![A course in Baluchi. Vol.1 [PDF]](https://pdfs.asia/img/200x200/a-course-in-baluchi-vol1.jpg)
125 22 52 MB
Balochi-English Pages [604]
This is a reproduction of a book from the McGill University Library collection. Title: Author: Volume: Publisher, year:
A course in Baluchi Barker, Muhammad Abd-al-Rahman 1 Montreal : Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University, 1969
The pages were digitized as they were. The original book may have contained pages with poor print. Marks, notations, and other marginalia present in the original volume may also appear. For wider or heavier books, a slight curvature to the text on the inside of pages may be noticeable. ISBN of reproduction: 978-1-77096-172-2 This reproduction is intended for personal use only, and may not be reproduced, re-published, or re-distributed commercially. For further information on permission regarding the use of this reproduction contact McGill University Library. McGill University Library www.mcgill.ca/library
J< * I JS• i ^ 2 ? ^
r a§
*i&1 * iy~L
***r
LU
r 1
*6 »«!
ALBaG . B 2 5 5 c INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC STUDIES
440
°5 * v.!
McGlLL UNIVERSITY
A COURSE IN BALUCHI
A COURSE IN
BALUCHI
Muhammad Abd-al-Rahman Barker and
Aqil Khan Mengal
VOLUME ONE Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University Montreal, Quebec Canada 1969
*
© by McGill U n i v e r s i t y 1969 P r i n t e d in The United S t a t e s of A m e r i c a
Copyright is c l a i m e d until D e c e m b e r 3 1 , 1974. T h e r e a f t e r a l l p o r t i o n s of t h i s w o r k c o v e r e d by t h i s c o p y r i g h t will be in the public d o m a i n .
The r e s e a r c h on which t h i s w o r k is b a s e d w a s p e r f o r m e d p u r s u a n t to a c o n t r a c t with the United S t a t e s Office of E d u c a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t of H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n , and Welfare.
KM*
Distributed by McGill University Press 3458 Redpath Street Montreal, Quebec Canada
IV
FOR AMBEREEN
Nomads travelling in Irani Baluchistan.
ffffffffrf PREFACE P . 100.
The P r o j e c t .
The r e s e a r c h upon which t h i s c o u r s e is b a s e d w a s begun in 1961 at the L a n g u a g e Unit, O r i e n t a l C o l l e g e , the U n i v e r s i t y of the P a n j a b , L a h o r e , West P a k i s t a n , u n d e r the a u s p i c e s of a p r o j e c t s p o n s o r e d jointly by the B r i t i s h C o u n c i l , the F o r d F o u n d a t i o n , and the U n i v e r s i t y of the P a n j a b .
Work w a s s t a r t e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y upon t h r e e B a l u c h i d i a l e c t s :
Mr.
Zafar
Ullah B a l u c h p r o v i d e d m a t e r i a l on the M a k r a n i ( C o a s t a l ) d i a l e c t , M r . G u l z a r Khan M a r i did the s a m e for h i s E a s t e r n ( M a r i - B u g t i ) d i a l e c t , and M r . Aqil Khan M e n g a l supplied d a t a for the R a k h s h a n i v a r i e t y .
After s o m e m o n t h s of p r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n at L a h o r e , D r .
B a r k e r v i s i t e d Quetta and m a d e f u r t h e r s t u d i e s of R a k h s h a n i B a l u c h i t h e r e .
He a l s o did
s o m e i n t r o d u c t o r y r e s e a r c h upon B r a h u i , a n o r t h e r n D r a v i d i a n l a n g u a g e spoken in the a r e a . The L a n g u a g e Unit w a s t e r m i n a t e d in 1962. on B a l u c h i had to be s h e l v e d for s o m e t i m e .
D r . B a r k e r r e t u r n e d to C a n a d a , and w o r k
In 1963, h o w e v e r , s u p p o r t for the p r o d u c t i o n
of a c o u r s e in B a l u c h i (and a l s o for four w o r k s on Urdu) w a s obtained f r o m the United S t a t e s Office of E d u c a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t of H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n , and W e l f a r e .
M r . M e n g a l w a s invited
to join the p r o j e c t in C a n a d a , and f u r t h e r b a s i c r e s e a r c h w a s u n d e r t a k e n .
The f o r m a t ,
c o n t e n t , and scope of the c o u r s e w e r e p l a n n e d and i n t r o d u c t o r y Units p r o d u c e d .
In 1966
D r . B a r k e r r e t u r n e d to Quetta for f u r t h e r study of the E a s t e r n d i a l e c t s and a l s o of R a k h s h a n i . D u r i n g t h i s v i s i t , h i s chief s o u r c e s w e r e M r . S a y f u - r - R a h m a n M a z a r i and M r . S u r a t Khan Mari.
Upon D r . B a r k e r ' s r e t u r n to C a n a d a , f u r t h e r w o r k w a s done on the R a k h s h a n i d i a l e c t
with M r . M e n g a l , and r e m a i n i n g Units of the c o u r s e w e r e f i n a l i s e d , t a p e s p r e p a r e d , P . 200.
etc.
This Course.
F o r r e a s o n s to be d i s c u s s e d in S e c . 0. 100, the a u t h o r s have c h o s e n to b a s e t h i s book upon the R a k h s h a n i d i a l e c t of B a l u c h i .
It w a s o r i g i n a l l y p r o p o s e d to add f u r t h e r
lessons
d e a l i n g with the M a k r a n i ( C o a s t a l ) and M a r i - B u g t i ( E a s t e r n ) d i a l e c t s a s w e l l , but l i m i t a t i o n s of s p a c e and r e s e a r c h t i m e p r e c l u d e d any d e t a i l e d p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e s e v a r i e t i e s - - and a n y t h i n g l e s s would be p o o r p e d a g o g y .
I n s t e a d , it s e e m e d b e s t to c o n c e n t r a t e upon the
spoken f o r m of one m a j o r d i a l e c t in the f i r s t p a r t of the book, then to i n t r o d u c e the A r a b i c s c r i p t a s e m p l o y e d for B a l u c h i , and to follow t h i s with a s e r i e s of g r a d e d r e a d i n g m a t e r i a l s c u l m i n a t i n g in s o m e p r o s e p i e c e s and s e l e c t i o n s f r o m c l a s s i c a l and m o d e r n p o e t r y . Although the p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e of t h i s c o u r s e is l a n g u a g e l e a r n i n g , n e v e r t h e l e s s ,
along
with the a c q u i s i t i o n of new l a n g u a g e s k i l l s , the a u t h o r s feel that such a c o u r s e should a l s o include b a c k g r o u n d i n f o r m a t i o n about the m i l i e u in which the l a n g u a g e is spoken - - p a r t i c u l a r l y for an a r e a and a c u l t u r e a s r e m o t e a s B a l u c h i s t a n m u s t be for m o s t E n g l i s h s p e a k e r s .
To
t h i s end, the a u t h o r s have a t t e m p t e d to i n t r o d u c e the l a n g u a g e in i t s p r o p e r s o c i o - c u l t u r a l c o n t e x t by including n o t e s on such p r a c t i c a l m a t t e r s a s g r e e t i n g s , e t i q u e t t e , t r a v e l l i n g , and s h o p p i n g , and a l s o s k e t c h e s of B a l u c h i s o c i a l c u s t o m s , h i s t o r y , t r i b a l l a w s , p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m s ,
M0
y/.
suffix
E.g. /pwSS Sodag g r a n ynt. / W a s h i n g c l o t h e s is h a r d [lit. h e a v y ] . [ / p w S S / "cloth, c l o t h e s " is i n d e f i n i t e , and no suffix o c c u r s . C o m p a r e : ] / e pwSSani Sodag g r a n ynt. / The w a s h i n g of t h e s e c l o t h e s is h a r d . [ H e r e / p w S S / is definite and m u s t h a v e the p o s s e s s i v e suffix. ] / t a i a m a k a r a y k a n a g g r a n na ynt. / It i s not h a r d [lit. h e a v y ] for you [ s g . ] to do THAT job. [ L i t . y o u r [ s g . ] doing of that v e r y job . . . / k a r / " w o r k , job, t a s k " i s d e f i n i t e . ] / m a n pa k a r k a n a g a r a v i n . / I a m going to w o r k , [ / k a r k a n a g / is i t s e l f a c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n ; the s u b s t a n t i v e e l e m e n t is indefinite and h e n c e u n m a r k e d . ] / b a z e m a r d w m ko[h]ani gyndaga r a v a n t . / Many p e o p l e go to s e e the m o u n t a i n s . [ / k o [ h ] / is definite and m a r k e d by the p o s s e s s i v e suffix. / k o [ h ] a n i g y n d a g a / m a y a l s o be e x p r e s s e d a s / p a ko[h]ani g y n d a g a / ; "for, in o r d e r t o " with a v e r b a l infinitive p h r a s e can be e x p r e s s e d by the " s i n g u l a r -definite " suffix / a / a l o n e or by / p a r / - / p a / + / a / . ] / a p a r Swmay g y r a g a k a y a n t . / They w i l l c o m e to a r r e s t you [pi. ]. [ L i t . for y o u r [pi. ] s e i z i n g . P e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s a r e a l w a y s d e f i n i t e , of c o u r s e , and h e n c e m u s t p o s s e s s the infinitive. ]
H e r e a f t e r ; w h e n e v e r a v e r b is c i t e d in t h i s book, it will be given in the infinitive f o r m : e. g.
/ d a r a g / "to hold, s t o p , w a i t , s t a y , " r a t h e r than j u s t / d a r / , a s h a s b e e n done
p r e v i o u s l y in t h i s Unit.
7. 902.
/ g r a n / w a s i n t r o d u c e d in Unit IV in the m e a n i n g of " e x p e n s i v e , c o s t l y . "
The
p r i m a r y m e a n i n g of t h i s w o r d is "heavy, weighty, b u r d e n s o m e " f r o m which both " e x p e n s i v e and " h a r d , d i f f i c u l t " a r e d e r i v e d . hard;
"Difficult" is a l s o e x p r e s s e d by / s a k k / " s t r o n g , v i o l e n t ,
very, extremely. "
/ a r z a n / (or / a R z a n / ) s i m i l a r l y m e a n s "light (in w e i g h t ) " and h e n c e " i n e x p e n s i v e , c h e a p " and " e a s y . " A n o t h e r w o r d for " e a s y " is / a s a n / .
7. 9 0 3 .
/ z a r r / is an o l d e r t e r m having m u c h the s a m e m e a n i n g a s / p a y s a g / " m o n e y . "
The o r i g i n a l m e a n i n g of / z a r r / ,
7. 1000.
h o w e v e r , is "gold. "
Basic Sentences.
Will he do t h i s w o r k for you [ s g . ]?
Se, a p a r t a w e k a r a k a n t ?
No, I will do t h i s w o r k m y s e l f .
y n n a , m a n vat e k a r a kanin.
151
When w i l l you [pi. ] y o u r s e l v e s g o ?
Swma vat k a d i r a v y t .
We o u r s e l v e s will go day a f t e r the day a f t e r t o m o r r o w .
m a vat p a r a m p o S i r a v a n .
Who w a s h e s y o u r [ s g . ] c l o t h e s ?
kay t a i pwSSa Sodit.
I m y s e l f w a s h [ m y ] own c l o t h e s .
m a n vat v a t i pwSSa Sodin.
D o e s t h i s boy do the s c h o o l w o r k [lit. school's works]?
Se, e b a S a k k y s k u l a y k a r a k a n t ?
No, he n e v e r s t u d i e s [lit. [ h i s ] own b o o k s .
y n n a , a v a t i kytaba [h]ySS navanit,
When will you [sg. ] t a k e a w a y [ y o u r ] own cattle?
taw v a t i olaka kadi b a r a y .
I will take away [ m y ] own [one]s tomorrow.
m a n banda vatia barin.
What do you [sg. ] s e e ?
taw Se gynday.
I see [ m y ] s e l f in the m i r r o r .
m a n v a t a r a a d e n k a gyndin.
What will you [sg. ] b r i n g f r o m Q u e t t a ?
taw Sa k o T a a Se k a r a y .
I will b r i n g a coat for [ m y j s e l f .
m a n pa v a t a yakk koTe k a r i n .
Who will pay [lit.
kay m a n i b a R o a dant.
give] m y f a r e ?
I will pay [lit. give] y o u r [ s g . ] f a r e [myjself. [Lit. f r o m [ m y j s e l f . I. e. f r o m my own p o c k e t . J
m a n aS v a t a t a i b a R o a dayin.
7. 1001.
reads]
The r e f l e x i v e p r o n o u n / v a t / " o n e s e l f " is u s e d for a l l p e r s o n s and n u m b e r s .
It is a l w a y s t r e a t e d a s s i n g u l a r , even when the r e f e r e n t is p l u r a l . n o m i n a t i v e subject, / v a t / is u s u a l l y p l a c e d j u s t after it. / m a n vat a y r a zanin. /
E. g.
I [myjself know h i m .
/ n u n a vat yda k a r n a k a n t . / / m a vat e kytaba v a n a n . / The p o s s e s s i v e f o r m is / v a t i / ;
When r e f e r r i n g to a
i. e.
Now he [ h i m j s e l f d o e s not w o r k h e r e . We [ o u r j s e l v e s will r e a d t h i s book.
/ v a t / + the / i / a l t e r n a n t of the p o s s e s s i v e
suffix.
It is i m p o r t a n t to note that w h e n e v e r the p o s s e s s o r of s o m e noun in the s e n t e n c e is the s a m e a s the subject of the s e n t e n c e , / v a t i / MUST be u s e d ! F o r e x a m p l e , " / m a n i kytaba vanin. /
"I r e a d my book. " is i n c o r r e c t b e c a u s e the p o s s e s s o r of the book and the subject
of the s e n t e n c e a r e the s a m e ;
the c o r r e c t f o r m i s :
/ m a n v a t i kytaba v a n i n . / .
E . g.
/ S e , Swma v a t i s a n g a t t a k a r y t ? / Will you [pi. ] b r i n g [ y o u r ] own f r i e n d s . [I. e. your f r i e n d s . / S w m a y / would be quite i n c o r r e c t . ] / a v a t i baSSa jant. / / a a i baSSa jant. /
He b e a t s [ h i s ] own son. He b e a t s his [i. e.
/ m a a y r a vati jynykka d e m d a y a n . / him. / m a n vat v a t i - k a r a kanin. /
152
[Compare: ]
s o m e o n e e l s e ' s ! ] son. We will send [ o u r j own d a u g h t e r to
I will do [ m y ] own j o b s [ m y j s e l f .
T h e d i r e c t object f o r m i s u s u a l l y / v a t a r a / : suffix / a / + / [ r j a / .
i. e.
/ v a t a / i s a l s o found without / [ r } a / s o m e t i m e s a s the d i r e c t o b j e c t ,
and t h i s is the f o r m which o c c u r s a f t e r p r e p o s i t i o n s . / m a v a t a r a apa gyndan. /
E . g.
We s e e [ o u r j s e l v e s in the w a t e r .
/ a jynykk v a t a r a a d e n k a gyndit. /
7. 1002.
/ v a t / + the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e "
That g i r l s e e s [ h e r j s e l f in the m i r r o r .
/ a v a t a r a amyda Dakkit. / "to h i d e . "]
He will hide [ h i m j s e l f r i g h t h e r e .
/ a pa v a t a e Sia g y r a n t . /
They w i l l buy t h e s e t h i n g s for [ t h e m j s e l v e s .
/ [ h J y S S / "any ; at a l l " is e m p l o y e d a d v e r b i a l l y with a n e g a t i v e v e r b to m e a n
" n e v e r . " See S e c . 4. 604.
E . g.
/ m a n adda [hJySS n a r a v i n . /
I will n e v e r go t h e r e .
/ m a n a y r a e z a r r a [hJySS d e m n a d a y i n . / money. / a SoSe k y t a b a [hJySS n a v a n i t . /
7, 1100.
D r i l l s and E x e r c i s e s .
7.1101.
Substitution.
a
I will n e v e r send h i m t h i s
He will n e v e r r e a d such a book.
bazara ravant.
maroSi in the evening t h i s evening in the m o r n i n g nowadays tomorrow
3.
[/Dakkag/
r a s it,
may meman
poSi
my friend
at five o ' c l o c k
this shopkeeper
at noon
t h e i r chief
at m i d n i g h t
the m e r c h a n t
j u s t now
m y wife
day a f t e r the day after tomorrow
banda man
tara them
a zarra some fruits
him
a letter
you [pi. ]
a water-melon
her
t h i s kind of cloth
them
a new m i r r o r
153
d e m dayin.
4.
Se, t a w vat
nan
paSay?
the b i r d s goat's meat vegetable[s] the m e a t deer's meat 5.
maroSi ma
jandwma
ravan
to the n o r t h t h i s way to the w e s t to the e a s t that way 6.
man
e [hjabara
zanin.
y o u r [sg. J n a m e its fare the m e l o n ' s p r i c e t h o s e songs that p l a c e 7.
Se, taw m a n a
v a t i gysa
peS d a r a y ?
the g r i d d l e - p l a t e that d e e r [ y o u r j own new c h a i r [ y o u r ] own coat those melon-fields l a T T jant.
ayra me
you [pi. ] the t e a c h e r h i s student [hisJ own son 9.
kwja
nyndit.
which w a y ?
goes
t h i s way
comes
that way
runs
f r o m our hou s e
passes
from here
g o e s out
h j a r roS
asa
rok kanan.
mor l e y
send
t h i s thing
say
the cattle
take out
his words
hear
154
[ t h e i r ] own b o o k s 11
read
n e m r o S a yda bin.
man they
will be
you [ s g . ]
w i l l be
we
w i l l be
you [pi. ]
will be
she
w i l l be
12. d r w s t b a S a k k
gysay dema
koStant.
u n d e r the t r e e outside on the roof on the edge of the stream b e s i d e [ t h e i r ] own teacher 13.
Swma y m S a p i
m a y gysa
gyndyt.
over there
will s l e e p
the g r o u n d
will s w e e p
tobacco
will buy
pipe
will s m o k e [lit.
that m o u n t a i n
will c l i m b
14. a pwSSani
Sodag
this work's
doing
your [sg. ]
seizing
this stone's
lifting
the c h a i r 's
bringing
its
eating
15. m a n Sa t a i dwkkana
d r a w , pull]
a s a n ynt.
tambak
gyrin.
ghee a water-melon a pipe oil a cup of t e a
7.1102.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l I.
C h a n g e the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b f o r m s in the following s e n t e n c e s to the c o r r e s p o n d i n g negative forms.
E . g. Instructor:
/ m a n e k y t a b a vanin. /
Student;
/ m a n e kytaba navanin. /
155
1.
a SoSe [ h ] a b a r a k a n d a n t .
2.
m a n i jynykk vat v a t i n a n a paSit.
3.
m a n tai nama zanin.
4.
m a poSi t a r a v a t i k i l a g a peS d a r a n .
5.
Se, taw m a n i [ h j a b a r a n wSkynay?
6.
m a y nako aS yngw k a y a n t .
7.
m a n a m e Dawle t a m b a k l o T i n .
8.
a [h]ar roS v a t i baSSa yda kyllit.
9.
Se, Swma v a t i gw[h]ara k a r y t ?
10. e Sagyrd y s k u l a vab kant. 11. a p a m m a n Sa joR kant. 12. Se, taw aS ai dwkkana Sylyme g y r a y ? 13. a annun v a t i olaka b a r t . 14. m a n t a r a dwazda r w p p i dayin. 15. Se, Swma e Dawle goSta v a r y t ? 16. kwSakk Sa k o T i a d a r kayt. 17. a [h]ar Sap Sayr janant. 18. a k a s a n e za[h]g Sa b a m a kapit. 19. m a n ai [hjadda [h]ar Sap bin. 20. a t a r a d r w s t e [ h j a b a r a gwSit.
7. 1103.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l II.
Change the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b s of the following s e n t e n c e s to the c o r r e s p o n d i n g 3 r d sg, form.
E.g. Instructor:
/ a yda k a r k a n a n t . /
Student:
/ a yda k a r kant. /
1.
a m a n a vati Sa[h]ra peS d a r a n t .
2.
a Sa s a r d a r a r a m a g a g y r a n t .
3.
a [hjapt bajaga nan v a r a n t .
4.
a mani nama nazanant.
5.
a go m a n vati gvanDoa n a y l a n t .
6.
a dw w n e m bajaga Syngw k a y a n t .
7.
Se, a t a r a eSi baRoa d a y a n t ?
8.
a banda soba v a t i bagga b a r a n t .
9.
a [h]ar Sap Sayr j a n a n t .
10. p a r a m p o S i a tai [h]adda bant.
7. 1 104.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l III.
Make the u n d e r l i n e d o b j e c t s of the following s e n t e n c e s d e f i n i t e . Instructor:
/ m a n t a r a m w r g e dayin. /
156
E . g.
Student:
/ m a n t a r a m w r g a dayin, /
1.
m a n Sylym kaSSin.
2.
m a r o S a m a b a z a s k gyndan.
3.
Se, t a w m a r o S i pwSS Soday?
4.
m a n p a r taw k a T u r e karin.
5.
a goSt v a r t .
6.
d w k k a n d a r t a r a k a g a d e d e m dant.
7.
m a p a r Swma Sayr j a n a n .
8.
Se, S w m a r a koT peS d a r a n ?
9.
a ymSapi tapage karit.
10. m a n t a i [h]adda swnduke kyllin.
7. 1105.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l IV.
C h a n g e the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b s and t h e i r s u b j e c t s ( w h e r e n e c e s s a r y ) to the c o r r e s p o n d i n g plural forms.
E . g. Instructor:
/ m a n t a r a dw r w p p i dayin. /
Student;
/ m a t a r a dw r w p p i d a y a n . /
1.
a p a r taw e d r w s t k a r a kant.
2.
a i m o T a l Sa kwjangw g v a z i t .
3.
m a n m a r o S a v a t i k y t a b a n adda n a y l i n .
4.
Se, taw v a t a r a a d e n k a gynday ?
5.
annun a kwja oStit.
6.
t a w p a r Se n a y a y a y .
7.
Se, taw b a n d a a i [ h j a r o s a b a y ?
8.
a v a n i za[h]g s i r v a r t .
9.
m a n b e g a a Sa[h]ra r a s i n .
10. a e Dawle [ h j a b a r a p a r Se gwSit.
7.1106.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l I. 1.
t a w kwjangw r a v a y , north t h i s way south east that way
2.
Swmay s a n g a t t k a d i bazara ravant. tomorrow at two o ' c l o c k day after t o m o r r o w
157
day a f t e r the day a f t e r t o m o r r o w at noon 3.
m a r o S i taw Se k a r kanay. cook food [lit.
bread]
wash clothes s w e e p the h o u s e r e a d [ m y ] own book b r i n g v e g e t a b l e [ s ] f r o m the g a r d e n 4.
taw Se l o T a y . one g l a s s [of] w a t e r two s e e r s [of] ghee some paper nothing five b o t t l e s [of] oil
5.
Swma Se gyndyt. a deer a B a l u c h i and an Afghan [ o u r j s e l v e s in the m i r r o r the roof of a h o u s e [my] own student
6.
a v a t i za[h]ga kwja kyllant at our p l a c e b e n e a t h the t r e e with m e at h o m e at the h o u s e of [ t h e i r ] own b r o t h e r
7.
taw oda Se kanay. cook the b i r d buy t o b a c c o light the fire take the c a t t l e a w a y pull the r o p e
8.
a annun Se v a r t . a [piece of] b r e a d v e n i s o n [lit. beef [lit.
deer's meat]
cow's meat]
m u t t o n [lit.
sheep's meat]
those fruits 9.
Swma avana Se dayyt. a water-melon
158
two old c o a t s [ o u r ] own c l o t h e s - b a g some provisions some money 10. t a i b r a s nun kwja ynt, He s l e e p s on the cot. He s t a n d s on the b a n k of the s t r e a m , He s i t s on that c h a i r He will c o m e j u s t now. He l i s t e n s to [ h i s ] own t e a c h e r . 11.
a m a r a Se peS d a r i t . a good p l a c e [ h e r ] own new m i r r o r t h i s kind of cloth t h e i r h e r d (of c a m e l s ) the d i r e c t i o n to [lit.
of] Quetta
12. a v a t i m a s a Synka z a r r dem dayant. fifty r u p e e s seventy-five rupees sixteen rupees nothing forty-three rupees 13. a k a d i d a r kapit. at four o ' c l o c k at 5: 30 at m i d n i g h t tomorrow morning at e l e v e n o ' c l o c k 14.
Swma Se loTyt, some utensils two p a o s [of] ghee a goat a new s h i r t a P e r s i a n melon
15.
annun ai j a n Se Sodit. [ h e r ] own quilt [ h e r ] own h u s b a n d ' s [lit. [ h e r ] own h a n d s my shirts our b l a n k e t
159
m a n ' s ] clothes
7. 1107.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l II.
A s k the q u e s t i o n s which m i g h t e l i c i t the following s e n t e n c e s a s a n s w e r s . Instructor:
/ a begaa rasit. /
Student;
/ a kadi rasit. /
1.
m a n a i gysa [h]ySS n a r a v i n .
2.
a bwza d a r kant.
3.
a m a n a kagad dant.
4.
m a Sie t a m b a k l o T a n
5.
t a i nako oda koStit.
6.
m a n aS a n g w r a kayin.
7.
go m a n p a z d a r w p p i [h]aSt ana ant.
8.
a Syda annun g v a z i t .
9.
ynna, a Sa b a m a n a k a p i t .
E . g,
10. m a n e S a y r a n a z a n i n .
7. 1108.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l III.
Reply in y o u r own w o r d s to the following q u e s t i o n s . 1.
y m S a p i t a i gysa Synka m a r d w m bant.
2.
Se, baloSiay vanag a r z a n y n t ?
3.
taw Swnt bajaga y s k u l a k a y a y .
4.
Se, taw vat v a t i pwSSa Soday?
5.
Se, taw kuTyg v a r a y ?
6.
Se, taw Sylym kaSSay?
7.
t a i gys aS yda Synka dur ynt.
8.
Se, taw m o T a l e g y r a y ?
9.
t a i gys kwjam n e m a g a ynt.
10. t a i n a m kay ynt.
7. 1200.
Vocabulary.
V e r b s a r e given only in t h e i r infinitive f o r m s .
A R o m a n n u m e r a l a f t e r an infinitive
i n d i c a t e s the c l a s s m e m b e r s h i p of the v e r b , a c c o r d i n g to the s y s t e m d e s c r i b e d in S e e s . 7. 101 ( C l a s s I), 7. 301 ( C l a s s II), 7. 401 ( C l a s s III), 7. 501 ( C l a s s IV), 7. 601 ( C l a s s V), and 7. 701 ( C l a s s VI).
I r r e g u l a r v e r b f o r m s a r e thus not s e p a r a t e l y l i s t e d .
"/k/-verbs"
a r e given a m a i n e n t r y u n d e r t h e i r " n o n - / k / " f o r m and a c r o s s - r e f e r e n c e u n d e r / k / . C o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s a r e indented a s s u b - e n t r i e s u n d e r t h e i r s u b s t a n t i v e component.
They a r e not l i s t e d u n d e r t h e i r v e r b a l e l e m e n t s .
will be found u n d e r / p e S / but not u n d e r / d a r a g / . h a s a l r e a d y b e e n i n t r o d u c e d in a p r e v i o u s Unit;
160
T h u s , / p e S d a r a g / "to s h o w "
In s o m e c a s e s the s u b s t a n t i v e e l e m e n t it will be r e p e a t e d h e r e for e a s e of
r e f e r e n c e but w i l l be m a r k e d by an a s t e r i s k . Nouns w h i c h function a s t e m p o r a l a d v e r b s a r e l i s t e d a s m a i n e n t r i e s in t h e i r p u r e l y nominal forms.
T h e i r a d v e r b i a l f o r m s (i. e.
+ the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / , e t c . )
a r e given a s s u b - e n t r i e s . adenk
mirror
angw[r ]
that way, that d i r e c t i o n ,
[ k ] a r a g II
to b r i n g
asan
easy,
ask
deer
[k]ayag VI
to c o m e
bam
roof
banda
tomorrow
b a r a g IV
to t a k e , take away
bega
evening begaa
thither
simple
in the evening
b uag III
to b e , b e c o m e
Sylym
pipe
Sylym kaSSag
to s m o k e a pipe
darag I
to hold, stop, wait
dar
out, o u t s i d e d a r [k]ayag
to c o m e out
dar kanag
to take out, r e m o v e ,
dar kapag
to e m e r g e , c o m e out, go out, get out
dar ravag
to go out
dayag V
to give
',%dem
face,
dem dayag
expel
front to send
Dawl
kind, t y p e , s o r t , way, m e t h o d , f o r m ,
gal9[g] gvazag I
P e r s i a n melon
gwSag I
to s a y ; t e l l
gyndag I
to s e e
g y r a g IV
to g r a s p , s e i z e , c a t c h , buy
[h]abar
w o r d , m a t t e r , n e w s , t a l k , thing
[h]add
b o r d e r , b o u n d a r y line, p l a c e
shape
to p a s s , p a s s by
at the p l a c e of, n e a r , by, a t , to, chez
- a y [hjadda [h, k ] a n d a g II
to laugh
jag9 jandwm
place
janag V
to b e a t ,
*joR
well, healthy, built, m a d e , joined,
south
161
shoot constructed
to m a k e , build, c o n s t r u c t ; make well
joR k a n a g kagad
paper,
''*ka r
w o r k , job, t a s k
to h e a l ,
letter
to w o r k
kar kanag karag
see / [ k ] a r a g /
kayag
see / [ k ] a y a g /
kade [ o r / k a d i / ]
when?
kadi
see / k a d e /
kanag V
to do, m a k e
kandag
see / [ h , k ] a n d a g /
kapag I
to fall
kaSSag I
to pull, d r a w , t a k e out
koStag
see / o S t a g /
koT
coat
koTi
room
kuTyg
water-melon
kwjangw[r ]
which way, which d i r e c t i o n ,
kwr si
chair
kwSkynag
see / [ k j w S k y n a g /
kwtwb
north
kyllag
see / [ k j y l l a g /
laggag I
to c l i m b , hit, a t t a c h , feel, b e g i n
*laTT
staff, stick, c a n e ,
l a T T janag
whither?
stave
to b e a t [with a ] s t i c k [ s e v e r a l t i m e s ]
loTag I
to want, d e s i r e , a s k for,
maroSa
nowadays, these days
nam
name
nemag
direction,
nemroS
noon
nemroSa
invite
side
at noon
nun
now
nyndag I
to sit
[k]oStag II
to stand
paSag I
to cook, b a k e
parampoSi
day a f t e r the day a f t e r t o m o r r o w
peS
before peS darag
to show
poSi
day after t o m o r r o w
rasag I
to a r r i v e , r e a c h , get, be a v a i l a b l e
ravag V
to go
''roS
day;
[h]ar roS
sun e v e r y day
162
roSa rodratk
in the d a y t i m e , d u r i n g the d a y , by day east
rok
light rok kanag
to light (a f i r e ) , kindle
rokapt
west
ropag I
to s w e e p , b r u s h
s 9 r
h e a d , top sar gyrag
to d e p a r t , set out, l e a v e
sar kanag
c a u s e to a r r i v e , b r i n g to, t a k e to, d e l i v e r
sob
morning soba
'"sap
in the m o r n i n g night
[ h ] a r Sap
e v e r y night
Sapa
at night, d u r i n g the night, by night
sapnem
midnight
Sapnema Sayr
at m i d n i g h t song, v e r s e , p o e m
Sayr janag
to sing
sodag I
to w a s h
tapag
stone g r i d d l e - p l a t e for b a k i n g b r e a d
taSag I
to r u n
tambak
tobacco
vab
sleep, d r e a m vab k a n a g
to s l e e p , go to s l e e p
vanag I
to r e a d ,
v a r a g IV
to e a t , d r i n k
vaspag I
to s l e e p
vat
[onejself
vati
[ o n e ' s ] own
[k]wSkynag II
to h e a r ,
[kjyllag II
to l e a v e , a b a n d o n , let go
ymSapi
t h i s evening
yngw[r]
this way, this direction,
z a n a g V, I
to know
zarr
money;
zurag I
to p i c k up, lift
163
study
listen
gold
hither
Baking bread in an oven [/tandur/].
UNIT
8. 100.
EIGHT
Dialogue.
T h e s t u d e n t h a s now a c q u i r e d enough of the r u d i m e n t s of B a l u c h i to follow a s i m p l e conversation.
Hereafter,
" g r a m m a r U n i t s " (like Units 1-7) will be i n t e r s p e r s e d with
"dialogue U n i t s . " The p u r p o s e of the l a t t e r will be to r e p e a t and r e v i e w w o r d s and c o n s t r u c t i o n s l e a r n e d in the g r a m m a r U n i t s and a l s o to i n t r o d u c e a c e r t a i n a m o u n t of new v o c a b u l a r y in a r e a l i s t i c c u l t u r a l c o n t e x t .
E a c h d i a l o g u e Section will be followed by
a n o t h e r p r e s e n t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n on u s a g e and c u l t u r a l b a c k g r o u n d .
T h i s , in t u r n , will be
followed by f u r t h e r S e c t i o n s c o n t a i n i n g e x e r c i s e s and a final v o c a b u l a r y of new i t e m s . D r . A d a m s ( s y m b o l i s e d by "A") is an A m e r i c a n p r o f e s s o r t r a v e l l i n g in B a l u c h i s t a n . He m e e t s a B a l u c h i ("B") on the r o a d j u s t o u t s i d e Q u e t t a . hello, greetings.' you! ] 1. A:
[Lit.
G r e e t i n g s , friend [lit.
P e a c e be upon
sir, 2. B :
salam alekwm, bras.'
brother].'
h e l l o , and g r e e t i n g s to you.' upon you be peace.' ]
[Lit.
And
v a l e k w m salam.'
And g r e e t i n g s to you.' S i r , how a r e y o u ? [ L i t . What is [ y o u r ] s t a t e ? ]
dwrai
safety
4. B ;
You [ s g . ] a r e safe, [ t h e r e f o r e ] the r e s t is w e l l . [ L i t . Your [ s g . ] safety i s , o t h e r w e l l b e i n g i s . ] How a r e you [ s g . ]? I ' m fine [lit. h a p p y ] .
5. A:
What [lit.
w h o ? ] is y o u r [ s g . ] n a m e ?
M i r B y j j a r (a p r o p e r n a m e )
[also / d r w a i / ]
t a i d w r a i ynt, dyga [ h ] a y r ynt. ay.
taw Son
m a n vaSS wn. t a i n a m kay ynt. m i r byjjar m a n i n a m m i r b y j j a r ynt.
6. B :
My n a m e is M i r B y j j a r .
7. A :
I ' m c a l l e d [lit.
8. B :
M r . A d a m s , w h e r e do you [ s g . ] c o m e from?
9. A :
I come from A m e r i c a .
10. B
vaja, Se [h]al ynt.
[h]ayr
wellbeing 3. A;
valekwm salam vaja
mister
welfare,
salam alekwm
[they] c a l l m e ] A d a m s .
m a n a a d a m z gwSant. vaja a d a m z , taw a s kwja k a y a y . m a n aS a m r i k a a k a y i n . a m r i k a Synka d u r ynt.
11. A
How far is A m e r i c a ? S i r , A m e r i c a is m o r e t h a n ten thousand m i l e s from h e r e .
vaja, a m r i k a aS yda da [ h j a z a r m i l a geS ynt.
12. B :
[It] is v e r y far.'
sakk d u r ynt! mySin
machine 13. A;
v a l e noke m y S i n a pa n a z z i k ynt.
But for the new m a c h i n e s [i. e a i r p l a n e s ] [it] is n e a r .
165
c o r r e c t , straight, right,
true
rast
14. B :
Y e s s i r , you [ s g . ] a r e [lit. right.
15. A:
F r i e n d [lit. b r o t h e r ] , what w o r k do you [ s g . ] d o ?
grass, 16. B ; 17. A:
say]
[h]a vaja, taw r a s t gwSay. b r a s , taw Se k a r k a n a y .
ka[h]
hay
I b r i n g wood, fruit, g r a s s , and o t h e r t h i n g s on t h i s c a m e l . F r o m w h e r e do you [sg. ] b r i n g t h e s e things ?
p l a i n , open a r e a away f r o m the city, outside
m a n e w S t y r a y s a r a d a r , n i v a g , ka[h], aw dyga Si k a r i n . taw e Sian aS kwja k a r a y . Dann
18. B :
S i r , I go to the outlying v i l l a g e s [lit. v i l l a g e s of the p l a i n ] and b r i n g t h e s e things.
vaja, m a n D a n n a y [hjalka r a v i n , aw e Sia karin.
19. A;
W h e r e do you [sg. ] t a k e t h e m ?
eSa taw kwja b a r a y . pyRi
marketplace 20. B : 2 1 . A:
vaja, k o T a a y b a z a r aw p y R i a b a r i n .
S i r , [I] t a k e [ t h e m ] to the b a z a a r f s ] and m a r k e t p l a c e s of Quetta. B e s i d e s t h i s , do [you sg. ] a l s o do other work?
aS eSi bed, dyga k a r a m k a n a y ? kySag
to sow I
rwnag
to r e a p , h a r v e s t I 22. B : Y e s . I have s o m e l a n d s . [Lit. To m e [ t h e r e ] a r e s o m e l a n d s . ] [I] sow and r e a p t h e m .
[h]a. m a n a Sie D a g a r a s t . rwnin.
23. A:
taw Se kySay.
What do you [sg. ] sow?
tomSan
autumn 24. B : 25. A;
t o m S a n a gallag kySin.
In the a u t u m n [i] sow wheat.
afterwards,
pada
then
pada Se k a n a y .
Then what do [you sg. ] d o ?
Syllag
winter last,
gwDDi
latter
barley
sa
spring
atam
26. B :
S i r , in the l a s t d a y s of w i n t e r [I] sow b a r l e y , and in the s p r i n g [I sow] vegetables.
vaja, Syllagay gwDDi roSa sa kySin, aw atama sawzi. tirmag
summer 27. A:
ava kySin aw
What do you [sg. ] sow in the s u m m e r ?
t i r m a g a taw Se kySay.
sp. of Indian m i l l e t
zwratt
seed
torn
28. B :
In the s u m m e r [i] sow m i l l e t and w a t e r - m e l o n s e e d s [lit. s e e d s of water -melon].
t i r m a g a z w r a t t aw k u T y g a y torn kySin.
29. A:
Do you [pi. ] have m a n y c a m e l s ?
Se, go Swma wStyr b a z a s t ?
although g e n e r a l l y , a l t o g e t h e r , in o t h e r r e s p e c t s , although, thus
166
anSw
desert
barr-w-bedy
30, B :
Sir, although generally [there] a r e c a m e l s in e v e r y c o r n e r of B a l u c h i s t a n , n e v e r t h e l e s s [lit. b u t ] in the d e s e r t s [ t h e y ] a r e [even m o r e ] n u m e r o u s .
v a j a , anSw wStyr b a l o S y s t a n a y [ h ] a r kwnDa a s t , v a l e b a r r - w - b e d y a b a z ant.
31 A:
What i s the p r i c e of a c a m e l ?
yakk w S t y r a y b a h a Synkas ynt.
up t o , u n t i l 32 B ;
tana
Now [they] c o s t [lit. a r r i v e ] two h u n d r e d to a t h o u s a n d . - - S i r , a r e [ t h e r e ] a l s o c a m e l s in y o u r [pi. ] country?
nun dw sa da tana [ h ] a z a r a r a s a n t . Swmay m w l k a a m wStyr a s t ?
abundance, large number, large herd, swarm
vaja,
yoswm
33 A:
No s i r , in A m e r i c a [ t h e r e ] a r e no c a m e l s , but [ t h e r e ] a r e l a r g e h e r d s of o t h e r c a t t l e .
na vaja, a m r i k a a wStyr n e s t , v a l e dyga o l a k a n i yoSwm ant.
34, B :
A r e [ t h e r e ] no d e s e r t s in A m e r i c a ?
Se, a m r i k a a b a r r - w - b e d y n e s t ?
world
dwnya
land, t e r r i t o r y ; country, a r e a , 35 A;
region
Dyh
S i r , A m e r i c a [ i s ] a big c o u n t r y [lit. w o r l d ] . O v e r t h e r e [ t h e r e ] is e v e r y kind of t e r r a i n .
vaja, a m r i k a m a z a n e d w n y a e . Dawle Dyh a s t .
time
vaxt
therefore
pameSa
36 B :
[or / v a k t / ]
b r a s , nun b e g a a y vaxt ynt. t a r a v a t i gysa b a r i n .
F r i e n d [lit. b r o t h e r ] , now [ i t ] is d i n n e r t i m e [lit. e v e n i n g ' s t i m e ] . T h e r e f o r e I w i l l take you [ s g . ] to [ m y ] own h o m e .
oda [h]ar
pameSa man
kindness 37 A:
38. B :
merbani vaja, t a i baz m e r b a n i ynt. S i r , t h a n k you [ s g . ] v e r y m u c h . [ L i t . [it] is y o u r [ s g . ] g r e a t k i n d n e s s . ] dyga y a k k a y m e m a n wn. T o n i g h t I a m the g u e s t of a n o t h e r .
A l l r i g h t . T o m o r r o w night you [ s g . ] a r e i n v i t e d to eat at m y h o u s e [lit. at m y h o u s e is y o u r [ s g . ] b r e a d . ]
b u s y , e n g a g e d , involved, 39. A;
S i r , t o m o r r o w night a l s o I a m b u s y . [I] w i l l c o m e the night of the day a f t e r tomorrow.
Sarr.
A l l r i g h t . S i r , w h e r e is y o u r [ s g . ] lodging - p l a c e ?
43. A:
vaja, t a i v a t a k kwja ynt.
bolan [h]oTal m a n i v a t a k b o l a n [ h ] o T a l a ynt.
My lodging is at the B o l a n H o t e l .
nambar
number 42. B :
vaja, banda Sap a m m a n g a T T wn. Sap kay in. vatak
Bolan Hotel 4 1 . A:
b a n d a Sap m a n i gysa t a i nan ynt.
gaTT
trapped
c a m p , t e m p o r a r y lodging 40. B :
Sarr.
ymSapi man
t a i k o T i a y n a m b a r Se ynt.
What is the n u m b e r of y o u r [ s g . ] room? T h e n u m b e r of m y r o o m is four.
m a n i k o T i a y n a m b a r Sar ynt. bumya
guide-
167
poSi
44. B :
I w i l l send [ m y ] own son a s [lit. y o u r [ s g . ] guide.
45. A:
What d o e s y o u r [ s g . ] son d o ?
for]
t a i b a S a k k Se k a n t . kalyj
college 46. B ;
m a n v a t i b a S a k k a p a r t a i b u m y a a d e m dayin,
m a n i b a S a k k k o T a kalyja v a n i t .
My son s t u d i e s in Quetta C o l l e g e .
inclination, tendency, d e s i r e 47. A: T h i s is good that you [pi. ] have a d e s i r e to study [lit. to you [pi. ] [ t h e r e ] i s the i n c l i n a t i o n of r e a d i n g ] . Do y o u r [pi. ] d a u g h t e r s a l s o s t u d y ?
mayl e S a r r ynt, ky S w m a r a v a n a g a y m a y l a s t . Se, Swmay jynykk a m v a n a n t ?
48. B :
a m m a y b a z k a m m jynykk v a n a n t .
V e r y few of our g i r l s study.
yzm
p e r m i s s i o n (to go)
vaja, panS baja ynt.
49. A:
S i r , [it] is five o ' c l o c k . Now I will a s k p e r m i s s i o n [to l e a v e ] . f a r e w e l l ! [ L i t . [You sg. ] a r e in God's care. ]
a l l a i m a n a ay
50. B :
F a r e w e l l ! [Lit. God's care!]
[You sg. ] a r e in
a l l a i m a n a ay!
51. A;
Farewell! safety! ]
[I] w i s h y o u r [ s g . ]
t a i d w r a i a loTin!
8. 200.
[Lit.
nun m a n y z m l o T i n .
Word Study.
M a t e r i a l s in t h i s Section a r e a r r a n g e d a c c o r d i n g to t h e i r o r d e r of o c c u r r e n c e in the preceding dialogue.
P a r a g r a p h n u m b e r s thus c o r r e s p o n d to the s e n t e n c e n u m b e r s of S e c .
8. 100. 1.
E t i q u e t t e p l a y s an e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t p a r t in B a l u c h i s o c i a l life.
f o r m s of a d d r e s s or to r e s p o n d c u r t l y is to invite u n n e c e s s a r y h o s t i l i t y .
To o m i t polite
P r o p e r etiquette
d i f f e r s f r o m p l a c e to p l a c e , h o w e v e r , and the student should t h u s o b s e r v e h i s h o s t s ' b e h a v i o u r and i m i t a t e it c a r e f u l l y . G r e e t i n g s r a n g e f r o m j u s t a word or two in s o m e a r e a s to lengthy r e c i t a t i o n s of good w i s h e s , p e r s o n a l n e w s , and i n q u i r i e s about the o t h e r p e r s o n ' s w e l f a r e in o t h e r r e g i o n s . The m o s t b a s i c g r e e t i n g is the A r a b i c f o r m / s a l a m a l e k w m / , to which the c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e is / v a l e k w m s a l a m / .
Although t h e s e g r e e t i n g f o r m s a r e p r o p e r l y e m p l o y e d b e t w e e n
M u s l i m s only, m a n y B a l u c h i s employ t h e m to e v e r y o n e i n d i s c r i m i n a t e l y .
Educated Muslims,
h o w e v e r , m a y p r e f e r to r e s e r v e t h e m for M u s l i m s only ; or for M u s l i m s , C h r i s t i a n s and J e w s (all of whom a r e c o n s i d e r e d by I s l a m to have r e c e i v e d a book of r e v e l a t i o n f r o m God) but not for o t h e r s . When two p e r s o n s m e e t , the y o u n g e r p r o p e r l y s a y s / s a l a m a l e k w m / f i r s t , to which the e l d e r r e p l i e s / v a l e k w m s a l a m / .
A m o u n t e d m a n offers the f i r s t g r e e t i n g to s o m e o n e
on foot, and a p a s s e r b y s i m i l a r l y g i v e s the f i r s t g r e e t i n g to p e r s o n s s i t t i n g by the r o a d s i d e or to the o c c u p a n t s of a h o u s e or c a m p .
One d o e s not n o r m a l l y s p e a k to w o m e n m e t on the
r o a d , but if one m u s t do so in o r d e r to obtain n e c e s s a r y i n f o r m a t i o n ,
168
etc. , then these
g r e e t i n g f o r m s a r e not u s e d . 2.
M o r e will be given on g r e e t i n g c u s t o m s in l a t e r U n i t s .
/ v a j a [ g ] / " s i r ; m i s t e r " is p o l i t e l y e m p l o y e d a s a f o r m of a d d r e s s .
to b e g i n a s e n t e n c e a d d r e s s e d to a s t r a n g e r or r e s p e c t e d p e r s o n , a s / v a j a g / b e f o r e the s u b s t a n t i v e suffixes,
It i s a l s o u s e d
/ v a j a / optionally o c c u r s
/ b r a s / " b r o t h e r " is e m p l o y e d like / v a j a / .
one m u s t a d d r e s s a w o m a n , then / m a s / " m o t h e r " or / g w [ h ] a r / " s i s t e r " a r e u s e d ,
If
depending
upon h e r a g e .
3.
