Basic Biblical Hebrew [PDF]

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Chapter 1a - Hebrew Alphabet twenty-three consonants Letter



‫א‬ ‫ב‬ ‫ג‬ ‫ד‬ ‫ה‬ ‫ו‬ ‫ז‬ ‫ח‬ ‫ט‬ ‫י‬ ‫כ‬ ‫ל‬ ‫מ‬ ‫נ‬ ‫ס‬ ‫ע‬ ‫פ‬ ‫צ‬ ‫ק‬ ‫ר‬ ‫שׂ‬ ‫שׁ‬ ‫ת‬



Name Alef Bet Gimel Dalet He Waw Zayin Óet Tet Yod Kaf Lamed Mem Nun Samek Ayin Pe Tsade Qof Resh Sin Shin Taw



Pronunciation



Transliteration



silent b as in boy g as in God d as in day h as in hay w as in way z as in Zion ch as in Bach t as in toy y as in yes k as in king l as in lion m as in mother n as in now s as in sin silent p as in pastor ts as in boots k as in king r as in run s as in sin sh as in ship t as in toy



< b g d h w z ˙ † y k l m n s > p ß q r ∞ ¡ t



Chapter 1b - Hebrew Alphabet five final forms Five Hebrew letters have “final” forms. When one of these letters occurs at the end of a word, it is written differently than when it appears at the beginning or in the middle of a word. The changing of a letter’s form, however, does not change its pronunciation or transliteration.



Regular Form



‫כ‬ ‫מ‬ ‫נ‬ ‫פ‬ ‫צ‬



‫א‬



Final Form



Example



‫ך‬ ‫ם‬ ‫ן‬ ‫ף‬ ‫ץ‬



‫דרך‬ ‫עם‬ ‫זקן‬ ‫כסף‬ ‫ארץ‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew



Translit.



Translation



drk



road, way



>m



nation, people



zqn



old man, elder



ksp



money, silver



סֶף‬



‫‪5.‬‬



‫חָצֵר‬



‫עָנָן‬



‫הָמוֹן‬



‫עָפָר‬



‫‪Basics of Biblical Hebrew‬‬ ‫‪© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt‬‬



‫א‬



Chapter 5i - Definite Article summary of forms



ּ‫הַב‬ ּ‫הַב‬



‫ַמלְֶך‬.ֶּ ‫ה‬ ‫יִת‬.ּ‫הַ ַב‬



Gutturals ָ‫ע‬/ָ‫ח‬/ָ‫ה‬



ָ‫ה‬ ‫ַה‬ ‫ֶה‬



‫הָאִישׁ‬ ‫הַהֵיכָל‬ ‫הֶעָנָן‬



Miscellaneous ְ‫מ‬/ְ‫י‬



ַ‫ה‬



‫הַיְלִָדים‬



Basic Form Begadkephat Gutturals ‫ר‬/‫ע‬/‫א‬ Gutturals ‫ח‬/‫ה‬



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 5j - Conjunction basic form Before most consonants the conjunction will appear as –Waw with Vocal Shewa–



‫בֶד‬.ֶ‫וְע‬ ‫וְאִשָּׁה‬ ‫וְהָאִשָּׁה‬ ‫וְאִישׁ‬ ‫וְהָאִישׁ‬



‫א‬



and a servant and a woman and the woman and a man and the man



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



ְ‫ו‬



ְ‫ו‬



Chapter 5k - Conjunction basic form: top 10 examples 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.



‫א‬



‫אִישׁ‬ ‫שֵׁם‬ ‫יִשְָׂראֵל‬ ‫יֶ>תֶר‬ ‫אַהֲרוֹן‬ ‫יַ>יִן‬ ‫זָהָב‬ ‫אִישָׁה‬ ‫כֹּל‬ ‫כָּבוֹד‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



ְ‫ו‬



Chapter 5l - Conjunction spelled with shureq



ְ‫ו‬



Before ‫ב‬, ‫ מ‬or ‫ פ‬it is spelled with Shureq



‫לְֶך‬.ֶ‫ מ‬+ ְ‫ו‬ ‫ פְַּרעֹה‬+ ְ‫ו‬



‫לְֶך‬.‫וּ ֶמ‬ ‫וּפְַרעֹה‬



➣ ➣



and a king and Pharaoh



Before Vocal Shewa it is spelled with Shureq



‫ סְפִָרים‬+ ְ‫ו‬ ‫ שְׁמוּאֵל‬+ ְ‫ו‬



‫א‬



➣ ➣



‫וּסְפִָרים‬ ‫וּשְׁמוּאֵל‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



and books and Samuel



Chapter 5m - Conjunction with short vowels and qamets



Before Hateph vowels it is spelled with the corresponding short vowel



‫ אֲנָשִׁים‬+ ְ‫ו‬ ‫ אֱמֶת‬+ ְ‫ו‬



➣ ➣



‫וַאֲנָשִׁים‬ ‫וֶאֱמֶת‬



and men and truth



Before some monosyllabic words or words with initial accent it may be spelled with Qamets



‫ צֹאן‬+ ְ‫ו‬ ‫חֶם‬.ֶ‫ ל‬+ ְ‫ו‬



‫א‬



➣ ➣



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



‫וָצֹאן‬ ‫חֶם‬.ֶ‫וָל‬



and sheep and bread



ְ‫ו‬



Chapter 5n - Conjunction alternate forms: examples



‫פ‬/‫מ‬/‫ב‬



Vocal Shewa



Hateph Vowels



ְ‫ו‬



Monosyllabic/ Initial Accent



1.



‫בֵּית‬



‫שְׁאַר‬



‫אֲנָשִׁים‬



‫יְלִָדים‬



2.



‫בָּנוֹת‬



‫כְּלֵי‬



‫עֲבִָדים‬



‫יְתִָרים‬



3.



‫לְֶך‬.ֶ‫מ‬



‫ְד ּבָשׁ‬



‫אֲבוֹת‬



‫מְַרגְּלִים‬



4.



‫מִשְׁפָּט‬



‫שְׁלָמִים‬



‫אֱוִילִים‬



‫מְשְָׁרתִים‬



5.



‫פִּי‬



‫לְבָב‬



‫אֱמֶת‬



‫מְבְַקשִׁים‬



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 5o - Conjunction summary of forms



Basic Form



Before ‫פ‬/‫מ‬/‫ב‬ Before Vocal Shewa



Before Hateph Vowels Before Monosyllabic Initinal Accent



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



ְ‫ו‬



‫וְהָאִישׁ‬



‫וּ‬ ‫וּ‬



‫לְֶך‬.‫וּ ֶמ‬ ‫וּסְפִָרים‬



ֶ‫ו‬/ַ‫ו‬ ָ‫ו‬



‫וַאֲנָשִׁים‬ ‫וָצֹאן‬



ְ‫ו‬



Chapter 6a - Prepositions three types Independent Prepositions These prepositions stand alone.



‫לְֶך‬.‫לִפְנֵי הַ ֶמּ‬ ‫ַחַת הָעֵץ‬.‫תּ‬



before the king under the tree



Maqqef Prepositions These prepositions are joined to their objects by Maqqef.



‫אֶל–הַהֵיכָל‬ ‫ֶָרץ‬.‫מִן–הָא‬



to the temple from the land



Inseparable Prepositions These prepositions are prefixed directly to their objects.



‫בְּשֶָׂדה‬ ‫לְֶך‬.ֶ‫כְּמ‬



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



in a field like a king



Chapter 6b - Prepositions three inseparable prepositions



ְ‫בּ‬ ְ‫ל‬ ְ‫כּ‬



‫א‬



in, by, with (15,559) to, for (20,320) like, as, according to (3,053)



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 6c - Prepositions spelling inseparable prepositions



Before most consonants: Shewa



‫בְּשֶָׂדה‬ ‫לְנַ>עַר‬



in a field for a young man



Before Hateph vowels: corresponding short vowel



‫כַּאֲנָשִׁים‬ ‫בֶּאֱמֶת‬



like men in truth



Before consonants with Vocal Shewa: Hireq



‫לִנְבִיאִים‬ ‫לִבְִרית‬



‫א‬



for prophets for a covenant



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 6d - Prepositions inseparable prepositions with the definite article



The vowel and Daghesh Forte of the definite article is retained but the consonant of the preposition replaces the ‫ ה‬of the definite article.



‫הַשּׂ ָ דֶה‬ ‫מלְֶך‬.ֶּ ַ‫ה‬ ‫הָאֵשׁ‬



‫א‬



the field



➣



the king



➣



the fire



➣



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



‫בַּשּׂ ָ דֶה‬ ‫מלְֶך‬.ֶּ ַ‫כּ‬ ‫בָּ אֵשׁ‬



in the field like the king in the fire



Chapter 6e - Prepositions the preposition



‫מִן‬



The preposition ‫ מִן‬occurs both as a Maqqef preposition and as an inseparable preposition. Maqqef Preposition



‫לְֶך‬.ֶ‫מִן–מ‬



from a king



Inseparable Preposition



‫לְֶך‬.ֶ‫מִן–מ‬ ‫יִת‬.ַ‫מִן–בּ‬ ‫מִן–אִישׁ‬ ‫ֶרץ‬.ָ‫מִן–הָא‬ ‫מִן–חוּץ‬



‫א‬



➣ ➣ ➣ ➣ ➣



‫ֶמלְֶך‬.ּ ִ‫מ‬ ‫יִת‬.ַּ‫מִב‬ ‫מֵאִישׁ‬ ‫ֶרץ‬.ָ‫מֵהָא‬ ‫מִחוּץ‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



‫נ‬



(assimilated )



‫נ‬



(assimilated ) (compensatory lengthening) (compensatory lengthening) (virtual doubling)



Chapter 6f - Prepositions definite direct object marker



In Hebrew prose, definite direct objects are usually marked with –‫אֶת‬/‫אֵת‬.



‫יִם‬.ַ‫בָָּרא אֱֹלהִים אֵת הַשָּׁמ‬ ‫לְֶך‬.‫פֶר לַ ֶמּ‬.ֵ‫נָתַן הַנָּבִיא אֶת–הַסּ‬ ‫אָהַב דָּוִד אֶת–יְהוֹנָתָן‬ ‫לְֶך אֶת–תּוֹרוֹתָיו לָעָם‬.‫נָתַן הַ ֶמּ‬



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 7a - Hebrew Adjectives inflection (form)



Inflected Adjective Masculine Singular Plural



‫טוֹב‬ ‫טוֹבִים‬



Feminine



‫טוֹבָה‬ ‫טוֹבוֹת‬



Inflectional Endings Masculine Singular Plural



‫א‬



‫בִים‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Feminine



‫בָה‬ ‫וֹת‬



Chapter 7b - Hebrew Adjectives the use of adjectives



1. Attributive Use. Directly modifies a noun and agrees with that noun in gender, number and definiteness.



‫אִישׁ טוֹב‬ ‫הָאִישׁ הַטּוֹב‬



good man or a good man the good man



2. Predicative Use. Asserts something about the noun and agrees with that noun in gender and number, but not definiteness. A predicate adjective will never take the definite article.



‫הָאִישׁ טוֹב‬ ‫טוֹבָה הָאִשָּׁה‬



The man is good. The woman is good.



3. Substantival Use. Adjectives may be used independently as nouns with no noun for the adjective to modify.



‫הֶחָכָם‬ ‫הַטּוֹבוֹת‬



‫א‬



the wise man. the good women



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 7c - Hebrew Adjectives the directional ending



In Hebrew, a special ending may be added to a word in order to express the idea of motion toward someone or something. This special ending is the directional ending ‫(בָה‬it is always unaccented).



‫יִת‬.ַ‫בּ‬ ‫עִיר‬ ‫יִם‬.ַ‫שָׁמ‬ ‫יִם‬.‫מִצְַר‬ ‫שָׁם‬ ‫יָם‬



‫א‬



house



➣



city



➣



heaven



➣



Egypt



➣



there



➣



sea



➣



‫יְתָה‬.ַ‫הַבּ‬ ‫ירָ ה‬.ִ‫הָע‬ ‫ יְמָה‬.ַ‫הַשָּׁמ‬ ‫ יְמָה‬.‫מִצְַר‬ ‫מָּה‬.ָ‫שׁ‬ ‫יָ>מָּה‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



to the house toward the city heavenward to Egypt to there toward the sea



Chapter 7d - Hebrew Adjectives basic patterns of inflection



1. Inflection with No Change



‫טוֹב‬ ‫טוֹ בִים‬



‫טוֹבָה‬ ‫טוֹבוֹת‬



2. Inflection with Propretonic Reduction



‫גָּדוֹל‬ ‫גּ ְדוֹל ִים‬



‫גּ ְדוֹלָה‬ ‫גּ ְדוֹלוֹת‬



3. Inflection of Adjectives Ending in ‫בֶה‬



‫קָשֶׁה‬ ‫קָשִׁים‬



‫קָשָׁה‬ ‫קָשׁוֹת‬



4. Inflection of Geminate Adjectives



‫ַרב‬ ‫ַרבּ ִים‬



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



‫ַרבָּה‬ ‫ַרבּוֹת‬



Chapter 8a - Hebrew Pronouns independent personal pronouns Singular 1 com 2 masc 2 fem 3 masc 3 fem



‫אָנֹכִי‬, ‫אֲנִי‬ ‫אַתָּה‬ ְ‫אַתּ‬ ‫הוּא‬ ‫הִוא‬, ‫הִיא‬



Plural I you you he/it she/it



‫אֲנ> ַחְנוּ‬ ‫אַתֶּם‬ ‫נָה‬.ֵ‫אַתּ‬ ‫מָּה‬.ֵ‫ה‬, ‫הֵם‬ ‫נָּה‬.ֵ‫ה‬, ‫הֵן‬



we you you they they



Notes 1. The independent personal pronoun is labelled independent because it stands alone and is not prefixed or suffixed to another word. 2. Independent personal pronouns are subjective, meaning they are used as the subject of a verb, never as the object of the verb. 3. Independent personal pronouns may also appear as the subject of a verbless clause. For this reason, they are sometimes called subject pronouns.



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 8b - Hebrew Pronouns independent personal pronouns



The following examples illustrate how independent personal pronouns are used with other nouns or adjectives in a predicative relationship. The pronoun may precede or follow the noun or adjective. A form of the verb “to be” is required in translation.



‫אֲנִי יְהוָה‬ ‫הוּא נָבִיא צִַדּיק‬ ‫לְֶך טוֹב‬.ֶ‫אַתָּה מ‬ ‫אַחִים אֲנַ>חְנוּ‬ ‫הִיא אִשָּׁה חֲכָמָה‬ ‫אַתֶּם בָּעִיר הַגְּדוֹלָה‬



‫א‬



I am Yahweh (the Lord). He is a righteous prophet. You (2ms) are a good king. We are brothers She is a wise woman. You (2mp) are in the great city.



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 8c - Hebrew Pronouns demonstratives



Singular Masc Fem Masc Fem



‫זֶה‬ ‫זֹאת‬ ‫הוּא‬ ‫הִיא‬



Plural this this that that



‫לֶּה‬.ֵ‫א‬ ‫לֶּה‬.ֵ‫א‬ ‫מָּה‬.ֵ‫ה‬, ‫הֵם‬ ‫נָּה‬.ֵ‫ה‬, ‫הֵן‬



these these those those



Notes 1. They may be used either as adjectives (this man, those women) or as pronouns (this is the man, those are the women). 2. The masculine and feminine singular forms, ‫ הוּא‬and ‫הִיא‬, are identical to the third person masculine and feminine independent personal pronouns. 3. The demonstrative ‫לֶּה‬.ֵ‫( א‬these) is both masculine and feminine plural. Remember that the designation for this phenomenon is “common,” meaning not inflected for gender.



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 8d - Hebrew Pronouns demonstratives



Hebrew demonstratives may be used either as adjectives or as pronouns. Demonstrative Adjectives follow the noun and agree in gender, number and definiteness.



‫הָאִישׁ הַזֶּה‬ ‫הָאִשָּׁה הַזֹּאת‬ ‫לֶּה‬.ֵ‫הָאֲנָשִׁים הַטּוֹבִים הָא‬ ‫לֶּה‬.ֵ‫הַנָּשִׁים הַטּוֹבוֹת הָא‬



this man this woman these good men these good women



Demonstrative Pronouns precede the noun and agree in gender and number but not definiteness.



‫הוּא הָאִישׁ‬ ‫הִיא הָאִשָּׁה‬ ‫לֶּה הָאֲנָשִׁים הַטּוֹבִים‬.ֵ‫א‬ ‫נָּה הַנָּשִׁים הַטּוֹבוֹת‬.ֵ‫ה‬



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



That is the man. That is the woman. These are the good men. Those are the good women.



Chapter 8e - Hebrew Pronouns the relative pronoun



‫אֲשֶׁר‬ (who, which, that) The form of this word does not change in order to indicate the gender or number of its antecedent. It may appear with or without Maqqef. When functioning as a relative pronoun introducing a relative clause, it immediately follows the noun it is modifying.



‫הָעֵץ אֲשֶׁר בְּתוְֹך–הַגָּן‬ ‫יִם‬.‫חַת הַשָּׁ ַמ‬.ַ‫הֶהִָרים אֲשֶׁר–תּ‬ ‫לְֶך אֲשֶׁר בְּחְַרתֶּם‬.ֶ‫הַמּ‬ ‫דָּוִד אֲשֶׁר בְּבֵית יְהוָה‬



‫א‬



the tree that (is) in the middle of the garden the mountains that (are) under the heavens the king whom you chose David, who (is) in the house of the Lord



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 8f - Hebrew Pronouns interrogative pronouns



‫ מִי‬Who? ‫ מָה‬What? Interrogative pronouns are used to ask a question. These pronouns do not inflect and can appear with or without the Maqqef. The vocalization of ‫ מָה‬may change slightly (‫ מַה‬or ‫)מֶה‬. When spelled ‫מַה‬, a Daghesh Forte will usually appear in the first consonant of the following word.



‫מַה–שְּׁמוֹ‬ ָ‫ית‬.ִ‫מֶה–עָשׂ‬ ‫מָה הַחֲלוֹם הַזֶּה‬ ‫מִי–אַתָּה‬ ‫מִי–הָאִישׁ הַזֶּה‬ ‫לֶּה‬.ֵ‫מִי הָאֲנָשִׁים הָא‬



‫א‬



What (is) his name? What have you done? What (is) this dream? Who (are) you? Who (is) this man? Who (are) these men?



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 8g - Hebrew Pronouns the interrogative particle



ֲ‫ה‬ The interrogative particle is prefixed to the first word of the sentence. Compare the following examples. The first example is a statement. The second example is a question because the interrogative particle has been prefixed to the first word of the sentence.



‫לְֶך אֶת–הַנָּבִיא‬.‫שָׁלַח הַ ֶמּ‬ ‫לְֶך אֶת–הַנָּבִיא‬.‫הֲשָׁלַח הַ ֶמּ‬



The king sent the prophet. Did the king send the prophet?



The Spelling of the Particle 1. 2. 3.



‫א‬



ֲ‫ ה‬before most consonants as in the above example ‫ ַה‬before gutturals or any consonant with Shewa ‫ ֶה‬before gutturals with Qamets



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 9a - Pronominal Suffixes grammar summary • Pronominal suffixes are pronouns that can be either possessive (his, her, our) or objective (him, her, us). • These possessive and objective pronouns appear as suffixes on nouns, prepositions and the definite direct object marker. • When appearing on nouns, they are possessive as in “his book” or “her wisdom.” When appearing on prepositions or the definite direct object marker, they are objective as in “to them,” “for them,” or “them.” • All pronominal suffixes have person, gender and number. • There are two sets of pronominal suffixes: Type 1 and Type 2. Both types have the same possessive and objective translation values. • With few exceptions, Type 1 suffixes occur with singular nouns and Type 2 suffixes occur with plural nouns.



