Week 2 - General Chemistry 1 - LAS 1D [PDF]

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COPYRIGHT PAGE FOR UNIFIED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS General Chemistry 2 – Grade 12 (STEM) Learning Activity Sheets Quarter 1 – Week 1: Simple Separation Techniques First Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for the exploitation of such work for a profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (e.g., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in the activity sheets are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from the respective copyright owners. The authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Development Team of Learner’s Activity Sheets Writer:



Charlyn M. Campado



Editors: Regional Team Kevin Hope Salvaña Relyn D. Raza Delia P. Alcantara Sherjune C. Cañete Lilibeth S. Apat Division Team Jane C. Basul Delia P. Alcantara Edgar Tupas Jesusa C. Olayon Sherjune C. Cañete Emely M. Tragua Management Team: Romeo O. Approvechar, PhD, CESO IV, Schools Division Superintendent Love Emma B. Sudarion, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Rayfrocina Abao, CID Chief Jane C. Basul, EPS - Science Bernie Pamplona, LRMDS Manager - OIC Junel M. Anino, Librarian II Bernie Pamplona, PDO II Printed in the Philippines by: Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) Office Address: Montilla Blvd., Butuan City, Agusan del Norte Telephone Number: (085) 342 1804 E-mail Address: https://caraga.deped.gov.ph/



Author: Charlyn M. Campado School/Station: Kitcharao National High School Division: Agusan del Norte email address:[email protected]



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WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET General Chemistry I, Quarter 1, Week 1D Simple Separation Techniques Name: ___________________________________________



Section: ____________________



Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC) Describe various simple separation techniques such as distillation, chromatography. (STEM_GC11MPIa-b-12) Learning Objectives: 1. Define distillation and chromatography. 2. Describe different types of chromatography and distillation. 3. Identify important application of distillation and chromatography. Time Allotment: 1 hour Key Concepts Separating Mixture Mixtures are everywhere and in some situation it is important to separate or isolate one component of a mixture. Mixtures can be separated through distillation process and chromatography. 



Chromatography



The word “chromatography” is derived from two Greek words, chroma which means “colour,” and graphein which means “to write.” In chromatography, mixture to be separated is applied on a stationary phase which can be solid or liquid. A pure solvent like water or any gas, the mobile phase, will be allowed to move slowly over the stationary phase and components will be carried separately depending on their ability to dissolve in the pure solvent. Types of Chromatography 1. Adsorption Chromatography In adsorption chromatography, there is adsorption of different compounds on the adsorbent to different degrees depending on the component’s adsorptivity. Similarly, a mobile phase is allowed to move over a stationary phase. As a result, components with higher adsorptivity will be carried to a lower distance than the components with lower adsorptivity. Adsorption chromatography is used for separation of amino acids, isolation of antibiotics and identification of carbohydrates. pink orange



Silica/Alumina saturated with solvent



Solvent Mixture containing componenst: X and Y



blue



pink blue pink



X



blue green



Y moves down the column more quickly than X and so leaves the column first



Solvent flows out of column



Figure 1. Adsorption Chromatography https://byjus.com/chemistry/



Author: Charlyn M. Campado School/Station: Kitcharao National High School Division: Agusan del Norte email address:[email protected]



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2. Thin Layer Chromatography In thin-layer chromatography (TLC), components of mixture are separated through a glass plate coated with TLC Chamber adsorbent of a very thin layer like alumnia and silica gel. Chrome plate is used for this process. Mixture to be separated Spotting TLC Plate is placed on the chrome plate as a small spot with a distance Line of 2cm above the lower end of the chrome plate (spotting line). The chrome plate is placed in a closed jar that contains a fluid, an eluant. Then the eluant rises up the chrome plate Figure 2. Thin Layer Chromatography together with the components of the mixture. Different https://byjus.com/chemistry/ components of the mixture rises at different heights. Thin layer chromatography is used for qualitative testing of various medicines like local anaesthetics, sedatives, anticonvulsant tranquilisers, antihistamines, analgesics, steroids and hypnotics. It is also applied in the cosmetic industry for the separation and identification of colors and constituent compounds. In addition, it is also used to determine the presence of preservatives and sweetening agents in the cosmetics products which is very essential to decipher their formulations. 3. Column Chromatography In column chromatography, components of mixture are separated using a glass tube packed with column of suitable adsorbent. The mixture is then placed on the top of the column. An appropriate eluant is allowed to flow slowly down the column. Different components flow down the column at different heights depending on the adsorptive ability of the components. The component with the highest adsorptivity is remained at the top. Column chromatography is used to determine drug estimation from drug formulations. It is used in removing impurities and isolating metabolites from biological fluids. green



