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USER MANUAL | VERSION 2.3
Speedwave Xpert Microwave Digestion System
Copyright © 2017 Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH Reproduction and duplication of this document and utilisation and communication of its content is prohibited, unless with our express permission. All rights reserved. Damages will be payable in case of infringement.
Disclaimer The content of this publication was checked for compliance with the hardware and software described. However, discrepancies may arise; therefore no liability is assumed regarding complete compliance. The information in this document will be checked regularly and all necessary corrections will be included in subsequent editions. Suggestions for improvements are always welcome. Subject to technical changes.
Trademarks Speedwave® is a registered trademark of Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH.
General Information This Manual: describes the microwave pressure digestion system Speedwave Xpert from Berghof Products +Instruments GmbH. It contains product specific information, current as of the date of publication of this manual. guides the user in the safe and proper use of the Speedwave Xpert system. Familiarity with the relevant chapters of this handbook is required for safe and intended use of the equipment. should read the user carefully prior to operating the equipment. Failure to follow these instructions could result in damage to the instrument as well as personal injury. does not include repair instructions. Should repairs be required, please contact your representative or Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH. After unpacking, carefully check the equipment for mechanical damage and missing parts. Should you find any damage incurred during shipment, contact the manufacturer immediately and do not operate the equipment.
Documentation no.: 53-0242-93-01-07-001
You can reach us at: Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH Harretstr. 1 72800 Eningen Deutschland T +49.7121.894-202 F +49.7121.894-300 e-mail: [email protected] www.berghof-instruments.com Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH works in accordance with DIN EN ISO 9001:2008.
USER MANUAL | VERSION 2.3 | SPEEDWAVE XPERT
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Contents 1.
GENERAL NOTES .............................................................................................................................. 7
1.1.
Danger Categories and Signal Words .............................................................................................. 7
1.2.
Qualified Users ................................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.
Proper Use .......................................................................................................................................... 8
1.4.
General Safety Information ............................................................................................................... 9
1.5. 1.5.1. 1.5.2. 1.5.3.
Safety and Emissions ...................................................................................................................... 12 Safety information on the unit............................................................................................................. 13 Safety requirements European Community........................................................................................ 14 CE Designation .................................................................................................................................. 14
1.6.
Information on Disposal .................................................................................................................. 15
1.7. Warranty / Limitation of Warranty ................................................................................................... 16 1.7.1. Caveat emptor .................................................................................................................................... 17 2.
DEVICE DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................... 19
2.1. 2.1.1. 2.1.2. 2.1.3.
Basic Unit.......................................................................................................................................... 19 Connections and technical safety installations ................................................................................... 20 Functional description of the optical sensor units ............................................................................... 24 Technical Specification ....................................................................................................................... 26
2.2. Controller .......................................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.1. Connections ....................................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.2. Technical Specification ....................................................................................................................... 27
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2.3. 2.3.1. 2.3.2. 2.3.3. 2.3.4. 2.3.5. 2.3.6.
Pressure Vessels and Rotor System .............................................................................................. 28 DAP vessels ....................................................................................................................................... 28 DAP-40 vessel with rotor .................................................................................................................... 28 DAP-60 and DAP 100 vessel with rotor.............................................................................................. 29 DAK-100 Vessels ............................................................................................................................... 30 Optional Inserts .................................................................................................................................. 31 Technical Specification ....................................................................................................................... 33
3.
SETUP AND COMMISSIONING ........................................................................................................ 35
3.1. 3.1.1. 3.1.2. 3.1.3.
Setup and Commissioning .............................................................................................................. 35 Ambient Conditions ............................................................................................................................ 35 Unpacking .......................................................................................................................................... 36 Inspection ........................................................................................................................................... 36
3.2. 3.2.1. 3.2.2. 3.2.3. 3.2.4. 3.2.5.
Installation Hardware ....................................................................................................................... 37 Positioning .......................................................................................................................................... 37 Attach adapter .................................................................................................................................... 38 Connection Exhaust tube ................................................................................................................... 39 Inserting rotor ..................................................................................................................................... 42 Connecting basic unit to control unit................................................................................................... 43
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USER MANUAL | VERSION 2.3 | SPEEDWAVE XPERT
3.3. Software Configuration.................................................................................................................... 44 3.3.1. User group rights ................................................................................................................................ 45 3.3.2. Menu Setup ........................................................................................................................................ 46 4.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OPERATION.................................................................................. 49
4.1.
General Notes ................................................................................................................................... 49
4.2. 4.2.1. 4.2.2. 4.2.3.
Control unit ....................................................................................................................................... 50 Modifying Application.......................................................................................................................... 52 Select Method .................................................................................................................................... 53 Replace Favorite ................................................................................................................................ 54
4.3.
Pre-installed methods ...................................................................................................................... 56
4.4.
Developing new application ............................................................................................................ 57
4.5. Performing Digestion Procedure .................................................................................................... 58 4.5.1. Sample Loading ................................................................................................................................. 59 4.5.2. Expanding lid ...................................................................................................................................... 61 4.5.3. Insert Rupture disc ............................................................................................................................. 63 4.5.4. Closing the vessels ............................................................................................................................ 64 4.5.5. Vessel placement ............................................................................................................................... 68 4.5.6. Start program ..................................................................................................................................... 70 4.5.7. Edit and start Digestion ...................................................................................................................... 71 4.5.8. Digestion in real time display .............................................................................................................. 74 4.5.9. Complete Digestion ............................................................................................................................ 77 4.5.10. Review Digestion, Graphic Display .................................................................................................... 78 4.5.11. Review Digestion, Tabular Display ..................................................................................................... 82 4.5.12. User request to backup digestion files................................................................................................ 83 4.5.13. Remove pressure vessel .................................................................................................................... 85 4.5.14. Opening the vessel............................................................................................................................. 86 4.5.15. Using the opening station for DAK vessels ........................................................................................ 87 4.6. Data Review and Data Export .......................................................................................................... 88 4.6.1. Data Review ....................................................................................................................................... 89 4.6.2. Data Export ........................................................................................................................................ 91 5.
OPTIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 93
5.1. Datarecord Viewer ............................................................................................................................ 93 5.1.1. How to install the Viewer Software ..................................................................................................... 93 5.1.2. Description of the Viewer Software .................................................................................................... 95 5.2. 5.2.1. 5.2.2. 5.2.3. 5.2.4. 5.2.5. 5.2.6. 5.2.7. 5.2.8.
