drinking 12.You



બટાટા



લખતી



Ss AGW કામ કરતો GA પારી પત્ની Trans ખરીદતી હતી



to them



9.He was cutting



ua



તેઓ



6 .I was 8



અઝી



નબાથધતો હતો



અમે કાપ કચ્તા



tea



drinking



were



5.They



Musi



મા



potatoes



cutting



was



રાન



to



xd’



130



school



ga



હતા



હતી



19.He



was



getting



up



તે સવાશે ઉઠતો 20.The



children



morning



હતો



were



Nsw



in the



playing



with



the



dog



ફૂતરાની સાથે ૨૫ત! હતા”



EXERCISE In



each



of



the



WAS



HAPPENING.



the



bracket



following Give



using



the



Sentences



the



correct



Imperfect



the



form



ખુબ



2.He



a



not



singing



3.He was not liking 4.Why were 5.110 6.1



was



that work



loving



sitting



7.115



men



were



the



verb



verb



shown



in



ઢ”ડી (પડવુ!



(ગાન)



તે (ગમવુ')



તમે કેત (હસવ)



the



between



wa બે છોડશની



the



પેલુ કામ



you laughing?



boy was



of



of



Tense.



1.It was very cold was



action



girl



4D



those



two



છોકરીને



(ચહવુ')



boys



વચ્ચે (બેસવુ)



walking



behind



him



તેની પાછળ તેના માણુસો (ચાલનુ') 8.Two



cats



were



doctor



એ 10.The



was



the



living



house



(284) in



that



ગામમા' એક દેકતાર dog was



running



કૂતરો આગળ Now



in



A બિહાડીઓ



au 9.One



living



try



to teach



yourself



e(lidd’



way



આગળ to write



to learn



village



(શ્હેવુ)



out



in front



(UW the



Imperfect



ભાત



131



Tenses



of



the



verbs:



to run દોડવ્‌' to walk YA’



LESSON



19



You will know: how to Conjugate the Perfect Tense of Intransitive Verbs how to Conjugate the Perfect Tense of Transitive Verbs



how to Conjugate the Pluperfect Tense of Intransitive Verbs



how to Conjugate the Pluperfect Tense of Transitive Verbs



132



LESSON



PERFECT The



AND



PLUPERFECT



Perfect



English



The



Tense



is



Pluperfect



at



some



time



e.g.



yesterday



Both



these



Before Past



I had



is



or



Participle



The



Past



It



behaves



he



equivalent



recent



has



Past



place



is



taken



place



act.



Often



prior



to



equivalent



has



the



a variable



Participle the



as



one



method



of



forming



meaning



walked,



did,



went



adjective



and



has



the



Singular



Root



+ Al



Root



ઉ



Root



+4



Plural



Root



+ Al



Root



+a



Root



+ Ul



the



same



it



therefore,



essential



Intransitive



verbs



conjugations



Remember often



the



result



as



to to



too



the



Past



Definite



distinguish



between



get



the



correct



that



the



masculine



in a Compound



133



Letter.



etc.



forms:



Neuter



17)



the



component.



Feminine



(Lesson



to



etc.



Masculine



exactly



today



summarised.



are



and



Past



action



It



walked



The



etc.



took



therefore,



These



is



more



event



had



the



them



Participle like



an



earlier.



use



is



that



the



act.



walked



other



that



walked,



considering



he has



some



even



Tenses



a completed



denotes



before



implication



English



walked,



Tense



the



TENSES



expresses



I have



19



Tense,



and



Transitive agreements.



and



neuter



PERFECT



TENSE.



INTRANSITIVE



Perfect



Tense



Intransitive



The



conjugation



to come



VERBS



Past



verb



=



Participle”



of auxiliary



LALA



Present



છી



was



+



given



of



Feminine



I have come



હુ આવ્યો Eg’



હુ' અવા ૯



thou



come



ay આવ્યો છે



તુ આવી છે



has come



તે આવ્યો છે



તે આનીછે



hast



he/she/it she we



has



come



have



come



you



have



they The



negative



તમે આવ્યા



તપે આવી છો



is



formed



છો



તેઓ આવ્યા



છે



તેઓ આવી છે તેઓ આવ્ય! છે



using નથી



for



all



genders



Feminine



I have not come



Cy woul નથી



y આવી નથી



thou hast not come



લું આબ્યો નથી



તુ' આવી નથી



A આન્યો



તે આવ



has



not



come



નથી



she has not come you



have



not



have



come



not



come



The



TENSE.



Perfect



Participle auxiliary



numbers,



Neuter



ન્થી



અપે wey del



અપે આવી નથી



તમે આવ્યાનથી



તપે આવી નથી



તે આવ્યુ'નથી



તેઓ આવ્યાનથી તેઓ આન નથી Aad આન્‍્ય(તથી



TRANSITIVE



Tense



of



and



તેણી થ્યાવી નથી



they have enor, come PERFECT



A આળ્યુ છે



અમે આવી છીએ



Masculine



we



Neuter



અમે આવ્યા છીખે



come



he/she/it



9.



તેણી આાવી છે



come



have



€



in Lesson



Masculine



Tense



the



of



a



verb



VERBS



Transitive



used



verb ઈ i.e. છે and



with



the



134



verb



the



Personal



consists



Third



of



Person



the



of



Pronouns મે, તે”



Past



the etc.



to put



મકન



I have



thou



મે' usy’ છે



put



hast



put



he/she/it



has



she we



has



put



have



put



you



have



they



ALA



~



form



not



મે મૂક્યું નથી



put



hast



not



put



he/she/it



has



not



at પમૂક્યુ' નથી AQ મૂક્યુ' નથી



put



has



not



put



AMMA મૂક્યુ' નથી



have



not



put



અત્તે ws



she we



પૂક્યુ' છે



અમે મ્ડય' છે તમે મૂક્યું છે AMA મૂક્યું છે



put



Negative



thou



તેણે મૂક્યું છે



put



put



have



I have



તે* મૂક્યુ' છે



you



have



they



have



Only



the



not



તમે મૂકયુ' નથી



put



not



તેઓચ્મે



put



neuter



of is



the



remember



that



it



forms



in



the



singular



which



MUST



AGREE



નથી



Past



Participle



variable and



in GENDER



452" નથી



and plural



and



has



shown.



masculine



and



NUMBER



is



However,



and



feminine



a



neuter



plural



with



the



OBJECT.



which,



in



form



REMINDER There Tenses



are are



six



Irregular



ALWAYS



Transitive



conjugated



as



if



verbs they



are



Intransitive.



to miss



Ysa



to



study



ભણુનુ'



to understand



to learn



શીખવ



to bring



લાવવુ



to play



135



the



રમવું



Uw



Past



A



more



would



comprehensive



Irregular



Transitive



to impede



DA S45"



to touch



Abt gH



to grumble



ભૂલવ'



to forget



ભેય્વુ'



to embrace



nach”



to say



Wo Aq"



to conquer



or Ho



to eat



und!



to get



પામબ



to gain



ALA



to declare



ANAL



to cling



include



અડવુ



Each if



of



it



the



°



these



was



list



of



verbs



following:



conjugates



in



the



Past



and



related



tenses



as



Intransitive.



TRANSLATION



1.



I have



finished



2. They have 3.



I have



a



finished



vey see @



તેઓએ



written



42 ક્યુટ છે



મે લખ્યું



છે



4. They have written



ADV



5.



I have



not



finished



મે YQ’ Sut નથી



6.



I have



not



written



yz Avy’



7. I have written



the letter



(4-2



છે



નથી



મે* પત્ર aval



છે



8. I have not written



the letter



મે' પત્તર aval નાથી



9. Have



lesson?



તમે



you



done



have not



your



TOS



941



11.



I have



12.



I have come



13.



I have understood



14.



I have



15.



I have not come here



learned



not



done



my lesson



ના



the lesson



We મારો પાઠ કયો નથી



WY પપ્ઠ શીખ્યો



here learned



તમારો પાઠ gat £9



છુ



હુ અહી' આ।ા્યો



Ry Worl the



lesson



.



છુ



છુ



£9"



પાટ શી-ખ્થો નભી



SS અહી' આવ્યો નથી



136



16.



The



man



HIZA 17.



The



has



written



the



letter



dog



in



પત્ર હખ્યો છે



man



has



put



the



the



house



HIBA ga ean’ wsen છે 18.



I have



given



Yuva 19.



The



Raj



the book



ચોપડી



man



has



put



આપી the



છે



book



on



the



table



પાણુસે ચોપડી મેન્ટ પર yA છે 20.



The



man



has



MIR



TENSE.



The



Pluperfect



the



verb



are



variable



with



of



to come I had thou



we



had had



you



they The



the



Tense



from



the



the



and



MUST



AGREE



in



GENDER



verb



Past



Participle



to be Rath ~ and



NUMBER



with



Sentence.



Masculine



Feminine



હુ આવ્યો હતો



yg આવી હતી



gd આવી હતી તે આવી હતી તે આન્‍્યો હતો Tesi આવી હતી અમે આવી હતી અમે Woz! પતા તમે આવી હતી તમે આવ્યા હતા તેઓ આ ૧ હતી તેઓ આવયા હતા Singular તે આવ્યુ હવુ' qd Wow



come



come



come



Neuter



formed



of



come



had



VERBS



Tense



come



had



is



છે



Past



come



had



book



the



come



he/she/it she



the



INTRANSITIVE



Wd



had



on



Ug નાપ ચોપડી પર પૂક્યુ”



PLUPERFECT



SUBJECT



put my name



forms



are



હતો



તેઓ



Plural



137



આવયા” હતા”



of



Both the



Negative



Form



Masculine



come



I had not thou



had



not



come



Feminine



હુ આવ્યો નહતો



¢ આવી, નહતી



તુ Wo



cea આવી



નહતો



Avi અહી નહતી



she had not come we



had



you they



come



not



had



come



not



had



The Neuter



forms



PLUPERFECT The



come



not



Participle



the



Neuter



form



Verb



to put



and



અમે આવ્યા નહતા



અપે અપ્વી નહતી



તમે આવ્યા નહતા



Ad અપ્વી નહતી



તેઓ આવ્યા નહત1



તેઓ આની નહતી



Singular



તે આવ્યુ”



Plural



તેઓ



TRANSITIVE



Tense



Past



between



are



TENSE.



Pluperfect



of



of



the is



a



in



given,



but,



remember



Object.



મે ysy vd’



thou had put



ai પૂડ્યુ હતુ



she had



put



put



A,



Woy



તેણીએ



હતુ



મૂડ્યુઃહતુ*



we had put



અમે પૂક્યુ' હલુ



you had



તમે



they had



put put



તેઓએ



YoU



હલુ



મૂક્યું હલુ



138



verb



conjuction



I had put had



aval



VERBS



Transitive



verb



Ad’



wuow’



Ws



he/she/it



નહતી



તે આપવી તહતી



4 આવ્યો નજુતો



come



had not



he/she/it



ક



consists



with the



હતુ



of



oe



the



OnLy



agreements



Negative



I had thou



Form



not had



Wyse



put not



she



had had



we



you



not



they



AZ



put



અમે



usy asd Ysy"



નહ



તમે મ્ૂક્યુ' cise



put



not



ys. ig



AMM



put



not



had



not put



not



had



તે' પૂક્યુ' wd



put



he/she/it/had



તહતુ'



ANA



put



મૂક્યુ' નહતી



TRANSLATION



1 -The



boy has



-I had



હુ ગયો હતો હુ” ગ્યો છુ



gone



have



done



-He



has



-My



father



torn



has



come



-I have



given



have



-She



-I had -You



-The



-She



:-|. -eel 1-ક. 5 OOS Un છૂ. Sm Bo SE



seen



written have



-I haven't



-My



you



had



હુ' પોટરગાડીમા આવ્યો eg" મે' તપને ચોપડી આપી છે Dar avd નથી



book



him



the



તેણીએ કામ પૂર્‌ sul yg



work



મે' મારું ફામ YF ક્રય vd



my work your



the



gone



met



haven't



brother



પારા પિતા ત્યા ગયા છે



there



the



finished



men



.They



gone



finished



-Il have



book



finished



had



તપે આ કામ કયુ“ છે ae ચોપડી 121 છે



work



by car



not



had



this



the



.I have



ONG IIS 66 હિઝ NS) Coe ts -I



NSA (છોકરાએ) ચોપડી તાચી છે



a book



gone



*- have



-You



read



work



home



gone



તેઓ આવ્યા નથી MIT ભાઈ ગયો છે



to



તેણી નિશાળે ચાલી હતી



come



walked



ક્રાપ પૂર્‌ ક્યુ* vd’



Y પત્ર લખ્યો છે માણુસો ઘેર ગયા & Wy તેને મખ્યો નથી



letter



him



has



તમે AU



school



139



SS



QQ -adasra( stom val



21.He had come into the room. 22.He



has



stayed



23.He



had



sat down



in London



by train



come



have



24.1



he has



brought



આન્ટે તે દૂધ લાવ્યો 27.The



cat



has



jumped



તે



લ'“ડનમા



a



બેઠી હતો



OF



આગગાડીમઇ



છે



2a



આવ્યો eg"



મે* માજું કામ કયુ“ asd



25.1 had not done my work 26.Today,



ગાયું હતુ



ગીત



A



had sung a song



20.She



નહતો



ગયો



લ



gone



not



had



19.He



the



milk



દે



on



the



table



બીલાડી Yr પ૨ ફૂદી છે 28.The



Qe



29.He



teacher



has



asked



the



કોક્ર'ને you



had



not



written



children



છે



a letter



AQ પત્ર લખ્યો નહતો 30.Have



you



seen



his



new



house?



તમે ag ad aa ay



છે



NOTE:



23.The



to with



masculine



sit



is the



Pluperfect the



form



of the



બેઠો



(variable).



Past



Tense



Tense



has



listener



that



Past



When



of



the



a special



‘he



had



Participle



sat



this



verb



down'



Participle



to



meaning.



of the verb બેસવુ



be, a



and



the



બેઠો હતો



also,



that



is



used



resulting informs ‘he



was



stillysitting'y.



They had (and were



sat



at home



still



all



sitting



day



તેખો આખો



there)



140



દિવસ ઘરે બેઠા હ્તા



AMIE વશ્સાદ તૂટી પડયા SIMU:



અરે ભાઈ vA



હુસેનઃ



પગ તો વીસ વરસ જુના છે war HA



ખરીદી



EXERCISE



A



Give



correct



in



the



the



1.He



bought



of



In



each



a new



તેણ નતો બ'ગલો 2.Why



have



you



પગ પલળે



મારી ટોપી તો પે ગઈ



the



Perfect



case



the



Tense



of



action



HAS



bungalow



(ખરીદ્વુ')



brought



me



here?



તમે પને અહી' શા ule (લાનવુ') 3૩.1 have



become



old



હૂ* ઘરડો (UL) 4.Where



has



he gone?



તે sur (wd) 5.Rain



આ



has



fallen



this



year



સાલ વરસાદે (પડતુ)



6.The



corn



wo 7.We



not



has



not



ripened



(પાકવુ')



have



come



to



you



for



help



અમે aurti ui ure wre (આવવુ) 8.We



have



come



to you



to



ask



અમે તમારી પાસે ન્યાય ૫૭ .Who



આ 10.The



Er



has



put



this



AR રસ્તા time



for



મેચની



in



the



for



પાગતા middle



justice



(આવવ) of



the



road?



વચ્ચે (પૂક્વ)



the



છે.



છે.



form



bracket.



has



છતરી બશખ્‌૨ USN, aud



cricket



match



has



avia થના (2144)



141



come



the



verb



HAPPENED.



shown



EXERCISE



B



Examples:



I have



gone



He has not gone



Make



similar



હુ ગયો છુ



Have



તે ગયો નથી



We have not



statements



with



the



you



following



to miss



Wsd



to



to take



Aq



to drink



EXERCISE



6



Give



correct



the



bracket.



In each



1.Father



બાપુ



had



sat



end



2.Lots



had



case



down



the



to



of



action



HAD



had



aud



fl



the



verb



HAPPENED.



eat



built



nests



ae પ'ખીઓએ



started



out



at



in that



માળા



tree



(બા'ધવુ')



7 o'clock



તે સાત વાગ્રે બહા।૨ (Asunq’) 4.1૯



had



come



તે (આવવુ)



5.The



fisherman



had



come



to



sell



his



fish



પાછીમાર પોતાની માછલી નૅથવા (આવતવુ*) 6.1



had



AeA 7.His



seen



the bread



first



A wat (ra) father



had



died



(respect)



તેના (પિતા Hae (પામનુ'] 8.He



had



kept



બે Aas



two



cats



Ona’)



142



અમે ગયા નથી



verbs:



play



Tense



શુ તપે ગયા a



gone



(Aud)



of birds



તે wiser 3.He



Pluperfect



gone?



shown



in



the



9.He



had



stood



તે એક 10.The



His



પાસે



beggar



ભિખારી EXERCISE



near



had



aria



a tree



(Geig’) fallen



પર



on



the



ground



(પડત્‌')



D



Examples:



I had gone He hadn't



Make



gone



similar



& ગયો હતો



Had you gone?



તે ગ્યો નહતો



They



statements



with



the



hadn't



શું તપે ગય હતા



gone



following



verbs:



to sleep



સુનુ



to give



દેવ



to



ALAA



to



ટૅન્નન્‌



flee



143



see



dri ગયા નહતા



LESSON



20



You will know: —



how to Express Continuing Future Activity



—



how to use the Continuous Future Tense to Express



Probability in Present Time



144



LESSON



CONTINUOUS As



the



FUTURE



name



continuing



is will



The



be doing,



Continuous



Participle



to



go



of



TENSE



suggests,



action



the



20



in



this



the



will



Tense



future.



Its



be writing



Future



verb



Tense



with



of 4



the



conveys



the



equivalent



idea



in English



etc.



consists



Future



of



Tense



the



Present



of હોતુ



છ



Masculine



Feminine



I shall be going



Wi «તો હઈશ



હુ' નતી હઈશ



thou wilt be going



ત' vcd SA



d od



he/she/it will be going she will be going



A eal હશે



તે och હશે તેણી ard હશે



we will be going



અપે નતા હઈશુ'



WA oct slg’



you will be going



તમે નતા હશો



તમે “તી હશો



they will be going



તેઓ NAL હજ્ઞો



તેઓ નતી હશે



The Neuter



forms are Singular



તે oe



Plural



તેઓ



wat



હરે



ન્ત્તા' હશે



VOCABULARY



to sing



UA,



to cook



રાધન્‌



to swim



ALL



to eat



wh



to sleep



ઊ'ધવુ



to shut



બધ



નદી



sand



f.



રેતી



water



n.



weg



FACED



food



m.



ખખોરપ્ક



bread



m.



Dal



fish



n.



Yeo



to clean



river



sea



£.



m.



butter



n.



to travel



માખ્તણ્‌



મસાફરી



કરવ



145



of



કરબ



સાહ્‌ કરતુ



TRANSLATION



આમીના A આટીયા



MHA 2.She



will



Ae



be



studying



be



will



Atiya



and



Amina



Monday,



1.0૫



ભાસતી હશે



singing



ગાતી wr



3.They



will



તેઓ



be drinking



wed



4.She



will



પીતા હરે be



cooking



તેણી માછલ 5.You



will



be going



boys



the



fish



શ ધતી હશે



તમે ર્દારેયામા' 6.11૯



water



in



the



sea



oat હશો



will



be playing



in



the



sand



છોક્રાઓ શેતીમાં રમતા હશે 7.The



girls



will



છોકરીઓ 8.They



be



swimming



તેઓ નદીમ will



the



ator



be



staying



The



અમે



Future to



convey



They



are



used



will



that



house



the



to



be



eating



ખાતા



idea



express



હઈશુ'



and



are



plural



important



role



of



PROBABILITY



the



possibility



continuously



e.g.they



food



TIME



another



happening



Time



river



singular



have



used



Present



in



vudid



persons



Tense



something



we



IN PRESENT



third



the



રહેતા wa



evening



PROBABILITY



in



તશ્તા ya



તેઓ A ધરમા 10.In



swimming



તશ્તી ઇશે



will



9.They



be



or



probably



146



at



of



the



in



that



in



PRESENT



or



regular



eating.



Continuous



they



time.



probability intervals



are



of in



1.Shabbir



is probably



જશ્રખી૨ Ar 2.They



are



તેઓ



at



home



wala) el probably



xa



3.They



staying



eating



wr



probably



work



here



તેગ્તો અહીં કામ કરતા WY 4.Fehmida



is probably



cooking



ડ્રેલ્મદા ૨'ધતી va 5.Raj



is



૨1૦૪



Gad



6.They



are



તેઓ 7.He



probably



sleeping



ya



probably



cleaning



the



house



AV Ale કરતા GA is



probably



swimming



તે તરતો હશે 8.She



is probably



Awd



તરતી er



9.Aziza



is probably



આઝીઝાં el 10.They



are



તેઓ A



such not



INTENTION.



When



the



the



as only



closing



the



‘Shabbir



shop



gender



and



masculine



information



is



Thus,



is added number



or



the



to



with



this



the



suffix



stay



suffix



147



in is



at



probability



it



home',



but



also



is conveyed



૧1નુ (variable)



28M’



ભાનું.



Subject,



form



staying



indicated



the suffix



singular



regarding



probably



to be



by appending



of the verb.



to which



is



possibility



intention



listener



the Root in



there



ચાહતી પશે



probably



expresses



28



walking



દુકાન OG કરતા હશે



statement



to



swimming



and



to



, has



the Root



It has



to agree



therefore



this



example.



given



in Lesson



takes More 25.



સિનેમાનો



દશ્વાન:



સિનૅમા બ્રહુ મોઠા પડયા છે, DE શડૂ થયો છે.



