TOEFL Skills Good [PDF]

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TOEFL ITP & LOCAL & PAPER For Room Number SIX Special Thanks to: MS. Nora Nabil Mohamed Ateaa Third Issue 2009 / 2010 / 2011 For any further information: [email protected] Page | 0



TOEFL Contents Introduction Part one (Listening) Listening Skills (Longman). Thirty Common English Idioms Idioms (TOEFL secrets). Idioms (speak English like an American). Idioms & Usage (4000 vocabulary). Phrasal verbs list (Improve your skills).



i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.



Part Two (Structure) i. ii. iii. iv. v.



Structure Skills (Longman). List of irregular verbs. List of irregular Plural Forms (The dictionary). Prepositions. Word ending – Formation.



Part Three (Reading) i. ii. iii.



Reading Skills (Longman) prefixes & Suffixes 400 Words for TOEFL



Part Four (Writing) i.



Writing Skills (Longman) ASAP



References



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Introduction The TOEFL ITP test consists of four separate sections. Questions in each section are in multiple-choice format with four answers per question. Two answers are irrelevant and are called distracters and the other two can be although the questions are different on all editions of the test. -



Section 1(listening comprehension) measures the ability of the test-taker to understand spoken North Americans English. Section 2(structure and written expression) tests the examinee’s ability to recognize correct written English. Section 3(reading comprehension) examine the student’s skill at reading and understating written passages similar in topic and style to those found in north American colleges and universities . Section 4(Test of Written English) demonstrate their ability to produce correct, organized, and meaningful English. Examinees must write an essay on a given topic in thirty minutes.



TOEFL ITP (140 Questions – 145 minutes) Section Listening comprehension Structure and written expression Reading comprehension Test of Written English (TWE) TOTAL



No. Questions 50 questions 40 questions 50 questions 1 essay question 140 questions,1essay



Admin. Time 35 minutes 25 minutes 55 minutes 30 minutes 145 minutes



Score Scale 31-68 31-68 31-67 ----------217-667



The listening section There are three types of questions: 1- Short conversations. 2- Long conversations and class discussions. 3- Lectures. The structure section There are two different types of problems: 1- Incomplete sentence. 2- Sentence with underline words and phrases. The reading section There are many different types of problems (about 5 passages followed by 10 questions for each passage) The writing section There is one essay question



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Part one (Listening) I- Listening Skills (Longman) Types of listening questions: a. Short dialogues: are two-line dialogues between two speakers each followed by a multiple choice question. the 30 short dialogues and 30 questions about them make up part A of the test b. Long conversations: are 60-90 second conversations on casual topics between students each followed by a number of multiple choice questions. The two conversations and the seven to nine questions that accompany them make up part B of the test. c. Talks: are 60-90 second talks about school life or on academic subjects, each followed by a number of multiple questions. The three lectures and the 11-13 questions that accompany them make up part C of the test.



General strategies for listening comprehension: 1- Be familiar with the directions. 2- Listen carefully to the passage. 3- Know where the easier and the more difficult questions are generally found. 3- Be familiar with the pacing of the test. (You have 12 seconds between each question on the recording. so you must answer within 12 seconds and then prepared for the next question. 4- Never leave any answers blank on your answer sheet. 5- Use any remaining time to look ahead the answers to the question that follow.



Short dialogues Very important notes 1- As you listen to each dialogue, focus on the second line of the conversations. The answer to the question is generally found in the second line. 2- Keep in mind that the correct answer is probably a restatement of a key word or idea in the second line of the dialogue. Think of passable restatements. 3- Keep in mind that certain structures and expressions are tested regularly in the short dialogue. listen for these structure and expressions : a. Structure (passive, negatives, wishes, conditions) b. Functional expressions (agreement, uncertainly, suggestion, surprise) c. Idiomatic expressions (two-part verbs, three-part verbs , idioms) 4- Keep in mind that these questions generally progress easy to difficult. This mean that questions 1 through 5 will be easiest and questions 26 through 30 will be the hardest. 5- Read the answers and chose the best answer to each question. Remember to answer each question even if you are not sure of the correct response. Never leave any answers blank. 6- Even if you do not understand the complete dialogue, you can still find the correct answer : a. If you only understand a few words or ideas in the second line, chose the answer that contains a restatement of those words or ideas. b. If you do not understand anything at all in the second line of the conversation, chose the answer that sounds that sounds the most different from what you heard. c. Never choose an answer because it sounds like what you heard in the dialogue. 7- Be prepared for the next question. You have only 12 seconds between questions. A- Listening Part A : short conversations Page | 3



(1)- Strategies Skill 1: focus on the last line Strategy skill 1: Focus on the last line 1- The last line of the dialogue probably contains the answer to the question. 2- Listen to the first line of the dialogue. If you understand it, that’s good. If you don’t understand it, don’t worry because it probably does not contain the answer. 3- Be ready to focus on the last line of the dialogue because it probably contains the answer. Repeat the last line in your mind as you read through the answer in the text Skill 2: choose answers with synonyms Strategy Skill 2: choose answers with synonyms 1- As you listen to the last of the dialogue, focus on key words in that line. 2- If you see any synonyms for key words in a particular answers, then you have probably found the correct answer Skill 3: avoid similar sounds Strategy Skill 3: avoid similar sounds 1- Identify key words in the last line of the dialogue. 2- Identify words in the answers that contain similar, and not chose these answers. (2)- Who, what, where Skill 4: draw conclusions about who, what, where draw conclusions about who, what, where It is common for you to be asked to draw one of the following conclusions in the short dialogues: 1- WHO is probably talking? 2- WHAT will s/he probably do next? 3- WHERE does the dialogue probably take place? Skill 5: listen for who and what in passive Passive statement 1- If the dialogue contains a passive statement, the answer to the question is often an active statement. 2- If the dialogue contains an active statement, the answer to the question is often a passive statement. NOTE: check carefully who or what is doing the action in these questions. Skill 6: listen for who and what with multiple nouns who and what with multiple nouns When there are multiple nouns in a sentence, it is common for the answers to confuse which noun does what.



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(3)- Negatives Skill 7: listen for negative expressions Types of negative expressions Example Tom is not sad about the results Nobody arrived on time Sal never works hard The patient was insane



Expressions Regular negative: not or n’t Other negatives: nobody , none, nothing, never Negative prefixes : in-, dis-



Correct answer Not sad = happy Nobody … on time = late Never works hard = lazy Insane = not sane = crazy



Skill 8: listen for double negative expressions Situation Negative word (not, no, none) and a negative prefix (in, un, dis) Two negative verbs Neither or not …. Either



Double negative Example He didn’t like the unclean office It isn’t snowing so they aren’t going to the mountains Sue, didn’t like the movie, and neither did mark



Meaning Did not like unclean office = liked clean office Implies that they would go if it were snowing Both did not like the movie



Skill 9: listen for “almost negative” expressions Meaning Almost none



Almost never



Common almost negative Expressions Expressions Hardly Barely Scarcely Only Rarely Seldom



Example There is a hardly any food in the refrigerator He rarely drives to work



Skill 10: listen for negative with comparatives Comparatives More -er (4)- Functions



Comparatives with negative Example No one is more beautiful than she is He couldn’t be happier



Meaning She is the most beautiful He is extremely happy



Skill 11: listen for expressions of agreement expressions of agreement Agreement with positive statements Agreement with negative statements So do I. Neither do I. Me, too. I don’t either I’ll say! Isn’t it! You can say that again! Page | 5



Skill 12: listen for expressions uncertainty and suggestion expressions uncertainty and suggestion uncertainty ..Isn’t it (tag)? As far as I know. As far as I can tell.



suggestion Why not….? Let’s …..



Skill 13: listen for emphatic expressions of surprise Expressions of emphatic surprise Emphatic form Example Be, with emphasis Then he is here! Modal, with emphasis Then you can go Do(es), with emphasis Then you do play tennis



Verb Be Modal Present tense Past tense Perfect tense



Did, with emphasis Have, with emphasis



Then she did read it Then he has gone there



Meaning I thought he was not here I thought you could not go I thought you did not play Tennis I thought she had not read it I thought he had not gone there



(5)- Contrary Meanings Skill 14: listen for wishes Key information about wishes Point Example 1- An affirmative implies a negative realty. I wish I had time to help 2- A negative wish implies an affirmative realty. I wish I did not have not time to help



Meaning = no time to help = time to help



1- A past tense verb implies a present realty. 2- A past perfect tense implies a past realty.



= is not at home = was not at home



I wish he were at home * I wish he had been at home



*note: remember that were is used instead of was in wishes. I wish I were going Skill 15: Listen for untrue conditions



1212-



Key information about untrue conditions Point Example An affirmative implies a negative realty. If she were at home, she could do it A negative wish implies an affirmative If she weren’t at home, she could do it realty. A past tense verb implies a present realty. If I had money, I would buy it A past perfect tense implies a past realty. If I had had money, I would have bought it He can be used without if Had I had money have bought it



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Meaning = at home = at home = do not have money = did not have money = did not have money



(6)- Idiomatic language Skill 16: Listen for two-and three- parts verbs Verb Cut down Cut it out Get along Get back Get over



Meaning Decrease it Stop it Be friendly Get revenge from Recover from



Verb Cut off Get ahead Get at Get by Get rid of



Meaning Stop supply of Advance Imply Mange Throw away



Verb Brush it off Come across Look after Look it over Pick out



Meaning Not let it effect Unexpectedly find Take care off Look at it briefly Choose



Verb Brush up Come down with Look into Pick on Pick up



Meaning Review, relearn Get sick with Investigate Bother Come and get



Verb Call on Call for Give away Give up Put on



Meaning Visit Request, suggest Donate Surrender Dress in



Verb Call off Call up Give back Put off Put up with



Meaning Cancel Telephone Return Delay Tolerate



Verb Break into Carry it off Hold off Lay off Run out of



Meaning Unlawfully enter Succeed Postpone Fire Fully use the supply of



Verb Break off Carry on Keep it up Run into Wear out



Meaning end Continue Continue Unexpectedly meet tire



Verb Play up Show off Take place Take up Turn in



Meaning Increase the significance of Try to attract attention Happen Begin Submit



Verb Pull it off Show up Take turns Turn down Turn into



Meaning Succeed Arrive Alternate Refuse become



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Skill 17: listen for idioms



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Idiom



Meaning



Burn the candle at both ends Put the car before the horse Put his foot in his mouth Beat around the bush Look for a needle in a haystack Play with fire Bark up the wrong tree Look out for number one Take forever and a day Kill two birds with one stone Miss the boat Jump out of the frying pan and into the fire Between a rock and a hard place Head and shoulders above the rest All in a day’s work Jack of all trades Like trying to swim upstream One in a million Off the hock All in the same boat Like two peas in a pod A chip off the old block On her last legs On the tip of my tongue two heads are better than one You could hear a pin drop Six of one , half dozen of the other To each his own Just my luck No sooner said than done His bark is worse than his bite Where there’s a will , there’s a way So far , so good Every cloud has a silver lining Rome wasn’t built in a day two heads are better than one turn over a new leaf Don’t count your chickens before they hatched Stand on my own two feet Strike while the iron is hot Hit the nail right on the head Look before you leap Sink her teeth into Dot all the I’s and cross all the t’s Run around like a chicken with its head cut off Be a piece of cake Let sleeping dogs lie



Doing too much Doing something in the wrong order Saying embarrassing things Speaking indirectly Doing something difficult Doing something dangerous making a mistake Thinking only about himself Talking a really long time Accomplishing two things at once Missed an opportunity Going from bad to worse Without any good options The best Nothing out of the ordinary Accomplished at many things Really difficult or frustrating Really wonderful Not responsible any longer In the same situation Exactly alike Just like his father Very tired An idea that is not in words It’s good to work together it was really quit It doesn’t matter Everyone has a different opinion I’m not so fortunate It will be done immediately His words are worse than his actions If you want something , you can do it It’s been going well up to now Bad things are accompanied by good Everything takes time You always want what you don’t have start over again Depend on something you don’t have Do it myself Take advantage of a good opportunity Were exactly right Think before you act Get really involved in Pay attention to every detail Act overly nervous and excited Be extremely easy Leave something alone



Have been born with a silver spoon in his mouth B- Listening Part B : Long conversations



Be spoiled



Very important notes 1- If you have time, preview the answers to the questions. While you are looking at the answers, you should try to do the following: a. Anticipate the topics of the conversations you will hear. b. Anticipate the questions for each of the groups of answers. 2- Listen carefully to the first line of the conversation. The first line of the conversation often contains the main idea, subject, or topic of the conversation, and you will often be asked to answer such questions. 3- As you listen to the conversation, draw conclusions about the situation of the conversation: who is talking, where the conversation takes place, or w hen it takes place. You will often be asked to make such inferences about the conversation. 4- As you listen to the conversation, follow along with the answers in your test book and try to determine the correct answers. Detail questions are generally answered in order in the conversation, and the answers often sound the same as what is said on the recording. 5- You should guess even if you are not sure. Never leave any answers blank. 6- Use any remaining time to look ahead at the answers to the questions that follow. Before listening Skill 18: Anticipate the topics It is very helpful to your overall comprehension if you know what topics to expect in the long conversion. You should therefore try to anticipate the topics you will be hearing. For example, are the conversions about some aspect of school life, or some type of social issue, or a trip someone is planning? A helpful strategy is therefore to look briefly at the answers in the test book, before you actually hear the conversion on the recording, and try to determine the topics of the conversion that you will hear. Skill 19: Anticipate the questions It is very helpful to your ability to answer individual questions with the long conversion if you can anticipate what the question will be and listen specifically for the answers to those questions. While listening Skill 20: Determine the topic As you listen to each long conversion, you should be thinking about the topic (subject) or main idea for each conversion. Since the first one or two sentences generally give the topic, you should be asking yourself what the topic is while you are listing carefully to the first part of the conversion. Skill 21: Draw conclusions about who, what, when, where As you listen to each long conversion, you should be trying to set the situation in your mind. You should be thinking the following thoughts:  Who is talking?  When does the conversion probably take place?  Where does the conversion probably take place?  What is the source of information for the conversion? Page | 9



On the recording you will hear: (Man) why do you have so many books? (Women) I need them for my paper on Gorge Washington. Do you know how I can check them out? (Man) Yes. You should go downstairs to the circulation desk and fill out a card for each book. You think: Who is probably talking? (Two students) Where are they? (in the library) What course are they discussing? (American History) Skill 22: Listen for answers in order There are two possible methods to use while you listen to a long conversion:  



You can just listen to the conversion (and ignore the answers). You can follow along with the answers while you listen.