Loaded sample



blue Stationary phase



Mobile phase



pink



orange



green blue



Sample separation Weaker interactions



pink blue orange



pink



pink Stronger



interactions



blue



blue green



orange



blue



blue green



Fraction Collections



blue



orange Eluted molecules



Figure 3. Column Chromatography https://byjus.com/chemistry/ Solvent 4. Partition chromatography Lid front In partition chromatography, blue components of mixtures undergo continues paper differential partitioning. An example of this Solvent purple technique can be seen in paper front chromatography where chromatography paper red is utilized as the stationary phase suspended Solvent origin in a mobile phase which is the mixture of solvents. A spot of the mixture to be separated Figure 4. Partition Chromatography will be placed at the lower part of the https://byjus.com/chemistry/ chromatography paper. Then the solvent rises up the paper carrying components to different degrees depending on their retention on the paper. Different components reaches at different hieghts. Partition chromatography is used to separate and identify tannins, amino acids, glycosides and alkaloids. It is used to monitor synthesis reaction of chemicals and test pharmaceuticals’ purity. It can be used for research in forensic investigations and criminal



Author: Charlyn M. Campado School/Station: Kitcharao National High School Division: Agusan del Norte email address:[email protected]



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trials; for DNA and RNA sequencing; and for detecting pollutants in products, beverages, and other water supply. Distillation Distillation is a process of separating mixtures composed of two or more pure liquids. Selectively, components of liquid mixture is vaporized, condensed subsequently and isolated.This process utilizes boiling point differences of the components in the liquid mixture by forcing one of components to vaporize. 



Figure 5. Distillation apparatus https://courses.lumenlearning.com/



Types of Distillation 1. Simple Distillation In simple distillation, the liquid mixture is heated to boiling point and the resulting vapor is condensed immediately. This technique is effective only for mixtures with boiling points of components are considerably different with a minimum difference of 250C. Example in distillation of water. The water is being heated, producing steam or water vapor which is conducted away through a tube. The tube is looped downward and below the hump cooling is applied causing the vapor to be condensed. Distilled water is then produced. Another example is the removal of a volatile substance like water from nonvolatile substances such as salts, lime, impurities, etc.



Figure 6. Simple Distillation https://media.buzzle.com/



2. Fractional Distillation In fractional distillation, mixture of liquids with closer boiling points are separated. The mixture undergoes several vaporization-condensation process that takes place in a fractional column. Fractional distillation is also called rectification. This method is used in refining crude oil, alcohol manufacturing, separation of air components, perfume manufacturing, production of high-purity silicon semiconductors, and in the formulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Petroleum gas Gasoline Naphtha Paraffin Diesel Fuel Oil Lubricating oil



Bitumen



Figure 7. Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil https://winapay.com/img/



Author: Charlyn M. Campado School/Station: Kitcharao National High School Division: Agusan del Norte email address:[email protected]



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3. Steam Distillation In steam distillation, components of mixture which are heat-sensitive are separated. Steam is used to pass through a mixture, which is slightly heated, and vaporize some of the components. The resulting vapor is then condensed. This process is usually used to extract herbal distillates and essential oils from aromatic herbs/ flowers.



Removable Lid



Steam Boiler



Cooling water



Condenser



Plant Material Oil



Heat Oil lighter than water



Condensate Water



Direct Steam



Figure 8. Steam Distillation of Essential oil https://www.doterra.com/



4. Vacuum Distillation In vacuum distillation, components of mixtures with very high boiling points are separated. In this process, the pressure is lowered resulting the components of mixture to boil at lower temperature. The component is vaporized once the surrounding pressure is equal to the vapor pressure. The vapors are then condensed and isolated as distillate. This method is utilized to obtain samples with high purity from compounds that decomposes at high temperature. It is also used in refining petroleum. In large industrial plants, it is used in desalination, a method of removing salts from ocean water producing fresh water. Vacuum Gauge



Condenser



High level Switch



Flow Direction



Low flow switch



Tank



Condensate Drain



Discharge Pump



Vacuum Pump Oil lubricator



Inlet Flow



Heater Filter



Figure 9. Process Circuit for Vacuum Distillation https://media.noria.com/



Author: Charlyn M. Campado School/Station: Kitcharao National High School Division: Agusan del Norte email address:[email protected]



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Activity 1. Describe Me! Learning Objective: Describe the different types of distillation and chromatography. What you need: Pen and Paper What to do: Match each type of Distillation/Chormatography in Column A with its description in Column B. Write the letter only on a separate sheet of paper. I. Distillation A 1. Fractional Distillation 2. Simple Distillation 3. Steam Distillation 4. Vacuum Distillation



II. Chromatography A 5. Adsorption Chromatography 6. Column Chromatography 7. Partition Chromatography 8. Thin Layer Chromatography



B A. This technique is effective only for mixtures with boiling points of components are considerably different with a minimum difference of 250C. B. In this process, the mixture undergoes several vaporizationcondensation process that takes place in a fractional column. C. In this process, mixture to be separated is applied on a stationary phase which can be solid or liquid. D. In this process, the pressure is lowered resulting the components of mixture to boil at lower temperature. E. In this process, steam is used to pass through a mixture, which is slightly heated, and vaporize some of the components.



