Alif Baa with DVDs: Introduction to Arabic Letters and Sounds [2 ed.] 1589011023, 9781589011021 [PDF]

Citation preview

‫الف نساء‬



‫مدخل الى‬



‫حروف العربية وأصواتها‬ ‫الطبعة الثانية‬ ‫‏‬DVD ‫مع أقراص‬



WAs ra



MSY Wa NZ AW AW 7



‫م‬



Alif Baa‫‏‬ with DVDs‫‏‬ 1



Introduction to Arabic Letters and Sounds



.



BaF



$s 1 ee



or 6



a



Second Edition



‫محمود البطل‬



‎‫عباس التونسى‬ Kristen Brustad



~



Mahmoud



Al-Batal



‫كرستكن بروستاد‬ Abbas Al-Tonsi



ALIF BAA WITH DVDs



INTRODUCTION TO ARABIC LETTERS AND SOUNDS Second Edition



‎‫ألف ياء‬ ‫مدخل الى‬



‫حروف العريية وأصواتها‬ ‫الطبعة الثانية‬ ‫‏‬DVD ‫مع أقراص‬



Kristen Brustad



‫‏‬lieg ‫عباس‬



Mahmoud Al-Batal



‫محمود البطل‬



Abbas Al-Tonsi



‫كرسن بروستاد‬



Georgetown University /‫”عودر‬1‎ Washington D.C.



Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2022 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation



https ://archive.org/details/alifoaawithdvdsi0000brus



(a



‎‫ا‬



ORY? aes {\,



ye



all co



TABLE OF CONTENTS Page



To the: Student 5.sicssccsosernccosvenpsosevenceseccsernstomensssonsscndencduascecseseaterserss



Preface:



8‫ب‬‎



To



Vii



ix



Acknowledgments scsssiinesssdsstioensserouenmsenrendestunnmseaanpanaideontvedrtveneeondratiensarntrdas



xi



06 Introduction: The Arabic Alphabet 0.06.0‫م‬666‎ ‫ممممممممممممم‬



1



Unit One: ‫ىلوألا‬‎ ‫ةدحولا‬



9



sstvtckecea Sevccncouantriecsnsaesessupaseccog taspeuracarents diac gectmetoed" -tarneted 9



١



7



‫ب‬



70000



‫معن‬



1# 1 [1 [10 2‫ز‬1‫ز ذ‬1#[ ‫[ز‬#‫[ز‬



oa



5A LTT RRO



‫و‬



2111



‫يي‬



‫ا‬ [[‫[ز‬



‫اب‬‎



1111 1



HeeBIN ‫كا‬‎



OD



0000



31



‫ا‬‎ ‫ول‬



‫ا‬



‫اال‬



‫ز ز ز [‏‬



‫وع‬



‫ار‬



2 ‫ ز ز‬2 ‫ ز‬2 2 2 2 2 222 ‫ز‬2 2 2 2 2 2 2



‫‏‬NIC 1 ‫ار‬



1



22101



ncnerec tee ttce



-



IU (KASTA) S



‫ا‬‎



NV.OCADUL



0



‫ا وك و‬



2



‫ا‬



evga



er



A



15



‫اللا‬



81



0 500100000



02



‫‏‬12



one te hee cares ete cen ‫ا‬



22



mat eee eee



23



#111‫ة‬#1#‫ذ‬1‎



‫‏‬ciparA



‫ار‬ 0‫ساتم‬



‫ان‬



‫و‬



25



3317[#1[‫ذأ‬3‫أ‬13#13 1000



26



‫ ا‬1



‫‏‬62



1



‫ب‬



‫ب ل‬



ee



‫ةيناثلا‬‎ ‫ةدحولا‬



28



@



TEEN Ga TVR RE



6



FAG er ai is



8



Lr



4



EL STL TRE 00



‫و‬



61160



‫ا‬



‫ا‬



‫ا‬



REPRE 00 een



#1112“



‫الا‬



PP AIGROGONE. ig GS ‫ل‬‎



040 ‫ل‬0000



‫ي‬



17‫‏‬



‫ال‬



‫ وم ور صو اروك كاد العام الس‬Lea



600011: ‫ال‬‎



Unit Two:



11



tavecnes ay tea teraseesescnermaatrte



7072



525‫ظشظ‬00060



10111111



7



‫ءئءئ‬22ع‬



AND CIRCLE THE LETTER OF THE WORD THAT CONTAINS



St rT TT



LISTENING EXERCISE 6. RECOGNITION OF ‫ث‬‎ , ,3



‫»ععع‬ ‫ت»ن‬ ‫بن‬



DyD



‫ ض‬, AND & . LISTEN TO THESE WORDS TO REVIEW THESE SOUNDS:



ca)



(b) ‎‫ضابط‬



(c) cols



ge



EY RAR



(b) jaa



(c)



3.



alley)



Oye



(c)



nek



Dritt 8. YOu WILL HEAR TEN worps.



1



For EACH, CIRCLE THE SOUND YOU HEAR;



‫ل‬



6. 7.



‫احدصصي‬



‫ظ‬‎ :



ob‫‏‬ bob



pip 7a



stey/mis



DHaa This letter represents the emphatic counterpart of 3. Place your tongue in the same position as you did for ‫طر‬‎ and try to say 3. The tip of your tongue should be between your teeth, but the rest of your tongue should remain in the same position as for ‫طر‬‎ low in the mouth.



Remember:



4 is an emphatic sound that deepens the quality of surrounding vowels. Go to the alphabet chart on your DVD and watch and listen to 3 and & . LisTENING Exercise 4,



2D



LisTEN TO THE WORDS ON DVD ann REPEAT, WITH ATTENTION TO VOWEL QUALITY. 5 ‎‫ظطهو‬



bs



EER) 3



‫ملاظ‬‎



ok 2 ul



‫ ظ‬is a connector and is written like‫ ط ‏‬in all positions, with the addition of one dot‫‏‬ above the body. Watch the DVD and follow the arrows to write independent & : ® 5 ٠



®



AS >)



When writing initial and medial & , do not stop to “cross” and dot & until you have



finished writing the skeleton of the word. Copy the name of the Arab Emirate, ee Gop 4hi



as shown:



e700



+



Y/Y Z



anf



8 Cayn



We now come to one of the most distinctive sounds in Arabic: ¢ . When pronounced correctly, ‫ع‬‎ has its own unique beauty and can be a very expressive sound. The degree to



which ¢ is emphasized differs slightly from one dialect area to another; in the Gulf and some areas of North Africa, it is pronounced with a greater constricting of the muscles and has a more powerful sound.



