Tumbuhan Dalam Bhs Inggris [PDF]

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KATA PENGANTAR Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. Alhamdulillahirabbilalamin, banyak nikmat yang Allah berikan, tetapi sedikit sekali yang kita ingat. Segala puji hanya layak untuk Allah Tuhan seru sekalian alam atas segala berkat, rahmat, taufik, serta hidayah-Nya yang tiada terkira besarnya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah dengan judul ” TUMBUHAN”. Dalam penyusunannya, penulis memperoleh banyak bantuan dari berbagai pihak, karena itu penulis mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada: Kedua orang tua dan segenap keluarga besar penulis yang telah memberikan dukungan, kasih, dan kepercayaan yang begitu besar. Dari sanalah semua kesuksesan ini berawal, semoga semua ini bisa memberikan sedikit kebahagiaan dan menuntun pada langkah yang lebih baik lagi. Meskipun penulis berharap isi dari makalah ini bebas dari kekurangan dan kesalahan, namun selalu ada yang kurang. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang membangun agar skripsi ini dapat lebih baik lagi. Akhir kata penulis berharap agar makalah ini bermanfaat bagi semua pembaca. Demikian makalah ini saya buat semoga bermanfaat,



Penulis,



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DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................



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DAFTAR ISI



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BAB I



PENDAHULUAN ..........................................................



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A. Latar Belakang ......................................................... B. Rumusan Masalah ..................................................... C. Tujuan Penulisan ......................................................



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CHAPTER II



DISCUSSION A. B. C. D. E.



CHAPTER III



Celery ........................................................................ Luffa Aegyptiaca ...................................................... Eurycoma Longifolia ................................................ Morinda Citrifolia ..................................................... Aloe Vera ..................................................................



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CLOSING A. Conslusion ................................................................ B. Advice .......................................................................



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DAFTAR PUSTAKA .................................................................................



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BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Tumbuhan merupakan salah satu keanekaragaman hayati yang banyak dimanfaatkan manusia. Hewanpun bergantung pada tumbuhan sebagai sumber energi. Dalam klasifikasi, makhluk hidup yang tergolong tumbuhan adalah semua organisme eukaryotik multiselulerfotosintetik yang memiliki klorofil, menyimpan karbohidrat yang biasanya berupa tepung, dan embryonya dilindungi oleh jaringan tumbuhan parental. Tumbuhan non-tracheophyta adalah kelompok lumut sedangkan kelompok tracheophyta adalah tumbuhan paku dan tumbuhan berbiji. Dengan mempelajari taksonomi tumbuhan, kita dapat membedakan berbebagai jenis tumbuhan yang termasuk tumbuhan tingkat rendah dan tumbuhan tinggkat tinggi. B. Rumusan Masalah 1. Celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) is ? 2. Luffa aegyptiaca, aka Egyptian cucumber, aka Vietnamese luffa, is? 3. Eurycoma longifolia (commonly called tongkat ali or pasak bumi) is? 4. a tree in the coffee family, Rubiaceae, called! C. Tujuan Penulisan Untuk mengetahui tentang tumbuhan-tumbuhan celery, Luffa aegyptiaca , Eurycoma longifolia , Morinda citrifolia.



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CHAPTER II DISCUSSION A. Celery Celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) is a plant variety in the family Apiaceae, commonly used as a vegetable. Celery seed is also used as a spice. The plant grows to 1 m (3.3 ft) tall. Celery leaves are pinnate to bipinnate with rhombic leaflets 3–6 cm long and 2–4 cm broad. The flowers are creamy-white, 2–3 mm in diameter, and are produced in dense compound umbels. The seeds are broad ovoid to globose, 1.5– 2 mm long and wide. Modern cultivars have been selected for solid petioles, leaf stalks. A celery stalk readily separates into "strings" which are bundles of angular collenchyma cells exterior to the vascular bundles.