T h e r e a r e m a n y w a y s of a s k i n g "How a r e y o u ? ";
"What is y o u r [ s g . ] s t a t e ? " and / t a w Son ay. / Responses are similarly varied. [lit.
common a r e :
/ t a i Se [h]al ynt. /
"How a r e you [ s g . ]? "
One m a y s i m p l y say / m a n vaSS wn. /
h a p p y ] . " O r ; m o r e p o l i t e l y , / t a i d w r a i ynt, dyga [h]ayr ynt. /
"I a m fine
"You [ s g . ] a r e s a f e ,
[ t h e r e f o r e ] the r e s t is w e l l . " T h i s c o u r t e o u s l y i m p l i e s that b e c a u s e the o t h e r p e r s o n i s in good h e a l t h , o n e ' s own h a p p i n e s s is i n c r e a s e d . 18.
/ D a n n / d e n o t e s "plain, a r e a away f r o m the city. " It is a l s o u s e d for " o u t s i d e ,
out in the open a i r . " / d a r / m a y m e a n "out, out in the o p e n " too, but it a l s o d e n o t e s "out (of a c o n t a i n e r ) , " a s e n s e which / D a n n / d o e s not h a v e .
E . g.
/ m a n aS Sa[h]ra d a r r a v i n . / I will go out of the city. [ / D o n n a / is a l s o p o s s i b l e in the s e n s e of "out away f r o m the u r b a n a r e a , into the b a r r e n p l a i n s . "] / m a n aS yda d a r a taSin. / I will r u n out of h e r e . [When "out into the open a i r " is m e a n t , / D o n n a / can be s u b s t i t u t e d . ] / a n i v a g a Sa k a T u r a d a r kant. / He t a k e s the f r u i t s out of the b a s k e t . [ / D a n n / c a n n o t occur h e r e . ] / m a r Sa k w r s i a y S e r a d a r kapit. / The snake e m e r g e s f r o m u n d e r the c h a i r . [ / D a n n / cannot be s u b s t i t u t e d h e r e . ] 20.
/ p y R i / d e n o t e s a g e n e r a l m a r k e t p l a c e , w h e r e c a t t l e , wool, v e g e t a b l e s ,
e t c . a r e bought and sold w h o l e s a l e ,
fruits,
/ b a z a r / " m a r k e t " r e f e r s to the e n t i r e a r e a of s h o p s
and s t a l l s . 24.
/ t o m S a n / " a u t u m n " o r i g i n a t e s f r o m / t o m k y S a n / , a compound c o n t a i n i n g / t o r n /
" s e e d , " / k y S / "sow, " and a n o m i n a l i s i n g suffix / a n / . through November.
Other seasons a r e :
/ t o m S a n / extends from September
/ S y l l a g / "winter, " from D e c e m b e r through
F e b r u a r y , , / a t a m / " s p r i n g , " f r o m M a r c h t h r o u g h May, and / t i r m a g / " s u m m e r , " f r o m June through August. 25.
/ p a d a / " a f t e r w a r d s , t h e n " c o n s i s t s of / p a d / " a f t e r , b a c k " + the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e "
suffix / a / . 26.
/ g w D D i / " l a s t , l a t t e r " c o n s i s t s of / g w D D / "end, l a t t e r p o r t i o n " + an a d j e c t i v e
f o r m a n t suffix / i / .
169
30.
/ a n S w / "although g e n e r a l l y , a l t o g e t h e r , in o t h e r r e s p e c t s , a l t h o u g h , t h u s " is an
a d v e r b of r a t h e r diffuse m e a n i n g .
I t s o c c u r r e n c e in a c l a u s e i m p l i e s t h a t , though the
f a c t [ s ] s t a t e d in the c l a u s e a r e t r u e , t h e r e is yet m o r e to be s a i d : is to be a d d e d , or is u n d e r s t o o d f r o m the c o n t e x t , / a n S o / "just s o , j u s t s u c h " :
i. e.
some further
qualification
/ a n e w / is r e a l l y j u s t a m o d i f i e d f o r m of
the e m p h a t i c p r e f i x / a m / ( h e r e / a n / b e f o r e an a l v e o p a l a t a l
c o n s o n a n t ) + / S o / " s o , such. " See a l s o S e e s . 4. 801 and 6. 8 0 1 . / a n S w a jvane m a r d e , v a l e a y r a z a r r n e s t . / but he h a s no m o n e y .
E . g. R e a l l y he is a good m a n ,
/ o d a anSw b a z m a r d w m k a y a n t , v a l e d r w s t p i r e n ant. / Although manyp e o p l e c o m e t h e r e , n e v e r t h e l e s s [lit. but] a l l [of t h e m ] a r e old. / a n S w m a n yda vaSS wn, vale m a r o S a najoR wn. / h e r e , yet [lit. but] t h e s e d a y s [I] a m sick. 30.
/barr-w-bedy/
Although I a m h a p p y
" d e s e r t " is an e x a m p l e of a new type of c o m p o u n d :
the " c o p u l a t i v e
c o m p o u n d , " which c o n s i s t s of two s u b s t a n t i v e s joined by the c o n n e c t i v e / w / ( s e e S e c . 6. 102). The c o n s t i t u e n t e l e m e n t s of t h i s type of compound include both s u b s t a n t i v e s w h i c h o c c u r e l s e w h e r e a s s e p a r a t e w o r d s and a l s o t h o s e which a r e found only in c o m p o u n d s , b e d y / is an e x a m p l e of the l a t t e r c a s e :
/barr-w-
n e i t h e r / b a r r / n o r / b e d y / o c c u r a l o n e in R a k h s h a n i
B a l u c h i (both b e i n g o r i g i n a l l y f r o m A r a b i c ) . Such c o m p o u n d s cannot be c o n s i d e r e d to be t h r e e s e p a r a t e w o r d s (i. e.
/ b a r r w bedy/)
s i n c e no w o r d j u n c t u r e is audible b e t w e e n e a c h s u b s t a n t i v e c o n s t i t u e n t and / w / , n o r d o e s the l a t t e r have an individual word s t r e s s of its own.
(The s i t u a t i o n h e r e is c l e a r e r t h a n
t h a t of the compound n u m e r a l s d e s c r i b e d in Sec. 6. 102, w h e r e a w o r d j u n c t u r e d o e s indeed o c c u r b e t w e e n e a c h n u m e r a l unit and / w / , although the l a t t e r s e e m s to have no r e a l s t r e s s . ) N o r can t h e s e c o m p o u n d s be t r e a t e d a s a single p h o n o l o g i c a l word (i. e. e a c h s u b s t a n t i v e c o n s t i t u e n t r e t a i n s its own w o r d s t r e s s .
/ b a r r w b e d y / ) since
The s t r e s s on the f i r s t e l e m e n t
is w e a k e r , h o w e v e r , and t h i s fact plus the n o n - o c c u r r e n c e of word j u n c t u r e i n d i c a t e s that the compound is to be t a k e n a s a single unit.
The b e s t solution t h u s s e e m s to be to e s t a b l i s h
a s p e c i a l "compound j u n c t u r e " o c c u r r i n g b e f o r e and a f t e r the / w / ;
t h i s is s y m b o l i s e d a s
/-/.
32. / t a n a / "up to, u n t i l " is a l m o s t c o m p l e t e l y s y n o n y m o u s with / t a [ b a ] / "up t o , until, t o " (see S e c . 6. 303).
The f o r m e r is p e r h a p s c o m m o n e r with t i m e w o r d s and s u m s of
m o n e y , while t h e l a t t e r is m o r e frequent in e x p r e s s i o n s of d i s t a n c e . a p p e a r to be m u t u a l l y s u b s t i t u t a b l e in m o s t e x a m p l e s , h o w e v e r . / m a n t a n a S a p n e m a amoda bin. /
T h e s e two p r e p o s i t i o n s
E . g.
I will be r i g h t o v e r t h e r e u n t i l midnight.
/ m a n tana panS bajaga a m y d a wn. / until five o ' c l o c k .
I a m [i. e.
/ a Sa panS rwppia tana da rwppia l o T i t . / for] f r o m five r u p e e s to ten r u p e e s . / S y d a tana m a k r a n a a go m a n kayt. / with m e .
will s t a y ] r i g h t h e r e
He will c h a r g e [lit.
want, a s k
F r o m h e r e to M a k r a n he will c o m e
/ a panS r w p p i a tana da rwppia e Sia dant. / He will give t h i s thing for [lit. on] [ f r o m ] five r u p e e s to ten r u p e e s . [As in the c a s e of / S a . . .
170
t a [ b a ] . . . / , / S a / m a y be o m i t t e d . ] 36.
T h e c o n j u n c t i o n / p a m e S a / " t h e r e f o r e " is d e r i v e d f r o m / p a a m e S a / "for t h i s v e r y
[ o n e ] . " It c o n s i s t s of / p a r / - / p a / "for ; in o r d e r t o , " the e m p h a t i c p r e f i x / a m / , / e S / "this v e r y [ o n e ] , " and the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / . 41.
/ b o l a n [ h ] o T a l / "Bolan H o t e l " and / k o T a k a l y j / "Quetta C o l l e g e " ( s e n t e n c e 46) a r e
r e a l l y p r o p e r n a m e s , and the p o s s e s s i v e suffix is t h u s not r e q u i r e d with e i t h e r / b o l a n / or /koTa/.
T h e n o r m a l f o r m of the noun p h r a s e would of c o u r s e be / k o T a a y k a l y j / "the
c o l l e g e of Q u e t t a . " / b o l a n / " B o l a n " is the n a m e of a m o u n t a i n p a s s not far f r o m Q u e t t a . 49.
/nun man yzm loTin. /
"Now I will a s k p e r m i s s i o n [to go]. " is a p o l i t e m e t h o d of
i n d i c a t i n g t h a t a c o n v e r s a t i o n o r v i s i t should be b r o u g h t to an end.
/yzm/
"permission
[to g o ] " is l i m i t e d a l m o s t e n t i r e l y to t h i s e x p r e s s i o n . 50.
/ a l l a i m a n a ay. /
is one m e t h o d of saying "goodbye. " It is r e a l l y a s l i g h t l y m o d i f i e d
f o r m of / a l l a a y a m a n a ay. / "safety, 51.
"[You sg. ] a r e in G o d ' s c a r e . " / a l i a / "God" and / a m a n /
s e c u r i t y , p r o t e c t i o n " have not y e t b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . / t a i dwraia loTin! /
[I] w i s h y o u r [ s g . ] safety! " is a n o t h e r polite way of saying
"goodbye. "
8. 300.
D r i l l s and E x e r c i s e s .
8. 3 0 1 .
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l I.
I n s t r u c t i o n s a r e a s for S e c . 4. 906. 1.
t a w Se k a r k a n a y . sow wheat reap barley r e a d t h i s book b r i n g f r u i t [ s ] on t h i s c a m e l b r i n g g r a s s f r o m the outlying v i l l a g e s [lit. the v i l l a g e s of the p l a i n ]
2,
p y R i kwja ynt. this direction in front of you [ s g . ] I d o n ' t know. The [one] behind t h o s e h o u s e s is the marketplace. The [one] on t h i s s i d e of the postoffice is the m a r k e t p l a c e .
171
3.
t a i Se [h]al ynt. [It] is w e l l . I a m happy. I a m not w e l l . I a m sick. Fine!
4.
Se, a m r i k a a b a r r - w - b e d y ast? Y e s , [ t h e r e ] is d e s e r t o v e r t h e r e . In A m e r i c a [ t h e r e ] is e v e r y kind of t e r r a i n . No, in A m e r i c a [ t h e r e ] is not m u c h d e s e r t . Y e s , [ t h e r e ] is d e s e r t . [ T h e r e ] a r e a l s o m o u n t a i n s , p l a i n s , and l a r g e c i t i e s . Y e s , A m e r i c a [ i s ] a big c o u n t r y [lit. nun vaxt Se ynt. six o ' c l o c k a q u a r t e r to s e v e n f o u r t e e n to t w e l v e a q u a r t e r to nine twenty a f t e r four
6.
p a r m a n i b u m y a a , taw kaya d e m dayay. that B a l u c h i [ m y ] own son [ m y ] own y o u n g e s t b r o t h e r the son of the chief I will c o m e m y s e l f .
7.
t a i baSS Se kant. He s t u d i e s in c o l l e g e . He b r i n g s g r a s s f r o m the v i l l a g e s . He builds h o u s e s . He is a s h o p k e e p e r in Q u e t t a . He d o e s n o t h i n g .
8.
t a i v a t a k kwja ynt. in the Bolan Hotel in the h o u s e of the chief The n u m b e r of m y r o o m i s six. that d i r e c t i o n in the [one] on [lit.
172
of] that side
world].
9.
e g v a l a g a Se ant. flour barley millet grass wheat
10. t a w e k y S a r a kadi r w n a y . in the w i n t e r in the s p r i n g in the a u t u m n in the s u m m e r in the l a s t d a y s of w i n t e r 11.
Se, taw y m S a p i m a n i gysa nan v a r a y ? No s i r , tonight I a m b u s y . Y e s s i r ; I will c o m e at eight o ' c l o c k . Yes s i r , thank you [ s g . ] v e r y m u c h . [it] is y o u r [sg. ] g r e a t k i n d n e s s . ]
[Lit,
No s i r , tonight I a m the g u e s t of a n o t h e r . No s i r , but t o m o r r o w I a m not b u s y . 12.
a m r i k a Son ynt. A m e r i c a [ i s ] a good p l a c e . The c i t i e s of A m e r i c a a r e v e r y l a r g e . In the w i n t e r [it] is cold. In the s u m m e r [it] is g r e e n . In A m e r i c a m a c h i n e s a r e on e v e r y side [lit. c o r n e r ] .
13.
taw Son r a v a y . I will go on [ / a / ] the h o r s e . I will c a t c h [lit. bus.
g r a s p , s e i z e ] the
I will go in [ / a / ] the c a r . I will t a k e y o u r [ s g . ] donkey. I will go with the t e a c h e r . 14.
a t a m a Swma Se kySyt. w a t e r - m e l o n s e e d s [lit. melon] nothing millet vegetables many things
173
s e e d s of w a t e r -
15. y a k k [ h ] a r a y b a h a Synkas ynt. f r o m two h u n d r e d to t h r e e h u n d r e d r u p e e s two h u n d r e d and e i g h t y - f i v e r u p e e s five h u n d r e d to eight h u n d r e d r u p e e s f r o m t h r e e h u n d r e d r u p e e s up to four h u n d r e d and fifty r u p e e s one h u n d r e d and fifty r u p e e s
8. 302.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l II.
R e p l y to the following q u e s t i o n s in B a l u c h i . S e c . 8. 100;
S o m e of the a n s w e r s will be found in
o t h e r s the student m u s t supply f r o m h i s own e x p e r i e n c e . 1.
salam alekwm, b r a s .
Se [h]al ynt.
2.
Se, taw m a r o S i g a T T a y ?
3.
t a i v a t a k kwja ynt.
4.
Se, t a i m w l k a b a r r - w - b e d y a s t ?
5.
Se, t a r a Sie D a g a r a s t ?
6.
vaja, t a i n a m kay ynt.
7.
Se, a m r i k a noke m y s i n a pa n a z z i k y n t ?
8.
t i r m a g a baloS Se kySant.
9.
aS wStyra bed, a m r i k a a dyga o l a k a n i yoSwm a n t ?
10. vaja a d a m z y m S a p i m i r b y j j a r a y gysa p a r Se n a y t . 11. m i r b y j j a r p a r vaja a d a m z a y b u m y a a kaya d e m dant. 12. Se, m a r o S a baloSa v a n a g a y m a y l a s t ? 13.
Se, baloSani b a z jynykk y s k u l a v a n a n t ?
14. vaja a d a m z a y k o T i a y Se n a m b a r ynt. 15. k o T a a , vaja a d a m z a y v a t a k kwja ynt.
8. 303.
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e I.
T r a n s l a t e the following d i a l o g u e . without c o n s c i o u s t r a n s l a t i o n .
D r i l l it o v e r and o v e r until it can be u n d e r s t o o d
Students m a y be a s s i g n e d the p a r t of e a c h s p e a k e r , and the
d i a l o g u e m a y then be m e m o r i s e d and p r e s e n t e d a s a b r i e f " p l a y " b e f o r e the c l a s s . D r . A d a m s m e e t s M i r B y j j a r on the r o a d . 1. A
salam alekwm, b r a s .
2. B
valekwm salam.
3. A
[h]a.
4. B
taw kwja r a v a y .
5. A
m a n noSkea r a v i n .
6.B
[h]aw.
7. A
noSke aS yda Synka dur ynt.
8. B
sakk dur na ynt. aS yda, noSke panS ya SaSS milay duria ynt.
Se, taw a m r i k a n a y ?
m a n a s a m r i k a a kayin. Se, taw noSkeay ra[h]a z a n a y ?
eS ynt.
174
9. A: 10. B :
v a j a , t a i b a z m e r b a n i ynt. a l l a i m a n a ay!
11. A:
tai dwraia loTin.
8. 304.
nun m a n y z m l o T i n .
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e II.
D r . A d a m s s t o p s at the h o m e of M i r B y j j a r . l.A:
salam alekwm,
2. B :
valekwm salam, b r a s .
3. A;
Se, t a i m a z a n e b r a s g y s a y n t ?
4. B :
[h]a, g y s a ynt.
5. A:
a m a r o S i m a n a v a t i k i l a g a peS d a r i t .
6. B :
Sarr!
7. A:
b a z j v a n bit!
8. B :
a k a m m e g a T T ynt.
8. 305.
vaja.
Se k a r e .
m a n a m go Swma r a v i n ,
m a t a r a p a l e z a n aw m a l p a d a peS d a r a n .
t a i b r a s kwja ynt. annun a kayt.
pada s a r g y r a n .
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e III.
M i r B y j j a r shows D r . A d a m s the fields n e a r the h o u s e . 1. B :
m a e m w l k a t o m S a n a g a l l a g kySan.
2. A:
aw Syllaga Se kySyt.
3. B :
Syllaga m a [h]ySSi n a k y S a n .
4. A:
aw t i r m a g a ?
5. B :
m a z w r a t t aw g a l a a y torn kySan.
6. A;
aw a t a m a Se kySyt.
7. B :
s a w z i aw dyga Si kySan.
8. A:
Swma g a l l a g k a d i r w n y t .
9. B :
m a t i r m a g a y awli roSa r w n a n .
8. 306.
v a l e Syllagay gwDDi roSa sa kySan.
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e IV.
D r . A d a m s and M i r B y j j a r a r e d i s c u s s i n g p r i c e s . 1. A
e w S t y r a y b a h a Synkas ynt.
2. B
m a r o S a w S t y r b a z g r a n ant.
eSi b a h a [hJaSt sad r w p p i ynt.
a m a s t , aw a a R z a n t y r ant.
e wStyr S a r r ynt.
3. A
m a n i m w l k a wStyr k a m m a s t .
4. B
a Son.
5. A
m a n i m w l k b a z s a r d ynt, aw b a r r - w - b e d y k a m m a s t . aw m a r o S a [ h ] a r kwnDa m y S i n aw m o T a l ant. m o T a l oda a R z a n a n t ?
7. A:
Sa da [ h j a z a r r w p p i a t a n a b i s t [ h j a z a r a .
y a k k m o T a l a y b a h a Synkas ynt.
175
m a y [h]adda a s p b a z ant.
p a m e S a oda k y S a r a y kySag aw
r w n a g b a z a s a n ynt. 6. B :
aS eSi b e d , dyga wStyr
8. B ;
e b a z g r a n ynt!
8. 307.
v a l e b a l o S y s t a n a Sa, t a i m w l k a m o T a l a R z a n ant.
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e V.
D r . A d a m s w i s h e s to v i s i t the m a r k e t . l.A?
Se, taw banda pyRia r a v a y ?
2. B :
[h]a vaja.
3. A:
[h]a.
4. B»
Se g y r a y .
5. A»
b a l o S a n i Sie Si g y r i n .
Se, taw go m a n k a y a y ?
m a n a b a z Si d a r k a r ant.
turage, Sergeje,
6. B :
S a r r , vaja.
m a n ava pa peS d a r a g a vati m w l k a b a r i n .
m a n takkie,
a w b a z d y g a Si g y r i n .
m a n banda soba [h]aSt bajaga t a i v a t a k a kayin.
[hJoTala t a i k o T i a y
Se n a m b a r ynt. 7. A;
m a n i k o T i a y n a m b a r y a z d a ynt.
8. B :
b a z jvan ynt.
9. A :
t a i d w r a i a loTin.
8. 400.
a l l a i m a n a ay!
Vocabulary.
P r o p e r n a m e s of p e r s o n s , f i r m s , e t c . a r e not l i s t e d below. a l l a i m a n a ay
farewell!
anSw
although g e n e r a l l y , a l t o g e t h e r , in o t h e r r e s p e c t s , although, thus
atam
spring (season)
barr-w-bedy
desert
bumya
guide
Syllag
winter
dwnya
world
dwrai [also / d r w a i / ]
welfare,
Dann
plain, open a r e a away f r o m the city, o u t s i d e
Dyh
land, t e r r i t o r y , c o u n t r y , a r e a ,
gaTT
b u s y , engaged, involved,
gwDDi
last, latter;
y oSwm [h]ayr
abundance, large number, large herd, wellbeing
[h]oTal
hotel,
ka[h]
g r a s s , hay
kalyj
college
kySag I
to sow, plant
mayl merbani
inclination, tendency, kindness
my Sin
machine
176
[Lit.
[You sg. ] a r e in G o d ' s c a r e . ]
safety region
trapped
remainder
restaurant
desire
swarm
nambar
number
pad
after, pada
back
afterwards,
later
pameSa
therefore
pyRi
marketplace
rast
c o r r e c t , straight, right,
rwnag I
to r e a p ,
sa
barley
salam alekwm
hello, greetings!
tana
up t o , u n t i l
tirmag
summer
torn
seed
tomSan
autumn
vaja[g]
sir,
valekwm salam
h e l l o , and g r e e t i n g s to you! you be p e a c e ! ]
vatak
c a m p , t e m p o r a r y lodging
v a x t [or / v a k t / ]
time
yzm
p e r m i s s i o n (to go)
zwratt
sp. of Indian m i l l e t
177
true
harvest [Lit.
P e a c e be upon you! ]
mister [Lit.
And upon
Grinding flour with a hand-mill [/jantar/],
UNIT
9. 100.
Basic Sentences,
Se, m a n e m a [ h ] a r i a p a r a i b y b a r i n ?
Shall I t a k e t h i s r i d i n g - c a m e l for h i m ?
[h]a, t a w [h]ar D a w l a e S y r a b y b a r a y ,
Y e s , you [ s g . ] m u s t c e r t a i n l y [lit. in e v e r y w a y ] t a k e it.
Se, a e d r w s t s a t a b y b a r t ?
Should he take away a l l t h e s e [ p i e c e s of] jewellery? Yes, he ought to take t h e m a w a y .
[h]a, a eSa b y b a r t . Se, m a [ h ] a r Sap b w a n a n ?
M u s t we study e v e r y n i g h t ?
[h]a, Swma [ h ] a r Dawla b w a n y t .
Y e s , you [pi. ] m u s t c e r t a i n l y [lit. in e v e r y way] study.
Se, a v a t i l a n g a r a n aS yda b w z u r a n t ?
Should they r e m o v e [lit. own plows f r o m h e r e ?
[h]a, b a n d a soba b w z u r a n t .
p i c k up] [ t h e i r ]
Yes, [they] m u s t r e m o v e [ t h e m ] tomorrow morning.
Se, m a n v a t i b w n a g a yda b y l l i n ?
May I l e a v e [ m y ] own b a g g a g e h e r e ?
[h]a, t a w [ h ] a r D a w l a e S y r a b y l l a y .
Y e s , you [sg. ] m u s t c e r t a i n l y [lit. in e v e r y way] l e a v e it.
Se, a d a r g a g a b o S t i t ?
Should he stand by the d o o r ?
[h]a, a a d d a boStit.
Yes,
Se, m a e s a g a b o r o n ?
he ought to stand t h e r e .
May we eat t h e s e c o o k e d - v e g e t a b l e s ?
[h]a, Swma [ h ] a r D a w l a b o r y t .
Y e s , you [pi. ] m u s t c e r t a i n l y [lit. in e v e r y way] eat [ t h e m ] .
Se, a m a [ h ] a r i - s v a r a pad b y k a n a n t ?
Should they wake up the c a m e l - r i d e r s ?
[h]a, eSa pad b y k a n a n t .
9. 101.
NINE
Yes,
[they] m u s t wake t h e m .
T h e " p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e " f o r m of the v e r b c o n s i s t s of the p r e f i x / b y / - / b w / -
/ b / + the p r e s e n t - f u t u r e p a r a d i g m i n t r o d u c e d in S e c . 7. 101.
The o c c u r r e n c e of the t h r e e
a l t e r n a t e f o r m s of t h i s p r e f i x d e p e n d s upon the p h o n o l o g i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n of the following verb stem: (1)
/ b w / i s found b e f o r e s t e m s having an i n i t i a l c o n s o n a n t followed by / u / , / o / , or / v / .
E . g. /bwzurin/ /bwloTant/
[i] m a y , m u s t t a k e , p i c k up [ t h e y ] m a y , m u s t w a n t , d e s i r e , a s k for
179
/w/,
(2)
/bwrwnan/
[we] m a y , m u s t r e a p ,
harvest
/bwgvazit/
[he, s h e , it] m a y , m u s t p a s s
/ b / o c c u r s with s t e m s beginning with any vowel e x c e p t / a / .
Since the / k / p r e f i x
of C l a s s e s II and VI ( S e e s . 7. 301 and 7. 701) d o e s not o c c u r at a l l in the subjunctive p a r a d i g m , t h e s e include v a r i o u s " / k / - v e r b s " a l s o ,
/ b / d o e s not o c c u r ,
with s t e m s beginning with the "optional / h / " :
/ [ h , k j a n d a g / "to laugh, "
e. g.
/ [ h ] y k k a g / "to h i c c o u g h , " / [ h ] a R a g / "to t a n g l e with, " e t c .
E . g.
/byllin/
[ i ] m a y , m u s t l e a v e , let go, a b a n d o n , l e a v e off
/boStit/
[he, s h e , it] m a y , m u s t stand
/bwSkynyt/
[you pi. ] m a y , m u s t h e a r ,
however,
listen
/ b / a l s o o c c u r s with / a y / , the 3rd sg. p r e s e n t s t e m a l t e r n a n t of / [ k j a y a g / "to c o m e . " O t h e r f o r m s of t h i s v e r b have the / b y / a l t e r n a n t of the p r e f i x ; (3) below.
see under
E. g.
/bayt/
[he, s h e , it] m a y , m u s t c o m e
/ b / is a l s o found with v e r b s whose p r e s e n t s t e m s o t h e r w i s e b e g i n with / v / . / b / , h o w e v e r , t h e s e have s t e m a l t e r n a n t s beginning with / w / i n s t e a d of / v / . /bwanit/
[he, she, it] m a y , m u s t r e a d ,
/bwaspin/
After E . g.
study
[I] m a y , m u s t s l e e p
/bwart/
[he, s h e , it] m a y , m u s t eat, d r i n k
O t h e r subjunctive f o r m s of / v a r a g / "to eat, d r i n k " c o n s i s t of / b / + a s p e c i a l s t e m a l t e r n a n t / o r / (i. e. /borin/
E . g.
[I] m a y , m u s t eat, d r i n k
/borant/ (3)
i n s t e a d of / b / + ' " / w a r / ) .
[they] m a y , m u s t eat, d r i n k
/ b y / is found b e f o r e c o n s o n a n t - i n i t i a l s t e m s having a f i r s t s t e m vowel o t h e r t h a n / u / , / o / , or / w / , b e f o r e s t e m s beginning with / a / , e t c . /bykanin/
[I] m a y , m u s t m a k e , do
/bypaSay/
[you sg. ] m a y , m u s t cook
E . g.
/ b y b i t / [he, s h e , it] m a y , m u s t b e , b e c o m e . [Although the infinitive of t h i s v e r b is / b u a g / with the s t e m vowel / u / , the p r e s e n t s t e m is / b / , and / b y / thus o c c u r s b e f o r e it. See S e c . 7. 4 0 1 . ] /bykySan/
[we] m a y , m u s t sow
/ t > y g y r Y t / [ y ° u Pi- 1 ma -y> m u s t g r a s p , s e i z e , c a t c h , buy / b y [ h ] a n d a n t / [they] m a y , m u s t laugh. [The / b y / a l t e r n a n t of the p r e f i x a l w a y s o c c u r s with s t e m s beginning with the "optional / h / . "] / b y a r i n / [I] m a y , m u s t b r i n g . [Some s p e a k e r s give the /y/ s t a t u s and word s t r e s s a l s o : / b y a r i n / . ]
full vowel
/ b y a y a y / or / b y a y a y / [you sg. ] m a y , m u s t c o m e . [ C o m p a r e / b a y t / "[he, s h e , it] m a y , m u s t c o m e " u n d e r (2) a b o v e . ] / b y r a w t / [he, s h e , it] m a y , m u s t go
180
/ b y a z m a e n a n / [we] m a y , m u s t t e s t , e x a m i n e , [ / a z m a e n a g / "to t e s t , e x a m i n e " h a s not yet b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . It is not a " / k / - v e r b . "] /bybaryt/
[you pi. ] m a y , m u s t t a k e , t a k e away
/bydayant/
[they] m a y , m u s t give
P r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m s e m p l o y e d in c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s r e q u i r e no s p e c i a l c o m m e n t . E . g. /vab bykanin/
[i] m a y , m u s t s l e e p
/peS bydarit/
[he, s h e , it] m a y , m u s t show
/dem bydant/
[he, s h e , it] m a y , m u s t send
/pad bykanant/
[they] m a y , m u s t w a k e n , a r o u s e , get ( s o m e o n e ) up
The p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m of the v e r b m a y be t r a n s l a t e d in v a r i o u s w a y s d e p e n d i n g upon the c o n t e x t .
In a s i m p l e d e c l a r a t i v e s e n t e n c e , it c a r r i e s a s e n s e of c o m p u l s i o n
(though not a s s t r o n g and i m m e d i a t e a s the i m p e r a t i v e ) :
" m u s t . . . , " "should . . . , " "ought
to . . . " In an i n t e r r o g a t i v e s e n t e n c e , t h i s f o r m is u s e d to a s k p e r m i s s i o n , possibility, or n e c e s s i t y :
desirability,
" m a y . . . ? " " s h a l l . . . ? " "should . . . ? " " m u s t . . . ? " e t c .
It a l s o o c c u r s with v a r i o u s w o r d s , p h r a s e s , or s u b o r d i n a t e c l a u s e s denoting hope, p o s s i b i l i t y , opinion, n e c e s s i t y , e t c . , a s w e l l a s in the c o n d i t i o n a l c l a u s e of a p r e s e n t conditional sentence.
Many of t h e s e c o n s t r u c t i o n s will be i n t r o d u c e d in l a t e r S e c t i o n s of
t h i s Unit.
9. 102.
/ m a [ h ] a r i / (or in t r u l y " / h / - l e s s " d i a l e c t s , / m a r i / ) d e n o t e s a s p e c i a l b r e e d
of c a m e l e m p l o y e d only for r i d i n g .
The g e n e r a l t e r m / w S t y r / " c a m e l , " on the o t h e r hand,
d o e s not specify w h e t h e r the a n i m a l is a p a c k c a m e l or a r i d i n g c a m e l . / m a [ h ] a r i - s v a r / (or / m a r i - s v a r / ) " c a m e l - r i d e r " is a n o t h e r e x a m p l e of the s p e c i a l c o m p o u n d j u n c t u r e d i s c u s s e d in S e c . 8. 200 (30):
both / m a [ h ] a r i / and / s v a r / have s e p a r a t e
w o r d s t r e s s e s , a l t h o u g h that of the f o r m e r is w e a k e r .
9. 103. jewellery.
/ s a t / " j e w e l l e r y , o r n a m e n t " i n c l u d e s a l l t y p e s of w o m e n ' s s i l v e r and gold A r t i c l e s m a d e of o t h e r m a t e r i a l s , h o w e v e r , a r e not p r o p e r l y included in t h i s
term.
9. 104.
/ b w n a g / " b a g g a g e " d e n o t e s the t o t a l i t y of a n o m a d ' s h o u s e h o l d g o o d s :
utensils, p r o v i s i o n s , bedding, etc.
T h i s w o r d is a l s o u s e d for " m i l i t a r y s u p p l i e s ,
tent, army
b a g g a g e . " It is not e m p l o y e d for s m a l l a r t i c l e s of p e r s o n a l l u g g a g e , s u i t c a s e s , e t c . c a r r i e d by a t r a v e l l e r ;
9. 105.
these are / s a m a n / .
/ s a g / " c o o k e d - v e g e t a b l e s , v e g e t a b l e d i s h " c o n t r a s t s with / s a w z i / "(uncooked)
vegetables. "
181
9. 200.
Basic Sentences.
Shall I b u r n t h e s e p a p e r s ?
Se, m a n e k a g a d a b w s o S i n ?
No, you [ s g . ] should not b u r n t h e s e papers.
ynna, taw e k a g a d a m a s o S a y .
Will you [ s g . ] p o u r m i l k into t h i s b o w l ?
Se, taw e t a s a Sir m a n k a n a y ?
No, I m u s t not p o u r m i l k into t h i s bowl.
n a , m a n e t a s a Sir m a n m a k a n i n .
Must he r e a c h t h e r e [lit. two o ' c l o c k ?
Se, a oda dw bajaga s a r b y b i t ?
Y e s , but [he] m u s t not r e a c h t h e r e [lit. o v e r t h e r e ] e a r l y .
[h]a, v a l e oda m a l a s a r m a b i t .
Shall we stand r i g h t h e r e ?
Se, m a a m y d a b o S t a n ?
No, you [pi. ] m u s t not stand t h e r e .
ynna, Swma adda m a o S t y t .
Should they eat t h i s m e a t ?
Se, a e goSta b o r a n t ?
No, they should c e r t a i n l y not eat t h i s meat.
ynna, a gvaSyni e goSta m a v a r a n t .
Shall I c o m e out now?
Se, m a n nun d a r b y a y i n ?
No, you [sg. ] m u s t not c o m e out now.
na, nun taw d a r m a y a y a y .
Should he c o m e ?
Se, a b a y t ?
No, he should not c o m e .
na, a m a y t .
Should we leave [ o u r ] own l i v e s t o c k h e r e ?
Se, m a v a t i m a l a n yda b y l l a n ?
No, you [pi. ] should not l e a v e [ y o u r ] own l i v e s t o c k h e r e .
ynna, Swma v a t i m a l a n yda m a y l y t .
Shouldn't they r e a l l y tie up a l l the h o r s e s ?
Se, a gvaSyni d r w s t aspa m a b a n d a n t ?
Y e s , they should tie up a l l the h o r s e s .
[h]a, a d r w s t a s p a b y b a n d a n t .
Should they not fill the s t o r a g e - p o t with water ?
Se, a dylloa aS apa p w r r m a k a n a n t .
Y e s , [they] should fill [ i t ] .
[h]aw, p w r r bykanant.
9. 2 0 1 .
The n e g a t i v e f o r m of the p r e s e n t subjunctive p a r a d i g m c o n s i s t s of the p r e f i x
/ m a / / m a / - / m a y / - / m / + the p r e s e n t - f u t u r e p a r a d i g m .
F o r m s of t h i s p r e f i x a r e d i s t r i b u t e d
e x a c t l y like t h o s e of the n e g a t i v e p r e s e n t - f u t u r e p r e f i x / n a / ; (1)
see S e c . 7. 2 0 1 , e t c .
/ m / o c c u r s only with / a y / , the 3rd sg. p r e s e n t s t e m of / [ k ] a y a g / "to c o m e . " /mayt/
(2)
o v e r t h e r e ] at
[he, s h e , it] m a y , m u s t not c o m e
/ m a y / o c c u r s with s t e m s beginning with / a / . /mayayin/
[I] m a y ; m u s t not c o m e
182
E. g.
E.g.
/mayarit/ (3)
[ h e , s h e , it] m a y , m u s t not b r i n g
/ m a / is found only b e f o r e / y l / , the s p e c i a l n e g a t i v e p r e s e n t s t e m a l t e r n a n t of / [ k j y l l a g / "to l e a v e , let go, a b a n d o n , l e a v e off"; /maylit/
E.g.
[ h e , s h e , it] m a y , m u s t not l e a v e , let go, a b a n d o n , l e a v e off
/maylant/ (4)
see Sec. 7 . 3 0 1 ( 2 ) .
[they] m a y , m u s t not l e a v e , let go, a b a n d o n , l e a v e off
/ m a / occurs elsewhere. /makanant/
E . g.
[they] m a y , m u s t not m a k e , do
/maoStin/
[I] m a y , m u s t not stand
/mawSkynay/
[you sg. ] m a y , m u s t not h e a r ,
/ma[h]andan/
[we] m a y , m u s t not laugh
listen
/ m a v a r y t / [you p i . ] m a y , m u s t not e a t , d r i n k . [The / o r / a l t e r n a n t of t h i s s t e m d o e s not o c c u r in the n e g a t i v e p a r a d i g m . ] /majant/
9. 202.
shoot
/ m a l a / " e a r l y " b e l o n g s to that g r o u p of t e m p o r a l a d v e r b s which r e q u i r e no
s p e c i a l suffix.
9. 2 0 3 .
[ h e , s h e , it] m a y , m u s t not b e a t ,
See S e c . 7. 202.
/ m a i / " l i v e s t o c k " i n c l u d e s a l l e c o n o m i c a l l y useful a n i m a l s :
h o r s e s , sheep, goats, etc.
cattle,
camels,
In A r a b i c (as w e l l a s in P e r s i a n and Urdu, w h e r e t h i s w o r d
a l s o o c c u r s a s a l o a n w o r d ) , / m a i / d e n o t e s " p r o p e r t y , g o o d s . " Although it is c o m m o n l y e m p l o y e d in t h i s l a t t e r m e a n i n g by u r b a n B a l u c h i s , the n o m a d s g e n e r a l l y u s e it only for "livestock, animals. "
9. 300.
Basic Sentences.
m a n b a y d ynt aS a i e [ h j a b a r a j w s t bykanin.
I m u s t a s k h i m t h i s thing. about t h i s m a t t e r . ]
e r a z a n b a y d ynt aS S i r a p w r r m a b i t .
T h i s v e s s e l m u s t not be filled with m i l k .
t a w b a y d ynt ky p a r v a t i p y s s a e j a m a g a bwdoSay.
You [ s g . ] m u s t sew t h e s e s h i r t s for [ y o u r ] own f a t h e r .
a bayd ynt m a l a n aS ko[h]a b y a r i t .
He m u s t now b r i n g the l i v e s t o c k f r o m the mountain.
m a n bayd ynt yda m a d a r i n .
I m u s t not stay h e r e ,
a b a y d ynt j w m a y t a m a [ h ] a n d a n t .
T h e y m u s t not laugh in c l a s s ,
m a b a y d ynt zut pad b y a y a n .
We m u s t get up soon.
a b a y d ynt e [ h j a b a r a s a r p a d bybant,
They m u s t u n d e r s t a n d these w o r d s [ m a t t e r s , things].
183
[I. e.
ask him
9. 3 0 1 .
The p h r a s e / b a y d ynt [ k y ] / " m u s t , it is n e c e s s a r y " is t r e a t e d a s a s i n g l e unit.
In one c o n s t r u c t i o n it is p l a c e d without any / , / i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r the s u b j e c t of i t s c l a u s e . T h e v e r b of the c l a u s e is t h e n s u b j u n c t i v e in f o r m .
If the s u b j e c t is 2nd sg. o r 2nd pi. ,
h o w e v e r , the v e r b i s m o r e likely to be i m p e r a t i v e (Sec. 9. 701), i m p l y i n g g r e a t e r c o m p u l s i o n and i m m e d i a c y . A l t e r n a t i v e l y , / b a y d y n t / o c c u r s a s a s e p a r a t e c l a u s e ending in a / , / .
The following
c l a u s e b e g i n s with / k y / " t h a t " and c o n t a i n s a s u b j u n c t i v e (or i m p e r a t i v e ) v e r b f o r m . the s e m a n t i c s u b j e c t (i. e.
the d o e r of the a c t i o n ) of the l a t t e r v e r b is p l a c e d in the / b a y d
y n t / c l a u s e , it is t r e a t e d a s an O B J E C T : The / b a y d y n t / c l a u s e m a y
If
e. g.
"Tjo h i m m u s t b e , that [he] should go. "
a l s o be t r e a t e d i m p e r s o n a l l y with the s e m a n t i c s u b j e c t o c c u r r i n g
n o r m a l l y in the c l a u s e c o n t a i n i n g the subjunctive (or i m p e r a t i v e ) v e r b :
e. g.
"[it] m u s t b e ,
that he should go. " E . g. / a bayd ynt b y r a w t . / He m u s t go. [ T h i s is the c o n s t r u c t i o n d i s c u s s e d in the f i r s t p a r a g r a p h of t h i s S e c t i o n . C o m p a r e : ] / a y r a bayd ynt, ky b y r a w t . / He m u s t go. [he] should go. C o m p a r e : ]
[Lit.
To h i m m u s t b e , that
/ b a y d ynt, ky a b y r a w t . / He m u s t go. [Lit. [it] m u s t b e , t h a t he should go- ] / m e m a n a bayd ynt, ky oda bynyndant. / The g u e s t s m u s t sit o v e r t h e r e . [ T h i s is the m o s t u s u a l c o n s t r u c t i o n when the s e m a n t i c s u b j e c t is a noun. ] / t a r a bayd ynt, ky ai gysa m a r a v a y . / You [sg. ] m u s t not go to h i s h o u s e , [ / t a w bayd ynt . . . / is a l s o p o s s i b l e . ] / m a n a bayd ynt, ky soba a s a r o k bykanin. / I m u s t light the f i r e in the m o r n i n g , [ / m a n bayd ynt . . . / is a l s o p o s s i b l e . ] In a d e c l a r a t i v e s e n t e n c e , / b a y d ynt [ k y ] / c a r r i e s m o r e c o m p u l s i v e f o r c e t h a n a s u b j u n c t i v e v e r b a l o n e , although both a r e t r a n s l a t a b l e a s " m u s t . " E. g. / a gysa b w r o p i t . / She m u s t sweep the h o u s e . [ T h i s h a s a c o n n o t a t i o n of indefinite and n o n - e m p h a t i c c o m p u l s i o n . C o m p a r e : ] / a bayd ynt gysa b w r o p i t . / She m u s t sweep the h o u s e . i s m o r e e m p h a t i c and definite. ]
9. 302.
[The compulsion
A l a r g e c l a s s of c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s h a s a t r a n s i t i v e f o r m m a d e with
a s u b s t a n t i v e + / k a n a g / "to m a k e , d o " and a c o r r e s p o n d i n g i n t r a n s i t i v e f o r m ( s o m e t i m e s b e s t t r a n s l a t e d with an E n g l i s h p a s s i v e v e r b ) m a d e with the s a m e s u b s t a n t i v e + / b u a g / "to b e , b e c o m e . " E . g. /joR b u a g /
to be built, constructed, healed, m a d e well
/joR k a n a g /
to m a k e , build, c o n s t r u c t , heal, make well
/man buag/
to be p o u r e d
/man kanag/
to p o u r
/pwrr buag/
to be filled
/pwrr kanag/
to fill
/rok buag/
to be lit, kindled
/rok kanag/
to light, kindle
/sar buag/
to r e a c h , a r r i v e
/ s a r kanag/
to c a u s e to a r r i v e , b r i n g to, take t o , d e l i v e r
184
/sarpad buag/
to understand
/sarpad kanag/
to make understand, explain
O t h e r c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s e m p l o y d i f f e r e n t v e r b s to m a k e the t r a n s i t i v e intransitive dichotomy.
E . g.
/pad [k]ayag/
9. 3 0 3 .
to wake u p , get up
/pad kanag/
to w a k e n , a r o u s e , ( s o m e o n e ) up
get
/ z u t / "quickly, s p e e d i l y , with h a s t e , s o o n " is a n o t h e r t e m p o r a l a d v e r b which
r e q u i r e s no s p e c i a l suffix.
It c o n t r a s t s with / m a l a / , which s i g n i f i e s " e a r l y , b e f o r e the
p r o p e r t i m e . " See S e c . 9. 202.
9. 400.
Basic Sentences.
m a n b a l k y Sar roS r a n d b ^ r a v i n .
P e r h a p s I m a y go a f t e r four d a y s ,
taw balky a y r a byzanay.
P e r h a p s you [ s g . ] m a y know h i m .
a balky m a s T a r a y randa byrawt.
P e r h a p s he follows the t e a c h e r .
b a l k y n a m a a i d a p t a r a mwSS byban.
P e r h a p s we m a y g a t h e r in h i s office.
Swma b a l k y v a t i ka[h]ola b y a r y t .
P e r h a p s you [pi. ] m a y b r i n g [ y o u r ] own family.
a b a l k y aS m a n r a n d k a y a n t .
They m a y p e r h a p s c o m e a f t e r m e . a f t e r I have a l r e a d y a r r i v e d . ]
b a l k y n a m a n e lawnay pwSSe m a g y r i n .
P e r h a p s I m a y not buy a g a r m e n t of t h i s kind.
taw balky m a n i [h]abara bySamoSay.
P e r h a p s you [ s g . ] m a y f o r g e t m y w o r d s
a b a l k y m a n a a i D a s s a bwgwSit.
P e r h a p s he m a y t e l l m e h i s a d d r e s s .
m a balky adda k a s s a byzanan.
We m a y p e r h a p s know s o m e o n e t h e r e .
Swma b a l k y n a p i m a z m a v a r y t .
You [pi. ] p e r h a p s should [ m a y ] not eat onions.
a b a l k y t a n y n g a v a t i gydana m a b a n t ,
T h e y p e r h a p s m a y not yet [lit. now] be in [ t h e i r ] own t e n t .
9. 4 0 1 .
[I. e
up u n t i l
A s u b j u n c t i v e v e r b f o r m is often found in c l a u s e s c o n t a i n i n g / b a l k y / (or / b a l k y n a / )
" p e r h a p s . " T h e s e two f o r m s a r e a p p a r e n t l y i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e , a l t h o u g h / b a l k y / s e e m s to be more common.
They a r e p l a c e d e i t h e r at the beginning of the c l a u s e or e l s e d i r e c t l y a f t e r
the s u b j e c t .
185
An i n d i c a t i v e v e r b i s a l s o p o s s i b l e with / b a l k y / - / b a l k y n a / e x p r e s s i n g g r e a t e r p r o b a b i l i t y . E.g. / a balky b a n d a r a w t . / P e r h a p s he w i l l go t o m o r r o w . almost certain. Compare: ]
[His going is
/ a b a l k y b a n d a b y r a w t . / P e r h a p s he m a y go t o m o r r o w . [ T h i s s t a t e m e n t c a r r i e s a c o n n o t a t i o n of l e s s e r p r o b a b i l i t y : h i s going is contingent upon s o m e u n p r e d i c t a b l e f a c t o r . ]
9. 402.
/ r a n d / d e n o t e s "footprint, f o o t s t e p " and a l s o " a f t e r , following. " It is found
in s e v e r a l c o m m o n c o n s t r u c t i o n s : (1)
A s a noun signifying "footprint, f o o t s t e p . " E . g. / m a n a i r a n d a z u r i n . / I will follow [lit. p i c k up] h i s f o o t p r i n t s ] . [ T h i s m a y a l s o m e a n "I will t r a c k h i m (a p e r s o n , a n i m a l ) . "]
(2)
In a c o m p o u n d p o s t p o s i t i o n a l f o r m a t i o n like t h o s e s e e n in S e c . 3. 101 m e a n i n g "following along a f t e r , p u r s u i n g . " E . g. / a m a n i r a n d a kayt. / He follows [lit. c o m e s a f t e r ] m e . w a l k i n g , and he is c o m i n g along a f t e r m e . ] / m a a m a r d a y randa ravan. /
[I. e.