આપ



Mest આનતનારઃ



કઈ aah નહિ, aX



દરવાન ખોલો, Y અનાનસ



ફયા“ તગર Wee oA હઈશ, દરત્રાતઃ નહિ વાત એપ નથી. Hen એટલી બધી અમા છે ફે હુ' દરવાજો ખોલીશ તો બધા WRAL બહાર ભાગી ov. (o%t) હુ EAL



VAAL તો



if I open for



protest,



objection m.



the



m.



show



Complete Tense



the



1.They



will



AR



ખૂબ



2.They



will



the



Sentences



correct



be having



form



a big



Gaal be



in of



picnic



(કરવુ)



living



in



that



city



તેઓ A શહેરમઈ (2v4’) 3.People



will



be



talking



about



him



(AST તેના AX વાતા (£24) 4.The



boys



will



be



playing



cricket



છોકરાઓ Be (244') 5.The



labourer



મજ્‌૨ 6.He



કામ



will



will



be working



(કરવું)



be



boiling



ત wat



(ઉકાળવુ”)



7.Arwa



be



will



આશના 8.Amina



અમીના



ગીત will



of



audience



following



by giving



use



door... m™



see .....



Lesson



31



તો



બ્‌ા'ધો



ખેલ



the



the



the



singing



water



a song



(ગાનુ) be cooking



(ર'ધનુ') 148



m.



the



the



WHA



Continuous



verb



in



the



Future bracket.



LESSON 21 You will know: —



how to Conjugate the Future Perfect Tense for Intransitive Verbs



—



|



how to Conjugate the Future Perfect Tense for Transitive Verbs



-



howto use this Tense to Express Probability in



Past Time



149



LESSON



FUTURE



PERFECT



TENSE



This



Tense



translates



as



gone



etc.



Since



Past



necessary verbs written



using



this



Future



the



Past



verb



to



be



with



the



Subject.



to go



હોતુ



of ક



The



wd



I shall



he/she/it



one



Intransitive



agreements



gone



have



will



gone



have



gone



you



will



have



will



they will



have



have



it



that



has



been



applies



when



VERBS Intransitive



verb



with



verb



the



agrees



verbs Future



consists Tense



in gender



of



and



Feminine હુ ગઈ



હુઈશ



તાં ગયો હશે



લુ ગઈ



હશે



તે શયોૉ



a



NI



હશે



ગઈ



તમે



gone



તેઓ



The Neuter forms are Singular



NET



ગયા



ગયા



હશો



હશે



અપે



તમે ગટ



હશો



તેઓ



હશે



તે ગયુ' હશે



Plural



તેઓ



150



aes serel



ગયા હશે



ગઈ



of the



number



હુ saat હઈશ



અપે શયા



gone



is



Transitive



aed ગઈ CA



gone



have



and



also



she will have gone we



will



element



All



Masculine



have



shalt



of



the



is



she



17)



INTRANSITIVE



Participle



done,



Gujarati.



their



Tense



have



Participle



(Lesson



Perfect



will



into



about



Tense.



PERFECT.



The



he



between



translating



previously



FUTURE



thou



the



to distinguish



when



21



FUTURE



PERFECT.



The



Future



the



Past



TRANSITIVE



Perfect



Tense



of



of



the



Participle



singular/plural



to finish



of



the



Mg.



VERBS



will



verb



Future



verbs



is



with હશે the



Tense



of



the



formed Third



verb



to



Person



be.



have



|



મે પૂર્‌ sue હશે તે ys ક્યુ હશે



finished



ay



43



£ue ba



she will have finished we will have finished



તેણીએ YY ક્યુ” હશે અમે ys ક્યુ“ હરો



you will have finished



તમે yz ક્યુ“ vat



they will have finished



તેઓએ



Only



in



the



neuter



gender



and



Transitive



IN



third



Tense



are



come,



is



or



given



between



but,



remember



VERB



and



the



agreements



OBJECT



when



using



to



TIME



singular



used



may



have



translate have



have)



to



UNCERTAINTY



which



they



probably



PAST



also



happening



used



is



number



persons



SUPPOSITION



be



form



ya! ક્યુથ હશે



verbs.



PROBABILITY



The



from



534



I shall have finished thou shall have finished he/she/it



Transitive



plural



convey



When



of



the



been



નહિ હોય



151



such they



in



this



Future



of



with



completed



gone,



used



the



idea



in connection



statements



probably



etc.



and



PROBABILITY



some



action



already.



as must



way



he



It



has



have



the



Perfect



or



would



probably



gone



negative



(they



form



1.They



have



AM



probably



આવ્યા



2.Hussein



હુસેન



has



come



હશે probably



gone



aw હશે



3.They



have



AAA



probably



finished



the



ફામ YS" કયુ“ હશે



4.Hussein



Bad



has



probably



not



gone



ગયો નહિ Oa



5.They



have



aww



probably



not



finished



પૂરૂ કયુ” નહિ હોય



have



walked



shall



wae 2.You



will



ચાલ્યો have



અમે 4.He



will



walked



will



A sion 5.He



have



આવ્યા



will



will



તે આવ્યો 7.He



will



તે આવ્યો 8.He



will



home



હશો



come



wel’



have



come



પશે probably



તે wow 6.He



there



હઈશ



તપે ધેર યાહ્યા 3.We



the



કામ



TRANSLATION



1.1



work



have



come



શે probably



not



have



come



afl હોય not



have



come



wt 1B not



have



gone



home



તે ઘે૨ ગયો Bea નહિ



152



work



9.He



will



probably



have



gone



home



તે વેર ગયો wR 10.He



will



probably



તે ઘર ગયો 11.1૯



will



not



a



have



have



will



AQ 13.He



received



my



Y aud will



ay 16.He



not



મારો કાગળ have



will



હશે



received



my



letter



today



મખ્યો હશે



have



the



today



yum



zr



read



received



uwhn



my



letter



today



નહિ હૉય



book



ના'ચી હશે



have



+4



letter



અપને



probably



will



15.He



have



મારો કાગળ



AR 14.1



probably



will



home



હોય



AQ wD કાગળ wer 12.He



gone



cut



કાપી



the



mango



હશે



probably



have



cut



the



mango



have



cut



the



તેણે કેરી કાપી હશે 17.He



will



probably



not



mango



ad કેરી ક્રાપી નહિ હોય 18.You



will



have



તમે થોપડી 19.You



will



AQ



not



ચૉપડી



20.You



will



read



નાચી have



the



book



હશે read



the



book



વાચી હશે iB



probably



not



have



read



the



book



તમે ચોપડી areal નહિ હોય NOTE: used



To to



avoid express



ambiguity, probability.



the



word



કદાથ્‌



Alternative



153



perhaps,



is



translations



often are:



5.He



will



probably



have



SEU A આવ્યો 12.He



will



probably



ફ્રાય AR 16.He



will



હશે have



received



wud કાગળ Vey



probably



કદાચ



come



have



AS FA



cut



my



letter



મખ્યો હશે



the



mango



sol હશે AR ey



પને તો તપારામ” sat રોગન!” Gp ત્યા” સુધી



today



આ શરાબના



acter’ નથી, છુ માનુ છુ



કારણે છે. કદાચ નશાને કારાયે હોય,



અચ્છા ડોકટર ન્ત્યારે AUD નશો ઊતરી ov ત્યારે પાછો well. sympton n.



CMe



drunkeness Each



of



નશો



these



Tense.



Sentences



Complete



verbs 1.1



n.



shown will



them



have



3.He



Ua



આહ



have



તે નિશાળે 4.1



don't



ય્પષ્છા્‌



good



written



in the



the



correct



તેઓએ



the



evening



AT



gone



to



we



shall



have



(wd) school



(wa)



suppose



probably



6.He will



he



will



haven't



ખબર



have



gone



home



yet



the



heard



have got my letter work



હતે બધુ' કામ



the



news



(AANA )



તેણે મારો કાગળ 7૦211



forms



my work



તે હઝીપપ્ડુ ધેર (તનુ) 5.They



Future



(પૂરૂ કરવુ') in



must



fine,



by supplying



finished



8 o'clock



અમે



Ach



in brackets.



મે” પા કામ 2.At



is



to treat



આને



is probably



today



(probably)



(મળવુ) finished



(પૂરૂ થવ) 154



now



gone



Perfect of



the



LESSON 22 You will know: —



how to Recognise Impersonal Verbs



—



how to use Impersonal Verbs



155



LESSON



IMPERSONAL Some



the



do



Person



special know



VERBS



verbs



Third



not



can



be



but



the



Some



seen,



Form



the



question To



you



MUST



commonly



these



be



made.



Gujarati



is



him



be



in



has



encountered



used



verbs



in



in



the



Gujarati,



translate



be



Do



you



transposed



it known?



Gujarati



the



are



To



first



version



ALWAYS



but



must



To



Gujarati



most



using to



becomes



the



English



of



have



the



Gujarati



normally,



When



constructions



Impersonal knows



conjugate



only.



Gujarati?,



He



22



it



Similarly



is known.



a Passive ACTIVE



into



As



connotation



Voice.



Impersonal



Verbs



are:



to be known



WAS’



to be painful



EMD



to be suitable



144"



to be liked (of food)



ભાનનું



to be necessary



ot¢/w



to be known



અપ્બડનુ'



I know Gujarati



પતે



thou



તને



knowest



he/she/it



Gujarati



knows



Gujarati



bo ridl આનડે છે ગુન્ત્રાત્પ



આવન્ડે



છછે



Vora



આવેડે



છે



તને



she knows Gujarati



તેણીને ગુન્ટ્રાતી આવડે



છે



we



અમને



ગુન્‍્ત્રાતી



આવડે



છે



તમને



ev 2icfl



આવડે



છે



know



Gujarati



you know



Gujarati



they know



Gujarati



The



form



same



becomes



તેઓને



the



question,



intonation.



156



ગુનશતી



simply



by



આત્રડે



a



છે



change



in



-Do



you



know



-He



knows



-We



know



-I have



તેને ગુન્‍7ચપ૫તી આવડે છે અમને ગુન્ત્શાતી આનડે છે મને દાતમા દુખે છે



Gujarati Gujarati



toothache



2is



41



to



-He



has



toothache



-Do



you



have



sft



is



yotr



to



On OK Si OO Or NaS Gor a -&Svae



તેને દાતમા દુખે છે



your



liking



તેને ફાને છે



Liking?



-Do



you



like



Gujarati



— ee



-Do



you



know



English?



13.She



તમને દાતમા' દુખે છે તપને SA છે



toothache?



to his



know



તમને ફને છે



Liking?



_ (j=)



12.We



તપને ગુન્ત્રઓ્તૌી Build છે



Gujarati?



આપને rAwvaidl ખોરાક ભાવે છે



food?



તમને weg આવડે છે અમને અ'પ્રેડ્ઠ આવડે છે ala efau gr છે તેઓને શુ ન્નેઈએ



English



has



toothache



14.What



do



they



15.They



want



want?



તેઓને



bread



Aza



MIR



૧



The



Impersonal



Lesson



23.



verb Four



ot SY other



will



be



considered



Intransitive



verbs



can



in detail also



be



Impersonally:



to begin



લતાગનુ



to walk,



to meet



HULA



to fall



When



used



to occur,



Impersonally,



to seem



to be found



1.1



am



thirsty



2.1



am



hungry



their



meanings



to go



UWA પડ નર



are:



લાગનુ



to be alright



શાલનુ



UNA



to be necessary



Uso’



પને તરસ લાગે છે પને Mt લાગે છે 157



in



used



ને .He



5.We



thirsty



are



4.They



are



hungry



hungry



6.૪૦૫



are



7.I1t



seemed



to me



good



લાગે



તૅઓને



cI



અમને



CLM



તમને



a a



HA



AD



8.That will do



તે ચાલશે



9.1 must go



મારે vd



છે



AA



તેને તરસ



is thirsty



છે



લાગે ઠે



લાગે



છે



હાગ્યુ



પડશે



10.You will get a mango



કેર મળશે



11.This will do 12.You will catch cold 13.Where can I get it? 14.Do you like this idea? 15.Yes, I like that idea



આ ચાલશે તમને શરડી AED મને A sy’ મળશે આ (AAR તમને ગમે ed BLA નિચાર મને ગમે છે



16.1 have got your letter



MA



17.1 have not got your



મને AULD



18.Neither



you



nor



મને ઝેતમને બેમથી 19.Can



I get



પને wt 20.You



સભામ!



I got



have



તમારે



to



the



એકેય



refreshments



નાસ્તો



will



letter



UA



મળ્યો



છે



પત્ર મળ્યો નથી



prize



ઈનામ



મળ્યુ' નજિ



here?



પાણી speak



તમારો



મળશે at



the



meeting



બોલવુ” Ush



west on (UMS એક છોકરાને sey થાલવુ' આ ક્યાપટ્ન!' 34 Che org



વગધમા' ese (AEN: શિષ્નકે wes:



Mele



CAL



yaa છુ? કર



we



$પ!



તુ'ચાલે છે



તે ચાલે છે



_g ડેછે? ત ટેડ છ



158



ewer



EXERCISE Write



the



correct



1.Today,



I have



aie 2.I



form



YA



hope



got



of



the



ઈનામ



you



will



the



get



shown



in



the



prize



(પમળનુ') reply



truthfully



મને આશા છે કે તુ' સાથો 3૩.1 will



verb



a decisive



ન્ત્વાબ (આપનુ)



victory



પને નક્કી ડ્તહ (મળતુ) 4.1



cannot



માને



swim



પાણીમા'



5.Can



you



6.Can



write



serraidl



script?



(હખતા'



(આનડતુ')



(21484') children



you



આપને was



તેના



(આવડનુ')



Gujarati



લીપી



Neary



10.1



Naat



I can



Bley 8.The



(21494")



Gujarati?



ralvaidt



you



7.Yes,



તરતા'



speak



આપને



9.Do



in the water



don't



એની like



sad



ordinal



that



મીઠાઈ



Gujarati



ગુન્/રાતી very



like



of sweet



(ભાનનુ” )



food?



was to hear



HA



kind



(ભાનવુ ): his



reply



બહુ દુખ



159



(Ud)



bracket.



LESSON



23



You will know: how to Express Want, Need, Obligation how to Express Wanting, Needing, Being Obliged to



do Something how to use the Phrases Wanted to, Needed to



how to use the Phrases Ought to Have, Should Have



160



LESSON



EXPRESSION



OF WANT,



NEED



THE IMPERSONAL VERB



om¢J2\



is



is used



in the THIRD PERSON only. (it)



WANT



or



meaning



of



or OBLIGATION



ન્નેઈએ



means



one



23



is



a number



needful



WANTING. e.g.



and



It



WANTS,



of



Impersonal



is



can



used



HAS



has



the



an



The



implication



URGENT



have



one.



but



all



it



is not



genders



negative



form



masculine,



The



only



meaning



need,



the



in



mdse HEL



c,



feminine



other



form



it will



can



in



absolutely



numbers



be



way,



necessary



of



have



also



this



and



the



that



that



કામ



the



ન્નેઈએ



is



is



the



form



variable



for



has



the



i.e.



has



forms.



Future



ન્તેઈશે્‌ 2



shall/will



AUR



ag



adjective.



necessary



necessary



to



plural



want,



=



NOT



used



is variable



is



these



is



It



and



of



of



be nice



Tense.



ન્નેઈએ



meaning



of



need



નોઈએ



singular



a



idea



each



the



i.e.shall/will



as



such,



shades



it would



ન્તોઈતુ



the



avd



but,



Present



Negative



used



it has



work



is



verb



to.



as



the



subtle



MUST,



factor



neuter



the



express



necessary.



be necessary



shall/will



nied’ used



and



common



to



several TO,



interpretations



and



The verb ન્તોઈએ literally



have



NEEDS,



Verbs



When



e.g.



money



જોઈતા પૈસા



PRESENT TENSE OF નતો ઈએ As



an



only into



Impersonal in



verb



Gujarati,



a form



hence,



capable



The



of



boy wants



I want



the



used



English



translation.



water



water



161



in



the



Third



sentence



Consider



the



Person



must



be



put



sentences,



Firstly,



they



must



To



the



can



now



water



be



To



transposed



boy water



To me They



be



into



the



is needful as



follows:



boy water



is



needful



પાણી



agar



છોકરાને



forms:



is needful



translated



the



Impersonal



The NOUN boy is put into its CRUDE FORM and SUFFIX



ને



is



from



the



APPENDED. To me



water



પને



is needful



પાણ્ડી નોઈએ



The PRONOUN I uses the INDIRECT FORM પને Study



the



points



the



following



of



view



agreements



1.What 2.1



of



the



the



carefully,



Impersonal



negative



bread



wants



especially



pronouns



and



nouns.



form.



do you want?



want



3.He



of



examples



(Lesson 9).



bread



તપને



શુ ai fr}



પને



TA



ન્તેઈએ



તેને



DveAar



ન્તેઈએ



4. લ want butter



અમને



HUA



5.You



તમને



Wats



નોઇઈએ



તેઓને



ASL



AVA



the pen



તેઓને



ક (હમ



xefdl નથી



want



છોકરાને



want



food



6.They want



7.They 8.The



9.1



don't want boy



don't



10.The



shoes



girl



doesn't



want



fish



bread



doesn't



ML



want



shoes



માછલુ



રોટલો



છોફ્રરીને



ન્તેઈએ



alg’ ન્થી



જોઈતો



ast



aedat નથી



11.1 want milk



પને દૂધ જોઈએ



12.1 want nothing



પને કાઈ



13.11



teacher



wants



a pencil



શિશ્ઞક્ને



162



નથી



ade’ પેન્સિલ



નથી ov}



Note



14.Will



you



want



some



15.We



don't



want



money



16.0૯



will



not need



money?



your



help



તમને



pet



જોઈશે



અમને



Da



ન્તેઈતા



અમને



તપી



17.1 want new shoes



HA



18.1



MA



want



19.You



a hat



want



20.1૯



the book



want



some



|



sweets



a



definite



immediate



need



for



I must



(now).



have



something



involved,



is



there



used,



its



1.1 must



negative



have



bread



મને રોટલાની 2.1



don't



need



need



તેઓને 5.They



તેઓને



will



is



have



then



is more



forms



are



latter



in the



(definite



there



definitely



the



being



when



latter



negative



need



form



bread



ની ન્તરૂર્‌ પડશે



an



either emphatic,



no



need



for



«tt 032 નથી and



is more



immediate



is



emphatic.



future ની «૬૨ પડશે નહિ.



need)



your



not



(no definite



need)



orga aru help



મને તમારી HEAT 4.They



ન્તેઈએ



gr છે



મને રોટલાની 3.1'1ll



The



Again,



is a definite



or I MUST



there



the



ની of 32 US “the respectively.



When



e.g.



used.



When then



નોઈએ



મીઠાઈ



involved



something



ની «733 પડે is



ન્તેઈએ



ની orgr us is



ની 3X છે ૦7



નહિ



ન્તેઈએ



ચોપડી



અમને



need



Hez roa



AGE



એજે



dur



THE PHRASES ની «73૨ છે ઠત When



AAU



નથી



need



(definite



need



in immediate



future)



ન્‍૮$૨ પડશે a house



(no definite



future



need)



ઘશ્ની aeQr પડશે aV must



have



થરની



a house



(definite



orgr પડશે



163



immediate



future



need)



6.The



man must



yar



have



a watch



થડિયાળની



gr



(definite



છે



7.The man wll not need a new 8.The



girl will



Asa 9.We



અમને 10.You



butter



will



need



NEEDING,



ot fry



or



other



do



છે



is



have



corresponding the



COMPULSORY,



The



as



want



want,



future



need)



future



need)



usd OBLIGED



TO



DO



SOMETHING



in conjuction wanting



under



an



need



with to



do



obligation



to,



must,



the



infinitive



something, to



do



should,



needing



something.



ought



to,



and



the



do,



.



need



to



do,



obligation



construction



used



to



Verbal



infinitive



+



પડે છે



(Present)



Or



Verbal



infinitive



+



પડશે



(Future)



now



is



that



if



there



ONE



do



is



wants



to



is:



Either



implication



of



negatives.



to



then



need)



need)



express



being



translate



When



used



to



They



(no definite



(definite



gz BEING



something,



future



usd નહિ



potatoes



verb



(no definite



«32 છે



Griritl



WANTING,



to



milk



(definite



માખણુની



તમને



some



not need



દૂંધની 9x



need



coat



«૮૨૨ Usa નહિ



નના SAIL



UWIAA



need)



MUST



do whether



one



is very



definitely



no



or not. On



the



other



obligation



to



hand do



so



something



then



the



corresponding



and



જું પડશે C&S (Future).



neither



negatives



164



are



now



nor



in



of’ Us નથી



need the



nor



future



(Present)



1.1 want



to read



the book



Ud Aud



2.1 MUST read the book 3.1 will have to read this book Examples



2 and



read



the



book.



When



the



infinitive



ક



બડે



1.



2.



Subject,



and



ને



The



Subject,



» on



તેણીને



The



a of



using



is



thee



તારે



» on



us



the



put



uses



અમારે



and



using



must



number



of of



the



verbs



with



3.You



have



into



its



Crude



Form



the



તેને



» on you



;



AHIR



agreements



will



infinitive



verbs.



આ



પડશે પશશે



have



to



Mud



read



this



shows



book



araal



usa



165



to



નતો ચ્ચે,



forms:



i.e.



to come



aad



લનાર



with



is variable



go home



will



તેને



way



me



the Object.



verbal



Intransitive



પારે FR oA 2.He



for



infinitive



TRANSLATION 1.I



in this



,on him/her/it



verbal



Transitive



suffix



when



obligation



તેઓને ક



in gender



4.



is an



is used



if a pronoun,



suffix



when



there



of a verb



if a noun,



મારે



them



The



મારે ચોપડી નાચતી પડે છે. Id આ ચોપડી atadl પડશે



is appended.



on her on



that



નોઈએ



પડશે ઝરત:



The



on me



3.



