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Arabic Pages [828] Year 1896
Table of contents :
VOLUME 1 (pages 1.n)
Preliminaries
Title page
Preface to the third edition
Preface to the second edition
CONTENTS page (of Volume 1) [page 1.i]
PART FIRST - ORTHOGRAPHY AND ORTHOEPY
I. The Letters as Consonants
II. The Vowels and Diphthongs
III. Other Orthographic Signs
A. Gezma or Sukun
B. Tesdid or Sedda
C. Hemza or Nebra
D. Wasla
E. Medda or Matta
IV. The Syllable
V. The Accent
VI. The Numbers
PART SECOND - ETYMOLOGY OR THE PARTS OF SPEECH
I. THE VERB
A. GENERAL VIEW
1. The Forms of the Triliteral Verb
The First Form
The Second Form
The Third Form
The Fourth Form
The Fifth Form
The Sixth Form
The Seventh Form
The Eighth Form
The Ninth and Eleventh Forms
The Tenth Form
The Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Forms
2. The Quadriliteral Verb and its Forms
3. The Voices
4. The States (Tenses) of the Verb
5. The Moods
6. The Numbers, Persons, and Genders
B. THE STRONG VERB
1. The Active Voice of the First Form
a. The Inflexion by Persons
1. Separate Pronouns
2. Suffixed Pronouns, expressing the Nominative
3. Prefixed Pronouns, expressing the Nominative
b. Forms of the Tenses and Moods
The Imperfect Indicative
The Subjunctive and Jussive
The Energetic
The Imperative
2. The Passive Voice of the First Form
3. The Derived Forms of the Strong Verb
4. The Quadriliteral Verb
5. Verbs of which the Second and Third Radicals are Identical
C. THE WEAK VERB
1. Verba Homzata
2. Verbs which are more especially called Weak Verbs
A. Verba Primae Radicalis 'waw' et 'ya'
B. Verba Mediae Radicalis 'waw' et 'ya'
C. Verba Tertiae Radicalis 'waw' et 'ya'
3. Verbs that are Doubly and Trebly Weak
Doubly Weak Verbs
Trebly Weak Verbs
Appendix A
I. The Verb 'laisa'
II. The Verbs of Praise and Blame
III. The Forms expressive of Surprise or Wonder
Appendix B
The Verbal Suffixes, which express the Accusative
II. THE NOUN
A. THE NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE
1. The Derivation of Nouns Substantive and Adjective, and their different Forms
a. The Deverbal Nouns
(i) The Nomina Verbi
(ii) The Nomina Vicis
(iii) The Nomina Speciei
(iv) The Nomina Loci et Temporis
(v) The Nomina Instrumenti
(vi) The Nomina Agentis et Patientis and other Verbal Adjectives
b. The Denominative Nouns
(i) The Nomina Unitatis
(ii) The Nomina Abundantiae vel Multitudinis
(iii) The Nomina Vasis
(iv) The Nomina Eelativa or Relative Adjectives
I. Changes of the Auxiliary Consonants
II. Changes of the Final Radicals 'waw' and 'ya'
III. .Changes in the Vocalisation
(v) The Abstract Nouns of Quality
(vi) The Diminutive
(vii) Some other Nominal Forms
2. The Gender of Nouns
Formation of the Feminine of Adjectives
Forms which are of both Genders
3. The Numbers of Nouns
The Dual
The Pluralis Sanus
The Pluralis Fractus
4. The Declension of Nouns
I. The Declension of Undefined Nouns
Diptotes
II. The Declension of Defined Nouns
Appendix
The Pronominal Suffixes, which denote the Genitive
B. THE NUMERALS
1. The Cardinal Numbers
2. The Ordinal Numbers
3. The remaining Classes of Numerals
C. THE NOMINA DEMONSTRATIVA AND CONJUNCTIVA
1. The Demonstrative Pronouns and the Article
2. The Conjunctive (Relative) and Interrogative Pronouns
(a) The Conjunctive Pronouns
(b) The Interrogative Pronouns
3. The Indefinite Pronouns
III. THE PARTICLES
A. THE PREPOSITIONS
The Inseparable Prepositions
The Separable Prepositions
B. THE ADVERBS
The Inseparable Adverbial Particles
The Separable Adverbial Particles
Adverbial Accusatives
C. THE CONJUNCTIONS
The Inseparable Conjunctions
The Separable Conjunctions
D. THE INTERJECTIONS
PARADIGMS OF THE VERBS
VOLUME 2 (pages 2.n)
Preliminaries
Title Page
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.
CONTENTS PAGES (of Volume 2) [page 2.i]
PART THIRD - SYNTAX.
I. THE SEVERAL COMPONENT PARTS OF A SENTENCE.
A. THE VERB.
1. The States or Tenses (Perfect, Imperfect indicative)
2. The Moods (Subjunctive, Jussive, Energetic)
3. The Government of the Verb (The Accusative, Prepositions)
a) The Accusative (i. The Objective Complement, ii. The Adverbial Complement.)
b) Prepositions (Simple prepositions, compound prepositions etc.)