I am
We will follow that m a n .
/ m a n r a n d a y w S t y r a g y r i n . / I will buy the following c a m e l . [I. e. the next one in l i n e , the next one to c o m e a l o n g , e t c . See S e c . 3. 701. ] (3)
/ [ a S ] . . . a r a n d / " a f t e r " i n d i c a t e s that the p r i o r a c t ( e t c . ) is c o m p l e t e d . / a aS m a n r a n d kayt. / He will c o m e a f t e r m e . [I. e. a l r e a d y r e a c h e d m y d e s t i n a t i o n he w i l l c o m e . ]
E . g.
A f t e r I have
/ m a n a i r a v a g a r a n d r a v i n . / I will go a f t e r h i s going. [I. e. After he h a s a l r e a d y d e p a r t e d I will go. / a S / is optional in t h i s f o r m a t i o n . ] / e dwnyaa r a n d , m a d r w s t dyga dwnyaa r a v a n . / A f t e r t h i s w o r l d , we w i l l a l l go to a n o t h e r w o r l d . [Also / a S e dwnyaa r a n d / . ] (4)
T e m p o r a l w o r d s and p h r a s e s o c c u r d i r e c t l y b e f o r e / r a n d / . o r " p l u r a l - d e f i n i t e " suffixes a r e optional.
The " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e "
E. g.
/ s a y s a l a r a n d e Dawl b i t . / After t h r e e y e a r s [it] w i l l b e c o m e t h i s way. [ A l s o / s a y s a l r a n d / ; not '"/say s a l a y r a n d / . ] / m a n i s a n g a t t y a k k roSe r a n d s a r bit. / day. / a dw roS r a n d kayt. /
9. 403.
/lawn/
He will c o m e a f t e r two d a y s .
[ O r , / d w roSa r a n d / . ]
"kind, c o l o u r , q u a l i t y " c o n t r a s t s in v a r i o u s c o n t e x t s with / D a w l /
"kind, t y p e , s o r t , way, m e t h o d , f o r m , s h a p e " : to c o l o u r o r q u a l i t y ;
My friend w i l l a r r i v e a f t e r one
when / l a w n / m e a n s "kind, " it is l i m i t e d
/ D a w l / d e n o t e s " k i n d " in the s e n s e of " s h a p e , f o r m ,
s t r u c t u r e , type. "
/ l a w n / a l s o n e v e r m e a n s "way, m e t h o d . " Note a l s o that / l a w n / p o s s e s s e s the noun it q u a l i f i e s , while / D a w l / o c c u r s with the " a t t r i b u t i v e " suffix / e n / - / e / ;
s e e S e c . 7. 302.
/ e lawnay pwSS jvan ynt. / T h i s c o l o u r [ q u a l i t y ] of c l o t h i s good, D a w l e / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e and a l m o s t s y n o n y m o u s . ]
186
[/e
E.g.
/ t a r a k w j a m lawnay koT d a r k a r ynt. / coat do you [ s g . ] n e e d ? / a y r a j v a n e lawnay S e r g e j a s t . /
9.404.
Which kind [ q u a l i t y , c o l o u r ] of
He h a s good q u a l i t y c a r p e t s .
/ k a s s / " s o m e o n e , a n y o n e " is s i m i l a r to o t h e r i n d e f i n i t e - i n t e r r o g a t i v e s in
f o r m a t i o n and u s a g e ,
/ k a s s / is found with the u s u a l s u b s t a n t i v e suffixes, including the
" p l u r a l - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a n / / a / (though not c o m m o n l y ) .
The p o s s e s s i v e f o r m i s / k a s s i /
" s o m e o n e ' s , a n y o n e ' s , " a n a l o g o u s to / k a i / " w h o s e ? " (Sec. 5. 203) or / v a t i / " [ o n e ' s ] o w n " (Sec. 7 . 1 0 0 1 ) .
Like / [ h ] y S S i / "nothing, " / [ h J y S S k a s s / d e n o t e s "no one, n o b o d y . " /mana kass nest. / family. ]
I don't have anyone.
/ a balky k a s s a byarit. / fe k a s s i r a z a n ant. /
[I. e.
E.g.
I have no r e l a t i v e s o r
He m a y p e r h a p s b r i n g s o m e o n e .
These are someone's utensils.
/Se, man kassea bwgwSin?/
Should I t e l l a n y o n e ?
/ t a w p a r Se [h]ar k a s s a jwst k a n a y . / [Lit. every someone. ]
Why will you [ s g . ] a s k e v e r y o n e ?
/ m a n aS v a t i k a s s a d u r k a p i n . / I will be [lit. fall] far f r o m [ m y ] own p e o p l e . [ L i t . f r o m [ m y ] own s o m e o n e s . ] / e m w l k a m a k a s s a n i ynt, ky a sakk k a r k a n a n t . / T h i s c o u n t r y is t h e i r s [lit. t h o s e v e r y s o m e o n e s ' ] who [lit. t h a t ] w o r k h a r d . / m a n yda [hjySSkassa n a z a n i n . /
9. 405.
I d o n ' t know anyone h e r e .
/ t a n y n g a / "up u n t i l now, s t i l l , y e t " c o n t a i n s / t a n [ a ] / "up to, u n t i l " (Sec. 8. 200
(32)) and a l s o the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / .
9. 406.
The n o m a d s of B a l u c h i s t a n d w e l l in a type of tent c a l l e d a / g y d a n / .
T h i s is
m a d e of s e c t i o n s of t i g h t l y woven g o a t s ' wool cloth joined t o g e t h e r into a l a r g e single f a b r i c , T h e / g y d a n / f o r m s a m a j o r p a r t of a n o m a d ' s / b w n a g / "household b a g g a g e . "
9. 500.
Basic Sentences.
[ h ] a r de ky m a n p a r a i Sie b y b a r i n , gwRa a vaSS b i t .
W h e n e v e r I t a k e s o m e t h i n g for h i m , t h e n he b e c o m e s happy.
[ h ] a r k a d e ky Swma aS oda Si b y g y r y t , gwRa a i dyl swSit.
W h e n e v e r you [pi. ] buy t h i n g s f r o m o v e r t h e r e , t h e n he is j e a l o u s [lit. h i s h e a r t burns].
[ h ] a r v a x t ky a b y r a w t , a m a y a[h]val b a r t .
W h e n e v e r he g o e s , he t a k e s n e w s [lit. s t a t e s , c o n d i t i o n s ] of u s .
[ h ] a r k a s s a ky t a w d e m b y d a y a y , m a n t a i Sabbavan a y r a dayin.
W h o m e v e r you [ s g . ] m a y s e n d , I w i l l give y o u r [ s g . ] s h o e s to h i m .
187
[ h ] a r Dawl ky taw b y k a n a y , m a n vaSS n a b i n .
H o w e v e r you [ s g . ] m a y do [ i t ] , I w i l l not be happy.
[ h ] a r kwja ky taw b y r a v a y , m a n go taw k a y i n .
W h e r e v e r you [ s g . ] m a y go, I will a c c o m p a n y you [ s g . ].
9. 5 0 1 .
C l a u s e s i n t r o d u c e d by p h r a s e s d e n o t i n g " w h e n e v e r , " " w h o e v e r , " " h o w e v e r , "
" w h e r e v e r , " etc. usually contain a subjunctive v e r b .
Such p h r a s e s c o n s i s t of / [ h ] a r / " e a c h ,
e v e r y " + an i n t e r r o g a t i v e , indefinite, or t e m p o r a l w o r d , e t c . + / k y / "that. " They a r e t r e a t e d a s unit p h r a s e s . (1)
" W h e n e v e r " is e x p r e s s e d by / [ h ] a r de k y / , / [ h ] a r kade k y / , / [ h ] a r kadi k y / , / [ h ] a r vaxt k y / .
E. g.
/ [ h ] a r de ky a nan b o r a n t , gwRa a a m kayt. / [lit. b r e a d ] , then he c o m e s too. (2)
or
W h e n e v e r they eat d i n n e r
" W h o e v e r " is e x p r e s s e d by / [ h ] a r k a s s k y / and " w h o m e v e r " by / [ h ] a r k a s s a k y / . E.g. / [ h ] a r k a s s ky aS yda b w g v a z i t , m a n aS ai j w s t kanin. / by h e r e , I will i n q u i r e f r o m h i m .
(3)
" H o w e v e r " is / [ h ] a r Dawl k y / .
E . g.
/ [ h ] a r Dawl ky a t a r a bwgwSit, a r a s t nagwSit. / you [sg. ], he will not s p e a k the t r u t h . (4)
" W h e r e v e r " is e x p r e s s e d by / [ h ] a r kwja k y / .
H o w e v e r he m a y t e l l
E. g.
/ [ h ] a r kwja ky m a n b y r a v i n , a m a n i r a n d a kayt. / he follows m e .
9. 502.
Whoever p a s s e s
W h e r e v e r I m a y go,
The conjunction / g w R a / " t h e n " c o n s i s t s of / g w D D / "end, l a t t e r p o r t i o n " +
the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / :
in n o r m a l - s p e e d s p e e c h / g w D D a / b e c o m e s / g w R a / .
/ g w D D / h a s a l r e a d y b e e n s e e n in / g w D D i / " l a s t , l a t t e r " ;
see S e c . 8. 200 (26).
/ g w R a / " t h e n " c a r r i e s a c o n s e c u t i v e or s e q u e n t i a l connotation;
/pada/
"afterwards,
t h e n " (Sec. 8. 200 (25) e m p h a s i s e s t e m p o r a l s u c c e s s i o n .
9. 503.
/ s o S a g / "to b u r n " is t r a n s i t i v e :
b u r n s an object. by itself.
s o m e a c t o r (e. g.
a person, a fire, etc. )
/ s w S a g / "to b u r n , " on the o t h e r hand, is i n t r a n s i t i v e :
the object b u r n s
T h i s p a i r of v e r b s i l l u s t r a t e s a g r a m m a t i c a l d e v i c e which d i s t i n g u i s h e s
t r a n s i t i v e and i n t r a n s i t i v e s t e m s m a d e from the c e r t a i n r o o t s .
In e v e r y c a s e , the
t r a n s i t i v e f o r m h a s a "long vowel, " while the i n t r a n s i t i v e s t e m h a s the c o r r e s p o n d i n g " s h o r t v o w e l " (in t h i s c a s e / o / v e r s u s / w / ) . / d r a S k swSit. /
E . g.
The t r e e b u r n s .
/ a d r a S k a soSit. / / a s k a g a d a soSit. /
He b u r n s the t r e e . The fire b u r n s the p a p e r .
Note that one d o e s not say ' " / a s s w S i t / "the fire b u r n s . " T h i s is i d i o m a t i c a l l y e x p r e s s e d by / a s l a g g i t / , l i t e r a l l y m e a n i n g "the fire a t t a c h e s . " E . g. / a n n u n a s j v a n laggit. /
9. 504.
Now the fire is b u r n i n g w e l l .
/ a [ h ] v a l / is o r i g i n a l l y the A r a b i c p l u r a l of / [ h ] a l / " s t a t e , condition. " In B a l u c h i ,
/ a [ h ] v a l / d e n o t e s " n e w s , r e c e n t h a p p e n i n g s , e v e n t s (of a p e r s o n , f a m i l y , e t c . ) " and, by e x t e n d e d m e a n i n g , the e x c h a n g e of r e c e n t n e w s and e v e n t s which f o r m s an i m p o r t a n t p a r t of B a l u c h i g r e e t i n g c u s t o m s in m a n y r e g i o n s .
E. g.
/ a S w m a r a a[h]val k a n a n t . / They will a s k you [pi. ] [for y o u r ] r e c e n t n e w s . [ / a [ h ] v a l k a n a g / is a c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n m e a n i n g "to g r e e t s o m e o n e by a s k i n g for h i s r e c e n t n e w s , family or t r i b a l e v e n t s , e t c . " It t a k e s a d i r e c t object. ] / m a n a y r a a[h]val n a k a n i n . / [Compare: ]
I will not a s k h i m [for h i s ] r e c e n t n e w s .
/ m a n gon ai [ h ] a b a r n a k a n i n . / I will not t a l k with h i m . [ / [ h ] a b a r k a n a g / is a c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n m e a n i n g "to talk, chat, c o n v e r s e . "] / t a w m a n a e a[h]vala p a r Se n a d a y a y . / Why will you [ s g . ] not t e l l [lit. give] m e t h i s r e c e n t n e w s ? [ / a [ h ] v a l d a y a g / m e a n s "to r e c i t e o n e ' s r e c e n t d o i n g s , family and t r i b a l n e w s , " e t c . C o m p a r e : ] / t a w m a n a e [ h ] a b a r a p a r Se nagwSay. / Why will you [sg. ] not t e l l m e t h i s n e w s ? [ / [ h ] a b a r / h e r e d e n o t e s a s i n g l e , specific m a t t e r , t h i n g , s t a t e m e n t , or i t e m of n e w s . ]
9. 505.
/Sabbav/ "shoe,
s a n d a l " d e n o t e s m e n ' s footgear only,
/ p a z v a r / , on the
o t h e r hand, is a l l - i n c l u s i v e and m a y be e m p l o y e d for m e n ' s or w o m e n ' s s h o e s or f o o t g e a r . See a l s o S e c . 17. 402.
9. 600.
Basic Sentences.
o m e t ynt, ky m a n m a r o S i adda b y r a s i n ,
I hope [lit. hope i s ] that I m a y a r r i v e t h e r e today.
o m e t ynt, ky t a w eSa mwSS b y k a n a y .
[ T h e r e ] is hope that you [ s g . ] m a y g a t h e r them together.
o m e t ynt, ky a a m adda b y d a r i t .
[ T h e r e ] is hope that he too m a y wait t h e r e ,
[ h ] a y a l ynt, ky m a a i [ h ] a r o s a byban.
We think [lit. opinion i s ] that we m a y be a t h i s wedding.
[hjayal ynt, ky Swma t a n a b e g a a a d d a s a r mabyt.
I think [lit. opinion i s ] that you [pi. ] m a y not r e a c h t h e r e by [lit. up to] e v e n i n g .
[ h ] a y a l ynt, ky a p a m m a n kwlave b y a r a n t ,
I think [lit. opinion i s ] that they m a y b r i n g a m e s s a g e for m e .
189
[ h ] a r D a w l ky b i t , m a n a i z a r r a p a d i b y d a y i n .
No m a t t e r what h a p p e n s [lit. any way that [it] b e c o m e s ] , I m u s t give h i s m o n e y b a c k .
[ h ] a r D a w l ky a s t , e b a S a k k m a v a n i t ?
No m a t t e r what h a p p e n s [lit. any way t h a t [ t h e r e ] i s ] , should not t h i s boy s t u d y ?
dyl gwSit, ky m a n p a d i b y r a v i n .
I w i s h [lit. back.
dyl gwSit, ky m a p a r a m p o S i oda b y b a n .
We w i s h [lit. the h e a r t s a y s ] that we m a y be o v e r t h e r e day a f t e r the day a f t e r tomorrow.
o m e t ynt, ky m a r o S i [h]awr g v a r i t .
[ T h e r e ] i s hope that t o d a y r a i n w i l l fall.
[ h ] a y a l ynt, ky m a r o S i b a r p kapit.
I think [lit. will fall.
[ h ] a y a l ynt, ky m a r o S i gvat kaSSit.
I think [lit. opinion i s ] t h a t t o d a y the wind will blow [lit. p u l l , d r a w , t a k e out].
9. 6 0 1 .
the h e a r t s a y s ] that I m a y go
opinion i s ] that today snow
A s s t a t e d in S e c . 9. 101, the subjunctive is a l s o found with v a r i o u s s u b o r d i n a t e
c l a u s e s , e t c . , denoting h o p e , p o s s i b i l i t y , opinion, or n e c e s s i t y . i l l u s t r a t e d in S e c . 9. 600.
Some of t h e s e a r e
Although the subjunctive is c o m m o n in t h e s e t y p e s of s e n t e n c e s ,
the i n d i c a t i v e m a y a l s o o c c u r , e x p r e s s i n g g r e a t e r likelihood of r e a l i s a t i o n ( s e e the l a s t t h r e e examples above). (1)
Frequent a r e :
/ o m e t ynt, ky . . . / etc.
"hope is that . . . ":
E . g. / o m e t ynt, ky a p a d i b a y t . /
(2)
"I hope that . . . , " "it is hoped that . . . , "
I hope [lit.
/ [ h ] a y a l ynt, ky . . . / "opinion is that . . . ": . . . , " etc.
hope i s ] that he m a y c o m e b a c k .
"I think that . . . , " "it is thought that
E. g.
/ [ h j a y a l ynt, ky a m a r d vati m o T a l a b y a r i t . / I think [lit. that that m a n m a y b r i n g [ h i s ] own a u t o m o b i l e . (3)
opinion i s ]
/ [ h j a r Dawl ky bit, . . . / , l i t e r a l l y "any way [it] b e c o m e s , " and / [ h ] a r D a w l ky a s t , . ../
"any way that [ t h e r e ] i s " a r e both t r a n s l a t a b l e a s "no m a t t e r what h a p p e n s ,
in any c a s e . " C o m p a r e / [ h ] a r D a w l a / " c e r t a i n l y , by a l l m e a n s , " s e e n in S e c . 9. 101.
E . g. / [ h ] a r Dawl ky bit, a gokan yda m a b a n d a n t ? / No m a t t e r what h a p p e n s [lit. any way [it] b e c o m e s ] , should they not t i e the c o w s h e r e ?
(4)
/ d y l gwSit, ky . . . / , l i t e r a l l y "the h e a r t s a y s " is an i d i o m a t i c way of s a y i n g "[I, e t c . ] w i s h that . . . "
E.g.
/ d y l gwSit, ky m a n adda bybin. / be t h e r e .
190
I w i s h [lit.
the h e a r t s a y s ] that I m a y
9. 602.
/ m w S S b u a g / "to g a t h e r , c o l l e c t , c o m e t o g e t h e r ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) " and / m w S S
k a n a g / "to g a t h e r , c o l l e c t , get t o g e t h e r ( t r a n s i t i v e ) " a r e a n o t h e r e x a m p l e of the i n t r a n s i t i v e t r a n s i t i v e s e t s d e s c r i b e d in S e c . 9. 302.
9. 603.
/ p a d i / " b a c k " c o n s i s t s of / p a d / " a f t e r , b a c k " + the a d v e r b i a l / i / suffix,
h a s a l r e a d y b e e n s e e n in / p a d a / " a f t e r w a r d s , t h e n " ; / a t a i z a r r a p a d i dant. /
s e e S e c . 8. 200 (25).
9. 604.
E . g.
He will give y o u r [ s g . ] m o n e y b a c k ,
/ m a b a y d ynt b a n d a padi b y r a v a n . / / a p a d i nayt. /
/pad/
We m u s t r e t u r n t o m o r r o w ,
He will not c o m e b a c k .
/ g v a r a g / "to r a i n " is u s e d for r a i n only,
/ b a r p / "snow, " on the o t h e r hand,
" f a l l s , " e m p l o y i n g / k a p a g / "to fall. " / b u a g / "to b e , b e c o m e , " h o w e v e r ; is i d i o m a t i c with b o t h / [ h ] a w r / " r a i n " and / b a r p / "snow. " / g v a t / " w i n d " d o e s not " b l o w " in B a l u c h i ;
it " p u l l s " or " d r a w s , " e m p l o y i n g / k a S S a g /
"to p u l l , d r a w , t a k e out. " E . g. / m a r o S i [hjawr g v a r i t . /
Today r a i n will fall.
/ [ h j a y a l ynt, ky y m S a p i b a r p kapit. / snow will fall.
I think [lit.
opinion i s ] that tonight
/ [ h j a y a l ynt, ky b a n d a [h]awr bit, v a l e b a r p n a b i t . / I think [lit. opinion i s ] that t o m o r r o w [ t h e r e ] will be r a i n , but [ t h e r e ] will not be snow. / m a n i m w l k a gvat sakk kaSSit. / draws] hard.
9. 700.
In m y c o u n t r y the wind b l o w s [lit.
pulls,
Basic Sentences
Shall I c o m e t o m o r r o w ?
Se, m a n b a n d a b y a y i n ? [h]a, b a n d a b e g a a b y a !
Y e s , [you sg. J c o m e t o m o r r o w e v e n i n g !
na, b a n d a m a y a !
No, d o n ' t [you sg. ] c o m e t o m o r r o w ! Shall we c o m e t o n i g h t ?
Se, m a y m S a p i b y a y a n ? [h]a, y m S a p i b y a y t !
Y e s , [you pi. ] c o m e tonight.'
na, ymSapi mayayt!
No, [you p i . ] d o n ' t c o m e tonight! Shall I go with h i m ?
Se, m a n gon ai b y r a v i n ? [h]aw, gon a i b y r a !
Y e s , [you sg. ] go with h i m !
[hjaw, gon a i b w r o !
Y e s , [you sg. ] go with h i m !
n a , t a w gon a i m a r r a !
No, you [ s g . ] d o n ' t go with h i m !
na, t a w gon a i m a r a w !
No, you [ s g . ] d o n ' t go with h i m ! Shall we go to the m a r k e t t o d a y ?
Se, m a m a r o S i b a z a r a b y r a v a n ?
Y e s , [you p i . ] go t o d a y !
[h]a, m a r o S i b y r a v y t !
191
No, [you p i . ] do not go today!
ynna, m a r o S i m a r a v y t !
Shall I s l e e p on t h i s b e d ?
Se, m a n e k a T T a b w a s p i n ? [h]a, e k a T T a b w a s p !
Y e s , [you sg. ] s l e e p on t h i s bed!
na, eSya m a v a s p !
No, [you sg. ] do not s l e e p on it! Shall I be like h i m ? that he is ? ]
Se, m a n anSw bybin, ky a y n t ?
[Lit.
Shall I be t h u s ,
[h]a, taw anSw bwbu, ky a ynt.
Y e s , you [ s g . ] should be like h i m ! [ L i t . You [ s g . ] be t h u s , that he i s ! ]
ynna, taw anSw m a b u , ky a ynt.
No, you [ s g . ] should not be like h i m ! [ L i t . You [ s g . ] do not be t h u s , that he i s ! ]
Se, m a n t i r b y g y r i n ?
Shall I buy b u l l e t s ?
[h]a, t i r b y g y r !
Y e s , [you sg. ] buy b u l l e t s !
na, t i r m a g y r !
No, [you sg. ] do not buy b u l l e t s ! Should we b r i n g s o m e t h i n g for you [ s g . ]?
Se, m a p a r taw Sie b y a r a n ? [h]a, p a m m a n p a t r i e b y a r y t !
Y e s , [you p i . ] b r i n g a r a z o r [ r a z o r b l a d e ] for m e !
na, [hJySSi p a m m a n m a y a r y t i
No, [you pi. ] do not b r i n g a n y t h i n g for m e !
9. 701.
The 2nd sg. i m p e r a t i v e c o n s i s t s of the p r e f i x / b y / - / b w / - / b / ( e x a c t l y a s
d e s c r i b e d in S e c . 9. 101) + the p r e s e n t s t e m of the v e r b . /bytaS! /
[you sg. ] run!
/bwzur! /
[you sg. ] pick up, lift, t a k e !
/bwasp! /
[you sg. ] s l e e p !
/byar! /
E . g.
[you sg. ] b r i n g !
/ b y 11! /
[you sg. ] l e a v e , let go, abandon, l e a v e off.'
/boSt! /
[you sg. ] stand!
The 2nd pi. i m p e r a t i v e c o n s i s t s of / b y / / b w / - / b / + the p r e s e n t s t e m + the 2nd pi. ending / y t / .
The 2nd pi. i m p e r a t i v e is t h u s i d e n t i c a l in f o r m with the 2nd pi.
(see S e c . 9. 101).
subjunctive
E . g. /bytaSyt! / r u n . "]
[you p i . ] run.'
[ C o m p a r e / b y t a S y t / "[you pi. ] m a y ,
/bwzuryt! /
[you pi. ] p i c k up, lift, t a k e !
/bwaspyt! /
[you pi. ] s l e e p !
/byaryt! /
must
[you pi. ] b r i n g !
/byllyt! /
[you pi. ] l e a v e , let go, a b a n d o n , l e a v e off!
/boStyt! /
[you pi. ] stand!
The 2nd sg. n e g a t i v e i m p e r a t i v e s i m i l a r l y c o n s i s t s of the p r e f i x / m a / - / m a / - / m a y / / m / (as d e s c r i b e d in Sec. 9. 201) + the p r e s e n t s t e m .
The 2nd pi. n e g a t i v e i m p e r a t i v e is
c o m p o s e d of / m a / - / m a / - / m a y / - / m / + the p r e s e n t s t e m of the v e r b + the 2nd p i . ending
192
/yt/.
E.g. /mataS! /
[you sg. ] do not r u n !
/mataSyt! /
[you p i . ] do not run!
/mayar! /
[you sg. ] do not b r i n g !
/mayaryt! / /maoSt.' /
[you p i . ] do not b r i n g ! [you sg. ] do not s t a n d !
/maoStyt.' / /mayl! /
[you p i . ] do not stand!
[you sg. ] do not l e a v e , let go, a b a n d o n , l e a v e off!
/maylyt! /
[you pi. ] do not l e a v e , let go, abandon, l e a v e off!
F o r m s w o r t h y of s p e c i a l c o m m e n t i n c l u d e : (1)
/ [ k ] a y a g / "to c o m e " h a s the p r e s e n t s t e m a l t e r n a n t / a / in the 2nd sg. the 2nd pi. f o r m h a s e i t h e r / a / or / a y / .
A s w a s s e e n for the s u b j u n c t i v e , the / k /
p r e f i x d o e s not o c c u r with i m p e r a t i v e f o r m s . /bya! /
E. g.
[you sg. ] c o m e !
/byayt! /
[you pi. ] c o m e !
/maya! /
[you sg. ] do not c o m e !
/mayayt! / (2)
imperative;
[Or, /byayyt! / . ]
[you pi. ] do not come.'
[Or, / m a y a y y t ! / . ]
/ b u a g / "to b e , b e c o m e " h a s the p r e s e n t s t e m a l t e r n a n t / b u / in i t s 2nd sg. forms;
imperative
in the 2nd pi. f o r m s , h o w e v e r , the s t e m is / b / , m a k i n g t h e s e f o r m s
h o m o p h o n o u s with t h o s e of the s u b j u n c t i v e p a r a d i g m ( S e e s . 9. 101 and 9. 201).
E . g.
/ b w b u ! / [you sg. ] b e , b e c o m e ! [The / b w / a l t e r n a n t of the p r e f i x is r e q u i r e d by the p r e s e n c e of / u / in the s t e m . ] / b y b y t ! / [you p i . ] b e , b e c o m e ! [The s t e m c o n s i s t s only of / b / ; the /y/ vowel of the 2nd pi. ending t h u s b e c o m e s the f a c t o r g o v e r n i n g the o c c u r r e n c e of the / b y / a l t e r n a n t of the p r e f i x . ]
(3)
/mabu! /
[you sg. ] do not b e , b e c o m e !
/mabyt.' /
[you pi. ] do not b e , b e c o m e !
/ r a v a g / "to g o " h a s two f r e e l y i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e s t e m a l t e r n a n t s for the 2nd sg. affirmative imperative:
/ r a / or / r o / .
A c c o r d i n g to the r u l e s given in S e c . 9. 101,
the f o r m e r r e q u i r e s the / b y / a l t e r n a n t of the s u b j u n c t i v e - i m p e r a t i v e p r e f i x , the l a t t e r m u s t have / b w / . substitutable stem forms:
while
The 2nd sg. n e g a t i v e i m p e r a t i v e a l s o h a s two m u t u a l l y / r r a / and / r a w / .
t h i s v e r b , h o w e v e r , have only / r a v / .
The 2nd pi. i m p e r a t i v e f o r m s of
E. g.
/ b y r a ! / [you sg. ] go! [ / b w r o ! / is f r e e l y s u b s t i t u t a b l e , d e p e n d i n g upon r e g i o n a l and i n d i v i d u a l p r e f e r e n c e s . ] /marra! / /byravyt! / /maravyt! / (4)
[you sg. ] do not go!
[ / m a r a w ! / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e . ]
[you pi. ] go! [you pi. ] do not go!
A f f i r m a t i v e i m p e r a t i v e f o r m s of / v a r a g / "to e a t , d r i n k " have the s t e m a l t e r n a n t / o r / a f t e r / b / , a s w a s s e e n for the s u b j u n c t i v e p a r a d i g m in S e c . 9. 101. f o r m s , h o w e v e r ; have / m a / + / v a r / .
193
E.g.
Negative
/bor! /
[you sg. ] e a t , d r i n k !
/boryt!/
[you p i . ] e a t , d r i n k !
/mavar! /
[you sg. ] do not e a t , d r i n k !
/mavaryt! /
[you pi. ] do not e a t , d r i n k !
I m p e r a t i v e f o r m s a l s o o c c u r with v a r i o u s w o r d s , p h r a s e s , and s u b o r d i n a t e c l a u s e s denoting n e c e s s i t y ; etc.
See S e e s . 9. 301 and 9. 6 0 1 .
/ t a w bayd ynt oda m a r r a . /
E.g.
You [sg. ] should not go o v e r t h e r e .
/ [ h ] a r Dawl ky bit, taw e Sia b y g y r ! / No m a t t e r what h a p p e n s [lit. any way that [it] b e c o m e s ] , you [ s g . ] buy t h i s thing! [ T h e s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m / b y g y r a y / can be s u b s t i t u t e d h e r e but would connote l e s s c o m p u l s i o n and n e c e s s i t y . ] / t a w [h]ar Dawla a y r a m a g w S ! / You [ s g . ] do not t e l l h i m u n d e r any c i r c u m s t a n c e s [lit. in any w a y ] !
9. 800.
Basic Sentences.
taw nun k a r kan!
You
Swma nun a y r a pad kanyt!
You pi. ] wake h i m up now!
t a w d a r g a g a paS kan!
You
Swma swnduka band kanyt!
You pi. ] c l o s e the box!
taw aS g y s a d a r a,
You
Swma aS gydana d a r ayt!
You pi. ] c o m e out of the t e n t !
taw aS m a n i k o T i a d a r kap!
You
Swma aS yda d a r kapyt!
You pi. ] get out of h e r e !
taw e k w r s i a joR kan!
You
Swma e d r w s t k a r a kanyt!
You pi. ] do a l l t h e s e j o b s !
taw goka l a T T e jan!
You sg. ] s t r i k e the cow [once with] a stick
Swma a S a y r a janyt!
You pi. ] sing that song!
taw ka[h] kan!
You
Swma m a r o S i gal kanyt!
You pi. ] r e j o i c e [ c e l e b r a t e , be happy] toda y
t a w aS v a t i b a d i g a b e r a b y g y r !
You sg. ] t a k e r e v e n g e f r o m [ y o u r ] own enemy;
194
sg. ] w o r k now!
sg. ] open the d o o r !
sg. ] c o m e out of the h o u s e !
s
g- ] g e t
out
°f
m
y room!
sg. ] fix [build, c o n s t r u c t ] t h i s c h a i r !
sg. ] cut [the] g r a s s !
Swma v a t i k a g a d a peS d a r y t !
9. 8 0 1 .
You [pi. ] show [ y o u r ] own p a p e r s !
A f f i r m a t i v e i m p e r a t i v e f o r m s of c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s often o c c u r without
the / b y / - / b w / - / b / p r e f i x .
One m a y say / t a w eSya paS bykan.' / or / t a w eSya paS kan! /
"You [ s g . ] open t h i s ! " The l a t t e r f o r m is c o n s i d e r e d slightly m o r e i d i o m a t i c . A f f i r m a t i v e i m p e r a t i v e f o r m s of the following v e r b s often o c c u r in c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s without the s u b j u n c t i v e - i m p e r a t i v e p r e f i x ;
/ [ k ] a y a g / "to c o m e , " / b a r a g / "to
t a k e , t a k e a w a y , " / d a r a g / "to hold, stop, wait, " / d a y a g / "to give, " / g y r a g / "to g r a s p , s e i z e , buy, " / j a n a g / "to b e a t , shoot, " / k a n a g / "to m a k e , do, " / k a p a g / "to fall, " / k a S S a g / "to p u l l , d r a w , take out, " / n y n d a g / "to sit, " and s o m e t i m e s / r a v a g / "to go. " T h i s p h e n o m e n o n is not e n t i r e l y l i m i t e d to o c c u r r e n c e in c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s but is a l s o found with the a f f i r m a t i v e i m p e r a t i v e f o r m s of t h e s e s a m e v e r b s when they occur alone.
V e r b s o t h e r than t h o s e l i s t e d above u s u a l l y have the / b y / - / b w / - / b / p r e f i x
in the i m p e r a t i v e .
T h e s e s t a t e m e n t s do not apply to n e g a t i v e i m p e r a t i v e f o r m s :
the
negative subjunctive-imperative prefix / m a / - / m a / - / m a y / / m / a l w a y s occurs.
9. 802.
/ b a n d a g / d e n o t e s "to t i e , bind, c l o s e by tying. " The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n
/ b a n d k a n a g / s i g n i f i e s "to c l o s e (a box, a d o o r ) , to lock, to shut ( s o m e t h i n g ) i n s i d e . " E . g. / t a w v a t i a s p a yda byband! / [Compare: ]
You [ s g . ] tie [ y o u r ] own h o r s e h e r e !
/ t a w a s p a k o T i a y t a h a band kan! / room!
You [sg. ] shut the h o r s e i n s i d e the
/ t a w v a t i s a t a gwda byband! / You [ s g . ] tie up [ y o u r ] own j e w e l l e r y in the h e a d c l o t h ! [ C o m p a r e : ] / t a w v a t i s a t a swnduka band bykan! / j e w e l l e r y in the box!
You [ s g . ] lock up [ y o u r ] own
/ S e , m a n d a r g a g a band b y k a n i n ? / Shall I c l o s e the d o o r ? [ / b y b a n d i n / c a n be s u b s t i t u t e d but only in the s e n s e of tying the d o o r shut with a cord. ]
9. 8 0 3 .
A s in the c a s e of m a n y o t h e r s t e m s ending in v o w e l s , / b a d i / " e n e m y " often
o c c u r s a s / b a d i g / b e f o r e the s u b s t a n t i v e suffixes.
See S e e s . 0. 3 1 1 , 5. 702, 6. 105, 6. 501,
7. 505, and 8. 200 (2).
9. 900.
Basic Sentences
Do you [ s g . ] want to eat w a t e r - m e l o n ?
Se, t a w kuTyg v a r a g l o T a y ?
Y e s , I want to eat w a t e r - m e l o n .
[h]a, m a n k u T y g v a r a g l o T i n .
Do you [ s g . ] want to s e e h i m ?
Se, taw a y r a gyndag l o T a y ?
No, I do not want to s e e h i m .
na, m a n a y r a gyndag n a l o T i n .
195
m a n s y g r e T k a s S a g a kyllin.
I will s t o p [lit. l e a v e , let go, a b a n d o n , l e a v e off] s m o k i n g c i g a r e t t e [ s ] .
m a n e s y g r e T a y k a s S a g a kyllin.
I will stop [lit. l e a v e , let go, a b a n d o n , l e a v e off] s m o k i n g t h i s c i g a r e t t e .
m a n a y r a s y g r e T kaSSaga naylin,
I will not let [lit. l e a v e , let go, a b a n d o n , l e a v e off] h i m s m o k e c i g a r e t t e [ s ] .
m a S w m a r a oda r a v a g a kyllan.
We will let [lit. l e a v e , let go, a b a n d o n , l e a v e off] you [pi. ] go o v e r t h e r e .
m a n a d a r r a v a g a byll!
[You sg. ] let [lit. l e a v e , let go, abandon, l e a v e off] m e go o u t s i d e !
m a n nan paSaga zanin.
I know [how] to cook b r e a d .
m a n e k a r a y k a n a g a zanin.
I know [how] to do t h i s job.
a Sa joR k a n a g a laggit.
He will b e g i n to m a k e t e a .
a Sylym kaSSaga laggant.
They b e g i n to s m o k e [lit. take out] [ t h e i r ] p i p e [ s ] .
9. 9 0 1 . (1)
pull, draw,
The infinitive (see Sec. 7. 901) is found in the following five f o r m a t i o n s :
The infinitive o c c u r s with no suffix d i r e c t l y b e f o r e / l o T a g / "to want, d e s i r e , a s k for. " This c o n s t r u c t i o n e x p r e s s e s "to want to . . . "
Any object or i n d i r e c t
object of the infinitive o c c u r s j u s t a s it d o e s with the c o r r e s p o n d i n g i n d i c a t i v e v e r b f o r m (see S e e s . 7. 602 and 7. 603):
i. e.
a definite object d o e s not p o s s e s s
the infinitive a s was d e s c r i b e d in Sec. 7. 901 (and s e e a l s o b e l o w ) .
E . g.
/ S e , taw a y r a janag l o T a y ? /
Do you [sg. ] want to b e a t h i m ?
/ m a n a kytaba vanag loTin. /
I want to r e a d that book.
/ m a t a r a vati kilaga p e s d a r a g l o T a n . / own f a r m . / a a y r a z a r r a padi dayag n a l o T a n t . / b a c k to h i m . / S e , Swma banda r a v a g l o T y t ? /
We want to show you [ s g . ] [ o u r ] They do not want to give the m o n e y
Do you [pi. ] want to go t o m o r r o w ?
The p r e p o s i t i o n / p a r / - / p a / "for, in o r d e r t o " a l s o o c c u r s with the infinitive ( + the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / ) b e f o r e / l o T a g / .
T h i s h a s the f o r c e of "for the
p u r p o s e of . . . " E. g. / S e , taw a y r a pa k a r kanaga l o T a y ? / Do you [sg. ] want h i m to w o r k ? [I. e. for the p u r p o s e of w o r k i n g . ] / m a n a y r a pa d e m d a y a g a loTin. / I want h i m to be s e n t . h i m for [the p u r p o s e of] sending. ] / a e kytaba pa v a n a g a l o T i t . / He w a n t s t h i s book to r e a d . p u r p o s e of r e a d i n g , not for s o m e o t h e r p u r p o s e . ]
196
[Lit. [I. e.
I want for the
(2)
The infinitive ( a l w a y s + the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / ) o c c u r s with / [ k ] y l l a g / "to l e a v e , let go, a b a n d o n , l e a v e off" d e n o t i n g "to stop . . . ing. " If the infinitive h a s an o b j e c t , the l a t t e r r e q u i r e s no suffix if it is indefinite (or if it is the s u b s t a n t i v e e l e m e n t of a c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n ) .
If the object is d e f i n i t e ,
p o s s e s s e s the infinitive, a s w a s d e s c r i b e d in S e c . 7. 9 0 1 . / S w m a e [h]arabe k a r a y kanaga byllyt! / work! / a i janaga byll! /
it
E . g.
You [pi. ] stop doing t h i s e v i l
[You sg. ] s t o p b e a t i n g h i m !
[Lit.
L e a v e off h i s b e a t i n g ! ]
/ t a w bayd ynt s y g r e T kaSSaga b y l l ! / You [sg. ] m u s t stop s m o k i n g [lit. p u l l i n g , d r a w i n g , t a k i n g out] c i g a r e t t e [ s ] . ' / a Saay v a r a g a n a y l i t . /
He will not stop d r i n k i n g the t e a .
/ [ k j y l l a g / m a y a l s o have a d i r e c t object of its own (usually an a n i m a t e b e i n g ) . T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n is then t r a n s l a t a b l e a s "to let . . . " / a m a n a go taw r a v a g a n a y l a n t . / /kwSakka dara ravaga mayl! /
E. g.
They will not let m e go with you [ s g . ].
[You sg. ] do not let the dog go o u t s i d e !
/ a v a t i b a S a k k a s y g r e T kaSSaga p a r Se kyllit. / Why d o e s he let [ h i s ] own son s m o k e [lit. pull, d r a w , take out] c i g a r e t t e [ s ] ? / S e , m a n a v a n a yda nyndaga b y l l i n ? / (3)
Shall I let t h e m sit h e r e ?
The infinitive ( a l w a y s + the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / ) is found with / z a n a g / "to know. " T h i s i s t r a n s l a t a b l e a s "to know [how] to . . . "
An object or i n d i r e c t
object of the infinitive is t r e a t e d a s d e s c r i b e d above u n d e r (2). / S e , taw s a y r j a n a g a z a n a y ? /
(4)
E. g.
Do you [sg. ] know [how] to s i n g ?
/ a e k a r a y kanaga b a z jvan z a n t . / well.
He knows [how] to do t h i s job v e r y
/ m a n e Siay joR k a n a g a n a z a n i n . / thing.
I do not know [how] to m a k e t h i s
T h e infinitive (always + the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / ) o c c u r s with / l a g g a g / "to c l i m b , hit, a t t a c h , feel, b e g i n . " T h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n d e n o t e s "to b e g i n to . . . " An object or i n d i r e c t object of the infinitive is t r e a t e d a s d e s c r i b e d above u n d e r (2).
E.g. / m a annun nan paSaga l a g g a n . / j u s t now. / a d r w s t Saani v a r a g a l a g g a n t . /
(5)
We will b e g i n to cook food [lit.
bread]
They a l l will b e g i n to d r i n k the t e a .
A n o t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n s o m e t i m e s e n c o u n t e r e d in c e r t a i n d i a l e c t s is the u s e of the infinitive with / k a p a g / "to fall, b e f a l l " to d e n o t e s t r o n g c o m p u l s i o n . d i f f e r s f r o m t h o s e given a b o v e :
This formation
(a) the p e r s o n being c o m p e l l e d to p e r f o r m the
a c t i o n of the infinitive is t r e a t e d a s a g r a m m a t i c a l O B J E C T and is m a r k e d with the o b j e c t i v e suffixes;
(b) the s e m a n t i c " o b j e c t " of the infinitive (if a noun) a c t s
a s the g r a m m a t i c a l s u b j e c t of the s e n t e n c e and g o v e r n s the o c c u r r i n g f o r m of /kapag/;
(c) if the s e m a n t i c " o b j e c t " of the infinitive is a p r o n o u n o r d e m o n s t r a t i v e ,
it, too, is m a r k e d with the o b j e c t i v e a f f i x e s .
197
E. g.
/ m a n a ravag kapit. /
I have to go.
[Lit.
To m e going f a l l s . ]
/ a i g w [ h ] a r a p a r a i [ h j a r o s a j a m a g e doSag k a p i t . / H i s s i s t e r h a s to sew a s h i r t for h i s w e d d i n g . [Lit. To h i s s i s t e r for h i s wedding a s h i r t sewing f a l l s . ] / a i g w [ h ] a r a p a r a i [ h j a r o s a b a z j a m a g doSag k a p a n t . / H i s s i s t e r h a s to sew m a n y s h i r t s for h i s wedding, [ / k a p a n t / is p l u r a l in a g r e e m e n t with the n u m b e r of / b a z j a m a g / . ] / m a n i b r a s a ame p a t r i gyrag kapant. / razor blades.
My b r o t h e r h a s to buy t h e s e [ v e r y ]
/ m a n a e S y r a d e m dayag kapit. / I will have to send h i m . [Although g r a m m a t i c a l l y c o r r e c t , t h i s s e n t e n c e is s o m e w h a t a m b i g u o u s b e c a u s e of the p r e s e n c e of two " o b j e c t s . "]
9. 1000.
D r i l l s and E x e r c i s e s .
9. 1001.
Substitution.
1.
Se, m a n e S y r a
byjanin? m a y sew m a y forget may burn m a y tie may bring
2.
3.
4.
a bayd ynt
dylloa
p w r r bykant.
these words
may understand
the m o n e y
m a y give b a c k
[his ] own uncle
m a y wake up
the p a p e r s
m a y pick up
the r e v e n g e
m a y take [lit.
o m e t ynt, ky taw a y r a
[hjayal ynt, ky a
g r a s p , s e i z e , c a t c h , buy]
bygynday.
this r i d i n g - c a m e l
m a y buy
my m e s s a g e
m a y take
[ y o u r ] own family
may bring
[ y o u r j own r a z o r
m a y give
the office
may sweep
tanynga
ai [hjadda
bybit.
early
may a r r i v e
quickly
may reach
after three days
m a y go
tonight
may sleep
at noon
may come
198
5.
6.
taw e [hjabara this jewellery
shut up,i
[ y o u r ] own a d d r e s s
tell!
these m e n ' s sandals
buy!
someone
ask!
[ y o u r ] own face
wash!
Swma
v a t i kytaba
peS d a r yt.'
this milk
pour!
those riding-camels
gather!
[ y o u r ] own f a t h e r
wake up!
grass
cut! 1
the f i r e
light!
^Lit. 7.
s a r p a d bwbu!
m a k e , do!
balkyna a
sag
mavart.
t h i s kind of fruit[s] meat-broth onion[ sj barley millet 8.
9.
10.
[ h j a y a l ynt, ky
[ h j a r de ky m a n
Swma
mani mas
bayt.
the p e o p l e of the v i l l a g e
may rejoice
I
m a y wake up
rain
m a y fall
snow
will fall
wind
will blow [lit.
a i nana
borin,
money
m a y give
work
m a y do
[ m y ] own b o o k s
may read
his sister
may bring
the u t e n s i l s
may wash
e kara
makanyt!
thus
do not b e !
the donkey
do not t i e !
the b a g g a g e
do not send!
those livestock
do not buy!
t h i s plow
do not b r i n g !
199
p u l l , d r a w , take outj
gwRa a vaSS b i t .
11.
Se, taw gvaSyni
e lawnay pwSS
gyrag
t h i s kind of j e w e l l e r y
to g i v e 1
this door
to open
this mountain
to c l i m b
his name
to know
our n e w s [lit. conditions]
states,
loTay?
to t a k e
^ h e B a l u c h i infinitive h a s b e e n t r a n s l a t e d a s "to . . . " t h r o u g h o u t t h i s s e t . 12. taw a i gydana
manynd!
their house
d o n ' t go!
these clothes
don't wash!
to the c l a s s
don't come!
t h i s way
don't run!
u n d e r that t r e e
d o n ' t stand!
13. Se, t a i jynykk
nan
paSaga
of the h o u s e
sweeping
clothes
sewing
tea
making
song of the c l o t h e s
2 singing^
zant? 1
washing i T h e B a l u c h i infinitive h a s b e e n t r a n s l a t e d a s " . . . i n g " t h r o u g h o u t t h i s s e t . ^Lit. beating. 14. Swma ava kar sleep of t h e s e a p p l e s rejoicing grass
kanaga
maylyt!
doing1 eating doing cutting [lit.
m a k i n g , doing]
pipe s m o k i n g [lit. pulling, d r a w i n g , t a k i n g out] ^The B a l u c h i infinitive h a s b e e n t r a n s l a t e d a s " . . . i n g " t h r o u g h o u t t h i s s e t . 15.
Se, m a
Swmay m a l a
mwSS b y k a n a n ?
the h e r d (of c a m e l s ) the h e r d (of sheep) [ o u r ] own c a t t l e [ o u r ] own f r i e n d s the s h e e p
9. 1002.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l I.
C h a n g e the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b f o r m s in the following s e n t e n c e s f r o m the i n d i c a t i v e to the s u b j u n c t i v e . E . g.
200
Instructor:
/Se, a maroSi r a w t ? /
Student:
/Se, a maroSi byrawt ? /
1.