3 imply



ન'ચવી



is invariable



4.My



brother



doesn't



મારા ભાઈને 5.We



want



eat



the



ought



to write



to



come



પારે પાછુસ્ક 8.1



don't



a letter



want



will



tH



back



AHR 11.1'ત



to



not



better



have



must



to



have



my meal



eo



go



a little



તમારે vet આગળ 13.1



want



speak



પડશે નહિ



ofHd



12.You



speak



પડશે



MEY



“12



back



આવનવ્‌' નથી have



will



છે



to come



NAL



10.You



નોઈએ



આવવુ



મારે પાછ 9.You



book



Mela



AMIR કાગળ GHA want



this



bread



અપારે શેટલો ual



7.1



read



આ ચોપડી બાની તથી -



should



6.You



to



a word



further



of



with



જોઈએ



you



પારે તમારી MA નાત ફરવી છે 14.1



don't



want



મારે RY 15.My



to



go



આગળ



brother



must



children



છોકશને 17.They



તેઓને



far



as



aud



have



this



book



dial



to write



have



wd



to



પડે છે



a letter



ua arial પડે છે



will



that



org નથી



read



પાશ ભાઈને આ 16.The



as



go



પડશે



166



18.They



will



તેઓને



not



have



wg



19.He



has



20.We



want



પડશે નહિ



to come



SPs to



WU LR 21.You



ae



go



vt



should



Po worship



તમારે GRR 22.We



must



to go



finish



ae God



ભન્ત્વો



mgd



the work



(obliged



to)



અમારે કામ YS કચ્વ' ન્નેઈએ 23.We



must



finish



અમારે Wisin 24.They



ought



તેઓને 25.You



this



27.You



to help



him



go there



(will



must



go there



(need



ત્યા' od” must



invite



must



invite



have



to go)



વ્વેઈએ him



(obliged



must



him



(will



ન્તેઈએ have



children



enaavr



to)



પડશે



go now



મારે હને ad 30.The



to)



આપવ



તમારે તેને આપત્રપ્ડુ આપનુ' 29.1



to)



પડશે



તમારે તેને આમ'તણ્ડુ 28.You



definitely



તેને use કરરી asa



must



CHR



(will



YY કરનુ' ys



તપારે ત્યા' orf 26.You



work



જોઈએ won't



નિશાળે



have



vf



to



go



to



પડશે નહિ



167



school



have



to)



THE



PHRASES



WANTED



The



infinitive



the



verb



something.



+



1.1 wanted 2.He



Object



structure



+



to



3.૪૦૫ wanted



come



such



તેને as)"



તમારે



there



તેઓને



અપા[ફે



to come



to read



8.He wanted



the book



to read



9.1 didn't



want



હતુ



asa’



ANd



હતી



a book



મારે ચોપડી



તચની



મારે S\AY



*



wanted



to write



the



letters



WLR



-l



didn't



want



to



ન



didn't



want



to buy



write



letters



the



cloth



.1 didn't want to buy clothes TO HAVE



construction



AND



નહતી



લખવો



હ્તો



$ PLU



લતખવા



હતા



મારે



કાગળો



AWA



નહતા



પારે



કાપડ



ખરશીદનુ



નહતું



માર્‌ે gust’ ખરીદના' નહતા



ee ક re NHN WO CO f &



verbal



wt



ના'ચજી હતી



letter



The



હલુ



તેને Mud



the



OUGHT



rh



મારશે ચોપડી aad



the book



to read



હતુ



આ।વનુ



to write



PHRASES



is:



અહી' આવવુ



.l wanted



THE



do



WA!



ત્ય”



6.We



7.1 wanted



to



othe)



ત્યા



HI



want



sentences



(negative



5.1 didn't want to come here didn't



of



needed



or



do



to



Tense



મારે અહીં અ।4નુ હતુ



here



to go



of



...4 હલુ



to go there



wanted



,the Past



with Gq



wanted



as



to come here



wanted



4.They



general



TO



used



translates



The



Subject



NEEDED



verb



the



of



be,



to



TO AND



SHOULD



used



to



HAVE



convey



have done or should have done something



the



ideas



is ...4



ought



mq



wa,



which has the negative form ...4 ન્તેઈતુ' નહલુ' 1.1 ought



to have



come



here



મારે અહી” આવવ



2.1 should have come here 3.You



ought



to have



gone



4.You



should have gone



A dq’ હલુ



mR અહી' ada” avd there



there



que



AHR



168



ail’ «4d



ત્ય”



af



aay



to



vel હતુ



નોઈતું sc



5.1



shouldn't



have



પારે ang 6.We



આવનુ'



shouldn't



અમારે 7.He



widd



have



તેને ચોપડી તેને aud) 10.We



read



read



have



should



ought



AH 14.You



15.1



have



16.1



shouldn't



have



have



18.He



ought



તેને કપડા“



written



letter



wa the



letter



ન્તેઈતૉ નહત્લો



written



have



હતી



letter



the



adar



written



લખતા



shouldn't



મારે કાગળો



the



the



લખતનબા vat



મારે કાગળો 17.1



books



etal હતો



GUA



to have



should



ન્તેઈતી હતી



med



written



andr



મારે કાગળો



books



written



કાગળ



ought



the



the



GHA



તમારે કાગળ



નહતી



diudl



to have



should



book



addi



read



તમારે કાગળ 13.You



the



read



અમારે Muflat 12.You



book



ararlt



have



book



હતી



the



read



to have



અમારે ચોપડીઓ 11.We



the



ન્નેઈતી cll



atadt



ought



નહતુ'



ash



glut



shouldn't



here



aed



avudl



should



9,He



come



to have



તેને ચોપડી



here



ata’ aud’



have



અહી”



ought



8.He



come



the



હતા letters



Meal written



letters



હતા the



letters



લત્ખવા નેઈતા નહતા to have



ધોવા



washed



aca’



the



હત”



169



clothes



19.He



should



have



તેને gust 20.He



washed



Aa’



shouldn't



the



evar



have



તેને sust Aat



clothes



wav



washed



the



acdat



clothes



નહતા”



se wy એક MR વકીલના ઓફ્ીસમા' wes sec. “મને egziesi મળી શકે કે નહિતે ur nag છે' AMA



પૂછયુ': ad



war



છો? પશુ હી



હઠ



walof આપ્યોઃ: 'હાહ્ઝ



શીએ



'તો છૂટા છેડા મળી શકે' નકીલે બોલ્યો The problemn. “દઈને



{2H



A Perfect



Participle



છૂટાછેડા મળી શકે



able



AQ પશ્ણેલા'



The



છૉ



(Lesson



24)



to get a divorce neuter



question



(Lesson



plural



is



used



concerns



an



adult



24)



because



the



female.



EXERCISE



Use



either



verb



missing



necessary



1.I



નનેઈએ from



verbal



don't



want



must



must



at



must



આપણે 5.I



do not



પડ્શે ૦૪ પડે to Where



this



AEGoa die!



flee



a long



way



ol) from



here



do it



love



required,



time



બહુ દૂર anal wd



તમારે તે srg’ ( 4.We



જ



bracket.



anything



તમારે અહીંથી ૩.૪૦૫



the



નશી



agreements.



મારે: AL વતે 2.You



ક awd



each



) other



બધાને ચાહનુ'/( want



this



MR aruta



(



)



meat



|



) 170



(



)



supply



the



make



the



'



6.You



તમારે 7.You



must



go



vt MUST



come



લમાડે ur 8.You



aur



MUST



( to my house



ઘેર આવતુ



dine



with



wil wea



9.The



book



should



10.You



must



see



me



oud be



put



(in



( (in



Poca



immediate



future)



) the



Gs.) there



mud au ysal () it



the



ce)



171



immediate



future)



LESSON



24



You will know: how Two Verbs are used to Express a Single Idea



(Compound Verbs) the Three Main Situations in which this Occurs the Two Forms of the Perfect Participle



how to distinguish between Knowledge and Physical



Ability to do Something how to Express Doing Something for One’s Own Advantage



how to Express Doing Something for Someone how to Express Emphasis and Intensity for an Action how to Differentiate between Continuing Activity and Activity which is now Stopped



172



LESSON



INTRODUCTION



TO COMPOUND



In



English,



on,



away,



down



two



verbs



are



The



second



action way



they



main



are



called



is



convey



for



3.



To



add



there



ideas



as



such



knowing



how



doing



has



for



been



done



a particular



In Gujarati,



express



two



THREE a



a single



or



idea.



strengthens



verbs



are



used



being to



situations



second



the



in



this



do



something, to



one's



a specified



in



the



emphasis



in



which



the



verb.



physically



something



that



participles



VERBS.



are with



establish



possible



COMPOUND



to



the



idea.



defines



When



compounded



someone,



To



pair



verb.



with



a single



together



the



first



combined



convey



used



of



speaking,



VERBS



often to



often



something,



2.



etc.



the



verb



To



are



verb



of



Broadly



1.



verbs



24



able doing



own



action



to



do



something



advantage.



as



much



as



circumstances.



to the



action



of



the



first



verb.



In



each



SHORT



of



FORM



a SECOND



these



OF



VERB



Consequently, Perfect



situations,



THE



PERFECT



which it



is



Participles



the



PARTICIPLE



CONJUGATES



to



OF THE



consists



FIRST



of



VERB



the



with



NORMALLY



necessary prior



Compound



to



consider



studying



173



the



Compound



formation Verbs.



of



PERFECT



PARTICIPLE



Perfect



The



seen



etc.



form



and



meaning



has



the



has



TWO



forms



Gujarati



a



short



but



Long



only



Form



Short



form.



Form



the



of this



They



SHORT



FORM



both



done,



having



Participle,



a long



having



meaning



Participle



have



is



used



exactly



Verbal



Root



+



the



=



Verbal



Root



+



the suffix



suffix



Perfect



The



Participle



Form



Short



form



ન્નૈ



mesa



ves



to go



4



ov



ov et



or



todo



કરન્‌



GR



કરીને



&



Participle Past



(or MORE)



expressed



activity



1.



&



viol’



recording



TWO



Long



ae



to see



Perfect



or



Root



Having



mi સભળીને 2.Having



Perfect



Past



heard



eaten



this,



his



the



તે ન7મનાનુ'



કૂતશે ઊઠીને 5.Having



હાથીને



seen



Subject



the more



Participle



reporting



is



involved



in



distant



activity



is



and



the



more



recent



he



became



very



angry



તે "ખૂખ ગુસ્સો થયો



heard



got



when



s



father's



તેના પિતાનો wai



4.Having



the



use



Tense.



~



3.Having



When



activities,



the



by the



considerable



events.



Past



by



has



same



in COMPOUNDS.



=



Infinitive



the



૯



સા'ભળીને food,



orl up,



the



ઓટલો the



voice, કૈ



she



boy came



છછોક્શે આવ્યો went



Crud dog



the



came



to



school



ગઈ to



the



verandah



aticz\



elephant,



he



said,



Now



what



ન્નેઈને ad say ' હને શુ' ક્ડીશુર 174



shall



we



do?



6.Having



heard



this,



અપ WAU 7.Having



gone



તે શનક near,



seen



his



very



pleased



Hal



he



પાસે ન્ત્ઈને AB 8.Having



he was



saw



the



કાગળ



MD



friend,



he



letter



said,



Hello!



(AA નનોઈને AL sey 'કેમ છો' 9.Having



seen



all



this



much



money,



become



very



he



આટલા બધા પૈસા નોઈને A ૨1૭% ev



10.The



teacher,



MHI



having



““ીન્ત્તાઈને



11.1ત011૪



heard



the



બૂમ WAU 12.The



man,



cry,



he



pleased



cross,chided



the



children



ખૂબ માયા



came



outside



A બહાર આવ્યો



having



માણસે GUA 13.Having



છોક્રામે



was



laughed,



said,



That's



good



say "UD ed!



walked



and



walked,



the



men



were



very



tired



ચાલી ચાહી Hesar થાકી ગયા હતા 14.The



boy,



ENUM



15.Having



પાબાપ 16.Having



having



become



pleased,



asked



Is



that



book



ey થઇને પૂછયુ' 'પેઈી ચોપડી મારી છે?'



heard



આ



this,



the



સાભળી



written



parents



ખૂબ



the



were



very



mine?



annoyed



ખીન્ત્નાયા'



letter,



he went



પત્ર લખીને તે ગયો 17.Having



fallen



down,



they



began



to



cry



નીચે પડીને તેઓ રડવા લાગ્યા 18.Having



come



near



પુલ પાસે આનીને 19.Having



ming



sunk



to



the



bridge,



stopped



ગથો



તે અટક્ટી



in the water,



he



the child



પાષણ્ડીમાં' હૂબીને મરી ગયો 175



died



(i.e.drowned)



20.Having



gone



માણસ



out



of



the



shop,



દુકાનની બહાર



the



wr



man



i



17.



રડના લાશ્યા



13,



18,



of



made



now



the



our



VERBS



Each



of



the



used



will



The



First



1.



To



the



PHYSICAL



The



ability



its



performer



situations



in



which



ABILITY



the



knowledge



Participle



of the main



being of



verb



verb



able



the



main



to



Participle,



we



to



Compound



Verbs.



Compound



three



Verbs



are



functions.



KNOWLEDGE



a



task



knowledge



the



game



and



HAVING



is



of



to



do



doing



needed



game



depends it,



it. to



play



the



whether



or,



whether



For



is played.



played,



on



example,



a



game,



or



To



show



the



Short



Perfect



verb



to play



ર૨પત્રું' 13 compounded



.



To show



the



wi8:;q°



verb



of



the



particular



ability



the



play



have



HAVING



of how



of



second



a



physical



how



Verbs



capability



knowledge



a



the



in detail.



mental



physical



the



to



TO DO SOMETHING.



perform has



the



emphasis



Perfect



uses



between



to



the



and



distinguish



the



with



be considered



Types



give



formation



Compound



you



merely



the



of



has



have



acquaintance



three



now



, ગયો



, 4 4\



action.



consider



COMPOUND



ગયા



are



actions



The



Verbs.



of Compound



Examples



respectively;



completion



he



25)



by the first verb of the pair viz. થાકી , wv}



નાસી



Having



began to cry (Lesson



20.



19,



conveyed



can



away



નાસી ગથો



NOTES:



and



ran



game play



then %4&



ASH,



176



the



Short



physical Perfect



is compounded



with



ability



of



Participle



with



a second



Infinitive To know



to



how



play



to



play



To be physically This



other may



auxiliaries



2.



one



and



operation, Short



Perfect



of Main For



then



The



as



is



if



is the



is



To



do



something



can



2.1 know



SOMETHING



may



demand



rte



dor



applies



to



knowledge



it.



Both



the



normally.



OWN ADVANTAGE



by performing



a particular



by:



લેવુ (conjugates



advantageous



conveyed



by using



by the



FOR



for



first



favour,



read



the



a



particular



Compound



ના'થી



verb,



the



second



with



the



implication



one



Participle



of



often two



+



constructions



Either 24



Or



how



to



normally)



લેવુ-



verb



Qo!



SOMEONE



someone,



play cricket



3.1 cannot



which



to one's



of Main Verb 1.I



but



advantage.



do



Perfect



is



stated



To



or



games,



conjugate



is expressed



it



this



3.



kindness



to



apality



+



then



indicates



work



advantage



Verb



action



Short



this



ari]



Participle



example,



letter



some



Participle



શકવુ'



limited



R154"



which



gains



૨પ



physical



olin નુ



To do SOMETHING



Whenever



not



such



the



Perfect



ov 12 of



to play



is



situation



demand



Short



aut



able



construction



any or



શ્મનુ



to play cricket



play cricket(physically)



177



(which



atid’



(physically)



can



be



of



used:



conjugate



normally)



હુ Bye arf UE છુ હુ Rye



wil MBs



ધ્દ્ર



હુ Re



રમી શક્તો નથી



a



4.I



do not



know



Bee 5.You



how



to



રમી mad



will



be able



play



cricket



નથી



to



do



this



work



તપ્રે આ કામ કશી શક્શો 6.You



will



not



be able



to do



this



work



તમે આ કામ કરરી શકશો ald 7.You



will



તમે આ 8.The



not



9.The



how



to



do



was



able



to do



this



work



work



આ કામ કરી શક્યુ child



did



not



know



how



ENSY આ કામ કરી Qu 10.We



this



કામ કરી meget aly



child



ENS



know



looked



at the book



to



do



this



work



ale



(our advantage)



અપે ચોપડી oe! lef 11.Take



some



fish



(advantage)



Ast માછહા' લઈ at 12.We



shall



send



your



letter



back



(a favour



અમે તમારો ut પાછે મોકલી દેઈશુ 13.He will



give you mangoes



તે તમને Fle 14.Put



it down



(kindness)



આપી દેશે



(kindly



do so)



મૂકી દો 15.He



gave



me money



(kindness)



AQ મને Rar આપી ટીધા 16.



Divide



these



sweets



between



the



children



આ મીઠાઈ લોક્સઓ નચ્ચે વહે'ચી આપો



178



for



someone)



The



Second



that



as



The



Types



much



verb as



the



used



in



this



In



in



in



normally



second way,



the



Compound



possible



444%



used



finish



as



of



sense



two



of



a



However,



Compound



together



as



much



as



been



one



it is also



Verb



have



done.



the



and,



when



meaning



to



can.



playing



૨૫0



to cut



કાપનુ



to finish



cutting



કાપી ચકનુ'



to eat



ખ્ખાનુ



to finish eating



case,



as



the



much



as



sense



is



possible



playing



2.I



have



finished



cutting



has



finished



playing



4.Kaneez



has



5.He



finished



has



6.1've



Third



Form



of



second



finished



walked



particular the



verb



second



auxiliaries



These



of



has



establish



to finish



1.1 have finished



The



to miss.



verbs



doing



to



circumstances



means



component



the



used



wu’



eaten



The



the



are



to play



each



3.He



Verbs



far



Types



of



Perfect



the



the



as



the



is



are



used,



or



cut,



or



WY કેરી, sul ચુકી છે



તે au] ચુક્યો ed કનીઝ



the



bread



w,



Verbs



main



giving



an



auxiliary but,



FIVE



are



verb to



ax



ચુકી છે



તેણૅ રોટ્લો



I can



The



an



played,



Usd’



circumstances.



mango



Compound



pair



has



ખાઈ



હુ aul યુક્યો eg"



Participle



verb



one



playing



emphasis.



of



in



cutting



as



that



As"



is



Al



indicate



EMPHASIS to are



the



ચુક્યો



used put



કાપી ચુક્યો &



to



provide



into the



or



છ



the



action,



a



Short the



INTENSITY.



main



commonly



verb.



Many



encountered.



are:



to go oot’ to put rd,



to see નોનું to stay WF



179



to do SLA



Their a



actual



meanings



Compound



verb



Verb.



that



is



translate



the



keeping



mind



or



to go This an



in



special



together



the



the



in



main



the



verbs



Each The



role



to



in a separate



the



be



should



be



made



the



these



and



main



has



so



of



will



be



SAL’ have



will



be



a



studied



section.



vo auxiliary



is



used



to



give



emphasis



to



the



COMPLETION



of



ACTION.



to know



oles 4



He found



to come



WAY



Come



to get ૫0



BlSA



Come on, get up



ઊઠી



to take



Qa’



Take this away



આલઈન્ત



to fly



ઊડનુ'



The



to stop



અટ ટવ



He



1%



The watchman



to wake



up



to put



AMM



Like



ov A



completion more of



The



terms



auxiliaries



they



to



together,



in



28,44" and



of



main



verb.



considered



auxiliaries



play,



part the



auxiliary



of



are to



from



MUST



they



imparted



attempt



isolation



effect



turn.



when



emphasis No



intensity.



considered very



is



auxiliary



and



emphasis



It



unimportant



important.



auxiliaries



in



are



this



of



the



forceful.



It



over



bird



but



suggests



flew



wil



away



is



up WAN



gives



emphasis



a finality



on



a અટકી



woke



much



on



uefl ઊડી ગઈ



abruptly



also



it



તે onl ગયો



here



stopped



auxiliary



action,



out



stronger



almost



to



ગથો



oA] ગ્યો



to



and the



the



much point



irritation.



to see



નોનુ'



I've already



seen



it



to



કહેતું



Say what



have



to



પરન્‌



The man killed the snake



say



to kill



you



YA જોઈ નાખ્યુ બધુ



$f



નાખો



HER સાપને મારી નાખ્ખ્યો 180



to



wash



ai



Wash



the



clothes



sust ધોઈ નાખો to mend



સમુ $24



Mend



the



chairs



ખુરશી to finish



પૂફ 42



right



away



સમી કરી and



He finished off the work



AQ કામ Ys કશે aor’ By



analysing



the



the



auxiliary



the



main



course



should



verb,



I've



example,



seen



with



irritability have



it,



to



say



to see The



verb



context,



verb as



of



what



you



be



of



these



examples,



clearer.



With



it!



becomes



9 A ae નાખ્યું.



quick



have



to



in



a



say



as



statement



about



to,



already



verb



I've



verb



it,



or



in Gujarati



seen



the



up



In



as



of



to



see



as



or,



Of



the



second



verb, Say



and



becomes



effect



it,



main



such



Hurry



the



the



English



involved be



two



the



the



and



what



get



on



the you with



બધુ ay નાખો.



ન્તેવુ” to



see



loses



the



feeling,



to taste



first



its



pair,



is



also normal



it



smelling,



(4



used



as



an



meaning.



indicates tasting



an



auxiliary, When



used



examining



or



and as



the



in



this



second



testing



such



etc. -



Have a taste



ચાખી sot to read



Apu



Read



આ to smell



સૂઘવુ'



Smell



this



to see what you think of it



વાશી oat this.



(What do you think of it?)



આ સૂધી જુઓ



181



THE AUXILIARIES 230A” AND 524 The



statement



that



the



activity be



or,



same



kind



had



Has



or



activity



to



an



of



by saying been



playing,



in



it time,



and



playing



am



main



to indicate show



the



is



between



action,



whether



but



them



is



may



to



action



still



the



I've



been



two



stopped



do



so.



The e.g.



playing.



continuing? made



by



and either 4"



the



a past



instances



have



still



sense



to



between



in other



it



the



which



continuing



apply



in



refers



distinction



been



or



distinction



to



present



can



stopped



the



auxiliary



incomplete



whether



the



playing



is



I shall/will/should



Gujarati,



an



know



I have



uncertainity



activity



verb



not



In English,



I have



been the



playing



does



be made



now,



been



listener



continuing.



could



I



I have



is



using



In a



or SiN’as



continuing



or



not.



Activity Short



Ended:



Perfect



Participle



of the main verb e.g.