B. THE NOUN.
1. The Nomina Verbi or Actionis, Agentis, and Patientis
2. The Government of the Noun (The Status Constructus and the Genitive etc.)
3. The Numerals (Numbers, dates, days of months etc)
II. THE SENTENCE AND ITS PARTS
A. THE SENTENCE IN GENERAL
1. The Parts of a Sentence (The Subject and Predicate, their Complements)
2. Concord in Gender and Number between the Parts of a Sentence (in Verbal Sentences and Nominal Sentences)
B. THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF SENTENCES
1. Negative and Prohibitive Sentences (eg. using la, ma etc)
2. Interrogative Sentences (eg using 'a', 'hal' etc)
3. Relative Sentences (Definite and indefinte sentences, connecting pronoun, 'alladhee' etc.)
4. Copulative Sentences (eg. using 'fa', 'wa', 'wa la' etc.)
5. Adversative, Restrictive, and Exceptive Sentences
6. Conditional and Hypothetical Sentences
PART FOURTH - PROSODY
I. THE FORM OF ARABIC POETRY.
The Rhyme, different Metres (Ragez, Sari, Kamil etc)
II. THE FORMS OF WORDS IN PAUSE AND RHYME
III. POETIC LICENSES
PART THIRD - SYNTAX
I. THE SEVERAL COMPONENT PARTS OF A SENTENCE
A. THE VERB
1. The States or Tenses
The Perfect
The Perfect as an Optative
The Perfect preceded by قَدْ
The Perfect as the Pluperf. Indic
The Perfect as the Pluperf. Subjunct., in two correlative hypothetical clauses, after لَوْ , etc
The Perfect after أِذَا
The Perfect after أِنْ
The Perfect in two correlative conditional clauses, after أِنْ , etc
The Perfect after مَا الدَّيْمُومَةِ
The Imperfect Indicative
The Latin and Greek Imperfect, كَانَ يَفْعَلُ
The Future-Perfect, يَكُونُ (قَدْ) فَعَلَ
The Imperfect Subjunctive
The Jussive
The Jussive, after لَمْ and لَمَّا
The Jussive, in two correlative conditional clauses, after إِنْ, etc
The Energetic
2. The Moods
The Subjunctive
The Subjunctive after أَنْ, لَّا, أَن or أَلَّا, and لَنْ
The Subjunctive after لِ, كَيْ, etc
The Subjunctive after حَتَّي
The Subjunctive after فَ
The Subjunctive after وَ
The Subjunctive after ثُمَّ
The Subjunctive after أَوْ
The Subjunctive after إِذًا or إِذَنْ
The Jussive
The Jussive after لِ
The Jussive after لَا
The Jussive in two correlative conditional clauses, after إِنْ , etc
The Jussive after لَمْ and لَمَّا
The Energetic of the Imperfect
The Energetic after لَ
The Energetic in prohibitions (with لاَ), wishes, and questions
The Energetic in the apodosis of two correlative conditional clauses
The Energetic in the protasis of a sentence, after إِمَّا
The Energetic after حَيْثُمَا etc
The Energetic as a negative imperative, with لَا
The Energetic of the Imperative
3. The Government of the Verb
(a) The Accusative
(i) The Objective Complement in the Accusative
Two Objective Complements in the Accusative
The Accusative of the مَصْدَرٌ, etc., as the absolute object, أَلْمَفْعُولُ الْمُطْلَقُ
Construction of the Objective Complement and of the Subject with the Nomen Actionis
Use of لِ with the Genitive to express the Objec tive Complement of the Nomen Actionis
Government of the Nomina Agentis or Participles
Use of لِ with the Genitive to express the Objective Complement of the Participles
Construction of Verbal Adjectives
Construction of Comparatives and Superlatives of the form أَفْعَلُ
The Accusative after a Verb which is understood
اَلتَّحْذِيرُ و الْإِغْرآءُ
اَلاِخْتِصَاصُ
The Accusative after إِنَّ, أَنَّ, لاكِنَّ, كَأَنَّ, لِأَنَّ
The Accusative after لَيْتَ, عَلَّ, لَعَلَّ
The Accusative after وَ (وَاوُ الْمَعِيَّةِ)
The Vocative
The Vocative after أَ, يَا, expressed by the Nominative
The Vocative after أَ, يَا, expressed by the Accusative
The Vocative after أَيُّهَا or يَا أَيُّهَا
The Vocative after وَا
The Accusative after لَا, used لِنَفْىِ الْجِنْسِ
(ii) The Adverbial Complement
The Predicate of كَانَ
The Predicate of the أَخَوَاتُ كَانَ
The Predicate of مَا and لَا, when = لَيْسَ
The Predicate of إِنِ النَّافِيَةُ andof لَاتَ
The Construction of the أَفْعَالُ الْمُقَارَبَةِ
The Adverbial Accusative of Time
The Adverbial Accusative of Place
The Adverbial Accusative of State or Condition, اَلْحَالُ
The Adverbial Accusative of Cause or Reason
The Adverbial Accusative of Limitation or Determination
The Adverbial Accusative of Construction of كَمْ, كَأَيٍ, and كَذَا
The Adverbial Accusative of Comparison
(b) The Prepositions
The Simple Prepositions
مِنْ
مَتَى = مِنْ
مِنْ after Comparative Adjectives
عَنْ
إِلَى
حَتَّى
لِ
اَلاسْتِغَاثَةُ
فِى
بِ
مَعَ
لَدَى، لَدُنْ
عَلَى
مُذْ ،مُنْذُ
وَ
تَ
كَ
نَحْوَ
عِنْدَ
قِبَلَ
بَيْنَ
تَحْتَ
فَوْقَ
دُونَ
قَبْلَ
بَعْدَ
أَمَامَ
قُدَّامَ
وَرَاءَ
خَلْفَ
حَوْلَ
وَسْطَ
The Compound Prepositions
مِنْ بَيْنِ etc
مِنْ عَنْ etc
Prepositions in connection with a following Clause
مَا redundant after مِنْ, عَنْ, and بِ