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 9b - Pronominal Suffixes summary paradigm



1cs 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1cp 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp



‫א‬



Type 1 Suffixes



Type 1 Alternate



‫ִי‬ ‫ָך‬ ‫ְך‬ ‫וֹ‬ ‫בָהּ‬



‫נִי‬



‫נוּ‬ ‫כֶם‬ ‫כֶן‬ ‫הֶם‬ ‫הֶן‬



Type 2 Suffixes



Translation



my/me



‫הוּ‬ ָ‫ה‬



‫ַי‬ ‫יָך‬.ֶ ‫יְִך‬.ַ ‫ָיו‬ ָ‫יה‬.ֶ



our/us



‫בָם‬ ‫בָן‬



‫ֵינוּ‬. ‫ֵיכֶם‬ ‫ֵיכֶן‬ ‫ֵיהֶם‬ ‫ֵיהֶן‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



your/you your/you his/him her/her



your/you your/you their/them their/them



Chapter 9c - Pronominal Suffixes on masculine nouns Type 1 Suffixes Noun ms 1cs 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1cp 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp



‫סוּסִי‬ ‫סוּסְָך‬ ‫סוּסְֵך‬ ‫סוּסוֹ‬ ‫סוּסָהּ‬ ‫ֵנוּ‬.‫סוּס‬ ‫סוּסְכֶם‬ ‫סוּסְכֶן‬ ‫סוּסָם‬ ‫סוּסָן‬



my horse your horse your horse his horse her horse our horse your horse your horse their horse their horse



Type 2 Suffixes Noun mp



‫סוּסַי‬ ‫ֶיָך‬.‫סוּס‬ ‫יְִך‬.‫סוּ ַס‬ ‫סוּסָיו‬ ָ‫ֶיה‬.‫סוּס‬ ‫ֵינוּ‬.‫סוּס‬ ‫סוּסֵיכֶם‬ ‫סוּסֵיכֶן‬ ‫סוּסֵיהֶם‬ ‫סוּסֵיהֶן‬



my horses your horses your horses his horses her horses our horses your horses your horses their horses their horses



Note: When pronominal suffixes are added to masculine plural nouns, the masculine plural ending (‫ )זִים‬is dropped. With the absence of this ending, a masculine noun is recognizable as plural only by the use of Type 2 pronominal suffixes.



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 9d - Pronominal Suffixes on feminine nouns Type 1 Suffixes Noun fs 1cs 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1cp 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp



‫תּוָֹרתִי‬ ‫תְָך‬,‫תּוֹר‬ ‫תּוָֹרתְֵך‬ ‫תּוָֹרתוֹ‬ ‫תּוָֹרתָהּ‬ ‫ֵנוּ‬.‫תּוָֹרת‬ ‫תּוַֹרתְכֶם‬ ‫תּוַֹרתְכֶן‬ ‫תּוָֹרתָם‬ ‫תּוָֹרתָן‬



my law your law your law his law her law our law your law your law their law their law



Type 2 Suffixes Noun fp



‫תּוֹרוֹתַי‬ ‫יָך‬.ֶ‫תּוֹרוֹת‬ ‫יְִך‬.‫תּוֹרוֹ ַת‬ ‫תּוֹרוֹתָיו‬ ָ‫ֶיה‬.‫תּוֹרוֹת‬ ‫ינוּ‬.ֵ‫תּוֹרוֹת‬ ‫תּוֹרוֹתֵיכֶם‬ ‫תּוֹרוֹתֵיכֶן‬ ‫תּוֹרוֹתֵיהֶם‬ ‫תּוֹרוֹתֵיהֶן‬



my laws your laws your laws his laws her laws our laws your laws your laws their laws their laws



Note: When a feminine singular noun ending in ‫(בָה‬as in ‫ )תּוָֹרה‬receives a pronominal suffix, the ‫ ה‬is replaced by ‫ תּוָֹרה( ת‬becomes ‫) תּוָֹרת‬.



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 9e - Pronominal Suffixes on monosyllabic nouns Type 1 Suffixes Noun ms 1cs 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1cp 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp



‫אָחִי‬ ‫ִיָך‬.‫אָח‬ ‫ִיְך‬.‫אָח‬ ‫אָחִיו‬ ָ‫ִיה‬.‫אָח‬ ‫ִינוּ‬.‫אָח‬ ‫אֲחִיכֶם‬ ‫אֲחִיכֶן‬ ‫אֲחִיהֶם‬ ‫אֲחִיהֶן‬



my brother your brother your brother his brother her brother our brother your brother your brother their brother their brother



Type 2 Suffixes Noun mp



‫אַחַי‬ ‫ֶיָך‬.‫אַח‬ ‫יְִך‬.‫אַ ַח‬ ‫אֶחָיו‬ ָ‫יה‬.ֶ‫אַח‬ ‫ֵינוּ‬.‫אַח‬ ‫אֲחֵיכֶם‬ ‫אֲחֵיכֶן‬ ‫אֲחֵיהֶם‬ ‫אֲחֵיהֶן‬



my brothers your brothers your brothers his brothers her brothers our brothers your brothers your brothers their brothers their brothers



Note: Certain singular monosyllabic nouns add ‫ י‬to their stem before a pronominal suffix. The addition of this ‫ י‬to singular nouns with Type 1 suffixes may cause them to be confused with plural nouns having Type 2 suffixes. The singular noun paradigm has Hireq Yod (‫ִיָך‬.‫אָח‬, your brother). The plural noun paradigm varies its vowel but it is never Hireq Yod (‫ֶיָך‬.‫אַח‬, your brothers).



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 9f - Pronominal Suffixes on prepositions



Type 1 Suffixes 1cs 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1cp 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp



‫לִי‬ ‫לְָך‬ ‫לְָך‬ ‫לוֹ‬ ‫לָהּ‬ ‫ָנוּ‬.‫ל‬ ‫לָכֶם‬ ‫לָכֶן‬ ‫לָהֶם‬ ‫לָהֶן‬



to me to you to you to him to her to us to you to you to them to them



Type 2 Suffixes



‫עָלַי‬ ‫ֶיָך‬.‫עָל‬ ‫יְִך‬.‫עָ ַל‬ ‫עָלָיו‬ ָ‫יה‬.ֶ‫עָל‬ ‫ינוּ‬.ֵ‫עָל‬ ‫עֲלֵיכֶם‬ ‫עֲלֵיכֶן‬ ‫עֲלֵיהֶם‬ ‫עֲלֵיהֶן‬



on me on you on you on him on her on us on you on you on them on them



Note: The prepositions ְ‫( ל‬to, for), ְ‫( בּ‬in, on), ‫( עִם‬with) and ‫( אֵת‬with) all take Type 1 suffixes. Prepositions that take Type 2 suffixes include: ‫( עַל‬on, upon), ‫( אֶל‬to, for), ‫חַת‬.‫( ַתּ‬under) and ‫( אַחֲֵרי‬after).



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 9g - Pronominal Suffixes on ְ‫ כּ‬and ‫מִן‬



ְ‫כּ‬ 1cs 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1cp 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp



‫וֹנִי‬.‫כָּמ‬ ‫וָֹך‬.‫כָּמ‬ ‫כָּמוְֹך‬ ‫וֹהוּ‬.‫כָּמ‬ ָ‫וֹה‬.‫כָּמ‬ ‫וֹנוּ‬.‫כָּמ‬ ‫כָּכֶם‬ ‫כָּכֶן‬ ‫כָּהֶם‬ ‫כָּהֶן‬



like me like you like you like him like her like us like you like you like them like them



‫מִן‬ ‫נִּי‬.‫מִ ֶמּ‬ ‫מִמְָּך‬ ‫מִמְֵּך‬ ‫ֶנּוּ‬.‫מִמּ‬ ‫נָּה‬.ֶ‫מִמּ‬ ‫נּוּ‬.ֶ‫מִמּ‬ ‫מִכֶּם‬ ‫מִכֶּן‬ ‫מֵהֶם‬ ‫מֵהֶן‬



from me from you from you from him from her from us from you from you from them from them



Note: With the preposition ְ‫ כּ‬, forms with singular and 1cp suffixes exhibit a longer, alternate spelling of the preposition (‫וֹ‬.‫)כָּמ‬. With the preposition ‫מִן‬, forms with singular and 1cp suffixes also exhibit a longer, alternate spelling of the preposition.



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 9h - Pronominal Suffixes on –‫אֶת‬/‫אֵת‬ Object Marker 1cs 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1cp 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp



‫אֹתִי‬ ‫אֹתְָך‬ ‫אֹתְָך‬ ‫אֹתוֹ‬ ‫אֹתָהּ‬ ‫ָנוּ‬.‫אֹת‬ ‫אֶתְכֶם‬ ‫אֶתְכֶן‬ ‫אֹתָם‬ ‫אֹתָן‬



me you you him her us you you them them



Preposition



‫אִתִּי‬ ‫אִתְָּך‬ ‫אִתְָּך‬ ‫אִתּוֹ‬ ‫אִתָּהּ‬ ‫ָנוּ‬.‫אִתּ‬ ‫אִתְּכֶם‬ ‫אִתְּכֶן‬ ‫אִתָּם‬ ‫אִתָּן‬



with me with you with you with him with her with us with you with you with them with them



Note: The object marker is distinguished by a Holem vowel over the initial consonant (‫) אֹתִי‬. It is Seghol in the 2mp and 2fp forms (‫)אֶתְכֶם‬. The preposition is distinguished by Hireq under the initial consonant and Daghesh Forte in the ‫) אִתִּי( ת‬.



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 9i - Pronominal Suffixes on ‫ עִם‬and ‫עַם‬



‫עִם‬ 1cs 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1cp 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp



‫עִמִּי‬ ‫עִמְָּך‬ ‫עִמְָּך‬ ‫עִמּוֹ‬ ‫עִמָּהּ‬ ‫נוּ‬.ָ‫עִמּ‬ ‫עִמָּכֶם‬ ‫עִמָּכֶן‬ ‫עִמָּם‬ ‫עִמָּן‬



with me with you with you with him with her with us with you with you with them with them



‫עַם‬ ‫עַמִּי‬ ‫עַמְָּך‬ ‫עַמְֵּך‬ ‫עַמּוֹ‬ ‫עַמָּהּ‬ ‫ֵנוּ‬.‫עַמּ‬ ‫עַמְּכֶם‬ ‫עַמְּכֶן‬ ‫עַמָּם‬ ‫עַמָּן‬



my people your people your people his people her people our people your people your people their people their people



Note: The preposition has Hireq (‫עִמִּי‬, with me) and the noun has Pathach (‫עַמִּי‬, my people). Both words take a Daghesh Forte in the ‫ מ‬when pronominal suffixes are added.



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Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 10a - Construct Chain construct and absolute



The first of the two nouns in the construct chain is called the construct noun and is said to be in the construct state. The second of the two nouns is called the absolute noun and is said to be in the absolute state. The absolute form of a noun is also its lexical form.



‫לְֶך‬.ֶ‫בֶד הַמּ‬.ֶ‫ע‬ Absolute Noun



Construct Noun



“the servant of the king”



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Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 10b - Construct Chain with attributive adjectives



When an adjective modifies either the construct or absolute noun, it must follow the entire chain. It must agree with the noun it modifies in gender, number and definiteness.



‫ֶָרץ הַטּוֹב‬.‫לְֶך הָא‬.ֶ‫מ‬ the good king of the land



‫ֶָרץ הַטּוֹבָה‬.‫לְֶך הָא‬.ֶ‫מ‬ the king of the good land



‫ֶלְֶך הַטּוֹב‬.‫ְדּבַר הַמּ‬ the word of the good king



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 10c - Construct Chain with demonstrative adjectives



Just like attributive adjectives, demonstrative adjectives must also follow the construct chain.



‫לֶּה‬.ֵ‫ִדּבְֵרי הַנָּבִיא הָא‬ these words of the prophet



‫ִדּבְֵרי הַנָּבִיא הַזֶּה‬ the words of this prophet



‫ִדּבְֵרי הַנָּבִיא הַטּוֹב הַזֶּה‬ the words of this good prophet



‫ְדּבַר הַנָּבִיא הַזֶּה‬ the word of this prophet or this word of the prophet



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 10d - Construct Chain vowel reduction (spelling) A construct noun surrenders its primary accent and … a. Qamets (and sometimes Tsere) changes to Pathach in a final closed syllable.



‫ מִשְׁפָּט‬judgement ַ‫ מִזְבֵּח‬altar



➣ ➣



‫ מִשְׁפַּט‬judgement of ‫ מִזְבַּח‬altar of



b. Qamets or Tsere changes to Vocal Shewa in an open, unaccented syllable.



‫שָׁלוֹם‬ ‫מָקוֹם‬



peace



➣



place



➣



‫שְׁלוֹם‬ ‫מְקוֹם‬



peace of place of



c. Both rules a and b may apply to the formation of a noun in the construct state.



‫דָּבָר‬ ‫לֵבָב‬



word



➣



heart



➣



‫דְּבַר‬ ‫לְבַב‬



word of heart of



d. Monosyllabic nouns with changeable long vowels reduce to the corresponding short vowel.



‫ בֵּן‬son ‫ כֹּל‬all



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Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



➣ ➣



‫ בֶּן‬son of ‫ כָּל‬all of



Chapter 10e - Construct Chain masculine plural and dual



The masculine plural ‫ בִים‬and dual ‫יִם‬.ַ‫ ב‬endings change to ‫( בֵי‬Tsere-Yod) in the construct state and then the rules of vowel reduction apply.



‫ אֱֹלהִים‬God ‫ בָּנִים‬sons ‫ עֵינַ>יִם‬two eyes ‫ דְּבִָרים‬words



‫ אֱֹלהֵי‬God of ➣ ‫ בְּנ ֵי‬sons of ➣ ‫( עֵינ ֵי‬two) eyes of ➣ ‫ ד ּ ִבְרֵי‬words of ➣



In the last example, both propretonic reduction and Rule of Shewa apply.



‫דִּבְֵרי ➣ דְּבְֵרי ➣ ְדּבִָרים‬



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 10f - Construct Chain feminine singular



Feminine singular nouns ending in ‫ בָה‬change this ending to ‫ בַת‬in the construct state and then the rules of vowel reduction apply.



‫ תּוָֹרה‬law ‫ מַלְכָּה‬queen ‫ שָׁנָה‬year



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Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



➣ ➣ ➣



‫ תּוֹ ַרת‬law of ‫ מַלְכַּת‬queen of ‫ שְׁנ ַת‬year of



Chapter 10g - Construct Chain feminine plural



Feminine plural nouns ending in ‫ וֹת‬retain this plural ending and then the rules of vowel reduction will apply.



‫ מַמְלָכוֹת‬kingdoms ‫ שֵׁמוֹת‬names ‫ שָׂדוֹת‬fields ‫ בְָּרכוֹת‬blessings



➣ ➣ ➣ ➣



‫ מַמְלְכוֹת‬kingdoms of ‫ שְׁמוֹת‬names of ‫ שְׂדוֹת‬fields of ‫ בְִּרכוֹת‬blessings of



In the last example, both propretonic reduction and Rule of Shewa apply.



‫בְִּרכוֹת ➣ בְְּרכוֹת ➣ בְָּרכוֹת‬



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 10h - Construct Chain miscellaneous nouns (a)



Certain singular monosyllabic nouns add Hireq Yod to their stem in the construct state. Do not to confuse this Hireq Yod with the 1cs pronominal suffix (‫“ אָבִי‬my father”).



‫ אָב‬father ‫ אָח‬brother



➣ ➣



‫ אֲבִי‬father of ‫ אֲחִי‬brother of



The diphthong ִ‫י‬.‫ב‬ ַ as in ‫יִת‬.ַ‫( בּ‬house) changes to Tsere Yod in the construct state.



‫יִת‬.‫ ַבּ‬house ‫יִן‬.ַ‫ ע‬spring



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Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



➣ ➣



‫ בֵּית‬house of ‫ עֵין‬spring of



Chapter 10i - Construct Chain miscellaneous nouns (b)



The singular absolute of Segholate nouns is identical to its singular construct form. The plural construct form follows the pattern of ‫( מַלְכֵי‬kings of).



‫לְֶך‬.ֶ‫ מ‬king ‫בֶד‬.ֶ‫ ע‬servant ‫ מְלָכִים‬kings ‫ עֲבִָדים‬servants



➣ ➣ ➣ ➣



‫לְֶך‬.ֶ‫ מ‬king of ‫בֶד‬.ֶ‫ ע‬servant of ‫ מַלְכֵי‬kings of ‫ עַבְֵדי‬servants of



Nouns ending in ‫( ֶה‬with Seghol) have a singular construct form ending in ‫( ֵה‬with Tsere).



‫ שֶָׂדה‬field ‫ מַחֲנֶה‬camp



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Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



➣ ➣



‫ שְׂדֵה‬field of ‫ מַחֲנ ֵה‬camp of



Chapter 11a - Numbers cardinals:1-10



Masculine Absolute Construct One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten



‫א‬



‫אֶחָד‬ ‫שְׁנַ>יִם‬ ‫שָׁל ֹשׁ‬ ‫אְַרבַּע‬ ‫חָמֵשׁ‬ ‫שֵׁשׁ‬ ‫בַע‬.ֶ‫שׁ‬ ‫שְׁמֹנֶה‬ ‫שַׁע‬.ֵ‫תּ‬ ‫שֶׂר‬.ֶ‫ע‬



‫אַחַד‬ ‫אַחַת‬ ‫אַחַת‬ ‫יִם שְׁנֵי‬.‫שְׁ ַתּ‬ ‫שְׁתֵּי‬ ‫ ֹשֶׁת שְׁלֹשָׁה שְׁל ֹשׁ‬.‫שְׁל‬ ‫עַת אְַרבָּעָה אְַרבַּע‬.ַ‫אְַרבּ‬ ‫שֶׁת חֲמִשָּׁה חֲמֵשׁ‬.ֵ‫חֲמ‬ ‫שׁשָּׁה שֵׁשׁ‬ ִ ‫שֵׁשֶׁת‬ . ‫שׁבְעַת שִׁבְעָה שְׁבַע‬ ִ ‫שׁמֹנָה שְׁמֹנֵה‬ ְ ‫שְׁמֹנַת‬ ‫ִתּשְׁעָה תְּשַׁע‬ ‫ִתּשְׁעַת‬ ‫שֶׂר‬.ֶ‫ֲעשָָׂרה ע‬ ‫ֶרת‬.ֶ‫ֲעשׂ‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Feminine Absolute Construct



Chapter 11b - Numbers cardinals:11-19 With Masculine Nouns Eleven



Twelve



Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen Sixteen Seventeen Eighteen Nineteen



‫אַחַד עָשָׂר‬ ‫עַשְׁתֵּי עָשָׂר‬ ‫שְׁנֵי עָשָׂר‬ ‫שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר‬ ‫שְׁלֹשָׁה עָשָׂר‬ ‫אְַרבָּעָה עָשָׂר‬ ‫חֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר‬ ‫שִׁשָּׁה עָשָׂר‬ ‫שִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר‬ ‫שְׁמֹנָה עָשָׂר‬ ‫תִּשְׁעָה עָשָׂר‬



‫שְׁל ֹשׁ עֶשְֵׂרה שָׁנָה‬ ‫אְַרבָּעָה עָשָׂר יוֹם‬ ‫חֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר שֶָׁקל‬



‫א‬



‫אַחַת עֶשְֵׂרה‬ ‫עַשְׁתֵּי עֶשְֵׂרה‬ ‫שְׁתֵּי עֶשְֵׂרה‬ ‫שְׁתֵּים עֶשְֵׂרה‬ ‫שְׁל ֹשׁ עֶשְֵׂרה‬ ‫אְַרבַּע עֶשְֵׂרה‬ ‫חֲמֵשׁ עֶשְֵׂרה‬ ‫שֵׁשׁ עֶשְֵׂרה‬ ‫שְׁבַע עֶשְֵׂרה‬ ‫שְׁמֹנֶה עֶשְֵׂרה‬ ‫תְּשַׁע עֶשְֵׂרה‬ thirteen years (1 Kgs 7:1) fourteen days (Ex 12:6) fifteen shekels (Lev 27:7)