I have



Activity



Verbal



been



+ playing



Perfect Tense of (but



I'm not



now)



રહેવુ



ણુ શ્મીં zal 9"



Continuing:



Base



(Root)



of the main



verb



e.g.



been



I have



This



construction



habit



of



doing



+ Al+



playing



can



Present



(and



also



still



have



something.



182



Tense



am)



the



of SAH"



SUR al



meaning



to



ar દુ



be



in



the



to play



Rey



Activity



Completed:



I have thou



we



been



playing



has



been



playing



has



been



playing



have



been



playing



you



have



they



been



have



I have thou



અપે afl een છીએ તમે afl ren છો તેઓ રમી ચ્હ્યા છે



playing



been



Activity



playing



Continuing:



been



છુ ર્પ્યા કરૂ છુ



playing



hast



been



playing



તુ શમ્યા ફરે છે



has



been



playing



A VA SID



he/it



has



been



playing



aed શમ્યા «2 છે



have



been



playing



અપે શ્પ્યા કરીએ છીએ



she we



playing



hast



he/it she



been



you



have



they



been



have



been



playing



to



translate



Similarly,



ACTIVITY



તપ્‌ ALU કરો છો



playing



ENDED



Short



તેઓ: I had



Perfect



been



I had



thou



Participle



she



had



we



had



you they



playing



been



had



had



been



had



playing



been



been



had



+ Pluperfect



playing



playing



playing



been been



playing playing



હુ' રપી શ્હ્યો હતો



a art 2a uct તે afl ran હતો તેણી રપી ah હતી અમે



શ્પી રહ્યા હતા



તમે afl શ્હ્યા હતા તેઓ



of WH



+ Imperfect of કરન્‌



Completed:



been



he/it



કરે છે



playing:



ACTIVITY CONTINUING Verbal Root “યા Activity



રપ્યા્‌



૨પ



શ્હ્યા હતા



Activity



I had thou



been had



he/it she we



had



been



they



The



as



I will thou



she we



have



Activity



thou



she we



have



will



you



they



playing



playing playing



been



playing



been



been



have



will



will



used



કરતા હતા



રપ્યા કરતા હતા to



translate



statements



etc.



playing



હુ' રપી cat હઈશ



તુ' ૨૫૫ રહ્યો હશે તે રપ શ્હો હશે



તેણી al ed vr અમે શ્પી 2a ઇઈશુ તમે ૨મ ૨્દ્યા હશૉ તેઓ રમી રહ્યા હશૅ



Continuing:



will



he/it



been



have



playing



been



been



have



will



I will



playing



playing



been



have



have



will



they



been



have



will



will



you



been



are



કરતા હતા



Completed:



have



will



તેઓ



constructions



have



WUlL



તમે Wal



playing



I will



will



he/it



અપે



playing



been



Activity



તેણી રમ્યા કરતી હતી



playing



following



such



તે શ્પ્યા ક્રરતો હતો



playing



playing



been



had



તુ' રપ્યા sadt હતો



playing



been



been



had



હુ' શપ્યા કરતો હતો



playing



been



had



had



you



Continuing:



have



will



will



been



have



have



playing



been



been been



have



have



playing



playing



playing playing



been



been



playing



playing



હુ' રમ્યા કરતો હઈશ GWU કરતો હશે તે શમ્યા કરતો હશે તેણ્ડ્ડી



રમ્યા



કરતી હશે



WY રપ્યા કરતા ely’ તમે રમ્યા કરતા wat તેઓ રમ્યા કરતા WA



1.I have



been



playing



છુ' બે કલાકથી 2.1 have



mia 3.He



been



for



two



hours



(still



am)



રમ્યા sz eg



reading



my book



today



(not now)



GC પારી aust નાચી ra eg has



been



writing



for



one



hour



(still



is)



તે Ae saisel લખ્યા કરે છે 4.He



has



been



writing



for



તે એક ક્લાક્થી “rl 5.It



had



been



Aue 6.It



raining



been



will



(stopped



raining



have



તે mus} have



been



have



હ"



for one



11.17



the



(not now)



writing



(still



am)



કર્‌ છુ have



been



had



been



«ઈ



going



have



been



છુ ove 13.You



going



2



હતો going



શ્થો eg"



have



been



playing



તમે wl ૨્હ્યા છો 14.We



અમે



have



been



ayy



playing



કરીએ



(still



કશ્તો હતો



નઈ rau veel



હ 12.1



reading



writing



been



shall



wy



been



પડય।



hour



શ્હૉ છ



લખ્યા



10.We



now)



now)



બ'ચી zai હશે



gw લખી 9.I



(not



ચ્થો છે



બર્સાદે એક કલાકથી



8.1



hour



usl eat હતો



had



7.He



one



છીએ



185



book



was)



15.Raj



has



ra



had



Roy



છે



been



WAL will



playing



$A હતો



have



a sy 18.He



playing



afl 2



16.Raj



17.He



been



been



working



sf રહો હશે



will



have



been



working



તે કાપ ક્યા“ sat હશે 19.1



have



been



walking



હ' ચાલી રહ્યો eg’ 20.1



have



been



& UCU



walking



$F છુ



21.1



have



been



bowling



for



one



22.1



have



been



reading



my book



hour



હુ એક કલાકથી બોલ નાખ્યા કર્‌ છુ' since



morning



છુ સવારથી મારી ચોપડી વાચી રહ્યો ee"



23.They



have



been



તૅઓ aul 24.1



had



had



for



you



ww AU કરે છે



been



wy હપ્ખી 25.1



waiting



writing



જે



been



હતો



writing



હુ' લખ્યા કરતો હતો 26.1૯



will



have



been



writing



અપે લખી di હઈશુ' 27.We



will



have



been



writing



અપે લખ્યા કરતા weal 28.They



had



been



તેઓ AeA



walking



#રતા હતા 186



29.Hussein



has



been



speaking



30.Hasheem



has



been



speaking



હુસેન Gar બોલી રહ્યો છે



in



school



હાશીમ બોલી él છે 31.In



the



aay



house,



a lot



of



preparation



ભારે ધાપધૂમ થઈ



32.They



had



been



going



and



Azee



had



from



been



૨૫૦૮ અને અઝી 34.Two



boys



were



been



happening



રછી હતી one



તેઓ એક Adal બીન્ઝે વન 33.Raj



had



forest



another



forest



wel ચ્હા હતા



playing



afer fighting



to



the



નાગ for



one



musical



instruments



ea હતા” ball



Me Ait HV બે છોકરા લડી i હતા 35.That



bird



Ya



url



36.The



men



has



been



flying



આન'દથી



have



been



આક્રાશમા'



drums



નોબતો 38.The



been



ગગડી



sound



ડુ'ગશાની 39.The



had



had



have



been



ઊડી શ્હ્ુ છે



thundering



૨હી હતી been



coming



and



the



Queen



પહ્ઠાશાન્ત અને al 40.1



sky



છે



from



ટોચ ઉપશ્થી wea



Emperor



in the



talking



પાષ્તુસો નાતો કરી 2 37.The



joyfully



thinking



on



top



wil



have



been



અહી atl how



I will



feed



of



the



hill



રહ્યો હતો coming



here



eeu’ છે the



children



છોફર”ને શી રીતે ખનવડાવીશ એનો હુ' વિચાર કરી રહી eg In



Sentence



feminine Sentences



31,



agreement from



this



વામધૂમ



of



is



the



point



a



feminine



auxiliary. of



view.



187



noun,



hence,



Analyse



the



the



other



yeu ક્ય છે lov આને હુ ભારે પરેશાન eg" શબોરઃ કેમ શુ“ થયુ'? શુ



કરા



રરી



અન



ગમ



છે અને



wl



સુધા oy



નહિ મળે ત્ય સુધી Bw એને શોધી શકીશ નહિ. NOTES:



પરેશ IA



harassed



શુ થયુ



ખોવ્‌'



to lose



ot’ સુધી



ખોનાવુ'



to be lost



(Passive,



“વાઈ zl છે The auxiliary that



શોધી 215¢



the



What's



the matter?



Loca સુધી until



Lesson



30)



v4 gives emphasis



spectacles



have



been



to the fact



lost.



To be physically able to find



EXERCISE:



Write



the correct



1.Bring



me a spoon



મને ચમચો 2.1



form of the verb(s)



have



left



shown



in the brackets



(kindness)



(AIA



આપનુ)



my



at



book



home



Hi ચૉપડી ઘેર (WA ન્ત્વુ) 3.You



brought



me



fish



તમે મને પાછલી 4.He



તેને



got



(kindness)



(લાનતુ' આપનુ')



the necessary



money



નોઈતા પૈસા (મળનુ નવુ)



5.Having



seen him,



the



dog



began



to



bark



loudly



તેને rd’) ફૂતશે ન્તેશ્થી ભસના Gea 6.



Having



બધઇ 7.Having



CNS



waited,



they



all



sat



down



au (નનેનુ') Qs wal heard



એપના



their



USA



words



the



(સા'લળનુ') 188



people



used



આન'દં



to



feel



પાપતા



pleased



8.Having



gone



near,



he



read



the



letter



પાસે (wd) AX svn ત્વાશ્યો 9.He



came



back,



having



made



the



pilgrimage



તે oat (કરવુ') પાછો gant 10.She



આ



has



completely



forgotten



this



story



નાત તે (ભૂલબું wd’)



11.The



man



woke



WIA



up



(ન્તગનુ' af”)



12.Sit



down



13.Get



this



(બેસવુ ard’) letter



આ કાગળ 14.1



will



today



Alor (AHA send



wy તમારી 15.You



written



your



hat



ટોપી પાછો



have



been



writing



નાખનુ*)



back



(મોકલવું 24") (still



are)



તમે (aud કરનુ') 16.You



had



been



writing



(still



were)



તમે /લખનુ' $24") 17.You



had



been



writing



તમે (aud 18.You



will



19.You



had



24")



have



તમે (and been



(not now)



been



writing



રહેવુ'ડે playing



તમે (AHN 24") 20.Look



તમારા your



up



the



meanings



શખ્દકોષમા'



આ



of



these



difficult



અથશ



શબ્દોના



dictionary



અથ્“ (mrad



ad’) 189



words



in



LESSON



25



You will know: when to use Special Verbal Constructions how to Express Purpose



how to Express Beginning to do Something how to Express a Worthwhile Activity how to Express Intention how to Express Simultaneous Actions



that Repetition of a Word gives it Emphasis



190



LESSON



SPECIAL The



VERBAL



usual



terms



the



appending verb. are



CONSTRUCTIONS



function



of



of



Past,



the



a



verb



Present



by



a



special



verbal



methods



used



to



express:



to



do



define



an



This



endings



there



particular



require



to



Future.



Tense



in Gujarati,



defined



is



or



appropriate



However, not



25



are



to some



Tense



activity



in



is achieved



by



the



of



activities



ending



constructions.



Root



We must



and



the



which



therefore



consider



the



1.Purpose



2.Beginning



3.The



idea



that



4.Intention,



EXPRESS



I



school



school



activity



to



is TO WORK



Verbal



I go to school 1.14૯



goes



for



તે Bay EAL 2.They



immediate



go



to



is



carried



work,



the



.



future



invited



Root



+



a walk



oy



તેણીથ્ને તેમને



to



REASON



idea



હુ નેશાળે every



day



to work



ન્તય છે



to dinner



vA,



PURPOSE



Suffix



છે



school



achieve



or



this



Invariable



to work



them



out



In Gujarati,



તેઓ નિશાળે કામ 52a 3.She



and



activity



PURPOSE



an



to



is a worthwhile



actions



Whenever



go



something



both



5.Simultaneous



TO



something



(to eat)



આપત્રણુ



191



આપ્યુ'



a purpose



OF



e.g,



GOING



is expressed



to by:



Al



કાપ્‌ કરતા



નાઉ” લટ



4.1



used



5.His



to go for



brother



a walk



came



to



6.1 went



to see it



7*1 used



to go to see



8.1 went



there



9.He goes 10.1



invited



Yui



Special as



to



used



to



do



or



Intransitive



Verb:



of



main



verb



are to



this



verb



used say,



to



the



In conversation,



do



at



begin



to



statements



go.



activity.



depends



+



cof



on



Each



such



indicates



In Gujarati,



whether



the



the



verb



is



Tense



sul,



કામનુ



= to begin



ર



BULLE



=



to begin



Suffix બા is added મા'ડનુ15



listener once,



used,



Tense



required.



this



distinction



મા'ડબું with both Intransitive the



translate



Relevant



AV



the auxiliary



according



to



to



to



Carta: to



laugh



Verb;



the Invariable but



નિશાળે કામ કરવા માયછે



OF SOMETHING



Invariable



(Sa + વા )



Again,



ધોતા ગયો



Transitive.



+; Suffix



Transitive



aati



e&



of a particular



Intransitive



Root



હુ A wet.



આવ્યો



dine



Nau



COMMENCEMENT



commencement



method



ગયો



તે to



તેને મળબા



છુ તે ott



to work



begin



NA



iS cH’



ocydt



do,



Se



qr



તેમો ભાઈ



it



constructions



begin



the



THE



him



my friends



Mu



TO EXPRESS



see



to wash



to school



have



પુ



a sense



almost



in



of the



is



the



to the Root latter



rarely



and Transitive



Immediate form



192



of



Action



COMMAND.



conjugating



made.



Most



verbs i.e.



of the



use



to convey to



begin



to



1.He began to laugh



તે wat



2.He



began



a



3.He



will



to walk



begin



to study



4.She began to worship 5.They



began



6.Father



talk



to



working



9.1



began



to



brought



the



the



book



money



AQ પૈસા લાવીને TO To



EXPRESS show



doing,



is



last



immediately



agree



the



gender



The time of the activity 1.This



picture



is worth



usa પ્‌ધડો



5૨ના



to



count



it



WORTHWHILE is



then,



invariable



and



by



the



verb



suffix



Al



or A"



which



neuter and



worthwhile



forms



number



which



added



in of



e.g.



and



is variable



i.e.



has



singular



the



and



plural



Subject.



seeing



wt



(a



over હશે



wa | od” a



is worth



seeing



Tt Nal



3.1૬



is worth



reading



તે



193



the



Root



by છે pect



5.It will be worth going there



worth



its



is indicated



reading



is



defines



to



2.It



4.It was worth



લાગ્યા



$20



Ala



માડયા



activity



followed



s2q arn (ગ્યા



બોલના



night



began



OF BEING



feminine with



and



seeing,



the



da



પાડી



ગાગતા



some



worth



has



masculine, to



IDEA



that



activity is



THE



તે Ava



કામત



ર



Y ચોપડી ગઈ રાતે area 10.He



માણશે



aA Wat



(Command)



read



હાગ્યો



તે ભણુત્‌ા



બાપુ



©



7.He began to wash 8.Start



ચાલના



તેઓ



to speak



began



(ગ્યો



vo"



છે



વાચના



or of" ep



તે નચના



ro’ હતુ



તે Al



ક



ae



*



કે



ocdl ofA" હશે



TO EXPRESS To



show



that



intended



near



INTENTION it



to carry



future,



Root



of



ઈ



.



5.We



6.1



get



intend



7.The



there



boys



will



train



તેઓ



fresh



fruit



અપે



to



brother



playing



wale invite



તે બધા'સગા'ઓને



is added



to the



form



and



A આનનાનો



બહ।૨



of



persons.



BB



ન્ત્વાનૉ



ફ્ળ



the



owAte}



આગનાટીપા' dle’



is



in the



numbers



ત્યા' કાલે



it



ક



ક



આનવાના



(NAA



ન્ત્નાનો



છે



છીએ



eo”



football



નથી all



the



બોઉઈાત્રવાનો



is going



all



હુ ત્યા'



be



that



or



relevant



હુ આનન્‍્ઝે



the



not



બાનુ



Win



છુ



or,



immediately



the



for



to go there



is going



9.My



= નથી



tomorrow



some



છૉક્શાઓ EUG 8.He



by



today



on



something



suffix



today



coming



must



do



arrangement



followed



to come



3.1 am going



to



variable



Negative



2.1 am going out are



some



the



verb



intends



4.They



intended



out



then



the



auxiliary



1.He



is



to



relatives



છે



be married



માશ ભાઈનુ' GH થનાનુ' છે 10.1



have



to



give my brother



MR ભાઈને 11.The



Yau wd



boys



are



છોકશઓ The



Root



going



ફૂટ્બોલ + Variable



1.A place



to



છે play



QUA) Suffix



for playing



money



football



દે diet also



(playground)



has



use



as



an



adjective:



શ૨પ૫નાની



જગા



2.Drinking water



પીનાનું



ued



3.Writing



(AMATI



કાગળ



ટોશ્નાની



સીસાપેન



paper



4.A drawing 5.The



Bombay



pencil Train



|



194



મુબઇ



-૮ળાની



આગગાડી



TO EXPRESS In



a



Sentence



ACTIONS



We



SIMULTANEOUS



are



the



is



verbs



the



Remember: agrees



1.We



and



the



watched



WY 3.He



the



him



children



saw



and



time.



The



the



second



Participle.



this



way



In



too.



To



Participle



Sala



Verbs



Present



the



with



its



using



the



is



Subject,



agrees Past



one



one



the



Gujarati translate



used. Participle but



him



Tense



or



PLAYING



Mut



running



arm



RUNNING



Ad તેને દોડતો દોડતો AD 5.1



saw



him



Yar 6.The



running



નિશાળે boy came



ete 7.While



ant



school



દોડતો Mah running



home



A દોડતો Lis આવ્યો he was



તે aad 8.While



to



reading,



dud



wandering



Gal in



the



he



fell



asleep



ગયો jungle,



he



came



to



a



temple



gad) gaN તે એફ Hele પાસે આવ્યો



195



with



in.Gender



mae’



euyuar aat



TWO



first



playing



children



તેણે aa Asal 4.He



Tense



Participle



when



રમતા”



MsatA saw



same



playing,



Tenses.



છોકર૨'ને



2.We



Present



children



the



Number



Object



the



Present



Present



the



the



watched



HY



Past



Intransitive



Verbs



related



at



the



Variable



with



watched



translated in



Gender



Transitive



its



the uses



With in



Number



in



are



We



performed



playing



playing,



as



being



watched



children



such



ACTIONS



any



and of



9.We



saw



the



window



પડતો oa) they



came



to



a river



એક નદી ait Participle



Present



the



of



doubling



gives



emphasis.



મીઠો WZ Ay TeANELA સાહેબ આનવાતા છે, તેઓ



છોકર્સાઓ,



Vetere



from



along,



walking



થાલત1



The



falling



બાશી પશ્થી



were



they



થાલતા NOTE:



boy



છોકરાને



અમે 10.As



the



Ae AK ફરશે, તેઓ તમાર વગ્“બ' આવે એટલે મીઠો શબ્દી બોલન્ને, ઈન્સ્પેફ્રટ૨ OF પહેલા વગ“મ' પેઠા તે તગ“મ અનેક નાના નાના અનાનો પોકારી ઊઠયાઃ MsAz, alg, હાલવો, યોફીઝ, મધ Mls... aut



He (Respectful)



Du



Irregular



ને ...Cl



who,



verb,



which,



Write



the



correct



1.We



are



going



પોકાશ્નુ'



that,



form for



of



began



to



what



the



needed



think,



water



began



to



What



to drink



shall



wat 6.The



all



sing



began



to



began



a song



talk



to



I do



immediately



કહેના (C014) people



shown



લાગ્યો



તે ગીત (માનુ) લાગ્યો 5.They



(Relative



verb



તેણે પાણરી પીતા (માડનુ') 4.14૯



=



છીએ



શુ કઝ By A (Aux) 3.He



Tense



a walk



અપે (Kadi) *તઈએ 2.He



Past



talk



લોકો sBlt (લાગવુ) 196



to shout



out



ust Pronoun



in



the



Lesson



bracket,



27)



7.He



began



to



talk



A કહેના (A719) 8.1



intend



% 9.At



going



to America



અમેરિકા



(ન્ન્બુ')



night



stars



the



UA HSU 10.The



are



to



shine



ચળકતા



really



in



the



sky



(લાગવુ')



worth



seeing



ખરેખર ન્તેના (Vo') છે



11.That's



આ



તારાઓ



temples



WAN



began



worth



remembering



ત્રાત *્યાનમ' Artal (ed') છે



12.1૯



taught



me



to



read



Gujarati



AQ મને ગુન્ત્શતી (Aad) શીખાન્યુ' 13.When



the



આગગાડી



train



came



(WAC)



in,



we



got



અપે AN



wll



14.When



evening



falls



સન



(પડનુ')



અમે AV ore



15.He



saw



him



RUNNING



we



to



on



go home



school



તેણે arn નિશાળે (As)



men



197



છીએ



board



(લેનુ' )



(took



a place)



LESSON



26



You will know: —



how to ask Which?



—



how to ask Who?



—



how to ask What?



—



how to Perform Simple Arithmetic



198



INTERROGATIVE



The



Pronouns



are:



who?



$i which?



ક્યુ what?



શુ



કોણ



કોપર



the



26



PRONOUNS



Interrogative



WHO?



LESSON



is



Invariable



and



is



the



form



used



as



the



Subject



Sentence.



Other



Forms



Whom?,



To



whom?



By whom,



With



Whose?



ક્રોનુ



1.Whose



કોને



? The



whom?



AY



form



used



From



is this is



3.Who



is coming



whom?



in the



.



કોનાપા'



આ



ઘર કોનુ છરે



garden?



બગીચાપમ!



here?



અહી'



કોણ છે



FULLY અપ્તૅ



છે



તે Ney છે



that



man?



a HULA



6.Whom



do you



see?



તમે



7.From



whom



is



this



letter?



8.Whose this book? 9.Who



Object.



કોનાથી



house?



4.Who is he? is



the



In whom?



2.Who



5.Who



as



had written



this



book?



Sey



છે



કોને of tl છો



આ



પત્ર કોનાથી



આ



Mull કોની છે



આ



aul



AQ



ep



aril હતી



ડગલો કૉનો છે



10.Whose is this coat?



આ



1l.Who is that woman?



તે સ્રી ay છે



12.Who



is knocking



13.Who



is



that you



14.Whom



are



15.Whom



do you



old



at the door?



CLLR 1S KY



man?



પલા



talking



about?



love?



16.Whose



book is this?