Remote Control / Web Visualisation ............................................................................................. 100 Description ....................................................................................................................................... 100 Security settings ............................................................................................................................... 101 Ethernet Connection to a LAN Network ............................................................................................ 103 Wired Network – Direct Connection ................................................................................................. 104 Special network configuration of the control unit .............................................................................. 108 Mobile Units ..................................................................................................................................... 111 Remote Control via Browser / Web Visualization ............................................................................. 113 Transfer of Data via FTP .................................................................................................................. 114
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5.3. 5.3.1. 5.3.2. 5.3.3. 5.3.4. 5.3.5. 5.3.6. 5.3.7. 5.3.8.
Printer.............................................................................................................................................. 117 Installation Printer............................................................................................................................. 117 Printer Configuration ........................................................................................................................ 119 Setup Printer .................................................................................................................................... 122 Select Printer .................................................................................................................................... 124 Print from Data Archive .................................................................................................................... 126 Print after Digestion .......................................................................................................................... 127 Print Report ...................................................................................................................................... 127 Printout ............................................................................................................................................. 129
5.4. Evaporating Unit............................................................................................................................. 132 5.4.1. Setup and Commissioning ............................................................................................................... 133 5.4.2. Operation ......................................................................................................................................... 138 6.
MAINTENANCE, TROUBLESHOOTING AND SERVICE ............................................................... 141
6.1. 6.1.1. 6.1.2. 6.1.3. 6.1.4. 6.1.5. 6.1.6.
Cleaning .......................................................................................................................................... 141 Control unit ....................................................................................................................................... 141 Oven chamber .................................................................................................................................. 141 Gas collecting system ...................................................................................................................... 142 Vessels ............................................................................................................................................. 142 Evaporating Unit ............................................................................................................................... 142 Cap for pressure control ................................................................................................................... 143
6.2. 6.2.1. 6.2.2. 6.2.3. 6.2.4. 6.2.5.
Maintenance.................................................................................................................................... 146 Lip seal replacement ........................................................................................................................ 146 DAK-100 Coupling cap ..................................................................................................................... 147 Check the rupture disc ..................................................................................................................... 148 Check the lids ................................................................................................................................... 148 Fuses ............................................................................................................................................... 148
6.3.
Troubleshooting ............................................................................................................................. 149
6.4. Repairs / Customer Service ........................................................................................................... 152 6.4.1. Reshipment ...................................................................................................................................... 153 6.5. Nameplate ....................................................................................................................................... 154 6.5.1. Basic unit.......................................................................................................................................... 154 6.5.2. Control unit ....................................................................................................................................... 154
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7. 7.1.1. 7.1.2. 7.1.3.
APPENDIX ....................................................................................................................................... 155 Weighing cup.................................................................................................................................... 155 PTFE Rupture discs ......................................................................................................................... 155 Transportation rack........................................................................................................................... 156
7.2.
Application methods ...................................................................................................................... 157
7.3.
Table vessel positioning ................................................................................................................ 157
7.4.
Declaration of Conformity ............................................................................................................. 159
7.5.
Conversion Table ........................................................................................................................... 160
7.6.
Abbreviation ................................................................................................................................... 160
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USER MANUAL | VERSION 2.3 | SPEEDWAVE XPERT
1.
General Notes
Please read this instruction manual carefully before operating your high pressure digestion system. Failure to follow these instructions could result in damage to the equipment as well as personal injury. Safety instructions are described in section 'Danger Categories and Signal Words'. These safety notes must be heeded in all cases!
1.1. Danger Categories and Signal Words The signal words described below are used in connection with warnings throughout this manual. For your own safety and to avoid property damage, you must strictly heed these warnings! The safety signals are printed in boldface or are otherwise marked throughout this manual and have the following meanings:
DANGER
DANGER means that failure to follow the safety instructions is likely to cause severe personal injury, death or severe property damage.
WARNING
WARNING means that failure to follow the safety instructions may cause severe personal injury, death or severe property damage.
CAUTION
CAUTION means that failure to follow the safety instructions may cause personal injury or some property damage.
NOTICE
NOTICE indicates a potential situation which, if not avoided may result in property damage.
1.2. Qualified Users Only Qualified Users should operate this equipment. Qualified Users with respect to this manual are relevantly schooled and trained specialists with a basic knowledge of chemistry and technology. They should be trained in the relevant legal regulations for handling of chemicals.
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1.3.
Proper Use
DANGER
Explosion hazard! The unit is not designed for extraction and metabolization procedures employing organic solvents.
WARNING
Observe all operating instructions! Since sample composition is generally not precisely defined, a certain residual risk exists when performing pressure digestion processes. Careful working practices and conscious compliance with safety regulations can only minimize this risk, not totally eliminate it. Due to different degrees of mixing, even identical samples can exhibit totally different behaviors during the course of the reaction! Please strictly comply with the operating instructions, particularly when handling the pressure vessels, that is, when removing and opening the vessels. Incorrect handling of the hot, pressurized vessels can result in injuries from escaping acid vapors!
Application area for the microwave digestion system
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The Speedwave Microwave Digestion System has been designed to perform chemical digestion procedures under extreme pressure and temperature conditions in chemical laboratories. Digestion is understood as the decomposition of a solid material by means of a suitable digestion reagent at increased temperature in a vessel that is permeable with regard to microwaves. The digestion solutions are directly heated through the absorption of the microwave radiation by the polar digestion reagent, which generally also contains ionic components. Digestion reagents which are used include nitric acid (65%), hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid, as well as mixtures of these acids. The maximum initial weight for organic compounds depends on the digestion vessel being used and the sample’s carbon content, both must always be observed. The use of organic solvents is strictly prohibited in microwave ovens since the spontaneous combustion of any solvent vapors that escape into the oven chamber cannot be precluded. Heating in the pressure vessel can frequently result in digestion temperatures in excess of 200 °C (392 °F). The Speedwave Xpert has been specially developed for sample preparation for AAS and ICP spectroscopy procedures. Sharp temperature spikes >280 °C (>536°F) can occasionally occur during the course of exothermic reactions and can result in irreversible damage to the Teflon vessels. Since such scorching cannot always be avoided, even with optimum microwave power regulation, damage of this kind is excluded from the warranty! When quartz glass inserts are employed, the greatest care must be taken when handling the glass as even the slightest amount of damage to the surface can greatly diminish surface strength. For this reason, glass components are excluded from the warranty! Adapters for evaporating and concentrating digestion solutions are optionally available for all vessel types. Qualified handling and, possibly, proper transport, storage, set-up, and use, as well as conscientious maintenance are all prerequisites for the trouble-free and safe operation of the Speedwave Microwave Digestion System. The system may only be used within the context of data and applications specified in this documentation and the associated user manuals.