Omission of the Preposition before أَنْ and أَنَّ
B. THE NOUN
1. The Nomina Verbi or Actionis, Agentis, and Patientis
2. The Government of the Noun
The Status Constructus and the Genitive
صَاحِبٌ، ذُو, etc
كُلٌّ
جَمِيعٌ
عَامَّةٌ
سَائِرٌ
بَعْضٌ
غَيْرٌ
سِوًى
مِثْلُ
شِبْهٌ
مِقْدَارٌ ، قَدْرٌ
زُهَآءٌ
نَحْوُ
كِلْتَانِ ، كِلَانِ
رُبَّ
بَلْ ، فَ ، (وَاوُ رُبَّ) وَ
أَفْعَلُ Superlative
أَيَّةٌ ، أَيٌّ
A Clause, introduced by أَنْ or مَا , as a Genitive
The Genitive of Restriction or Limitation, after Participles and Adjectives
Interposition of a Word between the Status Constructus and the Genitive
A Genitive in Apposition to a Relative Adjective in ِيٌ
Definite and Indefinite Annexation
Construction of أَفْعَلُ as a Superlative
The Genitive of the Material
Apposition of the Material
The Genitive Construction in place of Apposition
3. The Numerals
The Cardinal Numbers from 3 to 10
وَاحِدٌ and أَحَدٌ
اِثْنَتَانِ ، اِثْنَانِ
The Cardinal Numbers from 11 to 99
بِضْعٌ
مِائَةٌ (100) and أَلْفٌ (1000)
Compound Numbers
Agreement of the Cardinal Numbers in Gender with the Nouns denoting the objects numbered
When the Cardinal Numbers are determined or definite
Construction of the Ordinal Numbers with the Genitive
Dates
The Days of the Month
II. THE SENTENCE AND ITS PARTS
A. THE SENTENCE IN GENERAL
1. The Parts of a Sentence
The Subject and Predicate
The رَابِطٌ or Connecting Pronominal Suffix
The ضَمِيرُ الْفَصْلِ or Pronoun of Separation
When the Inchoative or Subject of a Nominal Sentence may be an Indefinite Noun
The ضَمِيرُ التَّاكِيدِ or Emphatic Pronoun
Use of كَانَ, يَكُونُ, in a Nominal Sentence
The Subject not specified
Personal form
Impersonal form
The Complements of the Subject and Predicate
Reflexive pronominal Suffixes
نَفْسٌ , عَيْنٌ, etc., as reflexive objects
Appositives, اَتَّوَابِعُ ....
The Adjective
Substantives
مَا الْإِبْهَامِيَّةُ ....
مَا هُوَ (هِيَ) , هُوَ (هِيَ) مَا هُوَ (هِيَ)،
Demonstrative Pronouns
عَامَّةٌ، جَمِيعٌ، كُلٌ
جَمْعَاءُ، أَجْمَعُ
أَبْتَعُ، أَبْصَعُ ، أَكْتَعُ
نِصْفٌ، كِلْتَانِ، كِلَانِ
عَيْنٌ، نَفْسٌ
التَّأْكِيدُ, the Corroboration
اَلنَّعْتُ or اَصِّفَةُ , the Qualificative or Adjective
اَلْبَدَالُ , the Permutative
عَطْفُ الْبَيَانِ , the Explicative Apposition
Apposition of Verbs
2. Concord in Gender and Number between the Parts of a Sentence
In Verbal Sentences
In Nominal Sentences
B. THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF SENTENCES
1. Negative and Prohibitive Sentences
لَا
لَنْ ...
لَمَّا ، لَمْ
مَا ...
إِنِ النَّافِيَةُ
لَيْسَ
وَلَا after لَنْ، لَمَّا، لَمْ، مَا or لَيْسَ
لَا with the Perfect, as a Future
لَا with the Perfect, as an Optative
لَا redundant after verbs meaning to forbid, fear, etc. followed by أَنْ with the Subjunctive (أَلَّا، أَن لَّا)
Omission of لَا in Denial by oath, and its Insertion in Asseveration
لَا in Prohibitions, with the Jussive and Energetic
2. Interrogative Sentences
أَ
أَوْ، أَمْ
هَلْ
أَمَّا، أَلَا
لَوْمَا، لَوْلَا، هَلَّا، أَلَّا
مَا، مَنْ
أَيَّةٌ، أَيٌّ
3. Relative Sentences
Definite and Indefinite
The Connecting Pronoun, اَلْعَآئِدُ or اَلرَّاجِعُ .....
اَلَّذِى
4. Copulative Sentences
فَ، وَ
وَلَا after a preceding negative
The Conflict in Government, اَلتَّنَازُعُ فِى الْعَمَلِ
وَاوُ الْحَالِ , the Waw of the State or Circumstance
5. Adversative, Restrictive, and Exceptive Sentences
لَا
لَاكِنَّ، لَاكِنْ
بَلْ
إِنَّمَا
إِلَّا ..
غَيْر ..
سِوَى
مَا عَدَا، مَا خَلَا
حَاشَى
لَا يَكُونُ، لَيْسَ
لَا سِيَّمَا
6. Conditional and Hypothetical Sentences
فَ introducing the Apodosis of a Conditional Sentence
لَوْ، إِنْ
إنْ لَوْ
لَ introducing the Apodosis of a Hypothetical Sentence
PART FOURTH - PROSODY
I. THE FORM OF ARABIC POETRY
The Rhyme
The Metres
Ragez
Sari'
Kamil
Wafir
Hazeg
Mutekarib
Tawll
Mudari'
Mutedarik
Besit
Munsarih
Muktadab
Ramel
Medid
Haflf
Mugtett
II. THE FORMS OF WORDS IN PAUSE AND RHYME
III. POETIC LICENSES
Affections of the letter أ
Irregularities in the use of the Tesdid
Uncontracted Forms for Contracted ones
Suppression of final ^j in some Nominal and Verbal forms
Other Letters, and even Syllables, dropped
Lengthening of a Short Vowel in the middle of a word
Shortening of a Long Vowel
Suppression of a Short Vowel
Addition of a Final Short Vowel to some Verbal Forms and Particles
Irregular Use of the Tenwin and other Case-endings
Suppression of the Tenwin
ِىنِ for ِينَ in the Genitive Plural of Nouns
Irregularities in Verbs and Nouns derived from Radicals tertiae و vel ى
Pausal Forms out of Pause
\%%o\l:l
A GRAMMAR OF THE
ARABIC LANGUAGE, TRANSLATED
FROM THE GERMAN OF CASPARI, AND EDITED
WITH NUMEROUS ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS
BY
W. WEIGHT,
LL.D.,
LATE PROFESSOR OP ARABIC IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.