Head of celery, sold as a vegetable. Usually only the stalks are eaten. In North America, commercial production of celery is dominated by the cultivar called 'Pascal' celery. Gardeners can grow a range of cultivars, many of which differ from the wild species, mainly in having stouter leaf stems. They are ranged under two classes, white and red. The stalks grow in tight, straight, parallel bunches, and are typically marketed fresh that way, without roots and just a little green leaf remaining. In Europe the dominant variety of celery most commonly available in trade is Celeriac (Apium graveolens var. rapaceum) grown for its hypocotyl forming a large bulb (commonly but incorrectly called celery root). The leaves are used as seasoning, and the stalks find only marginal use. The wild form of celery is known as "smallage". It has a furrowed stalk with wedge-shaped leaves, the whole plant having a coarse, earthy taste, and a distinctive smell. The stalks are not usually eaten (except in soups or stews in French cuisine), but the leaves may be used in salads, and its seeds are those sold as a spice. With cultivation and



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blanching, the stalks lose their acidic qualities and assume the mild, sweetish, aromatic taste particular to celery as a salad plant. The plants are raised from seed, sown either in a hot bed or in the open garden according to the season of the year, and, after one or two thinnings and transplantings, they are, on attaining a height of 15–20 cm, planted out in deep trenches for convenience of blanching, which is effected by earthing up to exclude light from the stems. In the past, celery was grown as a vegetable for winter and early spring; it was perceived as a cleansing tonic, welcomed to counter the saltsickness of a winter diet. By the 19th century, the season for celery had been extended, to last from the beginning of September to late in April. B. Luffa aegyptiaca



The fibrous skeleton of the fruit is used as a household scrubber. The fiber is Xylem. It has semi-coarse texture and good durability. Sponges made of sponge gourd for sale alongside sponges of animal origin (Spice Bazaar at Istanbul, Turkey, September 2008). Luffa aegyptiaca, aka Egyptian cucumber, aka Vietnamese luffa, is a species of Luffa grown for its fruit. In English, luffa is also spelled loofah. The plant is an annual vine, native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. The about-30cm-long fruit resembles a cucumber and the young fruit is eaten likewise as a vegetable and is commonly grown for that purpose in tropical Asia. Unlike the young fruit, the fully ripened fruit is strongly fibrous and inedible, and is used to make scrubbing bath sponges. Due to the use as a scrubbing sponge, it is also known by the common names dishrag gourd, rag gourd, sponge gourd, and vegetable-sponge. It is also called smooth luffa to distinguish it from the ridged luffa (Luffa acutangula), which is used for the same purposes.



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Luffa aegyptiaca is best grown with a trellis support. It requires lots of heat and lots of water to thrive. In Vietnam, its native habitat, it is called mướp hương. Its botanical specific epithet "aegyptiaca" was given to it because in the 16th century European botanists were introduced to the plant from its cultivation in Egypt. In the European botanical literature, the plant was first described by Johann Veslingius in 1638, who called it "Egyptian Cucumber". C. Eurycoma longifolia This article is about the small Asian tree in the genus Eurycoma. For the tall Australian tree also known as "Long Jack", see Flindersia xanthoxyla.



Eurycoma longifolia (commonly called tongkat ali or pasak bumi) is a flowering plant in the family Simaroubaceae, native to Indonesia, Malaysia, and, to a lesser extent, Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. It is also known under the names penawar pahit, penawar bias, bedara merah, bedara putih, lempedu pahit, payong ali, tongkat baginda, muntah bumi, petala bumi (all Malay); bidara laut (Indonesian); babi kurus (Javanese); cây bá bệnh (Vietnamese) and tho nan (Laotian). Many of the common names refer to the plant's medicinal use and extreme bitterness. Penawar pahit translates simply as "bitter charm" or "bitter medicine". Older literature, such as a 1953 article in the Journal of Ecology, may cite only penawar pahit as the plant's common Malay name. A medium size slender shrub reaching 10 m in height, often unbranched with reddish brown petioles. Leaves compound, even pinnate reaching 1 m in length. Each compound leaf consists of 30-40 leaflets, lanceolate to obovatelanceolate. Each leaflet is about 5–20 cm long, 1.5–6 cm wide, much paler on the



