Tugas Tutorial 1 - Sociolinguistics [PDF]

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TUGAS TUTORIAL KE-1 PBIS4131/SOCIOLINGUISTICS/2 SKS PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS



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Tugas Tutorial



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In your own words, define the following key terms in Sociolinguistics!



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a. Language : Language is central to social interaction in every society, regardless of location and time period. Language and social interaction have a reciprocal relationship: language shapes social interactions and social interactions shape language. b. Society : A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. c. Sociolinguistics : Sociolinguistics is the study of the connection between language and society and the way people use language in different social situations. 2



How are the following factors contributing to the use of language? Formal organizations : A formal organization is an organization with a fixed set of rules of intra- procedures and structures. As such, it is usually set out in writing, with a language of rules that ostensibly leave little discretion for intrepation. In some societies and in some organizations, such rules may be strictly followed; in others, they may be little more than an empty formalism. 



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To facilitate the accomplishment of the goals of the organization: In a formal organization, the work is delegated to each individual of the organization. He/She works towards the attainment of definite goals, which are in compliance with the goals of the organization. To facilitate the co-ordination of various activities: The authority, responsibility, and accountability of individuals in the organization is very well defined. Hence, facilitating the co-ordination of various activities of the organization very effectively. To aid the establishment of logical authority relationship: The responsibilities of the individuals in the organization are well defined. They have a definite place in the organization due to a well defined hierarchical structure which is inherent in any formal organization. Permit the application of the concept of specialization and division of Labour. Division of work amongst individuals according to their capabilities helps in greater specializations and division of work. Create more group cohesiveness.



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Society : To facilitate the accomplishment of the goals of the organization: In a formal organization, the work is delegated to each individual of the organization. He/She works towards the attainment of definite goals, which are in compliance with the goals of the organization. b.



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Institution : An institution is a social structure in which people cooperate and which influences the behavior of people and the way they live. An institution has a purpose. Institutions are permanent, which means that they do not end when one person is gone. An institution has rules and can enforce rules of human behavior.



To facilitate the co-ordination of various activities: The authority, responsibility, and accountability of individuals in the organization is very well defined.



What does this statement mean to you?



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“Language not only helps people to interpret the world but it is also an important part of the cultural identity of a people”. Various modern cultural studies and social theories have investigated cultural identity and understanding. In recent decades, a new form of identification has emerged which breaks down the understanding of the individual as a coherent whole subject into a collection of various cultural identifiers. These cultural identifiers may be the result of various conditions including: location, gender, race, history, nationality, language, sexuality, r eligious beliefs, ethnicity, aesthetics, and even food.[3] As one author writes, recognizing both coherence and fragmentation:[4] Categorizations about identity, even when codified and hardened into clear typologies by processes of colonization, state formation or general modernizing processes, are always full of tensions and contradictions. Sometimes these contradictions are destructive, but they can also be creative and positive. The divisions between cultures can be very fine in some parts of the world, especially in rapidly changing cities where the population is ethnically diverse and social unity is based primarily on locational contiguity.



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There are three types of code-switching. What are they? (please provide one example for each)



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1. Inter-Sentential In inter-sentential code switching, the language switch is done at sentence boundaries—words or phrases at the beginning or end of a sentence. This type is seen most often in fluent bilingual speakers. For example: If you are late for the job interview, işe alınmazsın. 2. Intra-Sentential In intra-sentential code switching, the shift is done in the middle of a sentence, with no interruptions, hesitations, or pauses to indicate a shift. The speaker is usually unaware of the shift. For example: You are sleepy coğu zaman, because you spend a lot of saat in your bed. Different types of switches occur within the clause level and within the word level. 3. Extra-Sentential or Tag Switching This is the switching of either a single word or a tag phrase (or both) from one language to another. This type is common in intra-sentential switches. It involves the insertion of a tag from one language into an utterance in another language. For example: "Él es de Oaxaca y así los criaron a ellos, if you know what I mean." Another example is how Turkish students use some boundary words like ama (but) or yani (I mean) while speaking English.



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Please mention and explain “The Linguistic Viewpoint” in response to the misconceptions regarding Standard English and  Non-standard English!



English is specific and is affected by the usage of his time, however, it is not toodifficult to understand What makes us talk about viewpoint and perspective in linguistic analyses and in literary texts, as well as in landscape art? Is this shared vocabulary marking real connections between the disparate phenomena? This volume argues that human cognition is not only rooted in the human body, but also inherently “viewpointed” as a result; consequently, so are language and communication Jumlah Skor Maksimal * coret yang tidak sesuai     



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