Some students prefer to just listen to the conversion while it is being spoken, and if that method works well for you, then that is what you should do. Other students find that they ca n answer more questions correctly if they read along with the answers while the conversion is being spoken. Because the detail questions are answered in order, it is possible to read along whole you listen to the conversion on the recording. C- Listening Part C : Long Talks Three talks, each followed by a number of multiple-chaise questions, appear in Part C of the Listening Comprehension section of the test. You will hear the talks and the questions on a recording, they are not written in your test book. Like the conversion in Part B, the talks are often about aspect of school life or topics currently in the news. It is also very common for the talks to be shortened versions of lectures from courses taught in American colleges and universities. Very important notes 1- If you have time, preview the answers to the questions. While you are looking at the answers, you should try to do the following:  Anticipate the topics of the talks you will hear.  Anticipate the questions for each of the groups of answers. 2- Listen carefully to the first line of the talk. The first of the line often contains the main idea, subject, or topic if the talk and you will often be asked this type of question. 3- As you listen to the talk, draw conclusions about the situation of the talk: who is talking, where or when the talks place, which course this might be given in. you will often be asked to make such inferences about the talk. 4- As you listen to the talk, follow along with the answers in your test book and try to determine the correct answers. Detail questions are generally answered in order in the talks, and the answers often sound the same as what is said on the recording. 5- You should guess even if you are not sure. Never leave any answers blank. 6- Use the remaining time to look ahead at the answers to the questions that follow.



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Before listening Skill 23: Anticipate the topics It is very helpful to your overall comprehension if you know what topics to expect in the long talks. You should therefore try to anticipate the topics that you will be hearing (as you did with the long conversions). For example, are the talks about American history, or literature, or some aspect of school life? A helpful to look briefly at the answers in the test book, before you actually hear the talks on the recording, and try to determine the topics of the talks that you will hear. Skill 24: Anticipate the questions It is very helpful to your ability to answer individual questions with the long talks if you can anticipate what questions what the questions will be listen specifically for the answers to those questions (as you did with the long conversions). While listening Skill 25: Determine the topic As you listen to each long talk, you should be thinking about the topic (subject) or main idea for the talk (as you did with the long conversions). Since the first sentence is generally a topic sentence, you should be asking yourself what the topic is while you are listening carefully to the first part of the talk. On the recording, you hear: (Man) the major earthquake that occurred east of Los Angeles in 1971 is still the economy of the area today. You think: The topic of the talk is the effect of the 1971 earthquake on Los Angeles today.



Skill 26: Draw conclusions about who, what, when, where As you listen to each talk, you should be trying to set the situation in your mind (as you did with the long conversations). You should be thinking the following thoughts:



    



Who is talking? When does the talk probably take place? Where does the talk probably take place? What course is the talk concerned with? What is the source of information for the talk?



Skill 27: Listen for answers in order



There are two possible methods to use while you listen to the talks.  You can just listen to the talk (and ignore the answers).  You can follow along with the answers while you listen.



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II -Thirty Common English Idioms 24/7



all the time; constantly



My little sister irritates me 24/7!



A short fuse



A quick temper



3



A taste of your own medicine



Bad treatment deservedly received for treating other people badly



4



Butterflies in my stomach Cat got your tongue? Down for the count Draw the line



To be nervous



Jamie is known for his short fuse; just a few days ago he screamed at his coach for not letting him play After constantly being prank-called, Julian decided to give Juan a taste of his own medicine and ordered twenty-seven pizzas to be delivered to Juan’s house Liam had butterflies in his stomach before he went on stage to play the violin I just saw you kissing my boyfriend. What’s the matter? Cat got your tongue? No, you can’t take my dog for a walk – she’s down for the count after chasing cats all day. Now I draw the line at speaking in front of 34,000 people



1 2



5 6 7 8 9



Easier said than done Every cloud has a silver lining



Can’t you speak? (Usually said to embarrass the other person) Tired; giving up; unable or unwilling to participate any longer to know the point where something goes from okay to not okay Not as easy as it appears to be. You can find good in every bad situation



13



Finding a needle in a haystack Fish out of water Get something off your chest Give it a whirl



to admit something you have done wrong To try something



14



In the fast lane



A life filled with excitement



15



In the nick of time



Almost too late



16



Tell a secret



22



Let the cat out of the bag Lose your marbles Once in a blue moon Plain as day Play second fiddle Put your foot in your mouth Sick and tired



23



Sleep on it



24



Snug as a bug in a rug Stick your nose into something Straight from the horse’s mouth Take it easy Tip of the iceberg



10 11 12



17 18 19 20 21



25 26 27 28 29 30



To not see the wood for the trees Up a creek without a paddle



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Virtually impossible to find To be out of place



To go crazy; insane Rarely Obvious; clear To be less important Saying something you shouldn’t have To be bothered or annoyed by To think about something for a while before making a decision Warm and cozy; content To interfere



You want me to come to work at 6:00 AM? Easier said than done! Even though you just got fired, remember that every cloud has a silver lining – at least you don’t have to work for that grouchy boss anymore Trying to get a new job these days is like trying to find a needle in a haystack. Tom felt like a fish out of water at the Star Trek convention his new girlfriend begged him to attend I have to get this off my chest – I copied your answers from the test. Thanks for the “D” by the way I’ve never gone kite-boarding, but I’m prepared to give it a whirl! When Curtis turned forty, he decided he needed to live life in the fast lane, so he quit his job as a dentist and decided to tour Europe by motorcycle You came to pick me up in the nick of time – my teacher just saw me skipping class and was on his way to give me detention Brady’s surprise party is going to be great if you don’t let the cat out of the bag. Our professor has really lost his marbles; he assigned us seven essays this week! In Florida, the temperature drops below freezing only once in a blue moon. It’s plain as day that you’re in love with her, so just admit it. I hate playing second fiddle to my sister; she always does things better than I do! Jessica really put her foot in her mouth when she asked about John’s job right after he lost it. She is sick and tired of her dog chewing up her shoes every day Don’t tell me whether you’ll move to Texas with me or not today. Sleep on it, and get back to me tomorrow That baby looks as snug as a bug in a rug cuddled up next to his mother Sharon always sticks her nose into everyone else’s business.



Directly from the person involved



Listen to the news straight from the horse’s mouth; we’re all getting bonuses this week!



Relax The small easily visible part of a larger problem



I know you’re not feeling well, so try to take it easy today The fact that Carrie is dating a member of the mafia is just the tip of the iceberg; she’s also smuggling contraband into the country. She always argues about the silliest things; it’s like she can’t see the wood for the trees



To be so involved with the details that you don’t get the most important facts ”: In an unlucky/bad situation



If you don’t have any money to pay for the repairs we just made to your car, I guess you’re up a creek without a paddle



because you can’t have your car back.



III- Idioms (TOEFL secrets) Idiom



Meaning



Ace Antsy As easy as pie At the eleventh hour Bad mouth Be a piece of cake Be all ears Be in and out Be on the go Beat around the bush Beat one's brain out Beats me Before long Bent out of the shape Blabber mouth Blow one's top Boom box The bottom line Break a leg Bug Bull-headed A bundle Burn the midnight oil Bushed By the skin of one's teeth Call it a day Can't make heads or tails of something Catch one's eyes Catch some Zs Chicken Chow down A chinch Cost (someone) an arm and a leg Couch potato Cram Crash course Cut it out Dicey Ditch class Do a bang-up job Down in the dumps Drop someone in a line Drag one's feet An eager beaver Easy does it An egghead Elbow grease



make am 'A' on a test , homework assignment , project , etc tired of waiting very easy at the last minute , always too late say unkind , embarrassing and probably untrue about someone be very easy be eager to hear what some has to say be at and away from a place during a particular time : be very busy avoid giving a direct answer try very hard to understand or do something have no idea soon need Lesley worried about something a very talkative person become extremely angry CD cassette player the most essential information good luck annoy , bother someone stubborn , inflexible a lot of money study/work all night or until very , very late at night very tired barely succeed in doing something stop work for the day can't understand something at all attract one's attention / interest sleep for a while , take a nap cowardly eat something that is very easy to do cost a lot , be very expensive someone who spend too much time watching TV try to learn as much as possible in a very short time short course designed to give a lot of knowledge in a very short time . stop doing something (that's annoying) uncertain , taking too much of a chance skip class / play hooky do a very good job , do very well at something depressed , blue write to someone delay , take longer than necessary to do something a person who is always willing to volunteer or do extra work be vary carful , don't do anything too fast or too hard a very intelligent person hard work , effort



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Every other



alternately , omitting the second one in each group of two



Idiom



Meaning



Far-fetched Feel puny Fender – bender Get a kick out of something Get a move on Get one's wires crossed Get out of hand Get up and go A (real) go – getter Go with the flow Grab a bite Green Hard headed Have one’s hands full Have / has (‘ve/’s) got Have something down pat Hit the books Hit the hay / sack How come? In the black In the red Jump all over someone Jump the gun Keep an eye on Keep an eye out for Keep / stay in touch (with someone) Keep one’s fingers crossed Kind of Know something inside out Leave well enough alone A let down Live from hand to mouth Live and let live Lousy Nosh Not on your life Now and then / Once in a while Nuke Nuts On the cutting edge Plastic Pretty (adv) Pull an all nighter Pull someone’s leg R and R Rain or shine Rub someone the wrong way Rub down Sleep on it Page | 14



difficult to accept , difficult to believe feel unwell , ill automobile accident find something amusing hurry be confused or mistaken about something Become out of control , become badly managed Energy A (very) ambitious , hard – working person Take things as they come Get something to eat Inexperienced Stubborn , inflexible , unwilling to change Be extremely busy Have / has Know / understand something completely and thoroughly Study Go to bed , go to sleep Why ? (statement word order) Profitable , not showing a financial loss Un profitable , showing a financial loss Severely criticize / find fault with someone Do something before it’s time to do it Check something regularly Watch for Remain informed (about someone) / in a contact by writing , etc Hope for the best Rather , more or less , a little Know / understand something thoroughly Do nothing (because doing something would make things worse) A disappointment , something that’s very disappointing Survive on very little money , have only enough money Don’t unnecessarily make things difficult Terrible , very bad Snack Absolutely not , (a strong no) Occasionally , from time to time Heat in a microwave Crazy Using the most recent technology Credit cards Rather , somewhat study or work all night without getting any sleep Tease someone by trying to make her/him believe something untrue Rest and relaxation (a vacation) No matter what weather is Irritate someone , bother or annoy someone Not well , weak , needing repair Take at least a day to think about something before making a decision



A snap



Something that’s very easy to do



Idiom



Meaning



Sooner or later So – so State of the art Step on it Toss something There , there Two faced Under the weather Until hell freezes over Until you're blue in the face Inside down Used to (+ V) Was my face red Wear out one's welcome What for? What's up? A yes man You don't say You've got to be kidding Yucky Yummy Zilch Zip your lip Tell a white lie Take it easy Sort of Read someone’s mind pooped Pop quiz On time On the dot Ok Tough Take it easy Tricky Be broke Bucks Fire Get it Be over Cool it For ages Get lost Be on the road Blue Get going Be up and running With bells on



Eventually Fair , not Using the latest technology Hurry up Throw something away , put something in the trash Expression of comfort Deceitful , someone who pretends to be a friend but isn't ill , sick , unwell Forever Forever With the bottom part on top part on bottom An action that was true in the past but is not true now I was very embarrassed Make someone uncomfortable by visiting too long Why? What's new? , what's happening? Someone who tries to get approval by agreeing with every one Really, is that really true? You can't be serious Terrible , distasteful , very unpleasant Delicious Nothing Keep something secret



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Say something that untrue in order not to hurt someone Relax Rather, somewhat Know what someone is thinking Very tired Short quiz At the scheduled Exactly at a given time Yes, so-so, well, approve (verb) Difficult Relax Easily confused or misunderstood No money Dollars Dismiss Understand Finish Calm down Long time Go away Travel Sad Leave Ready Very eagerly