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



With Feminine Nouns



Chapter 11c - Numbers cardinals:20-99



‫עֶשְִׂרים‬ ‫שְׁל ֹשִׁים‬ ‫אְַרבָּעִים‬ ‫חֲמִשִּׁים‬ ‫שִׁשִּׁים‬ ‫שִׁבְעִים‬ ‫שְׁמֹנִים‬ ‫תִּשְׁעִים‬



Twenty Thirty Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety



‫עֶשְִׂרים וְאַחַת‬ ‫שִׁבְעִים וְשִׁבְעָה‬ ‫תִּשְׁעִים וָתֵשַׁע‬ ‫שְׁנַיִם וּשְׁל ֹשִׁים‬



‫א‬



twenty-one (2 Kgs 24:18) seventy-seven (Gen 4:24) ninety-nine (Gen 17:24) thirty-two (Num 31:40)



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 11d - Numbers cardinals:100+



One Hundred Two Hundred Three Hundred One Thousand Two Thousand Three Thousand Ten Thousand Twenty Thousand Thirty Thousand



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



‫מֵאָה‬ ‫יִם‬.ַ‫מָאת‬ ‫שְׁל ֹשׁ מֵאוֹת‬ ‫לֶף‬.‫ֶא‬ ‫יִם‬.ַ‫אַלְפּ‬ ‫שְׁל ֹשֶׁת אֲלָפִים‬ ‫ְרבָבָה‬ ‫יִם‬.‫ִרבּוֹ ַת‬ ‫שְׁל ֹשׁ ִרבּוֹת‬



Chapter 11e - Numbers ordinal numbers



Masculine



Feminine



‫ִראשׁוֹן‬ ‫שֵׁנִי‬ ‫שְׁלִישִׁי‬ ‫ְרבִיעִי‬ ‫חֲמִישִׁי‬ ‫שִׁשִּׁי‬ ‫שְׁבִיעִי‬ ‫שְׁמִינִי‬ ‫תְּשִׁיעִי‬ ‫עֲשִׂיִרי‬



‫ִראשׁוֹנָה‬ ‫שֵׁנִית‬ ‫שְׁלִישִׁית‬ ‫ְרבִיעִית‬ ‫חֲמִישִׁית‬ ‫שִׁשִּׁית‬ ‫שְׁבִיעִית‬ ‫שְׁמִינִית‬ ‫תְּשִׁיעִית‬ ‫עֲשִׂיִרית‬



First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth



‫בַּיּוֹם הִָראשׁוֹן‬ ‫בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי‬ ‫בִּשְׁנַת הָאְַרבָּעִים‬



‫א‬



on the first day (Lev 23:7) on the seventh day (Gen 2:2) in the fortieth year (1 Chr 26:31)



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 12a - Intro to Verbs verbal stems: names



English Spelling



Hebrew Spelling



‫ַקל‬



Spelling Diagnostics unaugmented



Qal



➣



Niphal



➣



Piel



➣



‫פִּעֵל‬



Hireq-Tsere vowel pattern



Pual



➣



‫פֻּעַל‬



Qibbuts-Pathach vowel pattern



Hiphil



➣



Hophal



➣



Hithpael



➣



‫א‬



‫ נִ נִפְעַל‬prefix; Pathach stem vowel



‫ הִ הִפְעִיל‬prefix; Hireq Yod stem vowel ‫ הָ הָפְעַל‬prefix; Pathach stem vowel ‫ הִת הִתְפַּעֵל‬prefix; Tsere stem vowel



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 12b - Intro to Verbs verbal stems: meaning Qal



Simple/Active. Qal verbs are active in voice, though a few passive forms do exist. The Qal stem also exhibits the simple or unnuanced type of action.



Niphal



Simple/Passive or Reflexive. The Niphal stem is used to express simple action with either a passive or reflexive voice. In other words, whatever a verb means in the Qal stem, it becomes passive or reflexive in the Niphal stem.



Piel



Intensive/Active. The Piel stem is sometimes used to express an intensive type of action with an active voice. In other words, the simple action of the Qal stem will take on some type of intensive nuance in the Piel stem.



Pual



Intensive/Passive. The Pual is the passive form of the Piel. The Pual stem, therefore, is used to express an intensive type of action with a passive voice.



Hiphil



Causative/Active. The Hiphil stem is used to express causative action with an active voice. For example, the verb ‫ מָלְַך‬means “he was king” or “he reigned” in the Qal stem. The Hiphil form, however, is ‫ הִמְלִיְך‬and means “he caused to reign” or “he made (someone) king.”



Hophal



Causative/Passive. The Hophal is the passive form of the Hiphil. The Hophal stem, therefore, is used to express causative action with a passive voice. For example, the Hiphil verb ‫ הִמְלִיְך‬means “he made (someone) king.” The Hophal form is ‫ הָמְלְַך‬and it is translated “he was made king.”



Hithpael



Intensive/Reflexive. The Hithpael stem is used to express an intensive type of action with a reflexive (or sometimes passive) voice. For example, the verb ‫ חָבָא‬means “he hid” in the Qal stem. The Hithpael form is ‫ הִתְחַבֵּא‬and it means “he hid himself.”



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 12c - Intro to Verbs summary: stem meaning and translation



Simple Action



Intensive Action



Causative Action



Active Voice



Qal



Piel



Hiphil



Passive Voice



Niphal



Pual



Hophal



Reflexive Voice



Niphal



Hithpael



Form Qal Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal Hithpael



‫א‬



‫שָׁמַע‬ ‫נִשְׁמַע‬ ‫שִׁבֵּר‬ ‫שֻׁבַּר‬ ‫הִמְלִיְך‬ ‫הָמְלְַך‬ ‫הִתְחַבֵּא‬



Translation he heard he was heard he smashed into pieces he was smashed into pieces he made king he was made king he hid himself



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 12d - Intro to Verbs verbal conjugations Perfect



Completed Action. The Perfect aspect denotes completed action, whether in the past, present or future.



Imperfect



Incomplete Action. The Imperfect aspect denotes incomplete action, whether in the past, present or future.



Imperative



2nd Person Command. The Imperative conjugation is used primarily to express direct commands, demanding immediate action from the one being addressed.



Cohortative



1st Person Volitional. The Cohortative is used to express a wish, request or command. It may also be used to express purpose (in order to) or result (resulting in).



Jussive



3rd Person Volitional. The Jussive conjugation is also used to express some type of mild command or strong wish.



Infinitive Construct



Verbal Noun. The Infinitive Construct can function much like an English Infinitive, usually translated with the preposition “to” plus a verb as in “to study” or “to learn.”



Infinitive Absolute



Verbal Noun. The Hebrew Infinitive Absolute has no real English counterpart. It may be used in conjunction with other verbs to emphasize or intensify the verbal action. It may also be used in the place of an Imperative to express a command.



Participle



Verbal Adjective. Verbally, the Participle expresses some type of verbal action such as “studying” or “learning.” Adjectivally, it is used much like a Hebrew adjective: attributively, predicatively or substantively.



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 12e - Intro to Verbs roots, stems & conjugations Root



‫קטל‬



Qal Stem



‫קָטַל‬



Derived Stems



Niphal Piel



Pual



Hiphil Hophal Hithpael



‫הִתְַקטֵּל הְָקטַל הְִקטִיל ֻקטַּל ִקטֵּל נְִקטַל‬ Verbal Conjugations Perfect Imperfect Imperative Cohortative Jussive Inf Construct Inf Absolute Participle



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 12f - Intro to Verbs weak verb classification Class I-Guttural II-Guttural III-‫ח‬/‫ע‬ III-‫א‬ III-‫ה‬ I-‫י‬ I-‫נ‬ Doubly Weak Biconsonantal Geminate



‫א‬



Example Description



‫ָעמַד‬ ‫גָּאַל‬ ‫בַָּרח‬ ‫מָצָא‬ ‫בָּנָה‬ ‫ָישַׁב‬ ‫ָנפַל‬ ‫עָלָה‬ ‫קָם‬ ‫סָבַב‬



guttural in first root position guttural in second root position



‫ ח‬or ‫ ע‬in third root position ‫ א‬in third root position ‫ ה‬in third root position ‫ י‬in first root position ‫ נ‬in first root position ‫ה‬



I-Guttural and III- (for one example) only two root consonants identical second and third consonants



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 12g - Intro to Verbs verbal sentence word order



Normal word order for a verbal sentence is



verb-subject-object. object



object



subject



verb



‫בָָּרא אֱֹלהִים אֵת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֵת הָאֶָרץ‬ God created the heavens and the earth. Gen 1:1



It is not uncommon for the direct object to stand at the beginning of a Hebrew sentence for the purpose of emphasis. verb



object



‫אֶת–יְהוָה אֱֹלהֶיָך תִּיָרא‬ Yahweh your God you shall fear. Deut 10:20



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 13a - Qal Perfect: Strong introduction



The Qal Stem Qal verbs are active in voice with the simple or unnuanced type of action. The simple action of the Qal stem is further divided into transitive, intransitive and stative. 1. Transitive. Transitive verbs may take a direct object. In the example “the prophet wrote the book,” the word “book” is the direct object of the verb “wrote” because it receives the verbal action. 2. Intransitive. Intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object. In the example “the king perished in the battle,” the verb “perished” cannot take a direct object. Other examples of intransitive verbs include “to live,” “to die” and “to fast.” 3. Stative. Stative verbs are used to describe a state of being. In the example, “the priest is old,” the verbal construction “is old” describes the state or condition of the subject (the priest). In English, a stative (or state-of-being) idea is expressed with a form of the verb “to be” (is) and an adjective (old). In Hebrew, a stative idea is expressed through various verbs themselves, such as ‫( כָּבֵד‬to be heavy) and ‫קָטֹן‬ (to be small). Most stative verbs are considered to be intransitive because they cannot take a direct object.



The Perfect Conjugation The Perfect conjugation is used to express a completed action or state of being. It must be emphasized that the Hebrew Perfect does not have tense (time of action) apart from context and issues of syntax. Rather, it signifies aspect (type of action). The Perfect aspect designates a verbal action with its conclusion envisioned in the mind of the speaker or writer. To state it differently, the Perfect aspect denotes completed action, whether in the past, present or future.



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 13b - Qal Perfect: Strong qal perfect paradigm



Sufformative



Perfect



3ms



‫א‬



Translation



‫קָטַל‬



he killed



3fs



‫לָה‬



‫טְלָה‬,‫ק‬



she killed



2ms



ָ‫לתּ‬



ָ‫לְתּ‬.ַ‫קָט‬



you killed



2fs



ְ‫לתּ‬



ְ‫קָטַלְתּ‬



you killed



1cs



‫לתִּי‬



‫לְתִּי‬.ַ‫קָט‬



3cp



‫לוּ‬



‫טְלוּ‬,‫ק‬



they killed



2mp



‫לתֶּם‬



‫ְקטַלְתֶּם‬



you killed



2fp



‫לתֶּן‬



‫ְקטַלְתֶּן‬



you killed



1cp



‫לנוּ‬



‫לְנוּ‬.ַ‫קָט‬



we killed



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



I killed



‫‪Chapter 13c - Qal Perfect: Strong‬‬ ‫‪other strong verbs‬‬



‫קָבַץ‬



‫שָׁמַר‬



‫כָּתַב‬



‫זָכַר‬



‫יָשַׁב‬



‫‪to gather‬‬



‫‪to keep‬‬



‫‪to write‬‬



‫‪to remember‬‬



‫‪to dwell‬‬



‫קָבַץ‬



‫שָׁמַר‬



‫כָּתַב‬



‫זָכַר‬



‫יָשַׁב‬



‫ק‪,‬בְצָה‬



‫שׁ‪,‬מְרָה‬



‫כּבֶן‬ ‫יַ>עַשׂ‬ ‫יַ>עַל‬ ‫י>ֵֶרא‬



let him build let him make let him go up let him see



‫וְיִבֶן אֶת–בֵּית יְהוָה‬ And let him build the house of Yahweh (Ezra 1:3).



‫וַיֹּאמֶר אֱֹלהִים יְהִי אוֹר‬ And God said, “let there be light” (Gen 1:3).



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 18l - Qal Jussive and Cohortative negation



Jussive and Cohortative verbs are negated with ‫אַל‬. This construction expresses a negative wish or a milder form of prohibition than that expressed by ‫ֹלא‬



plus the Imperfect. The particle ‫ נָא‬is sometimes attached to ‫ אַל‬with Maqqef (‫)אַל–נָא‬. In most instances,



you do not need to translate the particle ‫נָא‬.



‫אַל–נָא נֹאבְדָה‬ Do not let us perish. (Jonah 1:14)



‫וְאַל–יִחַר אַפְָּך בְּעַבְֶדָּך‬ Do not let your anger burn against your servant . (Gen 44:18)



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 18m - Qal Imperative, Cohortative and Jussive verbal sequences 1. Multiple Imperative verbs may occur in succession. Context will determine whether or not they are related consequentially or sequentially.



‫עֲלֵה וְּקבֹר אֶת–אָבִיָך‬ Go up and bury your father (Gen 50:6). 2. An Imperative verb may be followed by a Perfect verb with Waw Conversive. The Perfect verb may carry the full force of the preceding Imperative.



‫לְֵך וְאָמְַרתָּ אֶל–עַבְִדּי‬ Go and say to my servant (2 Sam 7:5). 3. An Imperative may be followed by an Imperfect or Cohortative, a construction that will create a purpose or result clause. The Imperfect will be marked with the conjunction ְ‫ ו‬and is translated as “so that.”



‫ְרדוּ–שָׁמָּה וְשִׁבְרוּ–לָנוּ מִשָּׁם וְנִחְיֶה‬ Go down there and buy grain for us from there so that we might live (Gen 42:2).



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 19a Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs introduction



‫א‬



‫נוּ‬.ָ‫יִשְׁמֹר אֹת‬ ‫יִשְׁמְרֵנוּ‬



he will keep us



‫שָׁפַט אֹתְָך‬ ‫שְׁפָטְָך‬



he judged you



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



he will keep us



he judged you



Chapter 19b Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs review: type 1 suffixes Type 1 Suffixes 1cs 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1cp 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp



‫א‬



‫בִי‬ ‫ָך‬ ‫ְך‬ ‫וֹ‬ ‫ָהּ‬ ‫נוּ‬ ‫כֶם‬ ‫כֶן‬ ‫הֶם‬ ‫הֶן‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Type 1 Alternate



‫נִי‬



Objective Translation me you you



‫הוּ‬ ָ‫ה‬



him (it) her (it) us you you



‫ם‬ ‫ן‬



them them



Chapter 19c Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs on the qal perfect Qal Perfect 3ms Translation



‫א‬



1cs



‫ַנ ִי‬.‫ְקטָל‬



he killed me



2ms



‫ְקטוּ( יַָד‬+



‫ם‬



➣



‫יְַדעֲנוּם‬



she (it) found us



we knew them



Chapter 19f Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs imperfect: nun-suffixes



Type 1 Suffix



NunSuffix



Example



Translation



2ms



‫ָך‬



ָ‫ךּ‬.ֶ‫ךָּ ב‬.‫יִלְכְּ ֶד‬



he will capture you



3ms



‫וֹ‬/‫הוּ‬



‫נּוּ‬.ֶ‫ֶנּוּ ב‬.‫יִלְכְּד‬



he will capture him



‫בָהּ‬/ָ‫ה‬



‫נָּה‬.ֶ‫נָּה ב‬.‫יִלְכְּ ֶד‬



he will capture her



3fs



Chapter 19g Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs spelling the qal imperfect Qal Imperfect Without Suffixes



Qal Imperfect Before Suffixes



3ms



‫יְִקטֹל‬



‫יְִקטְל‬



3fs



‫תְִּקטֹל‬



‫תְִּקטְל‬



2ms



‫תְִּקטֹל‬



‫תְִּקטְל‬



2fs



‫תְִּקטְלִי‬



‫תְִּקטְלִי‬



1cs



‫אְֶקטֹל‬



‫אְֶקטְל‬



3mp



‫יְִקטְלוּ‬



‫יְִקטְלוּ‬



3fp 2mp



‫א‬



‫לְנָה‬.‫תְִּק ֹט‬ ‫תְִּקטְלוּ‬



2fp



‫לְנָה‬.‫תְִּק ֹט‬



1cp



‫נְִקטֹל‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



‫תְִּקטְלוּ‬ ‫נְִקטְל‬



Chapter 19h Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs spelling the qal imperfect: examples



‫וַיְִּקבְּרוּ‬



+



‫הוּ‬



➣



‫וַיְִּקבְֻּרהוּ‬



‫יִשְׁמֹר‬



+



‫ָך‬



➣



‫יִשְׁמְָרָך‬



he will observe you



‫יִשְׁלַח‬



+



‫ָך‬



➣



‫יִשְׁלָחֲָך‬



he will send you



‫יְִראֶה‬



+



‫נָּה‬.ֶ‫ב‬



➣



‫נָּה‬.ֶ‫יְִרא‬



he will see her



‫וַיִּתֵּן‬



+



‫ם‬



➣



‫וַיִּתְּנֵם‬



and he gave them



and they buried him



Chapter 19i Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs on imperatives The suffixes used on the Imperative are the same as those used on the Imperfect. 1. The Imperative 2ms form ‫ ְקטֹל‬is spelled ‫( קָטְל‬with Qamets Hatuf) before a pronominal suffix.



‫שְׁמֹר‬ ‫שְׁפֹט‬



+ +



‫ם‬ ‫נִי‬



➣ ➣



‫שָׁמְֵרם‬ ‫שָׁפְטֵ נִי‬



(You) observe them! (You) judge me!



2. The Imperative 2fs (‫ )ִקטְלִי‬and 2mp (‫)ִקטְלוּ‬, both ending in a vowel, do not change.



‫תִּפְשׂוּ‬ ‫ִדְּרשׁוּ‬



+ +



‫ם‬ ‫נִי‬



➣ ➣



‫תִּפְשׂוּם‬ ‫ִדְּרשׁוּ נִי‬



(You) seize them! (You) seek me!



3. Imperatives with a Pathach stem vowel (‫)שְׁמַע‬ lengthen Pathach to Qamets before pronominal suffixes.



‫שְׁמַע‬ ‫גְּאַל‬



‫א‬



+ +



‫נִי‬ ‫ָהּ‬



➣ ➣



‫שְׁמָעֵ נִי‬ ‫גְּאָלָהּ‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



(You) hear me! (You) redeem her (it)!



Chapter 19j Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs parsing



When parsing verbs with pronominal suffixes, you will need to identify the verb and the person, gender and number of the suffix.



‫יָך‬.ִ‫נְתַתּ‬ ‫ֶנּוּ‬.‫יִלְכְּד‬



‫א‬



Qal Perfect 1cs Qal Imperfect 3ms



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



‫נָתַן‬ ‫לָכַד‬



with 2ms suffix with 3ms suffix



Chapter 20a Qal Infinitive Construct basic form



The Infinitive Construct is not inflected for person, gender or number. There is one basic form and, therefore, no paradigm to memorize. The vowel pattern is consistent for all strong verbs and even for most weak verbs. Note that the basic form of the Qal Infinitive Construct is identical to the Qal Imperative 2ms (‫)ְקטֹל‬.