%\
THIRD EDITION
^t). *
^
the use of the two points below is optional. prints, especially those issued at Bairut, always insert them except when the represents elif maksura (§ 7, rem. b) thus
[With
final
Some modern
^
^>, ^,
but
J^j.]
:
The Letters as Consonants.
I.
§ 2] J
ui
ul
&
13
J
0,
A$£JJJt tJiji^aJt or 4-jaJjJJI, the liquids ^
nounced with the extremity j
a
a
o
4jja»,
of the tongue
»J>jj3»Jt, the letters *r
originally
no signs
:
la,
rem. a, and
^
4.
fi
§ 15) for a,
^s kai, £
y
At a
^
for t
To
for the short vowels.
and diphthongs they made consonants that come nearest to them in sound viz.
•>)
pro-
B
w
use of the three
indicate the long vowels
1,
is
THE VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS.
II.
see §
In the
1, the dotted 3 [called w*Jl3t lU]
3 and ^J are precisely our usually give j the sound of v.
3.
*****
H 7),
in
which
merely a compromise between
the old pausal
last the d is silent.
-
(ah),
and the
D
Part First.— Orthography and
8
A
[§
5
Rem. a. The distinction between the names feth, kesr, damm, and fetha, kesr a, damma, is that the former denote the sounds a, i, u, the latter the marks L, — , 1. Compare the Hebrew MH^, *\1& Ox
and
The terms
V!)3p
endings
a, u,
^^u
De
Ox
and
[Another name
G.]'
t
mark
is
6.
commonly used
Lin
A
of the case-
other positions; S
ywftU ajj^jaJI.
Rem.
*3j,
are sometimes applied to L,
xOj0Oxj2JxO*>
£ laJI
B
Orthoepy.
for
damm
is
kabw, ^3. x
5 x x x
vowel 5
is
called dib^a.,
a motion,
Ox
xO
termed jJXw, form or figure,
plur.
plur.
p
e.g. x
—
x x
Ol&»j»»
;
its
J J
JULwt or J|y£w.
Rem. c. In the oldest Mss. of the Kor'an, the vowels are expressed by dots (usually red), one above for fetha, one below for As rekesra, and one in the middle, or on the line, for damma. gards the signs L, _, X
L
are probably derived from 5.
Rules
t
for the cases in
and
is
a small j and the other two
and ^£ or a.
respectively.
which these vowel-marks retain their
which they are modified, i, u, the of influence the or weaker consonants, into e, e, through stronger or can be laid down with 1, o, 0, scarcely certainty for the various original sounds, a,
C
the third
for those in
;
from one another in these points and besides, owing to the emphasis with which the consonants are
dialects of the spoken Arabic differ
uttered, the vowels are in general
The
following rules
;
somewhat
indistinctly enunciated.
may, however, be given for the guidance of the
learner*. (a)
When
preceded or followed by the strong gutturals 9-
4- c
©
,
or the emphatic consonants u° u° ^ & 3> fetha is pronounced as a, though with the emphatic consonants its sound becomes rather obscure, O O x
D
approaching to that of the Swedish &;
xx
^sb *
e.g.
9
x
j*±. ktmrun, w**J la'bun,
x
bakiya, jj*o sadrun.
Under the same circumstances kesra
is
[Learners whose ears and vocal organs are good, and who have of hearing and practising the correct pronunciation of
an opportunity
the consonants, will find that the proper shades of sound in the three vowels come without effort when the consonants are spoken rightly
and naturally.
The approximate
rules for pronunciation here given
are mainly useful as a guide towards the right way of holding the mouth in pronouncing the consonants as well as the vowels.]
The Vowels and Diphthongs.
II.
§ 6] _
damma
• #
x
pronounced as
«,
e.g.
^Ac
'ilmun,
^a-
assumes the sound of an obscure
(especially
and e) to o;
^
9
9 6 j
sUrtm, ^-£3 Bsrun; whilst inclining with the gutturals
o,
JikJ to/a, JL&J
e.g.
A
lotfun,
£1L hosnun
/
J (
or hosnun, w*fc> ro bun,j**fi> 'o'mrun.
In shut syllables in which there are neither guttural nor
(b)
—
emphatic consonants, and in open syllables which neither commence fetha either has with, nor immediately precede, one of those letters, a weaker, less clear sound, approaching to that of a in the English
—
,
words hat, cap,
e.g.
, s
Z
J ,
C~l£>
katabta,
j+&\ 'akbaru ;
or
becomes a
it
B
simple £ or e (the latter especially in a short open syllable followed
by a long one),
e.g.
Jj
seniinun, a-Ljj^ medHn&tim.
and
before
when that
J
jLoJt
letter is
doubled or follows a long a or
The long vowels
3»o
a,
i,
suratun
u, e. g. $j*».
and
;
garratun,
also in general at the
by placing the marks C and ^, respectively, e.g.
u, are indicated I,
^j,
kola, *aj bVa, $$** sukun; in which case these letters are called
The com-
sJ^ja., literae productionis, "letters of prolongation."
binations
though and
pure sound of a
after r (which partakes of the nature of the emphatics),
of the short vowels before the letters 15
O**-'
«£l«~> sbnibkun,
It retains, however, its
Zjj* marratun, SjU garatun, end of a word.