Wishy-washy



Without an opinion of one’s own



IV- Idioms (speak English like an American) Idiom



Meaning



Idiom



Meaning



# About to At least Dead end job give one the creeps Lose one's temper Put up with (to) save the day Talk over # easier said than done Hang in there If worse comes to worst Make ends meet Right hand man Stab in the back Think big # beside the point Buckle down Cut class (to) not give a hoot (to) stand a chance #drive one crazy Hit the nail on the head Shake in one’s show # Crazy about Hang out # cheer someone up Have a heart of gold Just what the DR order #bright and early To give it a shot Not have a clue #dime a dozen Pipe dream #by far Kid around #From the scratch Roll up one’s sleeves You can say that again #can’t complain Drive a hard bargain How’s it going Take it or leave it Sweeten the deal # for heaven’s sake Help out Like pulling teeth Pitch in Page | 16



Ready to , on the verge of Anyway , the good thing is A job that won't lead to anything else To create a feeling of horror To become very angry To endure without complaint To prevent a disaster To Discus More difficult than you think To preserve , to not give up In the worst case To mange one's okay Helpful assistant or employer To betray someone To set high goals Not important Start working seriously To miss class without an excuse To not care about To have the possibility of success To annoy someone very much To be right To be afraid To like very much To spend out To make someone happy To be very kind and giving Exactly what was needed Early in the mooring To try something To know nothing about Common An unrealistic hope By a great difference To joke around From the beginning To prepare to work I agree with you I am fine T to be tough in negotiating an deal How are you? Accept or reject an offer To make an offer more attractive Expressing emotions such surprise To give assistance Very difficult To help



After all (to) break the news Let's face it Give someone the ax No point in Real flop or flop Sharp as a tack Top dollar Got canned (slang) Keep one's chin up Last resort Out of work Set eyes on Thank goodness When pigs fly Blow something Can't stand Lost cause Slack off Over one's head Get into Pay a complaint Way to go Drop by Under one’s breath Good thinking Make a bundle To be on edge Fat chance Needless to say Work like a dog To make splash That’s the breaks It’s deal #don’t mention it Go nuts Sit tight Make a pig of oneself Crunch numbers Get the ball rolling Now you’re talking Make a living On the question Get going Like crazy Never mind Run around



Despite everything , the fact To make something known Accept a difficult reality To fire someone No reason to Failure Very intelligent A lot of money To get fired To stay positive Last solution Unemployed To look at I'm grateful Never To spoil To hate Something hopeless To waste time Beyond one's understanding To enter a profession To give someone complaint Good work To pay time idly Quietly, in a whisper Good idea To make a lot of money Nervous Definitely not Obviously To work very hard To win popularity fast When something happened I agree You are welcome To be crazy To wait patiently To eat too much To perform calculations To get started You say right things To earn money Impossible To leave With great speed It doesn’t matter To move about quickly



Things are looking up Things are improving V- Idioms & Usage (4000 vocabulary) Idiom Accept / Except Account for–to Adapted to-forfrom Affect / Effect All ready vs. Already A lot vs. A lot Among / Between



Usage Accept means "to agree to" or "to receive". Except means "to object to'' or "to leave out" When explaining something, the correct idiom is account for When receiving blame or credit , the correct idiom is account to Adapted to means "naturally suited for". Adapted for means "created to be suited for". Adapted from "changed to be suited for". Effect is a noun meaning " a result" Affect is a verb meaning "to influence" All ready means "everything ready" Already means "earlier" A lot is nonstandard , a lot is the correct form Between should be used when referring to two things. Among should be used when referring to more than two things.



Being that vs. Since



Being that is nonstandard and should be replaced by since.



Beside / Besides



Adding an S to beside completely changes its meaning: beside means "next to". Besides means "in addition".



Center vs. Center around



Center around is colloquial. It should not be used in formal writing.



Confirm to (not with) Consensus of opinion



Stewarts's writing does don confirm to standard literary conventions. Consensus of opinion is redundant: consensus mean "general agreement".



Correspond to/With



Correspond to means "in agreement with" Correspond with means "to exchange letters"



Different from / Different than



The preferred form is different from. Only in rare cases is different than acceptable.



Double negatives Doubt that vs. Doubt whether



Doubt whether is nonstandard



Farther /



Use farther when referring to distance, and



Page | 17



Pick up



To learn



Examples We will accept (receive) your manuscript for review. No parking is allowed, except (leave out) on holidays. We had to account for all the missing money. You will have to account to the state for your crimes The polar bear is adapted to subzero temperatures. For any new orders it must be adapted for anything. Lucas's latest release is adapted from the B-movie. Increased fighting will be the effect of the peace The rain affected their plans for a picnic



The young lady must choose between two suitors. The fault is spread evenly among the three defendants (Faulty) being that darkness was fast approaching we had to abandon the search. (Better) Since darkness was fast approaching, we had to abandon the search. We sat beside (next to) the host. Besides (in addition), money was not even an issue in the contract negations. (Faulty) the dispute centers around the effects of undocumented workers. (Correct) the dispute centers on the effects of undocumented workers.



The penalty does not correspond to the severity of the crime. He corresponded with many of the top European leaders of his time. The new Cedillas are very different from the imported luxury cars. (Faulty) scarcely nothing was learned during the seminar. (Correct) scarcely anything was learned during the seminar. (Faulty) I doubt whether his new business will succeed (Correct) I doubt that his new business will succeed They went no further (degree) than necking.



further Idiom Fewer / Less



use further when referring to degree Usage Use fewer when referring t a number of items. Use less when referring to a continuous quantity.



Identical with (not to) In contrast to (not of) Independent of (not from)



This bid is identical with the one submitted by you



Not only … but also



In this construction, but cannot be replaced with and



On account of vs. Because



Because is always better than the circumlocution on account of.



One another / Each other



Each other should be used when referring to two things and one another should be used when referring to more than two things.



Plus / And



Do not use plus as a conjunction meaning and. (NOTE) plus can be used to mean and so long as it is not being used as a conjunction.



Regard vs. Regards



Unless you are giving best wishes to someone, you should use regard.



Regardless vs. Irregardless



Regardless means "not withstanding". Hence, the "IR' in irregardless is redundant .regardless is the correct form.



Retroactive to (not from)



The correct idiom is retroactive to.



Speak to/With



To speak to someone is to tell them something. To speak with someone is to discuss something with them.



The reason is because



This structure is redundant. Equally common and doubly redundant is the structure the reason why is because.



Whether vs. As to whether



The circumlocution as to whether should be replaced by whether.



Whether vs. If



Whether introduce a choice. If introduces a condition. A common mistake is to use to present a choice.



Page | 18



He threw the discs farther (distance) than the top Examples In the past, we had fewer options. The impact was less than what was expected



In contrast to the conservative attitudes of her time, mae west was quite provocative. The judiciary is independent of the other branches of government (Faulty) Peterson is not only the top salesman in the department and also the most proficient (Correct) Peterson is not only the top salesman in the department but also the most proficient (Poor) On account of his poor behavior, he was expelled (Better) Because he behavior poorly, he was expelled The members of the basketball team (more than two) congratulated one another on their victory. The business partners (two) congratulated each other on their successful first year. (Faulty) His contributions to this community are considerable, plus his character is beyond reproach. (Correct) His contributions to this community are considerable, and his character is beyond reproach. (Acceptable) His generous financial contribution plus his donated time has made this project a success. (Faulty) In regards to your letter, we would be interested in distributing your product. (Correct) In regard to your letter, we would be interested in distributing your product.



The tax increase is retroactive to February. We spoke to Jennings about the alleged embezzlement. Steve spoke with his friend Dave for hours yesterday. (Poor) the reason why I could not attend the party is because I had to work. (Better) I could not attend the party because I had to work. (Poor) The United Nations has not deiced as to whether to authorize a trade embargo. (Better) The United Nations has not decided whether to authorize a trade embargo. (Faulty) He inquired if we had decided to keep the gift. (Correct) He inquired whether we had decided to



keep the gift.



VI- Phrasal verb list Verb



Meaning



Example



Verb



Meaning



Ask someone out



Invite on date



Brain asked Judy out to dinner and a movie



Ask around



Ask many people the same question



Add up to something



Equal



Your purchases add up to 205.32$



Back something up



Reserve



Back someone up



Support



My wife backed me up over my decision to quit my job



Blow up



Explode



Blow something up



Add air



We have to blow 50 balloons up for the party



Break down



Stop functioning (machine)



Break down



Get upset



The women broke down when police told her that



Break something down



Divide into smaller parts



Break in



Force entry to a building



Somebody broke in last night and stole our stereo



Break something in



Enter forcibly



Break in



Interrupt



Break something in



Wear something a few times so that it doesn’t look new



Break up



End a relationship



Break up



Start laughing (informal)



Break out



Escape



Break out in something



Develop a skin condition



Bring someone down



Make unhappy



Bring someone up



Raise a child



Bring something up



Start talking about a subject



Bring something up



Vomit



Call around



Phone many different places/people



Call someone back



Return a phone call



Call something off



Cancel



Call on someone



Ask for an answer or opinion



The professor called on me for question 1



Call someone up



Phone



Give me your phone number and I will call you up when we are in town



Not care for someone/som ething



Not like (formal)



I don't care for his behavior



Check in



Arrive and register at a hotel or airport



We will get the hotel keys when we check in



Check someone /something out



Look at carefully, investigate



The company checks out all new employees



Call on someone



Visit someone



Calm down



Relax after being angry



Catch up



Get to the same point as someone else



Check out



Page | 19



Leave a hotel



The TV station broke in to report the news of the president's death My boyfriend and I broke up before I moved to America The prisoners broke out in a rash after our coming trip This sad music is bringing me down My mother walks out of the room when my father brings up sports We called around but we weren't able to find the car part we needed Jason called the wedding off because he wasn't in love with his fiancé We called on you last night but you weren't home You are still mad. You need to calm down before you drive the car You'll have to run faster than that if you want to catch up with Marty You have to check out of the hotel before 11 AM



Example I asked around but nobody has seen my wallet You'll have to back up your car so that I can get out The racing car blew up after it crashed into the fence Our car broke down at the side of the highway in the snowstorm Our teacher broke the final project down into 3 parts The fireman had to break into the room to rescue the children I need to break these shoes in before we run next week The kids just broke up as soon as the clown started talking I broke out in a rash after our camping up My grandparents brought me up after y parents died He drinks so much that he brought his dinner up in the toilet I called the company back but the office were closed for the weekend



Verb Check out someone /something Cheer someone happy



Meaning



Example



Verb



Meaning



Look at (informal)



Check out the crazy hair on that guy!



Cheer up



Become happier



Make happier



I brought you same flowers to cheer up



Chip up



Help



Come across something



Find unexpectedly



Come down with something



Become sick



Come from somewhere



Originate in



Cross something out



Draw a line through



Cut something down



Make something fall to the ground



Cut in



Pull in too closely in front of another vehicle



Cut something off



Remove with something sharp



Cut someone off



Take out of a will



Do someone /something over



Beat up



He's lucky to be alive. His shop was done over by a street gang



do away with something



Discard



It's time to do away with all of these old tax records



Dress up



Wear nice clothing



drop in/by/over



come without an appointment



Clean something up



Tidy, clean



Come apart



Separate



Come forward



Volunteer for a task or to give evidence



Count on someone /something



Rely on



Cut back on something



Consume less



Cut it



Interrupt



Cut in



Start operating (of an engine or electrical device)



Cut something off



Stop providing



Cut something out



Remove part of something (usually with scissors)



Please clean up your bedroom before you go outside The top and bottom come apart if you pull hard enough The women came forward with her husband's finger prints I am counting on you to make dinner while I am out My doctor wants me to cut back on sweets and fatty foods Your father cut in while I was dancing with your uncle The air condition cuts in when the temperature gets to 22 C The phone company cut off our phone because we didn’t pay the bill I cut this ad out of the newspaper My teacher wants me to do my essay over because she doesn't like my topic Do your coat up before you go Outside. It's snowing! Andrea dropped back to third place when she fell off her bike



Do something over



Do again



Do something up



Fasten, close



drop back



move back in a position/group



Drop someone/so mething off



Take someone/somet hing somewhere and leave them



I have to drop my sister off at work before I come over



Drop out



Quit a class, school etc



Eat out



Eat at a restaurant



I don't feel like cooking tonight. Let's eat out



End up



Eventually reach/do/decide



fall apart



break into pieces



My new dress fell apart in the washing machine



fall down



fall to the ground



Page | 20



Example She cheered up when she heard the good news If everyone chips in we can get the kitchen painted by soon I came across these old photos when I was tidying the closet My nephew came down with chicken pox this weekend The art of origami comes from Asia Please cross out your old address and write your new one We had to cut the old tree in our yard down after the storm The bus driver got angry when that car cut in The doctors cut off his leg because it was severely injured My grandparents cut my father off when he remarried



It's a fancy restaurant so we have to dress up I might drop in/by/over for tea sometime this week I dropped out of Science because it was too difficult We ended up renting a movie instead of going to the theatre The picture that you hung up last night fell down this morning



Verb



Meaning



Example



Verb



fall out



separate from an interior



The money must have fallen out of my pocket



fall out



figure something out



understand, find the answer



I need to figure out how to fit the piano and the bookshelf in this room



fill something in



The form must be filled out in capital letters



fill something up



fill something out



to write information in blanks



find out



discover



get something across/over



communicate, make understandable



get around



have mobility



get away with something



do without being noticed or punished



We don't know where he lives. How Can we find out?