It is not difficult to pronounce, but you need to exercise your



throat muscles, the same ones that you use to pronounce ¢ . You should still be doing the



exercises you learned above for ¢ , in which you constrict your throat muscles as if you were blocking off the air passage from the inside. throat.



You can feel this by putting your hand on your



Say tay and feel the muscles contract.



Now pronounce the same sound and voice it,



that is, instead of a breathy sound, make a deep, throaty sound.



Keep your hand on your



throat so that you can feel your muscles contracting. Also, if you bend your head down so that your chin rests on your chest, you will be able to feel and hear what you are doing more easily. Use the alphabet chart to listen and watch the pronunciation of ¢ . LIisTENING ExeRcIsE 7.



2



LISTEN TO AND READ ALOUD THE WORDS CONTAINING 2 IN VARIOUS POSITIONS. 2



‫عد‬



o-



‫ىعر‬



-



‫ةعاس‬



‫لوعي‬



o-



‫داع‬



ee



Cad



Gnome‫‏‬



”



It is helpful to put your hand to your throat so that you can feel the muscles contract every time you say ¢ for the next few weeks, until you are accustomed to the sound.



‫ ع‬is a very important sound in Arabic, and you must learn to say it properly in order to be‫‏‬ understood. The more you practice now, the sooner ¢ will become natural for you.



Writinc 22



‫ علك‬a connecting letter whose shape varies somewhat depending on its position.‫‏‬ Watch Ustaadh El-Shinnawi as he writes the various shapes of this letter and imitate his



motions. In independent and initial positions, the common element is a c-shape that rests on the line. As an independent letter, it takes a tail, when connected to a following letter, it



aie



Driit



9.



DD



READ THE WORDS ALOUD WITH THE DVD, PAYING ATTENTION TO ‫ثر‬‎ , 3, AND ‫ظ‬‎ :



1



(a)



(b)



2



(a)



(b)



‎‫لسك‬ 4. Dritt



(a)



10.



(b)



() () ‎‫إن‬



ib ple aR



(b)



Gq



aties



1



‫ذباب‬



Bw



LisTEN TO THE WORDS



AND



WRITE THE LETTER YOU HEAR IN THE BLANK:



‎‫هجوب‬



t



105111: 11.



22



11160



Dri. 12.



QO



READ THE FOLLOWING



PAIRS OF NOUNS



ALOUD.



WHAT



CAN YOU GUESS ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP



WORDS IN EACH PAIR? °



t



wl jal a



1



‫بزح‬‎



é



‎‫أسنسائدة‬



‫حارات‬



‫حارة‬



‫‏‬yj



‫اك‬



af



BETWEEN THE



In final position, ‫عم‬‎ reassumes its tail. Practice by copying ‫عب‬‎ ‫( رأ‬four):



,



Z tes



a



5



LISTENING ExeRcISE 8. 2 LISTEN TO THE FOLLOWING



PAIRS OF WORDS



AND 5 .



¢ IS A SOUND



REMEMBER



PRONOUNCING



THAT



¢ , AND PUT YOUR HAND



Sue



ba €



528



‫ رطع‬/ ‫رطأ‬ Driit 13.



AND



YOU PRODUCE



ON YOUR THROAT -¢



WHEN



TO THE PRONUNCIATION



WITHOUT



PRONOUNCING 5



S AY UH-OH BEFORE



CG ٠.



6 66° Practice writing the shape of medial— :



Now copy ‫ديعب‬‎ (far):



Pay] we



Writinc 22



& is a connector and has the same shapes as ,‫ع‬‎ except that it takes a single dot



above. Watch the DVD and copy independent ‫غ‬‎ as shown:



@ ‎‫ل‬



Now write ‫غاص‬‎ (piaster, an Egyptian coin):



Initial ‎‫ غ‬connects to a following letter as shown. Practice writing and pronouncing the word ae (stupid). Do not stop to dot until you have finished writing the entire word: wg



ste



© ٠



GS



‫عدم‬



Medial ‎‫ ف‬is written just like medial . Copy and pronounce ‫دادغب‬‎ :



«7g



(2)



Druitt 15.



ND



LIsTEN TO THE WORDS ON DVD



anp WRITE THE LETTER YOU HEAR IN THE BLANK:



ae 2



‫داك‬



RE)‫‏‬ ‫ر‬



5



Shee 105111 16.



‫حت‬ ‫ودي‬



Te



ees in



‫ل‬



‫‏‬000



QO



DicraTION.



ghayn This letter is pronounced like a voiced ¢ . Think of the correspondence between the sounds k (kite) and g (game): k is unvoiced and g is voiced. Pronounce k and g several times, paying attention to how your voice changes when you say g. Now say ¢ several



times, then voice it. Alternatively, you may think of ‫غ‬‎ as similar to the sound you make when gargling. Gargle for a minute and pay attention to the muscles that you use. ¢ is pronounced using these same muscles in similar fashion. Use the alphabet chart to watch and listen to ‫غر‬‎ and practice until you can say it easily.



LISTENING EXERCISE 9.



2



LISTEN TO AND READ ALOUD THE WORDS ‫و‬



‫غربة‬



-



‫تبغ‬ 3



CONTAINING



a IN VARIOUS POSITIONS.



‫طاغي‬



‫صغير‬



02



meee



‫بغدالن‬



1



Dritt



20.



CONNECT THE LETTERS TO FORM WORDS



AND



SOUND THEM OUT. -



=$+c+Il+



1



‫نادل‬‎ ‫نص‬



.8



-



9



2



4



ot ‫‏ غ‬s ‫دى‬t ‫ر‬+i ‫‏‬tl



2



St



Bo



1+ 3 ‫اطق‬¢



‫عع‬



- ‫ن‬+ ‫ى‬+ ‫ع‬+ ‫ب‬



01.



- | + ‫ي‬+ |+ b+‫ش ‏‬



- 3+ ‫ى‬+ ‫ص‬+ ‫ م‬tuot



‫‏‬eT



- ‫ى‬+ ‫ ح‬+ | + ‫ و‬+ ‫ض‬



tp ttt



12.