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ventral side. Inflorecense axillary, in large brownish red panicle, very pubescent with very fine, soft, grandular trichomes. Flowers are hermaphrodite. Petals small, very fine pubescent. Drupe hard, ovoid, yellowish brown when young and brownish red when ripe. D. Morinda citrifolia Morinda citrifolia is a tree in the coffee family, Rubiaceae. Its native range extends through Southeast Asia and Australasia, and the species is now cultivated throughout the tropics and widely naturalised. English common names include great morinda, Indian mulberry, noni, beach mulberry, and cheese fruit. M. citrifolia grows in shady forests, as well as on open rocky or sandy shores. It reaches maturity in about 18 months, then yields between 4 and 8 kg (8.8 and 17.6 lb) of fruit every month throughout the year. It is tolerant of saline soils, drought conditions, and secondary soils. It is therefore found in a wide variety of habitats: volcanic terrains, lava-strewn coasts, and clearings or limestone outcrops, as well as in coralline atolls. It can grow up to 9 m (30 ft) tall, and has large, simple, dark green, shiny and deeply veined leaves. The plant bears flowers and fruits all year round. The fruit is a multiple fruit that has a pungent odour when ripening, and is hence also known as cheese fruit or even vomit fruit. It is oval in shape and reaches 10–18 centimetres (3.9– 7.1 in) size. At first green, the fruit turns yellow then almost white as it ripens. It contains many seeds. It is sometimes called starvation fruit. Despite its strong smell and bitter taste, the fruit is nevertheless eaten as a famine food and, in some Pacific islands, even a staple food, either raw or cooked. Southeast Asians and Australian Aborigines consume the fruit raw with salt or cook it with curry. The seeds are edible when roasted. M. citrifolia is especially attractive to weaver ants, which make nests from the leaves of the tree. These ants protect the plant from some plant-parasitic insects. The smell of the fruit also attracts fruit bats, which aid in dispersing the seeds. A type of fruit fly, Drosophila sechellia, feeds exclusively on these fruits.



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E. Aloe vera



Aloe vera (/ˈæloʊiː/ or /ˈæloʊ/) is a succulent plant species. The species is frequently cited as being used in herbal medicine since the beginning of the first century AD. Extracts from A. vera are widely used in the cosmetics and alternative medicine industries, being marketed as variously having rejuvenating, healing, or soothing properties. There is, however, little scientific evidence of the effectiveness or safety of Aloe vera extracts for either cosmetic or medicinal purposes, and what positive evidence is available is frequently contradicted by other studies. Aloe vera is a stemless or very short-stemmed succulent plant growing to 60– 100 cm (24–39 in) tall, spreading by offsets. The leaves are thick and fleshy, green to grey-green, with some varieties showing white flecks on their upper and lower stem surfaces.[7] The margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth. The flowers are produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm (35 in) tall, each flower being pendulous, with a yellow tubular corolla 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) long.[7][8] Like other Aloe species, Aloe vera forms arbuscular mycorrhiza, a symbiosis that allows the plant better access to mineral nutrients in soil.[9] Aloe vera leaves contain phytochemicals under study for possible bioactivity, such as acetylated mannans, polymannans, anthraquinone C-glycosides, anthrones, anthraquinones, such as emodin, and various lectins.



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CHAPTER III CLOSING



A. Conclusion Celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) is a plant variety in the family Apiaceae, commonly used as a vegetable. Celery seed is also used as a spice. The plant grows to 1 m (3.3 ft) tall. Luffa aegyptiaca, aka Egyptian cucumber, aka Vietnamese luffa, is a species of Luffa grown for its fruit. In English, luffa is also spelled loofah. The plant is an annual vine, native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Eurycoma longifolia (commonly called tongkat ali or pasak bumi) is a flowering plant in the family Simaroubaceae, native to Indonesia, Malaysia, and, to a lesser extent, Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. Morinda citrifolia is a tree in the coffee family, Rubiaceae. Its native range extends through Southeast Asia and Australasia, and the species is now cultivated throughout the tropics and widely naturalised. Aloe vera (/ˈæloʊiː/ or /ˈæloʊ/) is a succulent plant species. The species is frequently cited as being used in herbal medicine since the beginning of the first century AD. Extracts from A. vera are widely used in the cosmetics and alternative medicine industries, being marketed as variously having rejuvenating, healing, or soothing properties. The presence of this material we can find out about some of the herbs that are beneficial to health and to the environment. with the human plant can use these plants for food, medicine and to beautify the environment to be cleaner. because plants can make a dirty air into the air was fairly clean because dirt is sucked by him. B. Advice Let us preserve our earth this plant to be awake and clean of environmental pollution and surrounding environment embellish



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DAFTAR PUSTAKA



https://azkaubaidillah.wordpress.com/2013/12/17/makalah-tumbuhan-plantae/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celery http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luffa_aegyptiaca http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurycoma_longifolia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morinda_citrifolia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera



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