6.
^=>j*« m^rkebun,
bdl,
%
^j
— and j L must
after the
always be pronounced
emphatic consonants $
to that of the French
u
or
L
1
and
German
u, e.g.
and
o\
sound of
o,
not
u,
inclines to the
e
jy», 0^**> nearly
torun, tunun.
more rarely marked than the other happens that, at a later period, after the the vowel-points, it was indicated in some very common
a was at and hence long vowels,
Rem.
a.
invention of
first
it
J
words merely by a fetha;
a&M,
5
y
J
*
Si
'
e.g. j*jJI,
C>£^l)t, K+£\, oSS or £*$, iUi,
J
"0
^^1,
IJJb,
U^A,
i,
J
f *.
* '
*>»—''»
03J*>
1J&.
More
in exactly, however, the fetha should be written perpendicularly this case, so as to resemble a small elif
Ot^-JI, w.
**^>
axJ^JI,
from (^e resurrection, to be carefully distinguished 2
j.
*?
Part
10
First.
— Orthography •
A
£©**JI
[§
The words ^*}U,
JUy
U^A,
"
J / /
2u*$3, 0/1/
5 1/
m
and ^jj^U, are
frequently written defectively wJi,
also
7
**\
el-Tdmetu, price, value), /
and Orthoepy.
aIU,
jj^iu; and occasionally some other vocables, such as 2ux^j and // / J / / / J j U/ J / / / 0>**3; J^J and ^^Uj O-**^ 0-«-«)> an(^ other proper names I
I
t
I
;
J
j
ending in k*wuJ!
J/ j
I
J
•
I
djyc*
J
I
/»/
J
/
0/
t
.»
0/
1
w^aJt, ^^^aJI, and
*y-U,
jX*.,
;
8
1
This other proper names of the forms J^li and J^UJt ; jJJ} ; etc. / / / • The long vowel is more common in Magribl Mss. than in others. I is in a very few instances written defectively at the end of a word,
—
/0/
/ 0/
B
^l^Jt, el-Haft, j>?UM.
e.g.
H-Yemani, for ^yUjt,
of
//0/ e.g.
A
« x
x
and
become nearly 9 (Heb. *-)
after the other letters
w*** sefun,
Oj* m
a
otun (almost
motun).
sfTftft,
Rem. a. After ^ at the end of a word, both when preceded by damma and by fetha, is often written, particularly in the plural of I
© xx
J x x
verbs;
e.g.
0*
3
This
\^cj, tj>>*J-
tjj-aJ,
in itself quite superfluous
I,
intended to guard against the possibility of the preceding j being separated from the body of the word to which it It is belongs, and so being mistaken for the conjunction 1 and. otiosum),
(£lif
is
x x o& j £ ^ called 3u\9^\ oUI, the
*0to
jj>
(
guarding elif or ,
which the African Arabs s
use instead of the other. in the oldest
a-J*^^
D
M»
secretly
tj-w
Or it may stand
for
jw
(from
and most carefully written manuscripts
Its opposite is
9 a " ,
i.e.
and
sJia*
(from
name
*
*
UubL^
5
r J
,>jut>.»),
its
form
since is «*
~
.
lightened, single); e.g.
openly.
Rem. e. Tesdid, in combination with -, -, -, -, is placed between the consonants and these vowel-marks, as may be seen from the above examples. In combination with - the Egyptians write £ instead of £ but elsewhere, at least in old manuscripts, £ may ;
stand for
£,«,*,
*
as well as £. The African Arabs constantly write for -,£, -. In the oldest Mss. of the Kor'an, tesdid is
expressed by « or ^, which, when accompanied by kesra, is sometimes written, as in African Mss., below the line. In African Mss. the vowel is not always written with the sedda ; ± alone may
be
=
t
,
.
—De G.]
Other Orthographic Signs.
III.
§ 14]
12.
TeSdid
13.
The
is
B. Tesdid or Sedda.
A
either necessary or euphonic.
necessary
which always follows a vowel, whether
iesdFid,
upon which
short (as in JJle ) or long (as in >U), indicates a doubling
Thus j*\ (amara) means he
the signification of the word depends.
commanded, but ja\ (ammara), is
y> (murrun)
15
he,
but a word
bitter,
appointed some one commander ;
j-o
(murun) does not
exist in the
language.
The Arabs do not
Rem.
readily tolerate a syllable containing a
Consequently tesdid long vowel and terminating in a consonant. necessarium scarcely ever follows the long vowels j and ^, as in
wJ^M
>>«3] though
jjUliu (see
^L
§ 25).
it is
Nor
sometimes found after
does
it
14.
The euphonic
as in jto,
3,>L©,
occur after the diphthongs $1. and
save in rare instances, like ilcu^a. and
,
1,
B
&*£$.> [see § 277].
tesdid always follows a vowelless consonant,
which, though expressed in writing,
is,
to avoid harshness of sound,
passed over in pronunciation and assimilated to a following consonant. used
It is
:
(a)
J, 0>
—
With
the letters
O,
(dentals, sibilants,
k-timru;
0+j**j)\
and
letters,
a.
j,
^,
ui, ?, yi,
liquids,) after the article
Jl
;
^qJiaJt
J»,
e.g.
&,
j^UI
and Spanish manuscripts, JJI. solar
the
because the word u~+J*, sun, happens to begin with one of
letters,
letters of the alphabet &>j*©JUI
UkjodH, the because the word j^3, moon, commences with one of
them.