Se, a swnduka paS kant ?
2.
balky a oda bit.
3.
Se, a s a t a n e gwda b a n d i t ?
4.
m a n [hjar D a w l a s y g r e T kaSSaga kyllin.
5.
Se, m a [hjar roS y s k u l a v a n a n ?
6.
balky a e saga v a r a n t .
7.
a m a S k a aS apa p w r r k a n t .
8.
Se, a e m a [ h ] a r i a g i r t ?
9.
Se, a j w m a y t a [ h j a n d i t ?
10. Se, a d r w s t b w n a g a d e m d a y a n t ? 11. m a n b a l o S i a s a r p a d bin. 12.
Se, a aS b a d i g a b e r a g i r t ?
13.
Se, m a eSi gydana mwSS b a n ?
14. Se, a y m S a p i nayt ? 15. a m a n i [ h j a b a r a n a S a m o S i t .
9. 1003.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l II.
C h a n g e the following f r o m i n t e r r o g a t i v e to i m p e r a t i v e s e n t e n c e s . (a) c h a n g i n g the i n t o n a t i o n c o n t o u r of the s e n t e n c e ,
T h i s will r e q u i r e
(b) d r o p p i n g the i n t r o d u c t o r y / S e , . . . /
w h e r e v e r it o c c u r s , and (c) changing the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b f o r m in e a c h s e n t e n c e f r o m i n d i c a t i v e to i m p e r a t i v e .
E. g.
Instructor:
/ S e , taw oda n a y a y a y ? /
Student:
/ t a w oda m a y a ! /
1.
Se, taw e d a r g a g a paS k a n a y ?
2.
Se, Swma e Dawle t a m b a k g y r y t ?
3.
taw m a y kwlava s a r k a n a y ?
4.
Se, taw v a t i gvanDoa go m a k y l l a y ?
5.
Swma b a n d a d a p t a r a n a y a y t ?
b.
Se, Swma p i m a z v a r y t ?
7.
Se, taw panS roSa r a n d p a d i k a y a y ?
8.
taw p a r a m p o S i avani vataka r a v a y ?
9.
Se, Swma e lawnay j a m a g a d o S y t ?
10.
Se, taw ai Sabbava p a d i n a d a y a y ?
11.
Se, taw Sa g y s a d a r k a y a y ?
12.
Se, taw m a r o S i p y R i a n a r a v a y ?
13.
Se, Swma e Siani n a m a n a S a m o S y t ?
14.
Se, taw e k y t a b a m a n a pa v a n a g a d a y a y ?
15.
Se, Swma aS yda s a r g y r y t ?
201
9. 1004.
F i l l the B l a n k s .
F i l l t h e b l a n k s with the c o r r e c t B a l u c h i f o r m of the w o r d or w o r d s given at the end of e a c h s e n t e n c e .
E . g. Instructor:
/ m a n bayd ynt
./
Student:
/ m a n bayd ynt b y r a v i n . / to s e t o u t 1
1.
Se, taw m a r o S i
loTay?
2.
Swma eSana
3.
[hjar kade ky a sag
4.
[hjar Dawl ky b i t , m a ai [hjadda
5.
[hjar k a s s ky oda
6.
m a n i dyl gwSit, ky m a n e s a t a
7.
[hjayal ynt, ky t a i b r a s v a t i m o T a l a
8.
[h]ar Dawl ky bit, taw
9.
Swma e p y a l a g a Sa
byllyt!
12. a d r w s t D a g a r a 13. a balky
to s l e e p , gwRa a najoR bit.
m a y eat may reach m a y go
.
m a y not buy .
m a y not b r i n g
!
go!
!
pour!
?
may close
!
give! laggant.
.
to sit
m a y wake up
14. m a n a y r a e [ h j a b a r a 15. taw
?
, gwRa a padi n a y t .
10. Se, m a n d a r g a g a 11. taw a i a[h]vala
m a y go
byll!
naloTin.
to a s k
to cook b r e a d
^ h e B a l u c h i infinitive h a s b e e n t r a n s l a t e d by "to . . . " t h r o u g h o u t t h i s exercise.
9. 1005.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l I. 1.
Se, taw banda ai [ h j a r o s a ravay ? P e r h a p s I m a y go. P e r h a p s I m a y not go. I want to go. I will go.
I will not f o r g e t .
I m u s t go. 2.
t a i jynykk Se k a r z a n t . She knows [how] to cook food [lit.
bread],
She knows [how] to sew c l o t h e s . She knows [how] to s w e e p [the] h o u s e . She knows [how] to m a k e t e a . She knows [how] to w a s h c l o t h e s . 3.
Se, t a i s a n g a t t padi b y a y a n t ? Y e s , they m u s t c o m e b a c k quickly. No, they m u s t wait t h e r e .
202
Yes.
They m u s t b r i n g m y b r o t h e r a l s o .
No, they should not c o m e b a c k . Y e s , they m u s t r e a c h our tent t h i s evening, 4.
Se, a s a w z i g i r t ? No, he will buy onion[sJ. P e r h a p s he will buy [cooked] v e g e t a b l e s . I hope [lit. hope i s ] that he m a y buy vegetable[s]. Y e s , he m u s t buy v e g e t a b l e [ s J . No, he m u s t not buy v e g e t a b l e [ s J.
5.
m a k a d i t a i [hjadda b y r a s a n , You [Pi. ] should a r r i v e t o m o r r o w . You [Pi. ] should a r r i v e a f t e r two d a y s . You [pl. ] c o m e at noon! You [pl. ] should not c o m e today. You [pl. ] should c o m e tonight and b r i n g [ y o u r ] own s o n s !
6.
Se, t a i [hjayal ynt, ky m a r o S i [hjawr b i t ? Y e s , [it] will r a i n today. No, [it] will not r a i n today. No, today snow will fall. No, but the wind will blow [lit. pull, t a k e out].
draw,
P e r h a p s [it] m a y r a i n t o d a y . m a r o S i Swma Se k a r k a n a g loTyt. We will sow w a t e r - m e l o n s e e d s [lit. of w a t e r - m e l o n ] today. We want to cut [lit.
seeds
m a k e , do] g r a s s t o d a y .
We want to go to Quetta today. We m u s t h a r v e s t wheat today. We do not want to do anything t o d a y . 8.
annun a Se kant. He is beginning to r e a d . He is beginning to cook food [lit.
breadj.
He is beginning to sing. He is beginning to w a s h [ h i s j own face [lit. the w a s h i n g of [ h i s ] own f a c e ] . He is beginning to h a r v e s t the b a r l e y [lit. the h a r v e s t i n g of the b a r l e y s ] . 9.
Se, m a n a m a r d w m a n yda byarin? No, let t h e m s m o k e [lit.
203
pull, d r a w , take
out] [ t h e i r ] pipe[s].' No, let t h e m s l e e p ! No, let t h e m sit t h e r e ! No, let t h e m c e l e b r a t e [lit.
m a k e rejoicing].'
No, let t h e m stand o u t s i d e ! 10. Se, m a a i p y s s a nun pad bykanan? Y e s , you [pl. ] wake h i m ! No, let h i m s l e e p ! No, do not wake h i m ! P e r h a p s he [ h i m j s e l f will wake up. Y e s , wake h i m and b r i n g h i m h e r e ! 11. m a n a y r a Se bwgwSin. You [ s g . ] t e l l h i m t h i s [ p i e c e of] n e w s ! You [ s g . ] m u s t t e l l h i m [ y o u r ] own n a m e ! Do not t e l l h i m m y a d d r e s s ! Give h i m m y m e s s a g e ! You [ s g . ] give h i m o u r n e w s [lit. conditions j !
states,
12. Se, a k a s s a b y a r i t ? Y e s , he should b r i n g s o m e o n e . No, he m u s t not b r i n g a n y o n e . Y e s , he m u s t b r i n g [ h i s ] own family. I d o n ' t know.
I w i l l a s k [ m y ] own m o t h e r .
Y e s , he m u s t b r i n g a f r i e n d . 13. m a n kaya jwst bykanin. A s k [ y o u r ] own s i s t e r ! You [ s g . J a s k the t e a c h e r ! You [ s g . ] do not a s k anyone [lit. any someone]! A s k the chief! He w i l l t e l l you [sg. ] this matter. A s k that s h o p k e e p e r ! [ s g . ] the r o a d .
He will show you
14. Se, oda Sie swSit? Yes, those t r e e s a r e burning. Y e s , the p e o p l e of the v i l l a g e a r e burning grass. Y e s , he i s b u r n i n g the p a p e r s . No, nothing is b u r n i n g . Y e s , the fire is b u r n i n g that house.
204
15. t a i m a z t y r e b r a s k a d i k a y t . I d o n ' t know. W h e n e v e r he m a y c o m e , t h e n I w i l l be happy. He m u s t not c o m e . He w i l l not c o m e t o d a y . come tomorrow.
P e r h a p s he m a y
He w a n t s to c o m e , but he is b u s y t o d a y . He d o e s not want to c o m e .
9. 1006.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l II.
R e p l y to the following q u e s t i o n s in B a l u c h i . i n t r o d u c e d in t h i s Unit.
A t t e m p t to u s e s o m e of the f o r m a t i o n s
1.
Se, taw b a l o S y s t a n a gyndag l o T a y ?
2.
Se, taw pwSS doSaga z a n a y ?
3.
Se, taw k a s s e a z a n a y , ky gon a i m a [ h ] a r i e a s t ?
4.
Se, m a r o S i taw b a y d ynt b a z a r a b y r a v a y ?
5.
Se, taw [hjar roS j w m a y t a m a l a s a r b a y ?
6.
t a w Se v a x t a pad k a y a y .
7.
t a i ka[h]ol kwja ynt.
8.
Se, t a i [hjayal ynt, ky m a r o S i b a r p k a p i t ?
9.
Se, t a w b a l o S i a y [ h j a b a r a S a m o S a y ?
10.
Se, taw gvaSyni b a l o S y s t a n a r a v a y ?
11.
taw k w j a m l a w n a y pwSS g y r a y .
12.
Se, taw b a l o S i a s a r p a d b a y ?
13.
Se, a m r i k a a gydan a s t ?
14. v a t i D a s s a m a n a bwgwS! 15.
9. 1100.
Se, taw s y g r e T kaSSaga k y l l a y ?
Vocabulary.
a[h]val
n e w s , r e c e n t h a p p e n i n g s , e v e n t s (of a p e r s o n , f a m i l y , e t c . ); s t a t e s , c o n d i t i o n s
a[h]val d a y a g
to r e c i t e o n e ' s r e c e n t p e r s o n a l n e w s
a[h]val k a n a g
to g r e e t s o m e o n e by a s k i n g h i m for h i s recent personal news, etc.
bayd ynt
m u s t , it is n e c e s s a r y
badi[g]
enemy
balky [or / b a l k y n a / J
perhaps
balkyna
see / b a l k y /
band
c l o s e d , shut, band kanag
locked
to c l o s e , s h u t , lock, shut i n s i d e
205
bandag
I
barp
to t i e ,
bind, c l o s e by tying
snow, ice b a r p kapag
ber
to snow revenge
ber gyrag
to t a k e r e v e n g e
bwnag
household baggage, m i l i t a r y baggage
Sabbav
m e n ' s s a n d a l [ s j of l e a t h e r
daptar
office
ds
door
rga[g]
de
[Only in: ] [hjar de ky
doSag
I
whenever to sew
*dyl
heart dyl swSag
to be j e a l o u s
Doss
address
gal
rejoicing, happiness, gal buag
to be r e j o i c i n g
gal k a n a g
to r e j o i c e ,
gvaSyni gvarag
really, truly, I
gvat
celebration
celebrate certainly
to r a i n , fall (rain) wind
gvat k a s S a g
to blow (wind)
gwRa
then
gydan
n o m a d ' s tent
[hjawr
rain
[hjawr gvaraj
to r a i n
[hjayal
thought, opinion
jwmayt
c l a s s (in school)
jwst
asking j w s t kanag
*ka[h]
to a s k g r a s s , hay
ka[hj kanag
to cut g r a s s , hay
ka[hJol
family
kass
s o m e o n e , anyone
kassi
someone's,
kwlav
message
langar
plow
lawn
kind, c o l o u r ,
mai
livestock;
mala
early
man
in, into. m a n buag
anyone's
quality
property, [See / m a n / ;
goods S e c . 5. 9 0 1 . ]
to be p o u r e d , to be in, into to p o u r
m a n kanag
206
man
see / m a [ h ] a r i /
m a r i - svar
see / m a [ h j a r i - s v a r /
m a [ h ] a r i [or / m a r i / ]
riding-camel
m a [ h ] a r i - s v a r [or / m a r i - s v a r / ]
camel-rider
mwSS
collected, gathered,
folded
mwSS b u a g
to c o l l e c t , g a t h e r , be folded ( i n t r a n s i t i v e )
mwSS k a n a g
to g a t h e r , c o l l e c t , fold ( t r a n s i t i v e )
omet
hope
pad
foot p a d [kjayag
to wake up, get up
pad kanag
to waken, a r o u s e , get s o m e o n e up open
paS paS buag
to open, be open ( i n t r a n s i t i v e )
paS k a n a g
to open,
(transitive)
padi
back,
returning
patri
r a z o r ; r a z o r blade
pimaz
onion
pwrr
full p w r r buag
to be filled, fill ( i n t r a n s i t i v e )
pwrr kanag
to fill ( t r a n s i t i v e ) footprint,
rand
footstep
after, afterward,
-ay randa sag
cooked-vegetable
sat
jewellery,
''"sor
h e a d , top
ornament
to r e a c h ,
sar buag
following
arrive
u n d e r standing
sarpad sarpad buag
to u n d e r s t a n d
sarpad kanag
to m a k e u n d e r s t a n d , e x p l a i n ,
soSag
I
to b u r n ( t r a n s i t i v e )
swSag
I
to b u r n ( i n t r a n s i t i v e )
samosag
I
convince
to forget
tanynga
up to now, s t i l l , yet
tir
bullet,
zut
q u i c k l y , s p e e d i l y , with h a s t e ,
207
arrow soon
Roasting a sheep by the /sajji/ method: the meat is put on stakes between two fires. Beside the meat are /kwrnu/, a type of bread made by rolling dough around large stones and baking them in the ashes.
UNIT TEN 10. 100.
Dialogue,
B e g i n n i n g with t h i s Unit, c e r t a i n l i t e r a l m e a n i n g s p r e v i o u s l y
given in s q u a r e b r a c k e t s
w i l l be o m i t t e d , and only a r a t h e r f r e e t r a n s l a t i o n will be p r e s e n t e d .
New (or n e c e s s a r y )
i n f o r m a t i o n about the l i t e r a l m e a n i n g s of w o r d s o r e x p r e s s i o n s , h o w e v e r , will continue to be given in s q u a r e b r a c k e t s . D r . A d a m s h a s b e e n invited for d i n n e r to the h o m e of M i r B y j j a r . l.A:
Greetings,
gentlemen!
2. B :
Greetings.
Welcome!
salam alekwm, [Lit.
Come
vajaga.
valekwm salam.
bya pa [hjayr,
for w e l l b e i n g ! J balySt
cushion, pillow 3. B :
M r . A d a m s , sit h e r e ! yours. 4. A: T h a n k you v e r y m u c h . table[s]-and-chair[s]
T h i s pillow is
vaja a d a m z , yda bynynd. baz m e r b a n i . m e z - w - k w r si
carpet[s]-and-cushion[s] 5. B«
e balySt t a i ynt.
S e r g e j - w - b a l y St
F r i e n d , we d o n ' t h a v e t a b l e s and c h a i r s We h a v e j u s t t h e s e c a r p e t s and c u s h i o n s , S i r , I a m v e r y happy to sit [lit. that I s i t ] on y o u r c a r p e t . [I. e. I a m v e r y happy to be y o u r g u e s t . ]
b r a s , m a r a m e z - w - k w r s i nest, ammay a m e S e r g e j - w - b a l y S t ant. vaja, m a n b a z vaSS wn, ky Swmay S e r g e j a nyndin.
7. B :
S i r , we a l s o a r e v e r y happy that you a r e our guest.
vaja m a a m vaSS an, ky taw m a y m e m a n ay.
8. A:
F r i e n d , I too a m v e r y happy that I a m your guest.
b r a s , m a n a m s a k k vaSS wn, ky Swmay m e m a n wn.
6. A;
tea-and-pipe: 9. B :
refreshments
Sa - w - S y l y m b a S a k k a ! pa vaja a d a m z a S a - w - S y l y m byaryt!
B o y s ! B r i n g r e f r e s h m e n t s for M r . Adams!
10. A:
I don't smoke a pipe.
m a n Sylym nakaSSin.
11. B :
S i r , w i l l you d r i n k w a t e r ?
vaja, ap v a r a y ?
12. A: 13. A:
Yes, I will drink a little w a t e r . [After d r i n k i n g the w a t e r ] : It is v e r y good w a t e r . fatigued, m e n t a l l y t i r e d , b o r e d , homesick; short greeting form
14. B :
Y e s , the w a t e r of Quetta is v e r y good w a t e r . [To the o t h e r g u e s t s : ] Shall we a s k M r . A d a m s for h i s r e c e n t n e w s , o r [ s h a l l we offer h i m ] the s h o r t greeting?
[h]a.
k a m m e ap v a r i n .
b a z vaSSen a p e . mandag [h]a, k o T a a y ap vaSSen a p e . - - Se, vaja a d a m z a a[h]val b y k a n a n , ya m a n d a g .
vaja a d a m z d a r a y m a r d w m e . b a l o S i a[h]vala n a z a n t .
15. G u e s t : M r . A d a m s is a f o r e i g n e r [lit. a m a n of o u t s i d e ] . P e r h a p s he d o e s not know the B a l u c h i [ c u s t o m of giving] r e c e n t n e w s .
209
a balky
16. B :
V e r y w e l l . I will give [ h i m ] the s h o r t g r e e t i n g . [To D r . A d a m s : ] S i r , be w e l c o m e ! [ L i t . May you not be fatigued! ]
--vaja,
mandag
[hjayat
life 17. A;
s a r r . mandag bykanin. mabay!
May you be well! alive! ]
cousin:
[Lit.
May you be
[hjayat bybyt! nakozatk
u n c l e ' s son or d a u g h t e r
18. B ;
S i r , t h e s e two m e n a r e m y b r o t h e r s , and the one on that side [of t h e m ] is my cousin.
vaja, e dw m a r d m a n i b r a s ant, aw aSkayge m a n i n a k o z a t k ynt.
19. A:
V e r y good.
baz jvan. e Dawle S e r g e j a Se gwSyt.
20. A [After a round of i n t r o d u c t i o n s and a s h o r t p a u s e ] : What do you c a l l [lit. s a y ] t h i s kind of c a r p e t ?
Tappwr
felt-rug child[ren]-and-women: d e p e n d a n t s , family
womenfolk,
za[h]g-w-zalbul
21. B:
S i r , t h i s is a f e l t - r u g , and our womenfolk m a k e it t h e m s e l v e s .
vaja, e T a p p w r ynt, aw e S y r a a m m a y z a [ h ] g - w - z a l b u l vat joR k a n a n t .
22. A;
How do y o u r w o m e n m a k e i t ?
Swmay z a l b u l Son joR k a n a n t .
s h e e p s ' wool
kas
first
avala
to b e a t , pound, t a m p I
Tappag rang
colour 23. B : F i r s t they pound s h e e p s ' wool [i. e. m a k e felt], and a f t e r w a r d s they dye [lit. give c o l o u r ] it.
m e S a y k a s a n a v a l a T a p p a n t , aw pada r a n g dayant.
24. A;
a m a z a n e S e r g e j a Se gwSant.
What do they c a l l that l a r g e c a r p e t ?
coarse-rug
konT
fine - r u g
Sypi [or /Syfi/]
to weave I
gvapag
25. B :
26. A;
They c a l l that a c o a r s e - r u g . On that side [of it] is a f i n e - r u g . T h e s e too our women w e a v e . Is it a l s o [ m a d e ] of s h e e p s ' wool?
g o a t s ' wool
e am
e am kasay ynt? drassam
t e r m of r e s p e c t 27. B :
Y e s , s i r [lit. r e s p e c t y e s ] . They a r e m a d e f r o m s h e e p s ' wool or g o a t s ' wool.
28. A;
Your w o m e n weave m a n y t h i n g s !
this -and-that; 29. B :
a y r a konT gwSant. aSkayge Sypie. ammay zalbul gvapant.
ji ji [h]a.
aS k a s ya d r a s s a m a joR b a n t .
Swmay z a l b u l b a z Si gvapant.'
et c e t e r a
eS - w - a
Y e s , s i r . Our t e n t s , f l o u r - b a g s , shoulder-bags, clothes-sacks, c a r p e t s , e t c . - - the w o m e n weave [them] all.
[h]a, vaja. a m m a y gydan, g v a l a g , t u r a g , t a k k i , aw e S - w - a - - d r w s t a z a l b u l gvapant,
skill, technique
kysb
to s e l l [lit.
b a h a kanag
price make]
210
30. A:
This also is a g r e a t skill. sell these also?
31. B:
Y e s , we a l s o s e l l s o m e of [lit. them.
32. A :
I t h i n k t h a t l a t e r I w i l l buy a f i n e - r u g .
custom, tradition,
- - p o you from]
usage
e am mazane kysbe. baha am kanyt? [h]a.
- - Se, Swma eSa
aS eSa Sie m a b a h a a m k a n a n .
m a n i [hjayal ynt, ky p a d a m a n y a k k Sypie bygyrin. dod
33. B [ C h a n g i n g the s u b j e c t ] : S i r , n o w a d a y s it i s our c u s t o m that we f i r s t s e r v e [lit. g i v e ] t e a to the g u e s t .
vaja, m a r o S a n a m m a y dod ynt, ky peS m a m e m a n a Sa d a y a n .
34. A;
b a z jvan.
V e r y good.
green-tea
sawz -Sa
black-tea
sya-Sa
35. B :
Now t e l l [ m e ] t h i s , w h e t h e r [lit.
that]
nun e bwgwS, ky s a w z - S a v a r a y , ya s y a - S a .
you will d r i n k g r e e n - t e a or b l a c k - t e a . to
t h e n , r a t h e r , but, on the o t h e r hand
bale
but 36. A; I know b l a c k - t e a , but let m e s e e how this green-tea is.
s y a - S a a to m a n z a n i n , b a l e bygyndin e s a w z - S a Son ynt.
3 7. B :
t a i m w l k a Sone Sa v a r a n t .
What kind of t e a do they d r i n k in y o u r country ?
coffee
kava
38. A:
S i r , the p e o p l e of our c o u n t r y d r i n k b l a c k - t e a and coffee.
vaja, a m m a y m w l k a y m a r d w m s y a - S a aw kava varant.
39. B :
We d o n ' t know t h i s coffee.
ma ame kavaa nazanan.
bush, plant
buS
to g r i n d I
drwSag
40. A:
S i r , it i s the s e e d s of a p l a n t , which they grind.
tarn
taste
a i tarn Son ynt.
41. B:
How d o e s it t a s t e ?
42. A;
It i s like [lit. in the m a n n e r of] t e a , but it i s v e r y b i t t e r . Now p l e a s e [lit. do k i n d n e s s ] t a s t e
43. B :
[lit.
a Saay Dawla ynt, b a l e s a k k ta[h]l ynt. nun m e r b a n i kan, a m m a y Saan a m b o r !
d r i n k ] our t e a a l s o !
After drinking tea.
[h]el
habit, custom, learning 44. A» Is t h e d r i n k i n g of t e a an old c u s t o m ? 45. B : No, s i r ; n e w . It is a c u s t o m of the t i m e of the E u r o p e a n s . 46. A:
vaja, e y a k k buSay torn ant, ky ava d r w S a n t ,
Do a l l the B a l u c h i s now d r i n k t e a ?
Se, e Saay v a r a g ko[h]ne [ h j e l e ? n a , vaja, n o k e .
p a r a n g i a n i v a x t a y [h]ele,
Se, nun d r w s t baloS Sa v a r a n t ? paval
wilderness, hinterland to l e a r n , h a b i t u a t e o n e s e l f t o , a c q u i r e a habit 47. B : M o s t of the n o m a d i c B a l u c h i s [lit. B a l u c h i s of the h i n t e r l a n d ] do not d r i n k t e a , but p e r h a p s they too m a y soon l e a r n [to do s o ] .
[h]el k a n a g b a z e p a v a l a y baloS Sa n a v a r a n t , v a l e b a l k y a a m zut [h]el b y k a n a n t .
211
48. A*
S i r , what do you c a l l the t e a u t e n s i l s ?
vaja, Saay r a z a n a Swma Se gwSyt.
tea-kettle
Sadan
teapot
Syanakk
49. B :
S i r , one is the t e a - k e t t l e , and one [ i s ] the t e a p o t .
Sa-w-burag
tea-and-sugar 50. A:
S i r , a r e not t e a - a n d - s u g a r found [lit. i s , b e c o m e s ] in y o u r c o u n t r y ?
Sindh-and-India; 51. B : 52. A: 53. B»
Very well,
synd-w-[h]ynd na vaja, m a y m w l k a Sa s y n d - w - [ h ] y n d a kayt. m a n dyga Sa n a v a r i n . Sarr,
sir.
Sarag
54. A:
I want to s e e the g a m e s and o t h e r c u s t o m s of the B a l u c h i s . social gathering, party 55. B : S i r , we will hold [lit. m a k e ] a p a r t y one evening. We will invite [lit. want, a s k for] you. V e r y good.
I will be happy [to c o m e ] ,
ready 57. B ;
O!
Now food is r e a d y .
divan vaja, m a yakk Sape d i v a n e k a n a n . tara loTan. baz S a r r !
ma
m a n vaSS bin.
nun nan t a y a r ynt. [hjar So ky
J u s t a s you say!
[h]ar So ky Swma gwSyt!
hey!
water-jug,
m a n b a l o S a n i g v a z i aw dyga doda S a r a g loTin.
tayar
j u s t a s , w h i c h e v e r way that 58. A:
vaja.
gvazi
sport
to s e e , look at, watch, w a t c h o v e r I
56. A:
vaja, S a - w - b u r a g Swmay m w l k a n a b i t ?
the P l a i n s of India
No, s i r , it c o m e s into our c o u n t r y f r o m the P l a i n s . I w o n ' t have [lit. d r i n k ] any m o r e [lit. a n o t h e r ] t e a .
game,
vaja, y a k k e Sadan ynt, aw y a k k e Syanakk.
are ewer
badni
water-basin
SalamSi
59. B [To the young boys of the h o u s e h o l d ] : Hey, b r i n g a w a t e r - j u g and a b a s i n ! F i r s t w a s h the g u e s t ' s hands,' 60. A: I ' l l w a s h my h a n d s myself.
a r e , b a d n i aw S a l a m S i e b y a r y t ! m e m a n a y d a s t a bwSodyt!
61. B:
No, s i r , h e r e we w a s h the g u e s t ' s hands.
na vaja, yda m a m e m a n a y d a s t a Sodan.
62. A;
Very well,
Sarr,
peS
m a n vat d a s t Sodin.
sir.
vaja.
sabun
soap towel
dastpag
tablecloth
parzonakk
to put down, set down, p l a c e , put, k e e p
[h]er kanag
to s p r e a d , s p r e a d out
t a l a n kanag
63. B [To s o m e of the b o y s ] : Boy, b r i n g a [ b a r of] soap and a towel quickly! P u t the t a b l e c l o t h down h e r e ! I will s p r e a d it out m y s e l f . You b r i n g the o t h e r food [lit. b r e a d s ] !
baSakk, s a b u n e aw d a s t p a g e zut b y a r ! - p a r z o n a k k a yda [ h ] e r kan! m a n vat eSyra t a l a n kanin. Swma dyga n a n a b y a r y t !
212
pleasing 64. A«
I like m e a t - b r o t h and b r e a d v e r y m u c h . [ L i t . To m e . . . is p l e a s i n g . ]
food, b5.B:
dost m a n a n a r w S t aw nan s a k k d o s t ynt.
edibles
vardyn
Y e s , o u r B a l u c h i s ' m a j o r [lit. food is m e a t - b r o t h or m i l k .
large]
ji [h]a, m a y b a l o S a n i m a z a n e v a r d y n n a r w S t ya Sir ynt.
plate, platter
tali
rice
byrynj
meat-patty,
"kabob"
kabab
66. B«
T h a t p l a t e h a s [lit. of that p l a t e a r e ] r i c e , and the one on t h i s side [of it has] meat-patties.
a t a l i a y b y r y n j ant, aw eSkayge kabab,
67. A;
S i r , t h e s e m e a t - p a t t i e s a r e v e r y good.
vaja, e k a b a b sakk j v a n ant.
curds
mastag
68. B :
H a v e [lit. e a t ] s o m e of [lit. the c u r d s !
from]
69. A;
The c u r d s a r e good too.
m a s t a g a m vaSS ant.
70. Br
H a v e [lit.
Sie dyga b o r !
Sie aS m a s t a g a b o r !
eat] something else!
bass
enough 71. A :
T h a t ' s enough for m e .
[Lit.
To m e
is enough. ] 72. B.«
S a r r ; nun d a s t bwSodan.
Good, now let u s w a s h our h a n d s .
S a r a p [or / S a r a f / ]
h o s p i t a l i t y , showing h o n o u r 73. A;
S i r , t h a n k you v e r y m u c h .
I will not
f o r g e t t h i s h o s p i t a l i t y of y o u r s . duty,
m a n a b a s s ynt.
vaja, Swmay b a z m e r b a n i . e Sarapa naSamoSin.
m a n Swmay
parz
obligation
m e m a n a y S a r a p b a l o S a y m a z a n e p a r z ynt.
74. B :
H o s p i t a l i t y to [lit. of] the g u e s t is the g r e a t [ e s t ] duty of the B a l u c h i . because 75. A: F r i e n d s , now I w i l l a s k p e r m i s s i o n [to l e a v e ] b e c a u s e e a r l y in the morning I h a v e to go s o m e w h e r e [lit. I go [to] a p l a c e ] . 76. B : You w e r e v e r y kind to c o m e . [ L i t .
p a r Se ky b r a s a , nun m a n y z m l o T i n , p a r Se ky soba m a l a yakk jagae ravin.
t a i yda a y a g a y b a z m e r b a n i ,
Your h e r e c o m i n g ' s m u c h k i n d n e s s . ] 77. A:
Good.
w e l l , safe 78. B : Goodbye!
10. 200.
1.
jvan.
Now f a r e w e l l !
nun a l l a i m a n a yt! d w r a [or / d r w a / ]
[Lit.
d r w a bybay!
May you be safe! ]
Word Study.
T h e r e is no s p e c i a l " v o c a t i v e " f o r m for a s i n g u l a r noun u s e d a s a t e r m of a d d r e s s ,
With p l u r a l n o u n s , h o w e v e r , the " p l u r a l - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a n / - / a / is e m p l o y e d .
E. g.
/ v a j a , nun m a n r a v i n . / S i r , now I will go. [ / v a j a [ g ] / " s i r , m i s t e r " i s e m p l o y e d a s a t e r m of a d d r e s s ; it r e q u i r e s no s p e c i a l suffix. Compare: ]
213
/ v a j a g a , nun m a n r a v i n . / G e n t l e m e n , now I w i l l go. used vocatively r e q u i r e s / a n / - / a / . ]
[A p l u r a l noun
/ b a S a k k a , sabune aw d a s t p a g e b y a r y t . ' / B o y s , b r i n g a [ b a r of] soap and a towel! / b r a s a , nun m a n y z m loTin. / F r i e n d s , now I w i l l a s k p e r m i s s i o n [to go]. 2.
/ b y a pa [ h ] a y r ! /
l i t e r a l l y signifies " C o m e for good! " (i. e.
p u r p o s e , r a t h e r than an evil one). 3.
c o m e for a good
T h i s is a c o m m o n e x p r e s s i o n for " w e l c o m e ! "
/ b a l y S t / d e n o t e s a l a r g e , sewn c u s h i o n , u s u a l l y r a t h e r s a u s a g e - s h a p e d .
Baluchi
h o u s e s g e n e r a l l y have no t a b l e s or c h a i r s (except t h o s e of u r b a n d w e l l e r s influenced by o u t s i d e c u s t o m s ) , and a l l s i t t i n g , e a t i n g , e t c . is done on the floor, u s i n g t h e s e c u s h i o n s as backrests. Note that / s a r j a f g ] /
" p i l l o w " d e n o t e s any s o r t of h e a d r e s t :
serve as a / s a r j a [ g ] / , as may a /balySt/.
even a folded coat m a y
The t e r m / s a r j a f g ] / is a functional t e r m ,
there-
f o r e , while / b a l y S t / d e n o t e s a specific type of object. 5.
S e v e r a l f u r t h e r e x a m p l e s of the / X - w - Y / copulative noun compound* (Sec. 8. 200
(30)) have b e e n i n t r o d u c e d in t h i s Unit. (1)
T h e s e a r e roughly d i v i s i b l e into two t y p e s :
L o o s e , s p o n t a n e o u s c o m p o u n d s c o n s t r u c t e d by the s p e a k e r at will to c o n n e c t two nouns in a s i m p l e "X and Y " r e l a t i o n s h i p .
T h e s e a r e e q u i v a l e n t to a c o n s t r u c t i o n
with the conjunction / a w / "and. " C o m p o u n d s of t h i s type will not be c o n s i d e r e d s e p a r a t e l e x i c a l units and will not be l i s t e d in the V o c a b u l a r y S e c t i o n s .
E . g.
/ m e z - w - k w r s i / t a b l e - a n d - c h a i r . [ E q u i v a l e n t to / m e z aw k w r s i / b u t p e r h a p s a t r i f l e m o r e i n c l u s i v e in connotation: " W e s t e r n f u r n i t u r e . " Sentence 5. ] /Sergej-w-balySt/ /Sa-w-burag/ (2)
carpet-and-cushion.
tea-and-sugar.
[Sentence 5 . ]
[Sentence 5 0 . ]
C o m p o u n d s of the second type a r e s t a n d a r d i s e d e x p r e s s i o n s , e m p l o y e d by m a n y s p e a k e r s to e x p r e s s s o m e m o r e g e n e r a l and i n c l u s i v e c o n c e p t .
The two s u b s t a n t i v e
e l e m e n t s of such c o m p o u n d s often have s o m e a l l i t e r a t i v e or r h y t h m i c a l f e a t u r e in c o m m o n (see below). Sections.
I n s t a n c e s of t h i s type will be l i s t e d in the V o c a b u l a r y
E . g. / S a - w - S y l y m / tea-and-pipe: refreshments. [This t e r m includes all s o r t s of r e f r e s h m e n t s offered to a g u e s t ; i. e. i t s m e a n i n g is m u c h m o r e i n c l u s i v e than its l i t e r a l s i g n i f i c a n c e . Note that both e l e m e n t s begin with / S / . S e n t e n c e 9. ] / z a [ h ] g - w - z a l b u l / c h i l d - a n d - w o m a n : womenfolk, d e p e n d e n t s , [Both e l e m e n t s begin with / z / . S e n t e n c e 2 1 . ]
family.
/ e S - w - a / t h i s - a n d - t h a t : et c e t e r a , and so forth. [Both e l e m e n t s a r e m o n o s y l l a b l e s beginning with a vowel. S e n t e n c e 29. ] / s y n d - w - [ h ] y n d / S i n d h - a n d - I n d i a : the Gangetic P l a i n , the P l a i n s (in c o n t r a s t with the B a l u c h i h o m e l a n d ) . [Both e l e m e n t s end in / y n d / . S e n t e n c e 51. ]
214
8.
S e n t e n c e s 1 t h r o u g h 8 c o n t a i n the g r e e t i n g s , c o m p l i m e n t s , and e x p r e s s i o n s of
e s t e e m w h i c h p r e c e d e the opening of the c o n v e r s a t i o n itself.
Baluchi custom demands
m o r e of t h i s s o r t of c o u r t e s y t h a n d o e s N o r t h A m e r i c a n or B r i t i s h c u l t u r e .
The s t u d e n t
m a y be c o n s i d e r e d r u d e if he a t t e m p t s to c u r t a i l t h i s . 9.
O n c e the f o r m a l i t i e s of g r e e t i n g a r e c o m p l e t e d , it is c u s t o m a r y to offer the g u e s t
s o m e r e f r e s h m e n t s , u s u a l l y w a t e r , t e a , e t c . and a pipe of t o b a c c o .
The g u e s t m a y r e f u s e
t h e s e if he w i s h e s . 14. M i r B y j j a r h e r e c o n t r a s t s the two f o r m s of g r e e t i n g :
(a) the / a [ h ] v a l / , a long
f o r m w h i c h c o n s i s t s of a s k i n g the g u e s t to r e c i t e his r e c e n t n e w s , family e v e n t s ,
immediate
p u r p o s e s of h i s j o u r n e y , e t c . to which the h o s t t h e n r e p l i e s in kind with n e w s of the d o i n g s of h i s own v i l l a g e ( s e e S e c . 9. 504); w i s h i n g the g u e s t w e l l .
and (b) a s h o r t g r e e t i n g f o r m , which c o n s i s t s only of
The l a t t e r is c a l l e d / m a n d a g / , a t e r m which l i t e r a l l y d e n o t e s
" m e n t a l l y f a t i g u e d , t i r e d , b o r e d , h o m e s i c k . " T h i s g r e e t i n g f o r m h a s b e e n given t h i s n a m e b e c a u s e t h e w o r d / m a n d a g / o c c u r s in it:
the host s a y s , / m a n d a g m a b a y ! /
be t i r e d ! " T h e g u e s t r e p l i e s , / [ h j a y a t bybyt! / life! ).
"May you be well! " (lit.
"May you not May you be [in]
A f t e r t h i s the c o n v e r s a t i o n p r o p e r m a y b e g i n .
O t h e r e x a m p l e s of / m a n d a g / : / m a n m a n d a g wn. /
I a m fatigued [ m e n t a l l y t i r e d , b o r e d , h o m e s i c k ] .
/ a tanynga s a k k m a n d a g ynt. / fatigued, b o r e d ] . 17.
/[h]ayat/
" l i f e " is found m a i n l y in f o r m a l g r e e t i n g e x p r e s s i o n s .
for " l i f e " i s / z y n d / (or / z y n d a g a n i / ) . /[hjayat bybay! /
/zatk/
The c o m m o n w o r d
E . g.
May you be w e l l !
/ a i zynd s a k k [ h j a r a b ynt. / misfortunej. 18.
He i s s t i l l v e r y h o m e s i c k [ m e n t a l l y
[Lit.
May you be [in] life! ]
H i s life is v e r y bad [i. e.
unhappy, full of
"child of" o c c u r s a s the s e c o n d e l e m e n t in s e v e r a l c o m p o u n d k i n s h i p t e r m s .
E.g. / b r a z a t k / b r o t h e r ' s child: nephew, n i e c e , of / b r a s / " b r o t h e r . "] /gw[h]arzatk/ /truzatk/ /nakozatk/ 21. covering:
s i s t e r ' s child:
cousin:
nephew, n i e c e .
a u n t ' s son or d a u g h t e r ,
cousin:
[ / b r a / is a n a l t e r n a n t f o r m [ / g w [ h ] a r / " s i s t e r . "]
[ / t r u / "aunt. "]
u n c l e ' s son o r d a u g h t e r ,
[ / n a k o / " u n c l e . "]
/ S e r g e j / " c a r p e t " is r e a l l y a g e n e r i c t e r m which i n c l u d e s any s o r t of floor /Tappwr/,
/ k o n T / , and / S y p i / a r e a l l t h u s s u b s u m e d u n d e r / S e r g e j / .
T h e r e a r e no e x a c t E n g l i s h e q u i v a l e n t s for / T a p p w r / , is a t h i c k , felt m a t of s h e e p s ' wool.
/ k o n T / , and / S y p i / .
A /Tappwr/
It i s often s p r e a d on top of a / k o n T / to p r o v i d e a
s o f t e r a n d m o r e c o m f o r t a b l e s u r f a c e for s i t t i n g .
215
T h e / k o n T / is a c o a r s e l y woven rug of
g o a t s ' h a i r , while the / S y p i / is a s m a l l e r and m o r e finely woven v a r i e t y , often colourfully d e c o r a t e d with t r a d i t i o n a l d e s i g n s .
A / S y p i / is a l s o f r e q u e n t l y u s e d a s a w a l l - c o v e r i n g :
it is hung o r s p r e a d o v e r a row of b o x e s , e t c . s t o r e d a g a i n s t the w a l l .
For convenience'
s a k e , t h e s e t h r e e t y p e s of rug have b e e n d e s i g n a t e d " f e l t - r u g , " " c o a r s e - r u g , " and "f ine rug" respectively. 23.
/ a v a l a / " f i r s t " c o n s i s t s of / a v a l / + the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / .
The s t e m
of t h i s a d v e r b i a l f o r m is the s a m e a s that of the o r d i n a l n u m e r a l / a w l i / " f i r s t " (Sec. 6. 603). / a v a l a / is often i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e with / p e S / " b e f o r e , f i r s t . " 27.
The p a r t i c l e / j i / d e n o t e s r e s p e c t .
r e a l l y a l o a n - p h r a s e f r o m Urdu,
Its m o s t c o m m o n u s e is in / j i [ h ] a / " y e s , s i r , "
/ j i / is o t h e r w i s e r a r e in B a l u c h i .
27. A s u b s t a n t i v e suffix often o c c u r s only with the l a s t m e m b e r of a s e r i e s of nouns c o n n e c t e d by a conjunction.
F o r g r e a t e r s p e c i f i c a t i o n and e m p h a s i s , h o w e v e r , the suffix
m a y be added to e a c h m e m b e r of the s e r i e s .
E. g.
/ a s k a s ya d r a s s a m a joR b a n t . / They a r e m a d e of s h e e p s ' wool or g o a t s ' wool. [/aS k a s a ya d r a s s a m a / i m p l i e s that the s p e a k e r is m a k i n g s o m e kind of d i s t i n c t i o n : "from the s h e e p s ' wool and [ a l s o f r o m j the g o a t s ' w o o l " - - two s e p a r a t e e n t i t i e s which m u s t be d i s t i n g u i s h e d . J / m a n b a l o S a n i g v a z i aw dyga doda S a r a g loTin. / I want to s e e t h e g a m e s and o t h e r c u s t o m s of the B a l u c h i s . [Sentence 54. J / a r e , badni aw SalamSie b y a r y t ! / Hey, b r i n g a w a t e r - j u g and a b a s i n ! [ / b a d n i e aw S a l a m S i e / w o u l d specify "a c e r t a i n w a t e r - j u g and a c e r t a i n b a s i n . " S e n t e n c e 59. ] / b a S a k k , sabune aw d a s t p a g e zut b y a r ! / Boy, b r i n g a [ b a r of] soap and a towel quickly! [ / s a b u n / " s o a p " is a m a s s noun, and the " s i n g u l a r i n d e f i n i t e " suffix / e / is u s e d to specify "a u n i t a r y quantity of . . . "• i. e. "a b a r of . . . " S e n t e n c e 63. ] / m e S aw b w z a n i yoSwm ant. / T h e r e a r e g r e a t h e r d s of s h e e p and g o a t s . [ / m e S a n i aw bwzani y o S w m / would imply a d i c h o t o m y of s o m e kind. A p h r a s e - b r e a k would p r o b a b l y a l s o o c c u r a f t e r / m e S a n i / to u n d e r line the s e p a r a t e identity of the two things m e n t i o n e d . ] / m a n a [h]ar aw a s p a g y r i n . / I will buy t h o s e d o n k e y s and h o r s e s , [if a p h r a s e - b r e a k is i n s e r t e d after / [ h ] a r / , t h i s is i n t e r p r e t a b l e a s "that donkey and the h o r s e s . " T h i s , of c o u r s e , should be / a [ h ] a r a _ + aw a s p a / , but the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / is s o m e t i m e s omitted. ] 35.
/ s a w z - S a / " g r e e n - t e a " and / s y a - S a / " b l a c k - t e a " a r e two m o r e e x a m p l e s of the
"compound j u n c t u r e " i n t r o d u c e d in Sec. 8. 200 (30). 36.
See a l s o S e c . 9. 102.
The p a r t i c l e / t o / h a s s e v e r a l i m p o r t a n t uses.-
(a) it c o n t r a s t s one c l a u s e with
a n o t h e r , being roughly t r a n s l a t a b l e a s " a l t h o u g h " or "on the o t h e r h a n d " ; i n t r o d u c e a new t o p i c ;
(b) it m a y
(c) it m a y i n d i c a t e that, though the s p e a k e r g e n e r a l l y a g r e e s with
the content of the s e n t e n c e , he is about to e x p r e s s s o m e r e s e r v a t i o n or q u a l i f i c a t i o n ; / t o / is a l s o e m p l o y e d in c o n d i t i o n a l s e n t e n c e s (see S e c . 11. 101).
216
E. g
(d)
/ t a w to r a s t gwSay, v a l e m a n a e Sa[h]r d o s t na ynt. / Though you a r e c o r r e c t [lit. say t r u e ] , y e t [lit. b u t ] I do not like t h i s city. / a to r a w t , v a l e m a n r a v a g n a l o T i n . /
He will go, but I do not want to go.
/ m a to t a r a y a k k [ h j a b a r e j w s t k a n a g l o T a n . / We w i s h to a s k you [ a b o u t ] a [ c e r t a i n ] m a t t e r . [The s p e a k e r i n t r o d u c e s a new t o p i c . ] / a to j v a n e m a r d e . / He is r e a l l y a good m a n . [The s p e a k e r i n t e n d s to add s o m e q u a l i f i c a t i o n to t h i s s t a t e m e n t . Note that in a l l of t h e s e e x a m p l e s , / t o / follows the s u b j e c t of the s e n t e n c e in s e c o n d p o s i t i o n . ] 36.
/ b a l e / and / v a l e / both m e a n "but. " T h e s e two f o r m s a r e f r e e l y i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e .
38.
Coffee is known only to t h o s e B a l u c h i s who belong to u r b a n i s e d , e d u c a t e d f a m i l i e s ,
or to t h o s e who have m a d e the I s l a m i c p i l g r i m a g e to M e c c a . the A r a b i c w o r d / q a h v a / ( p r o n o u n c e d / k a v a / ) into B a l u c h i .
The l a t t e r have i n t r o d u c e d Educated people may also
e m p l o y the E n g l i s h w o r d " c o f f e e " ( p r o n o u n c e d / k a f i / or / k a p i / ) , which is c o m m o n in P a k i s t a n o u t s i d e of B a l u c h i s t a n . 43.
/ m e r b a n i / " k i n d n e s s " h a s a l r e a d y b e e n i n t r o d u c e d in e x p r e s s i o n s t r a n s l a t a b l e a s
"thank y o u " ( S e e s . 8 . 1 0 0 ( 3 7 ) ,
10.100(4), etc.).
/ m e r b a n i k a n ! / , l i t e r a l l y "do k i n d n e s s ! "
is u s e d for " p l e a s e ! " It is u s u a l l y followed by a c l a u s e c o n t a i n i n g an i m p e r a t i v e v e r b . / m e r b a n i kan, p a m m a n k a g a d a d e m byday! / for m e ! / m e r b a n i k a n , m a n i kytaba b y a r ! /
P l e a s e send the l e t t e r
P l e a s e b r i n g m y book!
/ m e r b a n i kan, v a t i a[h]vala byday! /
44.
E . g.
P l e a s e t e l l [lit.
give] y o u r r e c e n t
/ [ h ] e l / d e n o t e s "habit, p e r s o n a l c u s t o m , i d i o s y n c r a s y " and a l s o " l e a r n i n g " (i. e.
a c c u s t o m i n g o r h a b i t u a t i n g o n e s e l f to s o m e t h i n g ) .