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USER MANUAL | VERSION 2.3 | SPEEDWAVE XPERT
The digestion system may only be used: Properly In a technically flawless condition Without unauthorized alterations or modifications Only under supervision By qualified users Please also observe all regulations published by professional/trade associations, the TÜV, VDE regulations, or corresponding national regulations.
1.4. General Safety Information Performing microwave digestion procedures involves taking into account various safety precautions which go beyond those for general laboratory practices. The following general safety information should therefore be read carefully prior to using the system, and should be observed at all times. The following information must be complied with when working with the associated digestion vessels! We can assume no liability for damages resulting from improper handling of a failure to comply with this information.
DANGER
Explosion hazard! Do not use perchloric acid. No organic solvents (alcohols, hydrocarbons, etc.) may be placed in the pressure vessels or the microwave. Highly reactive substances which spontaneously react at higher temperatures or in the presence of oxidizing agents or which may be nitrated and are potentially explosive may not be digested in the microwave. Examples of such substances include: explosives (TNT, etc.), perchlorates, ether, pyrophoric substances, etc.
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DANGER
Pressure vessels! Use only digestion vessels and spare parts authorized by Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH for use with the Speedwave Xpert. These can be obtained either from your local representative or directly from Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH (Refer to the “Repairs / Customer Service” section for contact addresses). Always wear your personal protective equipment during work which may involve contact with chemicals, that is, when working with acids, pressure vessels, during cleaning, etc.! Be aware of any changes in the appearance of the pressure vessel which could indicate possible material fatigue, e.g., deformation of the vessel, difficulty screwing on lids, etc. even when the vessel is cold and not under pressure. All such vessels should be immediately returned to Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH for inspection. Never attempt to use force to open the vessels. Never use tools to open the vessels! The pressure vessels are equipped with a rupture disc which produces a spontaneous pressure release upwards through the screw-on tube connections in case of excessive vessel pressure. In some cases, such a spontaneous pressure release may occur after the vessel has been removed from the microwave oven. Hot gases and vapors may be released from the digestion vessel when it is opened! Always make sure that the vent opening on the pressure vessels faces away from both yourself and other individuals! Only open the digestion vessel under a fume hood or other exhaust system. Particular care is required when working with hydrofluoric acid (HF). Observe all relevant data sheets and safety instructions! Never use more than one rupture disc per vessel! Only use rupture discs which are designed for the respective vessel!
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USER MANUAL | VERSION 2.3 | SPEEDWAVE XPERT
WARNING
The unit employs high voltage and generates microwave radiation! The Speedwave Xpert must always be connected to a grounded conductor. The enclosed power cable ensures the grounding, given that the socket outlet is equipped with a protective grounding conductor. If it is necessary to use an extension cord to connect the system to the power supply, only a three-wire cord with a ground connection may be employed. The unit should not be set up near any devices which are sensitive to electromagnetic radiation. If necessary, a warning sign or label indicating “Caution, Microwave Emissions” should be applied or attached to the unit. Should there be any suspicion or indication of increased levels of microwave radiation, please immediately inform the Service Department at Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH (Refer to the “Repairs / Customer Service” section for the contact address).
WARNING
Prohibited for persons with heart pacemakers! The microwave device must not be operated by persons with heart pacemakers.
WARNING
Only use approved supply cords! Do not exchange the detachable mains supply cord with a cord of inadequate rating. Use only approved and undamaged supply cords.
NOTICE
Electromagnetic compatibility! Speedwave Xpert is a Class A equipment and therefore intended for use in an industrial environment. There may be potential difficulties in ensuring electromagnetic compatibility in other environments due to conducted as well as radiated disturbances.
NOTICE
Renew the vessels after around 10,000 digestions to maintain reliable operating conditions and to prevent negative influences on your analysis results (e.g. memory effects etc.). Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH includes its digestion vessels in the warranty coverage. Nevertheless, all of the vessels are subject to a certain aging process, which also depends on the type and frequency of the application. Typically the service life is 10,000 digestion processes or at least 3 years.
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1.5. Safety and Emissions In the following situations, the unit must be disconnected from the mains power supply and be locked out to prevent accidental use:
If the unit evidences visible signs of damage If unit parts or components are found to be loose If the unit fails to operate If the unit is to be stored for extended periods of time under unfavorable conditions (e.g., outdoors, in very moist or humid environments)
CAUTION
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The housing cover may only be removed by authorized trained personnel! The unit must be disconnected from the mains power supply.
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USER MANUAL | VERSION 2.3 | SPEEDWAVE XPERT
1.5.1. Safety information on the unit
DANGER! High Voltage This label is located on the rear side of the device
Prohibited for persons with heart pacemakers This label is located on the right side of the device
Vessel under pressure – open carefully after cooling This label is located on upper edge of the oven chamber
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1.5.2. Safety requirements European Community This device has been designed and tested in accordance with the following IEC norms: Title
Norms
Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use Part 1: General requirements
EN 61010-1:2010 IEC 61010-1:2010 + Corr.:2011
Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use – EMC- requirements Part 1: General requirements
EN 61326-1:2013 IEC 61326-1:2012 Class A equipment Equipment suitable for use in all establishments other than domestic and those directly connected to a low voltage power supply network which supplies buildings used for domestic purposes.
1.5.3. CE Designation Products from Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH comply with the guidelines of the VDE and the European Standards. The conformity tests performed by Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH comply with the currently required standards for electrical safety. All limit values with respect to interference emission and interference protection have been maintained.
1.5.4. Conformity declaration Refer to chapter Appendix
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USER MANUAL | VERSION 2.3 | SPEEDWAVE XPERT
1.6. Information on Disposal European Community Disposal within the EU Electrical and electronic products should not be mixed with general household waste. Berghof Products and Instruments GmbH accepts its electrical and electronic instruments from on a free of charge basis for proper treatment, recovery and recycling from their business users. If you wish to discard electrical and electronic products, please contact your local representative or Berghof Products and Instruments GmbH ([email protected]). They will provide further information. Disposing of this product correctly will help to protect our environment.