Infinitive Construct Strong Verb



‫קְטֹל‬



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 20b Qal Infinitive Construct examples with weak verbs Imperative Infinitive Infinitive 2ms Construct Translation



‫א‬



Strong



‫זְכֹר‬



‫זְכֹר‬



to remember



I-Gutt



‫עֲזֹב‬



‫עֲזֹב‬



to abandon



I-‫א‬



‫אֱמֹר‬



‫אֱמֹר‬



to say



II-Gutt



‫בְּחַר‬



‫בְּחֹר‬



to choose



III-‫ח‬



‫שְׁלַח‬



ַ‫שְׁלֹח‬



to send



III- ‫ע‬



‫שְׁמַע‬



ַ‫שְׁמ ֹע‬



to hear



III- ‫א‬



‫ְקָרא‬



‫קְרֹא‬



to call



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 20c Qal Infinitive Construct



‫ ה‬verbs: spelling



III-



The Infinitive Construct form of III- ‫ ה‬verbs ends



in ‫וֹת‬. Remember that Imperfect forms end in ‫בֶה‬ (except in those forms with sufformatives) and that Imperative forms end in ‫(בֵה‬2ms). Summary of III-‫ ה‬Verbal Endings Ending Imperfect Imperative Infinitive Construct



‫א‬



Example



‫יִבְנ ֶה בֶה‬ ‫בְּנ ֵה בֵה‬ ‫בְּנוֹת וֹת‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation he will build you (2ms) build! to build, building



Chapter 20d Qal Infinitive Construct



‫ ה‬verbs: examples



III-



Verbal Root



Infinitive Construct Translation



‫בָּנָה‬



‫בְּנוֹת‬



to build, building



‫בְּכוֹת בָּכָה‬



to weep, weeping



‫עֲלוֹת עָלָה‬



to go up, going up



‫עָנָה‬



to answer, answering



‫עֲנוֹת‬



‫עֲשׂוֹת עָשָׂה‬ ‫הָיָה‬



‫הֱיוֹת‬



‫רְאוֹת ָראָה‬



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



to do, doing to be, being to see, seeing



Chapter 20e Qal Infinitive Construct



‫נ‬



I- verbs Verbal Root



Infinitive Construct with ‫נ‬



‫נָסַע‬



ַ‫נְסֹע‬



‫עַת‬.ַ‫ס‬



‫נָגַע‬



ַ‫נְגֹע‬



‫עַת‬.ַ‫גּ‬



‫נָטַע‬



ַ‫נְטֹע‬



‫עַת‬.ַ‫ט‬



‫נָשָׂא‬



‫נְשׂא‬



‫)שֵׂאת( שְׂאֵת‬



‫נָגַשׁ‬ ‫נָתַן‬



‫א‬



Alternate Form with ‫ת‬



‫שֶׁת‬.ֶ‫גּ‬ ‫נְתֹן‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



‫תֵּת‬



Chapter 20f Qal Infinitive Construct



‫י‬



I- verbs



‫א‬



Verbal Root



Infinitive Construct



‫יָשַׁב‬



‫בֶת‬.‫שׁ‬ ֶ



‫יַָרשׁ‬



‫שֶׁת‬.‫ֶר‬



‫יָלַד‬



‫ֶֶדת‬.‫ל‬



‫יַָרד‬



‫ֶדת‬.‫ֶר‬



‫יַָדע‬



‫עַת‬.ּ‫ַד‬



‫יָצָא‬



‫צֵאת‬



‫הָלְַך‬



‫כֶת‬.‫ֶל‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 20g Qal Infinitive Construct biconsonantal verbs



‫א‬



Verbal Root



Infinitive Construct



‫שׁוּב‬



‫שׁוּב‬



‫מוּת‬



‫מוּת‬



‫בּוֹא‬



‫בּוֹא‬



‫בּוֹשׁ‬



‫בּוֹשׁ‬



‫ִדּין‬



‫ִדּין‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 20h Qal Infinitive Construct with suffixes and prefixes The Infinitive Construct can take pronominal suffixes that function as either the subject or object of the verbal idea.



‫ָקטְלוֹ‬



“his killing” or “killing him” The inseparable prepositions ְ‫בּ‬, ְ‫ כּ‬and ְ‫ ל‬may be prefixed to the Infinitive Construct with a range of uses and translation values.



‫לִזְכֹּר‬



‫כִּשְׁמֹר‬



in order to remember



while observing



Both pronominal suffixes and prepositional prefixes can occur with the Infinitive Construct.



‫כְּשָׁמְעוֹ‬ when he hears/heard Qal Infinitive Construct of ‫ שָׁמַע‬with



preposition ְ‫ כּ‬and 3ms pronominal suffix.



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 20i Qal Infinitive Construct negation



The negative particles ‫ ֹלא‬and ‫ אַל‬are not used to negate the Infinitive Construct. Rather, it is negated with ‫ בִּלְתִּי‬or ‫ לְבִלְתִּי‬meaning “not” or “in order not.”



‫לְבִלְתִּי ְקטֹל‬ “in order not to kill” or “not to kill”



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 20j Qal Infinitive Construct five common uses 1.



With



ְ‫ ל‬to express purpose, intention or result. ‫וְֹלא–נָתַן יְהוָה לָכֶם לֵב לַָדעַת וְעֵינַיִם לְִראוֹת‬ ‫וְאָזְנַיִם לִשְׁמֹעַ עַד הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה‬



But Yahweh has not given to you a heart to know or eyes to see or ears to hear until this day (Deut 29:3 [English 29:4]). 2.



With



ְ‫ ל‬to denote an action about to take place (inceptive). ‫וַיִַּקּח אֶת–הַמַּאֲכֶלֶת לִשְׁחֹט אֶת–בְּנוֹ‬ And he took the knife (in order) to slaughter his son (Gen 22:10).



3.



With or without



ְ‫ ל‬as a verbal noun. ‫טוֹב לְהֹדוֹת לַיהוָה‬



It is good to praise Yahweh (Ps 92:2). 4.



ְ‫ל‬



With or without to explain, clarify or complement a preceding action or statement (complementary).



‫וְשָׁמְַרתָּ אֶת–מִצְוֹת יְהוָה אֱֹלהֶיָך לָלֶכֶת בְִּדָרכָיו‬ And you shall observe the commandments of Yahweh your God by walking in his ways (Deut 8:6). 5.



With



ְ‫ בּ‬or ְ‫ כּ‬in a temporal clause with or without pronominal suffixes. ‫וַיְהִי בִּשְׁכֹּן יִשְָׂראֵל בָּאֶָרץ הַהִוא‬ When (while) Israel dwelt in that land … (Gen 35:22).



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 21a Qal Infinitive Absolute introduction The Infinitive Absolute is not inflected for person, gender or number and so there is only one form to memorize. This form is easy to identify and varies little with weak verbal roots.



Infinitive Absolute Strong Verb



‫קָטוֹל‬



1. The vowel pattern of the strong verb also occurs in most weak verb types. 2. Frequently, the Holem Waw stem vowel is written defectively as Holem. (‫)קָטֹל‬. 3. Unlike the Infinitive Construct, the Infinitive Absolute does not occur with prepositional prefixes or pronominal suffixes.



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 21b Qal Infinitive Absolute weak verbs Qal Perfect 3ms I-Guttural I-Guttural I-‫א‬ II-Guttural II-Guttural III-‫ח‬ III-‫ע‬ III-‫א‬ I-‫נ‬ I-‫י‬ Geminate



‫א‬



‫הָלְַך‬ ‫עָבַר‬ ‫אָכַל‬ ‫גָּאַל‬ ‫בָּחַר‬ ‫שָׁכַח‬ ‫שָׁמַע‬ ‫יָצָא‬ ‫נָפַל‬ ‫יַָדע‬ ‫סָבַב‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Infinitive Absolute



‫הָלוְֹך‬ ‫עָבוֹר‬ ‫אָכוֹל‬ ‫גָּאוֹל‬ ‫בָּחוֹר‬ ַ‫שָׁכוֹח‬ ַ‫שָׁמוֹע‬ ‫יָצוֹא‬ ‫נָפוֹל‬ ַ‫יָדוֹע‬ ‫סָבוֹב‬



Chapter 21c Qal Infinitive Absolute



‫ ה‬and biconsonantal verbs



III-



Verbal Root



‫עָשָׂה‬ ‫שָׁתָה‬ ‫ָראָה‬ ‫חָיָה‬



Infinitive Absolute ➣ ➣ ➣ ➣



Verbal Root



‫בּוֹא‬ ‫שִׂים‬ ‫קוּם‬ ‫מוּת‬



‫א‬



‫עָשֹׂה‬ ‫שָׁתֹה‬ ‫רָ אֹה‬ ‫חָיֹה‬



‫עָשׂוֹ‬ or ‫שָׁתוֹ‬ or ‫רָאוֹ‬ or ‫חָיוֹ‬ or



Infinitive Absolute ➣ ➣ ➣ ➣



‫בּוֹא‬ ‫שׂוֹם‬ ‫קוֹם‬ ‫מוֹת‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



or



‫בֹּא‬



Chapter 21d Qal Infinitive Absolute parsing



The Infinitive Absolute form is not inflected for person, gender or number. When parsing you are required to identify only stem, conjugation and lexical form.



‫הָלוְֹך‬ ‫מוֹת‬



‫א‬



Qal Infinitive Absolute Qal Infinitive Absolute



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



‫הָלְַך‬ ‫מוּת‬



Chapter 21e Qal Infinitive Absolute usage 1. Emphatic. The Infinitive Absolute can precede or follow a Perfect or Imperfect verbal form of the same root in order to emphasize the verbal meaning.



‫מוֹת תָּמוּת‬ you (2ms) will certainly die (2 Kgs 1:16)



2. Imperatival. The Infinitive Absolute can stand by itself and function as an Imperative.



‫שָׁמוֹר אֶת–יוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת‬ Observe the sabbath day! (Deut 5:12)



3. Contemporaneous Action. Two Infinitive Absolutes can be used together with a Perfect or Imperfect verb to express two verbal actions occurring simultaneously.



‫וַיֵּלְֶך הָלוְֹך וְאָכֹל‬ (literally) and he walked, walking and eating; (idiomatically) and he walked, eating as he went (Judg 14:9)



4. Complementary. The Infinitive Absolute can complement the main verb of a sentence and carry the temporal value of that main verb.



‫ָרגוֹם אֹתוֹ בָאֲבָנִים כָּל–הָעֵָדה‬ All of the congregation shall stone him with stones (Num 15:35).



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 21f Qal Infinitive Absolute the particle



‫יֵשׁ‬



Hebrew can express the existence of someone or something by using the particle ‫ ) יֶשׁ–( יֵשׁ‬which translates either “(there) is” or “(there) are.”



‫לְֶך‬.ֶ‫יֵשׁ מ‬ “there is a king” or “a king is”



‫אָכֵן יֵשׁ יְהוָה בַּמָּקוֹם הַזֶּה‬ Surely the Lord is in this place (Gen 28:16).



‫ יֵשׁ‬may also be used to express possession when followed by the preposition ְ‫( ל‬to).



‫יֶשׁ–לִי תְִקוָה‬ Literally: There is to me hope. Idiomatically: I have hope (Ruth 1:12).



‫הֲיֵשׁ לָכֶם אָח‬ Literally: Is there to you a brother? Idiomatically: Do you have a brother? (Gen 43:7)



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 21g Qal Infinitive Absolute the particle



‫אֵין‬



Hebrew may express the non-existence or absence of someone or something by using the particle ‫יִן( אֵין‬.ַ‫ )א‬which translates either “(there) is not” or “(there) are not.”



‫אֵין–יוֹסֵף בַּבּוֹר‬ Joseph was not in the cistern (Gen 37:29).



‫וְאֵין–ַדּעַת אֱֹלהִים בָּאֶָרץ‬ (And) there is no knowledge of God in the land (Hos 4:1).



‫ אֵין‬can appear with pronominal suffixes as in ‫( אֵינֶ>נּוּ‬3ms or 1cp) and ‫( אֵינָם‬3mp) or it may be used to negate a



verbless clause or sentences with Participles used predicatively.



‫אֵינ ָם יְֵראִים אֶת–יְהוָה‬ They do not fear the Lord (2 Kgs 17:34).



‫אָמַר נָבָל בְּלִבּוֹ אֵין אֱֹלהִים‬ (The) fool says in his heart, “There is no God” (Ps 53:2 [English 53:1]).



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 22a-Qal Participle active strong verb paradigm The Participle inflects like an adjective, with both gender and number. It is not inflected for person. The inflection of the Participle should look familiar.



Singular



‫ֹקטֵל‬



‫ֹקטְלִים‬



Feminine



‫לֶת‬.‫ֹק ֶט‬



‫ֹקטְלוֹת‬



Feminine



‫ֹקטְלָה‬



Masculine



Singular



Plural



‫ֹקטְלִים‬



Masculine



‫א‬



Plural



Feminine



‫לֶת‬.‫ֹק ֶט‬



Feminine



‫ֹקטְלָה‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



‫ֹקטְלוֹת‬



Chapter 22b-Qal Participle diagnostics



The Holem in the first syllable of all forms is diagnostic of the Qal active Participle. It may also be written as Holem Waw (‫)קוֹטֵל‬. The Holem will not reduce (undergo propretonic reduction) with the additional of inflectional endings. The HolemTsere vowel pattern is distinctive of the masculine singular Qal active Participle.



Qal Active Participle Strong Verb



‫קֹטֵל‬



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 22c-Qal Participle weak verbs: part 1



I-Guttural Singular Plural Masc. Fem. Fem.



Fem. Fem.



‫א‬



Plural



‫עֹמְִדים עֹמֵד‬ ‫ֶדת‬.ֶ‫עֹמְדוֹת עֹמ‬ ‫עֹמְדָה‬



‫נֹפְלִים נֹפֵל‬ ‫לֶת‬.ֶ‫נֹפְלוֹת נֹפ‬ ‫נֹפְלָה‬



I-‫י‬



Plural



Geminate Singular Plural



‫יֹשְׁבִים יֹשֵׁב‬ ‫בֶת‬.ֶ‫יֹשְׁבוֹת יֹשׁ‬ ‫יֹשְׁבָה‬



‫סֹבְבִים סֹבֵב‬ ‫בֶת‬.‫סֹבְבוֹת סֹ ֶב‬ ‫סֹבְבָה‬



Singular Masc.



Singular



I-‫נ‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 22d-Qal Participle weak verbs: part 2



Masc. Fem. Fem.



II-Guttural Singular Plural



III-‫ח‬/‫ע‬ Singular Plural



‫בֹּחֲִרים בֹּחֵר‬ ‫ֶֶרת‬.‫בֹּחֲרוֹת בֹּח‬ ‫בֹּחֲָרה‬



‫שֹׁמְעִים שֹׁמֵ ַע‬ ‫עַת‬.ַ‫שֹׁמְעוֹת שֹׁמ‬ ‫שֹׁמְעָה‬



Singular Masc. Fem. Fem.



‫א‬



III-‫א‬



Plural



‫מֹצְאִים מֹצֵא‬ ‫ֵאת‬.‫מֹצְאוֹת מֹצ‬ ‫מֹצְאָה‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 22e-Qal Participle weak verbs: part 3



Singular Masc. Fem. Fem.



‫א‬



‫בֹּנֶה‬ ‫בֹּנָה‬ ‫בֹּנִיָּה‬



III-‫ה‬



Plural



‫בֹּנִים‬ ‫בֹּנוֹת‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Biconsonantal Singular Plural



‫ָקם‬ ‫ָקמָה‬



‫ָקמִים‬ ‫ָקמוֹת‬



Chapter 22f-Qal Participle use of the qal active participle Participles function just like adjectives. 1. Attributive Use. The Participle directly modifies a noun. The modifying Participle will follow the noun and agree in gender, number and definiteness.



‫הָעָם הַיֹּשֵׁב בָּאֶָרץ‬



the people who dwell (who are dwelling) in the land (Num 13:28)



‫יְהוָה אֱֹלהֶיָך אֵשׁ אֹכְלָה‬



Yahweh your God is a consuming fire (Deut 4:24).



2. Predicative Use. The Participle asserts something about the noun (with a form of the verb “to be”). The modifying Participle will agree with the noun in gender and number but not definiteness.



‫הָהָר בֹּעֵר בָּאֵשׁ‬ ‫וּשְׁמוּאֵל שֹׁכֵב בְּהֵיכַל‬



The mountain was burning with fire (Deut 4:11). And Samuel was lying down in (the) temple (1 Sam 3:3).



3. Substantive Use. The Participle is used independently as a noun, indicating the “one who” performs a certain action. It may function as the subject or object of a verb; take a definite article; appear in a construct chain; or take pronominal suffixes and prepositional prefixes.



‫הַיּוֹשֶׁבֶת בַּגַּנִּים‬ ‫וְֹלא יִישָׁן שׁוֹמֵר יִשְָׂראֵל‬



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



you who dwell in the gardens (Song 8:13) and the one who keeps Israel will not sleep (Ps 121:4)



Chapter 22g-Qal Participle passive participle paradigm



The passive Participle inflects like an adjective, with both gender and number. It is not inflected for person. Singular



‫ְקטוּלִים קָטוּל‬



Masculine Feminine



‫ְקטוּלוֹת ְקטוּלָה‬ Singular



‫א‬



Plural



‫ֹקטְלִים‬



Masculine Feminine



Plural



‫בָה‬.‫ֹקט‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



‫ֹקטְלוֹת‬



Chapter 22h-Qal Participle passive participle diagnostics



The diagnostic feature of the Qal passive Participle is the Qamets-Shureq vowel pattern. It may also be spelled defectively with Qibbuts as in ‫קָטֻל‬.



Qal Passive Participle Strong Verb



‫קָטוּל‬



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 22i-Qal Participle weak verbs



‫עָזוּב‬



abandoned



ַ‫פָּתוּח‬



opened



‫שָׂנוּא‬



hated



ַ‫יָדוּע‬



known



‫שָׁאוּל‬



asked



ַ‫נָטוּע‬



planted



‫שָׁחוּט‬



slaughtered



‫אָרוּר‬



cursed



‫יָעוּץ‬



advised



‫אָכוּל‬



eaten



III-‫ה‬ Masculine Feminine



‫א‬



Singular



Plural



‫בָּנוּי‬ ‫בְּנוּיָה‬



‫בְּנוּיִים‬ ‫בְּנוּיוֹת‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 22j-Qal Participle use of the qal passive participle Participles function just like adjectives. 1. Attributive Use. The passive Participle follows the noun it modifies and agrees in gender, number and definiteness.



‫הַבְִּרית הַכְּתוּבָה בְּסֵפֶר‬ ‫הַתּוָֹרה הַזֶּה‬ ‫וַיִּבֶן אֶת–כָּל–הַחוֹמָה‬ ‫הַפְּרוּצָה‬



the covenant written in this book of the law (Deut 29:20) (And) he (re)built all of the broken wall (2 Chr 32:5).



2. Predicative Use. The passive Participle either precedes or follows the noun it modifies and agrees in gender and number only (not definiteness).



‫בָּרוְּך יְהוָה לְעוֹלָם‬ ‫אֲרוָּרה הָאֲדָמָה בַּעֲבוֶּרָך‬



Blessed is Yahweh forever (Ps 89:53). Cursed is the ground because of you (Gen 3:17).



3. Substantive Use. Passive Participles can be used independently as nouns, indicating the “one who” performs a certain action. When a Participle is used substantively, it behaves just like a noun.



‫וְהֶחָלוּץ יַעֲבֹר לִפְנֵי‬ ‫אֲרוֹן יְהוָה‬



And the one equipped (for battle) will pass before the ark of Yahweh (Josh 6:7).



‫וְתַחַת הֲרוּגִים יִפֹּלוּ‬



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



And they will fall among the slain ones (Isa 10:4).



Chapter 22k-Qal Participle parsing



Like a verb, the Participle has stem and voice. Like an adjective, it is inflected for gender and number. When parsing you will be required to identify stem, conjugation (with voice), gender, number and lexical form.