= +‫ر‬‎ +‫ غ ي‬+ +‫ت ص‬



13.



=yetyettte



0



6.



- +‫ى‬‎ ‫ند‬+ +‫ و‬+‫ط ر‬



7



=Qaetitj tote



101111 21.



°



+!



°



wot



1.



wos



‫برج‬‎



‫بره‬



2



=



‫س‬‎ ‫رد‬



JJ



cu?



3



‫حّبسأ‬‎



gobi



‫عبصإ‬‎



‫حّبصأ‬



4



‫عاذ‬‎



‫عاص‬



‫عاض‬



‫عاش‬



5



‫ريغص‬‎



‫الل‬



Sete



‫نر‬‎



3



4



34



4



7/



jam



‫رصح‬‎



9



‫ربغ‬‎



cms



So



Dritt 22.



3



‫رظح‬



oa



5



‫ربع‬‎



2



DicratTION.



1



6.



2



7



3



8.



4,



9



5



10. = BI--



4



+ ‫ر‬+‫س‬‎ =e



14.



YOU HEAR IN EACH ROW:



CIRCLE THE WORD



2



‫ع‬‎



2



YOU WILL HEAR NINE WORDS.



(a



°



31



= ‫ هل‬testeste



‫رضح‬



‫تا‬‎



‫ربا‬



Z



Final ‎‫ غ‬assumes the long tail. Practice by copying and saying ‫غبت‬‎ (tobacco): ٠



60



© pe



© _y,



LisTENING Exercise 10.



22



LISTEN TO AND REPEAT THESE WORDS ‫الى‬



3



5



-



2016



‎‫تخض‬/ pot



105111 17.



CONTRASTING ve



8



CF



THE SOUNDS



ce



2 AND



wr)



cat gy fut pale



5



G : 5



5



-



‫ضخ‬‎ / ‫ضغ‬



22



You WILL HEAR NINE WORDS.



CIRCLE THE LETTER CORRESPONDING



TO THE SOUND



YOU HEAR:



pet



t



ae



EG



1



eG



22-6



8



Jie



2



8



5



é



6.20



‫ْغ‬



hie



che Driit 18.



75



a / ‫بيغي‬‎



te



‫خخ‬‎



a



22



READ THESE PAIRS OF WORDS ALOUD WITH THE DVD, wiTH ATTENTION TO & AND ‫خف‬‎



eee



6. (a) sy



(b) ‫ةوغَر‬‎



rage



7 )6( 055



0



3. (a) cps



(b) ‫يريغ‬‎



8. (a) bss



(b) bas



4 (a) cas



(b)



cas



5. (a)



‫ا‬‎



Ue



Rey)



(hal



ml Earns thd(1



Drit 19.



9 (a) bese (b) 10. (a) ‫ريضخ‬‎



ON DVD



AnD WRITE THE LETTER YOU HEAR IN THE BLANK:



a



ihe Ripe ‫فهل‬‎



by agar



pata



aa es



8 ‫ةلطاتححح‬‎



‫رص عريس‬



602



‫هوا‬



Biman



‫ند‬‎



oie



(b) ‫َرْيَضَع‬‎



2



LISTEN TO THE WORDS



axes



oe,



7



VOCABULARY



&D nasaod



Go To your DVD To LIsTEN TO AND LEARN THESE WORDS (THEY INCLUDE WATCH/CLOCK, STREET, TEACHER/PROFESSOR, Mr., Mrs., FRIEND(S), CAR, ARAB, HAPPY, AND WIDE/SPACIOUS):



LIsTEN TO AND LEARN THESE ADJECTIVES:



oe ‫ةبعص‬‎ / ‫بعص‬



DIFFICULT, HARD



y daik



GOOD, KIND (OF PEOPLE), GOOD, TASTY (OF FOOD)



ASTONISHING, STRANGE



eee



STRANGE, ODD



y / ‫بيط‬‎



eae



‫هكشرع‬‎ 4



105111 MAtTCH THE WORDS YOU LEARNED WITH THE PICTURES:



/7



=



>



‫رة‬/‫جوعان‬



‫رة‬//‫تعبان‬



‎‫رة‬/‫زعلا ن‬



‫رة‬/‫خلصان‬



‫رة‬/‫مريض‬



‫رة‬/‫عطشان‬



Dritt 12. MatcuH



THE WORDS



YOU



LEARNED



WITH



THESE



PICTURES,



AND



DESCRIBE



|



THEM



USING



ADJECTIVES.



10110. Use THE



VOCABULARY



THINK ABOUT GENDER



YOU



HAVE LEARNED



SO FAR TO DESCRIBE



THINGS



WITH



‫اذه‬‎ AND



‫هذه‬‎



.



REMEMBER



TO



AGREEMENT.



This is a spacious room.



‫ةعساو‬‎ ‫هذه ةفرغ‬



This is good tea!



‫ل‬‎ ‫اذه ىاش‬



Drit 11. Wiat FROM



Is BEING



ADVERTISED



ENGLISH THAT



YOU CAN



THINK OF THE EMPHATIC



HERE?



SKIM THROUGH



SOUND



OUT.



WHICH



THE FOLLOWING WORDS



LETTERS THAT DO NOT REPRESENT



ane



CAN YOU



AD AND ELIMINATE



LOOK



FOR WORDS



AS BEING



BORROWED



ARABIC?



(Hint:



ENGLISH SOUNDS.)



509 ‫عئاضي‬‎ 5 )»/‫ل‬ ‫م يد‬ ‫ع جد‬ : ‫ت‬ ‫سحات‬ ‫متو‬ ‫)س‬



Ors ‫نْ معلوم‬ ‎‫ات‬.‫ضر‬ :‫الررضال‬٠ BOVE ‫صص‬.‫ب‬‎7151172 ‫ سكاف‬TOV 27/14/1 3791: ‫دبع‬‎ Arasic SIGNS 2 Reap THE ARABIC SIGNS ON DVD wiTH YOUR TEACHER AND SOUND OUT THE WORDS AND NAMES.