Meaning (of hair, teeth) become loose and unattached to write information in blanks



fill to the top



Example His hair started to fall out when he was only 35 Please fill in the form with your name, address, and phone number I always fill the water jug up when it is empty We tried to keep the time of the party a secret, but Samantha found it out I was surprised how well my new girlfriend and my sister got along/on We worked so hard this year that we had to get away for a week



find something out



discover



I tried to get my point across/over to the judge but she wouldn't listen



get along/on



like each other



My grandfather can get around fine in his new wheelchair



get away



go on a vacation



Jason always gets away with cheating in his math tests



get back



return



We got back from our vacation last week



retaliate, take revenge



My sister got back at me for Stealing her shoes. She stole my favorite hat



step onto a vehicle



We're going to freeze out here if you don't let us get on the bus



receive something you had before



Liz finally got her Science notes back from my room-mate



get back at someone



become interested in something again



I finally got back into my novel and finished it



get on something



I just got over the flu and now my sister has it



get over something



overcome a problem



The company will have to close if it can't get over the new regulations



finally find time to do



I don't know when I am going to get round to writing the thank you cards



get together



meet (usually for social reasons)



Let's get together for a BBQ this weekend



get up



get out of bed



I got up early today to study for my exam



get up



stand



give someone away



reveal hidden information about someone



His wife gave him away to the police



give someone away



take the bride to the altar



get something back



get back into something



get over something



get round to something



Page | 21



recover from an illness, loss, difficulty



You should get up and give the elderly man your seat. My father gave me away at my wedding



Verb



Meaning



Example



Verb



give something away



ruin a secret



My little sister gave the surprise party away by accident



give something away



give something back



return a borrowed item



give something out



give to many people (usually at no cost)



give up



stop trying



go after something



try to achieve something



go ahead



Example The library was giving away old books on Friday



give in



reluctantly stop fighting or arguing



My boyfriend didn't want to go to the ballet, but he finally gave in



give something up



quit a habit



I am giving up smoking as of January 1st



go after someone



follow someone



I went after my dream and now I am a published writer



go against someone



compete, oppose



start, proceed



Please go ahead and eat before the food gets cold



go back



return to a place



go out



leave home to go on a social event



We're going out for dinner tonight



go out with someone



date



go over something



review



Please go over your answers before you submit your test



go over



visit someone nearby



go without something



suffer lack or deprivation



When I was young, we went without winter boots



grow apart



stop being friends over time



grow back



re grow



My roses grew back this summer



grow up



become an adult



grow out of something



get too big for



hand something down



give something used to someone else



hand something out



to distribute to a group of people



hang in



stay positive



hang out



spend time relaxing (informal)



Page | 22



I have to give these skates back to Franz before his hockey game They were giving out free perfume samples at the department store My math homework was too difficult so I gave up



Meaning give something to someone for free



Elizabeth needs a new pair of shoes because she has grown out of her old ones I handed my old comic books down to my little cousin We will hand out the invitations at the door . I'm sure you'll find a job very soon Instead of going to the party we are just going to hang out at my place



grow into something



grow big enough to fit



hand something in



submit



hand something over



give (usually unwillingly)



hang on



wait a short time (informal) Hang on



hang up



end a phone call



My brother tried to go after the thief in his car We are going against the best soccer team in the city tonight I have to go back home and get my lunch. Jesse has been going out with Luke since they met last winter I haven't seen Tina for a long time. I think I'll go over for an hour or two My best friend and I grew apart after she changed schools When Jack grows up he wants to be a fireman This bike is too big for him now, but he should grow into it by next year I have to hand in my essay by Friday The police asked the man to hand over his wallet and his weapons While I grab my coat and Shoes! He didn't say goodbye before he hung up



Verb



Meaning



hold someone/so mething back



prevent from doing/going



hold on hold someone/so mething up keep something from someone



Example I had to hold my dog back because there was a cat in the park



Verb



Meaning



Example



hold something back



hide an emotion



Jamie held back his tears at his grandfather's funeral



hold firmly using your hands or arms



wait a short time



Please hold on while I transfer you to the Sales Department



hold onto someone/som ething



rob



A man in a black mask held the bank up this morning



keep on doing something



continue doing



Keep on stirring until the liquid comes to a boil



not tell



We kept our relationship from our parents for two years



keep someone/som ething out



stop from entering



Try to keep the wet dog out of the living room



let someone down



fail to support or help, disappoint



look after someone/som ething



take care of



look for someone/som ething



try to find



I'm looking for a red dress for the wedding



If you keep those results up you will get into a great college Can you let the cat in before you go To school? Ever since we stole that chocolate bar your dad has looked down on me



Hold onto your hat because it's very windy outside



I need you to be on time. Don't let me down this time I have to look after my sick grandmother



keep something up



continue at the same rate



let someone in



allow to enter



look down on someone



think less of, consider inferior



look forward to something



be excited about the future



I'm looking forward to the Christmas break



look into something



investigate



We are going to look into the price of snowboards today



be careful, vigilant, and take notice



Look out! That car's going to hit you!



look out for someone/som ething



be especially vigilant for



Don't forget to look out for snakes on the hiking trail



look something over



check, examine



Can you look over my essay for Spelling mistakes?



look something up



search and find information in a reference book or database



We can look her phone number up on the Internet



look up to someone



have a lot of respect for



make something up



invent, lie about something



make up



forgive each other



make someone up



apply cosmetics to



mix something up



confuse two or more things



pass away



die



pass out



faint



pass something out



give the same thing to many people



pass something up



decline (usually something good)



pay someone back



return owed money



pick something out



choose



Verb



Meaning



look out



pay for something Verb



Page | 23



be punished for doing something bad Meaning



My little sister has always looked up to me We were angry last night, but we made up at breakfast I mixed up the twins' names again! It was so hot in the church that an elderly lady passed out I passed up the job because I am afraid of change. That bully will pay for being mean to my little brother Example



Josie made up a story about why we were late My sisters made me up for my graduation party His uncle passed away last night after a long illness The professor passed the textbooks out before class. Thanks for buying my ticket. I'll pay you back on Friday. I picked out three sweaters for you to try on Example



point someone/so mething out



indicate with your finger



put someone down



insult, make someone feel stupid



put something out



extinguish



put up with someone/so mething



I'll point my boyfriend out when he runs by The students put the substitute teacher down because his pants were too short The neighbors put the fire out before the firemen arrived



put something down



put what you are holding on a surface or floor



put something off



postpone



put something together



assemble put clothing/accessories on your body drive a vehicle over a person or thing



You can put the groceries down on the kitchen counter We are putting off our trip until January because of the hurricane I have to put the crib together before the baby arrives



tolerate



I don't think I can put up with three small children in the car



put something on



run into someone/so mething



meet unexpectedly



I ran into an old schoolfriend at the mall



run over someone/som ething



run over/through something



rehearse, review



Let's run over/through these lines one more time before the show.



run away



leave unexpectedly, escape



run out



have none left



We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash my hair with soap



send something back



return (usually by mail)



set something up



arrange, organize



Our boss set a meeting up with the president of the company



set someone up



trick, trap



compare prices



I want to shop around a little before I decide on these boots



show off



act extra special for people watching (usually boastfully)



He always shows off on his skateboard



You should sleep over tonight if the weather is too bad to drive home



sort something out



organize, resolve a problem



We need to sort the bills out before the first of the month



You will lose weight if you stick to the diet



switch something off



stop the energy flow, turn off



The light's too bright. Could you switch it off



shop around



sleep over



stay somewhere for the night (informal)



stick to something



continue doing something, limit yourself to one particular thing



switch something on



start the energy flow, turn on



take something apart



purposely break into pieces



take off



start to fly



take something out



remove from a place or thing



tear something up



rip into pieces



Verb



Meaning



Page | 24



We heard the news as soon as we switched on the car radio He took the car breaks apart and found the problem



take after someone



resemble a family member



take something back



return an item



My plane takes off in five minutes



take something off



Can you take the garbage out to the Street for me? I tore up my exboyfriend's letter sand gave them back to him Example



take someone out



remove something (usually clothing) pay for someone to go somewhere with you



think back



remember (often + to, sometimes+ on)



Verb



Meaning



Don't forget to put on your new earrings for the party I accidentally ran over your bicycle in the driveway The child ran away from home and has been missing for three days My letter got sent back to me because I used the wrong stamp The police set up the car thief by using a hidden camera



I take after my mother. We are both impatient I have to take our new TV back because it doesn't work Take off your socks and shoes and Come in the lake! My grandparents took us out for dinner and a movie When I think back on my youth, Iwish I had studied harder Example



consider



I'll have to think this job offer over before I make my final decision



throw something away



dispose of



We threw our old furniture away when we won the lottery



turn something down



decrease the volume or strength (heat, light etc)



Please turn the TV down while the guests are here



turn something down



refuse



I turned the job down because I don't want to move



turn something off



stop the energy flow, switch off



Your mother wants you to turn the TV off and come for dinner



turn something on



start the energy, switch on



It's too dark in here. Let's turn some lights on



turn something up



increase the volume or strength (heat, light etc



Can you turn the music up? This is my favorite song



try something on



sample clothing



use something up



finish the supply



warm someone/so mething up



increase the temperature



wear off



fade away



work out



be successful



think something over



Page | 25



I'm going to try these jeans on, but I don't think they will fit The kids used all of the toothpaste up so we need to buy some more You can warm your feet up in front of the fireplace Most of my make-up wore off before I got to the party Our plan worked out fine



turn up



appear suddenly



try something out



test



wake up



stop sleeping



warm up



prepare body for exercise



work out



exercise



Our cat turned up after we put posters up all over the Neighborhood. I am going to try this new brand of detergent out We have to wake up early for work on Monday I always warm up by doing sit-ups before I go for a run I work out at the gym three times a week



Part two (structure)



I- Structure Skills (Longman) Types of structure questions: a. Structure (questions 1-15) consists of fifteen sentences in which part of each sentence has been replaced with a blank. Each sentence is followed by four answer choice. You must choose the answer that completes the sentence in a grammatically correct way. b. Written expressions (questions 16-40) consist of twenty-five sentence in which four words of group of words have been underlined. You must choose the underlined word or group of words that is not correct. General strategies for structure and written expressions: 1- Be familiar with the directions. The directions on every paper test are the same, so it is not necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully when you take the test. You should be completed familiar with the directions before the day of the test. 2- Begin with questions 1 through 15. Anticipate that questions 1 through 5 will be the easiest. Anticipate that questions 11 through 15 will be the most difficult. Do not spend too much time on questions 11 through 15. There will be easier questions that come later. 3- Continue with questions 16 through 40. Anticipate that questions 16 through 20 will be the easiest. Anticipate that questions 36-40 will be the most difficult. 4- If you have time, return to questions 11-15. 5- Guess to complete the section before time is up. There is no penalty for guessing, so it can only increase your score to guess the answers to questions that do not have time to complete. 6- Never leave any answers blank on your answer sheet. A- Part A: The structure questions (15 question per 9 minutes) (1)- Sentences with one clause Skill 1: be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb. subject and verb A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb



Skill 2: be careful of objects of propositions. objectives of prepositions A preposition is followed by a noun, pronoun, gerund or noun clause that is called an object of the preposition. if a word is an object of a preposition, it is not the subject



Skill 3: be careful of appositives. Appositives An appositives is a noun that comes before or after another noun and is generally set from the noun with commas. If a word is an Appositives, it is not the subject. The following Appositives structures are both possible in English. Tom , a really good mechanic , is fixing the car S, APP, V, a really good mechanic , Tom is fixing the car APP, S, V, Page | 26



Skill 4: be careful of present participles. present participles A present participle is the –ing form of the verb. The present participles can be (1) part of the verb or (2) an adjective. It is part of the verb when is accompanied by some form of the verb be. It is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be. 1- The boy is standing in the corner. 2- The boy standing in the corner was naughty. Skill 5: be careful of past participles. past participles A past participle often ends in –ed, but there are also many irregular past participles. For many verbs including – adverbs, the simple past and past participles are the same and can be easily confused. the –ed form of the verb can be (1) the simple past ,(2) the past participles of a verb , or (3) an adjective . 1- She painted this picture. 2- She has painted this picture. 3- The picture painted by Karen is now in a museum. (2)- Sentences with multiple clauses Skill 6: use coordinate connectors correctly. coordinate connectors And But Or SO Yet S. V. coordinate connectors S She laughed, But Skill 7: Use adverb time and cause connectors correctly.