17.Whose



house



is this?



199



ખખડાને



છે



Auk પુરૂષ કોણ છે



તપે કૉના ad



dt ક્રો છો



તમે



AA



આ



કોની ચોપડી



2



કોનુ



શાણો



છો



ધર્‌ છે



છે



of



18.Whose



is



that



house?



19.Whose



is



this



room?



20.Whose



is



this



mango?



WHICH? 5યુ Other



તે થર કોનું છે a4, ઓવ્ડો કોનો છે આ કેરી કોની છે



ડું ? is variable



and



is used



as



both



Subject



and



Object.



Forms



By which, With which? Of which



sta



ક્યાનુ



(variable)



1.Which



is her



2.Which



is



their



3.Which



is



his



4.Which



is your



garden?



5.Which



is your



boy?



6.Which



is his



7.Which



is my mango?



8.Which



is my hat?



9.Which



hat



In



book?



તૅની sau



pen?



is my book?



12.Which



is his



13.Which



is



14.Which



is your



15.Which



pen



is



yours?



16.Which



man



is



that?



17.Which



book



18.Which



man?



19.Which



woman?



20.Which



house?



is



ગાપ sy છે



uit



Qi



$4



is his?



your



Aq



કઈ છે



મારી ટોપી કઈ છે કઈ ટોપી માશે છે



is mine?



11.Which



કઈ છે



તમારો બગીચો ક્યો & AUD esr SA OD



village?



house



which?



તેચ્વોનું' ઘર ક્યુ છે



house?



10.Which



કયાથી which? SUH તેની ચોપડી કઈ” ap



From



aay



છે



પારી ચોપડી sf છે ay ધર ડયુ છે



house? pen?



તમાશી



father?



તમારા પિતા ક્યા છે કઈ કલમ તમારી છે તે કયો માણસ છે ચ્યા se શોપડી છે ક્યો માણસ $e સ્ત્રી ફેડરર



this?



200



કલમ sel છે



WHAT?



૨



?



l.What is this?



આશુ



છે



2.What



is your



3.What



are you doing?



ay



4.What



is your occupation?



તપારો



5.What



do you want?



તમને



શુ MSD



6.What is the price of this?



આની



શુ' Sua છે



7.What



is your



AHIR



8.What



did you say?



name?



તમારૂ



|



brother's



name?



નામ શુ છટે



gy ક્રો En



ધ'ધો gy છે



ભાઈનું નામ શુ ed



તમે શુ ડ્ત્યુ



9.What's the matter? 10.What is this man?



Q\



છછે



આ



માણસ



શુ છે



ચોર્ઠ Ds દાક્તાર ગાડાની એક



ચકમ



કાગળ



ઈ સ્પિતાલની



લઈને $e



મુલાકાત Bat ગયા.તે વખતે



(ખવામા' મશગૂલ



થઈ ગયો,



દાક્તારે તેને Yous શુ' લખો છોટ છુ Mary મારા પશ,



તેપા શું લખ્યુ'



છે?



ચ#મ



છી. Ae ur?



«તરાબ આપ્ય:



હજુ



આ શી્દીી પને મળી નથી, મને ચીર્ટટી મળે હુ' તે ary ત્યારે ખખશ પડેને ઝે તેમ” Wey લખ્યુ” છે, 2



૭.



ખુલાકાલ



The



numbers



and



then



with



the



Addition



1



engrossed



-



100



were



attempt



the



following



four



basic



સરવાળો pony e (3



Subtraction



બાદબાકી



9-2=7



given



processes



of



in



Lesson



exercise



મશગૂલ 13.



which



Revise is



them



concerned



Arithmetic.



plus (+) બત્તા equal(s) બરાબર 94223 એક વત્તાખે બશબર ત્રણ minus



(less)



CARD



201



ચ છુ”



નત ઓછા બે બશબર સાત



Multiplication



Division



1053



multiplied



5x4 = 20



Ux ¥ =o



ભઊાગાકાર્‌



divided



hoe Oa 2 Write



થુ



the



59



On



13 2



કક



ઝા PO



(by)



259121



1



ક



12



po



2



MPA



ચાર ભાગ્યા બે બશબશ બે



numerals



8+9=



16



202



and



17



“9



કક



script



10 +5 16 -2=



7 = 228 8



ગુણ્યા



પાથ moray થાર બશબર Flat



૨



in Gujarati



6-3



8-4=4 2 જ



following



YeR



(by)



52



=



15 14



6 x 8 = 48 ૩2 B22



SAG



LESSON 27 You will know: the Meanings of Clause, Sentence, Conjunction and



Relative Pronoun how to use Relative Pronouns such as Who, Which, That, What



how to say Myself, Yourself etc. how to say One’s Own



203



LESSON



RELATIVE



of



MUST



which



words



of



group



is



points



a few



Pronouns



of Relative



use



the



Clause



A



Grammar.



two 1.



PRONOUNS considering



Before



27



contain



elements: The



name



with



of



the



the



person,



action



or



thing



state



of



or



idea



being



which



i.e.



is



there



connected



MUST



BE



A



SUBJECT. 2.



The



action



Subject. the



the



state



This



finite



tense In



or



action



verb



and



of



being



or



i.e.



that



state



a verb



of



is



connected



being



limited



statement a



I went



More



is



can



complex



there,



contains



joined



together



Very



often



by



RELATIVE



WHO,



WHICH,



When



the



a



and



NEVER



Subject



a



Sentence a



the



contain



THAT,



SUBJECT



A PERSON



Here



A THING



A bee



or



such



Clauses



PRONOUN.



only



fact



by CONJUNCTIONS



are



Relative



=



number,



I



Verb a



= went



Clause



Verb.



two



particular



subordinate



and



Finite



provide



Sentences



which



a



both



Subject



Infinitives



by



mood.



Sentence:



contains



the



is provided



by person,



Finite This



to



Participles



verb



in a Clause.



more



Clauses,



or



idea



and



as



AND,



linked Pronouns



to



is an



WHO



insect



speaks



WHICH



204



of



BUT,



OR



NOR.



some



antecedent



are



words



Gujarati.



makes



and



are



is: a man



each



it



which



WHAT.



is



because



honey.



and



such



as



When



the



OBJECT



is:



A PERSON’



The



girl



A THING



What



is



WHOM the



In Gujarati,



WHO,



The



Relative



Pronoun



the



Sentence



transpose



book



WHICH,



know. THAT



THAT,



occurs



into



an



you



two



WHAT



as



=



a pair



parts.



English



he wants?



To



Sentence



FY LAGE N aneCatom ea and



see



when



this



into



a



used,



divides



effect,



form



we



will



suitable



for



translation. The



man



who



lives



there



is



The man



who



lives



there



he is old



The



man



who



-



In



both



ને માણસ



spoken



omitted



and



Similarly



becomes:



ને પાણુસ ત્યાં wW છે તે ALY છે



equivalent



Gujarati,



to who)



the



using



is: માપ્સુસ



other



al



Relative



he



ન્ન form



form is NEVER OMITTED.



translation when



in Gujarati



(oo is



written



but the A



alternative



old,



is



=a



often



Consequently an



2 છે તે Ad. છે Pronouns,



theo FORM



MAY



BE OMITTED but the @ form is NEVER OMITTED. The



precise



The



actual



in



which



possible



1.The



meanings



of



translations they



are



meanings



will



apparent



be



Other



Relative



cannot



from



the



Pronouns



tye 208



Of 2s... lives



so many



CE



the kind of



there



ao



#4 ...... a



is old



man



whom



you



see



here



is my



father



> HURUA તપે અહીં જુ'ઓ છો તે મારા ay છે 3.The



book



which



he bought



last



week



is very



good



> dug AQ ગયે અઠનાડિયે ખરીટી તે બહુ ad છે 205



given.



contexts and



aed



ને માણસ ત્ય! ચ્હે છે તે વૃષ્ઠ છે 2.The



be



are:



......



who



Pronouns



used.



how many man



Relative



their



ન શહેરમા તે. WBOWd



wy nw



૫.



> ચોપડી મેં તપને આપી



table



the



તે Aw પર ટે brother



my



is



to



money



the



I gave



man



6.The



wy on



is



you



I gave



which



book



5.The



lives



he



in which



town



the



know



4.1



જે પાણુસને મે" Ray આપ્યા તે મારો ભાઈ છે 7.He



who



has



the



picture



hasn't



come



તેની પાસે Ua છે તે આન્થો નશી 8.He



who



was



outside



has



gone



home



x બહાર UA A AQ aia છે 9.Where



is



the



coat



that



I gave



you?



ન ડગલો YW તમને આપ્યો તે ક્ય! છે 10.The



girl



who



is



sitting



in



the



chair



is my



ન છોકરી ખૂરશી પર બેઠી છે તે મારી બહેન 11.1 1૮૬૯ as



much



fruit



as



you



sister



છે



need



તમને Seal an નૉઈએ Azatl ડળ A 12.1



got



as



WA 2 13.Do



much



work



I needed



કામ ASP Ud તેટલું કામ Hey’



they



like



the



Pal કલમ TAD 14.The



as



kind



kind



of



pen



she



bought?



ખરીદી છે તેવી say તેઓને ગમે છે



of village



I live



in



is



the



same



as



yours



OA ગામ મા છે Aa ગામ તમાર્‌' છે REFLEXIVE The



Reflexive



herself, is



and



PRONOUNS



no



itself,



equivalent



Ue



which



Pronouns



are:



ourselves,



thyself,



yourselves



and



One



three



in Gujarati.



literally



myself,



have



the



206



of



meaning



himself,



themselves. words



oneself,



There



પોતે



§ a



are



used.



1.1 myself



am going



હુ પોતે 0B’ છઠ



2.1 myself will go



હુ પોતે નઇશ



3.1 myself



y



went



4.They



themselves



came



5.They



themselves



used



6.They



themselves



have



7.You



yourself



9.He himself 10.She



તેઓ



પોતે આવ્યા



to come



તેઓ



MA



come



તેઓ



પોતે 21a



ay



પોતે xl



તમે



પોતે ન્નેશો



saw



8.You yourself



will



see



is reading



તે



herself



wrote



the letter



THE



POSSESSIVE



FORMS



OF



The



Crude



added own



to this



i.e.one



ENTIRELY He



Form



is



The To



the



reading that



convey



ordinary



Crude



is



Form



the



THIRD



his it



પોતે ard છે



AMA



પોતા



to give This



-



The



પોતે wa હખ્યો



variable



પોતાનુ'



, which



construction



book



is his idea



POSSESSIVE



છે



is



suffix dis



means



One's



used



almost



PERSON.



own



same



આવતા'



wa



in particular.



in



idea



of પોતે



પોતે ગયો



own in



PRONOUNS



તે Maret book



is



the



First



are



conveyed and



થૉપડી તાયે & by પોતાની ચોપડી .



Second



Persons



the



used.



1.1 am reading my book



હુ પારી ચોપડી વાયુ છુ



2.We



અપે અમારી ચોપડીખો વાથીએ ebay



are



the



Sentence,



our



reading



are



3.You When



reading



Reflexive the



books



ad



your book Pronoun



following



is



2.51૯



3.They



hurt



hurt



the



construction



1.He hurt himself



aural ચોપડી નચો Direct is



often



Object



છો of



the



used:



AQ પોતાની nar ઈન્ત કરી



herself



themselves



207



von કરી



ache



પોતાની



oda



તેઓએ



પોતાની



ન્તતને elo કરી



The



Reflexive



herself,



Pronoun



etc.



are



In a statement



not in



clear



houses



this



such



they



houses,



own



house.



Form



herself,



the



is



the



own



common



is



had



is translated



by



to



writing



added



implies



પોતાને



as



actual



» it



is



to



ઘેર



men



is



its



they



9» but



each



to



their



each



to



Tanta



his



(Crude



himself,



mainly



Crude



house



English,



went



each



each



depending



in



the



Form.



had



one



to



his



is



different



In



went



it



one



to



to.



meaning



used



that



go



they



Gujarati



the



himself,



house



i.e.



went



The



that



so,



own



house



they



translates



are



પોતપોતાને



their



house



in



Wa



which



to



whether



own



and



oda.



their



indicating



) which



translated



uta



to



or,



his



Object



went



went



equivalent



suffixes



house



as



overcome



Like



All



their



men



themselves,



context.



Direct



men



lived,



Mai



each



Person.



The



plural



The



પોત



the



man



ambiguity



own



as



all



i.e.each



the



translated



whether



which



is



on



Third



Hence



to



house



in



own



house



Ar.



or



બે જ્રીઓ ગુપ્પા મારતાં way, એક AMV sate 'સુલપાની મોટી બહેનનું લસ ઢયુ* છે એમ ને? નસીબદા૨ Ay છે? અએક્યમ તેણીએ to chat Supply



or ALL



મખ્યોઃ



"AGH,



ગુપ્પા મારનુ the



word



missing



from



the



following:



1.What



is being



a મ'ગશે 2.1



am



asked



I will



give



( )ela



ready



ryprac



to



give



what



you



jy તૈયાર ૬%



208



ask



bracket



in



each



of



the



3.Like



father



બો



બાપ (



4.Run



away



like



as



) etsal fast



are



22



5.He



suffers



who



er eit 6.As



we



are 7.1



myself



9.I



am



9 10.He



can



eats



wan



reap



( ) લણીએ



will



come



is



reading



her



own



) mes aia



reading



my



Mad hurting



own



(



(is rewarded)



) આવીશ is



ac



you



નદી ail



so we



વાવીએ



8.She



as



(મે sow



છું (



son



book



book



ary છુ



himself



Sati ( નતા કરે છે



209



\ vedh નાશી arr



LESSON



28



You will know:



that Adjectives give Valuable Information about Nouns



that they Describe or Define Quality that they Describe or Define Quantity that they Describe or Define Number



that they Describe or Define Indefinite Number that they are Demonstrative that they are Distributive



that they are used to Compare the Qualities of Nouns



210



LESSON



28



ADJECTIVES Adjectives



give



qualify.



(See



function



is



to



valuable also



information



Lesson



describe



7 Agreement



or



Quality



A good



2.



Quantity



Much



3.



Number



Two



4.



Indefinite



5.



To



Adjectives nouns.



can



Number



Demonstrative



They



into



also can



three



be



used



compare



to



like



categories



girls



Some



men



This



pen,



Each



boy



compare with



that



the



like,



pen



qualities the



degree



A good



2.



The



Comparative



degree



A better



man



3.



The



Superlative



degree



The



man



man



best



QUALITY



good



AID



bad



ખરાખ



hard



શખત



soft



way



easy



UB



difficult



4%



old



xy



new



નનુ'



OF



QUANTITY



none



ફોઈ નહિ



some



FUG



enough



પૂરલુ



all



Hay



less



ai 20"



much



aCe



little



WSs



whole



આખુ



211



of



comparison



called:



Positive



ADJECTIVES



Their



money



The



OF



they



man



1.



ADJECTIVES



nouns



of Adjectives).



1.



be



the



define:



6. To be Distributive



falling



about



ADJECTIVES



OF NUMBER



first



પહેલુ



second



Ufloy’



third



ત્રીજુ”



fourth



થચોચુ”



fifth



પાંચમુ



sixth



8



seventh



2\dy



eighth



આઠમું



ninth



Ady’



tenth



tUy



eleventh



અગિયાર્‌પુ'



twelfth



DEMONSTRATIVE



this



each,



ADJECTIVES



Al



these



DISTRIBUTIVE



આ



205 એક



COMPARISON



OF ADJECTIVES



their



English



equivalents



adjectives



Comparative



and



and



is ALWAYS



those



તે



ક



Cl, પલા



formed



NEVER



with



degree



which



other



their



by putting



બેમથી



do



change



Superlative



number



Superlative



એક , બન્ને



noun.



their



than The



d&tX% BEFORE



is ALWAYS



formed



show



irregularity,



form



showing



in _ the



agreement



Comparative



the adjective.



by putting



EITHER



boy



MD છોફ્શો a good



girl



સારી dart a good



house



UH ધર



a better



boy



the



best



The સૌથી



boy



AGL સાશે HYD



સૌથી (વધારે) સારો છોક્રો



a better



the



girl



best



girl



વધારે સણી છોકરી



સૌથી (વધારે) સારી છોકરી



a better



the



house



AUR સારું ધર



212



best



house



સૌથી (વધારે) સારું ઘ૨



in



degree



on સોથી (41% BEFORE the adjective. a good



*



બન્ને નણ



નહિ,



બૅમા'થી



gender



a, પેલા



either



neither



Gujarati



ક



that



ADJECTIVES



every



Unlike



(24



Another boy



is



This



construction the



boy



best



is



is used



best



it



than



The



best



= This



boy



is



rather



the



when



good



is



required



to



say



This



boy.



the



good



one



among



the



ones



આ। ENSD સાશમ” સાશે છે Similarly,



This



girl



is



the best



=



This



girl



among



is



the



the



good



good



one



ones



આ છોકડી સારીપા aud છે And,



This



house



is



the



best



This



house



among



is



the



the good



good



one



ones



આ ધર૨ સારામાં સાજ છે USE



OF



ADJECTIVES



Good



work



સારું કામ



No



Hard



bread



Sey રોટલો



Either



Soft fruit



Wai gu



Neither side



બેમાંથી એક બાજુ A(R



An



AY માણસ



Those



પેલા' છોક્ર'ઓ



old



man



boys



water



ધણ્ડું પાણ્ડી



That



Some



water



owls



Little



This book These Easy



books work



આ આ



side



બેમાથી એક બાનુ



children



Much



Yai)



કોઈ છોકરાઓ aly



car



પેલી મોટરગાડી



water



as



પારી



ચોપડી



The new book



નવી ચોપડી



ચોપડીઓ



Difficult



અઘરુ



કાપ



AUG



HULL



સહેલુ



કાપ



A bad



work



man



Half a loaf અડધો રોટલો =‘The whole family tu} કુટુંબ COMPARISON It



some



is



OF NOUNS



sometimes



other



comparison difference



PRONOUNS



required



person is



AND



to



or



object.



based



on



between



the



compare



a person



Broadly either



two.



213



speaking,



the



or



object



this



similarity



with



type or



of the



For



example,



this as



I am



is conveyed much



as.



expresses



word



as



good



by using



On



the



difference



ways



and



of making



ની નવું (such



as)



he



is



the word



other



¢2cit’ (invariable)



Other



as



hand,



this



vit Oil



would



which



3.Colder 4.011



conveyed



use



the



than



ice



બચ્ફ water



પાણી કરતા Say



7.A man as big as he is



તેના



you



૦૪



છછે



તે મારા નેટ્લો પૈમાદ્દાર છે



તે મારા 7A



as



the



નાનો



6.He is not so rich as I people



by using



gral દ“ડુ



aa



is as rich as I



8.Such



water



પોટો



તમારાથી



than



than



(as).



you



than



meaning



suffixથી (Prom);



wae



is lighter



5.He



lighter



and



than.



1.0lder than I 2.Younger



similarity



(variable)



is



be



means



Comparison



or “(| wt



expresses



are



પૈસાદાર તથી



જેના મોટા AL



successful



તમારા જેતા હોકો સફળ થાય છે 9.1



will



ભાઈની



be a doctor



નેમ YF પણુ



10.There



are



Asuyur



not



as



like



my



brother



escr many



લંડનની a4



થઈશ



big



buildings



બહુ ઊંચ?



મકાનો



TRANSLATION



1.That



આ



થર



2.That



house



કરતા house



આ eel 3.This



આ



is



house



smaller



પેલ ઘર is smaller



than



this



નાનુ



છે



than this



one



one



AG ઘર નાનુ છે is smaller



ધર UG A seat



than



ata



that



છે



214



in Leeds



one



નથી



as



in London



4.This



house



is smaller



than



આ થશ પેલા ધશ્થી ate 5.The



younger



નાની



sister



that



one



છે



is more



clever



બહેન મોટો ભાઈ saat હોશિયાર



6.This



shirt



is better



આ wu water



8.This



tea



ai ul આ



is colder



than



that



wy water



than



that



tea



ચા પેલી ચા કરત! વધારે ગશ્મ છે



9.Mr.



Moosajee



is wiser



than



I am



YHloy શેઠ માચા કરત વધારે ડાહ્યો છે 10.He



is



the



oldest



તે સૌથીવૃષ્ટ છે 11.He



is



the



તે Mel 12.He



fattest



boy



ન્તડો છોકરો છે



did



the



best



work



AQ સૌથી સાજી કામ sye 13.The



mango



is



the



best



fruit



smaller



than



Amina



BA ARN સાજ કૂળ છે



14.Atiya



is



આમીનાથી am



આટીયા નાની છે



smaller



wy તેના saa 16.A



city



as



લ'ડન r2d 17.A



big



તમારા



છે



AG we seal તધારે sy છે is hotter



man



than



he



is



વધારે નાનો છુ large



as



London



મોટું શહેર like



the



than one



AE ખપીસ કરત! dR



7.This



15.1



than



you



જેતા મોટા માણુસ



215



છે



elder



brother



18.1



have



never



met



anyone



as



clever



as



he



is



HA તેના Fe હોશિયાર કોઈ yoy aly 19.Leeds



is not



as



large



Aisu 6ંડન arg 20.This



આ



boy



is as



a city



as



London



મોટું avr નથી tall



as



his



father



esr તેના પીતા જેઘ્લો ઊચો છે



ગ'દા' છોક્શઓ ફેહમીઃ છોકરાંઓ બગીથામાં રમીને let થઈ ન્તય છે. અઝીઃ છુ” સંમત છઠ ગઈ કાલે મેં ચાર છોકરાને નવશાત્યાં ત્યારે માંડમાંડ મારે છોકરો કાછ્યો, EXERCISE A List



List



1.



Adjectives:



2.



Nouns:



Combine of



the



as



many



nouns



in gender



EXERCISE Where



your



of



from



and



good



bad



happy



big



these



those



rich



some



each



either



man



daughter



child



house



son



men



daughters



children



1005૩૯૩૭



sons



the



List



adjectives 2 as



you



from



can.



List



1 with



Remember



the



as



many



agreements



number.



B



possible



give



responses



to



Exercise



EXERCISE



C



Take



the



Superlatives



form



This



boy



the Dd



is



best



the



the



from best



Comparatives



and



Superlatives



of



A.