Rem. and Jj, (b)
ajj
O-o
c
*az-zolmu;
These letters are called A*~*ȣJt ojj^JI,
them; and the other lunar
>, 5, j,
'ar-rahmanu ; ^-^Jt Ss-semsu;
J-JJt el-leilu, or, in African
Rem.
*£>,
b.
This assimilation
is
extended by some to the
especially before j, as C^»tj
With the
letters j,
wzfr rabbihi,
JJ
J,
j>,
O*** wjU£» kitdbum mubinun,
of JJb
Ja.
^,
j,
^>o, JIaj «, £>*> 0*> I*,
D-*>
^
;
Rem.
e -g- O-*-
i
Rem.
6.
*J
is
above
O'
%
itself,
Similarly
always.
we
find
*$\
for
£
*N),jt £
redundant U) and occasionally Ut for
With the
(c)
O
letter
after
O*-
w*X&
,jl,
but O-**' O-o-^j U-«»
certain parts of the verb
'aratta for
e. g.
;
O^l 'aradta; ^jj^i^l
>«, on the contrary,
j,
Ut
for U,jl
£
£
v° b,
i,
C*£J
,
j
lebittu for
O,
is
(dentals), in
)»
a
s
Cu£J
Many
lebittu
;
si
£>}j\
grammarians, however, rightly, because the
and
absorption of a strong radical consonant, such as >, servile letter, like
with
attaktttum for^jj^Jt attahadtum, ;
reject this kind of assimilation altogether,
weaker
(i/*,
with redundant U).
(tf/iatf,
,
basattum for^Zfcu^ basattum.
..»
v
{if not),
U^t
*£>, it
C
as
^
for
«»
^
are hardly ever written separately;
I©*,
j^\
^
^1,
8*
B
[§15
U £>*> ^
for
we add
letters
0>^^! common with
e q ua
^s
W*
O**** or v>» ,>«,
f°r
If to the
a.
and Orthoepy.
not written when they are combined with
°^ QYl
s
mnemonic word
the
— Orthography
First.
u°
or
h, by a
an unnatural mutilation of an essential
part of the word.
Rem.
Still
a.
more to be condemned are such assimilations
as js> for Ojcc, k*±. for C-slsua..
Rem. second
If the verb ends in
b.
O,
it
naturally unites with the is written, but the
O in the above cases, so that only one O
union of the two
is
indicated by the tesdid C.
;
as
C~J
for
cJL5.
He^mza or Nebra.
*
D
15.
Elif,
when
sonant, pronounced
mark
-
Mmza
it is
like
not a mere letter of prolongation, but a conthe spiritus lenis, is distinguished by the
(j+A or S^A, compression,
windpipe, see § 4, rem. a), elevation)', e.g.
Rem. a. and rem. d,
jwl, JL,,
which \j3,
is
also
^Sj,
In cases where an
viz.
sometimes called nebra (S^J,
\j}\ t
elif
of the upper part of the
juXSI,
Ua*.,^t,
conjunctions (see
ILd..
§ 1 9, a, b,
c,
e) at the beginning of a word receives its own vowel, the grammarians omit the hemza and write merely the vowel ; e.g.
4-U J^4*Jt praise belongs to
God,
lj.31,
^Jj\, jilf.
§
Other Orthographic Signs.
III.
17]
C.
Hemza
17
or Nebra.
Rem. b. 1 is probably a small c and indicates that the elif is to be pronounced almost as ain. In African (and certain other) Mss. ,
A
l
o
sometimes actually written &;
it is
Mss. of the Kor'an, hemza e.g., \J'\yA\
is
e.g.
1
In the oldest
c£X±.l.
indicated by doubling the vowel-points ;
Oy**-y^ = Oy-*W-
= O^J *^'
o £
j j
jt,
**
marked
a ^ so
^s
in
such Mss. by a large yellow or green dot, varying in position according to the accompanying vowel (see above, § 4, rem. c).
Rem.
Hemza
c.
accompanies
we
is
written between the
and the vowel that
t
or the gezma (see the examples given above)
it,
often find ^jJl*\L. for ^j^-wl^., j5~t for j-w (see § 16), •
ft
f '
^
'
*
w
s
wS
ft
w
^
sionally Usui, or ltu»» for U*i», ^j\ or t,
and the
Ju*>,
Rem.
d.
ear at the
and
but
;
B
occa-
'J
J
for JJL> or
Ji*
like.
The effect of the hemza is most sensible to a European commencement of a syllable in the middle of a word,
preceded by a shut syllable; e.g.
4JL%*©,
mas-alatun (not 7na-salatun)
iota,
j
el-kor-dnu (not el-ko-rdnu).
(jlt^iJI,
^
16.
Jwmzatum*
and j take hemza, when they stand (in which case the two points of the
in place of
^
letter
monly omitted); e.g. C*£». for Ol»., ,j>Jwl£. for ^>>L;Ufc., e-j
f°r
for
uplift
Hemza
17.
^^j
it
e-J
chW, w*33j
an eli/G
are com-
alone
(*) is
written instead of
ft
t,
*
^,3,
I,
in the fol-
lowing cases.
Always at the end of a word,
(a)
or a consonant with gezma, e.g. *
> *3~*> rem.
6 s
J
a)',
s
and
after a letter of prolongation
*U*.,
gaa, tbj,
tS>j\
ffi a >
*L5^"> 4
s
uun\ i^o, £^3, l^,
or
more commonly £oi»
in the middle of a word, after
an
(see § 8,
elif productio?iis, pro-
vided the hemza has the vowel fetha, as ^j^t\^J, J0^i\js>\ (but for J
.-
o£
,.
J
«*
„
Ol
(
^o^sljtf-t and^»ftljcfrt the
Rem. Accusatives * w.