V



she wanted to cry



Adverb time and cause connectors Time After As soon As once when As before since whenever As long as by the time until while S. V. Adverb connector Teresa went inside because Adverb connector S. V. Because it was raining Skill 8: use adverb connectors correctly. Condition



Bob



Page | 27



Other adverb connectors Manner Although As Even though In that Though While Whereas



Contrast



If In case Provided Providing Unless Whether



Cause As now that Because since Inasmuch as S. V. it was raining S. V. Teresa went inside



Place Where Wherever



S. V. adverb connector S V went to school even though he felt sick adverb connector S. V. S V even though Bob went to school he felt sick NOTE: a comma is often used in the middle of the sentence with a contrast connector The smith arrived at 2:00 , while the Jones family arrived an hour later



(3)- More Sentences with multiple clauses Skill 9: use noun clause connectors correctly. noun clause connectors * what, when, where, why, how * whatever, whenever * whether, if S v noun clause object s v I know what you did noun clause object S v v what you did was wrong



* that



Skill 10: use noun clause connectors/subjects correctly. noun clause connectors/subjects what which Whoever whatever I know what happened What happened was great



Who



whichever



Skill 11: use adjective clause connectors correctly. Whom For people



adjective clause connectors Which For things I liked the book which you recommended The book which you recommended was interesting



That For people or things



Skill 12: use adjective clause connectors/subjects correctly. Who For people



adjective clause connectors/subjects Which For things She needs a secretary who types fast A sectary who types fast invaluable



That For people or things



(4)- Sentences with reduced clauses Skill 13: use reduced adjectives clause correctly. reduced adjectives clause reduced adjectives clause (who-which-that) reduced adjectives clause ( who-which-that)



With a be-verb in the adjective clause With no be-verb in the adjective clause



(be) (verb+ing)



Skill 14: use reduced adverb clause correctly. With a be-verb in the adverb clause With no be-verb in the adverb clause Reduce in active Reduce in passive



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reduced adverb clause We omit ( subject) + (be) We omit ( subject) only (verb + ING) Time Condition Contrast After before If unless whether Although though since while Once until If unless whether Although though when whenever



Place



Where wherever



(5)- Sentences with inverted subjects and verbs Skill 15: invert the subject and verb with question words. invert the subject and verb with question words Who what when where why how When the question word introduces a question, the subject and verb are inverted. What are they? When the question word connects two clauses, the subject and verb that follow are not inverted I know what they are. Skill 16: invert the subject and verb with place expressions. invert the subject and verb with place expressions When a place expression at the front of the sentence is necessary to complete the sentence, the subject and verb that follow are inverted. In the classroom were some old desks. When a place expression at the front of the sentence contains extra information that is not needed to complete the sentence, the subject and verb that follow are not inverted. In the classroom I studied very hard Skill 17: invert the subject and verb with negatives. invert the subject and verb with negatives No not never neither nor Barely hardly only rarely scarcely seldom When a negative expression appears in front of a subject and a verb (at the beginning of a sentence or in the middle of a sentence) the subject and verb are inverted. Rarely were they so happy Skill 18: invert the subject and verb with conditionals. invert the subject and verb with conditionals Had should were When the verb in the conditional clause is had, should or were, it is possible to omit if and invert subject and verb (Omitted if) were he here , he would help It is also possible to keep if. Then the subject and verb are not inverted. If he were here , he would help Skill 19: invert the subject and verb with comparisons. invert the subject and verb with comparisons The subject and verb may inert after a comparison. The following structure are both possible. S v comparison s v We were more prepared than the others performers were. S v comparison v s We were more prepared than were the others performers . Note: a subject-verb inversion after a comparison sounds rather formal.



Page | 29



B- Part B: The written expression questions (25 question per 16 minutes) Very important notes: 1- First look at the underline words or group of words. You want to see if you can spot which of the four answers choices is not correct. 2- If you have been unable to find the error by looking only at the four underlined expressions, then read the complete sentence. Often an underlined expression is incorrect because of something in another part of the sentence. (1)- Problems with subjects/verb agreement Skill 20: make verbs agree after prepositional phrases. Subjects/verbs agreement with prepositional phrases S (prepositional phrase) v When a prepositional phrase comes between the subject and the verb, be sure that the verb agrees with the subject Skill 21: make verbs agree after expressions of quantity. Subjects/verbs agreement after expressions of quantity ( ALL MOST SOME HALF)of the (Object) v When an expression of quantity is the subject, the verb agrees with the object. Skill 22: make inverted verbs agree. Subjects/verbs agreement after inverted verbs ( Question Negative Place Condition (If) Comparison) v s After question words, negative expressions, place expression, conditions without if, and comparisons, the verb agrees with the subject, which may after the verb. Skill 23: make verbs agree after certain words. Subjects/verbs agreement after certain words These words or expressions are grammatically singular, so they take singular verbs: Anybody everybody nobody somebody each (+NOUN) Anyone everyone no one someone every (+NOUN) Anything everything nothing something (2)- Problems with parallel structure Skill 24: use parallel structure with coordinate conjunctions. parallel structure with coordinate conjunctions (same structure) (AND)(same structure) (BUT) (OR) (same structure) , (same structure) (AND) (same structure) (BUT) (OR)



Page | 30



Skill 25: use parallel structure with paired conjunctions (BOTH)



parallel structure with paired conjunctions (same structure) (AND) (same structure) (EIEHER) (OR) (NEITHER) (NOR) (NOT ONLY) (BUT ALSO)



Skill 26: use parallel structure with comparisons parallel structure with comparisons (same structure) (more ….. then) (same structure) (-er …… than) (less …… than) (as ….. as) (The same ……. As) (similar ……… to) (3)- Problems with comparatives and superlatives Skill 27: form comparatives and superlatives correctly. The form comparatives and superlatives correctly More (long adjective) + than Short adjective –er + than The most (long adjective) maybe in,of,that Short adjective -est



Comparative Superlative



Skill 28: use comparatives and superlatives correctly. The uses comparatives and superlatives The comparative is used to compare two equal things. The superlative is used to show which one of many is in some way the most outstanding. Skill 29: use the irregular –er, -er structure correctly. The



The -er structure -er (same structure) , the -er (same structure more more This type of sentence may or may not include a verb.



(4)- Problems with the form of the verb Base form Walk Hear Cook Sing Come Begin Page | 31



Present Walk (S) Hear (S) Cook (S) Sing (S) Come (S) Begin (S)



Present participle Walking Hearing Cooking Singing Coming Beginning



Past Walked Heard Cooked Sang Came Began



Past participle Walked Heard Cooked Sung come begun



Skill 30: after have, use the past participle. After have, use the past participle Have , has , had + Past Participle Skill 31: after Be using the present participle or the past participle. Verbs forms after Be Be + (1) present participle (2) past participle Skill 32: after will, would, or other modals, sue the base form of the verb. Verbs forms after modals Modal + base form of the verb (5)- Problems with the use of the verb Skill 33: know when to use the past with present. (√) Skill 34: Uses have and had correctly. Tense Present prefect Past perfect



Using have (+ p.p) and had (+ p.p)correctly Form Meaning Have + past participle Past up to now Had + past participle Before past up to past Except when the time expression since is part of the sentence



Use Now with a past tense Not with a present tense



Skill 35: use the correct with time expressions. Past perfect By (1920)



Using correct tenses with time expressions Simple past (two years) ago Last year In (1920)



Present perfect Since (1920) lately



Skill 36: use the correct tense with will and would. Using correct tenses with will and would Verb Meaning Use Will After the present Do not use with past Would After the past Do not use with present Note: there is a different modal would that is used to make polite requests. This type of world is often used with the present tense. I would like to know if you have a pencil that I could borrow (6)- Problems with passive verbs Skill 37: use the correct form of the passive. BE Page | 32



The form of the passive + past participle (by) object



Skill 38: recognize active and passive meanings. (√) (7)- Problems with nouns Skill 39: use the correct singular or plural nouns. For singular nouns For plural nouns



Key words for singular or plural nouns Each Every Single One A Both Two Many Several Various



Skill 40: distinguish countable and uncountable nouns. For countable nouns For uncountable nouns



Key words for countable and uncountable nouns Many Number Few Fewer Much Amount Little Less



Skill 41: recognize irregular plural of nouns. Vowel change Add –en Same as singular -is…..-Es Ends in –A -Us…… -I



Irregular plurals Man / men foot / feet goose / geese Woman / women tooth / teeth mouse / mice Child / children ox / oxen Deer / deer salmon / salmon trout / trout Fish / fish sheep / sheep Analysis / analyses diagnosis / diagnoses synthesis / syntheses Axis / axes hypothesis / hypotheses thesis / theses Crisis / crises parenthesis / parentheses Bacterium / bacteria datum / data criterion / criteria Curriculum / curricula phenomenon / phenomena Alumnus / alumni fungus / fungi stimulus / stimuli Bacillus / bacilli nucleus / nuclei syllabus / syllabi Cactus / cacti radius / radii



Skill 42: distinguish the person from the thing. Person or thing It is common to confuse a person with a thing in written expression questions on the TOEFL test (8)- Problems with pronouns Skill 43: distinguish subject and object pronoun. (√) Skill 44: distinguish possessive adjective and pronouns. (√) Skill 45: cheek pronoun reference for agreement. (√) (9)- Problems with adjectives and adverbs Skill 46: use basic adjectives and adverbs correctly. (√)



Page | 33



Skill 47: use adjectives after linking verbs. adjectives and adverbs after linking verbs Subject + (regular verb) + (adverb) A regular verb is followed by an adverb. The adverb describes the verb. Subject + (linking verb) + (adjectives) A linking verb is followed by adjective. The adjective describes the subject. Subject + (linking verb) + adverb + adjective It is possible that a linking verb is followed by an adverb and an adjective. The adverb describes the adjective, the adjective describes the subject. Linking verbs appear feel seem Be look smell Become prove taste Skill 48: position adjectives and adverbs correctly. Adjectives Adverbs



The position adjectives and adverbs A one word adjective comes before the noun it describes. It does not come directly after. An adverb can appear in many positions. It cannot be used between a verb and its object



(10)- More problems with adjectives Skill 49: recognize –LY adjectives. –LY adjectives Costly likely daily quarterly northerly early lively hourly weekly easterly Friendly lonely monthly yearly southerly kindly manly nightly lovely westerly Skill 50: use predicate adjectives correctly. Predicate adjectives predicate adjectives Forms used in front of a noun Alike Like, similar alive Live, living alone Lone afraid frightened asleep sleeping A predicate adjective appears after a linking verb such as be. It cannot appear directly in front of the noun that it describes. Skill 51: use –ED and –ING adjectives correctly. –ED and –ING adjectives Type -ING



Meaning Active



-ED



Passive



Page | 34



Use It does the action of the verb. It receives the action of the verb



Example The happily playing children (the children ply) The frequently played record (someone plays the record)



(11)- Problems with articles Skill 52: use articles with singular nouns. (√) Skill 53: distinguish A and An. (√) Skill 54: make articles agree with nouns. (√) Skill 55: distinguish specific and general ideas. specific and general ideas Article A or An



Meaning General idea



The



Specific idea



Uses Use when there are many and you do not know which one it is. Use when there are many and you do not care which one it is. Use when it is the only one. Use when there are many and you know which one it is.



(12)- Problems with propositions Skill 56: recognize incorrect prepositions. (√) Skill 57: recognize when prepositions have been omitted.(√) (13)- Problems with usage Skill 58: distinguish make and do. (√) Skill 59: distinguish like, alike and unlike. Grammar Adjective Adjective Preposition Preposition



Like Alike Like Unlike



like, alike and unlike Meaning Use Similar As an adjective, like is used before a noun. Similar As an adjective, alike is used after a linking verb. Similar Both Prepositions are followed by objects. They can both be used different in many positions, including at the beginning of the sentence.