B A. In this technique, components of mixtures are separated using a glass tube packed with column of suitable adsorbent. B. In this technique, components of mixture is separated through a glass plate coated with adsorbent of a very thin layer like alumnia and silica gel. C. In this process, components of mixtures undergo continues differential partitioning. An example of this technique can be seen in paper chromatography D. In this process, components of mixture which are heat-sensitive are separated. E. In this process, there is adsorption of different compounds on the adsorbent to different degrees depending on the component’s adsorptivity.



Author: Charlyn M. Campado School/Station: Kitcharao National High School Division: Agusan del Norte email address:[email protected]



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Activity 2. Identify Me! Learning Objective: Identify important application of distillation and chromatography. What you need: Pen and Paper What to do: Read each statement below. Write D if the statement is referring to important application of distillation and write C if it is referring to chromatography. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. ________1. Separate and purify amino acids, proteins and carbohydrates for analysis. ________2. Determine the presence of preservatives and sweetening agents in the cosmetic products to decipher their formulations. ________3. Determine drug estimation from drug formulations. ________4. Compare sample found at a crime scene to sample from suspects. ________5. Determine level of pollutants in water supply. ________6. Extract herbal distillates and essential oils from aromatic herbs/flowers. ________7. Obtain drinking water from seawater. ________8. Stabilize oil to reduce the vapor pressure of the crude oil, enabling safe storage and transportation. ________9. Refine petroleum. _______10. Manufacture alcohol and perfume.



Reflection On a separate sheet of paper, answer the question below in 2-3 sentences. Molasses is the dark, sweet, syrupy by-product made during the extraction of sugars from sugarcane and sugar beets. Molasses will undergo several processes so it can produce by-product ethanol, which is one of the raw materials in producing 80 % alcohol-based hand sanitizers. How can you relate the importance of this process in the Covid-19 Pandemic that we are facing at present? Rubrics: 3 – Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts and has no misconception. 2 - Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts but with minimal misconception. 1 – Explanation is consistent with the concepts but with misconceptions. References for learners: Byjus.com. “Distillation - Definition, Detailed Process, Types, Uses.” Accessed July 23, 2021. https://byjus.com/chemistry/distillation/ Byjus.com. “Types of Types of Chromatography - Definition, Principle, Differential Extraction & FAQs.” Accessed July 23, 2021. https://byjus.com/chemistry/differential-extractionchromatography/ Central Mindanao University. 2021. “CMU ETHANOL PRODUCTION TEAM TO PRODUCE ETHANOL FROM MOLASSES.” Accessed July 23, 2021. https://www.cmu.edu.ph/cmuethanol-production-team-to-produce-ethanol-from-. molases/#:~:text=Molasses%20will%20undergo%20several%20processes%20like%20ferme ntation%20and,donated%20two%20drums%20of%20molasses%20in%20the%20university.



Author: Charlyn M. Campado School/Station: Kitcharao National High School Division: Agusan del Norte email address:[email protected]



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HPLC. 2020. “Principle and Application of Partition Chromatography .”Accessed July 23, 2021. https://whatishplc.com/hplc-basics/principle-and-application-of-partitionchromatography/ Lumen Chemistry for Non-Majors. “Methods for Separating Mixtures.” Accessed July 23, 2021. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/methods-for-separatingmixtures/#:~:text=1%20Mixtures%20can%20be%20separated%20using%20a%20variety,m aterial.%205%20Filtration%20separates%20solids%20of%20different%20sizes. Southern Living . 2021. “ What is Molasses? Here's Everything You Need to Know.” Accessed July 23, 2021. https://www.southernliving.com/sweeteners/molasses/what-is-molasses/ Answer Key Distillation process is very important in the production of alcohol and sinitizers in which at present, it plays very important role specially in sanitizing to prevent the spread of the Corona virus. Reflection Possible Answer:



1. 2. 3. 4. 5.



C C C C C



6. D 7. D 8. D 9. D 10. D



Activity 2 Identify Me!



Activity 1 Describe Me! 1. B 2. A 3. E 4. D 5. E 6. A 7. C 8. B



Author: Charlyn M. Campado School/Station: Kitcharao National High School Division: Agusan del Norte email address:[email protected]



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