Countries outside the European Union This regulation is only valid in the European Union
Disposal outside the EU
NOTICE Berghof products are not used in private households.
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1.7. Warranty / Limitation of Warranty Limited Warranty Each product manufactured by Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH is warranted to conform to Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH’s applicable specifications on the date on shipment. The warranty period is twelve (12) months after the date of delivery, unless another period is specified. The warranty does not extend to damages due to improper installation, improper maintenance, abuse, accident, negligence, alteration, misuse, ordinary wear and tear, or the like. Claims for replacement of parts caused by ordinary wear and tear are excluded, as are claims for replacement of parts meant to be expended during the operation of the equipment. Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH also includes its digestion vessels under this warranty. However, high temperatures >280 °C (>536°F), such as may briefly occur when exothermic reactions take place can result in irreversible damage to the TFMTM-PTFE vessels. Since such scorching cannot always be avoided even by optimal microwave power regulation, the resulting damages are excluded from the warranty! Care must also be taken when handling quartz glass or ceramic inserts as their reliability can be seriously impaired by even minor damage to their surfaces. Therefore, glass and ceramic components are also excluded from this warranty! Remedies Under the limited warranty, Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH repairs or replaces any products which Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH determines to be defective and covered by this limited warranty. This is the sole and exclusive remedy. If Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH determines that repair or replacement fails its essential purpose, the purchaser will, at its option, be entitled to a refund of the purchase price for the products in question or a credit therefore. All warranty claims must be accompanied by a description of the claim, which description must be attached to the equipment claimed to be defective. Claim descriptions must include the claimants name, address, department (if applicable) and telephone number. The equipment should be returned in its original packaging, to the extent possible. We regret that Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH cannot be held responsible for damage caused during shipping due to improper packaging. Limitation of warranty Except as expressly set forth above, there are no other warranties hereunder, whether expressed or implied, arising by operation of law or otherwise, including without limitation, the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and any warranties arising under course of performance, course of dealing or usage of trade. Under no circumstances will Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH be liable for any consequential, exemplary, incidental, indirect or special damages, or lost profits, expenses or loses arising out of or related to the sale or use of any of its products regardless of whether the liability resulted from any general or particular requirement or need which Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH knew or should have known of.
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USER MANUAL | VERSION 2.3 | SPEEDWAVE XPERT
1.7.1. Caveat emptor Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH does not accept any warranty for wearing parts (e.g. Rupture disc, lid), for the improper usage, storage and handling.
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USER MANUAL | VERSION 2.3 | SPEEDWAVE XPERT
2.
Device Description
2.1. Basic Unit The Speedwave Xpert Microwave System is designed for pressure digestion at temperatures up to 260° C Top loading with swiveling slid 533° F) in continuous use and, depending on the type of vessels employed, pressures up to a max. of 100 bar (1450 psi). This is a top loading microwave made of 1.4301 (SS 304) stainless steel and equipped with a swiveling safety lid, electromechanical locking mechanism and a circular sample chamber for uniform microwave distribution. 5 excess temperature switches and 3 micro-switches guarantee the necessary operational reliability. The microwave automatically switches itself off in case the magnetron, the microwave oven, or the high voltage transformer overheats. The microwave digestion system Speedwave Xpert is offered in two versions, with or without neutralization unit. SW-X without exhaust neutralization unit
SW-X with exhaust neutralization unit
The oven has a highly chemicals resistant 90 µm PFA coating protecting it from corrosion and is permanently ventilated by an airstream of 1.2 m³/min. An integrated gas collection system efficiently vents the oven chamber to keep it free of gases or acidic vapors. Each digestion vessel is equipped with a corresponding rupture disc, which protects the pressure digestion vessel from overpressure. Two unpulsed regulated 2.45 GHz magnetron provide up to 2000 W. The microwave oven is controlled by a separate controller with touch-screen. After entering the desired temperature profile, the microwave output is infinitely varied in accordance with the measured sample temperatures. Optical sensor units as Speedwave OTC and Speedwave DIR - for temperature control - as well as the optional Speedwave OPC - for pressure control - monitor the entire digestion. A web visualization for mobile devices such as laptop, tablet or smartphone simplifies the application control and monitoring outside the laboratory. The target and actual temperatures of all samples are displayed on the screen in real time and saved to memory.
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2.1.1. Connections and technical safety installations
5 2
4
1
3 6
7
7a Power switch 0=off; I=on 7a 7b Connection power cord 7c RS-232 Connection and power supply to control unit
7b 7c
Basic unit
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No.
Description
1
Swiveling lid with vent connection
2
Rotor with gas collection system
3
Pressure vessel
4
Connection suctioning
5
Emergency release
6
Ventilation grid
7
Electrical connections; Main switch, power connector, RS-232 connection
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USER MANUAL | VERSION 2.3 | SPEEDWAVE XPERT
Swiveling lid The system is equipped with a solid, PFA-coated, stainless-steel housing with a swiveling safety lid for maximum user safety. The electronic lid-locking mechanism can only be opened by means of the software control. In addition, interlock switches are installed which shut the microwave off if the lid is opened by force during microwave operation.
WARNING
The unit emits microwave radiation! Never operate the microwave oven if the swiveling lid or the related lock mechanism has been damaged. Contact your local, authorized representative or Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH to obtain the required service (Refer to chapter “Repairs / Customer Service” for contact addresses).
WARNING
Prohibited for persons with heart pacemakers! The microwave device must not be operated by persons with heart pacemakers.
Pressure vessel with rupture discs All vessels are equipped with a rupture disc which produces a spontaneous pressure release upwards through the screw-on tube connections in case of excessive vessel pressure. In some cases, such a spontaneous pressure release may occur after the vessel has been removed from the microwave oven.
DANGER
Rupture discs as overpressure protection! Use only original Berghof rupture discs and protective cover sheets. These can be obtained from your local, authorized dealer or Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH (Refer to the “Repairs / Customer Service” section for contact addresses). Never use more than one rupture disc per vessel! Only use rupture discs which are designed for the respective vessel!