Skill 60: distinguish other, another, and others. Indefinite Definite



Singular I have another book (ADJ) I have another. (PRO) I have the other book. (ADJ) I have the other. (PRO)



Plural I have other books. (ADJ) I have others. (PRO) I have the other books. (ADJ) I have the others. (PRO)



II- List of irregular verbs Infinitive Page | 35



Present



Past



Past participle



Present participle



Arabic



Abide Arise Awake Be Bear Beat Become Begin Bite Break Bet Blow Bring Build Buy Catch Choose Come Cost Cut Do Dig Drink Draw Drive Eat Fall Feed Fight Feel Find Fit Fly Forget Forgive Freeze Get Give Go Grow Have Hear Hide Hit Hold Hurt Know Keep Infinitive Lead Leave Page | 36



Abide(S) Arise(S) Awake(S) Am-Is-Are Bear(S) Beat(S) Become(S) Begin(S) Bite(S) Break(S) Bet(S) Blow(S) Bring(S) Build(S) Buy(S) Catch(S) Choose(S) Come(S) Cost(S) Cut(S) Do(ES) Dig(S) Drink(S) Draw(S) Drive(S) Eat(S) Fall(S) Feed(S) Fight(S) Feel(S) Find(S) Fit(S) Fly(S) Forget(S) Forgive(S) Freeze(S) Get(S) Give(S) Go(S) Grow(S) Has Hear(S) Hide(S) Hit(S) Hold(S) Hurt(S) Know(S) Keep(S) Infinitive Lead(S) Leave(S)



Abided Arose Awoke/Awaked Was-Were Bore Beat Became Began Bit Broke Betted Blew Brought Built Bought Caught Chose Came Cost Cut Did Dug Drank Drew Drove Ate Fell Fed Fought Felt Found Fit Flew Forgot Forgave Froze Got Gave Went Grew Had Heard Hid Hit Held Hurt Knew Kept Past Led Left



Abided Arisen Awaked/Awoken Been Borne Beaten Become Begun Bitten Broken bet Blown Brought Built Bought Caught Chosen Come Cost Cut Done Dug Drunk Drawn Driven Eaten Fallen Fed Fought Felt found Fit Flown Forgotten Forgiven Frozen Gotten Given Gone Grown Had Heard Hidden Hit Held Hurt Known Kept Past participle Led Left



Abiding Arising Awaking Being Bearing Beating Becoming Beginning Biting Breaking Betting Blowing Bringing Building Buying Catching Choosing Coming Costing Cutting Doing Digging Drinking Drawing Driving Eating Falling Feeding Fighting Feeling Finding Fitting Flying Forgetting Forgiving Freezing Getting Giving Going Growing Having Hearing Hiding Hitting Holding Hurting Knowing Keeping Infinitive Leading Leaving



‫يبقي‬ ‫ينهض‬ ‫يستيقظ‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫يعطي‬ ‫يضرب‬ ‫يصبح‬ ‫يبدأ‬ ‫يعض‬ ‫يكسر‬ ‫يراهن‬ ‫يصفر‬ ‫يحضر‬ ‫يبني‬ ‫يشتري‬ ‫يمسك‬ ‫يختار‬ ‫ياتي‬ ‫يثمن‬ ‫يقص‬ ‫يفعل‬ ‫يحفر‬ ‫يشرب‬ ‫يرسم‬ ‫يقود‬ ‫ياكل‬ ‫يسقط‬ ‫يطعم‬ ‫يقاتل‬ ‫يشعر‬ ‫يجد‬ ‫يناسب‬ ‫يطير‬ ‫ينسي‬ ‫يسامح‬ ‫يثلج‬ ‫يجد‬ ‫يعطي‬ ‫يذهب‬ ‫ينمو‬ ‫يمتلك‬ ‫يسمع‬ ‫يخفي‬ ‫يضرب‬ ‫ينتظر‬ ‫يجرح‬ ‫يعرف‬ ‫يحفظ‬ Arabic ‫يقود‬ ‫يترك‬



Lend Let Lose Make Mean Meet Pay Prove Put Quit Read Ring Rise Ride Run Say See Sell send Shoot Show Shut Sing Sink Sit Sleep Speak Spend Still Steal Swim Take Teach Tear Tell Think Throw Undo Wear Win Wake Wet Wind Withdraw Withhold Withstand Wring write



Page | 37



Lend(S) Let(S) Lose(S) Make(S) Mean(S) Meet(S) Pay(S) Prove(S) Put(S) Quit(S) Read(S) Ring(S) Rise(S) Ride(S) Run(S) Say(S) See(S) Sell(S) send(S) Shoot(S) Show(S) Shut(S) Sing(S) Sink(S) Sit(S) Sleep(S) Speak(S) Spend(S) Still(S) Steal(S) Swim(S) Take(S) Teach(S) Tear(S) Tell(S) Think(S) Throw(S) Undo(ES) Wear(S) Win(S) Wake(S) Wet(S) Wind(S) Withdraw(S) Withhold(S) Withstand(S) Wring(S) write(S)



Lent Let Lost Made Meant Met Paid Proved Put Quitted Read Rang Rose Rode Ran Said Saw Sold Sent Shot Showed Shut Sang Sank Sat Slept Spoke Spent Stood Stole Swam Took Taught Tore Told Thought Threw Undid Wore Won Woke Wetted Wound Withdrew Withheld Withstood Wrung Wrote



Lent Let Lost Made Meant Met Paid Proven Put quit Read Rung Risen Ridden Run Said Seen Sold Sent Shot Shown Shut Sung Sunk Sat Slept Spoken spent Stood Stolen Swum Taken Taught Torn Told Thought Thrown Undone Worn Won Woken Wetted Wound Withdrawn Withheld Withstood Wrung Written



Lending Letting Losing Making Meaning Meeting Paying Proving Putting Quitting Reading Ringing Rising Riding Running Saying Seeing Selling Sending Shooting Showing Shutting Singing Sinking Sitting Sleeping Speaking Spending Stilling Stealing Swimming Taking Teaching Tearing Telling Thinking Throwing Undoing Wearing Wining Waking Wetting Winding Withdrawing Withholding Withstanding Wringing writing



‫يسلف‬ ‫يدع‬ ‫يخسر‬ ‫يصنع‬ ‫يقصد‬ ‫يقابل‬ ‫يدفع‬ ‫يبرهن‬ ‫يضع‬ ‫يخرج‬ ‫يقرا‬ ‫يرن‬ ‫ينهض‬ ‫يقود‬ ‫يجري‬ ‫يقول‬ ‫يري‬ ‫يبيع‬ ‫يرسل‬ ‫يقذف‬ ‫يشاهد‬ ‫يغلق‬ ‫يغني‬ ‫يغرق‬ ‫يجلس‬ ‫ينام‬ ‫يتكلم‬ ‫ينفق‬ ‫يبقي‬ ‫ ينسب‬/ ‫يسرق‬ ‫يسبح‬ ‫ياخذ‬ ‫يعلم‬ ‫يدمع‬ ‫يخبر‬ ‫يعتقد‬ ‫يقذف‬ ‫يبطل‬ ‫يرتدي‬ ‫يفوز‬ ‫يصحو‬ ‫يبلل‬ ‫يلف‬ ‫يسترجع‬ ‫يكبح‬ ‫يقاوم‬ ‫ينتزع‬ ‫يكتب‬



III- List of irregular Plural Forms Singular Addendum Alga Alumna Analysis Apex Aquarium Automaton Bacillus Banjo Buffalo Cactus Cargo Chamois Cherub Codex Concerto Corpus Datum Diagnosis Dynamo Embryo Fish Focus Formula Ganglion Genus Half Herring Hypothesis Kibbutz Knife Larva Libretto Loaf Louse Matrix Money Motto Nemesis Ox Scarf Series Sheep Silo Soprano Swiss Tango Thief Tooth Ultimatum Vortex Wife Woman



Page | 38



Plural Addenda Algae Alumnae Analyses Apexes Aquariums Automatons Bacilli Banjoes Buffalos Cacti Cargoes Chamois Cherubs Codices Concertos Corpora Data Diagnoses Dynamos Embryos Fish Focuses Formulas Ganglia Genera Halves Herrings Hypotheses Kibbutzim Knives Larvae Librettos Loaves Lice Matrices Moneys Mottoes Nemeses Oxen Scarfs Series Sheep Silos Sopranos Swiss Tangos Thieves Teeth Ultimatums Vortexes Wives Women



Alternate pl.



Apices Aquaria Automata Banjos Buffaloes Cactuses Cargos Chamoix Cherubim Concerti Datums



Fishes Foci Formulae Ganglions



Herring



Arabic mean. ‫اضافة‬ ‫الطحلب‬ ‫الخريجون‬ ‫التحليل‬ ‫القمة‬ ‫حوضالسمك‬ ‫النساناللي‬ ‫العصوي‬ ‫البانجو‬ ‫الجاموس‬ ‫الصببار‬ ‫الشحن‬ ‫الشمواة‬ ‫الملك‬ ‫المخطوطة‬ ‫القطعةالموسيقية‬ ‫المجموعة‬ ‫الحقيقة‬ ‫التشخيص‬ ‫الموبلد‬ ‫الجنين‬ ‫السمك‬ ‫البؤرة‬ ‫الصيغة‬ ‫العقدة‬ ‫الجنس‬ ْ‫صف‬ ‫النن ص‬ ‫الرنغة‬ ‫الفرضية‬ ‫الكيبوتزأ‬ ‫السكين‬ ‫اليرقة‬ ‫نصكلماتالوبرا‬



Matrixes Monies Mottos Oxes Scarves



Ultimate Vortices



ْ‫الرغيف‬ ‫القملة‬ ‫المصفوفة‬ ‫المال‬ ‫الشعار‬ ‫العدو‬ ‫الثور‬ ‫الوشاح‬ ‫السلسلة‬ ْ‫خراف‬ ‫ال ن‬ ‫المستودع‬ ‫السوبرانو‬ ‫السويسريون‬ ‫التانجو‬ ‫ص‬ ‫الل ب‬ ‫السبن‬ ‫النذارالنهائي‬ ‫الدبوامة‬ ‫الزأوجة‬ ‫المرأة‬



Singular Adieu Alto Alumnus Antelope Appendix Archipelago Axis Bacterium Basis Bureau Calf Cello Chassis Child Commando Contralto Crisis Deer Dwarf Elf Faux pas Flounder Foot Fungus Genesis Goose Halo Hoof Index Kilo Lady Leaf Life Locus Man Medium Moose Mouse Ovum Quiz Self Sheaf Shelf Solo Standby Syllabus Thesis Tobacco Trout Volcano Wharf Wolf Zero



Plural Adieus Altos Alumni Antelopes Appendixes Archipelagos Axes Bacteria Bases Bureaus Calves Cellos Chassis Children Commandos Contraltos Crises Deer Dwarfs Elves Faux pas Flounder Feet Fungi Geneses Geese Halos Hoofs Indexes Kilos Ladies Leaves Lives Loci Men Mediums Moose Mice Ova Quizzes Selves Sheaves Shelves Solos Standbys Syllabuses Theses Tobaccos Trout Volcanoes Wharves Wolves Zeros



Alternate pl. Adieux



Antelope Appendices Archipelagoes



Bureaux



Commandoes Criterions Dwarves



Flounders Funguses Gooses Haloes Hooves Indices



Media



Syllabi



Troutes Volcanos Wharfs Zeroes



Arabic mean. ‫الوداع‬ ‫اللتو‬ ‫الخريج‬ ‫الظبي‬ ‫الملحق‬ ‫الرخبيل‬ ‫المحور‬ ‫البكتيريا‬ ‫القاعدة‬ ‫المكتب‬ ‫العجل‬ ‫التشيلو‬ ‫الهيكل‬ ‫الطفل‬ ‫المغوار‬ ‫كونترالتو‬ ‫الزأمة‬ ‫الييل‬ ‫القزأم‬ ‫جنى‬ ‫الهفوة‬ ‫سمكموسى‬ ‫القدم‬ ‫الفطر‬ ‫التكوين‬ ‫الوبزأة‬ ‫الهالة‬ ‫الحافر‬ ‫الدليل‬ ‫الكيلو‬ ‫السيدة‬ ‫الورقة‬ ‫الحياة‬ ‫المكان‬ ‫الرجل‬ ‫الوسط‬ ‫البيل‬ ‫الفأر‬ ‫البيضة‬ ‫الختبار‬ ‫النفس‬ ‫الحزأمة‬ ْ‫ف‬ ‫الر ب‬ ‫العزأفالمنفرد‬ ‫البديل‬ ‫المنهجالدراسي‬ ‫الطروحة‬ ‫التبغ‬ ‫السلمون‬ ‫البركان‬ ‫رصيفالمرفأ‬ ‫ذئب‬ ‫صفر‬



IV- Prepositions



Prepositions About Above Across After Against Along Among Around As At



Behind Below Beneath Beside Between Beyond By Despite Down During



Except For From In Inside Into Like Near Of Off



On Onto Outside Over Past Since Through Throughout To Toward



Under Underneath Unlike Until Up Upon Versus With Within without



Prepositions: Locators in Time and Place A preposition describes a relationship between other words in a sentence. In itself, a word like "in" or "after" is rather meaningless and hard to define in mere words. For instance, when you do try to define a preposition like "in" or "between" or "on," you invariably use your hands to show how something is situated in relationship to something else. Prepositions are nearly always combined with other words in structures called prepositional phrases. Prepositional phrases can be made up of a million different words, but they tend to be built the same: a preposition followed by a determiner and an adjective or two, followed by a pronoun or noun (called the object of the preposition). This whole phrase, in turn, takes on a modifying role, acting as an adjective or an adverb, locating something in time and space, modifying a noun, or telling when or where or under what conditions something happened.