VoOcaBULARY



QD



‫ازيك؟‬‎



BEFORE WATCHING THE DVD, sTUDY AND LEARN THESE PRONOUNS:



516 ‎‫هى‬



he ‎‫هو‬



you (fem.) ‫تنأ‬‎



‫اليا‬



- 128-



you (masc.) ‫تنأ‬‎



I ‫انأ‬‎



‫الوحدة التاسعه‬ UNIT NINE‫‏‬



In this unit you will learn the final spelling of alif, which occurs only at the end of a word, and more about writing the consonant



‫ةزمه‬‎ .



‫مقصورة‬



‫ألف‬



Alif magSuura, also called ‫ءابلا‬‎ ‫ ةروصب‬Wali, alif in the shape of yaa’, is a variant spelling of alif that can only occur at the end of a word. This shape of alif is a spelling convention that dates back to the writing of the Qur’an. It is pronounced just like the regular alif. When the long vowel alif occurs at the end of a word, it is often spelled with



alif maqSuura (for example, several prepositions and commonly used verbs contain this spelling). Foreign (non-Arabic) words and names are not usually spelled with alif maqSuura. LisTENING ExercisE1.



22



LIsTEN TO THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES OF WORDS ENDING IN ‫ةروصقم‬‎ ‫ فلأ‬AND REPEAT: ww f



Writinc 2D



‫ ى‬is a connector, and since it only occurs in final position, it has only the two‫‏‬ shapes you see above. It is written exactly like final ‫ى‬‎ , except that it has no dots. In other words, final ‫ي‬‎ and ‫ى‬‎ are distinguished by the two dots of the ‫ىر‬‎ except in Egypt, where both are usually written without dots. Watch Ustaaz El-Shinnawi write this letter on your



- 131-



DIALOGUES



2



Watcu Scene 10 ‫ولآ‬‎ ‫ محم‬Scene 11 ‫!كتمالس‬‎ WITH YOUR TEACHER.



CULTURE



‎!‫سلامتك‬ The expression ‫كتمالس‬‎ (to a male) and ‫!كتمالس‬‎ (to a female) is roughly equivalent to I hope you feel better! or Get well soon! to someone who is ailing. If you are the one who is ailing, ‫!كتمالس‬‎ , and you should reply: le ‫هللا‬‎ (-ak to a male and -ik to a female).



The colloquial expression « gla—s » (also spelled ies ames) has a wide range of usages.



It is used to say never mind, don’t worry about it, it doesn't matter, in some cases, to



say is it okay (if I...)?, and, finally, to console or calm someone who is upset or angry. Some kinds of behavior that many Americans may see as interfering or speaking out of turn are quite acceptable in Arab culture. For example, when a person sees that someone is upset, he or she will probably try to find out what the problem is, and say ‫شهلعم‬‎ —even if he or she does not know the person well.



- 130-



—"



Sue Cali word What happens when ‫ةزمه‬‎ is followed by the long vowel alif? The Arabic tion al-Qur’aan is one word that contains the consonant ‫ةزمه‬‎ followed by an alif. This combina can occur at the beginning or in the middle of a word, and in each case it is spelled in the



same way, with a symbol that means ‫”ةزمه‬‎ plus long vowel alif.” This symbol, shown in the box above, is called madda, Peis , which means lengthening. and when it does, the combination



is called alif madda,



$1.



It can only occur on alif, cadi



The alif madda



.



represents the combination of either ‫أ‬‎ + ‫ أ‬or | + ‫أ‬‎ and is always pronounced as ‫ةزمه‬‎ followed by long vowel alif. These two combinations are never written separately, for the same historical reason that ‫ةزمه‬‎ is written on different seats: when Arabic was first written, ‫ةزمه‬‎ was not yet a part of the script. The symbols for ‫ةزمه‬‎ and ‫ةدم‬‎ were added to the alphabet later with the other extra-alphabetical markings. Remember: Like medial and final ,‫ةزمهر‬‎ the 31. sign must be written wherever it occurs.



LisTENING Exercisr 2. LISTEN TO WORDS



‫مرآة‬



22



CONTAINING



‫الآن‬



ALIF MADDA



AND



REPEAT; ‫بر‬



‫‏‬ska



io lw



‫آن‬



‫آمين‬



‫سر‬



~



‫سم‬



The 34 sign written above the ‫فلا‬‎ is written as a slightly wavy line just above it. Copy the example:



5



‫ا‬



- 133-



©2



||



DVD and copy the example:



ASS Copy and read aloud the following female names that end in ¢¢ : 2.



4;



o



Dri 1.



LEARN THE PREPOSITIONS ‫ىلإ‬‎ TO (AS IN GOING TO/MOTION TOWARDS) AND ‫ىلع‬‎ (ON TOP OF) AND COMPLETE: A. NAME FIVE PLACES YOU GO TO EVERY DAY:



I go to



oll asl



Examrte: B.



‫ىلإ الجامعة‬‎ ‫بهذأ‬



PLace OBJECTS YOU CAN NAME ON TOP OF EACH OTHER AND DESCRIBE.



‫‏‬:ELPMAXE ‫الكتاب على الطاولة‬



‫الهمزة‬ More asout HaMza Thus far, you have learned to write ‫ةزمه‬‎ on an alif at the beginning of a word, and you have seen that it can be written by itself in the middle or at the end of a word. Here we present three other ways to write ‫ةزمه‬‎ . At the beginning of the word,



‫ةزمه‬‎ is always



for the writing of written on alif no matter what vowel sound follows it. Elsewhere, rules



‫ ةزمه‬depend on the vowels surrounding it.‫‏‬



- 132-



Now practice writing and reading 4 by copying and sounding out these words:



‫شاطئ‬



‫قبايئل‬



‫طائرات‬



‫سئل‬



‫رئيس‬



‫همزة على كرسي الواو‬ When neither kasra nor 065‫م‬6‫ء‬12‫ىم‬‎ or follows hamza, if there is instead a ‫ةمض‬‎ or long vowel ‫ىر‬‎ the hamza is written ona 4 seat: %. 7



LISTENING ExeRcISE 4. LISTEN



TO



THE FOLLOWING



2 WORDS



CONTAINING



4 AND



REPEAT.