/ [ h ] e l k a n a g / t h u s d e n o t e s "to l e a r n
(a s k i l l , h a b i t , l a n g u a g e , a r t , e t c . ). " / [ h ] e l / c o n t r a s t s with / d o d / , which m e a n s " c u s t o m , t r a d i t i o n a l p r a c t i c e . " E . g. /Saay varag [h]arabe [h]ele. /
The d r i n k i n g of t e a is a bad habit.
/ t a w bayd ynt a n g r e z i [h]el b y k a n . /
You m u s t l e a r n E n g l i s h .
/ a s y g r e T a y kaSSaga zut [h]el kant. / cigarettes.
He will quickly l e a r n to s m o k e
/ a m m a y dod ynt, ky [ h j a r o s a tupakk j a n a n . / that w e ] shoot off guns at m a r r i a g e s . 47.
/ p a v a l / denotes "wilderness, hinterland":
Baluchistan.
It i s our c u s t o m to [lit.
the e m p t y , u n i n h a b i t e d a r e a s of
T h i s t e r m d o e s not r e f e r to any p a r t i c u l a r type of t e r r a i n but r a t h e r to the
l a c k of a s e t t l e d p o p u l a t i o n .
H e n c e , / p a v a l a y m a r d w m / "people of the w i l d e r n e s s " is the
e x p r e s s i o n e m p l o y e d for " n o m a d . " 54#
/ g y n d a g / m e a n s "to s e e " ;
of " s e e i n g a t t e n t i v e l y " :
/ S a r a g / s h a r e s t h i s m e a n i n g but h a s the c o n n o t a t i o n
"to look a t , w a t c h . " It a l s o d e n o t e s "to w a t c h o v e r , t a k e c a r e of. '
217
55.
/ d i v a n / d e n o t e s any s o c i a l g a t h e r i n g .
E n t e r t a i n m e n t at s u c h a p a r t y m a y c o n s i s t
of c o n v e r s a t i o n a l o n e , or m a y include p o e t r y , i n s t r u m e n t a l m u s i c , e t c .
M o r e w i l l be said
about the / d i v a n / in a l a t e r Unit. 59.
/ b a d n i / denotes a long-necked, metal pitcher.
T h i s is b r o u g h t , t o g e t h e r with a
b a s i n ( / S a l a m S i / ) , and w a t e r is p o u r e d o v e r the g u e s t ' s h a n d s b e f o r e and a f t e r a m e a l . 63. At a B a l u c h i m e a l the b r e a d is b r o u g h t w r a p p e d up in a l a r g e c l e a n c l o t h .
This
cloth ( / p a r z o n a k k / ) is then s p r e a d out on the floor, and p e o p l e s e a t t h e m s e l v e s a r o u n d it. O t h e r d i s h e s a r e then b r o u g h t and s e r v e d to e a c h d i n e r in individual p l a t e s o r b o w l s . A c c o r d i n g to o l d e r B a l u c h i c u s t o m , l a r g e p l a t t e r s of food w e r e s h a r e d by s e v e r a l p e o p l e , and e v e n today in s o m e a r e a s two p e o p l e a r e given one p l a t e to s h a r e .
The c u s t o m of
giving e a c h d i n e r an e m p t y p l a t e and helping h i m f r o m c e n t r a l l y p l a c e d s e r v i n g d i s h e s is a s y e t r e s t r i c t e d to e d u c a t e d , u r b a n h o u s e h o l d s .
Note that food is handled only with the
r i g h t hand - - a s a r e such t a s k s a s giving, taking, shaking h a n d s , and o t h e r " g o o d " a c t s , the left hand b e i n g r e s e r v e d for d i r t y or u n p l e a s a n t j o b s - - and eating is done with the fingers. 64.
/ d o s t b u a g / d e n o t e s "to l i k e . " The p e r s o n who l i k e s is m a r k e d by the o b j e c t i v e
suffixes, and the thing liked is t r e a t e d a s the g r a m m a t i c a l subject of the s e n t e n c e .
Another
c o n s t r u c t i o n which follows the s a m e p a t t e r n is / b a s s b u a g / "to be e n o u g h " ( s e n t e n c e 71). E.g. / m a n a b a l o S y s t a n sakk dost ynt. / / m a s T a r a e y s k u l dost na ynt. /
The t e a c h e r d o e s not like t h i s s c h o o l .
/ m a n i nakoa b y r y n j d o s t na ynt. / / S e , t a r a e gallag b a s s a n t ? /
I like B a l u c h i s t a n v e r y m u c h . My u n c l e d o e s not like r i c e .
Is t h i s wheat sufficient for y o u ?
/ p a r e k a r a , ynka p a y s a g b a s s na ynt. / is not enough. / a y r a e nan b a s s n a b a n t . / him. 78.
/ d w r a bybay! /
For this task, this much money
T h e s e [ p i e c e s of] b r e a d w i l l not be enough for
"May you be safe! " is a n o t h e r c o m m o n way of e x p r e s s i n g "goodbye!
/ d w r a / [or / d r w a / ] "safe, w e l l " is the a d j e c t i v a l f o r m of / d w r a i / [or / d r w a i / ] " w e l f a r e , safety, " i n t r o d u c e d in Sec. 8. 100.
10. 300.
D r i l l s and E x e r c i s e s .
10.301.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l I. 1.
Swmay gysa Se a s t . We have t a b l e [ s ] and c h a i r [ s ] . us t a b l e - a n d - c h a i r a r e . ]
218
[Lit.
To
We have c a r p e t f s ] and p i l l o w [ s ] . We h a v e c a r p e t f s ] , b e d d i n g , and c u s h i o n [ s ] . We have u t e n s i l [ s ] and b e d [ s ] . We h a v e no t a b l e [ s ] and c h a i r f s ] . b a l o S v a t i m e m a n a Se dayant. r e f r e s h m e n t s [lit.
tea-and-pipe]
black-tea green-tea b r e a d and ghee m i l k and c u r d s 3.
t a w Sea Sa joR k a n a y . in a t e a p o t in a t e a - k e t t l e in that old t e a - k e t t l e I don't drink tea in a u t e n s i l
4.
Sa a m m a y v a r d y n a , Se d o s t ynt.
tara rice curds meat-patties meat-broth this dish [stew,
5.
soup]
a z a l b u l Se d r w S a n t . wheat barley millet the s e e d s of that plant flour
6.
a i tarn Son ynt. like [lit.
in the m a n n e r of] t e a
like coffee v e r y sweet bitter very sour 7.
e S e r g e j a Se gwSant, felt-rug coarse-rug fine-rug I d o n ' t know i t s n a m e . A s k that w o m a n !
219
8.
tai jan Se gvapit. a blanket a clothes-bag a fine-rug a carpet [floor-covering] a coarse-rug
9.
e aS Sea joR bit. f r o m g o a t s ' wool f r o m s h e e p s ' wool f r o m that kind of p l a n t f r o m r i c e and s u g a r f r o m wood
10. taw b a l o S y s t a n a Se S a r a g loTay. the c u s t o m s of the B a l u c h i s the g a m e s of the B a l u c h i s the s o c i a l - g a t h e r i n g s of the B a l u c h i s y o u r [pl. ] s c h o o l [ s ] and c o l l e g e [ s ] carpets, felt-rugs, coarse-rugs, rugs, etc.
fine-
11. taw bayd ynt Sie dyga b o r ! Thank you v e r y m u c h [lit. m u c h k i n d n e s s i s ] . T h e s e m e a t - p a t t i e s a r e v e r y good. No, I a m full. P l e a s e [lit.
[Lit.
To m e is enough. ]
do k i n d n e s s ] give [ m e ] r i c e !
Give m e a n o t h e r [ p i e c e of] b r e a d ! P l e a s e [lit. do k i n d n e s s ] give [ m e ] s o m e meat-broth! 12. nun Swma p a r Se r a v y t . We go b e c a u s e we a r e going [lit. [certain] place tomorrow. We go b e c a u s e we have [lit. much work.
go] to a
to u s i s ]
We go b e c a u s e m y w i f e ' s c o u s i n i s s i c k . We will r e t u r n soon. We m u s t a r r i v e h o m e e a r l y . 13. taw Se [h]el kanag l o T a y . English shooting [a] gun weaving cooking food [lit. y o u r [pl. ] g a m e s
220
bread]
14.
Saay v a r a g Sone [h]ele [it i s ] an old c u s t o m . Many s a y that the d r i n k i n g of t e a i s a bad habit. [It i s ] a new c u s t o m . [it i s ] a c u s t o m of the t i m e of the E u r o p e a n s It is m y opinion that it i s a good h a b i t .
15.
Se, S a l a m S i a yda [ h ] e r bykanin? Y e s , put [it] h e r e ! No, t a k e [it] o u t s i d e ! F i r s t put the b a s i n h e r e ! T h e n b r i n g a t o w e l and a [ b a r of] s o a p ! No, put it next to the w a t e r - j u g ! No, put [it] on top of the box!
10. 302.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l II. 1.
Se, t a r a m a s t a g dost y n t ?
2.
Se, taw pwSSay gvapaga z a n a y ?
3.
Se, b a l o S y s t a n a m e m a n vat v a t i d a s t a bwSodit?
4.
Se, taw b a l o S a n i divana S a r a g l o T a y ?
5.
t a r a s y a - S a d o s t ynt, ya s a w z - S a .
6.
kava aS Sea joR bit.
7.
Se, Saay tarn k a v a a y Dawla y n t ?
8.
Se, t a i [hjayal ynt, ky k o n T a y gvapag m a z a n e k y s b e ?
9.
t a r a kwjam r a n g d o s t ynt.
10. t a r a n a k o z a t k a s t ? 11.
v a t i g y s a , taw k w r s i a nynday, ya S e r g e j a .
12.
Se, taw go d a s t a v a r a y ?
13.
a v a l a baloS pa m e m a n a Se k a r a n t .
14. vaja a d a m z b a l o S i a[h]vala p a r Se n a z a n t . 15.
10. 303.
T a p p w r a aS Sea joR k a n a n t .
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e I.
D r . A d a m s s e e s an old m u z z l e - l o a d i n g rifle in the h o m e of Mir B y j j a r . 1. A;
vaja, v a t i a m e tupakka m a n a peS b y d a r !
2. B :
vaja, e ko[h]ne t u p a k k e .
e t u p a k k b a l o S y s t a n a nun joR n a b a n t .
d a r k a r na ant, anSw m a n gon e tupakka a s k aw m w r g j a n i n . dyga g a l a y roSa t u p a k k j a n a n .
e t u p a k k nun m a r a
m a [ h j a r o s a n aw
gon a m m a y m a r d w m a n a n g r e z i t u p a k k a m a s t .
a m y a k k a n g r e z i t u p a k k e g y r a g l o T i n , b a l e a i t i r k a m m ant. a m g r a n ynt.
221
man
noke t u p a k k a n i b a h a
3. A:
v a j a , ko[h]ne tupakk sakk d r a j ant.
e Synka d u r j a n a n t .
4. B ;
vaja, y a k k w n e m sa da t a n a dw sad g a z z a j a n a n t .
a m m a dwnga dw sad g a z z a [h]er
k a n a n , aw gon e tupakka j a n a n .
10. 304.
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e II.
D r . A d a m s a s k s M i r B y j j a r about the chief of his t r i b e . 1. A ;
Swmay s a r d a r Sone m a r d e .
2. B :
vaja, a m m a y s a r d a r baz j v a n e m a r d e .
3. A:
a i gys kwja ynt.
4. B ;
a i gys e [h]alka na ynt, b a l e a v a t i m o T a l a y t a h a yda kayt.
5. A :
s a r d a r a y k a r Se y n t .
p a r v a t i m a r d w m a n a Se kant.
6. B :
a a m m a y b u m y a ynt.
m a v a t i [h]ar Dawle [h]alan a y r a gwSan.
m a r a S a r r e ra[h]a
peS d a r i t , aw m a r a k a r kanag aw za[h]gan y s k u l a d e m d a y a g a pa gwSit. 7. A ;
Swmay [h]alka Synka y s k u l ant.
8. B :
vaja, tanynga yakk y s k u l e .
9. A ;
SoSe y s k u l Synka rwppia joR bit.
10.B
a sakk g r a n bit.
1 ]. . A
e p a y s a g a kay dant.
12. B
m a y s a r d a r Sie p a y s a g dant, aw a m m a a m z a r r dayan.
13. A
Swmay s a r d a r gvaSyni jvane m a r d e .
10. 305.
[h]ayal ynt, ky jynykkani y s k u l e a m joR bybit.
a balky da [ h j a z a r rwppia bybit. e Dawla m a y y s k u l joR bit.
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e III.
M i r B y j j a r is showing D r . A d a m s his m e l o n f i e l d s . 1. A ?
vaja, Swma kwjam vaxt kuTyg aw g a l a a y torn kySyt.
2. B ;
vaja, a t a m a y gwDDi roSa m a t o m a kySan. p w r r kanan.
peS [ h ] a w r a y ap ya jo[h]ay apa D a g a r a
pada go l a n g a r a t o m a kySan.
3. A :
Swmay p a l e z a k u T y g - w - g a l a baz a s t .
eSa Swma Son kanyt.
4. B :
m a r o S a n a m m a Sie vat v a r a n , aw d y g a r a b a z a r a d e m d a y a n , b a h a k a n a n , aw [ h j a r a b e n a vati olaka dayan.
5. A :
p a l e z a y aSka See.
6. B :
e p a l e z a y aSka Sie s a w z i aw z w r a t t a m m a kySag l o T a n .
10. 306.
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e IV.
D r . A d a m s is d i s c u s s i n g the w i n t e r s e a s o n with M i r B y j j a r . 1. Ar
vaja, Swmay Dyhay Syllag Son ynt.
2. B :
b r a s , Syllaga sakk s a r d e gvate kaSSit.
ame vaxta b a r p am kapit.
m a g e S t y r v a t i gysa a s a y d e m a nyndan, aw d a r soSan. 3. A:
Swma d a r aS kwja k a r y t .
222
[h]awr a m g v a r a n t ,
4. Br
v a j a , a m m a aS ko[h]a d a r k a r a n .
g e S t y r d a r a m m a t i r m a g a mwSS k a n a n , p a r Se
ky s a r d e g v a t - w - b a r p a eSani k a r a g g r a n ynt.
b a z m a r d w m d a r pa b a h a a m g y r a n t .
a m m a y D a n n a y m a r d w m w S t y r a d a r k a r a n t , aw b a h a k a n a n t . 5. A :
Se, p a v a l a y baloS Syllaga a m e g y d a n a n i t a h a a n t ?
6. Br
na v a j a . da r a n t .
7. Ar
Se, S a [ h ] r a y baloS g a r m e Dyha n a r a v a n t ?
8. Br
j i [h]a.
geStyr pavalay m a r d w m g a r m e mwlka ravant.
Sie a m e g y d a n a n i t a h a
b a z m a r d w m r a v a n t , aw b a z vat n a r a v a n t , v a l e v a t i m a l a d e m d a y a n t .
b a z a n a m o d a D a g a r a s t , aw a v a t i D a g a r a S a r a n t . 9. A r
Swmay za[h]g Syllaga y s k u l a r a v a n t ?
10. B
na v a j a , Syllaga s a r d e m w l k a n i y s k u l band b a n t .
10. 307.
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e V.
D r . A d a m s c a l l s at the h o m e of M i r B y j j a r . 1. Ar
v a j a , t a i g y s a y m a r d w m kwja ant.
2. Br
b r a s , m a n i ka[h]olay d r w s t m a r d w m y a k k [ h j a r o s e a ant.
3. A:
Se, t a w n a r a v a y ?
4. B ;
v a j a , m a n a m nun r a v i n , aw m a n i dyl gwSit, ky t a r a a m b y b a r i n .
5. Ar
tai baz m e r b a n i .
6. Br
v a j a , m a n i y a k k dyga d o s t e kayt.
7. A:
Swma [ h j a r o s a Se k a n y t .
8. B :
b r a s , [h]ar k a d i ky [ h j a r o s e bit, b a l o S a n i z a [ h ] g - w - z a l b u l go noke pwSS aw s a t a kayant.
m a n a m b a l o S a n i [ h j a r o s a gyndag loTin.
jynykk Sayr j a n a n t .
gwRa m a r a v a n .
nun y a k k p y a l a g e Sa b o r o n .
m a r d v a t i divana kanant, aw dyga b a z e dod k a n a n t .
drwst amoda nan-w-narwSt, byrynj-w-goSt varant. 9. Ar
baz zabr!
10. Br
a annun k a y t .
10. 400.
t a i d o s t k a d i kayt. taw yda bynynd!
m a n Sa k a r i n .
Vocabulary.
are
O!
hey!
aval[a]
first
balySt
c u s h i o n , pillow
badni
water-jug,
''"baha
price
ewer
to s e l l
baha kanag bale
but [= / v a l e / ]
bass
enough,
sufficient
to be enough
b a s s buag buS
b u s h , plant
byrynj
rice
Sadan
tea-kettle
223
Sarag I
to s e e , look a t , w a t c h , w a t c h o v e r
Sa-w-Sylym
tea-and-pipe:
SalamSi
basin
Syanakk
teapot
dastpag
towel
divan
social gathering,
d i v a n kanag dod
refreshments
party
to hold a s o c i a l g a t h e r i n g custom, traditional practice
dod k a n a g dost
to p e r f o r m a c u s t o m pleasing
d o s t buag
to like
drassam
g o a t s ' wool
drwSag I
to g r i n d
d w r a [or / d r w a / ]
safe, w e l l
eS - w - a
this-and-that.-
gvazi
game,
gvapag I [hjayat
to weave life
[h]el
habit, c u s t o m ,
et c e t e r a , and so forth
sport
learning
to l e a r n , a c c u s t o m o n e s e l f to, h a b i t u a t e oneself to
[h]el kanag
down
[h]er
to put down, set down, p l a c e , put, k e e p
[h]er kanag
t e r m of r e s p e c t kas
s h e e p s ' wool
kava
coffee
kabab
meat-patty,
konT
coarse-rug
kysb
skill, technique
mandag
fatigued, m e n t a l l y t i r e d , b o r e d , short greeting form
"kabob"
homesick;
to p e r f o r m the s h o r t g r e e t i n g
m a n d a g kanag mastag
curds
'' m e r b a n i
kindness to do a k i n d n e s s , act kindly [ / m e r b a n i kan! / " p l e a s e ! "]
m e r b a n i kanag nakozatk
cousin;
u n c l e ' s son or d a u g h t e r
paval
wilderness,
p a r Se ky
because
parz
duty, obligation
parzonakk
tablecloth
rang
c o l o u r , dye
hinterland
to c o l o u r , p a i n t , dye
r a n g dayag
224
sabun
soap
sawz-Sa
green-tea
sya-Sa synd-w-[h]ynd
black-tea Sindh-and-India.of India
s a r a p [or / s a r a f / ]
h o s p i t a l i t y , showing honour
Sypi [or / S y f i / ]
fine-rug
talan
spreading talan kanag
the Gangetic P l a i n , the P l a i n s
to s p r e a d , s p r e a d out
tali
plate, platter
tarn
taste
tayar
ready
to
t h e n , r a t h e r , but, on the o t h e r hand
'tupakk
gun
tupakk janag Tappag
I
to fire a gun to b e a t , pound, t a m p
Tappwr
felt-rug
vardyn
food,
za[h]g-w-zalbul
child-and-woman: family
225
edibles womenfolk,
dependants,
Weaving a carpet on a loom [/gvap/].
UNIT
11.100.
ELEVEN
B a s i c Sentence;
aga a r a w t , to m a n a m r a v i n .
If he g o e s , I will a l s o go.
aga a r a w t , gwRa m a n a m r a v i n .
If he g o e s , then I will a l s o go.
aga t a w oda r a v a y , to m a n a m kayin.
If you go o v e r t h e r e , I will c o m e t o o .
aga t a w oda r a v a y , gwRa m a n a m kayin.
If you go o v e r t h e r e , then I will c o m e too.
aga t a w oda r a v a y , gwRa m a n a m byayin.
If you go o v e r t h e r e , then I should c o m e too.
aga taw oda r a v a y , to m a n a m b y a y i n ?
If you go o v e r t h e r e , s h a l l I c o m e t o o ?
aga Swma go y a k k d y g a r a m y R y t , to m a aS Swma z a r b a n .
If you fight with e a c h o t h e r , we s h a l l be a n g r y with you.
aga a i S a m m s a k k d a r d k a n a n t , gwRa m a n dyga d a r u e d a y i n .
If h i s e y e s h u r t v e r y m u c h , then I will p r e s c r i b e [lit. give] a n o t h e r m e d i c i n e .
aga t a w gwSnag ay, to e nana b o r !
If you a r e h u n g r y , eat t h e s e [ p i e c e s of] bread!
aga a t w nnag ant, to a v a n a ap byday!
If they a r e t h i r s t y , give t h e m w a t e r !
aga t a w a n g r e z i k a n a g a z a n a y , to gon a i angrezi b^kan!
If you know [how] to s p e a k [lit. then s p e a k E n g l i s h with h i m !
aga b o r S i x a n a p a k y n t , to e S e r g e j a a m o d a [h]er bykanyt!
If the k i t c h e n is c l e a n , put t h i s c a r p e t down o v e r t h e r e !
aga a y r a l a p d a s t ynt, to a y r a [ h j y s p a t a l a bybaryt.'
If he h a s d i a r r h e a [lit. to h i m d i a r r h e a i s ] , t a k e h i m to the h o s p i t a l !
aga Swma Sa v a r a g l o T y t , to m a n Sadana b y r kanin.
If you want to d r i n k t e a , I will put the t e a - k e t t l e on [the f i r e ] .
11. 101.
do] E n g l i s h ,
V a r i o u s v e r b f o r m s a r e found in the " i f ' - c l a u s e of a c o n d i t i o n a l s e n t e n c e :
(a) the i n d i c a t i v e , i n d i c a t i n g that the s p e a k e r c o n s i d e r s the fulfillment of the condition to be v e r y l i k e l y ;
(b) the s u b j u n c t i v e , signifying a condition contingent upon s o m e u n p r e d i c t a b l e
f a c t o r (or f a c t o r s ) ; of s t r o n g a d v i c e . and 11. 3 0 1 .
(c) the i m p e r a t i v e , which e x p r e s s e s a condition having the c o n n o t a t i o n T h e s e p a t t e r n s w i l l be i n t r o d u c e d in t h i s S e c t i o n and in S e e s . 11. 201
T h e " i f ' - c l a u s e m a y a l s o c o n t a i n a p a s t t e n s e v e r b , and t h e r e is a s p e c i a l
v e r b f o r m a t i o n a l s o which d e n o t e s a n i m p o s s i b l e condition - - a condition w h i c h w a s not
227
r e a l i s e d or w h i c h cannot be fulfilled.
T h e s e will be d e s c r i b e d l a t e r .
The " i f ' - c l a u s e u s u a l l y p r e c e d e s the " t h e n " - c l a u s e in a c o n d i t i o n a l s e n t e n c e , but this o r d e r is a l s o o c c a s i o n a l l y r e v e r s e d .
S i m i l a r l y , a l t h o u g h / a g a / "if" n o r m a l l y i n t r o d u c e s
an " i f ' - c l a u s e , t h i s conjunction m a y s o m e t i m e s be o m i t t e d for s t y l i s t i c r e a s o n s .
E.g.
/ b w r o , aga a t a r a l o T i t ! / Go, if he i n v i t e s you! [ M o r e u s u a l l y : / a g a a t a r a l o T i t , to b w r o ! / . ] / t a w ai n a m a z a n a y , to m a n a bwgwS! / [if] you know h i s n a m e , t e l l m e ! The " t h e n " - c l a u s e m a y contain any f o r m of the v e r b .
When the " t h e n " - c l a u s e is
i n t r o d u c e d by / t o / " t h e n " (see S e c . 10. 200 (36)), the c o n n o t a t i o n is one of s i m p l e contingency: "If X, t h e n Y. " When / g w R a / " t h e n " (see Sec. 9. 502) is e m p l o y e d , the r e s u l t is s e e n a s t e m p o r a l l y s e q u e n t i a l and a l s o m o r e e m p h a t i c a l l y c o n t i n g e n t :
"If X, t h e n a f t e r w a r d s and
only then Y. " P e r m i s s i b l e p a t t e r n s for a c o n d i t i o n a l s e n t e n c e c o n t a i n i n g an i n d i c a t i v e v e r b in the " i f ' - c l a u s e include: CONDITIONAL CLAUSE
R E S U L T CLAUSE
/aga/
/ t o / or / g w R a /
Indicative
Indicative
"
"
"
"
"
Subjunctive
"
"
"
"
"
Imperative
Examples: / a g a a b a z a r a r a w t , gwRa p a m m a n gwde k a r i t . / If he g o e s to the m a r k e t , then he will b r i n g a h e a d - c l o t h for m e . [His going is v e r y p r o b a b l e . The r e s u l t is t e m p o r a l l y s e q u e n t i a l and c o n t i n g e n t upon the fulfillment of the condition. ] / a g a a b a z a r a r a w t , to bayd ynt p a m m a n gwde b y a r i t . / If he goes to the m a r k e t , he m u s t b r i n g a h e a d - c l o t h for m e . [His going is p r o b a b l e ; the r e s u l t is subjunctive b e c a u s e of / b a y d y n t / " m u s t . "] / a g a taw b a z a r a r a v a y , to p a m m a n gwde b y a r ! / If you go to the m a r k e t , b r i n g a h e a d - c l o t h for m e ! [Your going is p r o b a b l e ; the r e s u l t is imperative. ] / a g a taw r a v a y , to m a n a m r a v i n . / If you go, I ' l l go too. is p r o b a b l e . My going is contingent. ]
[Your going
/ a g a taw r a v a y ; gwRa m a n a m r a v i n . / If you go, t h e n I w i l l go too. [Your going is p r o b a b l e . Once t h i s condition h a s b e e n fulfilled, THEN I will fulfill the r e s u l t . ] Note that 1st p e r s o n i n d i c a t i v e v e r b s (i. e. in c o n d i t i o n a l c l a u s e s .
with " I " or " w e " a s the subject) a r e r a r e
If the s p e a k e r b e l i e v e s that the condition w i l l p r o b a b l y be r e a l i s e d ,
he m a y c h o o s e to employ a s i m p l e d e c l a r a t i v e s e n t e n c e i n s t e a d of a c o n d i t i o n a l s e n t e n c e . E.g. / a g a m a n b a z a r a r a v i n , to p a r taw t a p a r e bayd ynt b y a r i n . / If I go to the m a r k e t , I m u s t b r i n g an axe for you. [My going is v e r y p r o b a b l e . T h i s m i g h t o t h e r w i s e be e x p r e s s e d a s : ] / m a n b a z a r a r a v i n , aw p a r taw t a p a r e bayd ynt b y a r i n . / I a m going [lit. will go] to the m a r k e t , and [I] m u s t b r i n g an a x e for you.
228
11. 102.
" E a c h o t h e r " i s e x p r e s s e d by / y a k k d y g a [ r ] / , which l i t e r a l l y s i g n i f i e s "one -
o t h e r . " T h i s e x p r e s s i o n is a l w a y s t r e a t e d a s s i n g u l a r . / S e , Swma y a k k d y g a r a z a n y t ? /
E.g.
Do you know e a c h o t h e r ?
/ m a b a z e roS y a k k d y g a r a n a g y n d a n . / other.
Most d a y s we do not s e e e a c h
/ a aS y a k k d y g a r a jwst k a n a g a l a g g a n t . / other. / a y a k k d y g a r a y a[h]vala g y r a n t . / recent news.
11. 103.
They will s t a r t to a s k e a c h
They a s k for [lit.
take] each o t h e r ' s
"To s p e a k (a l a n g u a g e ) " is e x p r e s s e d by a c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n c o n s i s t i n g
of the n a m e of the l a n g u a g e + / k a n a g / "to do, m a k e . " E . g. / a a n g r e z i kant. /
He s p e a k s E n g l i s h .
/ m a n baloSi kanaga nazanin. /
11. 104.
I d o n ' t know [how] to s p e a k B a l u c h i .
/ b o r S i x a n a / " k i t c h e n " i s a compound c o n s i s t i n g of / b o r S i / " c o o k " + / x a n a /
" h o u s e of, r o o m of, p l a c e of. " / x a n a / is v e r y c o m m o n a s the s e c o n d e l e m e n t in such compounds.
Other examples include: /memanxana/ /Dakxana/
11.200.
guest-house,
post-office.
[ / m e m a n / " g u e s t . "]
[/Dak/ "mail, p o s t . "
See S e c .
6.110.]
Basic Sentences.
aga a b y r a w t , to m a n a m r a v i n .
If he g o e s [lit.
m a y go], I will a l s o go.
aga a b y r a w t , gwRa m a n a m r a v i n .
If he goes [lit. go.
m a y go], then I will a l s o
aga t a w oda b y r a v a y , to m a n a m kayin.
If you go [lit. c o m e too.
aga t a w oda b y r a v a y , gwRa m a n a m kayin.
If you go [lit. m a y go] o v e r t h e r e , then I w i l l c o m e too.
oga taw oda b y r a v a y , gwRa m a n a m b y a y i n .
If you go [lit. m a y go] o v e r t h e r e , then I should c o m e too.
aga t a w oda b y r a v a y , to m a n a m b y a y i n ?
If you go [lit. come too?
aga t a w e s a b a k a y z d a b y k a n a y , gwRa m a n vaSS bin.
If you m e m o r i s e [lit. m a y m e m o r i s e ] t h e s e l e s s o n s , then I s h a l l be happy.
aga t a w t u p a k k a m a b a r a y , to Sykar n a y a r a y .
If you do not t a k e [lit. m a y not t a k e ] the gun, you w i l l not b r i n g [ h o m e a n y ] g a m e .
229
m a y go] o v e r t h e r e , I will
m a y go] o v e r t h e r e , s h a l l I
aga a a m m a y m e m a n x a n a a b w a s p a n t , to jvan ynt.
If they s l e e p [lit. m a y s l e e p ] in our guest h o u s e , it is good.
aga Swma d a r g a g a kwlp b y k a n y t , to dwzz gysa n a p w t r a n t .
If you lock [lit. m a y l o c k ] the d o o r s , t h i e v e s will not e n t e r the h o u s e .
aga Swma la[h]te roS a m y d a bybyt, to m a vaSS b a n .
If you stay [lit. m a y b e ] h e r e a few d a y s , we will be happy.
aga m a n t u p a k k a y j a n a g a b y z a n i n , to [h]ar roS Sykar kanin.
If I knew [lit. m a y know] [how] to shoot a gun, I'd hunt e v e r y day.
aga Swma S a p - w - r o S k a r k a n a g a b y l a g g y t , to e k a r zut a l a s bit.
If you begin [lit. m a y b e g i n ] to w o r k day and night, t h i s t a s k w i l l be finished soon.
aga a byji[h]it, to taw a m byji[h]!
If he r u n s away [lit. r u n away too!
aga k a s s aS taw Sie bwdwzzit, to a y r a byjanj
If s o m e o n e s t e a l s [lit. m a y s t e a l ] s o m e thing f r o m you, b e a t h i m !
aga k a s s a p w T a g b y g i r t , to a y r a e d a r u a bydayyt!
If s o m e o n e c a t c h e s s m a l l p o x [lit. if s m a l l p o x m a y c a t c h s o m e o n e ] , give h i m these medicines!
aga t a r a ginryS b y g i r t , to gysa b y t r a [ h ] !
If you c a t c h a cold [lit. you], r e s t at h o m e !
aga m a Sa[h]ra b y g a r d a n , to balky a m a dwzza bygyndan.
If we walk a r o u n d [lit. m a y w a l k a r o u n d ] the city, p e r h a p s we m a y s e e t h o s e [ v e r y ] thieves.
11. 2 0 1 .
m a y r u n a w a y ] , you
if cold m a y c a t c h
When a condition is c o n s i d e r e d to be p o s s i b l e but contingent upon c e r t a i n
unknown or u n p r e d i c t a b l e f a c t o r s , a subjunctive v e r b is e m p l o y e d in the " i f ' - c l a u s e of the conditional sentence.
Again, the " t h e n " - c l a u s e m a y contain any f o r m of the v e r b .
P e r m i s s i b l e p a t t e r n s thus include: CONDITIONAL CLAUSE
R E S U L T CLAUSE
/aga/
/ t o / or / g w R a /
Subjunctive
Indicative
II
ii
II
II
Subjunctive
II
11
II
II
Imperative
Examples: / a g a a b a z a r a b y r a w t , gwRa p a m m a n gwde k a r i t . / If he g o e s [lit. m a y go] to the m a r k e t , then he will b r i n g a h e a d - c l o t h for m e . [His going is p o s s i b l e , although u n c e r t a i n and contingent. If the condition is r e a l i s e d , h o w e v e r , then the r e s u l t will a l s o be r e a l i s e d . ] / a g a a b a z a r a b y r a w t , to bayd ynt p a m m a n gwde b y a r i t . / If he g o e s [lit. m a y go] to the m a r k e t , he m u s t b r i n g a h e a d - c l o t h for m e . [His going is contingent; the r e s u l t is subjunctive b e c a u s e of / b a y d y n t / " m u s t . "] / a g a taw b a z a r a b y r a v a y , to p a m m a n gwde b y a r ! / go] to the m a r k e t , b r i n g a h e a d - c l o t h for m e !
230
If you go [lit.
may
/ t o / a n d / g w R a / a r e a s d e s c r i b e d in S e c . 1 1 . 1 0 1 .
E.g.
/ a g a Swma d a s t bwSodyt, to m a nun n a n k a r a n . / If you w a s h [lit. w a s h ] [ y o u r ] h a n d s , we w i l l b r i n g food [lit. b r e a d ] now.
may
/ a g a Swma d a s t bwSodyt, gwRa m a n a n k a r a n . / If you w a s h [lit. m a y w a s h ] [ y o u r ] h a n d s , then [only a f t e r the c o n d i t i o n is r e a l i s e d ] we will b r i n g food [lit. b r e a d ] . F i r s t p e r s o n s u b j u n c t i v e v e r b s a r e c o m m o n in the " i f ' - c l a u s e of c o n d i t i o n a l s e n t e n c e s . Compare Sec. 11.101.
E.g.
/ a g a m a n t a i l a n g a r a joR b y k a n i n , to taw m a n a Synka p a y s a g d a y a y . / If I r e p a i r [lit. m a y build, c o n s t r u c t ] y o u r plow, how m u c h m o n e y will you give m e ? [The condition is p o s s i b l e but c o n t i n g e n t . ] / a g a m a n e k a s a r a n g b y d a y i n , to a y a k k k o n T e gvapit. / If I dye [lit. m a y dye] t h i s s h e e p s ' wool, she will w e a v e a c o a r s e - r u g .
11. 202.
/ S y k a r / d e n o t e s both " g a m e (the a n i m a l h u n t e d ) " and "hunting, the hunt. "
E.g. / t a w Se Sykar k a r a y . /
What g a m e will you b r i n g ?
/ m a n [hjar roS Sykar kanin. / I hunt e v e r y day. [The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n / S y k a r k a n a g / d e n o t e s "to hunt. "] /banda ma Sykara ravan. / tomorrow.
11. 2 0 3 . stealth:
We will go hunting [lit.
go on the hunt]
In c e r t a i n c o n t e x t s , / p w t r a g / "to e n t e r " h a s c o n n o t a t i o n s of e n t r a n c e by
"to c r e e p into, s n e a k into. " In o t h e r e n v i r o n m e n t s , h o w e v e r , it is p r a c t i c a l l y
s y n o n y m o u s with / t a h a [ k j a y a g / "to c o m e i n s i d e " or / t a h a r a v a g / "to go i n s i d e . " E . g. / m a r v a t i konDa p w t r i t . / "hole, den. "]
The s n a k e c r a w l s into i t s h o l e .
/ d w z z balky gysa b w p w t r a n t . / / m a n ai gysa napwtrin. /
11. 204.
[/konD/
The t h i e v e s m a y p e r h a p s e n t e r the h o u s e .
I will not e n t e r his h o u s e .
/ l a [ h ] t / " s o m e , a few, s e v e r a l " h a s m u c h the s a m e m e a n i n g a s / S i e /
"some.
/ l a [ h ] t / i s u s e d only of c o u n t a b l e a g g r e g a t e s , h o w e v e r , while / S i e / m a y be e m p l o y e d both with c o u n t a b l e o b j e c t s and with m a s s n o u n s . does / S i e / .
/ l a [ h ] t / a l s o d e n o t e s a s m a l l e r quantity t h a n
E . g. / m a n i la[h]te s a n g a t t b a n d a k o T a a r a v a n t . / S e v e r a l of m y f r i e n d s will go to Quetta t o m o r r o w . [ / S i e / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e h e r e but a p p e a r s to denote a somewhat l a r g e r n u m b e r . ] / g o m a n la[h]te r w p p i ant. / I h a v e s o m e [a few, s e v e r a l ] r u p e e s . [Again, / S i e / can be s u b s t i t u t e d . ] / [ h ] a r roS l a [ h ] t e n a p w T a g g i r t . / E v e r y day s e v e r a l c a t c h s m a l l p o x . [ L i t . E v e r y day s m a l l p o x c a t c h e s s e v e r a l . / S i e n a / is p o s s i b l e but p e r h a p s not quite a s i d i o m a t i c . ] / m a n a Sie Sir d a r k a r ynt. / I n e e d s o m e m i l k [ / S i r / " m i l k " is a m a s s noun, and / l a [ h ] t e / cannot be e m p l o y e d with it. ]
231
11.205.
/ g y r a g / "to g r a s p , s e i z e , c a t c h , b u y " is e m p l o y e d for "to c a t c h " with / p w T a g /
" s m a l l p o x " and / g i n r y S / "cold, c a t a r r h " (and with the n a m e s of v a r i o u s o t h e r d i s e a s e s a s well).
Unlike E n g l i s h , h o w e v e r , in B a l u c h i the d i s e a s e " c a t c h e s " the p a t i e n t ,
than v i c e - v e r s a .
rather
I d i o m a t i c a l l y , / g y r a g / is not e m p l o y e d with / l a p d a s t / " d i a r r h e a " ;
i n s t e a d , / k a n a g / "to do, m a k e " is u s e d .
Again, the d i s e a s e is the g r a m m a t i c a l subject
and the p a t i e n t the object. "To have (a d i s e a s e ) " is e x p r e s s e d a s "To X [the p a t i e n t ] Y [the d i s e a s e ] i s . " E . g. / b a l k y a y r a p w T a g b y g i r t . / P e r h a p s he m a y c a t c h s m a l l p o x . P e r h a p s smallpox may catch him. ]
[Lit.
/ o m e t ynt, ky m a n a ginryS m a g i r t . / [i] hope that I d o n ' t c a t c h cold. [Lit. Hope is that cold m a y not c a t c h m e . ] / a y r a l a p d a s t kant. / / a v a n a p w T a g ynt. /
11. 300.
He h a s d i a r r h e a .
[Lit.
They have s m a l l p o x .
Diarrhea does him. ]
[Lit.
To t h e m s m a l l p o x i s . ]
Basic Sentences
aga taw tupakka m a b a r , to p w l i s t a r a n a g i r t .
If you do not take [lit. do not t a k e ! ] the gun, the p o l i c e will not a r r e s t [lit. c a t c h ] you.
aga taw e k a r a bykan, to baz z a r r k a T T a y .
If you do [lit. do! ] t h i s w o r k , you will earn much money.
aga Swma e d w z z a m a p a T T y t , to a aS Sa[h]ra dar ravant.
If you do not s e a r c h for [lit. do not s e a r c h for! ] t h e s e t h i e v e s , they w i l l l e a v e the city.
aga taw [hjar roS riSa b y s a [ h ] , to t a i jan vaSS bit.
If you shave [lit. s h a v e ! ] [ y o u r ] b e a r d e v e r y d a y ; y o u r wife will be happy.
11. 3 0 1 .
When an i m p e r a t i v e v e r b o c c u r s in the " i f ' - c l a u s e of a c o n d i t i o n a l s e n t e n c e ,
it c a r r i e s c o n n o t a t i o n s of s t r o n g a d v i c e .
The s p e a k e r feels that the condition should be
r e a l i s e d , and that then the r e s u l t would a l s o be fulfilled. c o n t a i n any v e r b f o r m .
Again, the r e s u l t c l a u s e m a y
P e r m i s s i b l e patterns are thus;
CONDITIONAL CLAUSE
R E S U L T CLAUSE
/aga/
/ t o / or / g w R a /
Imperative
II
M
II
M
"
Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Examples / a g a taw e d a r u a b o r , to joR bay. / you will get w e l l .
If you take [lit.
eat! ] t h i s m e d i c i n e ,
/ a g a taw a y r a d r w s t [ h ] a b a r a bwgwS, to balky t a r a m a j a n t . / If you t e l l [lit. t e l l ! ] h i m a l l of the m a t t e r s , p e r h a p s he m a y not b e a t you.
232
/ a g a taw Sykar b y k a n , to p a r ai Sie gost d e m b y d a y ! / hunt! ], send s o m e m e a t for h i m !
11.400.
If you hunt [lit.
Basic Sentences.
m a n go t a p a r a d a r a gwDDaga wn,
I a m chopping the wood with the a x e
t a w annun Se k a r k a n a g a ay.
What w o r k a r e you doing n o w ?
a go k a r S e a pwSSa b w r r a g a ynt.
He is cutting the cloth with a knife,
m a y a x x a l a r z a g a an.
We a r e s h i v e r i n g in the cold.
Swma p a r Se a Sia p a T T a g a yt.
Why a r e you s e a r c h i n g for t h o s e t h i n g s ?
m a n i jynykk go noke Sakka m a [ h ] p a r a r a n d a g a ant.
My d a u g h t e r s a r e c o m b i n g [ t h e i r ] h a i r with the new c o m b s .
m a n nun [h]ySS k a r n a k a n a g a wn.
I a m not doing any w o r k now.
Se, t a w joR n a b u a g a a y ?
A r e you not getting w e l l ?
b o r S i s a w z i a k o T a g a na ynt.
The cook is not cutting up the v e g e t a b l e s ,
aga a g r e v a g a ynt, to a y r a vaSS kan!
If he is c r y i n g , c h e e r h i m up [lit. h i m happy]!
aga a i b r a s a y r a t a v a r k a n a g a ant, to taw b a y d ynt a y r a bwgwS!
If h i s b r o t h e r s a r e c a l l i n g [lit. v o i c e ] h i m , you m u s t t e l l h i m !
aga a v a s p a g a ant, to Swma t a v a r - t a v a r makanyt!
If they a r e s l e e p i n g , d o n ' t m a k e [any] n o i s e [lit. do not m a k e v o i c e - v o i c e ] . '
11. 4 0 1 .
make
making
The " c o n t i n u a t i v e " f o r m a t i o n c o n s i s t s of the infinitive (see S e c . 7. 901) + the
" s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / , followed by s o m e f o r m of / b u a g / "to b e , b e c o m e . "
Taken
l i t e r a l l y , t h u s , a f o r m like / r a v a g a w n / "[I] a m g o i n g " m i g h t be t r a n s l a t e d "[I] a m on the going. " The c o n t i n u a t i v e f o r m a t i o n d e n o t e s an a c t i o n o r s t a t e which e x i s t s c o n t i n u o u s l y o v e r a p e r i o d of t i m e . auxiliary.
The t e n s e and m o d e of the a c t i o n depend upon the o c c u r r i n g f o r m of the
T h u s , the p r e s e n t c o n t i n u a t i v e s e e n in S e c . 11. 400 is e m p l o y e d for an a c t i o n
or s t a t e b e g u n in the (usually r e c e n t ) p a s t and extending t h r o u g h the p r e s e n t into the f u t u r e . The p r e s e n t c o n t i n u a t i v e is a l s o s o m e t i m e s e m p l o y e d for an a c t i o n or s t a t e a s yet not b e g u n but w h i c h w i l l b e g i n in the i m m e d i a t e future ( c o m p a r e E n g l i s h , E.g. / m a n k a r k a n a g a wn. / / a t a S a g a ynt. /
I a m working,
He is r u n n i n g .
233
"I a m going t o m o r r o w . ")
/ t a w p a r Se g r e v a g a ay. /
Why a r e you c r y i n g ?
/ m a r o S i a k o T a a r a v a g a ant. / T o d a y they a r e going to Q u e t t a . [Although they a r e not a c t u a l l y in the p r o c e s s of going, t h i s a c t i o n w i l l take p l a c e in the i m m e d i a t e f u t u r e . ] Two n e g a t i v e f o r m s of the p r e s e n t c o n t i n u a t i v e f o r m a t i o n a r e p o s s i b l e : (1)
The n e g a t i v e p r e f i x / n a / (etc. ) + the infinitive + / a / , followed by a p r e s e n t t e n s e f o r m of / b u a g / .
E . g.
/ m a n k a r n a k a n a g a wn. /
I a m not w o r k i n g .
/ m a Sa joR n a k a n a g a an. /
We a r e not m a k i n g t e a .
/ m a y s a n g a t t n a y a y a g a ant. / (2)
Our f r i e n d s a r e not c o m i n g .
The infinitive + / a / , followed by / n a / , followed by a p r e s e n t t e n s e f o r m of / b u a g / . V a r i o u s i n f o r m a n t s felt that t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e w a s slightly l e s s fluent, though still " c o r r e c t . " E. g. / m a n k a r k a n a g a na wn. /
I a m not w o r k i n g .
/ a k a s a r a n g d a y a g a na ynt. /
She is not dyeing the s h e e p s ' wool.
The p r e s e n t c o n t i n u a t i v e f o r m a t i o n is a l s o found in c o n d i t i o n a l c l a u s e s .
Since the
a u x i l i a r y v e r b is i n d i c a t i v e it d e n o t e s a condition having a high likelihood of r e a l i s a t i o n (see Sec. 11. 101).
E . g.
/ a g a a vanoga ynt, to a y r a byll! /
If he is r e a d i n g , let h i m [alone].'
/ a g a taw [h]ySS k a r n a k a n a g a ay, to go m a n bya! / any w o r k , c o m e with m e !
11. 402.
If you a r e not doing
T h r e e v e r b s l o o s e l y t r a n s l a t a b l e a s "to c u t " w e r e i n t r o d u c e d in S e c . 11. 400:
/ g w D D a g / "to cut with a chopping m o t i o n , to chop, hack, cut down"; with a slicing m o t i o n (as with a knife, a p a i r of s c i s s o r s , e t c . )";
/ b w r r a g / "to cut
and / k o T a g / "to cut to
p i e c e s , chop up into p i e c e s . "
11. 403.
/ t a v a r / "voice, sound, c a l l " is e m p l o y e d in the c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n
/ t a v a r k a n a g / "to c a l l t o , shout at. " The r e d u p l i c a t e d compound / t a v a r - t a v a r / d e n o t e s " n o i s e , c o m m o t i o n , " and / t a v a r - t a v a r k a n a g / t h u s signifies "to m a k e n o i s e . " u s e s of r e d u p l i c a t i o n in B a l u c h i will be d e s c r i b e d in l a t e r S e c t i o n s . / m a n ai t a v a r a nawSkynin. / / m o T a l a y t a v a r ynt. /
E . g.
I do not h e a r his v o i c e .
[ T h e r e ] is the sound of the c a r .
/ b a S a k k t a v a r - t a v a r kanaga ant. /
11. 500.
Further
The c h i l d r e n a r e m a k i n g n o i s e .
Basic Sentences,
m a n s v a r a g a ko[h]a l a g g a g a bin.