Exercise



B and



put



them



into



e.g.



boy



this



ર



સોથી સારો છોકરો



boy



is



the



best



att ler સાશપાં સારો છે ર



216



the



LESSON 29 You will know: that Adverbs give Information about Verbs



that they Define Quantity that they Define Time that they Indicate Place that they Indicate Manner



that they give Affirmation



that they ask Questions that they are used to make Comparisons



217



LESSON



29



ADVERBS



Adverbs of



a



such



are



used



verb.



to



They



enlarge,



give



describe



additional



or



define



information



the



activity



about



the



verb



as:



ADVERBS



much,



Quantity



Give



more



2.



lime



Come



now



3.



Place



Go



outside



4.



Manner



Do



1b



thus



5. Affirmation



Go willingly



6.



How



Interrogation



many



came?



OF QUANTITY



many



how much?



ayes



ક્ર્ય્લુ



૧૦0001



eee.



ADVERBS



OF



then,after



already



1.



a few



થ્રોડુ'



little,



more



વધારે



enough



as much



જેટલુ જ



ક



less



ઓ દુ



પૂચ્તુ



A



TIME



પછી



24?1(G ef}



since



ટ્યારથી



immediately



તરત



today



Woy



tomorrow



આવવી



meanwhile



દેરપિયાન



ન



કે



કપ્લે



soon



નલ્દીથી



first



early



AS



before



USC



henceforth



હને્‌થી



suddenly



Hsuyl



next



તશ્ત «7



yesterday



ગઈ કાલે



formerly



અગાઉ



again



ફરીશ



sometimes



Nef કોર્ઈ 12



seldom



ભાગ્યે જ



ever



કદી



presently



dad



at once



Vig2u



00



BH Ul



at present



(4



lately now



and



ક



Dg MIg again



શ



lastly



પહેલે , પહેલા



w



Ae



પ્રસબોપાત



218



always,still



Bar



«૮



ADVERBS



OF



PLACE



elsewhere



બીને Brats



within



મા!



above



ઊંચે , ઉપર્‌



below



forward



આગળ



nowhere somewhere



ADVERBS



outside



બહાર



નીચે



behind



પાછળથી



inside



અ'દર



near



Ags



Sata નહિ



here



અહીં



there



ત્યા



AW ઠેકાણે



far



Er



પડતુ



OF MANNER



almost



(Ar1H71



thus



આખ



otherwise



“ly, તો



together



સાથે સાથે



very



AS



always



હપેશ।'



rather



un erflef|



yet



Soe



however '



Muvy



so



DA એટલં,તેમ quite



HaW



hardly



Aww



ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION but still We ULL by all



means



certainly નકકી



willingly wilel)



અલબત્ત



ADVERBS OF INTERROGATION how?



કેની રીતે, કેપ



where?



ક્યા



whence?



કથ!થી



how long?



કેટલો yy2q



when?



કયારે



107?



શા માટે



COMPARISON



OF



Adverbs



are



ADVERBS



compared,



of



ALR



and



far



ZZ



farther



તનધારેશે £2



farthest



સૌથા વૌથી (વધાર) (વધારે) ER



early



નહેa!



earlier



નધારે ALC



earliest



સૌથી (વધારે) વહેલ'



2.He



very



said even



3.You



AG.



by means



સૌથી



said



MU



adjectives,



either



1.They



or



like



For example:



little



તેઓ ઓછ'



less



તે વધારે Wes’



said least of all



4.Amina



can



write



બોલ્યા



બો(-થો



તમે સૌથી નધારે ઓઇ



well



આપીના



બોહ્યા



સારી રીતે હખી R13 છટે



5.How did you go there?



તમે aq કેની રીતે ગયા ?



6.1



છુ Maus’



went



by car



219



ગયો



7.How



far



ae 8.It



is London



here?



Usa કેટલું ટૂર છે?



is 300 miles



તે ત્રણસો 9.0૦



from



from



here



માઈલ 22 છે



quickly



ન“૯દી



ન્તઓ



10.Come



here



અહી' આવો 11.Ask



for



less



(too



much



lower



your



price)



gos ઓછુ $2 12.Have



you



ever



travelled



in an



aeroplane?



તપે નિમાનમ કદી મુસાફરી કરી? 13.The



train



aarpudd 14.1



got



came



very



late



બહુ મોડી આની up



early



in morning



હ સનારપાં નહેલો ઉઠયો 15.Where



તમારું 16.Why



is your



house? SS



ધશ ક્ય did



you



ES? buy



this



book?



તમે આ ચોપડી શા મારે ખરીદી? 17.When



will



he



come?



તે sur આવશે? 18.When



will



they



meet?



તેઓ sur મળશે? 19.Where



is Zaki?



Kigl sur છેર 20.This



is a story



of many



years



ઘણુ? aa પણેલાની આ તાત છે



220



ago



21.After



થોડા



some



days,



Rau



22.Then



the



પછી



he went



rainy



ચોમાસા



to



season



came



આવજબ્યુ



school



પછી તે નિશાળે ગયો 23.They



had



left



the



house



before



I came



we wow તે usa તેઓ eel નીકળ્યા હતા 24.He



came



to



school



after



I left



હ* નીકળ્યો A પછી A નિશાળે આવ્યો NOTE:



Pay



23 and each



particular



24.



This



attention



construction



case



the



literal



23.1



came



that



before



24.1



left



that



after



to



is



the



order



frequently



translation they



word



in Numbers



encountered.



In



is:



had



he came



left



to



the



house



school



તે HA તોડયુ' હતુ? નિદ્યાથીએઓને બાઈબલનો પાઠ ભણૂના કહ્યુ, થોડીવાર



શભ્રક્ે પોતાના



પછી સવાલ ક્યો RAMAN ટીનાલ AA તોડી હતી? બધા (NAMB નારાટ્ચ્તી બોલ્યાઃ અમે ન્તણુતા નથી, આ સા'ભળીને શિજ્નક ગુસ્સો થઈ ગયા અને cad x હેડમાસ્ટ૬ પાસે ગયા અને says



દીવાલ AQ તોડી હતી તો



હુ' છોકરાઓને Yoo’ eg F AMAA



Def બતાવતુ' નથી, Boise



ફમબખ્ત



છે તોડી નાપખ્યું હશે. આ (az



ley



students



તારાડ્સ્તી



turn



by



બચ્ચા



orator આપ્યો



પૈસા લો અને નવુ લઈ Aaa.



(notice



the



turn



Compound



ટ +2



ક્ભબ'"-ત



rogue



the



given



example,



ran



farthest



=&%&



)



EXERCISE: Make the



up



Sentences,



Comparative



I ran



far,



he



similar



and



ran



to



which



Superlative.



farther,



you



EER દેડ્યો,તે બધાફે દૈર દોડ્યો,તપેMell વધારે ga દોડયા 221



use



LESSON



30



You will know: how to Distinguish between Active and Passive Verbs the Rules for the Formation of Passive Tenses that Intransitive Verbs are used in the Third Person



only in all Passive Tenses their Principal Forms



how to Conjugate Transitive Verbs in Passive Voice the Two Alternatives to the Passive Past Tense



that the Passive can be used to Indicate the



Physical/Mental Ability to do Something



222



LESSON



THE



PASSIVE



When



VOICE



a verb



is ACTIVE,



Raj



The



Subject



When



a



30



the



praises



Raj



verb



is



the



the



SUBJECT



is



the



DOER



of



the



ACTION.



boy.



doer



of



is



PASSIVE,



the



is



praised



by the



the



action.



SUBJECT



is



the



RECIPIENT



of



the



ACTION. Raj The



Subject



When



a



NEITHER



Raj



verb



is



THE



Subject



the



recipient



of



NEITHER



ACTIVE



DOER



NOR



RECIPIENT



is



a man,



Raj



The



is



boy.



Raj



the



is neither



the



the



NOR



action.



PASSIVE,



of



doer



the



nor



the



SUBJECT



is



ACTION.



the



recipient



of



the



action.



When by



a verb



the



boy



PERSONAL



BY WHOM



give



is



verb



AGENT



or



simply



the



AGENT.



this



થી



to



idea.of the



THE



the



Crude



the



vowel



Passive



Active



Root



OF



આ



is



AGENT



Form



yell



FORMATION



long



the



praised



praised.



the



FOR



Add



Raj



is



when



by the man



1.



in Raj



done



suffix



RULES



as



is



Gujarati,



the



Passive



tells



something



In



is



of



to



the



The



is



the



અ



=



223



is



noun



or



from me



then



by whom



called



expressed



by



the



adding



pronoun:



મારાથી



TENSES



Active



Root



Root. +



boy,



person



Passive



by me, PASSIVE



by the



Passive



Root



of



the



verb



to



2.



To



this



in



the



and



all



Active their



produce



to



Voice related



the



Present,



used



are



that



endings



same



the



add



Root,



Passive



Future



Past,



Tenses.



Examples:



to do



$24"



Active



Root



=



$2



Passive



Root.=



5૨1



to



લખનુ



Active



Root



=



લહપ્ખ



Passive



Root



(wl



Active



Infinitive



Passive



Infinitive



to do



કરબ



write



Hence,



to write The



majority



and



Tenses



of



in



irregular.



formation



verbs



this



In



form



way.



these



of



લખનુ their



cases



Passive



the



to be done



SUA



to



ત્ખાનું



be written



Passive



However,



a



Roots,



few



Infinitives



verbs



general



Infinitives



=



are



rules



have



slightly



given



to



be



for



the



amended



as



follows: 1.



Some



verbs



vowel next



2.



change



અ. to



the



end



TO THE



Passive



અ .



the



Active



preceding



of



આ



infixed



Whenever



CHANGED



If



an



&



Also the



of



the the



SHORT



ends



, then



વા



to



Root



of



verb



MUST



be shortened



to



આ



vowel



આ



Active



Root,



then



24 before



with is



comply ends



vowel



long



VOWEL



Root



long



added



with



with



the



a vowel to



the



the



or



at



it



the



Root



vowel



short



end



of



the



a vowel instead



rule, અ



if



then



adding



the it



બા



to drink



Ua’



Active



Root



=



પી



Passive



Root



to



aU તિ



Active



Root



=



ગા



Passive



Root = ગના



sing



224



or



is ALWAYS



with



BEFORE



the



addition



previous



long



vowel અ



is



the



the



to



= પીવા



Hence,



Active



Note



in



the



long



before



the



to be drunk



પીત્રાન્‌



to sing



ગાબ્‌'



to be sung



ગનાવુ'



example



that



the



Active



is



forming



the Pasive



Root by adding



is



done



it



is



The



પીનુ



second



in is



the the



Subject



of



into



Agent



may



be a noun



A



AGENT.



to



an



put



its



the



Subject



referred



ALWAYS



AGENT.



changed



introduction, logical



usually the



Infinitive



to drink



આ , which



stated



is



Passive



vowel



As



from



Infinitive



of



as



Crude



or



ગા



short



ends vowel



BY WHOM



AGENT



24



something



verb.



to



As



such,



distinguish



In Gujarati,



and



with



d\ .



a Passive



verb.



Form



the



person



the



Active



to



Root



the



AGENT



the



suffix શ્રી appended.



a pronoun.



Noun:



a man



MIBSH



by the



man



yiuell



a boy



et 5.21



by the



boy



છોકરાથી



a girl



છોકરી



by the girl



છોકરીથી



children



છોકરા



by the children



છોકર!'થી



A Pronoun:



by me



wef}



by



by us



અમારાથી



by you



The



terminations



the



same



for



conjugations



thee



for



both depend



તારાથી



by him/her/it



aie)



by them



the



Present,



Active



and



on



Past



Passive



whether



the



તેનાથી



તેઓથી Future



and



is



Tenses The



verbs.



verb



(તેંમનાથી)ે



VOICE.



Intransitive



INTRANSITIVE verbs



are



ALWAYS



Intransitive



VERBS considered



225



to



be



are



Passive



Transitive.



PASSIVE



it



IMPERSONAL.



or



They



are



used



to come



in



the



it



is



an



Intransitive



Person



only.



This



because



it does



NOT



when



other the



of



verb



its



having



the



the



Furthermore



Active



ends



Aorist Its



it



is



in



of



એ



and



a



Present



it



long



Passive



vowel



the verb



the



Root =



Passive



Infinitive



to



the



the



remember



=



Active



is



unlike



end



or



next



all



to



that



termination



usual



આવાનુ



Third



when



થ



the



ALWAYS



Person



in



the



Passive



Voice



Verbal



takes



ending



of



the



the



Infinitive



are:



aia



4



ALA



Present



Participle



WA



Tense



Tense



આવનાશે VERBS



conjugate



BHA"



fully



in



all



Tenses.



.



દેખ



=



છે



આનાયુ



TRANSITIVE



Infinitive



its



આવા



આત્રાય



to see =



at



Third



attention



of



This



Tense



verbs



Root



આ



Present



VOICE.



the



special



vowel



આ



in



Tenses.



Future



Transitive



used



of



Passive



is



forms



Past



PASSIVE



is



Root.



Aorist



Passive



Tenses.



Root.



vowel,



Passive



Active



in all



worthy



the



important



which



principal



is



long



Active Root = આવ



place



only



verb,



shorten



forming



verbs



end



Root



Person



આપવુ



Since



Root



Third



Passive



21 Of"



Root



= to be seen,



226



=



દ્પ્મા્‌



to seem



Consider



AORIST



TENSE



પાશાથ? દેખાઉ'



_10) By me may be seen thee



may



be



By him/her/it



તાશાથી દેપ્ખાય



seen



may



તેનાથી દેખાય અમારાથી દેખાઈએ તપારાથી દેખાઓ તેમનાથી દેખાય



be seen



By us may be seen By you may be seen



By



them



may



PRESENT



By



me



be



seen



TENSE is



seen,



By thee



is



is



seen,



By him/her/it



is



is



By us is seen,



is



FUTURE



is



seen,



seen



seen



being



is



seen



is being



being



is



માશાથી દેખાઉં en”



seen



being



seen,



By you is seen, By them



being



તમારાથી દેખાઓ છો



seen



being



seen



me



By



thee



By



him/her/it



will



By



us



seen



will



be



will



will



મારાથી Srila



seen be



be



તારાથી દેપ્ખાશે તેનાથી દેખાશે અપાર।૨ દૅખાઇશય' તપારપ્થી Sum તૅમનાથી ટૈપ્ખાશે



seen



be



seen



By you will be seen them



PAST



તેમનાથી દેપ્ખાય છે



TENSE



By



By



તારથી Pvt છે તૅનાથી દેખાય છે અમારા દેખાઈએ OA



will



be



seen



TENSE



Masculine



By me was seen



Hire ટેખાથો



મારા ટેખાઈ



By



તારાથી ટૅખાયો



તારાથી દેખાઈ



તૅનાથી દેખાયો



અપાળાથી ટેખાથા



તેનાથી દેખાઈ અમારાથી ટૈૅખાઈ



By you was seen



તમારાથી દે'ખાયા



તમારાથી ટૈખાઈ



By



તૅમનાથી ટૈખાયા



તેમનાથી ટેખપ્ઈ



thee



was



seen



By him/her/it By us was them



was



seen



was



seen



seen



227



The Neuter



forms



are Singular



દેખપયુ'



Plural



PRESENT



PARTICIPLE



Some



of



these



they



may



be



(variable) Forms



Passive



in



found



encountered



Two



constructions



Passive



1.



The



Past



Past



Tense.



Active



Past



Tense



in



It was



broken



તે



2.



Active



Root



of



Past



Tense



to



with



see



Hence: The



the



Past



most



Tense.



used



of



is



Passive



The



works.



although



used



rarely



as



the



alternatives



verb



is



used



to



with



(instead



of



મશાથો



)



ભાગ્યું ગ્યુ



(instead



of



ભગાયુ'



)



the



Root



seen



translation



modifying



આને



or



Passive



He



was



seen



It



is being



the



the



iret river



is



Ww



= ot



Active



It



with



વામાં



and



+ diy’



=



mame



elf” é



was



second



for



combined



Root



(instead seen



=



It



alternative



%\°%'



produces



of a oA 124 came



into



)



seeing.



by substituting the



Present



and



Tenses.



તે NAL



seen



It will be seen TRANSLATION river



of



of



this



આવશે



Future



verb



A maA\Ut આવ્યુ'



Similarly



2.The



very



ગયો



Active



It was



literal



1.The



are



are



તે માયો“



નોળું'



છે



eg



of vA".



killed



used



the



Participle



He was



The



=



literary



frequently other



ટેખાથા”



was



તે



આળબ્યો



(instead



૦? તે ન્નેબ્રાયો



)



Maint આને છે



(instead



of



)



લે નૉનામ આવશે (instead of A AA swum



by the



man



by the



man



નટી તશાઈ was



a ન્તેબા્‌ય



swum



માણસથી નટી તર્નાપ! આવી 228



)



3.The



letter



is being



પત્ર પાણુસથી (પ્તાય 4.11૯



letter



written



by the



man



by the



man



છે



is being



written



પત્ર માષ્ુશ્નથી લખતામ! આવને & 5.The



river



will



be



swum



by the



boy



swum



by the



boy



નટી છોકરાથી તશાશે 6.The



river



will



be



નટી છોફરાથી ara’ આવશે 7.The



letter



was



written



by the



boy



by the



boy



UA ersrel લખાયો 8.The



letter



was



written



પત્ત છોજ્રથી હખવામ!' alow 9.The



book



was



read



by him



ચોપકી તેનાથી 4 ચાઈ 10.The



book



was



read



by him



ચોપડી તેનાથી વાંચવામા' આવી 11.By



whom



was



the



glass



broken?



કાય કોનાથી ભ'ગાયૉ? 12.By



whom



કાચ



was



કોનાથી



13.When



was



the



glass



broken?



ભૌંગનામાં આન્યો?



this



book



bought



by him?



આ યોપડી Ariel sure ખરીટ્દાઈ2 14.When



was



this



book



bought



by him?



આ ચોપડી તેનાર્ચા sur ખરીદંબામં! આવી? 15.The



ફળ 16.The



flower



તેનાથી flower



was



seen



by him



ન્નેવાયુ will



be



seen



by him



ફૂળ તૅનાથી Mall HAD 229



17.Money



was



18.Money



was



પાણસથી માપ્છુસથી



19.The



given



to



the



poor



by the



man



given



to



the



poor



by the



man



ગરીબોને Yar અપાયા ગશીખૉને



work



તેઓથી



will



પૈસા આપવામાં



be done



by them



be



by them



આવ્યાં



કપ SV



20.The



work



will



done



Sahel કામ કરવામા આવશે 21.What



did



you



do?



તમે શુ' કયુ ? 22.What



was



તમારાથી 23.What



done



શું કરાયુ?



was



done



તમાશથી 24.The



by you?



by you?



શું કરવામાં આવ્યુ ?



milk



has



been



2& બીલાડીથી 25.1



do not



drunk



by the



cat



પીવાઈ ગયુ' છે



understand



what



you



are



saying



તમે શુ' sO છો A મને સમનાતુ' નથી 26.Each



of



the



girls



was



દરેડ છોફરીને ઈનામ The



Passive



Mental



the use In



can



also



be



to



do



of the



two



auxiliaries



advisability



cannot



the



or



a prize



આપવામ! આવ્યુ'



Ability



addition,



1.He



Voice



given



used



something.



Passive



Voice



permissibility



come



to



indicate



This



is



USA" and can



of



be



used



doing



તેનાથી



230



or



alternative



to



ofllxq’.(Lesson



Aaya



2.He can do this work



an



Physical



to



indicate



something.



અપ્બનાય



આ કામ



એપ નથી



કરાય જે



24). the



3.He



cannot



do



this



work



તેનાથી



આ કમ



કરાતું નથી



4.They should eat the food



ખોશક



તેઓથી ખનાય



5.They shouldn't eat the food



WAS



તેઓથી ન ખવાય



દે।જો NSE સીની ટચલી worl



અકસ્પાતમાં



કપાઈ ગઈ



અને Ag



નુક્શાની alle રૃપિયા એક લાખનો દાનો send ન્યાયાધીશ્ઞે ટીકા કડી says Hig sao, એક ટથલી ey માટે આ ao મોટી EAH! “ory ACh) flr vat આપ્યો, 'મારી ટથલી ગ્ન|ગળી ઉપર છ ફ્રેટક્રેટ્લાને નયાવતી હતી એ જોશો તોઆ WH



vay



loss,



injury



a claim



amount



Each



the



MA



correct



1.411



dance



old



QU



to criticise



following



form



my milk



to make



Zak



f.



the



av



n. જુશ્શાન



m.



of



al



of



was



is written



the



verb



age,



in



shown



a little



the



in



sold



Mig બધુ' દૂધ વેચાઈ (ન્‍બુ') 2.The



people



GAA 3.The



were



should



મેન્ટ તમારાથી 4.The



letter



Un મારાથી 5.He



informed



(૦પ્યુ।ન નુ ) table



was



be moved



by you



asd’) had



been



written



by me



Card’)



arrested



તેને (45514!) 6.The



slave



પાંન્ટ્શમાં



was



imprisoned



in a cage



ગુલપ્મને (Yadt’) 231



નચાનનુ” f.



ol



As



52"



Passive



the



Voice.



bracket.



Give



7.In



a short



થોડીવારમા 8.The



Al



time,



Wy



were



AAA the



ઘોડાની MAN 10.411



the



આપો Hint:



room



ઓરડો 4.



lion



was



released



સિહને (ears)



farmers



9.Hearing



the



sound



brought



there



(લાનનુ') of



horses'



hoofs,



wlio સાંભળી was



filled



wie



Pluperfect



previously



Tense



with



Asan



were



afraid



Cretarol’)



(ન)



Passive



(Both



232



girls



light



ભશાઈ =



the



Past



are



Participle



variable)



+



હ્તુઃ



LESSON 31 You will know: how to Recognise the Subjunctive Mood the Present, Past and Future Subjunctive Tenses of the Verbs to be and to have



how to Identify the Two Main Types of Conditional Sentence the Two Special Verbal Constructions used to Indicate Past Time



233



LESSON



THE



SUBJUNCTIVE



MOOD



The



Subjunctive



Mood



be and



recognised also



by



by



is



used



words



the PARTICLES નને ..તો CONDITION. and



Very



only



the



emphasis



is



second



e.g.



omitted



particle



is



appended



equivalent



emphasis



Before



as



as



may,



the



particle



is



are



such



such



frequently,



needed



express



(if..then)



the નતો form



4



to



conjunctions



certain



31



to and



to



forms,



is



only



to



either



can



if..then,unless..then might.