‫יֹשֵׁב‬ ‫בָּרוְּך‬



‫א‬



Qal Active Participle ms



‫יָשַׁב‬



Qal Passive Participle ms



‫בַָּרְך‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 23a-Sentence Syntax normal word order In Hebrew, normal word order for a verbal sentence is verb-subject-object (vso)



o



s



v



ַ‫וַיִּזְכֹּר אֱֹלהִים אֶת–נֹח‬ (And) God remembered Noah (Gen 8:1).



o



s



v



‫וַיַּחֲֹלם יוֹסֵף חֲלוֹם‬ (And) Joseph dreamed a dream (Gen 37:5).



o



s



v



‫וַיְִּקָרא מֹשֶׁה אֶל–כָּל–יִשְָׂראֵל‬ (And) Moses called to all Israel (Ex 24:16).



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 23b-Sentence Syntax syntax of the verb In the syntax of the verbal sentence, the verb is normally at the beginning, in first position.



‫וַיָָּקם מֶלְֶך–חָָדשׁ עַל–מִצְָריִם‬ (And) a new king arose over Egypt (Ex 1:8).



‫בָּטַחְתִּי בְחֶסֶד–אֱֹלהִים עוֹלָם וָעֶד‬ I trust in the steadfast love of God forever and ever (Ps 52:10 [English 52:8]).



‫שִׁירוּ לַיהוָה שִׁיר חָָדשׁ‬ Sing to Yahweh a new song (Ps 96:1).



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 23c-Sentence Syntax syntax of the verb The verb may also be preceded by an adverb of time, an adverbial phrase, (behold), a temporal modifier ( or ), an expression that provides context or circumstantial information, an independent personal pronoun for emphasis or a negative particle.



‫הִנֵּה‬



‫וְהָיָה וַיְהִי‬



‫עַתָּה יַָדעְתִּי כִּי–גָדוֹל יְהוָה מִכָּל–הָאֱֹלהִים‬ Now I know that Yahweh is greater than all gods (Ex 18:11).



‫אַחַר הְַדּבִָרים הָאֵלֶּה הָיָה ְדבַר–יְהוָה אֶל–אַבְָרם‬ After these things, the word of Yahweh came (was) to Abram (Gen 15:1).



‫וְהִנֵּה נָפְלוּ אֲבוֹתֵינוּ בֶּחֶָרב‬ And behold, our fathers have fallen by the sword (2 Chr 29:9).



‫וַיְהִי בִּהְיוֹתָם בַּשֶָּׂדה וַיָָּקם ַקיִן אֶל–הֶבֶל אָחִיו וַיַּהְַרגֵהוּ‬ When they were in the field, Cain rose up against Abel his brother and he killed him (Gen 4:8).



‫אַל–תִּבְטְחוּ לָכֶם אֶל–ִדּבְֵרי הַשֶֶּׁקר‬ Do not trust in deceptive words (Jer 7:4).



‫וְאַתֶּם תִּהְיוּ–לִי מַמְלֶכֶת כֹּהֲנִים‬ And you will be to me a kingdom of priests (Ex 19:6).



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 23d-Sentence Syntax syntax of the subject In the syntax of the verbal sentence, the verb is normally followed immediately by its subject if one is specified.



‫וַיֹּאמֶר הַנָּחָשׁ אֶל–הָאִשָּׁה‬ The serpent said to the woman (Gen 3:4).



‫וַיִּשְׁכֹּן כְּבוֹד–יְהוָה עַל–הַר סִינַי‬ The glory of Yahweh dwelt upon Mount Sinai (Ex 24:16). The verb may be preceded by its subject to emphasize that subject, though there are other reasons for this type of variation.



‫יְהוָה יִמְֹלְך לְעֹלָם וָעֶד‬ Yahweh will reign forever and ever (Ex 15:18).



‫וּמֹשֶׁה עָלָה אֶל–הָאֱֹלהִים‬ And Moses went up to God (Ex 19:3).



‫וְנֹחַ מָצָא חֵן בְּעֵינֵי יְהוָה‬ And Noah found favor in the eyes of Yahweh (Gen 6:8).



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 23e-Sentence Syntax syntax of the object



1. The indirect object is usually marked with the preposition ְ‫( ל‬to, for) or –‫( אֶל‬to, for) and may precede or follow the direct object (if any).



‫יַָדעְתִּי כִּי–נָתַן יְהוָה לָכֶם אֶת–הָאֶָרץ‬ I know that Yahweh has given to you the land (Josh 2:9). 2. A direct object (if any) will frequently stand after the verb or its subject. It may precede or follow an indirect object.



‫בָָּרא אֱֹלהִים אֵת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֵת הָאֶָרץ‬ God created the heavens and the earth (Gen 1:1). 3. The verb may be preceded by its object to emphasize that object, though there are other reasons for this syntax.



‫אֶת–יְהוָה אֱֹלהֶיָך תִּיָרא‬ Yahweh your God you shall fear (Deut 10:20).



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 23f-Sentence Syntax conditional sentences



A conditional sentence consists of two clauses. The first clause states the condition and is called the protasis (“if-clause”). The second clause states the consequence of the condition and is called the apodosis (“thenclause”). The protasis will often begin with ‫( אִם‬if) but it may also begin with ‫כִּי‬, ‫ הֵן‬or ‫ אֲשֶׁר‬followed by a Perfect, Imperfect or Participle.



‫וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלֶיהָ בָָּרק‬ ‫אִם–תֵּלְכִי עִמִּי וְהָלָכְתִּי‬ ‫וְאִם–ֹלא תֵלְכִי עִמִּי ֹלא אֵלְֵך‬ Barak said to her, “If you will go with me, then I will go; but if you will not go with me, (then) I will not go” (Judg 4:8).



Condition (Protasis) “if (‫ )אִם‬you will go” “but if (‫ ) אִם‬you will not go”



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Consequence (Apodosis) “then I will go” “(then) I will not go”



Chapter 23g-Sentence Syntax adverbs Adverbs are generally divided into four categories: adverbs of time (then, now), place (here, there), degree (very, extremely) and manner (swiftly, gently). 1. Adverbs of Time. ‫( עַתָּה‬now)



‫עַתָּה יַָדעְתִּי כִּי–יְֵרא אֱֹלהִים אַתָּה‬



Now I know that you fear God (Gen 22:12).



2. Adverbs of Place. ‫( שָׁם‬there)



‫וַיָּשֶׂם שָׁם אֶת–הָאָָדם אֲשֶׁר יָצָר‬



And he placed there the man whom he had formed (Gen 2:8).



3. Adverbs of Degree. ‫( תָּמִיד‬continually)



‫עֵינַי תָּמִיד אֶל–יְהוָה‬



My eyes are continually on the Lord (Ps 25:15). 4. Adverbs of Manner. ‫( פִּתְאֹם‬suddenly)



‫וַיָּבֹא אֲלֵיהֶם יְהוֹשֻׁעַ פִּתְאֹם‬



And Joshua came upon them suddenly (Josh 10:9).



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 23h-Sentence Syntax disjunctive waw A disjunctive Waw is prefixed to a non-verbal form and is nonsequential, that is, it introduces some kind of break or interruption in the narrative. There are four basic uses. 1. Parenthetical. The disjunctive clause may interrupt the narrative flow in order to provide some explanatory information.



‫ְוהֵם ֹלא יְָדעוּ כִּי שֹׁמֵעַ יוֹסֵף כִּי הַמֵּלִיץ בֵּינֹתָם‬



Now they did not know that Joseph was understanding them because there was an interpreter between them (Gen 42:23). 2. Circumstantial. The disjunctive clause may introduce or identify circumstantial information that relates to the main action of the narrative.



‫וַיְהִי כְּהַיּוֹם הַזֶּה וַיָּבֹא הַבַּיְתָה לַעֲשׂוֹת מְלַאכְתּוֹ‬ ‫וְאֵין אִישׁ מֵאַנְשֵׁי הַבַּיִת שָׁם בַּבָּיִת‬



(And) one day, he went into the house to do his work and none of the household servants were there in the house (Gen 39:11). 3. Contrastive. The disjunctive Waw may introduce a contrastive idea and is often translated as “but.”



‫וַיִּשַׁע יְהוָה אֶל–הֶבֶל וְאֶל–מִנְחָתוֹ‬ ‫וְאֶל–ַקיִן וְאֶל–מִנְחָתוֹ ֹלא שָׁעָה‬



The Lord looked favorably on Abel and his offering but on Cain and his offering he did not look favorably (Gen 4:4b-5a). 4. Introductory. The disjunctive Waw may begin a new narrative or introduce a new idea or theme within a narrative.



‫ְוהַנָּחָשׁ הָיָה עָרוּם מִכֹּל חַיַּת הַשֶָּׂדה‬ ‫אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה יְהוָה אֱֹלהִים‬



Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the creatures that the Lord God had made (Gen 3:1).



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 24a-Niphal Strong perfect Niphal Perfect Strong Verb



‫נְִקטַל‬ 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3cp 2mp 2fp 1cp



‫א‬



Qal



Niphal



‫קָטַל‬ ‫ ְטלָה‬,‫ק‬ ָ‫לְתּ‬.ַ‫קָט‬ ְ‫ָקטַלְתּ‬ ‫לְתִּי‬.ַ‫קָט‬ ‫טְלוּ‬,‫ק‬ ‫ְק ַטלְתֶּם‬ ‫ְק ַטלְתֶּן‬ ‫לְנוּ‬.ַ‫קָט‬



‫נְִקטַל‬ ‫נְִקטְלָה‬ ָ‫לְתּ‬.ַ‫נְִקט‬ ְ‫נְִקטַלְתּ‬ ‫ַלְתִּי‬.‫נְִקט‬ ‫נְִקטְלוּ‬ ‫נְִקטַלְתֶּם‬ ‫נְִקטַלְתֶּן‬ ‫לְנוּ‬.ַ‫נְִקט‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation he was killed she was killed you were killed you were killed I was killed they were killed you were killed you were killed we were killed



Chapter 24b-Niphal Strong imperfect Niphal Imperfect Strong Verb



‫יִקָּטֵל‬ Qal 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp



‫א‬



Niphal



‫יְִקטֹל‬ ‫יִקָּטֵל‬ ‫תִּקָּטֵל תְִּקטֹל‬ ‫תִּקָּטֵל תְִּקטֹל‬ ‫טְלִי תְִּקטְלִי‬,ּ‫תִּק‬ ‫אֶקָּטֵל אְֶקטֹל‬ ‫טְלוּ יְִקטְלוּ‬,ּ‫יִק‬ ‫לְנָה‬.‫לְנָה תְִּק ֹט‬.‫תִּקָּ ַט‬ ‫טְלוּ תְִּקטְלוּ‬,ּ‫תִּק‬ ‫לְנָה‬.‫לְנָה תְִּק ֹט‬.‫תִּקָּ ַט‬ ‫נִקָּטֵל נְִקטֹל‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation he will be killed she will be killed you will be killed you will be killed I will be killed they will be killed they will be killed you will be killed you will be killed we will be killed



Chapter 24c-Niphal Strong imperative



Niphal Imperative Strong Verb



‫הִקָּטֵל‬ Qal 2ms 2fs 2mp 2fp



‫א‬



Niphal



‫הִקָּטֵל ְקטֹל‬ ‫טְלִי ִקטְלִי‬,ּ‫הִק‬ ‫טְלוּ ִקטְלוּ‬,ּ‫הִק‬ ‫לְנָה‬.‫לְנָה ְק ֹט‬.ַ‫הִקָּט‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation be killed! be killed! be killed! be killed!



Chapter 24d-Niphal Strong infinitive



Niphal Infinitive Construct



‫הִקָּטֵל‬ Niphal Infinitive Absolute



‫נְִקטוֹל‬ ‫הִקָּטוֹל‬ ‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 24e-Niphal Strong participle



Niphal Participle Strong Verb



‫נְִקטָל‬ Qal ms fs mp fp



‫א‬



Niphal



‫נְִקטָל ֹקטֵל‬ ‫לֶת‬.‫לֶת ֹק ֶט‬.‫נְִק ֶט‬ ‫נְִקטָלִים ֹקטְלִים‬ ‫נְִקטָלוֹת ֹקטְלוֹת‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation being killed being killed being killed being killed



‫‪Chapter 24f-Niphal Strong‬‬ ‫‪conjugation summary‬‬ ‫‪Participle‬‬



‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Absolute‬‬



‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Construct‬‬



‫‪Imperative‬‬



‫‪Imperfect‬‬



‫‪Perfect‬‬



‫נְִקטָל‬



‫נְִקטוֹל‬ ‫הִקָּטוֹל‬ ‫נְִקטוֹל‬ ‫הִָקּטוֹל‬



‫הִ קָּטֵל‬



‫הִ קָּטֵל‬



‫יִ קָּטֵל‬



‫נְִקטַל‬



‫הִָקּטֵל‬



‫הִָקּטֵל‬ ‫הִקּ‪,‬טְלִי‬ ‫הִקּ‪,‬טְלוּ‬ ‫הִָקּטַ‪.‬לְנָה‬



‫יִָקּטֵל‬ ‫תִָּקּטֵל‬ ‫תִָּקּטֵל‬ ‫תִּקּ‪,‬טְלִי‬ ‫אֶָקּטֵל‬ ‫יִקּ‪,‬טְלוּ‬ ‫תִָּקּ ַט‪.‬לְנָה‬ ‫תִּקּ‪,‬טְלוּ‬ ‫תִָּקּ ַט‪.‬לְנָה‬ ‫נִָקּטֵל‬



‫נְִקטַל‬ ‫נְִקטְלָה‬ ‫נְִקטַ‪.‬לְתָּ‬ ‫נְִקטַלְתְּ‬ ‫נְִק ַט‪.‬לְתִּי‬ ‫נְִקטְלוּ‬ ‫נְִקטַלְתֶּם‬ ‫נְִקטַלְתֶּן‬ ‫נְִקטַ‪.‬לְנוּ‬



‫נְִקטָל‬ ‫נְִק ֶט‪.‬לֶת‬ ‫נְִקטָלִים‬ ‫נְִקטָלוֹת‬



Chapter 25 - Niphal Diagnostics at-a-glance



Perfect



Imperfect Imperative



Infinitive Construct



Infinitive Participle Absolute



Strong



‫נְִקטַל‬



‫נְִקטָל נְִקטוֹל הִ קָּטֵל הִ קָּטֵל יִ קָּטֵל‬ ‫הִקָּטוֹל‬



I-Gutt



‫נֶעֱז ַב‬



‫יֵעָזֵב‬



‫א‬



‫נִמְצָא‬



‫נִמְצָא נִמְצוֹא הִ ּ ָמצֵא הִ ּ ָמצֵא יִ ּ ָמצֵא‬



‫ה‬



‫נִבְנ ָה‬ ָ‫נִבְנ ֵ>ית‬



‫יִבָּנ ֶה‬



‫הִבָּנוֹת הִבָּנ ֵה‬



‫נִבְנ ֶה נִבְנֹה‬ ‫הִבָּנ ֵה‬



‫נ‬



‫נִ ַצ ּל‬



‫יִנָּצֵל‬



‫הִנָּצֵל‬



‫הִנָּצֵל‬ ‫נִצ ּוֹל‬



‫י‬



‫נוֹשַׁב‬



IIIIII-



I-



I-



‫א‬



‫הֵעָזֵב‬



‫נֶעֱזָב נַעֲזוֹב הֵעָזֵב‬ ‫הֵעָזוֹב‬



‫הִנָּצֵל‬



‫הִוָּשֵׁב הִוָּשֵׁב ִיוָּשֵׁב‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



‫נִ ָצ ּל‬ ‫נוֹשָׁב‬



Chapter 26a-Piel Strong perfect Piel Perfect Strong Verb



‫קִ ֵטּל‬ Qal 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3cp 2mp 2fp 1cp



‫א‬



Piel



‫קָטַל‬ ‫קִ ּטֵל‬ ‫ ְטלָה‬,‫קִ ְּטלָה ק‬ ָ‫לְתּ‬.ַ‫טלְתָּ קָט‬.ַּ ִ‫ק‬ ְ‫קִ ַּטלְתְּ ָקטַלְתּ‬ ‫לְתִּי‬.ַ‫טלְתִּי קָט‬.ַּ ִ‫ק‬ ‫טְלוּ‬,‫ק‬ ‫קִ ּטְלוּ‬ ‫קִ ַּטלְתֶּם ְק ַטלְתֶּם‬ ‫קִ ַּט ְלתֶּן ְק ַטלְתֶּן‬ ‫לְנוּ‬.ַ‫טלְנוּ קָט‬.ַּ ִ‫ק‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation he slaughtered she slaughtered you slaughtered you slaughtered I slaughtered they slaughtered you slaughtered you slaughtered we slaughtered



Chapter 26b-Piel Strong imperfect Piel Imperfect Strong Verb



‫יְקַ ּטֵל‬ Qal 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp



‫א‬



Piel



‫יְִקטֹל‬ ‫יְקַ ּטֵל‬ ‫תְּקַ ּטֵל תְִּקטֹל‬ ‫תְּקַ ּטֵל תְִּקטֹל‬ ‫תְּקַ ְּטלִי תְִּקטְלִי‬ ‫אֲקַ ּטֵל אְֶקטֹל‬ ‫יְקַ ּטְלוּ יְִקטְלוּ‬ ‫לְנָה‬.‫טלְנָה תְִּק ֹט‬.ֵּ ַ‫תְּק‬ ‫תְּקַ ּטְלוּ תְִּקטְלוּ‬ ‫לְנָה‬.‫טלְנָה תְִּק ֹט‬.ֵּ ַ‫תְּק‬ ‫נְִקטֹל‬ ‫נְקַ ּטֵל‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation he will slaughter she will slaughter you will slaughter you will slaughter I will slaughter they will slaughter they will slaughter you will slaughter you will slaughter we will slaughter



Chapter 26c-Piel Strong imperative



Piel Imperative Strong Verb



‫קַ ּטֵל‬ 2ms 2fs 2mp 2fp



‫א‬



Qal



Piel



‫תְַּקטֵּל‬ ‫תְַּקטְּלִי‬ ‫תְַּקטְּלוּ‬ ‫לְנָה‬.‫תְַּק ֵטּ‬



‫קַ ּטֵל‬ ‫קַ ְּטלִי‬ ‫קַ ּטְלוּ‬ ‫טלְנָה‬.ֵּ ַ‫ק‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation (you) slaughter! (you) slaughter! (you) slaughter! (you) slaughter!