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Gas exhaust All pressure vessels are equipped with a sealed connection to a gas collection system which, in turn, must be connected to an exhaust system via a PFA vent tube. The PFA tube is connected to the screw-on connection located in the center of the top of the microwave. Any hot acid vapors released when the rupture disc activates are safely removed through this PFA vent tube.
WARNING
Hot acid vapors may be released. The supplied vent tubes must therefore always be properly connected and attached to an exhaust system. Make sure the PFA tube is securely attached so that it cannot pop off its connection fitting in case of a percussive pressure burst as occurs when a rupture disc activates.
Emergency release The Speedwave Xpert is equipped with a mechanical emergency unlocking device, which allows mechanical opening of the swinging lid in emergencies. The emergency release is not intended for everyday use! Ventilation grid Special fan and on the outer walls attached ventilation grids ensure an adequate cooling of the electronics.
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Speedwave DIRC - Direct IR Control A patented DIRC thermometer that permits the temperature of the vessel contents to be quickly determined and regulated is integrated in the microwave oven. The measurement physically determines the temperature radiation emitted by the vessel contents, that is, the digestion solution. Radiation components emitted by the vessel walls and, in particular, the exterior of the vessel, are completely filtered out. Speedwave OCT - Optical Temperature Cut-Off An additional IR sensor is used to monitor the temperature of the vessel surface, thus increasing the safety and is an effective protection against overheating, which has a positive effect on the life cycle of the pressure vessel. If the measured surface temperature higher than the set maximum temperature, the system displays an alarm and shuts down automatically. Speedwave OPC - Optical Pressure Control (OPC) Optionally the system can be equipped with a contact-free, optical pressure monitoring system for either individual or for all vessels. This records the internal vessel pressure. If a vessel is approaching its maximum pressure, the system automatically switches to a pressure-controlled mode for the microwave output.
Wave guide with Magnetron
Optical Pressure Control
Optical Temperature Cut-Off
Direct IR Control
NOTICE
The safety of the vessels is guaranteed by the rupture discs; pressure and temperature measurement serve to control the digestion process, but have no primary safety function.
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2.1.2. Functional description of the optical sensor units Speedwave DIRC Direct IR Control
Temperature Monitoring (inside vessel) The Speedwave Xpert is equipped with a patented temperature monitoring system – Speedwave DIRC. The measurement physically determines the temperature radiation emitted by the vessel contents, that is, the digestion solution. Radiation components emitted by the vessel walls and, in particular, the exterior of the vessel, are completely filtered out. This system determines the temperature inside the pressure vessels by measuring the direct infrared radiation emitted by the sample. This allows the temperatures of all samples to be determined. This information is forwarded to the power control module which uses the highest measured temperature to regulate the oven power. Continuous adjustment of the magnetron output allows the temperature to be regulated on the basis of all vessel contents.
Speedwave OTC Optical Temperature Cut-off
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Temperature control (Vessel surface) To protect pressurized digestion vessels, the integrated Speedwave OTC acts as an optical temperature switch-off device. A further infra-red sensor determines the surface temperature of each individual digestion vessel with each rotor revolution. The temperature range can be set between 0 - 300 °C; if this range is exceeded, the system is switched off.
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Pressure Monitoring (Option) Optionally, the Speedwave Xpert can be equipped with a pressure monitoring system. To achieve this, the pressure in the vessels is determined by using polarized light to measure any change in the photo elastic behavior of a glass ring in the vessel lid. This allows the internal pressures of all or of individual vessels to be detected. This information is conveyed to the output control module, which can use the highest measured pressure to regulate the output. By continuously adjusting the magnetron output pressure regulation referenced to individual vessels can be achieved while preventing other overpressure safety devices (rupture discs) from being activated.
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Speedwave OPC Optical Pressure Control
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2.1.3. Technical Specification SW-X Microwave basic unit
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Power supply
230 V / 50 - 60 Hz
Current consumption
13 A
Power consumption
2850 VA
Fuses internal
16 A-F
Magnetron frequency
2450 MHz
Magnetron power
2 x 1000 W
Exterior dimensions (W x D x H) with neutralisation unit without neutralisation unit
880 x 650 x 480 mm (35 x 26 x 19 inches) 750 x 600 x 480 mm (30 x 24 x 19 inches)
Interior dimensions (Ø x H))
360 x 250 mm (14 x 10 inches)
Weight (ca.)
ca. 59 kg (130 lb)
Noise level
< 60 dB
IP Code
IP 20
Temperature range of DIRC-Thermometers (vessel interior)
50° C – 300° C (122°F - 572°F) Accuracy: ± 1 °C at 200 °C (33,8 °F at 392 °F)
Range of Surface temp. (vessel surface) (OTC)
0 – 300 °C (32 – 572 °F) Accuracy: ± 5 °C
Measuring range of pressure control (OPC)
0 – 150 bar (2180 psi) Display 0 - 100 bar (1450psi), vessel dependent
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2.2. Controller A separate control unit with power 5.7” touch screen and graphics display is used to control the microwave oven. The English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Turkish and Russian language software is preinstalled at the factory. Web visualization for mobile devices such as laptop, tablet or Smartphone is used for simple application control and monitoring outside the laboratory. An optional WLAN access point is optionally available.
2.2.1. Connections X1 = Power supply X2 = not in use X3 = not in use X4 = ETH 0 / Ethernet 0 X5 = Eth 1 / Ethernet 1 X6 = RS-232 connection X7 = not in use
2.2.2. Technical Specification Control unit Display
DC 2007, 7“ touch-screen, 800 MHz, 256 MB RAM, 256 MB Flash, 800 x 480 pixel
Program memory
200 programs, 25 preprogrammed
Languages
9
Data storage
for ca. 500 program runs
Weight (approx.)
1,0 kg (2,2 lb)
Exterior dimensions (B x T x H)
224 x 137 x 152 mm (8,8 x 5,4 x 6,0 inches)
IP code
IP 22
Interface
RS-232, 2x Ethernet, USB
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2.3. Pressure Vessels and Rotor System All Berghof pressure vessels can be opened and closed tool-free. A rupture disc placed in the vessel lid limits the interior pressure of all vessel types to the maximum permissible value for the individual type. For the DAP-40 / -60 /- 100 and the DAK-100 vessels acid vapors that escape when the rupture disc activates are guided to a collection system integrated in the rotor. Thereby the vapors are vented or suctioned off through the PFA tube connected to the swiveling lid.