NoTICE



THE



D AMMA



AND/OR



‫ى‬‎ ON



EITHER



SIDE OF IT:



Practice writing and reading %4 by copying and sounding out these words:



‫يوثْر‬ ‫م‬2



‫و‬



‫أصدقاوك‬ 3



‫مؤّلم‬



On‫جمب ‏‬



o,f



‫تفاوّل‬ s‫‏‬



In other cases, that is, when medial ‫ةزمه‬‎ is surrounded by fatHa or alif, it is written on alif, as you learned earlier, except when it follows alif, in which case it rests on the line



and takes no ‫يسرك‬‎ . (You can remember this by noting that Arabic does not allow two alifs to be written together.) You do not need to learn all the rules for writing hamza right away; for now concentrate on recognizing these five seats of hamza when you see them and learning to pronounce and write correctly words containing hamza one by one. = 135 -



Practice writing madda in gl‫رقل‬‎‫(أ‬the Quran) and ‫نآلا‬‎ (now):



‫يااء‬ ‫ايلالو‬ ‫كرس‬/‫وى‬ ‫هَمزة عل‬ When hamza occurs in the middle of a word, it may be written on top of alif, or rest on the line, or it may be written on a seat that has the shape of



or



:‫يد‬‎ % or .‫ىئ‬‎ In this



case, the 4 or ‫يي‬‎does not function as a vowel, but serves as a seat, _ 4 ‫رك‬‎ , for ‫ةزمه‬‎ .



The choice of seat for ‫ةزمه‬‎ is determined by the surrounding vowel sounds. When ‎‫ همزة‬occurs in the middle of a word, it may be preceded or followed by any of the vowel sounds, short or long. As you read the following sections, keep in mind the following ee Ty hierarchy of vowel sounds: ‫ةرسك‬‎ / ‫ ي‬is the strongest vowel sound, followed by ES and in last place, /,‫ةحتف‬‎ ١ ١ The general principle at work here is that ‫ةزمه‬‎ is written on the



‫ ىسرك‬that matches the strongest vowel sound on either side of it.‫‏‬



¢



(Ss ‫و‬



Whenever hamza in the middle of a word is immediately preceded or followed by‫‏‬ a ‎‫ كسرة‬or long vowel ;< (i.e., when the vowel on the hamza is kasra), hamza is written on aye seat: (,or4. Remember: when (¢ serves as a ‫ةزمه‬‎ ‫ رك يس‬, it takes no dots.



LisTENING Exercise 3. 2 LISTEN TO THE



FOLLOWING



IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING



sul sb



yl



WORDS



CONTAINING



OR FOLLOWING



‫تن‬‎



AND



REPEAT.



LOOK



AND



LISTEN



FOR THE



KASRA OR GS



HAMZA.



8 Stier ‫ةلئسا‬‎



«‫ءا‬‎ ‫الكاف‬



ef ‫بئاخ‬



3 ‫ةشئاع‬



AG ‫ةرئاط‬



Dritt 3.



5



CONNECT THE LETTERS TO FORM



WORDS, THEN



YOU HEAR:



THE VOWELS



LISTEN AND WRITE



‫‏‬t | +t ‫اس‬I + ‫ت‬



‫ى‬+



‫ف‬+ ‫و‬+ ‫ر‬+ ‫ظ‬



‫ة‬+ ‫اف‬+ ‫ى‬+ bts,‫‏‬



‫ت‬ |‫ا‬ + ‫دل‬ + ‫ك‬+ + i‫‏‬



‫ة‬+ ‫ ف‬+ +‫ ي‬+ ‫ل‬+ ‫خ‬ ‫‏ دكت‬li



‫و‬



‫حرا‬



‫اك‬ ‫لشي‬ ‫ك‬ Neel‫‏‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ رن‬+ |



+



‫ه‬+ gti‫‏‬



‫‏‬seep ‫ب‬



‫راك‬



‫ب‬+ ‫ ها‬+ ‫ ا‬+‫ ذن‬+‫م‬ e+‫ ط ‏‬+



ot



ltt



SY



ed‫‏‬



| tats‫‏‬



‫ ا‬yenis via‫‏‬



TTT



+‫ا‬



+‫كد لج هد‬



‫الاسام‬



‫ ند‬ty‫‏‬



| + j‫‏‬ ‫احاح‬



‫تانوات ذا بك ينو‬ ‫نا‬



UNS See



rye‫‏‬



B‎‫ د‬+ ‫دل‬+ Cot yet J = 137-



Ea



Sy



VOCABULARY



22



LISTEN TO AND LEARN THESE WORDS



AND EXPRESSIONS:



I have a question.



Mix ‫يدنع‬‎



How do we say..?



GJ sis ‫فيك‬‎



I don’t know.



102111 2.



Papen



2/2



1‎‫عمقكلك‬



YOu WILL HEAR ONE WORD



OF THE THREE IN EACH ROW.



CIRCLE THE ONE YOU HEAR:



‫ذعر‬



‫ران‬



ald



‫‏‬3



0 PG



‫م‬ ils



2 ERE



3 5‫‏‬



‫ثورة‬



‫سورة‬



‫صورة‬



4



‫عرق‬



‫عرك‬



‫عرف‬



3



‫‏‬eliw



‫غائب‬



‫خائب‬



‫ا‬



‫ل‬



Mets



Jolas



3‫‏‬



‫لعش‬



‫لأس‬



‫لعس‬



-A‫‏‬



‫‏‬lll



505



‫لاسن‬



‫ق‬3



‫اع‬



‫‏‬ea



‫سام‬



0



‫)‏‬a



‫صر‬



‫تدر‬



-\\



‫‏‬sni



‫كبس‬



‫قبس‬



“WN‫‏‬



- 136-



‫‪Dri. 6.‬‬ ‫‪IS A LIST OF TOP BUSINESS SCHOOLS.‬‬



‫‪FOLLOWING‬‬



‫‪1. Finn out:‬‬



‫‪(A) WHETHER YOUR SCHOOL IS LISTED AMONG THEM.‬‬ ‫‪(Bs) THE TOP THREE SCHOOLS.‬‬



‫‪(c) THE TOP THREE SCHOOLS IN YOUR GEOGRAPHICAL AREA.‬‬ ‫‪GUESS THE‬‬



‫‪FIND‬‬



‫‪AND‬‬



‫‪UNIVERSITIES,‬‬



‫‪COLLEGES‬‬



‫‪AND‬‬



‫‪AMERICAN‬‬



‫‪FAMOUS‬‬



‫‪ABOUT‬‬



‫‪KNOW‬‬



‫‪YOU‬‬



‫‪WHAT‬‬



‫‪UsING‬‬



‫‪OF THESE WORDS:‬‬



‫)‪ (8 9‬لع عل لظ ل ال له‬



‫‪2.‬‬



‫‪MEANING‬‬



‫(ب) معهد‬



‫‪beta ll‬ةوادار‪Del‎‬‬ ‫‏‪- ١‬‬



‫جامعة هارفارد‬



‫‏‪ -Y‬جامعة ستانفورد‬ ‫‏‪ a‬جامعة ‏‪( Lolitas‬معهد وارتون)‬



‫‪ -4‬جامعة نُورئويسترن (كيلوج‬



‫‪ -4‬معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا (سلون)‬



‫‏‪ -١‬جامعة شتكاجوق‬



‫‏‪ -V‬جامعة ديوك (فوكوا)‬ ‫‪-8‬كلية دارتموث (تك)‪,‬‬ ‫‪ -4‬جامعة فيرجينا (داردن)‬ ‫‏‪-١ ٠‬جامعة‏ ميشيجان‬



‫‪-١‎‬جامعة‬



‫‪00‬‬



‫‏‪-١ Y‬جامعة‏ كورنيل عونا‬



‫‪-١7‬جامعة‏ كار‬



‫‪‎‬ةعماج‪an aaiee 14-‬‬



‫‪-١‎ °‬جامعة ‪‎‬اينروفيلاك ‪a‬‬



‫‪7a‬‬ ‫‪oa‬‬



‫‪-5‬جامعة كاليفورنيا ‪ea3‬‏‬



‫‪0‬‬



‫‪0‬‬ ‫جامعة انديانا‬‫‪-4‬جامعة ‪yJ 53949‬‏ شترن‬ ‫‪-‬جامعة بيردو في انديانا (كرائرت)‬



‫‪-١‬جامعة‏ سوزرن كاليفورنيا‬ ‫‪-‬جامعة بيتسبرج (كاتس)‬



‫جامعة جورجتاون‬‫‪-4‬جامعة ماربلائد‬



‫كوليج ‪ljd‬‏‬



‫‪-6‬جامعة روتشستر (سيمون) في نيويورك‬ ‫من مجلة «المجلّة‪1991 ,‬‬



‫‪Dritt 7.‬‬



‫‪GET A MAP OF YOUR CAMPUS AND LABEL IT IN ARABIC AS MUCH AS YOU CAN TO HELP‬‬ ‫‪ANY A RABIC-SPEAKING‬‬ ‫‪VISITORS TO YOUR SCHOOL.‬‬ ‫‪- 139-‬‬



Dritt 4. READ THE FOLLOWING NAMES OF ARAB AND OTHER Mippie EASTERN COUNTRIES ALOUD, THEN IDENTIFY THEIR LOCATION



ON THE MAP AND WRITE THE NUMBER



THAT CORRESPONDS



TO THE LOCATION



OF EACH.



‫الجزائر‬ ‫العراق‬



ay! 3



‎‫و‬



eer



Te



Dri 5. FIND A COPY OF AN ARABIC NEWSPAPER AS NAMES, AND WRITE OUT TEN. IN THE NEWS.



OR GO ONLINE TO FIND ONE.



THE FRONT PAGE IS A GOOD



Look FOR WORDS YOU RECOGNIZE, SUCH



PLACE TO LOOK



FOR NAMES OF PEOPLE AND PLACES



‫الوحدة العاشرة‬ UNIT TEN‫‏‬



In this unit, you will learn about certain grammatical markers that are used in formal Arabic (not in everyday speech). These markers can occur on the ends of nouns and adjectives. You will hear and see them in formal speech, poetry, sacred texts, and children’s stories and schoolbooks.



Crd fos The word tanwiin, derived from the name of the letter ‫نون‬‎ , refers to the 1 sound in these three endings: = (pronounced in)



=



s



2



(pronounced un)



=



(pronounced an)



2



The n sound is represented in writing by the doubling of the short vowel symbol. In formal Arabic, these endings occur on indefinite nouns and adjectives, and they indicate certain grammatical functions of words in a sentence. Except in very formal situations, such as public addresses, they are rarely used in speaking, and are only written in vowelled texts. They are for the most part superfluous to comprehension, since speech and normal prose rely on other grammatical devices, such as word order, to convey meaning. For the time being, you need not worry about their meanings; you are expected to recognize them simply as “grammatical endings” when you hear them. Note that the % taa marbuuTa is pronounced as ~ before tanwiin, as you will hear in the following exercise.



LISTENING Exercise 1. 2 LISTEN TO THE



FOLLOWING



UN, THE MEANING



WORDS



BEING READ



OF EACH OF THESE WORDS



WITH EACH TANWIIN



REMAINS THE SAME:



- 141-



ENDING.



WHETHER



YOU HEAR AN, IN, OR



A CAR, A MAN, AND A WOMAN.



ARABIC SIGNS



‫ته‬‎



‫ه‬1 READ THE SIGNS ON THE DVD



DiaLocurs



wit



Your TEACHER AND SOUND



OUT AS MANY



WORDS



AS YOU CAN.‫‏‬



22



Wartcu Scene 12 ‫!ةجاح‬‎ ‫ مزال يبرشت‬10153 YOUR TEACHER.



CULTURE: VisitiINc PEOPLE Every culture has its own set of expectations and behaviors involving visiting. In Arab culture, hospitality is a highly prized virtue, and when you visit people at their home or workplace, they will generally insist that you at least have something to drink. The most common items offered are coffee, tea, and soft drinks.



If you are invited for a meal, expect



lots of food, for the hosts will go out of their way to serve you the most lavish meal they can. They will also keep piling food on your plate and insisting that you eat more! When you have had enough to eat, say CH esl) You noticed in the video scene that when the host first offered a drink, the guest



refused.



The initial offer and refusal are somewhat formulaic in Arab culture, and are



basically expressions of politeness on both sides. The guest refuses at first because he or she does not want to put the host out, and to show that he or she has not come just to have something to drink. A guest will often refuse several times before accepting. When you are offered something, it is your responsibility as “offeree” not to impose too greatly. The offerer will go out of his or her way to be generous, but that is not an



invitation for you to take advantage of the hospitality. Likewise, when you are entertaining visitors, remember to fulfill your role as host or hostess by insisting.