J
»
^ Oft
J
t~-
-
»t
Arabs usually write^Cj^' and^&jljLftl).
like
l^
and l^J? are often written, though
[See below, §§ 131 seq.] 3
D
Part First.
18
O/
A
\\>j
for
and Orthoepy.
;
and in old Mss. we
find such instances
Z\}j.
Frequently in the middle of words, after the letters of pro-
(b)
3 and
longation to,
oi
*
or after a consonant with gezma, e.g. o, *Zo* j 9io, iiQs 9 -
^, j
*
0^34 for oL5^, jit£ for ^otjj,
for SjjjjU,
On^^ for ,
which words must always be
pronounced makrit'atun, hati'atun, rn'usun.
a following
for
Hemza between
or &Lla»., ^^jj for ^Hji; or ^hj^j
.
J-~j
StjjJLo
however, more frequently, though improperly, placed
is,
over the letter of prolongation 3 ;kri
^
and damma before the
after kesra
.
After a consonant with gezma, which is connected with letter, hemza and its vowel may be placed above the J/Of
C
17
[§
i
contrary to rule, Lw, l*J* as
B
— Orthography
3 c
oi
connecting line; as J£*t, for JU»t.
Rem.
6.
A
hemza preceded by u or
i,
and followed by a or s
may
be changed into pure
o£jOx ;
diphthong
o„
0^
for A^o,
^eU
may
^;
—
as
j
0>^
£ j
f° r
O^^v
Jtj-"' for 1,
likewise be changed into Ow->0*0^ J0x
3
If preceded
a,
^ j
by u or
for ^oU).
the hemza
ai,
j or 0^
or the or 5
^, ->
«
*•
1 1 whatever be the following vowel; as djjJLo for SjjjjU, from S^a-o; 1
j
ltv
5
for
5^
D
W*
l^'
t~A —
1»
from
\^ hh ;
for **o*>
from
*^;
^y
for
^15*1
*0s
f° r
If the
hemza has gezma,
power and] be changed into the
it may [lose its consonantal letter of prolongation that is homo-
geneous with the preceding vowel, as JLtj for JLjj, J3J for 9 j-o
for^;
necessarily so,
hemza, as ^>ott or is
^\,
if
the preceding consonant be an
J^/f, £,1^, for
,>*1t,
^t,
£lif
oUJ].
J>^J,
with [This
called Sj-©^' u^^ft^-7]
Rem.
c. The name j^tj or ^i\y David, but must always be pronounced Da'udu.
is
often written
^\y
Other Orthographic Signs.
III.
§ 19]
When
19
Wasla.
D.
18.
D. Wasla.
the vowels with hemza
I
(t
commencement
at the
I),
of
A
a word, are absorbed by the final vowel of the preceding word, the elision of the spiritus lenis is marked by the sign - written over the ,
O
and
Slif,
x
5x
x
^
&L03, or 2X& (see
called J*&3, or
x 0*» J'O x
x bi l
juc abdu
e.g. s2)X(J\
Rem.
j
&o\
§ 4,
or rather,
i.e.
union;
x x 6*>
juc abdu M-mUiM; dU^l
ois
j
c-ol;
oe-s
C*jt* raeitu 'ibnaka.
f seems to be an abbreviation of
a.
rem. a),
x c
'l-meliki for *iU«Jt
x x o
raeitu 'bnaka for
3
the word
&Ho
yo
© x Ox in J*.o$ or 4JL0
;
In the oldest Mss. of the B Kor'an the wasl is indicated by a stroke (usually red), which sometimes varies in position, according to the preceding vowel. In ancient MagribI Mss. the stroke is used, with a point to indicate the it
is
itself.
original vowel of the elided £lif; e.g., |x X
.
i.
Sj-o*Jt~,
rr
I
e.
Hence even
S^-j&JI.
L instead
J-
,
«i, i.e. a&I;
j£j&
X Ox
t
of the usual
modern African Mss. we
in
find
I.
sbs.
Rem.
Though we have written
b.
in the above examples ^JUL^I ""
"*
"«
and ^wt, yet the student must not forget that the more correct C x «x
orthography I-
is
*£U*Jt
19.
_ x
and
See
*2Jlut.
x x
•
£
With
father of
the
t
a,
and
With the
and
J
J
I
;
as
xj^'
)i
^
of the Imperatives of the
t
>
x
J 13
d.
jt
x Ox fr> r
Jij$ yA,
the
\
form of the
he said, listen; JJJ3I
x x
J 13
for
x x
J 13,
(c)
he said,
With
kill.
the
J
of the Perfect Active, Imperative, and
actionis of the seventh
and
and the
I
x x x 0>O x J
of the Perfect Passive in the
xxxOxJ for jbj^j]
^.a,
he
was put
^t^ii'Njt
f
to flight
j\ ju5^t
;
^
j »*C«*fj L
J
I
£/#
;& downfall
x
for
;
e.g. j*jir>\
OJOJx
JU*S* 'J»
«w^
>*
^
/Ww^f a£>& (to do something)
X ,
same forms
OJOAJx
x
was appointed governor ; *>*>
Nomen
the following forms of the verb (see
all
£
§ 35),
X
rem.
§ 19,
the we~zir.
regular verb; as *-n~>\
J^3t
'OiO
s
of the article
x b>o
OiOj
rem.
This elision takes place in the following cases.
(a)
(b)
§ 15,
x
or extinction.
;
D
Part
20
A
With the
(d)
First.
t
*
and Orthoepy.
of the following eight nouns
930
,>M, and
— Orthography
:
9'*
9*0
^J\*
or
^j\, a
son.
\
classical
0*0*
S\j+)\. J Oi
Rem.