Chapter 26d-Piel Strong infinitive



Piel Infinitive Construct



‫קַ ּטֵל‬ Piel Infinitive Absolute



‫קַ ּטֵל‬



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 26e-Piel Strong participle



Piel Participle Strong Verb



‫מְקַ ּטֵל‬ Qal ms fs mp fp



‫א‬



Piel



‫מְקַ ּטֵל ֹקטֵל‬ ‫לֶת‬.‫ֶטלֶת ֹק ֶט‬.ּ ַ‫מְק‬ ‫מְקַ ְּטלִים ֹקטְלִים‬ ‫ְמקַ ּטְלוֹת ֹקטְלוֹת‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation slaughtering slaughtering slaughtering slaughtering



‫‪Chapter 26f-Piel Strong‬‬ ‫‪conjugation summary‬‬ ‫‪Participle‬‬



‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Absolute‬‬



‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Construct‬‬



‫‪Imperative‬‬



‫‪Imperfect‬‬



‫‪Perfect‬‬



‫מְ קַ ּטֵל‬ ‫מְַקטֵּל‬ ‫מְַק ֶטּ‪.‬לֶת‬ ‫מְַקטְּלִים‬ ‫מְַקטְּלוֹת‬



‫קַ ּטֵל‬ ‫ַקטֵּל‬



‫קַ ּטֵל‬ ‫ַקטֵּל‬



‫קַ ּטֵל‬ ‫ַקטֵּל‬ ‫ַקטְּלִי‬ ‫ַקטְּלוּ‬ ‫ַק ֵטּ‪.‬לְנָה‬



‫יְ קַ ּטֵל‬ ‫יְַקטֵּל‬ ‫תְַּקטֵּל‬ ‫תְַּקטֵּל‬ ‫תְַּקטְּלִי‬ ‫אֲַקטֵּל‬ ‫יְַקטְּלוּ‬ ‫תְַּק ֵטּ‪.‬לְנָה‬ ‫תְַּקטְּלוּ‬ ‫תְַּק ֵטּ‪.‬לְנָה‬ ‫נְַקטֵּל‬



‫קִ ּטֵל‬ ‫ִקטֵּל‬ ‫ִקטְּלָה‬ ‫ִק ַטּ‪.‬לְתָּ‬ ‫ִקטַּלְתְּ‬ ‫ִק ַטּ‪.‬לְתִּי‬ ‫ִקטְּלוּ‬ ‫ִקטַּלְתֶּם‬ ‫ִקטַּלְתֶּן‬ ‫ִקטַּ‪.‬לְנוּ‬



Chapter 27 - Piel Diagnostics at-a-glance



Perfect



Infinitive Construct



Infinitive Participle Absolute



‫יְ קַ ּטֵל‬



‫קַ ּטֵל‬



‫קַ ּטֵל‬



‫מְ קַ ּטֵל קַ ּטֵל‬



‫ח‬/‫ע‬



‫יְשַׁלַּח שִׁלַּח‬



‫שַׁלַּח‬



‫שַׁלַּח‬



ַ‫מְשַׁ ֵלּחַ שַׁ ֵלּח‬



III-



‫א‬



‫מִצ ֵּא‬



‫יְמַצ ֵּא‬



‫מַצ ֵּא‬



‫מַצ ֵּא‬



‫מְמַצ ֵּא מַצ ֵּא‬ ‫מַצ ֹּא‬



III-



‫ה‬



1



‫גִּלָּה‬ ָ‫ית‬.ִּ‫גִּל‬



‫יְגַלֶּה‬



‫גּ ַלֵּה‬



‫גּ ַלּוֹת‬



‫מְגַלֶּה גּ ַלֵּה‬



Geminate



‫הִלֵּל‬



‫יְהַלֵּל‬



‫הַלֵּל‬



‫הַלֵּל‬



‫מְהַלֵּל הַלֵּל‬



II-Gutt2



‫נִחַם‬



‫יְנַחֵם‬



‫נַחֵם‬



‫נַחֵם‬



‫מְנַחֵם נַחֵם‬



II-Gutt3



‫בֵֵּרְך‬



‫יְבֵָרְך‬



‫בֵָּרְך‬



‫בֵָּרְך‬



‫מְבֵָרְך בֵָּרְך‬



Strong III-



1 2 3



‫קִ ֵטּל‬



Imperfect Imperative



3ms only virtual doubling compensatory lengthening



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 28a-Pual Strong perfect Pual Perfect Strong Verb



‫ֻק ַטּל‬ Qal 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3cp 2mp 2fp 1cp



‫א‬



Pual



‫ִקטֵּל‬ ‫ֻק ַטּל‬ ‫ֻק ְּטלָה ִקטְּלָה‬ ָ‫לְתּ‬.‫טלְתָּ ִק ַטּ‬.ַּ ‫ֻק‬ ְ‫ֻק ַּטלְתְּ ִקטַּלְתּ‬ ‫לְתִּי‬.‫טלְתִּי ִק ַטּ‬.ַּ ‫ֻק‬ ‫ִקטְּלוּ‬ ‫ֻק ּטְלוּ‬ ‫ֻק ַּטלְתֶּם ִקטַּלְתֶּם‬ ‫ֻק ַּט ְלתֶּן ִקטַּלְתֶּן‬ ‫לְנוּ‬.ַ‫טלְנוּ ִקטּ‬.ַּ ‫ֻק‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation he slaughtered she slaughtered you slaughtered you slaughtered I slaughtered they slaughtered you slaughtered you slaughtered we slaughtered



Chapter 28b-Pual Strong imperfect Pual Imperfect Strong Verb



‫יְ ֻק ּטַל‬ Qal 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp



‫א‬



Pual



‫יְַקטֵּל‬ ‫יְ ֻק ּטַל‬ ‫תְּ ֻק ּטַל תְַּקטֵּל‬ ‫תְּ ֻק ּטַל תְַּקטֵּל‬ ‫תְּ ֻק ְּטלִי תְַּקטְּלִי‬ ‫אֲ ֻק ּטַל אֲַקטֵּל‬ ‫יְ ֻק ּטְלוּ יְַקטְּלוּ‬ ‫לְנָה‬.‫ַט ְלנָה תְַּק ֵטּ‬.ּ ‫תְּ ֻק‬ ‫תְּ ֻק ּטְלוּ תְַּקטְּלוּ‬ ‫לְנָה‬.‫ט ְלנָה תְַּק ֵטּ‬.ַּ ‫תְּ ֻק‬ ‫נְַקטֵּל‬ ‫נְ ֻק ּטַל‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation he will slaughter she will slaughter you will slaughter you will slaughter I will slaughter they will slaughter they will slaughter you will slaughter you will slaughter we will slaughter



Chapter 28c-Pual Strong participle



Pual Participle Strong Verb



‫מְ ֻק ּטַל‬ Qal ms fs mp fp



‫א‬



Pual



‫מְַקטֵּל‬ ‫מְ ֻק ּטַל‬ ‫לֶת‬.‫ֶטלֶת מְַק ֶטּ‬.ּ ‫מְ ֻק‬ ‫מְ ֻק ְּטלִים מְַקטְּלִים‬ ‫מְ ֻק ּטְלוֹת מְַקטְּלוֹת‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation slaughtering slaughtering slaughtering slaughtering



‫‪Chapter 28d-Pual Strong‬‬ ‫‪conjugation summary‬‬ ‫‪Participle‬‬



‫‪Imperfect‬‬



‫‪Perfect‬‬



‫מְ קֻ ּטַל‬ ‫מְֻקטָּל‬ ‫מְֻקטֶּ‪.‬לֶת‬ ‫מְֻקטָּלִים‬ ‫מְֻקטָּלוֹת‬



‫יְ קֻ ּטַל‬ ‫יְֻקטַּל‬ ‫תְֻּקטַּל‬ ‫תְֻּקטַּל‬ ‫תְֻּקטְּלִי‬ ‫אֲֻקטַּל‬ ‫יְֻקטְּלוּ‬ ‫תְֻּקטַּ‪.‬לְנָה‬ ‫תְֻּקטְּלוּ‬ ‫תְֻּקטַּ‪.‬לְנָה‬ ‫נְֻקטַּל‬



‫קֻ ּטַל‬ ‫ֻקטַּל‬ ‫ֻקטְּלָה‬ ‫ֻקטַּ‪.‬לְתָּ‬ ‫ֻקטַּלְתְּ‬ ‫ֻקטַּ‪.‬לְתִּי‬ ‫ֻקטְּלוּ‬ ‫ֻקטַּלְתֶּם‬ ‫ֻקטַּלְתֶּן‬ ‫ֻקטַּ‪.‬לְנוּ‬



Chapter 29 - Pual Diagnostics at-a-glance



Perfect



Imperfect



Participle



Strong



‫ֻקטַּל‬



‫מְ ֻק ּטָל יְ ֻק ּטַל‬



III-



‫א‬



‫מֻצ ָּא‬



‫מְמֻצ ָּא יְמֻצ ָּא‬



III-



‫ה‬



‫גֻּלָּה‬ ָ‫ית‬.ֵּ‫גֻּל‬



‫יְגֻלֶּה‬



‫מְגֻלֶּה‬



II-Gutt1



‫נֻחַם‬



‫יְנֻחַם‬



‫מְנֻחָם‬



II-Gutt2



‫בַֹּרְך‬



‫מְבָֹרְך יְבַֹרְך‬



1 2



virtual doubling compensatory lengthening



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 30a-Hiphil Strong perfect Hiphil Perfect Strong Verb



‫לְתָּ הְִקטִיל‬.ַ‫הְִקט‬ or



3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3cp 2mp 2fp 1cp



‫א‬



Qal



Hiphil



‫קָטַל‬ ‫ ְטלָה‬,‫ק‬ ָ‫לְתּ‬.ַ‫קָט‬ ְ‫ָקטַלְתּ‬ ‫לְתִּי‬.ַ‫קָט‬ ‫טְלוּ‬,‫ק‬ ‫ְק ַטלְתֶּם‬ ‫ְק ַטלְתֶּן‬ ‫לְנוּ‬.ַ‫קָט‬



‫הְִקטִיל‬ ‫ִילָה‬.‫הְִקט‬ ָ‫לְתּ‬.ַ‫הְִקט‬ ְ‫הְִקטַלְתּ‬ ‫לְתִּי‬.ַ‫הְִקט‬ ‫ילוּ‬.ִ‫הְִקט‬ ‫הְִקטַלְתֶּם‬ ‫הְִקטַלְתֶּן‬ ‫לְנוּ‬.ַ‫הְִקט‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation he caused to kill she caused to kill you caused to kill you caused to kill I caused to kill they caused to kill you caused to kill you caused to kill we caused to kill



Chapter 30b-Hiphil Strong imperfect Hiphil Imperfect Strong Verb



‫י ַ ְקטִיל‬ 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp



‫א‬



Qal



Hiphil



‫יְִקטֹל‬ ‫תְִּקטֹל‬ ‫תְִּקטֹל‬ ‫תְִּקטְלִי‬ ‫אְֶקטֹל‬ ‫יְִקטְלוּ‬ ‫לְנָה‬.‫תְִּק ֹט‬ ‫תְִּקטְלוּ‬ ‫לְנָה‬.‫תְִּק ֹט‬ ‫נְִקטֹל‬



‫יְַקטִיל‬ ‫תְַּקטִיל‬ ‫תְַּקטִיל‬ ‫ִילִי‬.‫תְַּקט‬ ‫אְַקטִיל‬ ‫ילוּ‬.ִ‫יַקְט‬ ‫ֵלְנָה‬.‫תְַּקט‬ ‫ילוּ‬.ִ‫תְַּקט‬ ‫ֵלְנָה‬.‫תְַּקט‬ ‫נְַקטִיל‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation he will cause to kill she will cause to kill you will cause to kill you will cause to kill I will cause to kill they will cause to kill they will cause to kill you will cause to kill you will cause to kill we will cause to kill



Chapter 30c-Hiphil Strong imperative



Hiphil Imperative Strong Verb



‫ילִי הְַקטֵל‬.ִ‫הְַקט‬ or



Qal 2ms 2fs 2mp 2fp



‫א‬



Hiphil



‫הְַקטֵל ְקטֹל‬ ‫ילִי ִקטְלִי‬.ִ‫הְַקט‬ ‫ילוּ ִקטְלוּ‬.‫הְַק ִט‬ ‫לְנָה‬.‫טֵלְנָה ְק ֹט‬. ‫הְַק‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation cause to kill! cause to kill! cause to kill! cause to kill!



Chapter 30d-Hiphil Strong infinitive



Hiphil Infinitive Construct



‫הְַקטִיל‬ Hiphil Infinitive Absolute



‫הְַקטֵל‬



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 30e-Hiphil Strong participle



Hiphil Participle Strong Verb



‫מְַקטִיל‬ Qal ms fs mp fp



‫א‬



Hiphil



‫מְַקטִיל ֹקטֵל‬ ‫לֶת‬.‫לֶת ֹק ֶט‬.ֶ‫מְַקט‬ ‫מְַקטִילִים ֹקטְלִים‬ ‫מְַקטִילוֹת ֹקטְלוֹת‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation causing to kill causing to kill causing to kill causing to kill



‫‪Chapter 30f-Hiphil Strong‬‬ ‫‪conjugation summary‬‬ ‫‪Participle‬‬



‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Absolute‬‬



‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Construct‬‬



‫‪Imperative‬‬



‫‪Imperfect‬‬



‫‪Perfect‬‬



‫מְַקטִיל‬



‫הְַקטֵל‬



‫הְַקטִיל‬



‫מְַקטִיל‬ ‫מְַקטֶ‪.‬לֶת‬ ‫מְַקטִילִים‬ ‫מְַקטִילוֹת‬



‫הְַקטֵל‬



‫הְַקטִיל‬



‫הְַקטֵל‬ ‫הְַקטִ‪.‬ילִי‬ ‫הְַקטֵל‬ ‫הְַקטִ‪.‬ילִי‬ ‫הְַקטִ‪.‬ילוּ‬ ‫הְַקטֵ‪.‬לְנָה‬



‫יְַקטִיל‬



‫הְִקטִיל‬ ‫הְִקטַ‪.‬לְתָּ‬ ‫הְִקטִיל‬ ‫הְִקט‪ִ.‬ילָה‬ ‫הְִקטַ‪.‬לְתָּ‬ ‫הְִקטַלְתְּ‬ ‫הְִקטַ‪.‬לְתִּי‬ ‫הְִקטִ‪.‬ילוּ‬ ‫הְִקטַלְתֶּם‬ ‫הְִקטַלְתֶּן‬ ‫הְִקטַ‪.‬לְנוּ‬



‫יְַקטִיל‬ ‫תְַּקטִיל‬ ‫תְַּקטִיל‬ ‫תְַּקט‪ִ.‬ילִי‬ ‫אְַקטִיל‬ ‫יְַקטִ‪.‬ילוּ‬ ‫תְַּק ֵט‪.‬לְנָה‬ ‫תְַּקטִ‪.‬ילוּ‬ ‫תְַּק ֵט‪.‬לְנָה‬ ‫נְַקטִיל‬



‫‪Chapter 31 - Hiphil Diagnostics‬‬ ‫‪at-a-glance‬‬



‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Construct‬‬



‫‪Imperfect Imperative‬‬



‫‪Perfect‬‬



‫‪Infinitive Participle‬‬ ‫‪Absolute‬‬



‫מְַקטִיל הְַקטֵל הְַקטִיל‬



‫הְַקטֵל יְַקטִיל‬ ‫הְַקטִ‪.‬ילִי‬ ‫הַעֲמֵד יַעֲמִיד‬ ‫הַעֲמ‪ִ.‬יִדי‬ ‫הַשְׁלַח יַשְׁלִיחַ‬ ‫הַשְׁלִ‪.‬יחִי‬ ‫הַמְצֵא יַמְצִיא‬ ‫הַמְצ‪ִ.‬יאִי‬ ‫הַגְלֵה יַגְלֶה‬



‫הְִקטִיל‬ ‫הְִקטַ‪.‬לְתָּ‬ ‫‪I-Gutt‬‬ ‫הֶעֱמִיד‬ ‫הֶעֱמַ‪ְ.‬דתָּ‬ ‫הִ שְׁלִיחַ ע‪/‬ח‪III-‬‬ ‫הִשְׁלַ‪.‬חְתָּ‬ ‫א‪III-‬‬ ‫הִמְצִיא‬ ‫הִמְצֵ‪.‬אתָ‬ ‫ה‪III-‬‬ ‫הִגְלָה‬ ‫הִגְלִ‪.‬יתָ‬ ‫נ‪I-‬‬ ‫הִצ ִּיל‬ ‫ה ַ‪ִ.‬צ ּלְתָּ‬ ‫י‪I-‬‬ ‫הוֹשִׁיב‬ ‫הוֹשַׁ‪.‬בְתָּ‬ ‫‪Bicon‬‬ ‫הֵקִים‬ ‫הֲקִימ‪.‬וֹתָ‬



‫מַעֲמִיד הַעֲמֵד הַעֲמִיד‬ ‫מַשְׁלִיחַ הַשְׁלֵחַ הַשְׁלִיחַ‬ ‫מַמְצִיא הַמְצֵא הַמְצִיא‬ ‫מַגְלֶה הַגְלֵה‬



‫הַגְלוֹת‬



‫יַצ ִּיל‬



‫מַצ ִּיל הַצ ֵּל הַצ ִּיל הַצ ֵּל‬ ‫ה ִַצ ּ‪.‬ילִי‬ ‫מוֹשִׁיב הוֹשֵׁב הוֹשִׁיב הוֹשֵׁב יוֹשִׁיב‬ ‫הוֹשִׁ‪.‬יבִי‬ ‫מֵקִים הָקֵם הָקִים הָקֵם יָקִים‬ ‫הָקִ‪.‬ימִי‬



‫‪Strong‬‬



Chapter 32a-Hophal Strong perfect Hophal Perfect Strong Verb



‫הְֻקטַל‬ 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3cp 2mp 2fp 1cp



‫א‬



or



‫הְָקטַל‬



Hophal u-class



Hophal o-class



‫הְֻקטַל‬ ‫הְֻקטְלָה‬ ָ‫ַלְתּ‬.‫הְֻקט‬ ְ‫הְֻקטַלְתּ‬ ‫ַלְתִּי‬.‫הְֻקט‬ ‫הְֻקטְלוּ‬ ‫הְֻקטַלְתֶּם‬ ‫הְֻקטַלְתֶּן‬ ‫ַלְנוּ‬.‫הְֻקט‬



‫הְָקטַל‬ ‫הְָקטְלָה‬ ָ‫ַלְתּ‬.‫הְָקט‬ ְ‫הְָקטַלְתּ‬ ‫ַלְתִּי‬.‫הְָקט‬ ‫הְָקטְלוּ‬ ‫הְָקטַלְתֶּם‬ ‫הְָקטַלְתֶּן‬ ‫ַלְנוּ‬.‫הְָקט‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 32b-Hophal Strong imperfect Hophal Imperfect Strong Verb



‫יְֻקטַל‬ 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp



‫א‬



or



‫יָקְטַל‬



Hophal u-class



Hophal o-class



‫יְֻקטַל‬ ‫תְֻּקטַל‬ ‫תְֻּקטַל‬ ‫תְֻּקטְלִי‬ ‫אְֻקטַל‬ ‫יְֻקטְלוּ‬ ‫לְנָה‬.ַ‫תְֻּקט‬ ‫תְֻּקטְלוּ‬ ‫לְנָה‬.ַ‫תְֻּקט‬ ‫נֻקְטַל‬



‫יְָקטַל‬ ‫תְָּקטַל‬ ‫תְָּקטַל‬ ‫תְָּקטְלִי‬ ‫אְָקטַל‬ ‫יְָקטְלוּ‬ ‫לְנָה‬.ַ‫תְָּקט‬ ‫תְָּקטְלוּ‬ ‫לְנָה‬.ַ‫תְָּקט‬ ‫נָקְטַל‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 32c-Hophal Strong participle



Hophal Participle Strong Verb



‫מְֻקטָל‬



ms fs mp fp



‫א‬



or



‫מְָקטָל‬



Hophal u-class



Hophal o-class



‫מְֻקטָל‬ ‫לֶת‬.ֶ‫מְֻקט‬ ‫מְֻקטָלִים‬ ‫מְֻקטָלוֹת‬



‫מְָקטָל‬ ‫לֶת‬.ֶ‫מְָקט‬ ‫מְָקטָלִים‬ ‫מְָקטָלוֹת‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



‫‪Chapter 32d-Hophal Strong‬‬ ‫‪conjugation summary‬‬ ‫‪Participle‬‬ ‫‪u-class‬‬ ‫‪o-class‬‬