- 140-



the usual spelling for final long vowel alif is ‫ى‬‎ . Therefore, when you see an Arabic word



that ends in alif, such as ‫اركش‬‎ or ‫الهأ‬‎ , it is likely that the alif represents ‫حتفلا‬‎ .‫نيونت‬ Remember also that the sound an at the end of a word usually indicates ‫حتفلا‬‎ (4945, and is distinct in form and meaning from the human adjectival ending -‫نا‬‎ that you hear on words like ‫نابعت‬‎ 20‫( ج‬Ju jo. In fully vowelled texts, ‫حتفلا‬‎ ‫ نيونت‬is written as a double fatHa when it occurs on 3 or final ‫ءا‬‎ . When it occurs on other letters, it is written as an alif with a double fatHa,



which can rest either on top of or slightly in front of the alif, depending on the script or font used. Practice writing ‫حتفلا‬‎ ‫ نيونت‬by copying the examples: 4



4



7



2



7



7



2



F



5



A



4



AG



ee?



This symbol is called ‫مضلا‬‎ ‫ نيونت‬and is pronounced un. It represents a certain grammatical ending on indefinite nouns and adjectives. You will see or hear it only in fully vowelled texts and formal speeches. LisTENING EXERCISE 3. 2 6 LISTEN TO THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES OF ‫مضلا‬‎ ‫ نيونت‬AND REPEAT:



‫طالب‬ Writinc



‫‏‬eN‘



‫قلم‬ s



ٌ‫استاذة‬



‫كتاب‬



22



Written ‎‫ تنوين الضم‬sah owt niam ,stnairav htob fo hcihw era ylnommoc desu dna signify the same sound and meaning.



The chart shows, on the right, two Dammas, written close together, and on the left, a Damma with a hooked tail. - 143-



©



‎‫سس‬



This ending, pronounced an, may be found on indefinite nouns and adjectives. Of the three tanwiin endings, it is the only one you will see in unvowelled texts, and the only one used in everyday speech, where it is found on certain expressions. You have already learned several words that end in ead! .‫نيونت‬‎ LISTENING ExeRcISE 2, LIsTEN TO AND 2



Writinc



REPEAT 4



OVO



=P



THESE



7



FAMILIAR 2



WORDS 0



THAT



END



IN ‫حتفل‬‎ | ‫ وقفت ني‬, NOTING ee



-



2



THE



SPELLING:



0



2



2.



DD X



As you can see in the box above, ‫متفلا‬‎ ‫ نيونت‬has two different written forms. The form on the right, a double fatHa, is used on words that end in 3 and ¢I (alif followed by



hamza). The form on the left, in which ‫حتفلا‬‎ ‫ نيونت‬rests on an alif seat, is used in most other cases. Compare the spelling of the words in row A to that of the words in row B:



ple



placate



‫ذات‬‎



‪ EU ya‬؟‬



‫صباح الخير ياسامية ‪.‬‬ ‫صباح النور يا دُكتورة زينب ‪ ,‬ازّيّ حضرتك ؟‬ ‫الحمذ لله ‪A .‬‏ انت ؟‬ ‫}‪. dl eal‬‬



‫‪RUOF‬‏ ‪ENECS‬‬



‫المشهد الرابع‬



‫صباح الخير !‬ ‫ااد‬ ‫مي‬ ‫عخير‬ ‫صباح ال‬



‫‪.‬‬



‫‏‪, ul‬صباح النورياشريف ‪ ,‬ازّيّك؟‬ ‫‏‪ aideal‬كر ‏‪€ Mj,‬‬ ‫كرابخأ ‏)‪G4‬‬ ‫‏‪reall‬هلل‪,‬‬



‫كنف‬ ‫‏‪ataeall, ald‬‬ ‫‏‪veal‬هلل ‏‪١‬‬ ‫‪FOUR‬‬



‫‪UNIT‬‬



‫دهشملا ‪‎‬سماخلا‬



‫‪SCENE FIVE‬‬



‫!‪9203‬‬



‫س‪. ‎‬‬ ‫‪d‬ع‪la‬بيّادكاتور‬ ‫تيفاشضريّفا«وا‪! ‎‬‬ ‫الا‬ ‫أه‬ ‫شكراً ‪ (355 :‬حضرتك ؟‪‎‬‬