In Gujarati,



particle



used.



either



at



It



are used to EXPRESS THIS first



say



CONDITION.



give



of



Whenever



then, the



wl is omitted



even



then,



particle



do



which



strong



oY



or તોય gives



the



verbs



in



*



then or



the



These strong



required.



considering



the



Present,



and



to



have



Past are



the



and



Subjunctive



Future



Mood



of



Subjunctives



of



the



general,



verbs



to



be



given.



to be Slo" PRESENT



PAST



Tf tbe



નો હુ OF



If I were



નને હ હોલ



If thou be



nA 4 હોય



If thou were



nl cf હોત



be aA તે હોય્‌



If he/she/it



If he/she/it



If she If we If you



be be be



If they be



ને તેણી હોય



If



she



were



ન્તે અમે હોઈએ



If we



નને તમે હો



If you



on તેઓ RIA



If they were



234



were were



were



નને તે હોત



નૉ Mx} હોત જો અમે હોત નનો તમે હોત



“તે તેઓ હોત



FUTURE If



I should



If thou



should



If he/she/it if she If we



if



om તેણ્ઠી હશે



નતો અપે હશે



be



should



નો તમે હશો



be



should



to have



જૉ તે દશે



be



be



should



they



be



should



should



If you



ay હઈશ જે તુ* “a



be



નતો તેઓ wrt



be



ને હોતુ



PAST



PRESENT



If



I have



If I had



on HV હોય



જો મને હોત



If thou hast ન તારે હોય If he/she/it has maa હોય



If thou had oA તને હોત If he/she/it had નો તેને. હોત



If she



has



ot ALIA હોય



If she had



નો તેણી નેહોત



If we have



ot અમને Sty



If you



નો તમને હોય



If we had If you had



a અમને હોત નો તમને હોત



they



ot તેઓને via



If



have



they



have



ol ANA હોય



had



FUTURE If



I should



ef



thou



should



he/she/it she we



should



There



TWO



જો WA હશે જો તપને પશે



have



should



are



નો તેને શે નને તેણીને wa



have



have



should



they



નનો તને છરે



have



should



should



you



ol મને હશે



have



have



નો તેઓને vt



have MAIN



1.



The



condition



2.



The



opportunity



TYPES



may



or



of



CONDITIONAL



SENTENCES



may



not



be carried



to carry



out



the



235



out.



condition



has



passed.



CONDITION



MAY



OR MAY



type



may



be



This 1.



BE



OUT



possibilities:



two



into



near



or



future



the



in



place



taking



possibility



a strong



is



there



in which



definite



something



CARRIED



subdivided



arises



A situation of



NOT



future.



would



be acceptable



If you



can



to



come



2.



A Statement There



is made



vague,



from



the



uncertain



they



don't



type



of



I'll



My



which



that



condition or



come



give



Sentence.



you



the



book



તમને ચોપડી આપીશ



about



is a possibility



arising



If



then



the



it



that



too



Note



Sentence.



This



Sentence.



the



of



parts



omit«t from



today



AR આનન્‍્ટે adm



of



type



this



in



occurs



ALWAYS



BOTH



in



Tense



Future



the



Note



book



તો છ તમને ચોપડી આપીશ



આવશો



જો aX આન



the



you



give



I'll



then



today



come



can



you



If



there



there



but



is



might



the



indefiniteness. be



action



an



or



outcome



activity



is



indefinite.



then



I'll



go



(નને) તેઓ નજિ આને તો yo wea



This (which



and



in



itself



usually



Aorist,



the



CONDITION



the



WHICH



this



type



can



no



longer



Past



of



second



indefiniteness)



part or



of



the



the



uses in



Sentence



Future



the



uses



Conditional



condition



used



Past in



Sentence



because Time, this



the



the none



situation.



236



the



Aorist



first



part



either



the



Tense.



OUT



be achieved



are



ALWAYS



CAN NO LONGER BE CARRIED



involving



Tenses



Sentence



implies



Imperative



In



Although



Conditional



opportunity of



the



expressed



has



passed.



previously



met



Instead,



ONE



of



TWO



They



both



of



equal



are



user's is



preference.



important be



given.



whether



the



verb



FIRST



realise The



the



giving that



is preceded



choice



examples exact



manner



of



by wt



used.



being



of each



English



form,



the it



equivalents



translation



depends



on



If you they



જો તુ



had gone



gone



had



gone



then



he/she/it



would



then



she would



have gone



then



we



have



SECOND



would



od



have



તો તે ona



gone



તો તેણી હયો. તો



gone



have have



ન્તત



ct તુ ન્તત



have gone



thou would



they



નને અપે



તો yeaa



then



then you would



caval



જૉ qa}



then I would have gone



would



ન્ટ AL



જો તમે ad



gone



had



ન્તત



નન તે wid



gone



had had



If we



on છુ old



had gone



If he/she/it she



of verb + ત



gone



I had



then



made



is



or તો.



Root



wh



If thou



If



CONSTRUCTIONS



CONSTRUCTION



fo 8૦9



If



VERBAL



importance,



Before



to



cannot



if



SPECIAL



અમે wl



તો તમે



gone



તો તેઓ



gone



ma «a



CONSTRUCTION



Past



Tense



237



of verb



(variable)



+ હોત



Masculine



Feminine



If I had gone



નો હ ગો હોત



નો હુ' ગઈ હોત



If thou had gone



Ka



ગયો eet



જોતુ ગઈ હોત



નોતે



મયોહોત



MA



had gone



If he/she/it If



she



ન્તેતેણી re Slt



gone



had



ગઈ હોત



Te due hedleone



જો અમે ગયા હોત



od અમે ગઈ હોત



If you had gone



નો તમે ગયા હોત



નો તપે ગઈ હોત



If they had gone



નો તેઓ ગયા હોત ન્તે તેઓ ગઈહોત



then I would have gone



તો હુ ગથો Ta



તો % ગઈ હૉત



then thou would have gone



Rg



Ad ગઈ હોત



he/she/it



then



she



then



we



then



you



then



they would



would



have



have



would



are



Intransitive



and



the



verbs



Conditional



to put



17)



at તપે ગયા હોત તો તમે ગઈ હોત



gone



તો તેઓ ગયા હોત તો તેઓ ગર્ઈ હોત



Singular



ગયુ wa



Plural



ગયા હોત



verb.



agreements



(Lesson



તો અપે ગયા હોત તો WR ગઈ હોત



gone



v4'is an all



તો aad ગઈ હોત



gone



have



forms



તો તે ગઈ હોત



તો તે ગયો હોત



gone



gone



have



would



The Neuter



have



would



then



ગથો Sa



apply



The



for



the



when



next



verb Wrdis



Past



using



Tenses



of



this



Transitive Transitive



form



of



Tense.



44



If I had put



,



at મે' મૂક્યું sla



If thou had put



નો તે' Assy



If he/she/it



an aw



had put



4s



હોત હોત



If she had put



ol તેણીએ



If we had put



જો અપે Ysa હોત



238



મૂક્યુ હોત



the



If you had put



નને ay પૂક્યું હોત



If they had put



xl તેઓએ ysy હોત



then I would



તો મે મૂક્યુ હોત



then



thou



have put



would



have



then he/she/it



would



then



she



have



then



we



then



you



then



they would



The



would would



have



would



negatives



Intransitive



ay તે' મૂક્યુ હોત



have put



તો તેણે મૂફ્યુ હોત



put



તો તેજીએ



would



have



સી



હોત



તો AX



Sy"



હોત



Transitive



1.If



formed



by putting



“ન



before



the



I would



not



ol હુ ગ્યો ન હોત have



gone



તો હુ ગયો ન્ન્‌ હોત



verb.



If I had not put



જો મેં મૂક્યું ન હોત



then I would not have put



તો મે' Wa



the



train



I were



is



late



then



you



will



catch



it



મોડી હશે તો તમને મળશે a king



નત હુ' રનત હોત 3.1f



verb:



verb.



નતો આગગાડી 2.If



મૂક્યુ હોત



તો તેઓએ



put



If I had not gone then



મૂક્યુ હોત



તો અપે



would



have



are



put



the



postman



comes



then



I will



a



ટપાલી આતે તો મને પત્ત મળશે



4.If



you



read



the



book



ot તમે ચોપડી વ'ચશો 5.I1f he invites



me



you



will



be



તો તમને આનદ then



I will



A તે મને આપ'ત્રણુ આપશે



get



pleased



anda



go



A હુ ન્ત્ઈશ



239



the



letter



a હોત



6.1f



નો Rut 7.It



8.1£



you



intend



10.1:



હોત Ay then



come



તો તેઓ



નહિ આવે work



I don't



then



going



he doesn't



XA



don't



go



ન્ળઓ તો Ad



A તમે vain 9.If



if you



be good



a તમે ન



do?



ન હોય A yw કરીએ ?



welt



would



we



shall



what



house



in the



food



is no



there



I will



I will



too



come



wey આવીશ they



will



પાછા



oi money



get



not



go back



નન જુ કામ ન $y તો મને પૈસા મળશે નહિ 11.1:



I had



gone



he would



come



have



તૉ હુ' ગયો હોત તો તે wor 12.If



I had



gone



he would



હોત come



have



નનો હુ' નાત તો તે આવત 13.1If



I hadn't



gone



I hadn't



wouldn't



have



come



he wouldn't



have



come



ગયો ન હોત તો તેઆપ્યો ન viet



AY 15.If



he



td તો તે ન આવ્ત



MY 14.1:



gone



the man



hadn't



done



the work



have



I would



done



it



done



it



or માણુસે sry કયુ“ ન હૉત તો મે તે કયુ“ Ga 16.1£



the



man



hadn't



done



work



the



I would



have



નો માણુસે કામ ન કરત તો છુ' A see 17.If



I had



a WA 18.1£



I had



નૉ હ 19.12



been



late



have



missed



the



train



ક્યુ” હોત તો આગગાડી ચૂકી aaa been



late



મોડુ ક્શ્ત તો



I had



I would



not



been



I would



have



આગગાડી late



missed



the



train



Ast ગયો હોત



I would



not



have



missed



the



ma મે” xg ક્યુ ન ણેત ay આગગાડી yal ન aaa



240



train



20.If



I had



not



નો COTS 21.1



would



g2.I



late



ન seq if



મારાથી



been



I would



not



તો આગગાડી



have



missed



the



train



ચૂકી amd ન હોત



I could



બની શક્શે તો હુ' તેમ કરીશ



would



do



it



if I could



નતો બની શક્શે A હુ' a કરીશ [23.7



it



rains



| ન્તે AZ 24.12



નો



તેઓ



Lal



had



the to



will



not



go



પડશે તો આપણે



they



25.1:



we



had



been



able



wes



શક્ત



તો



postman fetch



A



CHE



‘Note:



In all



for



$24 ARQ



to



go



ay



hadn't



a walk



var



it would



have



been



good



બત



brought



the



letter



I would



have



it



પત્ર GID ન હોત તો મારે લેવા awd usa these



examples



|



the



initial



w



may



be omitted



ઈતિહાસ



MR: હુ' બે સો વશ્સ પહેલ vara હોત તો Fey સરસ થાત ys:



BR:



|



એમ કેમ?



તો નિશાળમં આટલો બધો ઈતિહાસ ન શીખવો પડત



Write



the



correct



1.If



you



play



forms



your



of



best



the



then



verbs



shown



I will



give



in brackets, you



a gift



ને તુ' સૌથી સાજું (શ્પમનુ') તો તને Az (આપતુ) 2.If



you



let



me



out



then



I will



be your



friend



જો AX UA બહાર (કાબ) તો હુ તમાશે Are થઈને (રહેતુ) 3.I1f



I see



all



then



wisdom



comes



નો હુ ay (AY) તો સમન 4.1£



he goes



for



a walk



then



(444) both



may



meet



નો ફરવા ort’) તો બને સાથે wv લીકળનુ')



241



together



5.I1f



I am



late



then



you



walk



away



ને પતે WS (UY) A તમે ચાહ્યા (wd) 6.1f



I can



get



his



apple



ન્તે મને એનું Agro 7.I1f



we



do



this



then



to



he were



how



good



it would



be



ખાત્રા (MN) તો Fel મઝી (us) many



RAMA (S24)તો He 8.12



eat



fishermen's



lives



માછીમાશેના



will



be



ona (બચાવનુ')



here



નતો તે અહી' (હોવુ) 9.If



you



will



not



bow



then



you



will



be



punished



જનો સલામ ન (S24) તો તને Aa (થનુ) 10.If



I have



your



permission



then



I will



આપની Ao (હોનુ') તો તેને love (524")



242



bring



him



in



saved



LESSON



32



You will know: —



how to form the Pluperfect Participle



-



howit is used as an Alternative Perfect Tense



-



how itis Mainly Used as a Noun or Adjective



243



LESSON



THE In



PLUPERFECT Lesson



with to The



17,



the



we



BEFORE



Pluperfect



On very



form



PARTICIPLE saw



Immediate



time



rare



the



or



NOUN



because



a



The



some



OF



form



of



Root



of



the



Root



ends



in



Past



the



state



or



are



very



come,



had



done



etc.



Participle



given



condition



used



Perfect



USES



latter



is



are



being



which



has



to



and



either used



to



arisen



Activity.



ends



PARTICIPLE



Participle



in a consonant



Participle



Participle



Participle



Pluperfect



rarely



ALTERNATIVE



etc.



depends or



on



whether



the



a vowel.



=



EITHER



Root



+



DA



-(variable)



OR



Root



+



એલ



(invariable)



Root



+



ay



(variable)



Root



+



AA



(invariable)



used



to



a vowel:



Pluperfect and



refers



done



PRINCIPAL



= EITHER OR



Perfect



Tense had



had



the



concerned



come,



previously its



is



consonant:



Pluperfect The



had



means



ADJECTIVE,



Pluperfect



verb



in



ends



an



PLUPERFECT



Pluperfect



Root



the



Tense



Pluperfect



Pluperfect



However,



continuous



of



FORMATION



as



the Past



also the



to



as



Preterite



Immediate



occasions,



Tenses.



the



whereas



Participle



Pluperfect



describe



that



Past,



alternatives



a



32



used



PERFECT



can



Tenses,



be



although



in practice.



TENSE



244



form



these



alternative



constructions



to



come



I have



BAD



Masculine



come



thou hast come he/she/it we



have



you



come



come



have



they



has



come



have



come



The Neuter



ALTERNATIVE



હુ BAA



£0"



%& Arr



eg"



gq wad



છે



તુ' mad



છે



તે



છે



તે



છટે



આવેલો



are



અપ્નેલી



ગ્નમે WAG



EAD



અમે



Wadi



છીએ



તમે



€9\



તમે



આપનૅલી



છો



આપલા



તેઓ



forms



Feminine



આપવેૅલા



છે



Aan ય્પાનૅલી



Singular



તે અપ્નેલ” છછે



Plural



Azzy



PLUPERFECT



છે



ry)



uaa’



TENSE



Masculine



Feminine



I had come



છઠ આવેલો છતો



હુ અપ્નૅઊી ef



thou



¢



BUA



હતો



તુ Wat



હતી



તે



BUACAL



હતો



તે



ખઆપખૅલી



હતી



હતી



had



come



he/she/it



had



come



we had come



અમે



અવેલા



હતા



અપે Wak



you



તમે



આવેલા



હ્તા



તમે



ગપ્વૅલી હતી



તેચય



“ખાનેલી હ્તી



had



they



come



had



come



The Neuter



The



main



forms



uses



adjective



are



of



it



which



State



Ad 2.See



what



of



are



the



તે acl Cf ed



Plural



તે aura’



he has



action



to in



written



લખેલુ aren what



he has



Participle



by the



refers an



હતા



Singular



illustrated



from



અપ્નેલા



Pluperfect



either



arising



1.Read



તેઓ



done



તે કરેલું ofr 245



as



following



Past the



Time past.



wat either



examples,



or



to



a



noun



or



in each



Continuous



3.What



you



have



said



તમારું



કહેલું સારુ



4.What



is written



is good



છટે on



the



envelope?



પરબીડિયુ” way લખેલું છે ? 5.A



man



is lying



WBA 6.A



the



ground



ન્ત્મીન પશ સુતેલો &



little



boy



Glu’ 7.The



man



8.The



લાલ wh



સૌસાપેનથી shop



is



friend



sari



of



the



લખેલો



children



Awe છે is clever



oe



in pencil



છે



full



છે



who



have



come



માણ્દસો



broken



Cg



red



is written



દુકાન CR આવેલા



garden



is my



પહેરેલી a હોશિયાર



ur



13.The



in front



in the



letter



men



the



બેઠેલો માપ્ુસ મારો aa છે



10.The



12.The



room



સામે બેઠેલો uaa



woman



11.The



in that



sitting



Nori]



in



tsa ઊભેલો છે



sitting



man



9.The



is standing



નાનો



તે ઓરડામા”



14.He



on



door



Ars" saw



a large



lion



lying



down



there



તેણે ati એક Mu ABA VA AR



15.The



cat



16.My



pocket



aid



had



lain



down



ત્ય બેઠેલી હતી



there



is full



મારું Awd’ ery’ છે 246



is



a teacher



17.The



house



a2



Geel



18.A



famous



is full



ભરેલુ' છે



Re weit ધોએલા



20.The



had



written



it



લેખકે તે ada હતી clothes



સ્નચ્છ



girl



as’



writer



washed



19.Clean,



of mice



suse



standing



ઊભેલી



here



ers મખ્ખીયૂસ



RE “વાન નાના ગાપપ! રહેતો. તે ધણો saa હતો, દશેક નાતમાં એ FUG કરતો હતો, એક દિવસ ag મરાય ay’, તે પછી ad wee



દરવાન ખખડાજ્યો ત્યારે દર્ત્રાન NEM: તું અહીં aul. અવ્યો છે?



GAL



નવાબ આપ્યોઃ મારે અંદર af’ નઈએ.,



દેરવાનઃ



HER A



માદે તો પહેલ! સારું કામ કરના પડે છે, કોઈ



સાજી Sir ક્યુ“ છે? mater: હા કાલે or મે' એક ડોશીને પાંય વૈસા આપ્યા હતા. દૃરવાનઃ એ સિવાય Mey’ કોઈ કામ?



oGdits હા વરસ પહેલા' એક ગરીબ છોકરાને દસ Dau આપ્યા હતા. દરવાન: એ સિનાય બીજુ” Sel કામ?



ન્તુવાનઃ MEI આટલું પાદ છે.



દરવાન: આ પ'દર પૈસા લે અને નરકમાં aad BW. correct



Give



the



verb



shown



1.He



in the



saw



the



તેણું Ds’ 2.He



saw



form



the



of



Pluperfect



bracket



servant



lying



down



(UF) Aa



a gentleman



standing



AQ atl એક ગૃહસ્થને (GAA) 3.You



આપે



will



Participle



remember



the



there



rend



promise



મને (આપનું) dud યાદે હશે



247



you



had



given



me



for



the



LESSON



33



You will know: how to Recognise a Causative Verb how to Form the Causative Infinitive



how to Form the Causative Infinitives of the Two Main Types of Irregular Verbs how to use Causative Verbs in Sentences



LESSON



CAUSATIVE



VERBS



Causative



verbs



of



causing



which The



or



express



verb



know



to



i.e.



cause



in



are



obvious



the



more



Indian



English



generally



not



readily



rise.



used



in



recognised



the



since



infix



Causative



આડ



to



For



most



to do



their



Roots



are



Root



becomes



verb



is



to



form



to



cause



the



formed



the



becomes



to



The



Causative



rise to



of



does



which, raise



the



not



Because



may



verb



to



occur



identified 11૯



is



in from



majority



either



of



“of



આવ



this,



or



they



recognisable.



verbs:



Causative



Root



=



EITHER



Normal



Root + આદર



OR



Normal



Root



+



Als



INFINITIVE



Root



42



Causative



SUA



કર૨।વ્વુ



Meaning



to cause



to do =



TO HAVE MADE



કરતુ to study



to



verbs



by adding



verb.



cause



Causative



Thus



easily



formation.



to



quite



Causative



are



through



occur



to



raise.



act



in English.



verbs



Gujarati.



the



or



learn



in



difficulty



of



to



are



verbs



in



the normal



easily



Verb



used



Verbal



are



CAUSATIVE



Causative



form



English,



as



this



examples



Causative



rise the



by which



In



they to



describe



two



the



teach.



than



they



effect



Causative



Similarly



Fortunately,



Gujarati



an



Languages.



verb



be



i.e.



Consider



its



i.e.to



commonly



of



in



inform.



learn



less



about



happens.



know



to



to



causation



bringing



something



33



ભણ



AAA



ભાયાનનુ



ભાગુબુ



to cause



TO LEARN



249



to study =



The



Tenses



are



Causative



Two



by appending



આહ



verbs



to



the



which



normal



form



are:



cause



to



v4!



to



hogs he



RU



to cause



verbs



are



two



1.



Verbs



before



relevant



are



main



irregular



their



root



eat



Some



the



endings



to



the



Roots



by



Root.



noteworthy



adding



to



made



when



eat



Causative



=



to



feed



to sit



forming



wHtsa’



RAS,



Causative



Roots.



There



types.



which



change



adding



the



the



long



Causative



vowel



આ



to



short



vowel



અ



આવ્‌.



to know



ais A



to cause



to know = to inform



of B14



to



walk



ચાલવુ



to



to



ચલાવવુ



to give



આપનુ



to cause



to give



અખપાવવુ



to read



તાશનવુ



to cause



to read



214



2.