I s h a l l be c l i m b i n g the m o u n t a i n at lunch
[time].
234
Se, t a w y m S a p i v a n a g a b a y ?
Will you be studying t o n i g h t ?
a b e g a a g v a z i k a n a g a bit.
He will be p l a y i n g [a g a m e ] t h i s e v e n i n g .
m a b a n d a soba v a s p a g a n a b a n .
We s h a l l not be s l e e p i n g t o m o r r o w m o r n i n g .
Se, Swma m a r o S i aS yda g v a z a g a n a b y t ?
Will you not be p a s s i n g by h e r e t o d a y ?
t a w e k a r a k a n a g a bwbui
Go on doing t h i s t a s k !
Swma So [ h j a r a b e k a r k a n a g a m a b y t !
Do not go on doing such bad t h i n g s [lit.
work].' v a x t e ky a m y r a g a b y b i t , gwRa taw D a k s a r a karay?
When he will be [lit. m a y b e ] dying, then will you b r i n g a d o c t o r ? [I. e. Will you wait until he is dying b e f o r e you b r i n g a doctor ? ]
[ h ] a r vaxt ky Swma v a s p a g a bybyt, gwRa a
W h e n e v e r you will be [lit. m a y b e ] s l e e p i n g , then h e ' l l r u n a w a y .
ji[h]it. aga t a w k a r k a n a g a m a b a y , gwRa m a n kayin.
11. 5 0 1 .
If you will not be [lit. then I s h a l l c o m e .
m a y not b e ] w o r k i n g ,
F u t u r e , s u b j u n c t i v e , and i m p e r a t i v e f o r m s of the c o n t i n u a t i v e f o r m a t i o n
c o n s i s t of the infinitive + / a / , followed by the p r o p e r t e n s e - m o d e - p e r son f o r m of the auxiliary.
E . g. / t a w gallaga drwSaga bay. /
You will be g r i n d i n g the w h e a t .
/ a g a taw g a l l a g a d r w S a g a b y b a y , to m a n dyga k a r kanin. / If you will be [lit. m a y b e ] g r i n d i n g the wheat, I ' l l do [ s o m e ] o t h e r job. / t a w g a l l a g a d r w S a g a bwbu.'/
Go on g r i n d i n g the w h e a t !
In the n e g a t i v e f o r m s of t h e s e c o n s t r u c t i o n s the n e g a t i v e p r e f i x / n a / (etc. ) d o e s NOT o c c u r with the infinitive;
i n s t e a d , it is found with the a u x i l i a r y .
C o m p a r e S e c . 11. 4 0 1 .
E.g. / m a n Sykar k a n a g a nabin. / bin/. ]
I s h a l l not be hunting.
[Not '"/Sykar n a k a n a g a
/ a g a a d i v a n k a n a g a m a b a n t , to Swma bayd ynt padi byayyt! / If they a r e not [lit. m a y not b e ] holding a p a r t y , you m u s t c o m e b a c k . [Not '"/divan n a k a n a g a b a n t / . ] / t a w SoSe [ h j a b a r gwSaga m a b u ! / [ N e v e r ' " / m a g w S a g a bu/.' ]
11. 502.
Do not go on saying such t h i n g s !
/ v a x t e [ k y ] / l i t e r a l l y m e a n s "a t i m e [ t h a t ] . " It is c o m m o n l y e m p l o y e d for
"when. " It is a l s o often i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e with / [ h ] a r vaxt k y / , / [ h ] a r k a d e k y / , and o t h e r e x p r e s s i o n s for " w h e n e v e r " (see S e c . 9. 501).
Like t h e s e e x p r e s s i o n s , / v a x t e [ k y ] / is
a l s o u s u a l l y followed by the s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m of the v e r b when the s e n t e n c e r e f e r s to present-future time.
In s e n t e n c e s r e f e r r i n g to p a s t t i m e , of c o u r s e , the v e r b of a c l a u s e
235
i n t r o d u c e d by / v a x t e [ k y ] / (etc. ) m u s t be in one of t h e p a s t t e n s e s .
E . g.
/ v a x t e ky m a n b ^ r a v i n , gwRa p a r t a w y a k k Sakke k a r i n . / When I go [lit. m a y go], t h e n I ' l l b r i n g a c o m b for you. [ / [ h j a r vaxt k y / , /[h]ar kade k y / , etc. a r e substitutable. ] / v a x t e ky m a v a r a g a b y b a n , gwRa a k a y t . / When we a r e [lit. m a y be] e a t i n g , then he c o m e s . / v a x t e ky a p a d i b a y t , gwRa a t a r a z a r r a dant. / When he c o m e s [lit. m a y c o m e ] b a c k , then he will give you the m o n e y .
11.600.
Basic Sentences,
m a n d e m a r a v a n wn.
I k e e p on going a h e a d .
Se, taw tanynga g r e v a n a y ?
Do you s t i l l k e e p on w e e p i n g ?
sobay y s t a r d a r k a p a n ynt.
The m o r n i n g s t a r [lit. the s t a r of the m o r n i n g ] k e e p s a p p e a r i n g [lit. k e e p s falling out].
m a tanynga e Sypia gvapa na an.
We a r e not s t i l l w e a v i n g t h i s f i n e - r u g ,
Se, Swma ra[h]a nynda b y t ?
Will you k e e p s i t t i n g on [the side of] the road?
a [hjar Dawla k a r kana bant.
They will k e e p w o r k i n g in any c a s e ,
m a n a vaxta Sia g y r a nabin.
I will not be buying t h i n g s [ s t i l l ] at that time.
a m e g w r k Swmay m e S a g y r r a bant,
T h e s e [ s a m e ] w o l v e s will k e e p d r a g g i n g off y o u r s h e e p .
taw balky pwSS Soda bybay.
P e r h a p s you m a y [ s t i l l ] be w a s h i n g c l o t h e s
Se, a anga d e m a r a v a b y b i t ?
Should he s t i l l k e e p going a h e a d ?
[h]onay jo[h] taSa bybant,
Let s t r e a m s of blood k e e p flowing [lit. running].'
Se, a Sayr jana m a b a n t ?
Should they not k e e p s i n g i n g ?
taw b a y d ynt nan paSa bwbu, tanky d r w s t m e m a n ser bykanant!
You m u s t k e e p baking [lit. cooking] b r e a d , so that a l l the g u e s t s m a y eat t h e i r fill [lit. m a y m a k e full]!
Swma d a r k a r a bybyt, tanky d r w s t e Sap a s r o k bybit!
K e e p b r i n g i n g wood, so that the fire m a y be lit a l l night [long]!
taw bayd ynt doSa mobu!
You m u s t not k e e p sewing,
236
Swma Sap j a n a m a b y t !
11.601. /an/-/a/,
Do not k e e p d a n c i n g !
The " i t e r a t i v e " f o r m a t i o n c o n s i s t s of the p r e s e n t s t e m of the v e r b + a suffix
followed by s o m e f o r m of / b u a g / "to b e , b e c o m e . " Although s o m e t i m e s the
s a m e in t r a n s l a t i o n , t h i s f o r m a t i o n d i f f e r s f r o m the c o n t i n u a t i v e f o r m d i s c u s s e d in S e c . 11. 5 0 1 :
for e x a m p l e , w h e r e a s / r a v a g a y n t / "is g o i n g " d e n o t e s an a c t i o n c o n t i n u o u s l y in
p r o g r e s s a t the t i m e of the u t t e r a n c e (or e l s e an a c t i o n which w i l l b e g i n in the i m m e d i a t e f u t u r e ) , / r a v a n y n t / s i g n i f i e s e i t h e r "is [ s t i l l ] g o i n g " - - a n a c t i o n begun in the p a s t which is p r o l o n g e d into the p r e s e n t - - o r e l s e " k e e p s going, " an a c t i o n which is r e p e a t e d o v e r and o v e r d u r i n g an indefinite p e r i o d of p a s t - p r e s e n t t i m e . T h e i t e r a t i v e f o r m a t i o n is s t y l i s t i c a l l y s o m e w h a t m o r e l i t e r a r y (and a l s o r a t h e r l e s s c o m m o n ) t h a n the c o n t i n u a t i v e .
E. g.
/ S e , a anga k a r k a n a n ynt. / Is he s t i l l w o r k i n g ? being p r o l o n g e d o v e r a p e r i o d of t i m e . ]
[The a c t i o n is s e e n a s
/ e v a x t a ko[h]a b a r p kapa bit. / At t h i s t i m e snow will k e e p falling in the m o u n t a i n s . [The a c t i o n is p r o l o n g e d and r e p e a t e d o v e r a p e r i o d of t i m e , / k a p a g a b i t / d e n o t e s "will be [ c o n t i n u o u s l y ] falling. "] / S w m a z a r r daya bybyt! / K e e p giving m o n e y ! r e p e a t e d o v e r an indefinite p e r i o d . ]
[The a c t i o n is to be
Note that in t h i s f o r m a t i o n the n e g a t i v e e l e m e n t o c c u r s b e f o r e the a u x i l i a r y and n e v e r b e f o r e the m a i n v e r b s t e m .
E . g.
/ m a g r e v a na an. /
We do not k e e p weepings
/ b r a s a , gal kana mabyt.' / '"/gal m a k a n a b y t / . ]
11. 602.
[Never '"/nagrevan an/. ]
B r o t h e r s , do not k e e p r e j o i c i n g !
[Never
In t r a n s l a t i o n , / a n g a / " s t i l l , y e t " often a p p e a r s to be s y n o n y m o u s with / t a n y n g a /
"up to now, s t i l l , y e t " ( s e e S e c . 9. 405), although s t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g , / a n g a / l a c k s the p r e s e n t t e n s e r e f e r e n c e of / t a n y n g a / .
In s o m e c o n t e x t s , / a n g a / is a l s o roughly t r a n s l a t a b l e a s
" h o w e v e r . " E . g. / a tanynga [ h j y s p a t a l a ynt. / He is s t i l l in the h o s p i t a l . r e a l l y m e a n s "up to t h i s t i m e . " C o m p a r e : ] / a anga [ h j y s p a t a l a ynt. / He is s t i l l in the h o s p i t a l . h o s p i t a l h a s b e e n p r o l o n g e d into the p r e s e n t . ] / S e , taw tanynga gwSnag a y ? /
[His stay in the
A r e you s t i l l h u n g r y ?
/ S e , taw anga gwSnag a y ? / A r e you s t i l l h u n g r y ? big d i n n e r you have j u s t e a t e n . ] / S e , a v a t i g y s a tanynga kwlp n a k a n t ? / [I. e. up to the p r e s e n t t i m e . ]
["Still" h e r e
[I. e.
[I. e.
up to now. ]
even after the
D o e s he not lock his h o u s e y e t ?
/ S e , a v a t i g y s a anga kwlp n a k a n t ? / D o e s he s t i l l not lock h i s h o u s e ? [I. e. even a f t e r a l l that h a s h a p p e n e d . ] / a b o r S i anga aS eSi j v a n ynt. / b e t t e r than t h i s [one].
That cook, h o w e v e r [lit.
/ m a y d r w s t s a n g a t t k a y a n t . Se, taw anga n a y a y a y ? / will c o m e . Will you s t i l l not c o m e ?
237
s t i l l , y e t ] , is
All of o u r f r i e n d s
/ t a n y n g a Sap ynt. /
It is s t i l l night.
/ t a n y n g a anga Sap ynt. /
11.603.
[I. e.
up to now.
Compare: ]
It is s t i l l night up to now.
/ t a n k y / "so t h a t , in o r d e r t h a t " i s , of c o u r s e , r e l a t e d to / t a n a / " u n t i l , up t o "
(Sec. 8 . 2 0 0 ( 3 2 ) ) , / t a [ b a ] / "up t o , u n t i l , t o " (Sec. 6 . 3 0 3 ) , and / t a n y n g a / "up to now, s t i l l , y e t " ( S e e s . 9. 405 and 11. 602). a subjunctive verb,
A p r e s e n t t e n s e c l a u s e i n t r o d u c e d by / t a n k y / often c o n t a i n s
/ t a n k y / will be d i s c u s s e d f u r t h e r in Sec. 18. 200 (4).
/ t a w Sie d a r b y a r , tanky m a n a s a r o k b y k a n i n ! / that I m a y light the f i r e !
B r i n g s o m e wood,
/ a v a t i gysa kwlp kant, tanky dwzz m a p w t r a n t . / that t h i e v e s m a y not e n t e r .
He l o c k s h i s h o u s e ,
/ m a n t a r a e d a r u a dayin, tanky taw zut joR b y b a y . / m e d i c i n e , in o r d e r that you m a y get w e l l soon.
11. 604.
E . g. so so
I w i l l give you t h i s
/ s e r / "full" is u s e d only in the s e n s e of " s a t i a t e d , full (of food and d r i n k ) . "
It is thus not s y n o n y m o u s with / p w r r / "full. " / s e r / o c c u r s in v a r i o u s c o m p l e x v e r b a l formations.
E . g. / t a w bayd ynt s e r b y k a n a y . /
You m u s t eat y o u r fill.
/ m a n aS e nana v a t a r a s e r kanin. / bread. / n u n m a n s e r wn. /
I will eat m y fill of t h e s e [ p i e c e s of]
Now I a m full.
/ e D a g a r s e r ynt. / T h i s land is s a t u r a t e d . T h i s is a m e t a p h o r i c a l u s a g e . ]
[I. e.
i r r i g a t e d to c a p a c i t y .
/ m a n za[h]ga s e r dayin. / I will m a k e the child eat i t s fill, "to m a k e , let s o m e o n e eat t h e i r fill. "]
11. 700.
[/ser
dayag/
Basic Sentences.
m a n r a v a g i wn.
I have to [intend to, have the c a p a c i t y to] go.
taw e d a r a gwDDagi ay,
You have to [intend to, have the c a p a c i t y to] chop t h i s wood.
a a y r a kwSagi ynt.
He h a s to [ i n t e n d s to, h a s the c a p a c i t y to] kill h i m .
m a yakk lypapage g y r a g i an.
We have to [intend t o , have the c a p a c i t y to] buy an e n v e l o p e .
Se, Swma la[h]te T y k a T T g y r a g i yt ?
Do you have to [intend t o , h a v e the c a p a c i t y to] buy s o m e s t a m p s ?
a g a r m e pwSS poSagi ant.
They have to [intend t o , have the c a p a c i t y to] put on [ w e a r ] w a r m c l o t h e s .
238
a m m a y s a r d a r r a v a g i ynt.
O u r chief h a s to [ i n t e n d s t o , h a s the c a p a c i t y to] go.
a m m a y s a r d a r r a v a g i ant.
O u r c h i e f s have to [intend to, have the c a p a c i t y to] go.
s a r d a r e b a S a k k a j a n a g i ynt.
The chief h a s to [ i n t e n d s t o , h a s the c a p a c i t y to] b e a t t h i s boy.
t a i p y s s e k a r a k a n a g i ynt.
Your f a t h e r h a s to [ i n t e n d s t o , h a s the c a p a c i t y to] do t h i s t a s k .
y m S a p i Swmay b r a s v a n a g i ant,
T h i s evening y o u r b r o t h e r s have to [intend t o , have the c a p a c i t y to] study.
m a n k a r k a n a g i na wn.
I do not have to [do not intend to, do not have the c a p a c i t y to] w o r k .
11. 7 0 1 .
The " o b l i g a t o r y " f o r m a t i o n c o n s i s t s of the infinitive + a suffix / i / ,
by s o m e f o r m of / b u a g / "to b e , b e c o m e . " T h e r e a r e two s u b j e c t - o b j e c t - v e r b
followed
agreement
p a t t e r n s for t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n , e a c h with its own r a n g e of m e a n i n g s and c o n n o t a t i o n s . f i r s t of t h e s e , c a l l e d " O b l i g a t o r y P a t t e r n A, " h a s b e e n i n t r o d u c e d in S e c . 1 1 . 7 0 0 .
The
The
s e m a n t i c s u b j e c t is n o m i n a t i v e , the object is o b j e c t i v e , and the a u x i l i a r y v e r b a g r e e s in p e r s o n - n u m b e r with the s u b j e c t . This pattern e x p r e s s e s :
(a) m i l d c o m p u l s i o n upon the s u b j e c t :
the intent or will of the s u b j e c t : the s u b j e c t to p e r f o r m the a c t i o n :
"to intend to, feel l i k e " ;
"to have t o " ;
(b)
or (c) the a b i l i t y or c a p a c i t y of
"to have the c a p a c i t y to, be able to. " Note that in the
t h i r d of t h e s e m e a n i n g s t h i s p a t t e r n signifies only p h y s i c a l or m e n t a l a b i l i t y ;
it d o e s not
i n c l u d e p e r m i s s i v e n e s s , m e a n s , o r o t h e r a s p e c t s of p o t e n t i a l i t y (these a r e e x p r e s s e d by a n o t h e r v e r b f o r m a t i o n , to be i n t r o d u c e d l a t e r ) .
All t h r e e of t h e s e m e a n i n g s m a y c o e x i s t
and o v e r l a p in any given u t t e r a n c e , of c o u r s e , but the m o s t frequent and p r e d o m i n a n t s i g n i f i c a t i o n of O b l i g a t o r y P a t t e r n A a p p e a r s to be that of m i l d c o m p u l s i o n . / a ji[h]agi ynt. /
E . g.
He h a s to [ i n t e n d s to, h a s the c a p a c i t y to] run a w a y .
/ m a n a y r a kwSagi wn. / him.
I have to [intend to, have the c a p a c i t y to] kill
/ b a S a k k Sie kytab g y r a g i ant. / The b o y s have to [intend t o , have the c a p a c i t y to] buy s o m e b o o k s . T h e n e g a t i v e e l e m e n t a l w a y s o c c u r s b e f o r e the a u x i l i a r y v e r b and n e v e r b e f o r e the main verb stem.
E . g. / m a e k a r a k a n a g i na an. / t o ] do t h i s t a s k .
We do not have to [intend to, have the c a p a c i t y
A s h a s b e e n s e e n for o t h e r such f o r m a t i o n s , the a u x i l i a r y v e r b m a y o c c u r in v a r i o u s t e n s e s and m o d e s .
E . g. / m a n a y r a kwSagi bin. / I will have to [will intend to, will have the c a p a c i t y to] kill h i m .
239
/ [ h j a y a l ynt, ky a a i [ h j a r o s a r a v a g i m a b a n t . / [I] t h i n k t h a t t h e y m a y not have to [ m a y not intend t o , m a y not have t h e c a p a c i t y t o j go to his wedding.
11.800.
Basic Sentences,
m a n a r a v a g i ynt.
I h a v e to go.
t a r a Sa joR k a n a g i ynt.
You have to m a k e t e a .
a y r a riS s a [ h ] a g i ynt.
He h a s to shave [ h i s ] b e a r d ,
m a r a e gvazi k a T T a g i ynt.
We have to win t h i s g a m e ,
S w m a r a e kagad m a n Daka d e m d a y a g i ant.
You have to send t h e s e l e t t e r s in the m a i l .
a v a n a e kytab v a n a g i ant,
They have to r e a d t h e s e b o o k s .
a m m a y s a r d a r a r a v a g i ynt,
Our chief h a s to go.
a m m a y s a r d a r a r a v a g i ynt.
Our chiefs have to go.
t a i p y s s a e k a r k a n a g i ynt.
Your f a t h e r h a s to do t h i s t a s k .
y m S a p i Swmay b r a s a n a v a n a g i na ynt.
Your b r o t h e r s do not have to study t h i s evening.
11.801.
The second s u b j e c t - o b j e c t - v e r b a g r e e m e n t p a t t e r n for the o b l i g a t o r y f o r m a t i o n ,
t e r m e d " O b l i g a t o r y P a t t e r n B , " r e q u i r e s that the s e m a n t i c subject be o b j e c t i v e in f o r m . If the s e m a n t i c object is a noun, it is n o m i n a t i v e in f o r m , and the a u x i l i a r y v e r b m u s t a g r e e with it.
If the object is a p r o n o u n or a d e m o n s t r a t i v e , it is objective (like the
s e m a n t i c s u b j e c t ) , and the a u x i l i a r y v e r b is i n v a r i a b l y 3rd sg. sg. when no object o c c u r s :
i. e.
The a u x i l i a r y is a l s o 3 r d
when the v e r b is i n t r a n s i t i v e or no object is e x p r e s s e d .
O b l i g a t o r y P a t t e r n B e x p r e s s e s only c o m p u l s i o n upon the s e m a n t i c s u b j e c t ;
"to have
to, to be c o m p e l l e d to. " It thus l a c k s the a d d i t i o n a l s e n s e s of " i n t e n t " and " a b i l i t y " s e e n for O b l i g a t o r y P a t t e r n A.
The c o m p u l s i v e force of the l a t t e r , m o r e o v e r , is s o m e w h a t
w e a k e r than that denoted by O b l i g a t o r y P a t t e r n B.
E. g.
/ a y r a ji[h]agi ynt. / He h a s to run away. [The s e n s e of c o m p u l s i o n e x p r e s s e d by t h i s s e n t e n c e is s t r o n g e r than that of / a ji[h]agi ynt. / . ] / m a n a a i l a n g a r joR k a n a g i ynt. / I have to fix [lit. build, c o n s t r u c t ] h i s plow. [The s e m a n t i c subject / m a n a / is o b j e c t i v e in f o r m ; / l a n g a r / is the g r a m m a t i c a l subject of the s e n t e n c e . ] / e S a n a nun vab k a n a g i ynt. / They have to s l e e p now. [Although the s e m a n t i c subject / e S a n a / is p l u r a l , t h e r e is no object, and the v e r b is thus 3rd sg. J
240
/ S e , t a i m w l k a y m a r d w m a g a r m e pwSS poSagi y n t ? / Do the p e o p l e of y o u r c o u n t r y have to w e a r w a r m c l o t h e s ? [ / g a r m e p w S S / " w a r m c l o t h e s " is t r e a t e d a s s i n g u l a r b e c a u s e it d e n o t e s an a b s t r a c t q u a l i t y of clothing r a t h e r than any specific g a r m e n t s . J It i s a l s o p o s s i b l e for a noun object (as w e l l a s the subject) to be m a r k e d by an o b j e c t i v e suffix, t h u s a d d i n g f u r t h e r s t r o n g c o n n o t a t i o n s of d e f i n i t e n e s s .
In such c a s e s , the v e r b
i s i n v a r i a b l y 3 r d sg. , and the s u b j e c t is u s u a l l y s e p a r a t e d f r o m the r e s t of the s e n t e n c e by a phrase break.
In t h i s type of s e n t e n c e , both the subject and the object m u s t be s i n g u l a r .
T h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n is of l i m i t e d u s a g e , and e i t h e r P a t t e r n A or P a t t e r n B is u s u a l l y e m p l o y e d instead.
E . g. / m a n a + a i l a n g a r a joR k a n a g i ynt. / I have to fix [lit. build, c o n s t r u c t ] h i s plow. [Both the s e m a n t i c subject / m a n a / and the s e m a n t i c object / l a n g a r a / a r e m a r k e d with the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / . ] / b a S a k k a + e kytaba g y r a g i ynt. /
The boy h a s to buy t h i s book.
When both the subject and the object a r e p e r s o n s , a m b i g u i t y m a y r e s u l t f r o m a confusion of P a t t e r n A and P a t t e r n B .
In such c a s e s , P a t t e r n A is u s u a l l y u n d e r s t o o d u n l e s s the
context r e q u i r e s otherwise.
E. g.
/ s a r d a r e b a S a k k a j a n a g i ynt. / The chief h a s to b e a t t h i s boy. [ P a t t e r n A. A m b i g u i t y is p o s s i b l e , h o w e v e r ; the object m a y o c c u r f i r s t in the s e n t e n c e for e m p h a s i s , and t h i s s e n t e n c e m a y t h u s be i n t e r p r e t e d a s P a t t e r n B ; " T h i s boy m u s t b e a t the chief. " / e baSakka s a r d a r j a n a g i ynt. / and / s a r d a r a + e baSakka j a n a g i ynt. / a r e both r a t h e r a m b i g u o u s and a r e t h u s l e s s likely of o c c u r r e n c e . ] / m a n a y r a kwSagi wn. / I have to [intend t o , have the c a p a c i t y to] kill h i m . [ T h i s will a l w a y s be u n d e r s t o o d to be P a t t e r n A. / m a n a a y r a kwSagi ynt. / is indeed g r a m m a t i c a l l y c o r r e c t but is a m b i g u o u s s i n c e - - with the s u b j e c t - o b j e c t w o r d o r d e r r e v e r s e d - - i t m a y m e a n "He h a s to kill m e . "] A m b i g u i t y is a l s o p o s s i b l e when only an objective noun, p r o n o u n , or d e m o n s t r a t i v e o c c u r s in a s e n t e n c e c o n t a i n i n g a 3 r d sg. v e r b .
Such c a s e s m a y be s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d e x a m p l e s
of P a t t e r n B , or they m a y be s e n t e n c e s of P a t t e r n A with the subject o m i t t e d (as is c o m m o n in s p e e c h when the s u b j e c t is known f r o m the c o n t e x t ) .
E. g.
/ m a n a j a n a g i ynt. / I have to b e a t [ h i m j . [ P a t t e r n B . T h i s is a l s o i n t e r p r e t a b l e a s a P a t t e r n A s e n t e n c e : "[He, s h e , it] h a s to b e a t m e . " T h i s l a t t e r m e a n i n g , h o w e v e r , would m o r e u s u a l l y be e x p r e s s e d in s o m e o t h e r m a n n e r in o r d e r to avoid a m b i g u i t y . ] / a y r a kwSagi ynt. / [He] h a s to kill h i m . Both p a t t e r n s a r e p o s s i b l e . ]
[Or:
"He h a s to k i l l [ h i m ] . "
/ e S a n a [ h ] a r Si gwSagi ynt. / [He, s h e , it] h a s to t e l l t h e m e v e r y t h i n g . [ P a t t e r n A. T h i s m a y a l s o be u n d e r s t o o d to m e a n "They m u s t t e l l e v e r y t h i n g . " T h e e x t r a - l i n g u i s t i c context w i l l , of c o u r s e , i n d i c a t e which is m e a n t . ] T h e n e g a t i v e e l e m e n t a l w a y s o c c u r s b e f o r e the a u x i l i a r y v e r b in a P a t t e r n B s e n t e n c e . T h e a u x i l i a r y v e r b m a y a l s o o c c u r in v a r i o u s t e n s e s and m o d e s . / m a n a ka[h] k a n a g i na ynt. / / m a n a ravagi bit. /
E . g.
I do not have to cut g r a s s .
I will have to go.
/ a g a t a r a e k a r k a n a g i bybit, to jvan ynt. / it is good.
241
If you h a v e to do t h i s w o r k ,
/ [ h j a y a l ynt, ky a y r a p a y s a g d e m d a y a g i m a b i t . / not have to send m o n e y .
11.900.
[I] t h i n k t h a t he m a y
Basic Sentences.
m a n y S s a i kanin.
I will inform him [her, t h e m ] .
m a n s a i kaninyS,
I will inform him [her, t h e m ] .
man sai kanine.
I will i n f o r m h i m [ h e r , t h e m ] .
tawyS z a n a y , ky e m a i kaig ant.
You know w h o s e p r o p e r t y t h i s i s . [ L i t . You it know, that t h e s e p r o p e r t i e s w h o s e are. ]
ayS b a n d a b a r t .
He will t a k e it [ h i m , h e r ; t h e m ] t o m o r r o w .
a banda bartyS,
He will take it [ h i m , h e r , t h e m ] t o m o r r o w .
a banda b a r t e .
He will t a k e it [ h i m , h e r , t h e m ] t o m o r r o w .
mayS proSaga an.
We a r e b r e a k i n g it [ t h e m j .
m a proSaga anyS,
We a r e b r e a k i n g it [ t h e m j .
m a proSaga one.
We a r e b r e a k i n g it [ t h e m j .
Swma d e m bydayytyS!
Send it [ h i m , h e r ,
a gwSante, ky m a rawt,
They t e l l it [ h i m , h e r , t h e m j , that [he] should not go.
dapyS paS ynt.
His [ h e r , i t s ] m o u t h is open.
ponzyS d r a j ynt.
His [ h e r , i t s ] n o s e is long.
goSyS m a z a n ant.
His [ h e r , i t s , t h e i r ] e a r s a r e l a r g e .
e m a [ h j a , SapyS s a r d ant.
In t h i s m o n t h its [ t h e i r ] n i g h t s a r e cold.
aga m a n e swnduka [h]ork bykanin, to taw a r o t a k a tahayS k a n a y ?
If I e m p t y t h i s box, w i l l you put t h o s e n e w s p a p e r s inside it?
aSkayS bynynd!
Sit on that side of h i m [ h e r , it, t h e m ] !
Se, mwlkyS [ h J w S k y n t ?
Is his [ h e r , i t s , t h e i r ] c o u n t r y d r y ?
a pwSSanyS t a r r bykan!
D a m p e n t h o s e c l o t h e s of h i s [of h e r s , of i t s , of t h e i r s ] !
242
themj!
mwlkayS, dwzzi baz ast.
In h i s [ h e r , i t s , t h e i r ] c o u n t r y t h e r e is m u c h theft.
e m a w s w m a , kuSagyS s a w z ant.
In t h i s s e a s o n its v a l l e y s a r e g r e e n .
divalyS p r w S i t .
Its wall will b r e a k .
11. 9 0 1 . follows: (1)
T h e s p e c i a l 3 r d p e r s o n p r o n o m i n a l affixes / y S / and / e / a r e e m p l o y e d a s
As 3rd p e r s o n objects:
" h i m , h e r , it, t h e m . " / y S / and / e / a r e affixed e i t h e r to
t h e s u b j e c t (noun, p r o n o u n , or d e m o n s t r a t i v e ) of t h e i r c l a u s e or e l s e d i r e c t l y to the v e r b f o r m .
E . g.
/ m a n y S doSin. /
I will sew it.
[ O r , / m a n doSinyS. / or / m a n doSine. / . ]
/ m a n y S yzda kanin. / I w i l l m e m o r i s e it. / m a n yzda k a n i n e . / . ]
[ O r , / m a n y z d a kaninyS. / o r
/pwlisyS girt. / The p o l i c e will c a t c h h i m [ h e r , it, t h e m ] . g i r t y S . / or / p w l i s g i r t e . / . ] (2)
As 3rd person p o s s e s s i v e s :
[Or,
/pwlis
" h i s , h e r , i t s , t h e i r . " In t h i s u s a g e , / y S / and / e /
a r e affixed d i r e c t l y to the noun they p o s s e s s ( o c c u r r i n g a f t e r any o t h e r s u b s t a n t i v e suffixes).
T h e s e two e l e m e n t s a r e a l s o affixed to a l o c a t i v e noun + / a / (e. g.
/ d e m a y S / "in front of h i m [ h e r , it, t h e m ] " ) , but they do not o c c u r with o t h e r e l e m e n t s (i. e.
they a r e not affixed to t e m p o r a l s or o t h e r t y p e s of a d v e r b s ,
p r e p o s i t i o n s , e t c . ).
E . g.
/ m w l k y S s a r d ynt. /
H i s [ h e r , i t s , t h e i r ] c o u n t r y is cold.
/ S a m m y S dard kanant. / d a r d kanant. / . ] / t a l i y S [ h ] o r k ynt. /
His [her, its, their] eyes hurt.
[Or,
/Samme
H i s [ h e r , i t s , t h e i r ] p l a t e is e m p t y .
When affixed to v e r b f o r m s , t h e s e two e l e m e n t s a r e c o m p l e t e l y i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e .
Both
a l s o m a y o c c u r with p l u r a l n o u n s , but a f t e r a s i n g u l a r noun, h o w e v e r , only / y S / is found, s i n c e / e / m a y be confused with the " s i n g u l a r - i n d e f i n i t e " suffix / e / .
E . g.
/ s a r d a r y S zant. / The chief knows h i m [her- it, t h e m ] . [ O r , "His [ h e r , t h e i r ] chief k n o w s . " / s a r d a r e _ z a n t . / m a y be i n t e r p r e t e d a s m e a n i n g "A chief k n o w s " and is t h u s not u s e d . ] / d a p y S band ynt. / H i s [ h e r , i t s ] m o u t h is c l o s e d . a l s o m e a n "A m o u t h i s c l o s e d . "]
[/dape_band ynt. / m a y
/ s a r d a r zantyS. / The chief knows h i m [ h e r , it, t h e m ] , [ / s a r d a r z a n t e . / is a l s o p o s s i b l e s i n c e t h e r e can be no a m b i g u i t y : the " s i n g u l a r i n d e f i n i t e " suffix / e / d o e s not o c c u r with v e r b s . ] / b a S a k k e najoR ant. / His [ h e r , t h e i r ] b o y s a r e ill. [ T h i s is u n a m b i g u o u s s i n c e the " s i n g u l a r - i n d e f i n i t e " suffix / e / cannot o c c u r with a p l u r a l noun. N e v e r t h e l e s s , / y S / m i g h t be p r e f e r r e d . ] A f u r t h e r note about / y S / and / e / will be a p p r o p r i a t e h e r e :
t h e s e two f o r m s a r e often
e m p l o y e d i n d i s c r i m i n a t e l y for s i n g u l a r o r p l u r a l in the R a k h s h a n i d i a l e c t , but in v a r i o u s o t h e r d i a l e c t s / y S / is a l w a y s p l u r a l ( " t h e i r , t h e m " ) , while / e / is s i n g u l a r ( " h i s , h e r ,
243
him,
her").
Both R a k h s h a n i and M a k r a n i B a l u c h i e m p l o y t h e s e suffixes with n o u n s , v e r b s , e t c . ,
but in E a s t e r n B a l u c h i they a p p e a r affixed m a i n l y to v e r b s , i n d i c a t i n g e i t h e r the subject or the object of the v e r b . C e r t a i n B a l u c h i a u t h o r s l i s t a c o m p l e t e set of six s u c h "suffix p r o n o u n s , " but only / y S / and / e / a r e c o m m o n in R a k h s h a n i and M a k r a n i B a l u c h i .
Two o t h e r s - - / y t / "your [sg. ],
you [ s g . ] " and / w n / "my, m e " - - a r e e n c o u n t e r e d in p o e t r y . SUFFIX PRONOUN
The c o m p l e t e set i s :
MEANING
1st sg.
wn
my, me
2nd sg.
yt
y o u r [ s g . ], you [ s g . ]
3 r d sg.
e
h i s , h e r , i t s , h i m , h e r , it
1st pl.
en [or / e / ]
our, us
2nd pl.
o
y o u r [pl. ], you [pl. ]
3 r d pl.
yS
their,
them
Examples: / d y l w n swSit. /
My h e a r t b u r n s [e. g.
/ S a m m w n d a r d kant. /
My eye h u r t s .
/pwSSanyt aS jana g y r i n . /
11. 902.
with l o v e ] .
I ' l l take y o u r c l o t h e s f r o m [ y o u r ] body.
/ p r o S a g / "to b r e a k " is t r a n s i t i v e , while / p r w S a g / "to b r e a k " is i n t r a n s i t i v e .
O t h e r e x a m p l e s of t h i s p h e n o m e n o n w e r e d i s c u s s e d in Sec. 9. 503. / m a n e dara proSin. / / e dar prwSit. /
11. 903.
E. g.
I will b r e a k t h i s [piece of] wood,
T h i s [piece of] wood will b r e a k .
/ d w z z / is an e x a m p l e of a s m a l l c l a s s of r o o t s which m a y o c c u r both a s noun
stems (/dwzz/
"thief") and a s v e r b s t e m s ( / d w z z a g / "to s t e a l " ) .
/ d w z z / a l s o o c c u r s with the a b s t r a c t noun f o r m a n t / i / : e x a m p l e s containing t h i s suffix i n c l u d e :
/ d w z z i / "theft. "
Other
/ d u r i / " d i s t a n c e , " / d w r a i / " w e l f a r e , safety, "
and / m e r b a n i / " k i n d n e s s . " T h i s suffix is homophonous with a n o t h e r / i / suffix e m p l o y e d a s an a d j e c t i v e f o r m a n t ;
e. g.
/gwDDi/ "last, latter, " / p a k y s t a n i / "Pakistani, " etc.
T h e s e two suffixes a r e thus quite o p p o s i t e in u s a g e : noun f o r m a n t / i / = a noun;
a noun + the a d j e c t i v e f o r m a n t / i / = an a d j e c t i v e .
11.1000.
D r i l l s and E x e r c i s e s .
11. 1001.
Substitution.
1.
aga m a n
a noun or a d j e c t i v e + the a b s t r a c t
e talia
bwproSin,
this t r e e
m a y chop down
this utensil
m a y not e m p t y
244
to a z a r bit,
aga t a w
nun m a n
m a y baSakk
5.
the l e s s o n
m a y not m e m o r i s e
his shirt
may wear
the d o o r
m a y not lock
gwSnag
b a y , to
bor!
thirsty
e nana t h i s w a t e r [lit. waters]
angry
his p a r t y
d o n ' t go!
happy
him
invite!
fatigued
here
rest!
ready
the axe
p i c k up!
Dakxanaa
rava
n, tanky
drink!
la[h]te T y k a T T
bygyrin.
the g u e s t h o u s e
the g u e s t s
may invite
the h o s p i t a l
our cook
may see
the k i t c h e n
hot w a t e r
may bring
the h o u s e of the doctor
m y eye
m a y show
h i s shop
my cousin
may inform
baga
g a r d a g a ant.
with one a n o t h e r
a r e fighting
u n d e r the t r e e
are resting
in e v e r y p l a c e
are searching
in the tent
a r e playing [a g a m e ]
in the v a l l e y
a r e hunting
m a n i [hjayal ynt, ky a [hjar Dawla
rava bant. will k e e p dancing will k e e p c a l l i n g [lit. will k e e p c r y i n g w i l l k e e p singing will keep harvesting
may borci t h a t wolf
sawzia m y goat
k o T a g a ynt.
my cousin
his lesson
is m e m o r i s i n g
my mother
her work
i s finishing
my little brother
those plates
is emptying
the g i r l
the c l o t h e s
is d a m p e n i n g
mani
pad
his
mouth
my friend's
eye
the cook's
ear
is d r a g g i n g off
s a k k d a r d kant.
245
making voice]
8.
the m e r c h a n t ' s
nose
the c a m e l - r i d e r ' s
hand
aga taw
b y k a n a y , to j v a n ynt.
angrezi game Baluchi hunt voice grass
9.
L nan
ma[h]para
r a n d a g i wn.
beard
have to shave
this game
have to win
the t e a k e t t l e
have to put on (the fire)
some envelopes
have to buy
our cook
have to c h e e r up
10. m a annun
t a r r kananyS*• 1 chop d r a g off break kill finish
*Note that / y S / is not u n d e r l i n e d and m u s t be r e p e a t e d in e a c h s e n t e n c e . 11.
12.
Se,
taw y o u r [ sg. ] baby
anga up to now
vaspaga ay? is c r y i n g
those children
still
a r e m a k i n g n o i s e [lit. voice-voice]
that old m a n
up to now
is r e s t i n g
t h o s e Afghans
s t i l l up to now
a r e fighting
you [pl. ]
still
are shivering
pwlis
OPS
doing
a y r a b y g i r t , to b a z [ h j a r a b ynt.
the wolf smallpox the chief cold ( c a t a r r h ) his enemy 13.
mawswmyS
[hjarab
medicine
bitter
ticket
expensive
comb
old
land
dry
newspaper
good
ynt. 1
*Note that / y S / is not u n d e r l i n e d and m u s t be r e p e a t e d in e a c h s e n t e n c e . 246
14.
15.
e Dawle dar
prwSa bant.
y o u r [pl. ] c a t t l e
w i l l k e e p dying
t h e b l o o d of o u r p e o p l e
w i l l k e e p flowing [lit.
our enemies
will keep running away
those people
w i l l k e e p going a h e a d
our guests
w i l l k e e p e a t i n g t h e i r fill [lit.
Se, t a w
running]
y a k k ttaappaarree
karagi ay?
he
those flour-sacks
h a s to e m p t y
they
t h i s cloth
have to cut
we
these shirts
h a v e to w e a r
your [sg. ]
f r o m that d o o r
h a s to e n t e r
this wall
h a s to paint [lit.
m a k i n g full (of food)]
son
you [ pl .1
11. 1002.
give c o l o u r ]
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l I.
J o i n the following p a i r s of s e n t e n c e s into a single c o n d i t i o n a l s e n t e n c e . c l a u s e with / a g a /
B e g i n the f i r s t
"if" and the s e c o n d with / t o / " t h e n " or / g w R a / "then [ a f t e r w a r d s ] . "
Do NOT c h a n g e the v e r b f o r m of the c o n d i t i o n a l c l a u s e . Instructor:
/ a d a r a gwDDag l o T i t .
Student:
/9ga
a
a y r a t a p a r e byday! /
d a r a gwDDag l o T i t , to a y r a t a p a r e byday! /
1.
t a i jan twnnag ynt.
2.
Swma Sa v a r a g l o T y t .
3.
a riS sa[h]aga ynt.
4.
taw anga gwSnag ay.
5.
taw Sa[h]ra g a r d a g l o T a y .
6.
taw b a z a r a r a v a y .
7.
e m a [ h ] a b a r p b a z kapit.
8.
a l a r z a g a ynt.
9.
a i tarn Saay Dawla ynt.
a y r a Sa m a S k a ap byday! m a n apa g a r m kanin.
par ai yakk dastpage byar! S a m m a n e p a y s a g a b y g y r , aw Sie nan b y g y r ! m a n a m go taw kayag l o T i n .
p a m m a n y a k k p a t r i e aw Sie sabun b y g y r ! m a e vaxta r a v a g n a l o T a n .
a y r a v a t i k o T a byday!
10. [hjawr g v a r a g a na ynt. 11. a a d e n k a p r o S i t .
[hjayal ynt, ky a m a n a dost bybit. ma ai [hjarosa ravan.
m a n i gw[h]ar g r e v i t .
12. k a s s a g i n r y S g i r t ,
a y r a t r a h a g i ynt.
13. a go y a k k d y g a r a m y R a n t .
m a n i p y s s s a k k z a r bit.
14. taw e k a g a d a m a n Daka d e m byday! 15. a g r e v a n ynt.
E . g.
t a i b a z m e r b a n i bit.
D a k s a r e bwloT!
16. a i pwSS t a r r ant.
a s a r o k kan!
17. taw [hjalka b w r o !
s a r d a r a s a i b y k a n , ky m a k a y a n !
18. t a r a e r a n g d o s t na ynt. 19. a Sypie g v a p a g a ynt.
m a n a dyga lawnay pwSS a s t .
man Sarag loTin.
20. taw dega aS apa p w r r bykan!
247
m a n b y r kaninyS.
11. 1003.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l II.
J o i n the following p a i r s of s e n t e n c e s into a single c o n d i t i o n a l s e n t e n c e .
B e g i n the first
c l a u s e with / a g a / and the s e c o n d with / t o / or / g w R a / , a s s e e m s m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e . the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b f o r m to the s u b j u n c t i v e .
E . g.
Instructor:
/ m a w s w m [ h j a r a b ynt.
Student:
/ogo m a w s w m [ h j a r a b bybit, to m a n g y s a nyndin. /
1.
a myrit.
2.
dwzz p a d i kayt.
3.
t a r a pwTag girt,
4.
tai pyss rotaka vanit.
5.
m a n i k a r a l a s bit.
6.
b o r S i x a n a p a k na ynt.
7.
Swma D a k x a n a a r a v y t .
8.
a yaxxa l a r z a n t .
9.
a m m a y m e m a n s e r kanant.
m a n gysa nyndin. /
m a d r w s t sakk g r e v a n . pwlis ayra girt. e darua bor! tavar-tavar makan!
m a n a i [ h j a r o s a r a v a g i bin. bwrope! p a m m a n la[h]te T y k a T T b y g y r y t !
taw bayd ynt a v a n a t a h a b y a r !
10. taw d a r g a g a kwlp kanay. 11. t a i S a m m d a r d kant.
jvan ynt.
dwzz n a p w t r a n t .
m a n t a r a D a k s a r e a y gysa b a r i n .
12. a v a r d y n t a r a dost na ynt. 13. m a r o S i Dak d a r r a w t .
mavare.'
m a n e kagada d e m dayin.
14. taw a i D a s s a gwSay.
m a banda ai [hjadda r a v a n .
15. n a r w S t g a r m na ant.
m a n dega a s a b y r kanin.
16. Swma p a r z o n a k k a t a l a n kanyt. 17. taw v a t i m e S a n a S a r a y . 18. t a i Sakk p r w S i t .
m a n dyga nan k a r i n .
g w r k ava gyr r a n t .
m a n p a r taw nokene k a r i n .
19. a t a v a r - t a v a r kanant. 20. taw a y r a s a i kanay.
11. 1004.
Change
manyS janin. a am go m a pa Sykara kayt.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l III.
Change the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b f o r m s in the following s e n t e n c e s to the " c o n t i n u a t i v e " formation. retained.
If the v e r b is in the i m p e r a t i v e or subjunctive m o d e , t h i s f e a t u r e should be See S e e s . 11. 401 and 11. 501.
E.g.
Instructor:
/ a go v a t i badiga m y R a n t . /
Student:
/ a go v a t i badiga m y R a g a ant. /
1.
m a n i jan m a [ h j p a r a r a n d i t .
2.
Se, taw m a r o S i a y s a b a k a yzda k a n a y ?
3.
m a [ h ] - w - y s t a r d a r kapant.
4.
[hjayal ynt, ky ai m a s b y t r a h i t .
5.
a nivaga k o T i t .
6.
a jynykk m a n dylloa ap m a n kant.
7.
m a r o S i ma gvazi nakanan.
248
8.
m a n i s a n g a t t b a l o S i [hjel k a n a n t .
9.
a annun n a g r e v i t .
10. taw p a r Se n a t r a h a y . 11.
a Sap j a n a n t .
12. a bayd ynt s v a r aga aS yda b w g v a z a n t . 13.
gvat balky m a k a S S i t .
14. e pwSSa r a n g byday! 15. v a x t e ky a b w a s p i t , taw t a v a r - t a v a r p a r Se kanay. 16.
SoSe Sayr m a j a n !
17. [hjar vaxt ky a v a t i doda b y k a n a n t , t a r a S a r a g i bit. 18.
aga a aS [ h j y s p a t a l a d a r u b w d w z z i t , to p w l i s a bwloT,
19. a balky m a r o S a v a t i k y S a r a b w r w n a n t . 20.
11. 1005.
zalbul kasa Tappant.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l IV.
C h a n g e the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b f o r m s to the " i t e r a t i v e " f o r m a t i o n . i m p e r a t i v e o r s u b j u n c t i v e m o d e , t h i s f e a t u r e should be r e t a i n e d . Instructor:
/ a d a p t a r a y d e m a nyndaga ant. /
Student;
/ a d a p t a r a y d e m a nyndan ant. /
If the v e r b is in the
See Sec. 1 1 . 6 0 1 .
1.
Se, a anga g r e v a g a y n t ?
2.
a tanynga a y r a t a v a r kant.
3.
a [hjar g v a z i a k a T T i t .
4.
a SoSe g a n d a g e pwSS p a r Se poSaga ynt.
5.
m a pa v a t i m w l k a m y R a g a an.
6.
Swma Sayr j a n a g a m a b y t !
7.
Swma g a l l a g a d r w S a g a bybyt, tanky m a n nan bypaSin!
8.
b o r S i s a w z i a k o T a g a bit.
9.
[hjon aS ai p o n z a taSaga ant.
E.g.
10. taw p a r Se m a [ h ] p a r a r a n d a g a ay. 11.
aga a y r a p w T a g ynt, to e d a r u a S a p - w - r o S d a y a g a bwbu!