‫الحمدلله‪ ,‬ازيّك انت ؟‪‎‬‬ ‫الحمد‬



‫لله‪ .‬إبراهيم « صاحبي ‪ ,‬طالب فىجامعة القاهرة‪‎‬‬



‫‪- 154-‬‬



‫‪SCENE TEN‬‬



‫دهشملا ‪‎‬رشاعلا‬



‫ألو !‬ ‫‪0‬‬



‫طبفي ؟‬ ‫ألو ح«ضرتك الدُكتورة زليت‬



‫لاياافندم» النمرة غلط ‪.‬‬ ‫ارما‬ ‫‪.‬‬



‫امة‬ ‫لمع‬ ‫سهشّ‪,‬‬ ‫لعلي‬ ‫لاا مَ‬



‫‪UNIT EIGHT‬‬



‫المشهد الحادي عشر‬ ‫‪5-5‬‬



‫‪NEVELE‬‏ ‪ENECS‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬



‫سلامتك‬



‫‪"1‬‬ ‫ع‬



‫حك‬



‫الله‬



‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬



‫‪٠‬‏‬



‫‪3‬‬



‫‪٠‬‏‬



‫‪UNIT NINE‬‬



‫المشهد الثانى عشر ‪EVLEWT 2‬‏ ‪ENECS‬‬



‫لازم تشربي حاجة !‬ ‫ماَلعسَتلامة ياأستاذ تامر ‪.‬‬ ‫وار‬ ‫داحكالخي‬ ‫صب‬ ‫تر ي‬



‫عباس ‪.‬‬



‫‪0‬‏ ‪0‬‬



‫‪2‬‬



‫‪y‬‏‬ ‫‪ a‬له‬ ‫‪Weeki‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬



‫‏‪ (Sa‬ري ‏‪Gd ee‬‬ ‫الحمدلله‪ ,‬ازّيّك انت ؟‬ ‫‪-"15/.-‬‬



‫‪UNIT SIX‬‬ ‫‪SCENE EIGHT‬‬



‫دهشملا ‪‎‬نماثلا‬



‫‪Oa sy‬‬ ‫‏‪ Sul‬يا دعاء ‪.)A‬‏ ؟ أخبارك إيه؟‬



‫‪0‬‬



‫‏‪ ai asall, ala‬شلرا‬ ‫‏‪prices‬‬ ‫طب عن إذنك ‪ ,‬عندي فصل ‪.‬‬



‫‪A‬ع‏‬ ‫‪E‬ي‪,‬م‬ ‫‪D‬فضتل‬ ‫‪,‬ت‬ ‫‪ A‬ا‬ ‫‏‪ob‬‬ ‫ايللسهَلمك ‪.‬‬



‫‪UNIT SEVEN‬‬



‫‪SCENE NINE‬‬



‫‪‎‬دهشملا‪=awl f‬‬



‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪‎‬فيرش ‪.‬‬ ‫حابص ريخلا اي‬ ‫صباح النور يا‪ , cela‎‬ازيّك ؟‪‎‬‬



‫الحمد لله ‪ ,‬أخبارك إيه ؟‪‎‬‬



‫تمام ‪ ,‬الحمد لله‪. ‎‬‬ ‫تشرب قهوة ؟‪‎‬‬ ‫‪ ol‬والله‪. ‎‬‬ ‫ا‪‎‬‬ ‫‪°‬‬



‫=‪am oOr‬‬



‫ عرسي‬-‫قاموس إنجليزي‬ English-Arabic Glossary



‫كويسة ‪,‬الحمد لله ‪.‬‬



‫تشربي قهوة ؟‬



‫لك‬ ‫لأ‪ ,‬ولا حاجة ‪.‬‬



‫شاي ولا قهوة ؟‬



‫‪- 158 -‬‬



chicken city class, classroom



clock, watch close, nearby



coffee



Arabic coffee American coffee



cold (adjective: feeling cold)



darling, dear (to a female) darling, dear (to a male)



daughter, girl desk, office



difficult, hard distant, far



doctor (M.D., Ph.D.)



door



drill



easy



Egypt evening examination, test excuse



Peay (reply: bedi We fp ‫ل‬‎ 456 ‫نع كتذإ‬



me



- 161-



address



airplane Algeria and



angry Arab, Arabic



astonishing, strange at, in [location in space and time] automobile, car



beautiful, pretty belonging to, for



big, large book bookstore, library



boy bread



pita bread brother



building bus



but



Ce)



car, automobile



chair - 160-



happy



hard, difficult have:



‫يم‬7‫ج‬



I have



he



hello, hi



‫)‏‬ylper( ‫ أهلاً بك‬- )‫أهلاً (وَسَهلا‬ ‫)‏‬ylper( ‫ وعَلَيْكُمْ السّلام‬- ‫السلام عَلَيكُم‬ )ylper( ‫‏‬.esiug / ً‫ أهلا‬-



homework



Oo,‫‏‬ ‫واجب‬



hot (feeling hot)



house, home



0



053



how ?



‫ح‏ال ؟‬SG‫ل‬/‫ا‬ ‫اريك ؟‬



how are you?



‫ جوعانة‬/ ‫جوعان‬



hungry



Tran Iraq Israel



Jordan



- 163-



exercise, drill



es



exhausted



‎‫ جلمانة‬fisCoals



far, distant



/‫ةدمفا‬‎ ‫سعب‬



fine, good



ants‫وكلا‬‎ 0 9S Oe



five for, belonging to



ol ne



four friend



vig



friends



35‫اه‬‎



Sot



from



‫نم‬‎



‎‫ظ‬



get well soon!



(reply ‫كَمُّلسي‬‎ (‫ هللا‬PAGANBi



girl, daughter



. oy



go: I go to



‫ىلإ‬‎ al



God



‫هللا‬‎



expression used when praising someone



fall ole



God willing



‫هللا‬‎ ‫ءاشرنإ‬



in the name of God



‫هللا‬‎ ‫مسي‬



may God have mercy on him



‫همحري‬‎ ‫هللا‬



there is no god but God



‫هللا‬‎ ‫ال هلإ الإ‬



good, fine



‫ةسيوك‬‎ / ‫سيرك‬



good-hearted (for people) / good, tasty (for food)



bane / sue / el



good evening



(reply) ‫روثلا‬‎ ‫جوزدخلا«وءاسم ءاسم‬



good morning



(reply) ‫روثلا‬‎ ‫حابص ريخلا — حابص‬



good bye



(reply) ‫كمّلَّسي‬‎ ‫ ةمالسلا — هّللا‬a - 162-



neighbor



)‫معلهش (معليش‬



never mind , that's OK



‫دة‬/‫دي‬ ‫جيد‬ ‫جد‬ ‫أخبار‬



new news



nice (of people) nine



‫لا‬



no



ads



notebook



‫رقم‬



number



zero



(+) ‫صفر‬



one



‫(‏‬١) ‫واحد‬



two



‫)‏‬Y( ‫اثنان‬



three



)‫ (؟‬at‫‏‬



four



)4( ‫أربّعة‬



five



)‫خمسة (ه‬



(1) a‫‏‬



six



seven



‫)‏‬V( ‫سبعة‬



eight



‫)‏‬A( ‫ثمانية‬



(1) as‫‏‬



nine



‫(‏‬١٠) ‫عشرة‬



ten



office, desk OK, fine



Oman



Glew



pi



on (top of) one



‫وعد‬ - 165-



kind (person)



ih / oe



know: I know



ee



I don't know



ngs, :



Kuwait



52-0



Cu) large, big



Reece



eck



Lebanon



fee)



lesson



Pex



library, bookstore Libya



man



1k,



CM )



Mauritania



eel



Ws RG



3



aol



ae



rhea



‎‫عد‬



lies ff Miecon



money (feminine)



el



morning



c2



good morning



(reply) 5.55! ‫حابص‬‎ - ‫حابص ريخلا‬



Morocco



- pal!



name



‫مسا‬‎



nearby, close



tt Jk = 1642



sister



small



spacious, wide story



strange, odd street



student Sudan



sugar



Syria



‫طاولة‬



table



‫ طويلة‬/ ‫طويل‬



tall tasty, good (food) tea



‫شاي‬



‫ أسكتازة‬380 ‫أمنخا‬



teacher



telephone test / examination



thank you



(reply ("