The hemza
b.
asseverative particle
of j>^-»l,
also elided after the
is
oatfAs,
J, and occasionally
after the prepositions *.© Jj
m
and
^>-«
% GW Hi
aJUI
^,>*-J,
Rem.
omitting the
J
OA>x
also write
t
altogether, or,
a contracted form,
in
In the above words and forms, the vowel with hemza weakened through constant use (as
c.
in part original, but has been 9 3 oi
*
and
in the article, is
J
^>oJ*^
JO*
Hi AS
is
we may
by the oaths of God), for which
(lit.
AS
aJUl
J J Ox
A?
C
(which then takes fetha instead of gezma); as
in ^>*-jl after J); in part merely prosthetic, that to say, prefixed for the sake of euphony to words beginning with
a vowelless consonant, and consequently it vanishes as soon as a vowel precedes it, because it is then no longer necessary.
Rem.
It
d.
is
naturally an absurd error to write
ning of a sentence instead of 3
I
of J)
aSi
with hemza, as
* Ot
The Arabs themselves never do
81if is
an
elif conjunctionis (see rem. /),
and express only its accompanying vowel, as rem. a, and § 18, rem. b. Rem.
e.
In more modern Arabic the
junctionis (see rem. jl^l5N)l, *
9
at the begin-
aSS
* Ota
jl©aJI instead
' '
»x»aJI.
that the
elif
t
j o
I
/)
is
so,
but, to indicate
they omit the hemza
.\ but the gramma^,^0-MvNjt J^,^r^\^AJ\ ' * S x x x £ x
nans brand
£
fe
this as Ji*.\*
v
>aJ 5
w^*Jt
jt>*b£> yjs. s-Jj^--
Other Orthographic Signs.
III.
20]
Rem.
f
The
Jmo^JI, iK/" or
which takes wasla
elif
hemza
is
D.
called
Wasla.
»JUI or Sj^Jb
J*a^t
conjunctionis, the connective elif
21
A
the opposite
;
being sJgJUl oUI, elif sejunctionis or separationis, the disjunctive
elif.
20.
The elif conjunctionis may be preceded either by a short a To vowel, long vowel, a diphthong, or a consonant with gezma. these different cases the following rules apply.
A
(a)
vowel
short vowel simply absorbs the elif conjunctionis with
;
A
(b)
down
#\
'abib
its
B
c.
long vowel
the rule laid jj>j^\
and
see § 19, b
shortened
is
in
§25;
e.g.
according to
pronunciation,
^UJI ^3 ft
among men;
'n-nasi,
father of the wezir, for ft and 'abu.
the
'l-wiziri,
in
This abbreviation of the naturally long vowel is retained even when the lam of the article no longer closes the syllable containing that vowel, but begins the next syllable, in consequence of the elision of a following elif (either according to § 19 or
Hence gtj£^t ^3, in e
tjuJi; u*f$l
«? (f° r
an
^
;
and
elif conjunctionis.
elif
^^t )^o*J my
as
pronounced
w^,
letter),
as
as
u«jJi
J*Wi.
license).
if
written
J^*^M
;
In the
The
3$
first
suffixes of the 1st pers. sing.,
article the older
^_
forms
grace which, J^t^cJt ^jUbt guide
way, instead of .JJt *^
mustafdu
'l-meliki, s
O
L5"***"*
'lldhi,
silent elif (§ 7, rem. a)
Q
conjunctionis; in the other two
assume before the
^, may
e.g.
an
weak
by poetic
but has been changed for the sake of the
elif separationis,
metre into an
^_
is
I
is
£fo
l^)9)i wpow
of these examples the it is
beginning,
subject to change (a
J^U^t),
(for
•
the
in
the eyes of the king, for
w
s^scw
the elect
'l-kauma, fear
of God,
the
people;
for
J
— Orthography
xx
and Orthoepy.
[§
20
w
thong, as SjUw-aJI \y*j ramdu 'l-hi§drata, they threw the stones ; x0£
j^^o MohammMuni
mani l-kadddbu;
'n-nWiyu;
verbal forms like
xxx
v~k*.\, as^ejjJt cJJCs katalati Ox Ox Ox
^Sj, x
D
ji"
x
J
^j
J jOt
«*
All other words ending in a consonant with
x xx
x
as \jy*>\&\ ^£>\ ye are
;
before the article, but in other cases kfera
djj\. viz.
J
J
j
contracted for Ju*.
it is
!
their,
the case with Jco, since, from, which time forth, j
because
them
^A
pers. plur. masc. Perf. x
take
and
'r-Rumu; and
particles,
I
sjs., ^j\,
Rem.
a.
Jj, jS, J*, ,>£),
etc.
In certain cases where
rem. b) the wasl
may be made
^
becomes ^tb
either with
damma
(see § 1 85,
or kesra,
^A
or^A. Rem. b. If the vowel of a prosthetic elif be damma, the wasl is sometimes effected by throwing it back upon the preceding vowelless i
consonant or » b-o
^3J&>\
Rem. is
tenwm
OJO^Jxxx J^ /T^* CJUj
as tjjiaST jj, for IjjjkTt Ji, instead of
j
3
J
c.
The
final
J J 0«» ;
x
x
t^J^.>t ^o^L*
£ of
}
seldmunu dhulu.
the second Energetic of verbs (see § 97) by the preceding fetha ; as
rejected, so that the wasl is effected
-
Other Orthographic Signs.
III.
§21] sO*°
D.
Wasla.
23
s
&Jj\ w^-*aj
la tadriba 'bnaka,
*$
and not
siitot
^jjjJsJ
*$ la
tadribani
A
'bnaka.
21.
t
(a)
^
m
altogether omitted in the following cases.
is
In the solemn introductory formula