12. taw a y r a bwgwS, tanky a m a S a m o S i t ! 13. b a S a k k a , Swma n a n - w - n a r w S t b y a r y t , tanky m a y m e m a n s e r b y k a n a n t ! 14. a Sa a m m a y r a m a g a d w z z a g a bant. 15.
11. 1006.
g w r k m a y bwza g y r r a g a b a n t .
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l V.
C h a n g e the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b f o r m s in the following s e n t e n c e s A and
(b) to O b l i g a t o r y P a t t e r n B .
(a) to O b l i g a t o r y P a t t e r n
C o n s u l t S e e s . 11. 701 and 11. 801 for the p r o p e r f o r m s
of the s u b j e c t and of any o c c u r r i n g object and a l s o for s u b j e c t - v e r b a g r e e m e n t .
249
E. g.
Instructor:
/ a a s a rok kant. /
Student:
/ a a s a r o k k a n a g i ynt. /
[And: ]
/ a y r a a s r o k k a n a g i ynt. / 1.
m a n panS lypapag g y r i n .
2.
taw e t a k k i a [hjork kanay.
3.
m a ji[h]an, tanky a m a r a m a g i r t .
4.
taw [hJySSi m a d w z z a y .
5.
e m a [ h ] a , a b y r y n j kySant.
6.
a awgan v a t i b a d i g a kwSit.
7.
m a v a t i gvanDoa [ h j y s p a t a l a b a r a n .
8.
taw a n g r e z i kanay.
9.
m a n [hjar Dawla s a r d a r a vaSS kanin.
10. Swma y m S a p i oda s a r byt. 11.
avala m a S a - w - S y l y m dayan.
12. a s v a r a g v a r a n t . 13.
Se, t a i s a n g a t t m a r o S i s a r g i r t ?
14. Swma banda Sykar kanyt. 15. a v a t i d r w s t m a l a b a h a kant. 16. m a n aS a p i r e n a jwst kanin, ky e kuSagay n a m Se ynt. 17. a t a p a g a go d o m i bwnaga d e m dant. 18. Swma m e m a n x a n a a pak kanyt, p a r Se ky m e m a n e m a r o S i k a y t . 19. m a n y z m loTin. 20. taw baloSani doda [hjel kanay.
11. 1007.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l VI.
Change the u n d e r l i n e d object w o r d or p h r a s e to / y S / or / e / (as s e e m s m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e ) and affix it e i t h e r to the subject or to the v e r b of its c l a u s e . Instructor:
/ m a n m e m a n a vaSS kanin. /
Student:
/ m a n y S vaSS kanin. /
[Or: ]
/ m a n vaSS kaninyS. /
[Or: ]
See Sec. 11. 9 0 1 .
/ m a n vaSS k a n i n e . / 1.
taw kwSakka yngw b y a r !
2.
ma e kagada dem nadayan.
3.
Swma k a s a byTappyt.'
4.
e m a w s w m a , ma saa rwnan.
5.
e k w r s i a bwzur!
6.
m a n bayd ynt riS bysa[h]in.
7.
d a r g a g a kwlp bykan, tanky dwzz m a p w t r a n t !
8.
t a w e pwSSa p a r Se b w r r a g a ay.
9.
t a r a S a p - w - r o S S a r a g i b i t , tanky k a s s e t a i goka m a d w z z i t .
10. Se, taw e m o T a l a baha kanag l o T a y ?
250
E . g.
11.
aga t a w a y r a z a n a y , to p a r Se a y r a nagwSay.
12. m a n [ h j a r j a g a v a t i t a p a r a p a T T i n . 13. a v a t i s a b a k a y z d a k a n a g a ant. 14. a b a l k y d e g a b y r b ^ k a n t . 15. b o r S i b o r S i x a n a a p a k k a n a g a ynt.
11. 1008.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l VII.
C h a n g e t h e u n d e r l i n e d p o s s e s s i v e w o r d or p h r a s e to / y S / or / e / (as s e e m s m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e ) and affix it to the noun it p o s s e s s e s .
See S e c . 1 1 . 8 0 1 .
Instructor:
/ m a n i s a n g a t t a y dap d a r d kant. /
Student;
/ d a p y S d a r d kant. /
1.
b o r S i a y j a n a p w T a g ynt.
2.
a i tarn k a v a a y Dawla ynt.
3.
e d r a S k a y nivag lonD ant.
4.
a b a l o S a y m a [ h ] a r i ko[h]n ynt.
5.
e [hjalkay ka[h]n aS yda d u r na ynt.
6.
a i Sakk a swndukani s a r b y r a ynt.
7.
a i Sakk a swndukani s a r b y r a ynt.
8.
a v a t i p y s s a y pwSta nyndit.
9.
a i jynykkay m a [ h ] p a r d r a j ant.
E.g.
10. a i za[h]g a_i_dema g a r d a g a ant. 11.
m e m a n a y talia [hjork buaga mayl!
12. e k y t a b a y s a b a k a s a n na ant. 13. a i b r a s b a r a g ynt, b a l e ai gw[h]ar zanD ynt. 14. a v a r n a e n a y m a s balky zut b y m y r i t . 15.
11. 1009.
Se, taw D a k s a r a y d a r u a n a v a r a y ?
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l I. 1.
taw Se k a n a g a ay. r e a d i n g the n e w s p a p e r chopping the wood cutting t h i s [ p i e c e of] p a p e r s e a r c h i n g for m y knife shaving [my] b e a r d
2.
oda t a i Se k a r ynt. I h a v e to buy s o m e e n v e l o p e s . I h a v e to go to m y b r o t h e r ' s w e d d i n g . I h a v e to buy a b u s t i c k e t [lit. the b u s ] . I h a v e to go to the h o s p i t a l .
251
t i c k e t of
I have to cook food [lit. 3.
bread].
t a w aS ava p a r Se z a r ay. They k e e p b r e a k i n g m y plow. They k e e p s t e a l i n g o u r s h e e p . They k e e p f o r g e t t i n g m y w o r d s . They k e e p r u n n i n g a w a y . They k e e p chopping [down] o u r t r e e s .
4.
taw kwja r a v a g i ay. to the p o s t office to the g u e s t - h o u s e to the h o s p i t a l in o r d e r that I m a y see my mother to m y office to the h o t e l
5.
kay e kwlava b a r t . the c a m e l - r i d e r that n o m a d [lit.
p e r s o n of the h i n t e r l a n d ]
y o u r [pl. ] chief the d o c t o r our g u e s t 6.
annun b o r S i Se k a r kanaga ynt. cutting up v e g e t a b l e s lighting the fire w a s h i n g the u t e n s i l s buying p r o v i s i o n s putting on [i. e.
7.
on the f i r e ] the t e a - k e t t l e
Se, m a n p a r taw Sa b a z a r a Sie b y g y r i n ? Yes.
A comb
Yes.
Some m e d i c i n e
Yes.
A new axe
Yes.
A razor
Y e s . Two b o t t l e s of oil and t h r e e s e e r s [of] r i c e 8.
Se, Swma poSi pyRia r a v a g loTyt? If the w e a t h e r i s [lit. we will go.
m a y b e ] good, then
If you [sg. ] go [lit. m a y go], t h e n we w i l l c o m e with you [ s g . ]. If we do not hunt [lit. p e r h a p s we m a y go.
252
m a y not huntj,
then
If o u r w o r k i s finished [lit. f i n i s h e d ] , we w i l l go. If it d o e s not r a i n [lit. t h e n we w i l l go. 9.
may become
r a i n m a y not r a i n ] ,
aga m a e k a r a a l a s b y k a n a n , gwRa Se k a r b y k a n a n . If it d o e s not snow [lit. then you m u s t hunt [lit.
snow m a y not fall], hunt! ].
If the s h e e p s ' wool is [lit. m a y b e ] r e a d y , t h e n pound it! [I. e. Make it into felt! ] If t h e r e i s no o t h e r w o r k , then g r i n d the barley! If the food is r e a d y ; s p r e a d the t a b l e c l o t h ! If the g o a t s ' wool is r e a d y , w e a v e a f l o u r sack! 10. v a x t e ky a g y s a b y r a s i t , m a n y S Se bwgwSin. T e l l h i m that the cook is sick! T e l l h i m that he m u s t b r i n g the d o c t o r ! T e l l h i m that we a r e s t i l l h u n g r y ! I n f o r m h i m that h i s c o u s i n will c o m e tomorrow! I n f o r m h i m that we a r e p l a y i n g [a g a m e J in the c h i e f ' s h o u s e ! 11. a p a r Se m a y divana nayt. He h a s d i a r r h e a today. him d i a r r h e a is. J
[Lit.
Today to
He h a s s m a l l p o x . He h a s [a] cold. His eye h u r t s , and he m u s t go to the hospital. His s i s t e r is s i c k today. 12.
e Dyhay m a w s w m Son ynt. I t s nights a r e v e r y cold. Its d a y s a r e v e r y hot. It r a i n s a lot h e r e . rains. J
[Lit.
The wind b l o w s a lot h e r e . the wind b l o w s s t r o n g . J
Here strong rain [Lit.
Here
In the w i n t e r m u c h snow f a l l s . 13.
Se, t a r a b a n d a s a r g y r a g i bit? Y e s , I h a v e to set out t o m o r r o w . Y e s , I m u s t go, so that I m a y r e a c h h i s house t o m o r r o w evening. No, I h a v e to finish t h i s t a s k .
253
No, I h a v e to go to t h e office t o m o r r o w . No, t o m o r r o w I want to hunt. 14. a jynykk Se k a n a g a ant. weaving a fine-rug making tea combing [their] hair s e a r c h i n g for m y h e a d - c l o t h d r y i n g the c l o t h e s 15. a z a l b u l p a r Se g r e v a n ynt. H e r h u s b a n d is dying. She is s e a r c h i n g for h e r c h i l d . She is s h i v e r i n g in the cold. H e r h u s b a n d i s a n g r y with h e r . She h a s no p r o v i s i o n s .
11. 1009.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l II. 1.
[hjar vaxte ky taw Sa gysa d a r k a p a y , taw d a r g a g a kwlp k a n a y ya na,
2.
Se, p a r taw s a b a k a n i yzda kanag a s a n y n t ?
3.
Se, taw baloSani Sap S a r a g l o T a y ?
4.
vaxte ky e j w m a y t a l a s bybit, taw kwja r a v a g i ay.
5.
Se, taw b a z e y s t a r a n i n a m a z a n a y ?
6.
Se, t a i [hjayal ynt, ky m a r d w m t a n a m a [ h j a b y r a s a n t ?
7.
Se, t a i Sa[h]ra d w z z i b a z a s t ?
8.
aga k a s s baloSi kanaga bybit, to taw s a r p a d b a y ?
9.
Se, taw v a t i s v a r a g y s k u l a v a r a y ?
10. Se, t a r a Sykar kanag dost y n t ? 11.
aga baSakk t a v a r - t a v a r b y k a n a n t , to taw z a r b a y ?
12. t a i gysa m e m a n x a n a a s t ? 13.
aga k a s s a p w T a g b y g i r t , to avala Se k a n a g i ynt.
14. t a i m w l k a y m a w s w m Son ynt. 15. Se, taw [hjar roS r o t a k v a n a y ?
11. 1100.
Vocabulary,
aga
if
alas
finished,
to end, finish ( i n t r a n s i t i v e )
a l a s buag alas kanag
completed
anga
to end, finish, c o m p l e t e ( t r a n s i t i v e ) s t i l l , yet
'''angrezi
English to s p e a k E n g l i s h
a n g r e z i kanag 254
''baloSi
Baluchi
baloSi kanag
to s p e a k B a l u c h i
borSi
cook (chef)
borSixana
kitchen
bwrrag
to cut (with a s l i c i n g m o t i o n )
I
'''byr
on, on the s u r f a c e of, a t , in, i n s i d e , in an a r e a of, in (a p l a c e ) byr kanag
to put (a pot, k e t t l e , e t c . ) on (the fire)
Sap
dance Sap j a n a g
to d a n c e
Samm
eye
daru
medicine
dap
mouth
*dard
pain, anguish
d a r d kanag
to h u r t
dival
wall
dwzz
thief
dwzzag
I
to s t e a l
dwzzi
theft
Dak
mail, post
Daksar [literary: gardag
I
/DakTar/J
doctor to walk a r o u n d ,
ginryS
cold, c a t a r r h .
wander [See Sec. 11. 205. ]
g i n r y S buag
to have a cold
ginryS gyrag
to c a t c h a cold
goS
ear
grevag
I
gwDDag
to c r y , w e e p I
to cut (with a chopping m o t i o n ) , to chop, h a c k , chop down
gwrk
wolf
gwSnag
hungry
''*gvazi
game,
sport
to play (a g a m e )
gvazi kanag gyrrag I
to d r a g off
[hjon
blood
[hjork
empty
[hjork buag
to b e , b e c o m e e m p t y
[hjork kanag
to e m p t y dry
[hJwSk [hJwSk buag
to b e , b e c o m e d r y
[hJwSk k a n a g
to d r y ( t r a n s i t i v e )
[hjyspatal
hospital
ji[h]9g
to r u n a w a y ,
1
255
flee
kaTTag koTag
I I
to e a r n , gain, win to cut to p i e c e s , chop up into p i e c e s
kuSag
valley
' ,s kwlp
lock to lock
kwlp kanag kwSag I
to kill
la[h]t
s o m e , a few,
lapdast
diarrhea.
several
[See S e c .
11.205.]
l a p d a s t buag
to h a v e d i a r r h e a
l a p d a s t kanag
to get, h a v e d i a r r h e a
larzag
to s h i v e r ,
I
tremble
lypapa[g]
envelope
ma[h]
moon;
ma[h]par
h a i r (of the head)
mawswm
season, weather,
memanxana
guest-house
my rag
I
to die
myRag
I
to fight
month climate
clean, pure
pak p a k buag
to b e , b e c o m e c l e a n
p a k kanag
to c l e a n
paTTag
I
to s e a r c h for, look for,
ponz
nose
poSag I
to put on, w e a r
proSag
I
seek
to b r e a k ( t r a n s i t i v e )
prwSag I
to b r e a k ( i n t r a n s i t i v e )
pwlis
police
pwtrag I
to e n t e r ; s n e a k into, c r a w l into
pwTag
smallpox.
[See S e c .
p w T a g buag
to have s m a l l p o x
pwTag gyrag
to c a t c h s m a l l p o x
randag I
to c o m b
riS
beard
'"rok
light
11.205.]
to be lit, be kindled
r o k buag rotak
newspaper
sa[h]ag I
to shave
sabak
lesson
sai
informed s a i buag
to be i n f o r m e d
s a i kanag
to i n f o r m ,
tell
full, s a t i a t e d (with food, e t c . )
ser
to be full
s e r buag
256
ser dayag
to c a u s e s o m e o n e to eat h i s fill
ser kanag
to eat one 's fill
svarag
lunch,
Sakk
comb
Sap-w-roS
night-and-day: a l l the t i m e
Sykar
g a m e (the a n i m a l h u n t e d ) ;
Sykar kanag
lunchtime day (24 h o u r s ) ;
hunting, the hunt
to hunt
tanky
so t h a t , in o r d e r that
tapar
axe
tarr
wet, damp tarr buag
to b e , b e c o m e w e t , d a m p
tarr kanag
to w e t , d a m p e n
tavar
v o i c e , sound,
call
tavar kanag
to c a l l t o , shout at
t a v a r - t a v a r kanag
to m a k e n o i s e
trahag
I
to r e s t
t w nnag
thirsty
TykaTT
ticket,
''VaSS
s w e e t , happy, fine
vaSS k a n a g cold
ystar
star
yzda
learned, yzda kanag
zar
stamp
to m a k e happy, c h e e r up
yaxx
memorised
to l e a r n ,
memorise
angry z a r buag
to b e , b e c o m e a n g r y
257
constantly,
A Persian wheel well [/araTT/]
UNIT
12. 100.
TWELVE
Dialogue.
D r . A d a m s i s p l a n n i n g to go to the m a r k e t with h i s s e r v a n t , fellow
[hjambal
m e r c h a n d i s e , c o m m o d i t y , thing for sale, purchase
sawda
1. A-
Say, fellow, l e t ' s go [and] m a k e s o m e p u r c h a s e s t o d a y in the m a r k e t !
are, [hjambal, byravan, maroSi b a z a r a Sie sawda b y g y r a n !
r i d i n g , v e h i c l e , c o n v e y a n c e , m e a n s of transportation; passenger
svari
t o n g a , a type of t w o - w h e e l e d h o r s e carriage
Tanga
[or / t a n g a / J
2. S:
A l l r i g h t . May I c a l l a tonga for t r a n s portation?
b a z jvan.
3. A;
No, we'11 both [lit. e v e r y two] go out a n d c a t c h a tonga f r o m o v e r t h e r e .
na, m a [ h j a r d w Donna r a v a n , aw aS oda Tangae gyran.
4. S:
S i r , a c t u a l l y I a m not a b l e to go to the m a r k e t b e c a u s e I h a v e a slight h e a d a c h e [lit. m y h e a d h u r t s a l i t t l e ] .
vaja, anSw m a n b a z a r a r a v a g i na wn, p a r Se ky m a n i s a r k a m m e d a r d k a n a g a ynt.
tablet, pill
m a n s v a r i a pa T a n g a e b w l o T i n ?
goli
5. A;
C o m e a l o n g , I ' l l buy s o m e [ h e a d a c h e ] t a b l e t s for you f r o m o v e r t h e r e , and y o u ' l l [be a b l e to] b r i n g [ h o m e ] the p u r c h a s e s too.
taw b y a , aS oda m a n p a r taw Sie goli g y r i n , aw s a w d a a n a m k a r a y .
6. S:
Good, l e t ' s go.
Sarr,
byravan.
tonga-driver
Tangavala
vegetable -market
sawzi-bazar
7. A;
A s k that t o n g a - d r i v e r how m u c h h e ' l l t a k e [to d r i v e u s ] f r o m h e r e to the vegetable -market. hey!
[or / t a n g a v a l a / J
a T a n g a v a l a a jwst kan, ky aS yda t a n a s a w z i - b a z a r a Synka g i r t .
O!
8. S:
Hey f r i e n d , how m u c h w i l l you t a k e f r o m h e r e [lit. t a k e f r o m h e r e ! ] up to t h e v e g e t a b l e - m a r k e t ?
o b r a s , aS yda b y g y r t a n a s a w z i - b a z a r a Synka g y r a y .
9. T;
F r i e n d , I w i l l not t a k e l e s s [than] eight annas.
b r a s , [hJaSt a n a a k a m m n a g y r i n .
10. S;
Good.
Sarr.
C o m e on, l e t ' s go!
s v a r buag
to get on (a h o r s e , c a r , e t c . ), r i d e 11. A; 12. S:
bya, byravan!
m a n pwSta s v a r bin, aw taw d e m a s v a r bwbu!
I ' l l get on b e h i n d , and you get on in front! V e r y good.
b a z jvan.
D r . A d a m s c h a t s with the t o n g a - d r i v e r , wage
porya
259
13. A:
F r i e n d , what is your daily wage [lit. night-and-day's wage]?
b r a s , t a i S a p - w - r o S a y p o r y a Synkas ynt. vaxte . . . [aw] v a x t e
sometimes sometime s 14. T; S i r , s o m e t i m e s five r u p e e s , and s o m e t i m e s m o r e or l e s s .
..
vaja, vaxte panS k a l l a d a r , aw v a x t e ges ya k a m m . paym
kind, m a n n e r , way 15. A;
Do a l l t o n g a - d r i v e r s e a r n equally [lit. in one w a y ] ? t i m e , s h o r t p e r i o d , c i r c u m s t a n c e , hour energy: power
Se, d r w s t T a n g a v a l a yakk p a y m a k a T T a n t ? sa[h]att vak
l b . T:
No s i r . T h i s d e p e n d s on [lit. is upon] the h o r s e a s to [lit. that J how m u c h t i m e it h a s [lit. k e e p s ] the e n e r g y to w o r k [lit. of doing w o r k ] .
na vaja, e a s p a y s a r a ynt, ky a Synka sa[h]att k a r k a n a g a y vak d a r i t .
17. A:
How's that?
a Son. sabbar
strong, fat,
powerful
heavy-bodied
pazzor
weak
nyzor
thin, gaunt, 18. T:
ill-fed
lagar
S i r , s t r o n g and fat h o r s e s do a lot of w o r k , and weak and thin [onesJ do little w o r k .
vaja, s a b b a r e n aw p a z z o r e n a s p b a z k a r k a n a n t , aw n y z o r - w - l a g a r e k a m m k a r kanant. kar gyrag
to u s e , c a u s e to w o r k , m a k e u s e of 19. A:
How m u c h t i m e do you u s e your h o r s e ? [Lit. F r o m your h o r s e how m u c h t i m e do you take w o r k ? ]
taw aS v a t i a s p a Synka sa[hjatt k a r g y r a y .
20. T:
S i r , I u s e it f r o m six [lit. h o u r s ! ] to eight h o u r s .
vaja, m a n SasS g a n T a a b y g y r t a n a [hJaSt ganTaa kar gyrin.
to get down, get off,
take six
[hjer kapag
disembark
2 1 . A:
F r i e n d , stop h e r e [andj w e ' l l get off!
b r a s , yda b y d a r , a m m a [hjer k a p a n .
22. T:
V e r y good.
baz jvan.
23. A:
H e r e [lit.
goodbye 24. T:
[Lit.
e bwzur tai paysag! vaSS b a t a y
May you be happy! ]
Thank you v e r y m u c h .
goodbye 25. A :
[Lit.
take t h i s ! ] is your money!
baz m e r b a n i .
Goodbye!
May you be good-name[d].' J
vaSS b a t a y !
vaSS n a m b a t a y vaSS n a m b a t a y !
Goodbye!
D r . A d a m s and his s e r v a n t stop at a s t a l l selling fruit and v e g e t a b l e s
The s h o p k e e p e r
addresses Dr. Adams. 26. Sh:
S i r , what do you need to b u y ?
vaja, t a r a Se g y r a g i ynt.
mango
amb
pomegranate
anar
27. A;
F r i e n d , give m e two s e e r s of m a n g o e s and one s e e r of p o m e g r a n a t e s !
28. Sh:
V e r y good.
apricot 29. A: What [lit. apricots ?
bras, mana dw ser amb aw yakk sere anar byday! baz jvan. dyga Se.
What e l s e ?
zardalu zardaluay baha Son ynt.
how] is the p r i c e of
260
30. Sh:
A p r i c o t s a r e four a n n a s a s e e r .
z a r d a l u Sar ana s e r a ynt.
cucumber 31. A:
badryng
A r e c u c u m b e r s a v a i l a b l e at t h i s t i m e ? [ L i t . At t h i s t i m e d o e s the c u c u m b e r arrive ?]
place, area,
region
[hjand
vine
vail
presently,
recently
noki
to g r o w ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) 32. Sh:
I
rwdag
S i r , the c u c u m b e r v i n e s of t h i s p l a c e vaja, e [hjanday b a d r y n g a y v a i l noki r w d a g a a r e p r e s e n t l y g r o w i n g . [I. e. the ant. v i n e s a r e now g r o w i n g ; the c u c u m b e r s h a v e not yet a p p e a r e d . ]
s q u a s h , a s p . of v e g e t a b l e s i m i l a r to a small, round, green squash 33. A; 34. Sh:
Se, e v a x t a b a d r y n g r a s i t ?
meyal
Good, give m e a s e e r of s q u a s h !
S a r r , yakk s e r e m e y a l b y d a y !
S h a l l I put a l l t h e s e [ t h i n g s ] into a basket?
e drwstana kaTurea man bykanin?
okra
benDi
tomato
TamaTar
to w e i g h
tol kanag
Y e s . And [I] have to buy s o m e of t h o s e v e g e t a b l e s too. Weigh a s e e r of o k r a and half a s e e r of t o m a t o e s ! 36. Sh: S i r , [the p r i c e s j of a l l t h e s e will be two r u p e e s .
ji [hja. aw Sie aS a s a w z i a n a m g y r a g i ynt. yakk s e r e benDi aw n e m s e r e T a m a T a r tol kan!
37. A:
b w z u r e dw r w p p i .
35. A:
38. Sh:
H e r e a r e the two r u p e e s .
tai baz m e r b a n i .
T h a n k you v e r y m u c h .
medicine-and-remedy.- cure, treatment 39. A: C o m e , now let m e i n q u i r e about y o u r [ m e d i c a l ] t r e a t m e n t [lit. m a k e the i n q u i r y of y o u r m e d i c i n e - a n d - r e m e d y . ] matter, case,
daru-w-darman b y a , nun t a i d a r u - w - d a r m a n a y j w s t a bykanin.
babatt
respect
davaxana
pharmacy 40. S;
vaja, e d r w s t a n i dw r w p p i b a n t .
e b a b a t t a , m a n t a r a y a k k jvane d a v a x a n a e peS d a r i n .
In t h i s c o n n e c t i o n , I'll show you a good p h a r m a c y .
T h e y e n t e r the p h a r m a c y , and D r . A d a m s s p e a k s to the p h a r m a c i s t , servant 4 1 . A: S i r , give m e s o m e t a b l e t s . s e r v a n t i s a l i t t l e ill. sickness,
nokar vaja, Sie goli b y d a y . najoR ynt.
My
mani nokar k a m m e
najoRi
illness
42. P :
W h a t ' s the m a t t e r with h i m ? What i s h i s i l l n e s s ? ]
43. A:
He h a s a h e a d a c h e .
[Lit.
a i najoRi Se ynt.
[Lit.
[It] i s the
s a r a y d a r d ynt.
p a i n of the h e a d . J 44. P :
go m a n e goli a s t ant.
I have these pills.
box, packet 45. A: T h e s e a r e good.
Dabbi Give m e one p a c k e t !
261
e S a r r ant.
yakk D a b b i e byday!
sar-dard
headache 46. P :
If the p a t i e n t ' s h e a d a c h e is v e r y s e v e r e , he should t a k e [lit. e a t ] two p i l l s now and two in the evening.
aga n a j o R a y s a r - d a r d b a z s a k k ynt, to dw goli nun, aw dw Sapa b w a r t .
note ( c u r r e n c y )
noT
to s e p a r a t e , take a p a r t
jyta k a n a g
47. A:
Good, s i r , h e r e [is your m o n e y ] ! Change [lit. b r e a k ! J t h i s ten r u p e e note and take out [lit. s e p a r a t e ! ] your money!
S a r r , vaja, b w z u r ! e da r w p p i a y n o T a b w p r o s , aw v a t i p a y s a g a j y t a kan!
48. P :
Thank you v e r y m u c h ,
tai baz m e r b a n i , b r a s .
49. A:
Goodbye!
vaSS b a t a y !
50. P :
Goodbye!
vaSS n a m batyt!
friend.
Dr. A d a m s a d d r e s s e s his s e r v a n t . to a c c o m p a n y , go along with a little w h i l e , a m o m e n t [lit. 51. A:
go buag a breath]
a r e [ h j a m b a l , nun taw go m a n go m a b u ! b y r a , yakk golie p e s b o r , aw d a m e vab kan!
Say, fellow, do not a c c o m p a n y m e now! Go, f i r s t take [lit. e a t ] a t a b l e t , and s l e e p [for] a little while!
gradag
to fry, cook in oil or w a t e r 52. S:
Shall I not fry t h e s e v e g e t a b l e s now?
goodness, peacefulness,
dame
Se, e s a w z i a nun m a g r a d i n ? Sar r i
tranquility
a r a m kanag
to r e s t 53. A:
No. You go and r e s t peacefully [lit. in g o o d n e s s ] , and I will eat in a restaurant.
ynna. taw b y r a , S a r r i a a r a m kan, aw m a n yakk [ h ] o T a l e a nan v a r i n .
54. S:
Good.
Sarr.
Now I'll c a t c h a tonga.
Dr. Adams enters a restaurant.
The waite r a p p r o a c h e s h i m . vaja, Se v a r a y .
55. W: S i r , what will you e a t ? 56. A: What [ v a r i o u s t h i n g s ] a r e t h e r e ? pulao:
Se Se a s t . pwlav
r i c e cooked with m e a t
baTT
pulses 57. W: S i r , today t h e r e a r e v e g e t a b l e s , p u l a o , and p u l s e s .
vaja, m a r o S i s a w z i , p w l a v , aw b a T T a s t . ma[h]i
fish 58. A:
nun m a n T a n g a e g y r i n .
Se, go Swma m a [ h ] i a s t ?
Do you have fish?
o c e a n , sea 59. W: No s i r . Our s o u t h e r n people eat fish b e c a u s e the o c e a n is n e a r b y . It is not a v a i l a b l e [lit. d o e s not r e a c h ] here. 60. A: Is t h e r e no beef [lit. c o w ' s m e a t ] ?
zyr na vaja, a m m a y j a n d w m a y m a r d w m m a [ h ] i v a r a n t , p a r Se ky zyr n a z z i k ynt. yda nar asit. gokay goSt n e s t ? pas
s h e e p , goat 6 1 . W:
No s i r , h e r e [people] eat v e r y little beef. M o s t l y [they] eat s h e e p [or goat] m e a t or fowl, e t c .
na vaja, yda gokay goSt b a z k a m m v a r a n t . geStyr p a s a y goSt aw m w r g aw e S - w - a varant.
62. A:
Good.
Sarr.
Do you have c u r d s ?
262
mastag ast?
6 3 . W:
Yes sir.
saucer,
ji[h]a; pyrS
small plate
64. A :
Good. B r i n g a p l a t e of p u l a o and a s a u c e r of c u r d s for m e ! eggplant
S a r r . p a m m a n y a k k t a l i e p w l a v aw y a k k pyrSe mastag byar! vangaR
p u m p k i n , a s p . of p u m p k i n - l i k e v e g e t a b l e
kosinS
65. W :
We h a v e eggplant and p u m p k i n [lit. c o o k e d - v e g e t a b l e of eggplant and pumpkin] too.
v a n g a R aw k o s i n S a y sag a m a s t .
66. A :
J u s t t h i s is enough for m e . A f t e r w a r d s b r i n g a cup of coffee!
m a n a a m e b a s s ant. kava b y a r !
common,
ordinary
randa yakk pyalage
lass
67. W:
S i r , p e r h a p s coffee m a y be [found] in our l a r g e h o t e l s , [it] is not [found] in c o m m o n r e s t a u r a n t s .
vaja, a m m a y m a z a n e [ h j o T a l a b a l k y k a v a bybit. l a s s [hjoTala n e s t .
68. A:
All r i g h t .
Sarr.
69. W:
S i r , h e r e is y o u r t e a .
Bring [some] green-tea!
sawz-Sa byar!
vaja, e t a i Sa ant.
oven-baked
tanduri
70. A:
I like t h i s o v e n - b a k e d b r e a d of y o u r s very much. 71. W: Y e s . The B a l u c h i s eat t h i s [type of] b r e a d in the s u m m e r .
Swmay e t a n d u r i e nan m a n a sakk dost ant. ji [h]a.
baloS t i r m a g a a m e nana v a r a n t .
72. A:
A l l r i g h t . How m u c h m o n e y s h a l l I give for [lit. of] a l l t h e s e d i s h e s ?
S a r r . e d r w s t v a r d y n a n i Synka p a y s a g bydayin.
73. W:
S i r , [the p r i c e s ] of a l l t h e s e will be one and a half r u p e e s .
vaja, e d r w s t a n i yakk w n e m r w p p i b a n t .
74. A:
All r i g h t . rupees.
Sarr.
H e r e is the one and a half
[h]oTalvaja[g]
restaurant-keeper 75 W: 76. A:
S i r , give it to the r e s t a u r a n t - k e e p e r over there! Very well
12. 200. 1.
b w z u r yakk w n e m k a l l a d a r .
vaja, oda [ h j o T a l v a j a g a byday! b a z jvan.
Word Study.
/ [ h j a m b a l / " f e l l o w " i s a nonhonorific t e r m for any adult m a l e .
It i s roughly
e q u i v a l e n t in c o n n o t a t i o n to A m e r i c a n E n g l i s h " g u y " or B r i t i s h " c h a p . " Its h o n o r i f i c e q u i v a l e n t i s , of c o u r s e , / v a j a [ g ] / .
The student m u s t be c a r e f u l to e m p l o y / [ h ] a m b a l / only
in r e f e r e n c e to p e r s o n s of c l e a r l y l o w e r or l e s s f o r m a l s t a t u s (e. g. 1.
servants).
/ s a w d a / d e n o t e s " m e r c h a n d i s e , c o m m o d i t y , thing for s a l e , p u r c h a s e . "
The
c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n / s a w d a k a n a g / i s u s e d for "to do b u s i n e s s w i t h " and "to s e l l " ( s y n o n y m o u s in t h i s m e a n i n g with / b a h a k a n a g / ) .
The compound / s a w d a g y r /
(literally "purchase-buy[er]") has already been introduced.
"merchant"
E. g.
/ e Sa[h]ra sawda s a k k g r a n ant. / In t h i s city goods [ m e r c h a n d i s e , commodities] are very expensive. / p a m m a n yakk sawdae byar! /
263
B r i n g s o m e t h i n g [i. e.
a p u r c h a s e ] for m e
/ m a n a gon eSi y a k k s a w d a e k a n a g i ynt. / I h a v e to do a [ p i e c e of] b u s i n e s s with t h i s [ p e r s o n ] , / m a n e a s p a sawda kanin. / I will s e l l t h i s h o r s e . [ S y n o n y m o u s with /baha kanin/. ] 2.
S o m e s p e a k e r s p r o n o u n c e / T a n g a / "tonga, a type of t w o - w h e e l e d h o r s e c a r r i a g e "
and / T a n g a v a l a / " t o n g a - d r i v e r " with an i n i t i a l / t / i n s t e a d of / T / . w o r d s f r o m Urdu. 3.
T o n g a s a r e found only in l a r g e t o w n s and c i t i e s , such a s Q u e t t a .
F o r / [ h ] a r d w / "both, " s e e Sec. 6 . 1 0 6 . / m a n a [hjardw byday! /
Both the b o o k s a r e good.
/ [ h j a r d w e yakk p a y m a ant. / / [ h ] a r d w a y gys oda ant. / The 2nd sg. i m p e r a t i v e / b y g y r /
E.g.
Give m e both!
/ [ h ] a r d w kytab jvan ant. /
8.
These t e r m s a r e loan-
Both a r e e q u a l .
The h o u s e s of both [ p e r s o n s ] a r e o v e r t h e r e . " t a k e , g r a s p , s e i z e , c a t c h , buy! " i s e m p l o y e d
in the i d i o m a t i c c o n s t r u c t i o n / a S . . . bygyr tana . . . /
"from . . . to . . . " - - l i t e r a l l y ,
"take
f r o m . . . up to . . . ! " T h i s f o r m a t i o n is u s e d when the s p e a k e r w i s h e s to s t r e s s a continuity or r a n g e f r o m one l i m i t to a n o t h e r .
E. g.
/ m a n aS [h]aSt bajaga bygyr tana panS b a j a g a k a r kanin. / I w o r k from [lit. take from! ] eight o ' c l o c k until five o ' c l o c k . [I. e. I w o r k s t e a d i l y or with only s h o r t i n t e r r u p t i o n s f r o m one point of t i m e to the o t h e r . ] / a S k o T a a b y g y r tana noSke, m a a y r a [h]ar ra[h]a p a T T a n . / We will look for h i m on e v e r y r o a d f r o m [lit. take f r o m ! ] Quetta to Noshki. [I. e. Our s e a r c h will c o v e r a l l of the p o i n t s b e t w e e n t h e s e two l i m i t s . ] / a Sa da rwppia b y g y r tana b i s t rwppi roSa k a T T a n t . / T h e y e a r n from [lit. take from! ] ten r u p e e s to twenty r u p e e s a d a y . [I. e. T h e i r e a r n i n g s on any given day will be s o m e w h e r e b e t w e e n t h e s e two limits. ] 14.
" S o m e t i m e s . . . s o m e t i m e s . . . " is e x p r e s s e d by / v a x t e . . . [aw] v a x t e . . . / .
C o m p a r e Sec. 11. 502 and s e e a l s o s e n t e n c e 56 below. / v a x t e a najoR ynt, vaxte joR ynt. / t i m e s he is w e l l .
E . g. S o m e t i m e s he is s i c k , [and] s o m e -
15. / p a y m / "kind, m a n n e r , w a y " is a l m o s t s y n o n y m o u s with / D a w l / "kind, t y p e , s o r t , way, m e t h o d , s h a p e , f o r m " in m a n y e n v i r o n m e n t s , meanings "form,
s h a p e " or " m e t h o d , way, " h o w e v e r .
/ l a w n / "kind, c o l o u r , quality, " see Sec. 9. 403.
/ p a y m / d o e s not s h a r e the
F o r a c o m p a r i s o n of / D a w l / w i t h
E. g.
/ m a r d w m a y s a r a [h]ar p a y m e sa[h]att kayt. / E v e r y kind of v i c i s s i t u d e [lit. s h o r t t i m e , p e r i o d ] c o m e s upon [a] m a n . [ / [ h j a r D a w l e / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e but not ''Y[h]ar l a w n a y / . ] / e p a y m e dod m a y m w l k a n e s t . / T h i s kind of c u s t o m d o e s not e x i s t in our c o u n t r y , [/e D a w l e / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e , but * / e l a w n a y / is not. ] / d y g a p a y m e pwSS b y a r ! / roughly s y n o n y m o u s ,
B r i n g a n o t h e r kind of cloth! [ / d y g a D a w l e / is / d y g a l a w n a y / is a l s o p o s s i b l e but h a s the 264
m e a n i n g of " a n o t h e r c o l o u r " o r " a n o t h e r q u a l i t y . "] / o d a [h]ar Dawle gallag ast. / T h e r e i s e v e r y kind of w h e a t o v e r t h e r e . [ / [ h j a r p a y m e / i s s u b s t i t u t a b l e . / [ h ] a r l a w n a y / i s a l s o c o r r e c t in t h e m e a n i n g of " e v e r y q u a l i t y . "] / y a k k p a y m a [h]awr b u a g a ynt. / R a i n is falling c o n t i n u o u s l y [lit. wa y ] - [ / y a k k D a w l a / is a l s o c o r r e c t but not " / y a k k l a w n a / . ]
in one
/ m a n a e [ h ] a r d w Si y a k k p a y m a d o s t ant. / Both t h e s e t h i n g s a r e e q u a l l y [lit. in one w a y ] p l e a s i n g to m e . [ / y a k k D a w l a / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e but not '"/yakk l a w n a / . ] / d r w s t T a n g a v a l a y a k k p a y m a k a T T a n t . / All the t o n g a - d r i v e r s e a r n e q u a l l y , [ / y a k k D a w l a / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e in t h i s s a m e m e a n i n g but c a n a l s o signify "in the s a m e way, " "by the s a m e m e t h o d " - - a m e a n i n g w h i c h / y a k k p a y m a / d o e s not s h a r e ! ] / e Dawle b a d n i m a n a d o s t ynt. / I like t h i s kind of e w e r , [/e p a y m e / i s a l s o c o r r e c t , / e l a w n a y / is a l s o p o s s i b l e in the s e n s e of "this quality of, " although v a r i o u s q u a l i t i e s of e w e r s a r e not u s u a l l y differentiated. C o m p a r e : ] / e b a d n i a y Dawl m a n a dost ynt. / I like the shape of t h i s e w e r . / p a y m / n o r / l a w n / c a r r i e s the s e n s e of " s h a p e , f o r m . "] 16.
/ s a [ h ] a t t / d e n o t e s " t i m e " in the s e n s e of s h o r t , m e a s u r a b l e u n i t s :
e t c . (and is often u s e d in m o d e r n B a l u c h i for " h o u r " ) , period:
p e r h a p s d a y s , m o n t h s , or y e a r s .
vicissitude";
[Neither
hours, minutes,
/ v a x t / " t i m e " signifies a longer
/ s a [ h ] a t t / is a l s o u s e d for "(changing) c i r c u m s t a n c e ,
s e e the f i r s t e x a m p l e u n d e r s e n t e n c e 15 a b o v e .
E.g.
/ t a r a Synka sa[h]att ynt, ky yda ay. / How long [i. e. s h o r t p e r i o d s of t i m e r h o u r s , m i n u t e s , e t c . ] have you b e e n h e r e ? [ L i t . How m u c h t i m e is to you, that you a r e h e r e ? C o m p a r e : ] / t a r a Synka vaxt ynt, ky yda ay. / How long [i. e. r e l a t i v e l y l o n g e r p e r i o d s of t i m e : d a y s , m o n t h s , e t c . ] have you b e e n h e r e ? 18.
/ p a z z o r / d e n o t e s " f a t " in the s e n s e of " o v e r - f e d , fat (through o v e r - e a t i n g ) . "
/ z o n D / s i g n i f i e s "fat (through n a t u r a l d i s p o s i t i o n ) " of a n i m a t e b e i n g s and a l s o "thick, b u l k y " of i n a n i m a t e o b j e c t s ,
/ p a z z o r / is not e m p l o y e d with i n a n i m a t e o b j e c t s .
A s i m i l a r c o n t r a s t is found for / b a r a g / "thin, s l e n d e r " and / l a g a r / "thin, gaunt, i l l fed":
the f o r m e r d e n o t e s n a t u r a l t h i n n e s s and m a y be u s e d both of a n i m a t e s and i n a n i m a t e s ;
the l a t t e r d e n o t e s "thin (through u n d e r n o u r i s h m e n t ) " and is a p p l i c a b l e only to living b e i n g s . E.g. / a i nako s a k k p a z z o r ynt. / H i s u n c l e is v e r y fat [i. e. o v e r - f e d ] , [ / z a n D / i s s u b s t i t u t a b l e in the s e n s e of " n a t u r a l l y fat, p r e d i s p o s e d to f a t n e s s . "] / a z a n D e k y t a b e v a n a g a ynt. / not s u b s t i t u t a b l e . ]
He is r e a d i n g a bulky book,
[ / p a z z o r / is
/ m a n e l a g a r e n a s p a g y r a g n a l o T i n . / I do not want to buy t h i s thin [i. e. i l l - f e d ] h o r s e , [ / b a r a g / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e in the m e a n i n g of " n a t u r a l l y t h i n , s l e n d e r . "] / m a n a b a r a g e SyTT d a r k a r ynt. / occur. ] 23.
The i m p e r a t i v e form / b w z u r ! /
I n e e d the thin r o p e ,
[ / l a g a r / cannot
"pick u p , lift! " is e m p l o y e d in the s e n s e of " h e r e
265
you a r e . . . .' " when offering p a y m e n t , e t c . to s o m e o n e .
E . g.
/ e b w z u r t a i p a y s a g ! / H e r e is y o u r m o n e y ! money! ] / b w z u r [h]aSt w n e m r w p p i ! / H e r e a r e [lit. half r u p e e s !
[Lit.
P i c k up t h i s , your
p i c k up] the eight and a
24. A s p e c i a l f o r m of / b u a g / "to b e , b e c o m e " i s found in c e r t a i n s t y l i s e d e x p r e s s i o n s . The s t e m of t h i s f o r m is / b a t / , and it is u s u a l l y followed by one of the 2nd p e r s o n endings ( / a y / or / y t / ) .
U s a g e of t h e s e f o r m s is v e r y l i m i t e d in R a k h s h a n i B a l u c h i . /vaSS batay! / reply is: ]
Goodbye!
/vaSS nam batay! / /vaSS batyt! / 31.
[Lit.
Goodbye!
May you [sg. ] be happy! [Lit.
E . g. The p r o p e r
May you [ s g . ] be good n a m e [ d ] ! ]
Goodbye [to pl. ].'
/ r a s a g / "to a r r i v e , r e a c h " a l s o d e n o t e s "to be a v a i l a b l e , to be o b t a i n a b l e , to get. "
E.g. / S e , e v a x t a b a z a r a a m b r a s i t ? / A r e m a n g o e s a v a i l a b l e in the m a r k e t at t h i s t i m e ? [Lit. Do m a n g o e s a r r i v e . . . ? ] / m a n i mwlka zardalu n a r a s i t . / [lit. do not a r r i v e ] .
In m y c o u n t r y a p r i c o t s a r e u n o b t a i n a b l e
/ e Dawle pwSS a i dwkkana r a s i t . / a r r i v e s ] at h i s shop. 32. contexts:
T h i s kind of cloth is a v a i l a b l e [lit.
F o u r w o r d s have now b e e n i n t r o d u c e d which can be t r a n s l a t e d a s " p l a c e " in c e r t a i n / [ h ] a d d / , / [ h ] a n d / , / j a g a / , and / D y h / .
Of t h e s e , / [ h j a d d / i s the m o s t s p e c i f i c ,
denoting a p l a c e d e l i m i t e d by r a t h e r specific b o r d e r s , well-defined a r e a :
a region, district, etc.
/ [ h j a n d / r e f e r s to a l a r g e r ,
less
/ D y h / is a l s o u s e d for " r e g i o n " but m a y be
e m p l o y e d in the b r o a d e r s e n s e of " c o u n t r y " a s w e l l , o v e r l a p p i n g the s e m a n t i c a r e a c o v e r e d by / m w l k / " c o u n t r y , land, field. " (Indeed, in m o d e r n l i t e r a r y B a l u c h i , / D y h / i s often found in the m e a n i n g of "nation. ") / j a g a / is r a t h e r m o r e a b s t r a c t : s o m e t h i n g , m e a n t for s o m e t h i n g ) . " See Sec. 7. 605.
"place ( o c c u p i e d by
E. g.
/ a m a n i [h]adda nayt. / He d o e s not c o m e to m y p l a c e . m y specific p l a c e . ]
[I. e.
my home,
/ e [h]anda b a d r y n g n a r a s i t . / In t h i s a r e a c u c u m b e r s a r e not a v a i l a b l e . [ / D y h / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e with a s o m e w h a t b r o a d e r c o n n o t a t i o n : " r e g i o n , c o u n t r y . " / j a g a / is a l s o c o r r e c t in the r a t h e r m o r e a b s t r a c t s e n s e of " p h y s i c a l l o c a t i o n . "] / m a a jagaa maroSi n a r a s a n . / We will not r e a c h that p l a c e t o d a y . [ / [ h j a d d / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e in the s e n s e of a s p e c i f i c , d e l i m i t e d l o c a t i o n ; / [ h j a n d / and / D y h / a r e a l s o p o s s i b l e but connote " r e g i o n , a r e a . "] / p a k y s t a n m a z a n e Dyhe. / P a k i s t a n is a l a r g e c o u n t r y . s y n o n y m o u s with / m w l k / in t h i s e x a m p l e . ] 32.
[ / D y h / is roughly
/ n o k i / " p r e s e n t l y , r e c e n t l y " is a t e m p o r a l a d v e r b c o n s i s t i n g of the a d j e c t i v e s t e m
/ n o k / " n e w " + the t e m p o r a l a d v e r b i a l suffix / i / .
266
See Sec. 7. 202.
E. g.
/ m a y ka[h]ol noki r a s a g a ant. / O u r f a m i l i e s a r e p r e s e n t l y a r r i v i n g . [I. e. w i l l p r e s e n t l y a r r i v e . ] / m a n noki t a i k a r a k a n a g a wn. / 35.
I a m p r e s e n t l y doing y o u r job.
/ t o l / d e n o t e s both " w e i g h i n g " and " s c a l e s , b a l a n c e . " The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n
/ t o l k a n a g / s i g n i f i e s "to weigh. " The i n t r a n s i t i v e f o r m of t h i s l a t t e r i s , of c o u r s e ,
/tol
b u a g / "to be w e i g h e d . " E . g. / t a i t o l oda na ynt. /
Your s c a l e s a r e not o v e r t h e r e ,
/ y a k k s e r e a m b tol bykan! / 36.