Verbs



sometimes



which



change



cause



their



walk



vowel



or



=



to



drive



final



consonant



or



both.



to fall



U sof



to cause



to fall



to break



A244



to cause



to break



તોડનુ'



to drink



પીનુ'



to cause



to drink



પાનુ



to



બગડનુ



to



to



spoil



The



Passive



root



24\



the



vowel



to



of



cause



Causatives



Active



is



Causative



spoil



formed



= to pick



=



to



waste



by adding



root. Causative



Verb



Root



Active



$24



SR



કર્‌ાબ્‌



SUAL



ભણુતરુ'



ભાસ



A144



ALY LAL



Uo



AMA



UUMA



Av



1



250



Passive



પાડનુ



બગાડનુ



the



long



Present,



are



Past,



formed



Sentences



First



involving



the



Causative



causing To



This



Second



Crude



Form,



2.We



Second



is



since



drive



any



else



Agent



i.e.



may it



do their



be



is



related



result



(the



the



noun



followed



work



(See in



Second



confusion Agent



by adding



a



Passive



endings



possible



identified



Agent



them



someone



avoid



action,



1.Make



their



appropriate



what,the



the



all



the



something.



out



and



by adding



Agent)



doing



Future



or



Lesson



someone



Agent) as



to



actually



put



30) (the



to



do



whom



is



carrying



ની MIA or પાસે to pronoun



by the



Tenses



into



postposition



it. its



ની પાસે.



તેઓની પાસે તેમનુ' કાપ કરાવો



a car



અમે



M2ud)



ચલાનીએ



છીએ



3.1 got the boy to work



Y છોકરા પાસે કામ 60%"



4.You



તમે તેને ગુન્રાતી Mice



taught him Gujarati



5.1 taught him English



મે' તેને wig શીખ।૦યુ'



6.1 fed the boy milk



NY છોક્રપને દૂંધ પીવડાવ્યું (ley)



7.He



explained



8.He



dictates



it



to



the



man



તેને તે UYU



a letter



તે પત્ર



9.1 will explain it teach



is driving



a car



father



11.The



man



used



પડ



has



driven



the car



દિવસ



મોટસમાડી



AQ આખો 14.1



caused



him



to feed



all



અમારા



પીતા



YUH



ALZUN



day



થલાવી & (made him eat)



મે' તેને whi sa 15.1



got



the



boy



to write



નમને



IQA AHA WAU



12.The man told them the news 13.He



&



હુ' તે સમન્તવીશા



to



10.O0ur



લખાવે



HAMowl



a letter



DY છોકરા પાસે પત્ર લખાવ્યો



281



UGA



ભાઝ બતા



&



ortytoaT (આપ્યો)



16.The



man



MIR



picked



us



some



fresh



mangoes



અત્રનૈ તાજી કેરીઓ પાઠી ટીધી



17.The



teacher



Qus ar 18.The



girl



teach



Saga sang



us



dog woke



History



શીખાવશે some



them



beautiful



songs



up by barking



ફૂતરાએ AAA AMA 20.The



you



અમને સુ'દ૨ ગીતો સપભળાન્યાં



છોકરીએ 19.The



will



teacher



used



wise to make



the



children



read



a story



(leis છોકાઓ પાસે તારતા વ'ચાનતા' HA



sir



કેમ બાપુજી? અપાવો ને?



તા બેટા,



મને ત'બુરો અપાવો,



બાપુની



ના ના. ત ત'બુરો બગાડે તો clon લોકોને



ધો'વાટ પણોચે.



પારે Bra UG કામ હોય છે, નો ત'બુરો નગાતો હોય તો vy sium કેની રીતે કરી શકુ? ના બાપુજી, yo તમને ધાધિલ નહિ પહો'ચાડફ ,તમે ઊંધી ma પછીન હ ત'બુરો



arr Star, Write



the



of



form



correct



the



Causative



verb



shown



in



bracket. 1.1



made



you



work



Y તમારી પાસે 4 2.The



man,



having



ઉરાવનુ']



drunk



the



water,



quenched



his



thirst



the necessary



things



પાણુસે પાપી પીને તરસ (છિપાવવુ') 3.1૯



તેણ્ઠે



fed



many



people



ete, GINA



4.His



father



તેન|



પિતા ar



used



i



(vnisa’) to give



aed)



બધી



him



all



બસ્તુઓ



252



(અપાવવુ')



the



5.He



sat



his



father



on



the



chair



તેણે પિતાને yaell પર (Quisd’) 6.He



caused



7.He



sat



8.He



made



a fine



temple



to be built



TA Yer પ'ટિશ૨ (બ'ધાનવવુ) down



his



own



chosen



his



own



horse



friends



aX પોતાના ચુતદા Ma (બેસાડનુ) ready



પોતાના AD લૈયા૨ ($2144) 9.He



is



flying



a kite



તે પત'ગ (ઉડાવવુ] 10.1



will



see



you



home



(cause



you to



a lift)



હુ' તમને ઘેર (પણોંચાડનુ') દઈશ



253



arrive



i.e.



give



you



LESSON



34



You will know: -



that Conjunctions Join or Link together Sentences,



Clauses and Words —



their Uses



254



LESSON



34



CONJUNCTIONS Conjunctions



Clauses



are



and



and



used



Words.



to



A few



અને , ને,તથા



or



join



601212



otherwise



નહિ તો



because



if. .then



ન્ને.. તો



when..then



although. .nevertheless



the



same



of



of



way



as



difference



given



in



special



are



the



so



ord.



Ye!



that



તેથી



તોપણ



therefore



Dr



ULL are



of



but



yet



યારે



used



in English.



use



also,



gus, ફાર્ણ કે



OMS ..



Sentences,



are:



3



conjunctions



they



together



કે sO MAN 24 12



ea’



majority



link



examples



although



The



or



in



Gujarati



There



some



of



but



each



are



them.



a few These



in



much



points will



be



use



in



consideration.



OR



Both



3



and



અચવા



mean



or



has



a specific



Gujarati.



કે is used to LINK NOUNS



BAUD!



Amina or Atiya



આમ્રીનાઃકે widen



Tea or coffee?



=i Re ફ્રેફી ?



is used to LINK SENTENCES I will



go



or



હૂ નઈશ ANOTHER USE FOR કે કે



can



such be a



also



as



put DIRECT



He into



be used said



that



QUOTE



of



will



go



અથના મારો ભાઈ જશે to give he



form



the



my brother



what



was



He he



a DIRECT going,



said



QUOTATION.



before



that



I am



is



given.



said



255



A statement



translation



going.



has



to



In Gujarati,



He



said



that



he



is



going



= He



said



that



I am



going



તારે sa FY તાનો \



He



thought



that



he would



go



a



= He



૯



thought



છુ



૧



that



૦



I will



go



AQ બિંચાર કયો“કે હું ore ANDને , અને Both ને and not



be



The



with



to any



other



WHEN



The



‘THBN



use



of



કકક



the



meaning



the



and.



The



shorter



ને



since



postposition



word



when



its



meaning



form



it



will



is never



is and.



evil. તો if



...



then



was



explained



in Lesson



31



પિ



conjunction He



have



confused



attached



IF),



અને



will



જ્યારે .- ભારે



go when



the



work



is used is



to link



two



Sentences.



finished



SU કામ YZ થશે ત્યારે તેજશે The



o form



but



the He



ત



will



is



frequently



form



is NEVER



go when



the



omitted



left



work



in both



speech



out.



is



finished



કામ YR થશે AR A oD 1.Although



he



did



good



work



he was



lazy



ay AQ wy કમ sy પણ્‌ તે આળસુ હતો 2.Although



he did



good



work



he was



lazy



ભલે AQ સારું ફાપ se uy તે . આળસુ હતો 3.Although



his



daughter



is young



she



તૅની esd નાની છે છતા' તે સમનટરી 4,.Although



otk



he



is poor



he



is honest



તેગરીબ હોવા છતા' પ્રામાણિક છે



256



is



છે



sensible



and



writing



| 5.You and I (I and you)



re Aad 6.In



spite



of



this



તેમ છતા |



7.Mother



and



daughter



મા અને Ach |



| |



8.He



went



there



and



ate



તે ત્યા' ગયો અને vr 9.He



went



there



but



he did



not



તે ત્યા ગયો પાય તે ven aly



10.It



is getting



cold



therefore



Sh us એટલે wy 11.1



am



glad



that



you



eat



warm



clothes



are



necessary



gust ન્નેઈએ have



come



હુ' ખુશ 2" Gay કે તમે aout છો 12.Either



you



or



your



કાતો તમે અથવા 13.Neither



you



nor



brother



did



તમારા ભાઈએ your



brother



આ



it



rains



you



will



get



ક્યુ



did



ના તમે ના તો તમાશા ભાઈઓ આ 14.1:



this



this



ક્યુ”



soaked



dante ust તૉ તમ્‌ ભીન્તઈ vat : 15.Neither



my friend



nor



his



Mir મિત્ર કે તેની Ac 16.You



told



me



the



truth



daughter



have



gone



કોઈ ગયુ” નથી therefore



I was



very



pleased



તુ' સાથુ' બોહ્યો તેથી મને ધણ્ઞોન્ઝ આન'ટ થયો 17.He



fell



down



a second



time



too



Gog ar પણુ A નીચે પડયો 18.He



was



not



able



to go



to



school



because



he had



fever



તે નિશાળે ve શકયો a(Y કેપ કે AA તાન આવ્યો wr



257



LESSON



USEFUL



EXPRESSIONS



AND



35



PHRASES



Please



મહેરબાની



Thank you



આભાર



How



કેમ છો ?



are



you?



કડીને



I'm well



ગને સાફ છે



Excuse



મને MIS sat



With



me



pleasure



પુશીથી



Goodbye



આવન્ને



Happy Birthday



નષ“માંઠ



Happy



સાલ



Are



New



you



Let's



Year



going?



MOLVA



મુબારક



તમે 24) ચાલો



vey



Get out



બહાર



Alon



0.1



$OL(A



Who's Keep



go



છો?



there?



Fer આવ્યુ



them



Taste



છે?



રાપ્ખો



(it)



શાખો



Who told you?



તમને 2H AR sar



Where



આપણે



Are



are



you



we?



ready?



ut



છીએ?



તમે તૈયાર છો?



Wait a bit



xt ઉભા wl



Sit straight



સીધો (સીધી) બેસ



Put it down



441 aN (a)



I came



by car



હુ



That's



true



સાથી



What happened?



|



258



મોટ્શ્ગાઠીમાં



aia



શુ થયુ ?



આવ્યો



I'd



love



to come



How



is your



હુ નરૂર આવીશ



father?



What



is your



name?



When



is your



birthday?



How



did



you



work



do you



What



work



does



you



તમે કેની રીતે આવ્ય?



come?



What



Can



ayia die કેપ છે ? તમાર નામ શું છે? તમારો ન્ષ“ગાંઠ ક્યારે છે?



tell



તમે શ si કરો છો ?



do?



your



me



father



his



તમે મને તેનુ' નામ કહી શકશો?



name?



What



is your



age?



What



is your



father's



name?



What



is your



mother's



name?



the



of



What's



Is



this



name



તમાશા પિતા શુ કામ કરેછે?



do?



this



તમારી Gur કેટલી છે ? તમારા પિતાનું નામ શું છે? તમારા પાનુ નામ ૨] છે? આ રસ્તાનું; નામ શ છે?



road?



today?



આ બરાબર દેટે? તમે કયાથી બોલો છો? આને બહુ તાપ પડે છે ને ?



alright?



Where



are



you



Isn't



it hot



speaking



from?



What



are



you



saying?



તમે શુ કહો છો?



When



did



you



come?



તમે



What



time



It



is



Hurry



too up



I'm



glad



Are



you



will



you



Is



there



તમે Feat નાગે આવશો ? an well છે



come?



expensive



vet



please



you going



Do



you



intend



enjoyed



the



to write



going



anything



him



do



a letter?



or



s20a



તપને eter’ એટલે બસ



food



today



I can



કયારે આવ્યા?



tomorrow?



for



259



you?



તમે તેને પત્ર લખવાના EDT? તપે આજે જાના ફે કાલે ?



કંઈ ક્રાપ છે?; સેના કરી ag છું?



KEY



TO



EXERCISES



Page:



102



106



107



A



B



Ad



ef



2,



aay



7. @a



RA



એક es મોટો હતો અને ole ys નાનો હતો



8S



OF



ae



આપો



35952 Oma



5.



raed . રહેતો IAL



(2. aemt 2. પ્રાતતો 7.અપ્તતી



HLA



A etal Zara હતો



3, ae 3. આનત!ઇ 8. અપ્પતો



42h



કહતી હહ 5 stat 4. આવતો 5. SIAL 9. કશતા 10. આતતો



રડે



બેઠી



Ay તેને



ન આપ્યો શ્હ્યો



4. 6.



(ws છોકરો



ua deat



a



anlorl



8.



શિક્ષક



ગયા



10.



પ્રે



બોલાજ્યો



ane



* પડતી scl



2. ગાતો aga



3. ગમતો નહતો



4. હસતા છતા



. ચાહતો પતો



6. બેસતો હતો



7. ચાલતા હતા



8. VEC પુતી



. War હુતો



10. દોડતો હતો



ખરીદ્યો છે પડયો નથી



2. લાજ્ય છો



3.



6. MSY’ નથી



7. આવ્યા છીએ



- મૂફ્યો છે



10. આવ્યો &



A



B



શીખો



. સીંછુ આખા oFAUT શન્તઇતો



ઇક Ce Oe નિ tt 582: કૂ. ક“ le ON દૂ 6% Cr કઝ ૧૪ “ક OA 2



142



4



3. Ar AQ BM હતી



Maer



141



3. ad



* હૂનો UD ઊંડો હતો



127:



131



“કરો



હુ ચૂક્યો છુ



QZ vat eg



અયો



છ:



ગયો &



8. આજ્યા છીએ



શુ' તમે ચૂક્યા છો તે શૂકયો નથી અપે ચૂફ્યા નથી



શુંતમે aw છો



તે રપ્યો નથી અમે રયા નથી



ઝે હીધ' છે શુ તમે ઊંધું છે aA લીધ નથી અપે AY નથી મે' પીધુ' છે war પીધું છે ak પીધ્‌' નથી અમે whey નથી 142



6



1.બેઠો હતો 5. આવ્યો હતો



2. બાંધ્યા હતા 6. નોયો BA



9.,ઊભ્ધો હતો



10. પડયો હતો



260



3.નિકળ્યો હતો 7. MBA BAL



4. આવ્યો yA 8. પપળી હતી



KEY TO EXERCISES Page:



143 » છ સૂતો હતો શું તમે સૂતા હતા તે સૂતો નહતો aw aat નહતા YEG હુતુ' શૂ તમે દીધુ' હતુ' તેણુ ટીધુ' નહતુ' તેઓએ Ay નહતુ' BMT ETA



શુંતમે નાઠા હતા



મે' દીઠુ'હતુ'



war દીઠુ' હતુ' તેણે AF avg તેઓએ Ag નહતુ'



તે નાઠો નહતો તેઓ નાઠા નહતા



2. રહેતા હશે 8ર] * કસ્તા હશે 6. ઉકાળતો હશે 5 * કરતો હશો 154 1 oe હશે 2.ગયાણઇઈથ્‌' 5 *સાંભળ્યા નાહ્‌ હોય6ઠ. HOM BN



3.



કરતા હશે 4. VHA હશે



7.



ગાતી હશે



159



3 . મખફ્જો 7 * આવડુ' eg



8. ભાનતી નથી



1. મખ્યુ છે



2. આપીશ



188



3૩, eT BAG ગયો નહે હોથ 7. YR ચય હશે



4. આવડતુ' નથી



was છે 6. આવડે છે 9 * Od છે 10. થયુ 2. olef 1 *ન્ોઈતુ' નથી 6. ન્નેઈએ 5 ada નથી 9. ately 10. myn 1. al આપ 2. શ્હીંગઈ



3. mer Pease



4. શ્વાહના નોર્ઈએ 8. પડશે



૩. લાજી આપી



4. મળી ગયા



5. adn



7. alewlry



8.



5



170



8. ૨૫ધતી હશે



હ“



6.



ody



wer



9. ક્રીને 10. ભૂલી ગઈ છે 11. oar ગયો 12. બેસી oad 13. લખી નાખો 14.મોક્લી દેઈશ 15. લખ્યા 4A IS. લપ્પ્યા કરતા હતા 17.લખી ચ્હ્યાહતા 18. લખ્યા #રતાહશો19.૨મી શ્ધાહતા 20. wad Ax 196



1.ડ્શ્ના 5. લાગ્યા 9. લાગ્યા 13.આવત્ત#



3. wise 7- લાગ્યો 11. wo



2. (Arad 6. લાગ્યા 10. vat (NL 14.



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&. AVAL 8. ન્ત્વાનો ૬૪” 12. બઇચતા



15. દોડતો દોડતો



261



KEY



TO



EXERCISES



Page:



202



eee S



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=



Corte



go દુ a



Ar વત્તા પાથ બરાબર નવ 3



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અગ્યાર ઓછા પાંચ બરાબર €0 સોળ ઓછા A gore NE બે Yew De બરાખર્‌ બે



PAR કે



૨ “૧ 9-૨૯



જે



25 8 કુ



છ છ



cae



દસ ભાગ્યા પાંચ બશાબર ખે



હ



જ



{oa



-૨



Tyre PR FU “રૂટ



208



HUA Aa



AN WRAL ચાર MALU બા૧ ચાર AAA સાત HUA અદ્ટીતરીસ



ABA આઠ rere ઉડતાળીસ ભાગ્યા બે ALI aL



સોળ ભાગ્યા આઠ બત્રીસ ભાગ્યા બે



UVR બે era સોળ



1. a



2.amd



3. લેવો



sad



6. ad



7. પોતે



8. પોતાની



9. પ્રારી



wl Asli ખચાબ દીકરી



સાઉ sy ખશાબ DEY



સાજી ઘર ખરાબ ઘર



wad Asa ખરાબ દીક્રો



સુખી દીકરી



સુખી છક્ઝ



સુખી ઘર



સુખી AT



મોટી દીકરી



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મોટુધર



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પૈસાદાર As



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as માણુસ



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ટ્રેડ CVSY



ટરે૬ ધશ



ers દીકરો



21654. સારો પાણુસ Wed માણુસ સુખી માજુસ MA wan



+ sea



10. omar



WMA ટીકરો



બેમાંથી એક માણસ બેમાંથી એક ટીકરી બેપાથી એક eNsy બેમાંથી ગક થર બેમાંથી એક DD 262



KEY



TO EXERCISES



Page:



216



A



સામ માણસો



સાવી Asad



MHA MAT



ખશબ ટીકડીઓ રાખ છોકર્સાઓ ખરાબ ad ખરાખ દીકરાઓ



સાં છૉઝ્ાંઓ



મસાશ્ચ ધશે સાર Asad



સુખી પપ્ણુસો સુખી દીક્ડીઓ સુખી છોકર્સઓ સુખી ઘરો સુખી Asad મોટા માણસો Ad ટીકરીઓ Mei છોકરીઓ પોર્ટ aM મોટા દીકરાઓ ay wad આ દીકરીઓ આ છૉક્શઓ આ થરો આ દીકરાઓ તે માણસો તે Ashen તે છોકશાઓ તે ધરો તે ટીક્શઓ Dandie માણસો પેસાદોર દીકરીઓ Via Dated પૈસારદીર ઘશે Base દીકરાએ 216



8



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bigger,



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e.g. The



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richer.



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AG



Your



followed



સારો



better,



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should



be



by the



WIRSYA



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are



best,



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by



followed



by the



e.g.



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AD



માણસ



shown



in A



etc.



biggest,



સૌથી



responses



introduced



worst,



answer



happiest,



should



responses



be



shown



introduced



in A



etc.



216.6



ay Mia



BUH



સારો છે



આ



આ ETSY સારામાં સાજ છે



દીકરી મારાપાં સારી છે



આ ધર સારામાં સાઝ «ટે



aa Aled સારામાં wd છે ખરાબ



છે



આ



પાપ્યુસ ખશબમાં પખરાખ @



આ



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આ



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આ



લર્‌ ખરાબમાં ખરાખ છે



આ



દીકરી સુખીમાં સુખી છે



આ દીક્શે ખરાબમાં ખરાબ જટ આ



માણ્‌સ સુખીપાં સુખી છે



આ



EZ



આ



દીફશશે alu ard છે



ચ્યા થશ Ari



સુખ્ીમો સુખી છે



263



સુખી છે



KEY



TO



EXERCISES



Page;



216 0 આ આ આ આ આ



આ પાપ્યુસ મોટાપાં NW છે Oss મોદામાં NZ છે આ દીકશે મોટામાં મોટો છે માણસ વૈસાદારર્માં પૈસાદાર છે આ eds, વૈસાટારસ્માં પૈસાદાર છે આ



આ દીકરો Budi



દીકરી પૈસાદ'રપાં પેસાદેપર છે ઘર પૈસ્તાદારર્માં પૈસાદાર છે



પૈસાદારછે



8375



241



દીકરી મોદીમાં મોટી છે ઘર મોટામાં મોટુ &



2. er ddl



આન્‍્ય।



3. “એસડવાર્માં આવનુ' ASW



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5,



પકફ્ડાવાર્માં



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7.



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આવ્યો



8.



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9.



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1. રમશે ક. કાય



10.



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7. કરીએ 10. -KA



i) કાઠશો 2. ક. ભાસ



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247 1. સૂતેલો



2. ઊભેલો



3.



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252



2. 5. 8.



3. 6. 9.



૪#/માહયાં બંધાવ્યુ Gut છે



1. Srl 4. અપાવતા 7. બેસાડયા



10.



છિપાનવી બેસાડયા કરાબ્યો



પહોચાડી



264



The aim of this book is to enable you, the student, to speak



and write Gujarati. It can be used both as a self-tutor and as a textbook. The early part is concerned with the Gujarati characters and progresses to writing and pronouncing complete words. Following this, each lesson gives detailed explanations of the rules relating to a particular Part of Speech. Numerous examples are given to illustrate each grammatical point. Passages for translation and exercises consolidate the learning and test the student’s progress. Keys to these exercises and vocabularies are also included. On completion of the Course the student will speak, write and have a comprehensive knowledge of the Gujarati language.