‫מְָקטָל‬ ‫מְָקטָל‬ ‫מְָקטֶ‪.‬לֶת‬ ‫מְָקטָלִים‬ ‫מְָקטָלוֹת‬



‫מְֻקטָל‬ ‫מְֻקטָל‬ ‫מְֻקטֶ‪.‬לֶת‬ ‫מְֻקטָלִים‬ ‫מְֻקטָלוֹת‬



‫‪Imperfect‬‬ ‫‪u-class‬‬ ‫‪o-class‬‬



‫יְָקטַל‬ ‫יְָקטַל‬ ‫תְָּקטַל‬ ‫תְָּקטַל‬ ‫תְָּקטְלִי‬ ‫אְָקטַל‬ ‫יְָקטְלוּ‬ ‫תְָּקטַ‪.‬לְנָה‬ ‫תְָּקטְלוּ‬ ‫תְָּקטַ‪.‬לְנָה‬ ‫נְָקטַל‬



‫יְֻקטַל‬ ‫יְֻקטַל‬ ‫תְֻּקטַל‬ ‫תְֻּקטַל‬ ‫תְֻּקטְלִי‬ ‫אְֻקטַל‬ ‫יְֻקטְלוּ‬ ‫תְֻּקטַ‪.‬לְנָה‬ ‫תְֻּקטְלוּ‬ ‫תְֻּקטַ‪.‬לְנָה‬ ‫נְֻקטַל‬



‫‪Perfect‬‬ ‫‪o-class‬‬



‫‪u-class‬‬



‫הְָקטַל‬ ‫הְָקטַל‬ ‫הְָקטְלָה‬ ‫הְָק ַט‪.‬לְתָּ‬ ‫הְָקטַלְתְּ‬ ‫הְָק ַט‪.‬לְתִּי‬ ‫הְָקטְלוּ‬ ‫הְָקטַלְתֶּם‬ ‫הְָקטַלְתֶּן‬ ‫הְָק ַט‪.‬לְנוּ‬



‫הְֻקטַל‬ ‫הְֻקטַל‬ ‫הְֻקטְלָה‬ ‫הְֻק ַט‪.‬לְתָּ‬ ‫הְֻקטַלְתְּ‬ ‫הְֻק ַט‪.‬לְתִּי‬ ‫הְֻקטְלוּ‬ ‫הְֻקטַלְתֶּם‬ ‫הְֻקטַלְתֶּן‬ ‫הְֻק ַט‪.‬לְנוּ‬



Chapter 33 - Hophal Diagnostics at-a-glance



Perfect



Imperfect



Participle



Strong (u)



‫הְֻקטַל‬



‫מְֻקטָל יְֻקטַל‬



Strong (o)



‫הְָקטַל‬



‫מְָקטָל יְָקטַל‬



I-Gutt



‫הָעֳמַד‬



‫מָעֳמָד יָעֳמַד‬



III-



‫הָגְלָה‬



‫יָגְלֶה‬



‫מָגְלֶה‬



‫נ‬



‫הֻצַּל‬



‫יֻצַּל‬



‫מֻצָּל‬



I-



‫י‬



‫הוּשַׁב‬



‫מוּשָׁב יוּשַׁב‬



Bicon



‫הוּקַם‬



‫מוּקָם יוּקַם‬



Geminate



‫הוּסַב‬



‫יוּסַב‬



‫ה‬



I-



‫א‬



‫מוּסָב‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 33 - Hophal Diagnostics at-a-glance



Perfect



Imperfect



Participle



Strong (u)



‫הְֻקטַל‬



‫מְֻקטָל יְֻקטַל‬



Strong (o)



‫הְָקטַל‬



‫מְָקטָל יְָקטַל‬



I-Gutt



‫הָעֳמַד‬



‫מָעֳמָד יָעֳמַד‬



III-



‫הָגְלָה‬



‫יָגְלֶה‬



‫מָגְלֶה‬



‫נ‬



‫הֻצַּל‬



‫יֻצַּל‬



‫מֻצָּל‬



I-



‫י‬



‫הוּשַׁב‬



‫מוּשָׁב יוּשַׁב‬



Bicon



‫הוּקַם‬



‫מוּקָם יוּקַם‬



Geminate



‫הוּסַב‬



‫יוּסַב‬



‫ה‬



I-



‫א‬



‫מוּסָב‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 34a-Hithpael Strong perfect Hithpael Perfect Strong Verb



‫הִתְקַ ּטֵל‬ Qal 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3cp 2mp 2fp 1cp



‫א‬



‫קָטַל‬ ‫ ְטלָה‬,‫ק‬ ָ‫לְתּ‬.ַ‫קָט‬ ְ‫ָקטַלְתּ‬ ‫לְתִּי‬.ַ‫קָט‬ ‫טְלוּ‬,‫ק‬ ‫ְק ַטלְתֶּם‬ ‫ְק ַטלְתֶּן‬ ‫לְנוּ‬.ַ‫קָט‬



Hithpael



‫הִתְקַטֵּל‬ ‫הִתְקַ ּטְלָה‬ ָ‫ט ְלתּ‬.ַּ ַ‫הִתְק‬ ְ‫הִתְקַ ַּט ְלתּ‬ ‫ט ְלתִּי‬.ַּ ַ‫הִתְק‬ ‫הִתְקַ ּטְלוּ‬ ‫הִתְקַ ַּט ְלתֶּם‬ ‫הִתְקַ ַּט ְלתֶּן‬ ‫ַטלְנוּ‬.ּ ַ‫הִתְק‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation he killed himself she killed herself you killed yourself you killed yourself I killed myself they killed themselves you killed yourselves you killed yourselves we killed ourselves



Chapter 34b-Hithpael Strong imperfect Hithpael Imperfect Strong Verb



‫יִתְקַ ּטֵל‬ Qal 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp



‫א‬



‫יְִקטֹל‬ ‫תְִּקטֹל‬ ‫תְִּקטֹל‬ ‫תְִּקטְלִי‬ ‫אְֶקטֹל‬ ‫יְִקטְלוּ‬ ‫לְנָה‬.‫תְִּק ֹט‬ ‫תְִּקטְלוּ‬ ‫לְנָה‬.‫תְִּק ֹט‬ ‫נְִקטֹל‬



Hithpael



‫יִתְקַ ּטֵל‬ ‫תִּתְקַ ּטֵל‬ ‫תִּתְקַ ּטֵל‬ ‫תִּתְקַ ְּטלִי‬ ‫אֶתְקַ ּטֵל‬ ‫יִתְקַ ּטְלוּ‬ ‫ט ְלנָה‬.ֵּ ַ‫תִּתְק‬ ‫תִּתְקַ ּטְלוּ‬ ‫ט ְלנָה‬.ֵּ ַ‫תִּתְק‬ ‫נִתְקַ ּטֵל‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation



he will kill himself she will kill herself you will kill yourself you will kill yourself I will kill myself they will kill themselves they will kill themselves you will kill yourselves you will kill yourselves we will kill ourselves



Chapter 34c-Hithpael Strong imperative



Hithpael Imperative Strong Verb



‫הִתְקַ ּטֵל‬ Qal 2ms 2fs 2mp 2fp



‫א‬



Hithpael



‫הִתְקַ ּטֵל ְקטֹל‬ ‫הִתְקַ ּטְלִי ִקטְלִי‬ ‫הִתְקַ ְטּלוּ ִקטְלוּ‬ ‫לְנָה‬.‫ט ְלנָה ְק ֹט‬.ֵּ ַ‫הִתְק‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Translation kill yourself! kill yourself! kill yourselves! kill yourselves!



Chapter 34d-Hithpael Strong infinitive



Hithpael Infinitive Construct



‫הִתְקַ ּטֵל‬ Hithpael Infinitive Absolute



‫הִתְקַ ּטֵל‬



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Chapter 34e-Hithpael Strong participle



Hithpael Participle Strong Verb



‫מִתְקַטֵּל‬ ms fs mp fp



‫א‬



Qal



Hithpael



‫ֹקטֵל‬ ‫לֶת‬.‫ֹק ֶט‬ ‫ֹקטְלִים‬ ‫ֹקטְלוֹת‬



‫מִתְקַטֵּל‬ ‫ֶטלֶת‬.ּ ַ‫מִתְק‬ ‫מִתְקַ ְּטלִים‬ ‫מִתְקַטְּלוֹת‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



‫‪Chapter 34f-Hithpael Strong‬‬ ‫‪conjugation summary‬‬ ‫‪Perfect‬‬



‫‪Participle‬‬



‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Absolute‬‬



‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Construct‬‬



‫‪Imperative‬‬



‫‪Imperfect‬‬



‫מִתְ קַ ּטֵל‬ ‫מִתְַקטֵּל‬ ‫מִתְַק ֶטּ‪.‬לֶת‬ ‫מִתְַקטְּלִים‬ ‫מִתְַקטְּלוֹת‬



‫הִתְ קַ ּטֵל‬ ‫הִתְַקטֵּל‬



‫הִתְ קַ ּטֵל‬ ‫הִתְַקטֵּל‬



‫הִתְ קַ ּטֵל‬ ‫הִתְַקטֵּל‬ ‫הִתְַקטְּלִי‬ ‫הִתְַקטְּלוּ‬ ‫הִתְַק ֵטּ‪.‬לְנָה‬



‫הִתְ קַ ּטֵל‬ ‫יִתְ קַ ּטֵל‬ ‫הִתְַקטֵּל‬ ‫יִתְַקטֵּל‬ ‫הִתְַקטְּלָה‬ ‫תִּתְַקטֵּל‬ ‫הִתְַקטַּ‪.‬לְתָּ‬ ‫תִּתְַקטֵּל‬ ‫תִּתְַקטְּלִי הִתְַקטַּלְתְּ‬ ‫הִתְַקטַּ‪.‬לְתִּי‬ ‫אֶתְַקטֵּל‬ ‫הִתְַקטְּלוּ‬ ‫יִתְַקטְּלוּ‬ ‫תִּתְַקטֵּ‪.‬לְנָה הִתְַקטַּלְתֶּם‬ ‫תִּתְַקטְּלוּ הִתְַקטַּלְתֶּן‬ ‫תִּתְַקטֵּ‪.‬לְנָה הִתְַק ַטּ‪.‬לְנוּ‬ ‫נִתְַקטֵּל‬



Chapter 35 - Hithpael Diagnostics at-a-glance



Perfect



Imperfect Imperative



Infinitive Construct



Infinitive Participle Absolute



Strong



‫מִתְ קַ ּטֵל הִתְ קַ ּטֵל הִתְ קַ ּטֵל הִתְ קַ ּטֵל יִתְ קַ ּטֵל הִתְ קַ ּטֵל‬



Gemin



‫מִתְפַּלֵּל הִתְפַּלֵּל הִתְפַּלֵּל הִתְפַּלֵּל יִתְפַּלֵּל הִתְפַּלֵּל‬



III-



‫ה‬



‫הִתְגַּלּוֹת הִתְגַּלֵּה יִתְגַּלֶּה הִתְגַּלָּה‬



‫מִתְגַּלֶּה‬



II-Gutt1



‫הִתְ נַחֵם הִתְ נַחֵם יִתְ נַחֵם הִתְ נַחֵם‬



‫מִתְ נַחֵם‬



II-Gutt2



‫מִתְבֵָּרְך הִתְבֵָּרְך הִתְבֵָּרְך הִתְבֵָּרְך יִתְבֵָּרְך הִתְבֵָּרְך‬



1 2



virtual doubling compensatory lengthening



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Strong Verb Diagnostics at-a-glance



Perfect



Imperfect Imperative



Infinitive Participle Absolute



‫קְטֹל‬



‫קֹטֵל קָטוֹל‬



‫קָטַל‬



‫יְִקטֹל‬



‫נִ ְקטַל‬



‫נִ ְקטָל נְִקטוֹל הִ קָּטֵל הִ קָּטֵל יִ קָּטֵל‬ ‫הִקָּטוֹל‬



Piel



‫קִ ֵטּל‬



‫יְ קַ ּטֵל‬



Pual



‫ֻק ַטּל‬



‫יְ ֻק ּטַל‬



Qal Niphal



Hiphil



Hophal



Hithpael



‫א‬



‫קְטֹל‬



Infinitive Construct



‫קַ ּטֵל‬



‫קַ ּטֵל‬



‫מְ קַ ּטֵל קַ ּטֵל‬ ‫מְ ֻק ּטָל‬



‫מְַקטִיל הְַקטֵל הְַקטִיל הְַקטֵל יְַקטִיל הְִקטִיל‬ ָ‫לְתּ‬.ַ‫הְִקט‬ ‫ילִי‬.ִ‫הְַקט‬ ‫הְֻקטַל‬ ‫הְָקטַל‬



‫יְֻקטַל‬ ‫יְָקטַל‬



‫מְֻקטָל‬ ‫ָמ ְקטָל‬



‫מִ ְתקַ ּטֵל הִ ְתקַ ּטֵל הִ ְתקַ ּטֵל הִ ְתקַ ּטֵל יִ ְתקַ ּטֵל הִ ְתקַ ּטֵל‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



‫‪Niphal Diagnostics‬‬ ‫‪at-a-glance‬‬



‫‪Infinitive Participle‬‬ ‫‪Absolute‬‬



‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Construct‬‬



‫‪Imperfect Imperative‬‬



‫‪Perfect‬‬



‫נְִקטָל נְִקטוֹל הִ קָּטֵל הִ קָּטֵל יִ קָּטֵל‬ ‫הִקָּטוֹל‬



‫נְִקטַל‬



‫‪Strong‬‬



‫יֵעָזֵב‬



‫נֶעֱז ַב‬



‫‪I-Gutt‬‬



‫נִמְצָא נִמְצוֹא הִ ּ ָמצֵא הִ ּ ָמצֵא יִ ּ ָמצֵא‬



‫נִמְצָא‬



‫א‬



‫נִבְנ ֶה נִבְנֹה‬ ‫הִבָּנ ֵה‬



‫הִבָּנוֹת הִבָּנ ֵה‬



‫יִבָּנ ֶה‬



‫נִבְנ ָה‬ ‫נִבְנ ֵ>יתָ‬



‫ה‬



‫הִנָּצֵל‬ ‫נִצ ּוֹל‬



‫הִנָּצֵל‬



‫יִנָּצֵל‬



‫נִ ַצ ּל‬



‫נ‬



‫נוֹשַׁב‬



‫י‬



‫נֶעֱזָב נַעֲזוֹב הֵעָזֵב‬ ‫הֵעָזוֹב‬



‫נִ ָצ ּל‬ ‫נוֹשָׁב‬



‫הִנָּצֵל‬



‫הֵעָזֵב‬



‫הִוָּשֵׁב הִוָּשֵׁב ִיוָּשֵׁב‬



‫‪Basics of Biblical Hebrew‬‬ ‫‪© Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt‬‬



‫‪III‬‬‫‪III-‬‬



‫‪I-‬‬



‫‪I-‬‬



‫א‬



Piel Diagnostics at-a-glance



Perfect



Infinitive Construct



Infinitive Participle Absolute



‫יְ קַ ּטֵל‬



‫קַ ּטֵל‬



‫קַ ּטֵל‬



‫מְ קַ ּטֵל קַ ּטֵל‬



‫ח‬/‫ע‬



‫יְשַׁלַּח שִׁלַּח‬



‫שַׁלַּח‬



‫שַׁלַּח‬



ַ‫מְשַׁ ֵלּחַ שַׁ ֵלּח‬



III-



‫א‬



‫מִצ ֵּא‬



‫יְמַצ ֵּא‬



‫מַצ ֵּא‬



‫מַצ ֵּא‬



‫מְמַצ ֵּא מַצ ֵּא‬ ‫מַצ ֹּא‬



III-



‫ה‬



1



‫גִּלָּה‬ ָ‫ית‬.ִּ‫גִּל‬



‫יְגַלֶּה‬



‫גּ ַלֵּה‬



‫גּ ַלּוֹת‬



‫מְגַלֶּה גּ ַלֵּה‬



Geminate



‫הִלֵּל‬



‫יְהַלֵּל‬



‫הַלֵּל‬



‫הַלֵּל‬



‫מְהַלֵּל הַלֵּל‬



II-Gutt2



‫נִחַם‬



‫יְנַחֵם‬



‫נַחֵם‬



‫נַחֵם‬



‫מְנַחֵם נַחֵם‬



II-Gutt3



‫בֵֵּרְך‬



‫יְבֵָרְך‬



‫בֵָּרְך‬



‫בֵָּרְך‬



‫מְבֵָרְך בֵָּרְך‬



Strong III-



1 2 3



‫קִ ֵטּל‬



Imperfect Imperative



3ms only virtual doubling compensatory lengthening



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Pual Diagnostics at-a-glance



Perfect



Imperfect



Participle



Strong



‫ֻקטַּל‬



‫מְ ֻק ּטָל יְ ֻק ּטַל‬



III-



‫א‬



‫מֻצ ָּא‬



‫מְמֻצ ָּא יְמֻצ ָּא‬



III-



‫ה‬



‫גֻּלָּה‬ ָ‫ית‬.ֵּ‫גֻּל‬



‫יְגֻלֶּה‬



‫מְגֻלֶּה‬



II-Gutt1



‫נֻחַם‬



‫יְנֻחַם‬



‫מְנֻחָם‬



II-Gutt2



‫בַֹּרְך‬



‫מְבָֹרְך יְבַֹרְך‬



1 2



virtual doubling compensatory lengthening



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



‫‪Hiphil Diagnostics‬‬ ‫‪at-a-glance‬‬



‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Construct‬‬



‫‪Imperfect Imperative‬‬



‫‪Perfect‬‬



‫‪Infinitive Participle‬‬ ‫‪Absolute‬‬



‫מְַקטִיל הְַקטֵל הְַקטִיל‬



‫הְַקטֵל יְַקטִיל‬ ‫הְַקטִ‪.‬ילִי‬ ‫הַעֲמֵד יַעֲמִיד‬ ‫הַעֲמ‪ִ.‬יִדי‬ ‫הַשְׁלַח יַשְׁלִיחַ‬ ‫הַשְׁלִ‪.‬יחִי‬ ‫הַמְצֵא יַמְצִיא‬ ‫הַמְצ‪ִ.‬יאִי‬ ‫הַגְלֵה יַגְלֶה‬



‫הְִקטִיל‬ ‫הְִקטַ‪.‬לְתָּ‬ ‫‪I-Gutt‬‬ ‫הֶעֱמִיד‬ ‫הֶעֱמַ‪ְ.‬דתָּ‬ ‫הִ שְׁלִיחַ ע‪/‬ח‪III-‬‬ ‫הִשְׁלַ‪.‬חְתָּ‬ ‫א‪III-‬‬ ‫הִמְצִיא‬ ‫הִמְצֵ‪.‬אתָ‬ ‫ה‪III-‬‬ ‫הִגְלָה‬ ‫הִגְלִ‪.‬יתָ‬ ‫נ‪I-‬‬ ‫הִצ ִּיל‬ ‫ה ַ‪ִ.‬צ ּלְתָּ‬ ‫י‪I-‬‬ ‫הוֹשִׁיב‬ ‫הוֹשַׁ‪.‬בְתָּ‬ ‫‪Bicon‬‬ ‫הֵקִים‬ ‫הֲקִימ‪.‬וֹתָ‬



‫מַעֲמִיד הַעֲמֵד הַעֲמִיד‬ ‫מַשְׁלִיחַ הַשְׁלֵחַ הַשְׁלִיחַ‬ ‫מַמְצִיא הַמְצֵא הַמְצִיא‬ ‫מַגְלֶה הַגְלֵה‬



‫הַגְלוֹת‬



‫יַצ ִּיל‬



‫מַצ ִּיל הַצ ֵּל הַצ ִּיל הַצ ֵּל‬ ‫ה ִַצ ּ‪.‬ילִי‬ ‫מוֹשִׁיב הוֹשֵׁב הוֹשִׁיב הוֹשֵׁב יוֹשִׁיב‬ ‫הוֹשִׁ‪.‬יבִי‬ ‫מֵקִים הָקֵם הָקִים הָקֵם יָקִים‬ ‫הָקִ‪.‬ימִי‬



‫‪Strong‬‬



Hophal Diagnostics at-a-glance



Perfect



Imperfect



Participle



Strong (u)