Consider the professor's desk and all the prepositional phrases we can use while talking about it. You can sit before the desk (or in front of the desk). The professor can sit on the desk (when he's being informal) or behind the desk, and then his feet are under the desk or beneath the desk. He can stand beside the desk (meaning next to the desk), before the desk, between the desk and you, or even on the desk (if he's really strange). If he's clumsy, he can bump into the desk or try to walk through the desk (and stuff would fall off the desk). Passing his hands over the desk or resting his elbows upon the desk, he often looks across the desk and speaks of the desk or concerning the desk as if there were nothing else like the desk. Because he thinks of nothing except the desk, sometimes you wonder about the desk, what's in the desk, what he paid for the desk, and if he could live without the desk. You can walk toward the desk, to the desk, around the desk, by the desk, and even past the desk while he sits at the desk or leans against the desk. All of this happens, of course, in time: during the class, before the class, until the class, throughout the class, after the class, etc. And the professor can sit there in a bad mood [another adverbial construction]. Those words in bold blue font are all prepositions. Some prepositions do other things besides locate in space or time — "My brother is like my father." "Everyone in the class except me got the answer." — but nearly all of them modify in one way or another. It is possible for a preposition phrase to act as a noun — "During a church service is not a good time to discuss picnic plans" or "In the South Pacific is where I long to be" — but this is seldom appropriate in formal or academic writing. You may have learned that ending a sentence with a preposition is a serious breach of grammatical etiquette. It doesn't take a grammarian to spot a sentence-ending preposition, so this is an easy rule to get caught up on (!). Although it is often easy to remedy the offending preposition, sometimes it isn't, and repair efforts sometimes result in a clumsy sentence. "Indicate the book you are quoting from" is not greatly improved with "Indicate from which book you are quoting." Based on shaky historical precedent, the rule itself is a latecomer to the rules of writing. Those who dislike the rule are fond of recalling Churchill's rejoinder: "That is nonsense up with which I shall not put." We should also remember the child's complaint: "What did you bring that book that I don't like to be read to out of up for?" Is it any wonder that prepositions create such troubles for students for whom English is a second language? We say we are at the hospital to visit a friend who is in the hospital. We lie in bed but on the couch. We watch a film at the theater but on television. For native speakers, these little words present little difficulty, but try to learn another language, any other language, and you will quickly discover that prepositions are troublesome wherever you live and learn. This page contains some interesting (sometimes troublesome) prepositions with brief usage notes. To address all the potential difficulties with prepositions in idiomatic usage would require volumes, and the only way English language learners can begin to master the intricacies of preposition usage is through practice and paying close attention to speech and the written word. Keeping a good dictionary close at hand (to hand?) is an important first step.



Page | 39



Prepositions of Time: at, on, and in We use at to designate specific times. The train is due at 12:15 p.m. We use on to designate days and dates. My brother is coming on Monday. We're having a party on the Fourth of July. We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year. She likes to jog in the morning. It's too cold in winter to run outside. He started the job in 1971. He's going to quit in August. Prepositions of Place: at, on, and in



We use at for specific addresses. Grammar English lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham. We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc. Her house is on Boretz Road.



And we use in for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents). She lives in Durham. Durham is in Windham County. Windham County is in Connecticut. Prepositions of Location: in, at, and on and No PrepositionIN IN AT ON NO PREPOSITION (the) bed* class* the bed* downstairs the bedroom home the ceiling downtown the car the library* the floor inside (the) class* the office the horse outside the library* school* the plane upstairs school* work the train uptown * You may sometimes use different prepositions for these locations. Prepositions of Movement: to and No Preposition We use to in order to express movement toward a place. They were driving to work together. She's going to the dentist's office this morning. Toward and towards are also helpful prepositions to express movement. These are simply variant spellings of the same word; use whichever sounds better to you. We're moving toward the light. This is a big step towards the project's completion. With the words home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, we use no preposition. Grandma went upstairs Grandpa went home. They both went outside. Prepositions of Time: for and since We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years). He held his breath for seven minutes. She's lived there for seven years. The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries. We use since with a specific date or time. He's worked here since 1970. She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty. Prepositions with Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs.



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Prepositions are sometimes so firmly wedded to other words that they have practically become one word. (In fact, in other languages, such as German, they would have become one word.) This occurs in three categories: nouns, adjectives, and verbs.



approval of awareness of belief in concern for confusion about desire for



NOUNS and PREPOSITIONS fondness for grasp of hatred of hope for interest in love of



need for participation in reason for respect for success in understanding of



afraid of angry at aware of capable of careless about familiar with



ADJECTIVES and PREPOSITIONS fond of happy about interested in jealous of made of married to



proud of similar to sorry for sure of tired of worried about



apologize for ask about ask for belong to bring up care for find out



VERBS and PREPOSITIONS give up grow up look for look forward to look up make up pay for



prepare for study for talk about think about trust in work for worry about



A combination of verb and preposition is called a phrasal verb. The word that is joined to the verb is then called a particle. Please refer to the brief section we have prepared on phrasal verbs for an explanation. Idiomatic Expressions with Prepositions Agree to a proposal, with a person, on a price, in principle Argue about a matter, with a person, for or against a proposition Compare to show likenesses, with to show differences (sometimes similarities) Correspond to a thing, with a person Differ from an unlike thing, with a person Live at an address, in a house or city, on a street, with other people Unnecessary Prepositions In everyday speech, we fall into some bad habits, using prepositions where they are not necessary. It would be a good idea to eliminate these words altogether, but we must be especially careful not to use them in formal, academic prose. She met up with the new coach in the hallway. The book fell off of the desk. He threw the book out of the window. She wouldn't let the cat inside of the house. [or use "in"] Where did they go to? Put the lamp in back of the couch. [Use "behind" instead] Where is your college at? Prepositions in Parallel Form (Click HERE for a definition and discussion of parallelism.) When two words or phrases are used in parallel and require the same preposition to be idiomatically correct, the preposition does not have to be used twice. You can wear that outfit in summer and in winter. The female was both attracted by and distracted by the male's dance. However, when the idiomatic use of phrases calls for different prepositions, we must be careful not to omit one of them. The children were interested in and disgusted by the movie. It was clear that this player could both contribute to and learn from every game he played. He was fascinated by and enamored of this beguiling woman.



V- Word ending – Formation Page | 41



Words endings 1- Noun (thing) ending (-ism ,- nce ,- ness ,-ion ,-ment ,-ty ,-age ,-ship) Word Noun Meaning Member Membership ‫علقاة‬ Real Realty ‫حقيقة‬ Human Humanity ‫انسانية‬ Break Breakage ‫كسر‬ Alcohol Alcohol ‫ادمان الخمر‬ Mile Mileage ‫تعويض ميلي‬ Leader Leadership ‫قايادة‬ Improve Improvement ‫تحسين‬ Social Sociality ‫مخالطة‬ Beau Beauty ‫جمال‬ 2- Noun (persons) ending (-er , -or , -ist , -cian)



Word Kind Move Elect Intelligent Permanent Confuse Sudden Equal Excellent Marry



Word Noun Meaning Word ‫مدرس‬ Teach Teacher Type ‫مجمل‬ Beauty Beautician Ideal ‫مخترع‬ Invent Inventor Clinic ‫اختصاصي‬ Special Specialist Ranch ‫بروف‬ Perfection Professor Program ‫كهربائي‬ Electricity Electrician Invest ‫باني‬ Build Builder Advice ‫رياضي‬ Mathematics Mathematical Natural 3- Adjective endings (-ent ,-ant, -ful, -ic, -less, -ive, -ous, -al, -able, -ible)



Noun Kindness Movement Election Intelligence Permanentness Confusion Suddenness Equality Excellence Marriage Noun Typist Idealist Clinician Rancher Programmer Investor Adviser Naturalist



Meaning ‫ حنان‬/ ‫كرم‬ ‫حركة‬ ‫انتخاب‬ ‫ذكاء‬ ‫دوام‬ ‫ارتباك‬ ‫مفاجاة‬ ‫مساواة‬ ‫امتياز‬ ‫زواج‬ Meaning ‫كاتب‬ ‫مثالي‬ ‫طبيب سرير‬ ‫مربي ماشية‬ ‫مبرمج‬ ‫مانح‬ ‫ناصح‬ ‫طبيعي‬



Word adjective Heart Heartless Athlete Athletic Help Helpful Intelligence Intelligent Courage Courageous Enthusiasm Enthusiastic Tradition Traditional Permanence Permanent 4- Verb endings (-en , -ate , -ize , -ife)



Meaning ‫جبان‬ ‫رياضي‬ ‫مساعد‬ ‫ذكي‬ ‫شجاع‬ ‫متعصب‬ ‫تقليدي‬ ‫دائم باق‬



Word Nature Mystery Impress Comfort Use Motion Change Attract



adjective Natural Mystic Impressible Comfortable Useful Motionless Changeable Attractive



Meaning ‫فطري‬ ‫سري صوفي‬ ‫حساس‬ ‫مريح‬ ‫نافع‬ ‫ساكن‬ ‫متقلب‬ ‫جذاب‬



Word Verb dark Darken Just Justify Short Shorten Investigation Investigate Different Differentiate Light Lighten Person Personate Liberal Liberate Soft Soften Memory Memorize 5- Adverb ending (-ly)



Meaning ‫يظلم‬ ‫يملء‬ ‫يقصر‬ ‫يتقصي‬ ‫يميز‬ ‫يضيئ‬ ‫يمثل‬ ‫يحرر‬ ‫يلين‬ ‫يحفظ‬



Word Final Separation Intense Industrial Identity Glamour Sweet Demonstration People Note



Verb Finalize Separate Intensify Industrialize Identify Glamorize Sweeten demonstrate Populate notify



Meaning ‫ينجز‬ ‫يفصل‬ ‫يقوي‬ ‫يصنع‬ ‫يماثل‬ ‫يسحر‬ ‫يلطف‬ ‫يبرهن‬ ‫يحتل‬ ‫يعلم‬



Page | 42



Word Final Obvious Strong Fearful Complete Absolute Sudden Regular



Adverb Finally Obviously Strongly Fearfully Completely Absolutely Suddenly Regularly



Meaning ‫اخيرا‬ ‫بوضوح‬ ‫شديد‬ ‫مخيف‬ ‫باكتمال‬ ‫بدون شك‬ ‫فجاءة‬ ‫بانتظام‬



Word Careful Recent Perfect Quick Eager Correct Doubtful Great



Adverb Carefully Recently Perfectly Quickly Eagerly Correctly Doubtfully Greatly



Meaning ‫بحرص‬ ‫موخرا‬ ‫على نحو تام‬ ‫بسرعة‬ ‫بشغف‬ ‫بنحو صحيح‬ ‫بشك‬ ‫بعظمة‬



Formation Tense



Page | 43



Active He writes many letters He wrote many letters He has written many letters He had written many letters He would write many letters He would have written many letters He is writing many letters He was writing many letters He will write many letters He will have written many letters He is going to write many letters He should write many letters



passive Many letters are written by him Many letters were written by him Many letters have been written by him Many letters had been written by him Many letters would be written by him Many letters would have been written by him Many letters are being written by him Many letters were being written by him Many letters will be written by him Many letters will have been written by him Many letters are going to be written by him Many letters should be written by him



Part Three (Reading) I- Reading Skills (Longman) Very important notes 1- Skim the reading passage to determine the main idea and the overall organization of ideas in the passage. You do not need to understand every detail in each passage to answer the question correctly. It is therefore a waste of time to read the passage with the intent of understanding every single detail before you try to answer the questions. 2- Look ahead at the questions to determine what language skills are being tested in the questions. 3- Find the section of the passage that deals with each question. The language skill tells you exactly where to look in the passage to find correct answers. a. For Main idea questions, look at first line of each paragraph. b. For directly and indirectly answered detail questions, choose a key word in the question, and skim for that key word (or related idea) in order the passage. c. For pronoun questions, the question will tell you where the pronoun is located in the passage. d. For transition questions, look at the beginning or the end of the passage. e. For vocabulary questions, the question will tell you where the word is located in the passage. f. For where in the passage questions, the answer choices give you four possible locations of the correct answer. g. For tone, purposes, and course questions, look at the first line of each passage. 4- Read the part of the passage that contains the answer carefully. The answer will probably be in a very predictable place in the passage. 5- Choose the best answer to each questions from the four choices listed in you test book. You can choose the best answer according to what is given in the appropriate section of the passage, eliminate definitely wrong answers, and mark your best guess on the answer sheet. (1)- Questions about the ideas of the passage Skill 1: answer main idea questions correctly.



How to identify the questions



Where to find the answer



How to answer the question



Page | 44



Main Idea Questions What is the topic of the passage? What is the subject of the passage? What is the main idea of the passage? What is the author's main point in the passage? With what is the author primarily concerned? Which of the following would be the best title? The answer to this type of questions can generally be determined by looking at the first sentence of each paragraph 1- Read the first line of each paragraph 2- Look for a common theme or idea in the first lines 3- Pass your eyes quickly over the rest of the passage to check that you have really found the topic sentences 4- Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and choose the best answer from the remaining choices



Skill two: recognize the organization of ideas.



How to identify the questions Where to find the answer How to answer the question



Organization Of Ideas How is the information in the passage organized? How the information in the second paragraph related to the information in the first paragraph? The answer to this type of questions can generally be determined by looking at the first sentence of appropriate paragraph 1- Read the first line of each paragraph 2- Look for words that show relationships among the paragraphs 3- Choose the answer that best expresses the relationship



(2)- Directly answered questions Skill 3: answer stated detail questions correctly.



How to identify the questions Where to find the answer How to answer the question



Stated Detail Questions According to the passage ….. It is stated in the passage ….. The passage indicates that …. Which of the following is true …? The answer of these questions are found in order in the passage 1- Choose a key word in the question 2- Skim in the appropriate part of the passage for the key word or idea 3- Read the sentence that contains the key word or idea carefully 4- Eliminate the definitely wrong answers and choose the best answer from the remaining choices



Skill 4: find unstated details.