2.3.1. DAP vessels The DAP pressure vessels are made up of a TFMTM-PTFE pressure vessel, an aluminum rupture disc, a TFMTM-PTFE lid, and a coupling cap.
Coupling cap
Rupture disc Lid Vessel bottom
2.3.2. DAP-40 vessel with rotor Selection of rotors
DAP-40 vessels are made entirely of TFMTM -PTFE. Aside from chemical resistance to all mineral acids including hydrofluoric acid, this ensures a high level of mechanical strength, even at high digestion temperatures. Only the 16 vessel in the outer ring are detected by sensor. DAP-40X rotor with 24 vessels
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DAP-40X rotor with 24 vessels and OPC
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2.3.3. DAP-60 and DAP 100 vessel with rotor DAP-60 and DAP-100 vessels are made entirely of TFMTM-PTFE. Aside from chemical resistance to all mineral acids including hydrofluoric acid, this ensures a high level of mechanical strength, even at high digestion temperatures. DAP-60X / 100X rotor with 12 vessels
DAP-60X / 100X rotor with 12 vessels and OPC
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2.3.4. DAK-100 Vessels DAK-100 vessels are made of a TFMTM-PTFE-pressure vessel with cap a TFMTM-PTFE –insert with lid and a rupture disc made of titanium. In addition, this vessel has a ceramic pressure jacket.
Closure cap
Rupture disc Lid TFMTM-PTFE–Insert Ceramic pressure jacket
Vessel bottom
DAK-100X Rotor with 8 vessels
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DAK-100X rotor with 8 pressure vessels and OPC
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2.3.5. Optional Inserts DAQ-20H/-22H For the digestion of smaller sample quantities, the DAQ-20H quartz glass inserts can be inserted into the DAP-60 digestion vessel and the DAQ-22H quartz glass inserts into the DAP-100 digestion vessel.
Fixation plate Quartz insert DAQ-20 H / 22 H Lid Centering sleeve
DAP-60 / DAP-100 pressure vessel
Advantages of DAQ-systems By using quartz glass inserts, small samples arrow buttons; during this the selected point in time is displayed in the time window (bottom left). It is represented in a 60-minute window. If digestion takes longer, you change to the 120-minute window if the cursor reaches the end of the diagram pressing the >> arrow button. Back
Back to main menu
Next
Next to data table
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4.5.11. Review Digestion, Tabular Display Review Digestion
Review Digestion Key
Function
Datafile:
File which has been selected for displaying
Comment field
Display of the comment which was entered prior to digestion
Table
Display of the carried out digestion method Display digestion time and date
Back
Back to the graphic display
Next
Forward to “Review Sample Details”
Review Sample Details Comments entered are displayed here, but cannot be changed here anymore. Display of digestion time and date. By pressing “Back” you will get back to the digestion table.
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4.5.12. User request to backup digestion files If the message “warning file overflow “ is displayed in the main menu you reached the message threshold of data storage (digestion files).
Setup 1-10 The message threshold is defined in Setup: „File Overflow Warning“.
Export Data (USB) Please save your digestion files by exporting the files to an USB stick. After this you can delete the files on the control unit. Press Copy all to USB. Please check that all data files were copied successfully.
By pressing key Delete all all digestion data will be deleted on the control unit. This action cannot be stopped or reversed!
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All files are deleted now.
In order that the message “Warning: File overflow” will disappear, the controller must be restarted.
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4.5.13. Remove pressure vessel After the last heating step, the vessels must remain in the oven for at least 10 minutes. Afterwards the vessels can be removed for further cooling. A total cooling time of at least 20 minutes is required for the DAP-vessels, for DAK-vessel 30 minutes. The cooling-off time can be substantially reduced by cooling the digestion vessels in a water bath. Attention should be paid here to ensuring that only the bases of the vessels come into contact with the cooling water. When the vessels are opened, their internal temperatures should not lie above 100°C (212°F). The length of the cooling period depends on the heating time and the digestion temperature. After this time, all vessels can be removed (disconnect the vent tube first!) and can be placed under a vent hood or other exhaust system for further cooling. Acid vapors can leak out of the vessels during the cooling phase. This is due to the flow behavior of TFM and, generally, does not result in any sample loss or contamination. The vessels may only be opened after an adequate cooling period. The total cooling time before the vessels are opened should be at least half the digestion time and, if possible, somewhat more than this.
DANGER
Pressure vessels! Always wear your personal protective equipment when working with the pressure vessels! Never attempt to use force to open the vessels. Never use tools to open the vessels! The pressure vessels are equipped with a rupture disc which produces a spontaneous pressure release upwards through the screw-on tube connections in case of excessive vessel pressure. In some cases, such a spontaneous pressure release may occur after the vessel has been removed from the microwave oven. Hot gases and vapors may be released from the digestion vessel when it is opened! Always make sure the vent opening on pressure vessels faces away from both yourself and other individuals! Only open the digestion vessel under a vent hood or other exhaust system. Particular care is required when working with hydrofluoric acid (HF). Observe all relevant data sheets and safety instructions!
WARNING
Residual pressure in vessels! Even after cooling, a residual pressure will remain in the vessels! Always wear your personal protective equipment when opening vessels! Always work under a vent hood or other exhaust system! Never point the gas outlet towards yourself or anyone else. Aggressive gases are released from here when the vessels are opened or if the rupture disc activates!
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WARNING
Burn and acid burn hazard! The digestion vessels must not be removed from the oven for at least 10 minutes after the last heating step. This will ensure that the samples have cooled sufficiently to avoid rupture disc breakage caused by jarring during removal. Always wear your personal protective equipment when opening vessels! Always work under a vent hood or other exhaust system! Never point the gas outlet towards yourself or anyone else. Aggressive gases are released from here when the vessels are opened or if the rupture disc activates!
NOTICE
Risk of corrosion! If possible never operate the oven without supervision (e.g. overnight). Vessels may not be left in the microwave over night if filled with acid solution.