‫הְֻקטַל‬



‫מְֻקטָל יְֻקטַל‬



Strong (o)



‫הְָקטַל‬



‫מְָקטָל יְָקטַל‬



I-Gutt



‫הָעֳמַד‬



‫מָעֳמָד יָעֳמַד‬



III-‫ה‬



‫הָגְלָה‬



‫יָגְלֶה‬



‫מָגְלֶה‬



I-‫נ‬



‫הֻצַּל‬



‫יֻצַּל‬



‫מֻצָּל‬



I-‫י‬



‫הוּשַׁב‬



‫מוּשָׁב יוּשַׁב‬



Bicon



‫הוּקַם‬



‫מוּקָם יוּקַם‬



Geminate



‫הוּסַב‬



‫יוּסַב‬



‫א‬



‫מוּסָב‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Hithpael Diagnostics at-a-glance



Perfect



Imperfect Imperative



Infinitive Construct



Infinitive Participle Absolute



Strong



‫מִתְ קַ ּטֵל הִתְ קַ ּטֵל הִתְ קַ ּטֵל הִתְ קַ ּטֵל יִתְ קַ ּטֵל הִתְ קַ ּטֵל‬



Gemin



‫מִתְפַּלֵּל הִתְפַּלֵּל הִתְפַּלֵּל הִתְפַּלֵּל יִתְפַּלֵּל הִתְפַּלֵּל‬



III-



‫ה‬



‫הִתְגַּלּוֹת הִתְגַּלֵּה יִתְגַּלֶּה הִתְגַּלָּה‬



‫מִתְגַּלֶּה‬



II-Gutt1



‫הִתְ נַחֵם הִתְ נַחֵם יִתְ נַחֵם הִתְ נַחֵם‬



‫מִתְ נַחֵם‬



II-Gutt2



‫מִתְבֵָּרְך הִתְבֵָּרְך הִתְבֵָּרְך הִתְבֵָּרְך יִתְבֵָּרְך הִתְבֵָּרְך‬



1 2



virtual doubling compensatory lengthening



‫א‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



Summary of Endings on III-‫ ה‬Verbs Qal and Derived Stems Ending



Qal



Niphal



Piel



‫נִבְנ ָה בָּנ ָה‬



‫גִּלָּה‬



Pual



Hiphil



Hophal



Hithpael



Perfect



‫בָה‬



Imperfect



‫יִתְגַּלֶּה יָגְלֶה יַגְלֶה יְגֻלֶּה יְגַלֶּה יִבָּנ ֶה יִבְנ ֶה בֶה‬



Imperative



‫בֵה‬



‫גַּלֵּה‬



‫הַגְלֵה‬



‫הִתְגַּלֵּה‬



Inf Construct



‫גַּלּוֹת הִבָּנוֹת בְּנוֹת וֹת‬



‫הַגְלוֹת‬



‫הִתְגַּלּוֹת‬



Participle



‫בֶה‬



‫א‬



‫הִבָּנ ֵה בְּנ ֵה‬



‫הִתְגַּלָּה הָגְלָה הִגְלָה גֻּלָּה‬



‫מִתְגַּלֶּה מָגְלֶה מַגְלֶה מְגֻלֶּה מְגַלֶּה נִבְנ ֶה בֹּנ ֶה‬



Basics of Biblical Hebrew © Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt



‫‪416‬‬



‫‪Strong Verbs‬‬ ‫‪Hithpael‬‬



‫‪Appendix 1: Verb Paradigms‬‬



‫‪Niphal‬‬



‫‪Qal‬‬



‫ִקטֵּל‬ ‫ֻקטַּל‬ ‫הְִקטִיל‬ ‫הְֻקטַל‬ ‫הְָקטַל‬ ‫הִתְַקטֵּל‬ ‫הִתְַקטְּלָה הְָקטְלָה הְֻקטְלָה הְִקט‪ִ.‬ילָה ֻקטְּלָה ִקטְּלָה‬ ‫הִתְַקטַּ‪ְ .‬ל ָתּ הְָקט‪ְ ַ.‬ל ָתּ הְֻקט‪ְ ַ.‬ל ָתּ הְִקטַ‪ְ .‬ל ָתּ ֻקטַּ‪ְ .‬ל ָתּ ִקטַּ‪ְ .‬ל ָתּ‬ ‫הִתְַקטַּלְתְּ הְָקטַלְתְּ הְֻקטַלְתְּ הְִקטַלְתְּ ֻקטַּלְתְּ ִקטַּלְתְּ‬ ‫הִתְַקטַּ‪ְ .‬לתִּי הְָקט‪ְ ַ.‬לתִּי הְֻקט‪ְ ַ.‬לתִּי הְִקטַ‪ְ .‬לתִּי ֻקטַּ‪ְ .‬לתִּי ִקטַּ‪ְ .‬לתִּי‬ ‫ִקטְּלוּ‬ ‫הְֻקטְלוּ הְִקטִ‪.‬ילוּ ֻקטְּלוּ‬ ‫הְָקטְלוּ‬ ‫הִתְַקטְּלוּ‬ ‫הִתְַקטַּלְתֶּם הְָקטַלְתֶּם הְֻקטַלְתֶּם הְִקטַלְתֶּם ֻקטַּלְתֶּם ִקטַּלְתֶּם‬ ‫הִתְַקטַּלְתֶּן הְָקטַלְתֶּן הְֻקטַלְתֶּן הְִקטַלְתֶּן ֻקטַּלְתֶּן ִקטַּלְתֶּן‬ ‫הִתְַק ַטּ‪.‬לְנוּ הְָק ַט‪.‬לְנוּ הְֻק ַט‪.‬לְנוּ הְִקט‪ַ.‬לְנוּ ֻקטּ‪ַ.‬לְנוּ ִקטַּ‪.‬לְנוּ‬



‫נְִקטַל‬ ‫נְִקטְלָה‬ ‫נְִקט‪ְ ַ.‬ל ָתּ‬ ‫נְִקטַלְתְּ‬ ‫נְִקט‪ְ ַ.‬לתִּי‬ ‫נְִקטְלוּ‬ ‫נְִקטַלְתֶּם‬ ‫נְִקטַלְתֶּן‬ ‫נְִקטַ‪.‬לְנוּ‬



‫קָטַל‬ ‫ק‪,‬טְלָה‬ ‫ָק ט‪ְ ַ.‬ל ָתּ‬ ‫ָקטַלְתְּ‬ ‫ָקטַ‪ְ .‬לתִּי‬ ‫ק‪,‬טְלוּ‬ ‫ְקטַלְתֶּם‬ ‫ְקטַלְתֶּן‬ ‫ָקטַ‪.‬לְנוּ‬



‫יְֻקטַּל יְַקטֵּל‬ ‫יְַקטִיל‬ ‫תְַּקטִיל תְֻּקטַּל תְַּקטֵּל‬ ‫תְַּקטִיל תְֻּקטַּל תְַּקטֵּל‬ ‫תְַּקט‪ִ.‬ילִי תְֻּקטְּלִי תְַּקטְּלִי‬ ‫אְַקטִיל אֲֻקטַּל אֲַקטֵּל‬ ‫יְַקט‪ִ.‬ילוּ יְֻקטְּלוּ יְַקטְּלוּ‬ ‫תְַּקט‪ֵ.‬לְנָה תְֻּקטַּ‪.‬לְנָה תְַּקטֵּ‪.‬לְנָה‬ ‫תְַּק ‪.‬טִילוּ תְֻּקטְּלוּ תְַּקטְּלוּ‬ ‫תְַּק ֵט‪.‬לְנָה תְֻּקטּ‪ַ.‬לְנָה תְַּקטֵּ‪.‬לְנָה‬ ‫נְַקטֵּל‬ ‫נְֻקטַּל‬ ‫נְַקטִיל‬



‫יִָקּטֵל‬ ‫תִָּקּטֵל‬ ‫תִָּקּטֵל‬ ‫תִּקּ‪ְ ,‬טלִי‬ ‫אֶָקּטֵל‬ ‫ִיקּ‪,‬טְלוּ‬ ‫תִָּקּט‪ַ.‬לְנָה‬ ‫תִּקּ‪,‬טְלוּ‬ ‫תִָּקּט‪ַ.‬לְנָה‬ ‫נִָקּטֵל‬



‫יְִקטֹל‬ ‫תְִּקטֹל‬ ‫תְִּקטֹל‬ ‫תְִּקטְלִי‬ ‫אְֶקטֹל‬ ‫יְִקטְלוּ‬ ‫תְִּקט‪ֹ.‬לְנָה‬ ‫תְִּקטְלוּ‬ ‫תְִּקט‪ֹ.‬לְנָה‬ ‫נְִקטֹל‬



‫יִתְַקטֵּל‬ ‫תִּתְַקטֵּל‬ ‫תִּתְַקטֵּל‬ ‫ִתּתְַק ְטּלִי‬ ‫אֶתְַקטֵּל‬ ‫יִתְַקטְּלוּ‬ ‫תִּתְַקטֵּ‪.‬לְנָה‬ ‫תִּתְַקטְּלוּ‬ ‫תִּתְַקטֵּ‪.‬לְנָה‬ ‫נִתְַקטֵּל‬



‫)‪Hophal (2‬‬



‫יְָקטַל‬ ‫תְָּקטַל‬ ‫תְָּקטַל‬ ‫תְָּקטְלִי‬ ‫אְָקטַל‬ ‫יְָקטְלוּ‬ ‫תְָּקט‪ַ.‬לְנָה‬ ‫תְָּקטְלוּ‬ ‫תְָּקט‪ַ.‬לְנָה‬ ‫נְָקטַל‬



‫)‪Hophal (1‬‬



‫יְֻקטַל‬ ‫תְֻּקטַל‬ ‫תְֻּקטַל‬ ‫תְֻּק ְטלִי‬ ‫אְֻקטַל‬ ‫יְֻקטְלוּ‬ ‫תְֻּקטַ‪.‬לְנָה‬ ‫תְֻּקטְלוּ‬ ‫תְֻּקטַ‪.‬לְנָה‬ ‫נְֻקטַל‬



‫‪Hiphil‬‬



‫‪Pual‬‬



‫‪Piel‬‬



‫‪3ms‬‬



‫‪Perfect‬‬



‫‪3fs‬‬ ‫‪2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪1cs‬‬ ‫‪3cp‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪1cp‬‬ ‫‪3ms‬‬ ‫‪3fs‬‬ ‫‪2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪1cs‬‬ ‫‪3mp‬‬ ‫‪3fp‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪1cp‬‬



‫‪Imperfect‬‬



‫‪Appendix 1: Verb Paradigms‬‬



‫הִתְַקטֵּל‬ ‫הִתְַקטְּלִי‬ ‫הִתְַקטְּלוּ‬ ‫הִתְַקטּ‪ֵ.‬לְנָה‬



‫הְַקטֵל‬ ‫הְַקטִ‪.‬ילִי‬ ‫הְַקטִ‪.‬ילוּ‬ ‫הְַקטֵ‪.‬לְנָה‬



‫ַקטֵּל‬ ‫ַקטְּלִי‬ ‫ַקטְּלוּ‬ ‫ַקטֵּ‪.‬לְנָה‬



‫הִָקּטֵל‬ ‫הִק‪ְ ּ,‬טלִי‬ ‫הִק‪ּ,‬טְלוּ‬ ‫הִָקּטַ‪.‬לְנָה‬



‫ְקטֹל‬ ‫ִקטְלִי‬ ‫ִקטְלוּ‬ ‫ְק ט‪ֹ.‬לְנָה‬



‫הִתְַקטֵּל‬



‫הְַקטִיל‬



‫ַקטֵּל‬



‫הִָקּטֵל‬



‫ְקטֹל‬



‫הִתְַקטֵּל‬



‫הְַקטֵל‬



‫ַקטּוֹל‬ ‫ַקטֵּל‬



‫נִקטוֹל‬ ‫הִָקּטוֹל‬



‫ָקטוֹל‬



‫מִתְַקטֵּל‬ ‫מִתְַקטּ‪ֶ.‬לֶת‬ ‫ִמתְַק ְטּלִים‬ ‫מִתְַקטְּלוֹת‬



‫מְַקטִיל‬ ‫מְַקטֶ‪.‬לֶת‬ ‫מְַקטִילִים‬ ‫מְַקטִילוֹת‬



‫מְַקטֵּל‬ ‫מְַקטֶּ‪.‬לֶת‬ ‫מְַקטְּלִים‬ ‫מְַקטְּלוֹת‬



‫‪417‬‬



‫מְָקטָל‬ ‫מְָקט‪ֶ.‬לֶת‬ ‫מְָקטָלִים‬ ‫מְָקטָלוֹת‬



‫מְֻקטָל‬ ‫מְֻקטֶ‪.‬לֶת‬ ‫מְֻקטָלִים‬ ‫מְֻקטָלוֹת‬



‫מְֻקטָּל‬ ‫מְֻקטֶּ‪.‬לֶת‬ ‫מְֻקטָּלִים‬ ‫מְֻקטָּלוֹת‬



‫נְִקטָל‬ ‫נְִקטָלָה‬ ‫נְִק ָטלִים‬ ‫נְִקטָלוֹת‬



‫‪2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬



‫‪Imperative‬‬



‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Construct‬‬



‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Absolute‬‬



‫ֹקטֵל‬ ‫ֹק ט‪ֶ.‬לֶת‬ ‫ֹק ְטלִים‬ ‫ֹקטְלוֹת‬



‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪fs‬‬ ‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬



‫‪Active‬‬ ‫‪Participle‬‬



‫קָטוּל‬ ‫ְקטוּלָה‬ ‫ְקטוּלִים‬ ‫ְקטוּלוֹת‬



‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪fs‬‬



‫‪Passive‬‬ ‫‪Participle‬‬



‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬



‫‪418‬‬



‫‪I-Guttural Verbs‬‬



‫‪Appendix 1: Verb Paradigms‬‬



‫‪Hophal‬‬



‫הָעֳמַד‬ ‫הָעָמְָדה‬ ‫הָעֳמ‪ְַ.‬דתָּ‬ ‫הָעֳמְַדתְּ‬ ‫הָעֳמַ‪ְ.‬דתִּי‬ ‫הָעָמְדוּ‬ ‫ָה ֳעמְַדתֶּם‬ ‫הָעֳמְַדתֶּן‬ ‫הָעֳמַ‪ְ.‬דנוּ‬ ‫ָי ֳעמַד‬ ‫ָתּ ֳעמַד‬ ‫ָתּ ֳעמַד‬ ‫ָתּ ָעמְִדי‬ ‫אָעֳמַד‬ ‫ָי ָעמְדוּ‬ ‫ָתּ ֳע ַמ‪ְ.‬דנָה‬ ‫תָּעָמְדוּ‬ ‫ָתּ ֳע ַמ‪ְ.‬דנָה‬ ‫ָנ ֳעמַד‬



‫‪Hiphil‬‬



‫ֶה ֱעמִיד‬ ‫הֶעֱמִ‪.‬יָדה‬ ‫הֶעֱמ‪ְִַ.‬דתָּ‬ ‫הֶעֱמְַדתְּ‬ ‫הֶעֱמ‪ְַ.‬דתִּי‬ ‫הֶעֱמ‪ִ.‬ידוּ‬ ‫ֶה ֱעמְַדתֶּם‬ ‫הֶעֱמְַדתֶּן‬ ‫הֶעֱמַ‪ְ.‬דנוּ‬ ‫ַי ֲעמִיד‬ ‫ַתּ ֲעמִיד‬ ‫ַתּ ֲעמִיד‬ ‫ַתּ ֲעמ‪ִ.‬יִדי‬ ‫ַא ֲעמִיד‬ ‫ַי ֲע ִמ‪.‬ידוּ‬ ‫ַתּ ֲע ֵמ‪ְ.‬דנָה‬ ‫ַתּ ֲעמ‪ִ.‬ידוּ‬ ‫ַתּ ֲע ֵמ‪ְ.‬דנָה‬ ‫ַנ ֲעמִיד‬



‫‪Niphal‬‬



‫נֶעֱזַב‬ ‫נֶעֶזְבָה‬ ‫ֶנ ֱע ַ>זבְתָּ‬ ‫נֶ עֱזַ בְ תְּ‬ ‫ֶנ ֱע ַ>זבְתִּי‬ ‫נֶעֶזְבוּ‬ ‫נֶעֱזַבְתֶּם‬ ‫נֶעֱזַבְתֶּן‬ ‫ֶנ ֱע ַ>זבְנוּ‬ ‫יֵעָזֵב‬ ‫תֵּעָזֵב‬ ‫תֵּעָזֵב‬ ‫ֵתּעְַקתָּ‬ ‫חָזְַקתְּ‬ ‫חָזַ>ְקתִּי‬ ‫ח‪,‬זְקוּ‬ ‫חֲזְַקתֶּם‬ ‫חֲזְַקתֶּן‬ ‫חָזַ‪ְ.‬קנוּ‬ ‫יֶחֱזַק‬ ‫תֶּחֱזַק‬ ‫תֶּחֱזַק‬ ‫תֶּחֶזְִקי‬ ‫אֶחֱזַק‬ ‫יֶחֶזְקוּ‬ ‫תֶּחֱז>ְַקנָה‬ ‫תֶּחֶזְקוּ‬ ‫תֶּחֱז>ְַקנָה‬ ‫נֶחֱזַק‬



‫)‪Qal (1‬‬



‫ָעמַד‬ ‫עזבֶת‬ ‫ֶנ ֱע ָזבִים‬ ‫נֶעֱזָבוֹת‬



‫‪2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬



‫‪Imperative‬‬



‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Construct‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Absolute‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪fs‬‬



‫‪Active‬‬ ‫‪Participle‬‬



‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬



‫‪Passive‬‬



‫‪fs‬‬ ‫‪mp‬‬



‫‪Participle‬‬



‫‪fp‬‬



‫‪420‬‬



‫‪ Verbs‬א‪I-‬‬



‫‪Appendix 1: Verb Paradigms‬‬



‫)‪Qal (2‬‬



‫אָמַר‬ ‫א‪,‬מְָרה‬ ‫אָמ‪ְַ.‬רתָּ‬ ‫אָמְַרתְּ‬ ‫אָמ‪ְַ.‬רתִּי‬ ‫א‪,‬מְרוּ‬ ‫אֲמְַרתֶּם‬ ‫אֲמְַרתֶּן‬ ‫אָמ‪ְַ.‬רנוּ‬ ‫יֹאמַר‬ ‫תֹּאמַר‬ ‫תֹּאמַר‬ ‫תֹּאמְִרי‬ ‫אֹמַר‬ ‫יֹאמְרוּ‬ ‫תֹּאמ‪ְַ.‬רנה‬ ‫תֹּאמְרוּ‬ ‫תֹּאמ‪ְַ.‬רנה‬ ‫נֹאמַר‬



‫)‪Qal (2‬‬



‫אָכַל‬ ‫א‪,‬כְלָה‬ ‫ָא ‪ַ.‬כ ְל ָתּ‬ ‫ָא ַכ ְל ְתּ‬ ‫אָ ‪ַ.‬כ ְלתִּי‬ ‫א‪,‬כְלוּ‬ ‫ֲא ַכ ְלתֶּם‬ ‫אֲכַלְתֶּן‬ ‫אָכ‪ַ.‬לְנוּ‬ ‫יֹאכַל‬ ‫תֹּאכַל‬ ‫תֹּאכַל‬ ‫תֹּא ְכלִי‬ ‫אֹכַל‬ ‫יֹאכְלוּ‬ ‫תֹּאכ‪ַ.‬לְנה‬ ‫תֹּאכְלוּ‬ ‫תֶּאֱס‪ְֹ.‬רנָה‬ ‫נֹאכַל‬



‫)‪Qal (1‬‬



‫אָסַר‬ ‫א