How to identify the questions Where to find the answer



How to answer the question



Unstated Detail Questions Which of the following is not stated? Which of the following is not mentioned? Which of the following is not discussed? All of the following are true except? The answer of these questions are found in order in the passage 1- Choose a key word in the question 2- Scan the appropriate place in the passage for the key word (or related idea) 3- Read the sentence that contains the key word or idea carefully 4- Look for answers that definitely true according to the passage. Eliminate those answers 5- Choose the answer that is not true or not discussed in the passage



Skill 5: find pronoun reference. How to identify the questions Where to find the answer



How to answer the question



Page | 45



Unstated Detail Questions The pronoun " " in line X refers to which of the following? The line where the pronoun is located is given in the question. The noun that the pronoun refers to is generally found before the pronoun 1- Locate the pronoun in the passage 2- Look before the pronoun for nouns that agree with the pronoun 3- Try each of the nouns in the context in place of the pronoun 4- Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and choose the best answer from the remaining choices



(3)- Indirectly answered questions Skill 6: answer implied detail questions correctly.



How to identify the questions Where to find the answer How to answer the question



Implied Detail Questions It is implied in the passage that …. It can be inferred from the passage that …. It is most likely that … What probably happened …? The answers to these questions are generally found in order in the passage 1- Choose a key word in the question 2- Scan the passage for the key word (or a related idea0 3- Carefully read the sentence that contains the key word 4- Look for an answer that could be true, according to that sentence



Skill 7: answer transition questions correctly.



How to identify the questions Where to find the answer How to answer the question



Transition Questions The paragraph preceding the passage probably … What is most likely in the paragraph following the passage? The answers can generally be found in the first line of the passage for a preceding questions. The answer can generally be found in the last line for a following question 1- Read the first line for a preceding question 2- Read the last line for a following question 3- Draw a conclusion about what comes before or after 4- Choose the answer that is reflected in the first or last line of the passage



(4)- Vocabulary question Skill 8: find detentions from structural clues.



How to identify the questions



Types of clues Where to find the answer



How to answer the question



Structural Clues What is the meaning of "X" in line Y? The word "X: in line Y is closest in meaning to …. The word "X" in line Y could best be replaced by Punctuation Comma, parentheses, dashes Restatement Or, that is , in order words , i.e. Examples Such as , for example , e.g. Information to help you determine what something means will generally be found after the punctuation clue, the restatement clue, or the example clue 1- Find the word in the passage 2- Locate any structural clues 3- Read the part of the passage after the structural clue carefully 4- Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and choose the best answer from the remaining choices



Skill 9: determine meanings from word parts. Part CONTRA MAL MIS SUB DEC MULTI SOL TRI



Page | 46



Meaning Against Bad Error Under Ten Many One Three



A Short List of Words Parts Example Part Contrast DIC Malcontent DOMIN Mistake JUD Subway MOR Decade SPEC Multiple TERR Solo VER Triple VIV



Meaning Say Master Judge Death See Earth Turn Live



Example Dictate Dominant Judgment Mortal Spectator Territory Divert Revive



Skill 10: use context to determine meanings of difficult words.



How to identify the questions Where to find the answer How to answer the question



Vocabulary Questions Containing Difficult Words What is the meaning of "X" in line Y? The word "X" in line Y is closest in meaning to …. Information to help you understand the meaning of an unknown word can often be found in the context surrounding the unknown word 1- Find the word in the passage 2- Read the sentence that contains the word carefully 3- Look for context clues to help you understand the meaning 4- Choose the answer that the context indicates



Skill 11: use context to determine meanings of simple words.



How to identify the questions Where to find the answer How to answer the question



Vocabulary Questions Containing Simple Words What is the meaning of "X" in line Y? The word "X" in line Y could best be replaced by …. Information to help you understand the secondary meaning of an simple word can often be found in the context surrounding the word 1- Find the word in the passage 2- Read the sentence that contains the word carefully 3- Look for context clues to help you understand the meaning 4- Choose the answer that the context indicates



(5)- Overall review questions Skill 12: determine where specific information is found. How to identify the questions Where to find the answer How to answer the question



Questions About Where In The Passage Where in the passage …? The answer can be in any of the lines listed in the answers to the question 1- Choose a key word or idea in the question 2- Skim the appropriate part of the passage looking for the key word or idea 3- Choose the answer that contains the key word or idea



Skill 13: determine the tone, purpose, or course. Where to find the answer



How to answer the question



Page | 47



tone, purpose, or course Tone Look for clues through the passage that show if the author is showing some emotion rather than just presenting Purpose Draw a conclusion about the purpose from the main idea and supporting ideas. Course Draw a conclusion about the course from the topic of the passage and the supporting ideas. Tone 1- Skim the passage looking for clues that the author is showing some emotions. 2- Choose the answer that identifies the emotions. Purpose 1- Study the main idea in the topic sentence and the derails used to support the main idea. 2- Draw a conclusion about the purpose. Course 1- Study the main idea in the topic sentence and the details used to support the main idea. 2- Draw a conclusion about the course.



II- prefixes & Suffixes When you are reading, you will come across unfamiliar words. It is often possible to guess their meanings if you understand the way words in English are generally formed: PREFIX - STEM - SUFFIXES An English word can be divided into three parts: a prefix, a stem, and a suffix. Pre- means 'before. A prefix, therefore, is what comes before the stem. Consider, as an example, the prefix de- (meaning 'reduce' or 'reverse') in a word like demagnetize (meaning 'to deprive of magnetism'). A suffix is what is attached to the end of the stem. Consider, as an example, the suffix -er (meaning 'someone who') in programmer ('a person who programmers'). Suffixes change the word from one part of speech to another. For example, -ly added to the adjective quick gives the adverb quickly. Prefixes, on the other hand, usually change the meaning of the word. For example, un- changes a word to the negative. Unmagnetizable means 'not capable of being magnetized'. Let us now consider some prefixes, their usual meanings, and how they change the meanings of English words. Part 1: prefixes Prefixes: Negative & positive Size Location Time & order Number unsemiinterpremonononminisuperantebiinmicrotransforehexdisexpostoctreextramultiperi-



Study these tables. Try and find additional examples using your dictionary: Prefix Negative:



Positive:



Prefix semiequiminimicromacromegaPage | 48



1. Negative and positive prefixes: Meaning unNot inNot imNot ilNot irNot nonNot connected with misbad, wrong malbad, wrong disopposite feeling disopposite action antiAgainst dereduce, reverse undertoo little redo again overtoo much 2. Prefixes of size: Meaning half, partly Equal Small very small large, great large, great



Examples Unmagnified incomplete impossible illegal irregular, irrelevant non-programmable misdirect malfunction disagree disconnect antiglare, antistatic demagnetize, decode underestimate Reorganize overload



Examples Semiconductor Equidistant Minicomputer microcomputer, microscopic Macroeconomics megabyte



Prefix intersupertransexextrasubinfraperi-



3. Prefixes of location: Meaning between, among over across out beyond Under below around



Examples interface, interactive supersonic transmit, transfer exclude, extrinsic Extraordinary subschema, subtraction infra-red peripheral, periscope



Prefix antepre-primepostretro-



4. Prefixes of time and order: Meaning before before first after backward



Examples antecedent prefix, preceding, precedent primary, primitive postdated, post-natal retrograde, retroactive



Prefix semiMonobiposttriquadpentahexsept(em)octdecmulti-



5. Prefixes of numbers: Meaning half one two after three four five six seven eight ten many, multiplexor



Examples semicircle monochromatic binary postdated, post-natal triangle quadruple pentagon hexadecimal September octal decimal multicolored



6. Other prefixes: Prefix proauto Cocon-



Meaning before, in advance, forward self together with together with



Examples programme, progress, procreation automatic co-ordinate, co-operate connect



Part 2: suffixes We have already seen how prefixes can change the meaning of a word. Let us now consider some suffixes, their usual meanings, and how they change the meanings of English words: Suffixes Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs -ance -ize -able -ly -ence -ate -ible -or -fy -less -er -en -ic -ist -ify -ical -ish -ive Study these tables. Try and find additional examples using your dictionary: Page | 49



Suffix - ance -ence -er, - or -ist, -yst -ian -tion, -ation -ness -ion -ing -ment -ity -ism -dom -ship



Suffix -ize/-ise -ate -ify -en



1. Noun-forming suffixes: Meaning state quality of a person who a thing which a person who pertaining to the act of condition of action/state activity state, action state, quality condition/state domain/condition condition/state 2. Verb-forming suffixes: Meaning make



Examples performance independence programmer, operator, biographer



compiler, accumulator, processor, calculator



analyst, typist electrician compilation readiness, cleanliness, happiness conversion multiplexing measurement, requirement electricity magnetism freedom relationship, partnership



Examples to computerize automate, activate, calculate simplify harden, widen, lengthen, shorten



3. Adverb-forming suffix:



-ly



in the manner of 4. Adjective-forming suffixes: Meaning having the quality of



electronically, logically, comparably, slowly, quickly, automatically, carefully



Suffix Examples -al computational, logical -ar circular, rectangular, cellular, regular -ic magnetic, automatic -ical electrical -able capable of being comparable -ble divisible -ous like, full of dangerous, insidious, miraculous -ful characterized by helpful, careful -less without careless, meaningless -ish like yellowish -ed having the quality of computed, processed -ive interactive 5. Words ending in -ing Note that words ending in -ing are formed from verbs. The -ing form may be used as a noun, part of a noun phrase, or part of a verb 1. Programming is an interesting job (noun) 2. Programming in C is interesting (part of a noun phrase) 3. He is working as a programmer (part of a verb)



III- 400 Words for TOEFL Page | 50



Lesson 1 (food corps) Word Abandon v. Adversely (effect) Adv. Aggregate Adj. Cultivation N. Fertilize V. Intensify V. Irrigation N. Obtain V.



Meaning To leave, to give up In a harmful way Amounting to a whole Preparing the land Supplying for plants To increase in power Add water to dry land To gain possession



A. part of speech Abandonment N. Adversity N. Aggregate N. Cultivate V. Fertilization N. Intensification N. Irrigate V. Obtainment N.



Arabic ‫استسلم‬ ‫مؤذ‬ ‫كلي‬ ‫حراثة‬ ‫تسميد‬ ‫تقوية‬ ‫ري‬ ‫تسويد‬



Photosynthesis N. Precipitation N.



A light action Waterfalls earth



Photosynthesize v. precipitate



‫تمثيل‬ ‫ترسيب‬



Lesson 2 (Disaster) Word



Meaning



A. part of speech



Arabic



Anticipate V. Catastrophic Adj. Collide V. Eruption N. Famine N. Flood N. Impact N. Preserve V. Plunge V. Unleash V.



To expect or sense Extremely harmful To come in opposite way A sudden , often violent Severe hungry An very extra water A strong influence To keep going To go down suddenly To release a thing



Anticipation N. Catastrophe N. Collision N. Erupt V. Famine N. Flood V. Impact V. Persist V. Plunge N. Unleash V.



‫حدس‬ ‫فاجعة‬ ‫تعارض‬ ‫بركان‬ ‫مجاعة‬ ‫فيضان‬ ‫تاثير‬ ‫دأب‬ ‫الغمر‬ ‫يطلق‬



Word Adapt V.



Meaning To make suitable



A. part of speech Adaptation N.



Arabic ‫تكيف‬



Diverse N. Evolve V. Feature N. Generation N.



Showing a difference To develop Part , characteristics A group born together



Diversify V. Evolution N. Feature V. Generational Adj.



‫تنوع‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫هيئة‬ ‫جيل‬



Inherent adj. Migration N. Physical Adj. Process N. Survive V.



Naturally Movement from places Related to the body A series of steps to result To continue living



Inherently Adj. Migrate V. Physically Adv. Process V. Survivor N.



‫فطري‬ ‫هجرة‬ ‫مادي‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫النجاة‬



Meaning



A. part of speech Constrain V.



Arabic ‫القيد‬



Contamination N. Deplete V. Dispose of V. Elementally ADV.



Contaminate V. Depletion N. Disposal N. Element N.



ّ‫التلووث‬ ‫إستنفذذ‬ ‫تخلو ذ‬ ْ‫صممذنه‬ ‫جوهريا ا‬



Emission N. Extinction N. Reservoir N. Shrink V. Stable ADJ.



Emit V. Extinct ADJ. Reserve V. Shrinkable ADJ. Stability N.



‫الشعاع‬ ‫النقراض‬ ‫الخزان‬ ‫ينكم ذ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫مستقر‬



Lesson 3 (Evolution and Migration)



Lesson 4 (Petroleum Alternatives) Word Constraint N.



References Page | 51



1. Longman COMPLETE COURSE FOR THE TOEFL TEST, Preparation for the computer and Paper Tests, by Deborah Phillips, New York, 2001. 2. Longman COMPLETE COURSE FOR THE TOEFL TEST, Preparation for the Paper Tests, by Deborah Phillips, New York, 2003. 3. TOEFL Secrets Your key to TOEFL success, from the desk of Tom Paulson, Director of test-talking strategy at TOEFL Secrets, May 2002. 4. SPEAK ENGLISH LIKE AN ANERICAN, Learn the idioms & expressions that will help you speak like a native, AMY GILLETT, Printed in the United States of America, 2004. 5. The 4000 Words Essential for an educated vocabulary, JEFF KOLBY. 6. Improve your skills, A PDF version published on the Internet, by Mohamed Elgebly. 7. 400 must have words for the TOEFL, McGraw-Hill's.



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