4.5.14. Opening the vessel To open the vessels, hold onto the coupling cap and slowly turn the vessel clockwise. Make sure the gas outlet always faces away from you. As gases begin to escape from the vessel, wait a moment or slightly close the vessel by turning it counterclockwise. Continue in this manner and gradually open the vessel.
keep gas outlet away from the body
Hold the coupling cap
Rotate the vessel bottom
If there is still a high residual pressure in the vessel, it will be difficult to unscrew the lid. If in doubt, allow the vessel to cool for an additional period of time! If the solution has a high CO2 content, opening the vessel too quickly can cause the solution to foam up, resulting in sample loss! The cooling time can be significantly reduced by cooling the digestion vessels in a water bath, it is important to note that only 2/3 of the vessel bottom come into contact with the cooling water.
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4.5.15. Using the opening station for DAK vessels Opening the vessel To open the pressure vessel (2), it must be placed in the opening station (3), so that the gas outlet (1) is directed away from the operator.
1
2
3
To open the vessels, slowly turn the vessel clockwise. As gases begin to escape from the vessel, wait a moment or slightly close the vessel by turning it counterclockwise. Continue in this manner and gradually open the vessel. Once the pressure has been completely released, you can open the TFMTM-PTFE cap by hand and remove the TFMTM-PTFE lid.
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4.6. Data Review and Data Export The temperature and pressure development during a digestion process is recorded individually for each vessel and saved after digestion has been completed. Prior to saving the index of the data file is automatically incremented. Data review and data export are performed in the file manager.
By pressing DATA in the main menu you are guided to the file manager.
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4.6.1. Data Review Select / Review Datafile First the Datafile Mastername is selected in the table. Multiple individual files can be stored based on the mastername. The number is displayed in the field “Total runs”.
Key
Function
Datafile Masternames
Display of all masternames. Each mastername can exist of multiple datafiles.
File Manager
Continue to menu “File Manager”, only accessible only with Admin authorization
Printer
Continue to menu “Printer”, displayed only when the print option is activated in the setup menu.
Total runs:
Number of files under this base name.
File index: - +
Select index by using – or + to view the datafile using “View digestion”
View Digestion
Selected file is called and displayed in graphic and tabular form. Description see chapter 4 "Operation” / "Review Digestion”
Back
Back to main menu, any changes are not adopted
Select
Back to main menu. The selected base name is used for the next digestion.
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File Management Only with Admin authorization. In the table the datafile to review is selected.
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Key
Function
Datafile
Tabular listing of all stored files
Export Data
Continue to menu „Export Data“
Printer
The selected file is printed. Continue to menu „Print report“. Displayed only when the print option is activated in the setup menu.
Delete All
All files are deleted after a query
View Digestion
Selected file is called and displayed in graphic and tabular form. Description see chapter 4 "Operation” / "Review Digestion”
Back
Back to Select / Review Datafile
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4.6.2. Data Export Export Data (USB) The Export Data function button leads to a display of all saved data including txt files which can be exported to Excel or a similar program. A digestion always stores two files (e.g. ddir1_2.txt und ddir1_2). Before clicking on the USB button a USB stick must be inserted so that this is correctly recognised.
Key
Function
Copy from
Display all stored files
To USB Stick
Display of all files located on the USB
Erase USB
Delete all files located on the USB main folder. A folder or files in the folder are not deleted.
File Counter
Counts during copying the transferred files
Copy all to USB
Copies all .txt files in the main directory of the USB stick, a selection is not possible.
Stick:
Status appears: Unplugged / Plugged It is only allowed to remove the stick if “Stick can be removed” is displayed. Otherwise data can be lost.
Back
Back to menu “File Management”
The digestion data are stored in a binary format which can only be read by means of the Speedwave control unit. Besides, all data are also stored in txt format, which can then be imported with the delivered Datarecord Viewer, to Excel or Word on your computer. See chapter “Printer”
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Leerseite
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5.
Options
5.1. Datarecord Viewer The program „Datarecord Viewer“ is used to view and print data records files on an PC running Microsoft Windows® operation system. The data records files can be copied to the PC beforehand via USB Memory Key (refer to ‘data backup/export via USB’) or FTP server (refer to ‘Transfer of data’).
5.1.1. How to install the Viewer Software The viewer software is supplied on a CD ROM. For installation use “setup.exe”, this program checks if there is a need to install NET Framework.
Microsoft Viewer Software on CD-ROM
To install the viewer software Microsoft®.net3.5 is required. This can be installed using setup.exe (Internet connection is required during installation) or may be downloaded free of charge from www.microsoft.com/downloads. If you use the Windows 7 operating system installation is generally not needed since in most instances Microsoft®.net4 comes preinstalled.
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Follow the instructions of the setup and install the Datarecord Viewer Software on your computer.
Welcome
Select Installation Folder
Installation Complete
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5.1.2. Description of the Viewer Software Once the installation is complete the program may be started via the desktop shortcut.
Operation is extremely simple and self-explanatory. The following functions are available:
Selection
Description
Load
Load the data files
Overview
The digestion program and the date and time of digestion are displayed
Graphics
The temperature and pressure records of all vessels are displayed
Print
The current screen is printed
Toolbar
Measured data is displayed in the head line: Time, temperature, pressure, difference in temperatures, maximum and minimum temperature, mean temperature, deviation of actual to mean temperature.
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Load
Loading a data file
Overview
The digestion method / program, the date and time of digestion are displayed, as well as the entered comments.
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Graphics
Temperature, pressure, power, magnetron temperature and the maximum vessel temperature of the digestion can be reviewed.
Use >> or 5 bars
Readjust pressure gauge refer to Maintenance + Service
Temperature measurement faulty Defect on the temperature sensor
Contact Service
Highly exothermal reaction
Observe waiting period after adding acid
Signals at unoccupied positions
Wrong number of vessels configured
Check and set number of vessels prior to start
Program stops during the start phase “Turntable Error”
Vessels put in incorrectly
Put in vessels correctly
Decoder defective Motor defective
Contact Service Contact Service
Temperature already shows values >80° C after program starts
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Pressure-gauge cap contaminated
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Pressure digestion vessel Fault
Possible cause
Corrective action
Vessels leak
Locking lid is not firmly enough in place on the digestion vessel
Dilate lip seal of the locking lid more; if damaged, replace Refer to Operation
Rupture disc trigger frequently
Corroded burst disk Turntable function faulty
Replace Rupture disc more frequently Check turntable function
Sample quantity too big
Reduce weighing-in quantity
Spontaneous reaction
Reduce maximum temperature
Temperature measurement defective
Contact Service
Indicated pressure too low
Check glass prism and glass ring in the pressure-gauge cap Readjust pressure gauge s. chapter Maintenance + Service
Rupture disc trigger frequently (applies to OPC pressuregauge caps only)
You can obtain technical support from your regional Berghof representative or directly from Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH by contacting: Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH Harretstr. 1 72800 Eningen / Germany Tel: +49/(0)7121/894-171 Fax: +49/(0)7121/894-300 e-mail: [email protected] www.berghof-instruments.com Please provide your unit’s serial number with all repair questions or repair orders. The serial number is located on the nameplate.
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6.4. Repairs / Customer Service DANGER
The unit employs high voltage and generates microwave radiation! Any repair and service work may only be performed by properly trained and qualified personnel. Always unplug the unit from the power supply before beginning any repair or maintenance work. The high voltage condenser may still carry a charge even after the mains power plug has been pulled. It must therefore be discharged by bridging the terminals, e.g., with a well insulated screwdriver. Make sure you are not in contact with any metal while discharging. Never alter the settings of the contact switches. However, should it be necessary to do so, the proper function of the switches must be checked before the unit is again taken into service. Proper switch function must then be confirmed by measuring the unit’s microwave leakage radiation. This value must lie below the limit value of < 5 mW/cm2.
Berghof Service
You can obtain technical support from your regional Berghof representative or directly from Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH by contacting: Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH Harretstr. 1 T +49.7121.894-171 F +49.7121.894-300 e-mail: [email protected] www.berghof-instruments.com Please provide your unit’s serial number with all repair questions or repair orders. The serial number is located on the nameplate.
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6.4.1. Reshipment NOTICE
Cleaning and decontamination methods Before using any cleaning or decontamination methods except those specified by Berghof Products + Instruments, users should check with Berghof Products + Instruments or your regional Berghof representative that the proposed method will not damage the equipment.
Customers wishing to return instrumentation and/or associated materials to Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH or regional representative for repair, maintenance, warranty, inspection or trade-in purposes are advised that all returned goods must be certified as clean and free from contamination.
Safety and Health Declaration
The customer´s responsible body is required to fill in and sign the form “Safety and Health Declaration” and to display this declaration on the exterior of the shipping container. This document is available at: Berghof Service (see contact data above) Outside the Federal Republic of Germany goods may only be returned to us via our authorized representative. Before returning the goods, please contact our service department.
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6.5. Nameplate 6.5.1. Basic unit The nameplate is located on the right side of the device.
Example Manufacturer and address
Model Supply voltage
Berghof Design drawing number
Part number Serial number WEEE Registration no.
CE Designation Manufacturing date
QR Barcode
6.5.2. Control unit The nameplate is located on the rear side of the device.
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7.
Appendix
7.1.1. Weighing cup To simplify the weighing process and prevent loss of samples the samples can be weighed directly into the Berghof weighing cups made from TFMTM-PTFE. These are placed in the digestion vessel with the sample and remain there during digestion. Since the vessels exhibit practically no memory effects the cleaning process is the same as in the case of the digestion vessels.
Weighing cup small
large
Volume
2,0 ml
2,5 ml
External diameter
15 mm
20 mm
Part-no. for a single piece
5303611
5303613
Part-no. for set (12 pieces)
5303612
5303614
7.1.2. PTFE Rupture discs For specific applications Berghof offers PTFE caps with the DAP-60+ and DAP100+ vessels, which are used Metal-free rupture discs without additional metallic rupture disks. Potential applications are, for example, digestions for ultra-trace analytics such as those performed in the semiconductor industry. When using these PTFE caps/rupture disks it must be borne in mind that the rupture pressure depends on the temperature and the time digestion takes. The reason for this is the reduced strength of the TFM material at higher temperatures. Metallic rupture disks do not demonstrate this dependency in the temperature range < 300°C, which is why it the standard rupture disks used at Berghof are metallic ones.
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7.1.3. Transportation rack For safe handling of Berghof pressure digestion vessels, we offer a variety of transportation racks.
Transportation rack for 6 DAK-Vessel
Transportation rack for 6 DAP-Vessel
Transportation rack for 8 DAP-40 Vessel
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7.2. Application methods See enclosed CD
7.3. Table vessel positioning If the rotor is not fully equipped with pressure digestion vessels, the software specification must be strictly observed. Only at the predetermined positions a measurement and recording is carried out. In the following figures the optimal positioning of the vessels in the rotor is illustrated. DAP-Systems
DAP-vessel Sample no.
Position in rotor
Sample no.
2
8
3
9
4
10
5
11
6
12
Position in rotor
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USER MANUAL | VERSION 2.3 | SPEEDWAVE XPERT
DAK-System
DAK-100/4-vessel Sample no.
Position in the rotor
Sample no.
2
6
3
7
4
8
Position in the rotor
5
158
Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH | Harretstrasse 1 | 72800 Eningen | www.berghof-instruments.com 53-0242-93-01-07-001
USER MANUAL | VERSION 2.3 | SPEEDWAVE XPERT
7.4. Declaration of Conformity
Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH | Harretstrasse 1 | 72800 Eningen | www.berghof-instruments.com 53-0242-93-01-07-001
159
USER MANUAL | VERSION 2.3 | SPEEDWAVE XPERT
7.5. Conversion Table Conversation of units Dimension
Unit
Conversation
Temperature
°C = °F =
(°F – 32°) / 1.8 1.8 * °C +32°
Length
1 cm = 1 inch =
0.3937 inch 2.540 cm
Volume
1 ml = 1 inch3 = 1 gallon =
0.06102 inch3 = 2.642*10-4 gallon 16.387 ml = 43.29*10-4 gallon 3785 ml = 231 inch3
Pressure
1 bar = 1 psi = 1 Mpa =
14.504 psi 0.06895 bar 10 bar
Weight
1 kg = 1 lb. =
2.2046 lb. 0.4536 kg
= 0.1 Mpa = 0.0068948 Mpa = 145.04 psi
7.6. Abbreviation Plastics
160
Abbreviation
Technical term
PE
Polyethylene
PEEK
Polyetheretherketone
PFA
Perfluoralkoxy
PTFE
Polytetrafluorethylene
TFMTM-PTFE
Modified Polytetrafluorethylene
PP
Polypropylene
Berghof Products + Instruments GmbH | Harretstrasse 1 | 72800 Eningen | www.berghof-instruments.com 53-0242-93-01-07-001