Weigh one s e e r of m a n g o e s !
When s t a t i n g a p r i c e , the noun or d e m o n s t r a t i v e denoting the o b j e c t f s ] p r i c e d is
i d i o m a t i c a l l y p o s s e s s i v e in f o r m . t h e n u m b e r of m o n e y u n i t s . this construction.
The v e r b , h o w e v e r , i s s i n g u l a r or p l u r a l depending upon
I n f o r m a n t s felt that p e r h a p s / b a h a / " p r i c e " is u n d e r s t o o d in
E . g. / e d r w s t a n i say r w p p i b a n t . / [The p r i c e ] of a l l t h e s e will be t h r e e r u p e e s . [ L i t . T h r e e r u p e e s of t h e s e a l l will b e . C o m p a r e : ] / e d r w s t say r w p p i b a n t . / will be] t h r e e r u p e e s . s t a t e m e n t of p r i c e . ]
All t h e s e [ c o i n s , e t c . ] will add up to [lit. [ N o r m a l l y t h i s will not be u n d e r s t o o d a s a
/ e S i dw r w p p i b a n t . / [The p r i c e ] of t h i s will be two r u p e e s . [ E v e n though the object sold is s i n g u l a r , the v e r b is p l u r a l , a g r e e i n g with the p l u r a l i t y of / d w r w p p i / . ] 39. A l o n e , / d a r u / and / d a r m a n / both m e a n " m e d i c i n e , d r u g , r e m e d y . " The c o m p o u n d / d a r u - w - d a r m a n / d e n o t e s " t r e a t m e n t , c u r e , r e m e d y . " E. g. / a i d a r u - w - d a r m a n go m a nabit. / c u r e will not be with u s . ] 39.
He cannot be c u r e d by u s .
The definite object of c e r t a i n c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s m a y o c c u r
[Lit.
His
(a) a s an
o b j e c t , m a r k e d with one of the " o b j e c t i v e " suffixes (as r e q u i r e d ;
see Sec. 7.801);
(b) a s t h e p o s s e s s o r of the s u b s t a n t i v e e l e m e n t of the f o r m a t i o n .
In the l a t t e r c a s e , the
s u b s t a n t i v e e l e m e n t i s then m a r k e d with an " o b j e c t i v e " suffix.
or
E . g.
/ S e , m a n e [ h ] a b a r a jwst b y k a n i n ? / Shall I a s k [about] t h i s m a t t e r ? [ / [ h j a b a r a "word, m a t t e r , t h i n g " i s g r a m m a t i c a l l y a definite object, m a r k e d with the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / . C o m p a r e r ] / S e , m a n e [ h ] a b a r a y j w s t a b y k a n i n ? / Shall I a s k [about] t h i s m a t t e r ? [ / [ h ] a b a r a y / "of the w o r d , m a t t e r ; t h i n g " p o s s e s s e s / j w s t a / , which i s m a r k e d by the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix /a/.» lit. "Shall I m a k e the i n q u i r y of t h i s m a t t e r ? " T h i s and the p r e c e d i n g e x a m p l e a r e apparently synonymous. ] 40.
/ b a b a t t / " m a t t e r ; c a s e , r e s p e c t " is e m p l o y e d in a " p o s s e s s i v e l o c a t i v e " c o n s t r u c t i o n
( s e e S e c . 3. 101) m e a n i n g "about, c o n c e r n i n g . " It is a l s o u s e d with the n o m i n a t i v e f o r m of v a r i o u s d e m o n s t r a t i v e s and i n t e r r o g a t i v e s to m e a n "in t h i s c a s e , " "in which c a s e ? " "in that c a s e , " e t c .
E . g.
267
/ m a n i b a b a t t a , a r a s t nagwSant. / T h e y do not t e l l the t r u t h [lit. say t r u e ] about m e . / s a r d a r a y b a b a t t a , t a i Se [hjayal ynt. / What is y o u r opinion about the chief? / e b a b a t t a , m a n a jwst k a n a g i ynt. / I h a v e to a s k about t h i s , [/e b a b a t t a / d e n o t e s "in t h i s c o n n e c t i o n " ; / e S i b a b a t t a / m e a n s "about t h i s [one]. "] / t a w kwjam b a b a t t a oda r a v a y . / there ? 45. pills)j
In which c o n n e c t i o n w i l l you go o v e r
/ D a b b i / signifies a s m a l l box or p a c k e t (e. g.
a p a c k e t of c i g a r e t t e s , a box of
/ s w n d u k / d e n o t e s a l a r g e box, t r u n k , c h e s t , e t c .
46. head").
/sar-dard/
" h e a d a c h e " is e x a c t l y equivalent to / s a r a y d a r d / (lit.
The f o r m e r is a compound;
"pain of the
the l a t t e r is not.
51. As w a s sefen in the c a s e of / b y r k a n a g / "to put (a pot, k e t t l e , e t c . ) on (the f i r e ) , " v a r i o u s p r e p o s i t i o n s a r e s o m e t i m e s e m p l o y e d a s the s u b s t a n t i v e e l e m e n t in a c o m p l e x verbal formation,
/ g o b u a g / "to a c c o m p a n y , be w i t h " (and i t s t r a n s i t i v e f o r m , / g o k a n a g /
"to c a u s e to a c c o m p a n y , send with") a r e a n o t h e r e x a m p l e of t h i s p h e n o m e n o n .
E . g.
/ m a n go taw go bin. / I will a c c o m p a n y you. [Although / g o / o c c u r s a s the s u b s t a n t i v e e l e m e n t of the c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n , it m u s t occur again as a preposition before / t a w / . ] / m a n v a t i za[h]ga go Swma go kanin. / 51.
/dam/
,r
succeeding Units,
I will send m y child with you.
b r e a t h " h a s m a n y i d i o m a t i c u s e s , s o m e of which w i l l be i n t r o d u c e d in / d a m e / "a b r e a t h " i s e m p l o y e d to e x p r e s s "a l i t t l e w h i l e , a m o m e n t . "
E.g. / p a m m a n oda d a m e b y d a r ! / / m a n d a m e b a l o S y s t a n a bin. /
Wait a m o m e n t for m e o v e r t h e r e ! I will be in B a l u c h i s t a n a l i t t l e w h i l e .
52. / g r a d a g / "to fry, b o i l , cook in oil or w a t e r " is u s e d for c u r r i e s :
this p r o c e s s
i n c l u d e s the frying of o n i o n s , s p i c e s , e t c . in a little oil, then adding the m e a t and b r o w n i n g it, and then the addition of w a t e r . done.
All of the i n g r e d i e n t s a r e t h e n b o i l e d u n t i l t h o r o u g h l y
Although / p a S a g / "to c o o k " is e m p l o y e d for cooking in g e n e r a l , it h a s the t e c h n i c a l
m e a n i n g of b a k i n g (bread) or r o a s t i n g ( m e a t , e t c . ).
T h e s e two v e r b s m u s t t h u s be
distinguished. 53.
/ a r a m k a n a g / and / t r a h a g / both m e a n "to r e s t " ,
they a r e r o u g h l y s y n o n y m o u s .
56. The r e d u p l i c a t i o n of an i n t e r r o g a t i v e w o r d c a r r i e s c o n n o t a t i o n s of d i s t r i b u t i v e n e s s : "which [ v a r i o u s t h i n g s ] ? " "who [ v a r i o u s p e o p l e ] ? " e t c . E . g. / g o taw Se Se a s t . /
What [ v a r i o u s t h i n g s ] do you h a v e ?
/ t a w e m a [ h ] a kwja kwja r a v a y . / will you go t h i s m o n t h ?
268
W h e r e [i. e.
which v a r i o u s p l a c e s ]
/ k a y kay t a i g y s a ant. / / e m a i k a i k a i ant. /
Who [ v a r i o u s p e o p l e ] a r e in y o u r h o u s e ?
Whose [ v a r i o u s p e r s o n s ' ] a r e t h e s e l i v e s t o c k ?
/ t a r a k w j a m k w j a m v a r d y n d o s t ant. /
Which [ v a r i o u s ] foods do you l i k e ?
C e r t a i n n o u n s and a d j e c t i v e s a r e a l s o r e p e a t e d ( u s u a l l y with the c o m p o u n d j u n c t u r e ) to signify d i s t r i b u t i v e n e s s .
E . g.
/ D a w l - D a w l e m a r d w m e Sa[hjra a s t . / T h e r e a r e [ v a r i o u s ] k i n d s of p e o p l e in t h i s city. [Note that ''fpaym-payme/ d o e s not o c c u r . ] / m a n i dwkkana l a w n - l a w n a y pwSS a s t . / q u a l i t i e s of cloth.
In m y shop t h e r e a r e [ v a r i o u s ]
/ v a x t - v a x t e a kayt. / He c o m e s s o m e t i m e s , [ / v a x t - v a x t e / d e n o t e s " o c c a s i o n a l l y , f r o m t i m e to t i m e , s o m e t i m e s . " C o m p a r e s e n t e n c e 14 a b o v e . ] / a m m a y m w l k a k a m m - k a m m e n ap a s t . / In our c o u n t r y t h e r e is a l i t t l e w a t e r [ h e r e and t h e r e ] . [As an a d j e c t i v e , / k a m m - k a m m e / d e n o t e s "a l i t t l e [in v a r i o u s p l a c e s ] . " C o m p a r e : ] / k a m m - k a m m [hjawr b u a g a ynt. / l i t t l e , a l i t t l e at a t i m e . ]
R a i n i s falling slowly.
/ b a l o S y s t a n a m a z a n - m a z a n e ko[h] a s t . / large mountains.
[I. e.
l i t t l e by
In B a l u c h i s t a n t h e r e a r e [ v a r i o u s ]
N u m e r a l a d j e c t i v e s a r e a l s o r e d u p l i c a t e d to i n d i c a t e d i s t r i b u t i v e n e s s .
E . g.
/ m a n a dw dw a n a a y T y k a T T g y r a g i ynt. / I have to buy [ v a r i o u s ] t w o a n n a s t a m p s . [I. e. s e v e r a l s t a m p s having a d e n o m i n a t i o n of two annas each.] / S e , taw SaSS SaSS a n a a y lypapag l o T a y ? / Do you want [ v a r i o u s ] s i x anna e n v e l o p e s ? [I. e. e n v e l o p e s c o s t i n g six a n n a s e a c h - - o r e n v e l o p e s b e a r i n g six a n n a s ' w o r t h of p o s t a g e e a c h . ] / a y a k k yakka Swmay m e S a b a r a n t . / one by one.
They will take away y o u r s h e e p
S o m e r e d u p l i c a t e d c o m p o u n d s of n u m e r a l s or t e m p o r a l nouns contain / p a / "for. "
This
i s t r a n s l a t a b l e a s " a f t e r " or "by. " E. g. / a y a k k - p a - y a k k a Swmay m e S a b a r a n t . / one a f t e r a n o t h e r . / y a k k - p a - y a k k a taha bybyt! / / d w - p a - d w eSana d a r bykan! /
Go i n s i d e one a f t e r a n o t h e r ! T a k e t h e m o u t s i d e two by two!
/ t a w r o S - p a - r o S [ h ] a r a b b u a g a ay. / day by day. / a s a l - p a - s a l kayant. /
They will take away y o u r s h e e p
You a r e b e c o m i n g w o r s e [lit.
bad]
They c o m e y e a r a f t e r y e a r .
/ a m a [ h ] - p a - m a [ h ] v a t i z a r r a n aS m a n g i r t . / He t a k e s h i s m o n e y f r o m m e m o n t h by m o n t h . [I. e. in m o n t h l y i n s t a l m e n t s . Such c o m p o u n d s a s t h e s e a r e i d i o m a t i c ; one cannot say ' " / S a p - p a - S a p / , for e x a m p l e . ] One or two r e d u p l i c a t e d c o m p o u n d s have / n a / " n o t " b e t w e e n the r e p e a t e d e l e m e n t s . E.g. / m a n a S i e - n a - S i e g y r a g i ynt. / some-not-some. ]
I h a v e to buy s o m e t h i n g or o t h e r .
/ a S i e - n a - S i e S a r r b u a g a ynt. / good].
He is b e c o m i n g s o m e w h a t b e t t e r [lit.
269
[Lit.
61.
The t e r m / p a s / " s h e e p , g o a t " i n c l u d e s both / m e S / " s h e e p " and / b w z /
"goat."
If one w i s h e s to specify which v a r i e t y of / p a s / is m e a n t , one m a y e i t h e r u s e / b w z / and / m e S / , or e l s e e m p l o y the c o m p o u n d s / s y a - p a s / " g o a t " (lit. / y s p e - p a s / " s h e e p " (lit. 67.
" b l a c k - s h e e p - g o a t " ) and
"white-sheep-goat").
/ l a s s / " c o m m o n , o r d i n a r y " b e l o n g s to that s m a l l c l a s s of a d j e c t i v e s which do not
r e q u i r e the " a t t r i b u t i v e " suffix / e n / - / e / b e f o r e a noun.
E.g.
/ a m m a y l a s s m a r d w m v a n a g a n a z a n a n t . / Our c o m m o n p e o p l e do not know how to r e a d . [Not " / l a s s e m a r d w m / . ] / m a n l a s s kytaba n a v a n i n . / kytaba/. ]
I do not r e a d o r d i n a r y b o o k s .
[Not ' " / l a s s e
/ e l a s s m a r d w m a y dod ynt. / T h i s is the c u s t o m of the c o m m o n p e o p l e . [Not ' , x /lasse m a r d w m a y d o d / . ] 70. / t a n d u r i / " o v e n - b a k e d " r e f e r s to the l e a v e n e d b r e a d b a k e d in a / t a n d u r / "oven, " T h i s is r a t h e r different f r o m the thin u n l e a v e n e d b r e a d m a d e on the / t a p a g / " g r i d d l e - p l a t e . ' When an a d j e c t i v e c o m p o s e d of a noun + the a d j e c t i v e f o r m a n t suffix / i / m o d i f i e s a noun u n m a r k e d by any s u b s t a n t i v e suffix, t h e r e is a t e n d e n c y to omit the " a t t r i b u t i v e " suffix / e n / - / e / , which m i g h t o t h e r w i s e be e x p e c t e d to o c c u r with the a d j e c t i v e . have a s u b s t a n t i v e suffix, h o w e v e r , then / e n / - / e / often o c c u r s .
If the noun d o e s
E . g.
/ m a n a t a n d u r i nan sakk dost ynt. / I like o v e n - b a k e d b r e a d v e r y m u c h , [ / t a n d u r i e n a n / is a l s o c o r r e c t but s o m e w h a t l e s s c o m m o n . H e r e / n a n / " b r e a d " h a s no s u b s t a n t i v e suffix. C o m p a r e : ] / S e , taw t a n d u r i e nanay paSaga z a n a y ? / Do you know how to cook o v e n baked b r e a d ? [ / n a n / " b r e a d " is followed by the " p o s s e s s i v e " suffix / a y / , and / t a n d u r i / is thus m a r k e d by / e n / - / e / . ]
12. 300.
D r i l l s and E x e r c i s e s .
12.301.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l I. 1.
t a i koTia kay kay ant. my father and m y b r o t h e r s several Baluchis my s e r v a n t and y o u r cook m y e l d e s t s i s t e r and h e r son only that t o n g a - d r i v e r
2.
taw k a i b a b a t t a gwSaga ay. about you [pl. ] about that old m a n about the r e s t a u r a n t - k e e p e r about t h o s e m e r c h a n t s about that fellow
270
3.
aga t a i s a w z i - b a z a r a r a v a g b y b i t , to Se Se g y r a g i ay. o k r a and c u c u m b e r f s ] a p r i c o t [ s ] and p o m e g r a n a t e f s ] two s e e r s [of] s q u a s h half a s e e r [of] p u m p k i n a s e e r [of] t o m a t o [ e s ] and s o m e p u l s e s
4.
t a w dyga Se l o T a y B r i n g a s a u c e r [of] c u r d s and a p l a t e [of] pulao! C h a n g e [lit. b r e a k ! ] t h i s t e n r u p e e note [lit. note of t e n r u p e e s ] . ' Weigh one and a half s e e r s [of] eggplant! P u t a l l t h e s e t h i n g s into a b a s k e t ! Do you h a v e f i s h ?
5.
Se, e j v a n e n a s p e ? No s i r , it is a w e a k h o r s e . Yes s i r , it is a s t r o n g h o r s e . No s i r , t h i s [one] is v e r y thin, but that [one] is fat. Yes s i r . I u s e it [lit. t a k e w o r k f r o m it] f r o m six o ' c l o c k u n t i l eight o ' c l o c k . No s i r . It h a s l i t t l e e n e r g y to w o r k . Its w o r k d o i n g ' s e n e r g y is l i t t l e . ]
[Lit,
aS e k a r a , Swma Synka kaTTyt. Our daily [lit. twelve a n n a s .
d a y ' s ] wage i s eight r u p e e s ,
We do not e a r n m u c h . It d e p e n d s upon how m u c h e n e r g y we h a v e to w o r k . [Lit. It is upon u s , that how m u c h t i m e we k e e p the e n e r g y of doing work. ] We e a r n only nine and a half r u p e e s , but the chief g i v e s u s food [lit. b r e a d ] a l s o . We will e a r n equally [lit. in one w a y ] . E a c h one will get t e n r u p e e s . [ L i t . To e v e r y one ten r u p e e [ s ] will r e a c h . ] 7.
a i n a j o R i Se ynt. He h a s [lit.
to h i m i s ] a h e a d a c h e .
He h a s [lit.
to h i m i s ] [a] cold.
His h e a d is h u r t i n g .
He m u s t r e s t .
I d o n ' t know. S o m e t i m e s he s h i v e r s , [and] s o m e t i m e s he c r i e s . He h a s [lit. d o e s ] d i a r r h e a . t a k e [lit. e a t ] t h e s e p i l l s .
271
He should
8.
aS yda t a n a D a k x a n a a Synka gyray. I will t a k e s e v e n a n n a s . I will not t a k e l e s s [ t h a n ] t w e l v e a n n a s . I w i l l t a k e t h r e e and a half r u p e e s . The postoffice i s far f r o m h e r e . Therefore I will not t a k e l e s s [than] two r u p e e s . Take a n o t h e r tonga!
9.
My h o r s e i s sick.
Se, t a i gw[h]ar go m a go bit? No, she will get down h e r e . Y e s , she w i l l get on [lit. b e c o m e r i d i n g ] in b a c k , and I will get on [lit. b e c o m e r i d i n g ] in front. No, she h a s to go to the p h a r m a c y . Wait a m o m e n t [lit. a b r e a t h ] . ' She will c o m e , and m y wife will a l s o c o m e . If she d o e s not go [lit. m a y not go] to the o c e a n t o m o r r o w , t h e n she w i l l a c c o m p a n y you [pl. ].
10. annun m a n Se k a r b y k a n i n ? R e s t a m o m e n t [lit.
a breath].'
P u l l [out] t h o s e w a t e r - m e l o n v i n e s [lit. v i n e s of w a t e r - m e l o n ] ! Take t h e s e s h e e p to the m a r k e t - p l a c e ! C l e a n the kitchen! Then go to the m a r k e t [and] b r i n g the g r o c e r i e s [lit. p u r c h a s e s ] ! T e l l my s e r v a n t to change [lit. that he should b r e a k ] t h i s five r u p e e note [lit. note of five r u p e e s ] in the m a r k e t ! 11. vaja, y m S a p i taw Se Se varag loTay. pulao and a s a u c e r of c u r d s r i c e , eggplant, and beef [lit.
cow's meat]
g o a t ' s m e a t , p u m p k i n , and o v e n - b a k e d bread fish, p u l s e s , and b r e a d If t h e r e i s any [lit.
s o m e ] o k r a , fry it!
12. t a i dwkkana kwjam kwjam nivag a s t . In m y shop t h e r e a r e v e r y good m a n g o e s . I have p o m e g r a n a t e s , a p p l e s , and a p r i c o t s . F r u i t is not a v a i l a b l e [lit. d o e s not a r r i v e ] t h e s e d a y s . I have p u m p k i n and s q u a s h . In t h i s s e a s o n only g r a p e s a r e a v a i l a b l e [lit. a r r i v e ] . W a t e r - m e l o n and P e r s i a n m e l o n a r e a v a i l a b l e [lit. a r r i v e ] .
272
13. t a i b a g a Se r w d a g a ant. P r e s e n t l y s q u a s h a r e g r o w i n g in m y g a r d e n . I think [lit. opinion i s ] that the p u m p k i n s w i l l a p p e a r [lit. g r o w ] soon. C u c u m b e r v i n e s [lit. v i n e s of c u c u m b e r ] a r e g r o w i n g t h e r e now. Some p l a n t s a r e g r o w i n g . We u s e t h e m a s m e d i c i n e . [ L i t . We t a k e m e d i c i n e ' s work from them. ] In t h i s s e a s o n nothing g r o w s t h e r e . 14. t a i b r a s k w j a m D a w l a y mardwme. He is v e r y t a l l [lit.
long].
He is v e r y fat. He is v e r y w e a k and thin b e c a u s e t h e s e d a y s he is s i c k . He i s v e r y s t r o n g . He is s h o r t , and h i s c o l o u r is d a r k [lit. black]. 15.
e d r w s t a n i Synka p a y s a g bant. [The p r i c e s ] of a l l t h e s e will be t h i r t e e n rupees. [The p r i c e s ] of t h e s e will be s e v e n r u p e e s , but [the p r i c e ] of that will be two r u p e e s . T h e s e things a r e v e r y c h e a p . I don't know.
A s k the r e s t a u r a n t - k e e p e r !
[The p r i c e s ] of t h e s e d i s h e s [lit. foods] will be four r u p e e s , fifteen a n n a s .
12. 302.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l II.
S o m e of t h e following a r e g r e e t i n g s r a t h e r t h a n q u e s t i o n s .
Supply the p r o p e r r e s p o n s e s
1.
Se, t a r a t a n d u r i nan d o s t ynt, ya t a p a g a y nan.
2.
t a w y a k k roSa Synka sa[h]att k a r k a n a g a y vak d a r ay.
3.
Se, t a w m a [ h ] i g r a d a g a z a n a y ?
4.
vaSS b a t a y !
5.
y a k k r o S a , t a w Synka D a b b i s y g r e T kaSSay.
6. 7.
mandag mabay! v a x t e ky t a r a s a r - d a r d bybit, to taw kwjam Dawle goli v a r ay.
8.
a l l a i m a n a ay!
9.
n o k i taw k w j a m k w j a m kytab v a n a g a ay.
10.
Se, t a w [ h ] a r s a l z y r a y gyndaga r a v a y ?
11.
Se, t a i [hjanda v a n g a R b i t ?
12.
Se, t a i g y s a n o k a r a s t ?
13.
salam alekwm!
273
14. Se, taw b a l o S a n i d o d a n i b a b a t t a z a n a g l o T a y ? 15.
12. 303.
aga t a r a g i n r y S b y b i t , to Se d a r u - w - d a r m a n k a n a y .
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e I.
D r . A d a m s t a l k s with a t o n g a - d r i v e r about h o r s e s . 1. A ;
yda a s p a y b a h a Son ynt.
2. T :
vaja, nun a s p ynka g r a n na ant, p a r Se ky nun m y S i n a y vaxt ynt.
anSw nun a m
b a l o S y s t a n a y b a z [hjanda, S a r r e n a s p r a s a n t , ky [h]aSt sa d a b y g y r t a n a [ h j a z a r a ant. 3. A:
Swma aS v a t i a s p a Se k a r g y r y t .
4. T :
vaja, nun la[h]te m a r d w m pa s v a r i a a s p d a r a n t .
Sykar ya k o [ h ] - w - k u S a g a g a r d a n t .
geStyr a s p nun Tanga aw dyga a m e p a y m e k a r a d a r k a r ant.
anSw t a n y n g a a m m a y
y a k k d o d e , ky [ h j a r o s a y r o S a , a m a m a r d a a s p a s v a r k a n a n , ky a i [ h j a r o s b u a g a ynt, aw a m m a y b a z e ko[h]ne Sayr a m a s p a n i b a b a t t a ant. n a S a r i t , aw g r a n b a h a a na g i r t ,
peSay D a w l a , nun a s p a k a s s
nun awgan s a w d a g y r peSay D a w l a n a y a y a n t , ky
a s p b y g y r a n t , aw s i n d - w - [ h ] y n d a b y b a r a n t .
a m m a y Dyha, a s p s a k k k a m m b u a g a
ant, aw peSay Dawla sakk j v a n e n a s p [hjySS j a g a a na ant.
12. 304.
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e II.
D r . A d a m s a s k s the way f r o m a p o l i c e m a n . 1. A r
b r a s , b o l a n [hJoTalay r a [ h ] kwjangwr ynt.
2. P r
vaja, b y a , m a n t a r a peS d a r i n y S .
anSw m a n a y a k k k a r e a s t , v a l e t a w D a n n a y
m a r d w m e ay, p a m e S a t a i b u m y a bin, p a r Se ky e m a n i awli p a r z ynt. 3. A r
t a r a Se k a r e a s t .
4. P •
vaja, m a n yakk gysa r a v a g a wn, aw oda yakk d w z z i a y b a b a t t a jwst kanin.
[hjayal
ynt, ky e dwzz a m e [hjanday ant, aw e a v a n i d o m i d w z z i ynt. 5. A r
vaja, d w z z a n i g y r a g p w l i s a y k a r ynt.
6. P r
ji [h]a.
aga Sa[h]ray m a r d w m m a r a d w z z a n i b a b a t t a [hjar vaxt s a i b y k a n a n t , to
m a zut d w z z a g y r a n . ravin. 7. A;
nun m a n yngw
vaSS batay!
vaSS n a m b a t a y !
12. 305.
- - S a r r , vaja, e r a [ h ] t a r a t a i v a t a k a b a r t .
tai baz m e r b a n i !
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e III.
Dr. Adams visits a Baluchi doctor. 1. A»
vaja D a k s a r ,
e Sa[h]ra Synka [ h j y s p a t a l ant.
2. Dr
b r a s , anSw dw m a z a n e [ h j y s p a t a l ant, aw lafhjte k a s a n e [ h j y s p a t a l ant, ky D a k s a r a n i v a t i [ h j y s p a t a l ant.
aS eSa bed, y a k k olakani [ h j y s p a t a l e a m a s t , ky oda a m m a y
p a v a l aw Sa[h]ray m a r d w m v a t i najoRen olak aw dyga m a l a k a r a n t . 3. Ar
Se, d r w s t m a r d w m aS noke d a r u - w - d a r m a n a k a r g y r a n t ?
4. Dr
ji [h]a.
geStyr m a r d w m v a t i najoRe m a r d w m aw olaka noke Dawlay d a r u - w - d a r m a n
274
kanant.
anSw b a z e baloS t a n y n g a a m a ko[h]ne Dawla aS v a t i b a l o S i d a r u a k a r g y r a n t .
m a n vat aS b a l o S i d a r u aw noke d a r u a k a r g y r i n , p a r Se ky b a l o S i d a r u a m b a z jvan ant.
aga k a s s pa S a r r i a b y z a n t y S , aw aS a v a k a r b y g i r t .
5. A;
b a l o S i d a r u Son ant.
6.D;
v a j a , b a l o S y s t a n a y [hjwSke ko[h] aS k a s a n e buSa p w r r ant, aw [hjar buS yakk p a y m a y darue.
m a n vat e d a r u a l a p d a s t , g i n r y S , s a r a y d a r d , p w T a g , aw dyga najoRia pa
d a y i n , aw g e S t y r najoR zut joR b a n t .
anSw m a n aS noke d a r u , goli, aw e S - w - a a
kar gyrin.
12. 306.
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e IV.
D r . A d a m s t a l k s to a s h o p k e e p e r in the fruit and v e g e t a b l e m a r k e t . 1. A;
b r a s , go t a w nivag Se Se a s t .
2. Sh;
v a j a , e v a x t a , s o p , a n g u r , z a r d a l u , aw a n a r a s t .
b a n d a b a l k y a m b aw dyga n i v a g
a m b y r a s a n t , p a r Se ky b a z nivag aS d u r e [h]andan yda k a y a n t . 3. A;
Se, yda s a w z i a m aS d a r a k a y t ?
4. Sh:
na v a j a , Sie s a w z i a m m a aS dyga [hjanda l o T a n , b a l e geStyr s a w z i a m e [hjanda bant,
p i m a z , b a d r y n g , aw dyga anSwSe Si geStyr aS d a r a l o T a n .
T a m a T a r , aw e S - w - a b a n t .
yda k o s i n S ,
Syllaga, d r w s t nivag aw s a w z i aS s y n d - w - [ h j y n d a aw
dyga g a r m e Dyha l o T a n , p a r Se ky b a l o S y s t a n a sakk yaxx bit, b a r p k a p i t , aw [hjySSi narwdit. 5. A;
b a l o S y s t a n a nivag aw s a w z i k w j a m m a w s w m a b a n t .
6. Sh:
v a j a , b a l o S y s t a n a y y a x x e [hjandan a t a m aw t i r m a g a b a z e s a w z i aw n i v a g b a n t .
aS
eSi b e d , b a z g a r m e [hjanda t o m S a n a a m Sie s a w z i kySant.
12. 307.
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e V.
D r . A d a m s t a l k s with h i s s e r v a n t . 1. Ar
a r e , [ h j a m b a l , Se g r a d a g a ay.
2. Sr
b r a s , a m a m e y a l aw T a m a T a r a g r a d a g a wn.
3. A :
t a w t a n d u r i e n a n a y paSaga z a n a y ?
4. S:
ji [h]a.
benDia banda s v a r a g a gradin.
aga j v a n e r o g y n aw e S - w - a bybit, to m a n nan, b y r y n j , s a g , n a r w S t , aw
b a z D a w l a y p w l a v joR k a n a g a zanin.
m a n i m a z a n e b r a s a m [ h ] o T a l e a b o r S i ynt.
5. Ar
a [ h ] o T a l k w j a m [hjadda ynt.
6. Sr
v a j a , a [hJoTal aS yda n a z z i k ynt, aw a i t a h a d r w s t a Sa jvane v a r d y n k a b a b ynt. anSw S i r , m a s t a g , aw e S - w - a go t a p a g a y nana r a s a n t .
m w r g a y p w l a v a m S a r r joR
kanant. 7. Ar
S a r r , y a k k r o S e m a [ h j a r d w b y r a v a n , a m o d a nan v a r a n .
8. Sr
baz jvan.
m a n i [hjayal ynt, ky oda v a r d y n aS dyga [hjaddan a r z a n a m a s t .
275
12. 400.
Vocabulary.
aram a r a m kanag
rest,
relaxation
amb
mango
anar
pomegranate
babatt
matter, case,
to r e s t
about,
-ay babatta
respect
concerning
badryng
cucumber
baTT
pulses
benDi
okra
daru-w-darman
medicine-and-remedyr to t r e a t ,
d a r u - w - d a r m a n kanag
cure,
treatment
cure
breath
dam dame
a little w h i l e , a m o m e n t
davaxana
pharmacy
Dabbi
( s m a l l ) box, p a c k e t
goli
tablet, pill
"go
with, in the p o s s e s s i o n of,
accompanying
go buag
to a c c o m p a n y , go with
go kanag
to c a u s e to a c c o m p a n y , s e n d with
gradag I
to fry; b o i l , cook in oil or w a t e r
[hjambal
fellow
[hjand
place, area,
*[h]er
down
[hjer kapag
region
to get down, get off,
[h]oTalvaja[g]
restaurant-keeper;
jyta
apart,
disembark
hotel-keeper
separate
jyta buag
to b e , b e c o m e a p a r t ,
jyta kanag
to s e p a r a t e , take a p a r t
''*ka r
separate
w o r k , job, t a s k kar gyrag
to u s e , c a u s e to w o r k , m a k e u s e of
kosinS
p u m p k i n , a sp. of p u m p k i n - l i k e v e g e t a b l e
lagar
thin, gaunt,
lass
common,
ma[hji
fish
meyal
s q u a s h , a sp. of v e g e t a b l e s i m i l a r to a s m a l l , round, g r e e n s q u a s h
najoRi
sickness,
nokar
servant
noki
presently,
noT
( c u r r e n c y ) note
nyzor
weak
o
hey! 276
O!
ill-fed
ordinary
illness recently
pas
s h e e p , goat
paym
kind, m a n n e r , way
pazzor
fat, h e a v y - b o d i e d (through o v e r - e a t i n g )
porya
wage
pwlav
p u l a o , r i c e cooked with m e a t
pyrS
saucer, small plate
rwdag
I
to g r o w ( i n t r a n s i t i v e )
safhjatt
time, short period, circumstance,
sabbar
strong,
sar-dard
headache
sawda
m e r c h a n d i s e , c o m m o d i t y , thing for s a l e , purchase
sawda kanag
hour
powerful
to do b u s i n e s s ;
to s e l l
sawzi-bazar
vegetable -market
svar
r i d i n g , a s t r i d e , on (a v e h i c l e ) ,
rider
s v a r buag
to get on (a h o r s e , c a r ; e t c . ), r i d e
svar kanag
to put ( s o m e o n e ) on (a h o r s e , v e h i c l e , e t c . )
svari
r i d i n g , v e h i c l e , c o n v e y a n c e , m e a n s of t r a n s portation; passenger
Sarri
goodness, peacefulness,
tanduri
oven-baked (bread)
tol
weighing;
tranquility
scales, balance
tol buag
to be w e i g h e d
tol k a n a g
to weigh
T a n g a [or / t a n g a / J
tonga, a two-wheeled h o r s e c a r r i a g e
T a n g a v a l a [or / t a n g a v a l a / J
tonga-driver
TamaTar
tomato
vak
energy, power
vangaR
eggplant
vail
vine
''VaSS
s w e e t , h a p p y , fine
vaSS b a t a y !
goodbye!
[Lit.
vaSS n a m b a t a y !
goodbye! name[dj!
[Lit. May you [ s g . ] be good See S e c . 1 2 . 2 0 0 ( 2 4 ) . ]
zardalu
apricot
zyr
ocean,
277
sea
May you [ s g . ] be happy! ]
\ *f :
'z'ffy^":
Plowing.
UNIT
13. 100.
THIRTEEN
Basic Sentences.
m a n zi yda atwn.
I was here yesterday.
taw a m m a y [ h j a m s a y a g atay.
You w e r e our n e i g h b o u r .
p a r e r i m a n i t r u a d d a at.
Day b e f o r e y e s t e r d a y m y aunt w a s t h e r e ,
p a [ h ] r i s a l m a a l a d a atan.
L a s t y e a r we w e r e in that f o r e s t .
Swma eSi b a z g a r atyt.
You w e r e h i s t e n a n t - f a r m e r s .
doSi b a z g w l a m m a R i a atant.
L a s t night m a n y s l a v e s w e r e in the p a l a c e ,
peS - p a r e r i m a n a d a m b a na atwn.
Day b e f o r e the day b e f o r e y e s t e r d a y I w a s not at that r u i n .
Se, t a w eSi m o l y d na a t a y ?
W e r e you not h i s s l a v e - g i r l ?
a i p i r w k y a k k m a [ h j peS yda na at.
H i s g r a n d f a t h e r w a s not h e r e a m o n t h ago [lit. one m o n t h b e f o r e ] .
p e S - p a [ h ] r i s a l Swma synda na atyt.
Y e a r b e f o r e l a s t you w e r e not in Sindh.
p a r a n d o S i a a i b a l l w k a y gysa na atant.
Night b e f o r e l a s t they w e r e not at h i s grandmother's house.
13. 101.
The p a s t t e n s e of the c o p u l a t i v e - a u x i l i a r y f o r m of / b u a g / "to b e , b e c o m e "
c o n s i s t s of the s t e m / a t / + the v a r i o u s p e r s o n - n u m b e r suffixes (see Sec. 7. 101).
Only in
the 3 r d sg. d o e s the p a s t p a r a d i g m differ f r o m that of the p r e s e n t - f u t u r e system.-
where
the l a t t e r h a s / y n t / a s the 3 r d sg. c o p u l a t i v e f o r m and / i t / a s the c o r r e s p o n d i n g v e r b a l suffix, in t h e p a s t s y s t e m the p a s t s t e m is found a l o n e with no suffix a s the 3 r d sg.
form.
The p a r a d i g m i s : 1st sg.
atwn
[I] w a s
2nd sg.
atay
[ y o u sg- ] w e r e
3 r d sg.
at
[ h e , s h e , it] w a s
1st pl.
atan
[we] w e r e
2nd pl.
atyt
[you pl. ] w e r e
3 r d pl.
atant
[they] w e r e
A s in the p r e s e n t s y s t e m , the n e g a t i v e / n a / "no, n o t " is u s e d to n e g a t e the p a s t t e n s e copulative verb.
E. g. / m a n oda na atwn. /
I w a s not o v e r t h e r e .
279
/ a i t r u najoR na at. /
13. 102.
H i s aunt w a s not s i c k .
S e v e r a l m o r e t e m p o r a l a d v e r b s have b e e n i n t r o d u c e d in S e c . 13. 100.
of t h e s e o c c u r with the a d v e r b i a l suffix d i s c u s s e d in S e e s . 7. 202 and 7. 402:
Three
/pareri/
b e f o r e y e s t e r d a y , " / p a [ h ] r i / " l a s t ( t i m e , y e a r , e t c . ), " and / d o S i / " l a s t night. "
"day
/zi/
" y e s t e r d a y " i s t r e a t e d a s c o n s i s t i n g of a single s t e m with no suffix. In two c a s e s , / p e S / " b e f o r e " o c c u r s in c o m p o u n d s with t h e s e t e m p o r a l a d v e r b f o r m s i n d i c a t i n g a t i m e one unit (night, day, e t c . ) s t i l l f u r t h e r b a c k in the p a s t r
/peS-pareri/
"day b e f o r e the day b e f o r e y e s t e r d a y " and / p e S - p a [ h ] r i / " ( t i m e , y e a r , e t c . ) b e f o r e l a s t . " / p e S / d o e s not o c c u r d i r e c t l y b e f o r e / d o S i / " l a s t night, " h o w e v e r ; "night b e f o r e l a s t " i s found.
instead,
/parandoSi/
/ p e S / then o c c u r s in a compound with / p a r a n d o S i / r
/peS-
p a r a n d o S i / "night b e f o r e the night b e f o r e l a s t . " T h e s e t e m p o r a l a d v e r b s a l s o o c c u r in s e q u e n c e s with o t h e r s a l r e a d y i n t r o d u c e d . / m a n zi soba a i g y s a atwn. / / a p a r e r i b e g a a oda na at. / before yesterday.
13. 103.
E . g.
I was at his house y e s t e r d a y m o r n i n g . He w a s not o v e r t h e r e in t h e e v e n i n g t h e day
Although the buying and s e l l i n g of s l a v e s h a s long s i n c e c e a s e d , a d e p e n d e n t
s e r v a n t boy m a y s t i l l be t e r m e d / g w l a m / and a s e r v a n t g i r l / m o l y d / .
S l a v e r y n o long*j e r
e x i s t s a s an i n s t i t u t i o n in B a l u c h i s t a n .
13. 200.
Basic Sentences.
tanky m a n a i gysa a s t a t w n , a e Dawl na at.
So long a s [lit. so t h a t ] I w a s in h i s h o u s e , he w a s not like t h a t .
tanky t a w yda a s t a t a y , [h]ar Si a s t a t .
So long a s [lit. so t h a t ] you w e r e h e r e , everything was [available].
[hjynda a y r a d y S t a r e a s t a t .
He had a fiancee in India.
tanky m a a Sa[h]ra a s t a t a n , m a y za[h]g najoR na atant.
So long a s [lit. so t h a t ] we w e r e in t h a t city, our c h i l d r e n w e r e not s i c k .
tanky Swma yda a s t a t y t , jvane n a n - w - n a g a n at.
So long a s [lit. so t h a t ] you w e r e h e r e , t h e r e w a s good food [lit. b r e a d - a n d - b r e a d ] .
m a y b a z [ h j a m s a y a g a s t a t a n t , ky a v a n a m o T a l nestat.
We had m a n y n e i g h b o u r s who [lit. had no c a r [ s ] .
S w m a r a n a r m e bop n e s t a t .
You did not have soft m a t t r e
peS ky m a n e s t a t a n , e dwnya Son at.
B e f o r e we c a m e into e x i s t e n c e [lit. b e f o r e that we did not e x i s t ] , how w a s t h i s w o r l d ?
2S0
that]
sses
a v a x t i ky e d w n y a a m a r d w m n e s t a t a n t , e d w n y a a dyga s a [ h ] d a r a t a n t .
At that t i m e when p e o p l e did not e x i s t in t h i s w o r l d , t h e r e w e r e o t h e r c r e a t u r e s in this world.
a v a n i s y a l oda n e s t a t a n t .
T h e y did not h a v e r e l a t i v e s o v e r t h e r e . [ L i t . T h e i r r e l a t i v e s w e r e not o v e r t h e r e . ]
13. 2 0 1 .
T h e p a s t t e n s e of the " e x i s t e n t i a l " v e r b ( s e e Sec. 4. 601) c o n s i s t s of the
a f f i r m a t i v e and n e g a t i v e s t e m s / a s t / and / n e s t / + the p a s t f o r m s of the c o p u l a t i v e - a u x i l i a r y v e r b ( a p p a r e n t l y with no i n t e r v e n i n g w o r d j u n c t u r e ) . (e. g.
N e g a t i v e f i r s t and s e c o n d p e r s o n f o r m s
/ n e s t a t w n / "[I] did not e x i s t , w a s not") a r e r a t h e r u n c o m m o n , and even the 3 r d pl.
n e g a t i v e f o r m / n e s t a t a n t / is not often u s e d ;
i n f o r m a n t s t e n d e d to p r e f e r / n a a t w n /
"[I]
w a s n o t , " / n a a t a n t / "[they] w e r e not, " e t c . i n s t e a d .
13. 202.
/ d y S t a r / d e n o t e s both " f i a n c e " and "fiancee. "
13. 2 0 3 .
/ n a n / and / n a g a n / both m e a n
Ir
bread. " The compound / n a n - w - n a g a n / d e n o t e s
"food. "
13. 204.
When u s e d to i n t r o d u c e a t e m p o r a l c l a u s e , / p e S /
lr
b e f o r e " is followed by / k y /
"that. " C o m p a r e o t h e r such c l a u s e - i n t r o d u c i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n s a s / [ h ] a r kade [ k y ] / " w h e n e v e r , " / [ h ] a r k a s s [ k y j / " w h o e v e r " ( s e e S e c . 9. 501), / v a x t e [ k y ] / " w h e n " (Sec. 11. 502), e t c .
13. 205.
/ a v a x t i [ k y ] / "at that t i m e when . . . " a l s o b e l o n g s to the g r o u p of c l a u s e -
i n t r o d u c i n g f o r m a t i o n s d i s c u s s e d in S e c . 13. 204.
The t e m p o r a l a d v e r b i a l suffix / i / o c c u r s
with / v a x t / " t i m e " not only in t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n but a l s o in s e v e r a l o t h e r sr
e. g.
/e vaxti/
"at t h i s t i m e " ( s y n o n y m o u s with / e v a x t a / ) .
13. 300.
Basic Sentences,
m a n doSi v a t i m e S a m a r y t w n .
L a s t night I counted m y s h e e p .
taw ai [hjwkma mannytay.
You obeyed h i s o r d e r .
a e k a d d a a S a r a b SaSSyt.
He sipped wine f r o m [lit.
m a e r e z a Sykkytan.
We p u l l e d on t h e s e r o p e s .
Se, Swma a i [hjala p w r s y t y t ?
Did you a s k how he w a s [lit.
a mani [hjabara na[h]andytant.
T h e y did not laugh at m y r e m a r k [lit. word].
281
inj t h i s cup.
ask his state]?
m a n v a t i jynday k e s a p a t a y y t w n .
I folded m y own b l a n k e t .
t a w p a r Se a Sadia T u y t a y ?
Why did you wake that stupid [fellow] u p ?
a b a z z a g e p a k i r Sa[h]ra la[h]te roS T a p w r y t .
That p o o r b e g g a r w a n d e r e d a r o u n d in the city for s e v e r a l d a y s .
e b a b a t t a , m a a y r a b a z kagad lykkytan.
In t h i s c o n n e c t i o n , we w r o t e h i m m a n y letters.
Se, Swma go m a e [ h j a b a r a n a T a y t y t ?
Did you not a g r e e with u s on t h i s m a t t e r ?
a d r w s t e Sap aS T a p p a n i t i r o n k a n a l y t a n t .
They g r o a n e d with the p a i n [lit. [ t h e i r ] wounds the whole night.
13. 3 0 1 .
p a i n s ] of
A s s t a t e d in Sec. 7. 101, two t e n s e - a s p e c t s y s t e m s a r e found in B a l u c h i ;
a
p r e s e n t - f u t u r e s y s t e m employing the p r e s e n t s t e m , and a p a s t s y s t e m u s i n g the p a s t s t e m . A s h a s b e e n s e e n , the p r e s e n t s t e m c o n s i s t s of s o m e f o r m (or f o r m s ) of the v e r b r o o t , and t h i s is followed d i r e c t l y by the p e r s o n - n u m b e r suffixes.
The p a s t s t e m s i m i l a r l y c o n s i s t s
of s o m e f o r m of the root ( s o m e t i m e s the s a m e a s that e m p l o y e d for the p r e s e n t s t e m and s o m e t i m e s differing in v a r i o u s ways) + a "past s t e m f o r m a n t " suffix / y t / - / t / .
The p a s t
s t e m i s followed by a set of p e r s o n - n u m b e r suffixes a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l with t h o s e of the p r e s e n t s y s t e m (the only d i f f e r e n c e being in the 3 r d sg. f o r m ;
see Sec. 13. 101).
In the p a s t t e n s e s y s t e m t h e r e a r e t h r e e m a j o r v e r b c l a s s e s : (1)
C l a s s I c o n t a i n s v e r b s which employ the s a m e root f o r m for both p r e s e n t and p a s t stems.
T h i s root f o r m is a l w a y s followed by the / y t / a l t e r n a n t of the p a s t s t e m
formant. (2)
C l a s s II c o n t a i n s v e r b s which employ the s a m e root f o r m for both p r e s e n t and p a s t stems.
T h i s root f o r m is a l w a y s followed by the / t / a l t e r n a n t of the p a s t s t e m
formant. (3)
C l a s s III c o n t a i n s v e r b s having one root f o r m for the p r e s e n t s t e m and a different one for the p a s t s t e m .
The l a t t e r is a l w a y s followed by the / t / a l t e r n a n t of the
past stem formant. C l a s s I is n u m e r i c a l l y the l a r g e s t .
C l a s s II is m u c h s m a l l e r , and C l a s s III c o n t a i n s a
l i m i t e d n u m b e r of v e r b s , m a n y of which a r e , h o w e v e r , v e r y c o m m o n . Although it is not r e a l l y p o s s i b l e to p r e d i c t the p a s t s t e m of a given v e r b f r o m i t s p r e s e n t s t e m (or v i c e v e r s a ) , n e v e r t h e l e s s t h e r e a r e v a r i o u s p h o n o l o g i c a l c l u e s which will a s s i s t the student in intuiting the m o s t likely f o r m . (1)
Class I includes:
M o n o s y l l a b i c s t e m s ending in two c o n s o n a n t s . c o n s o n a n t s (e. g.
All r o o t s ending in two i d e n t i c a l
/ k k / , / s s / , / r r / ) which the a u t h o r s have thus far e n c o u n t e r e d
b e l o n g to C l a s s I, and m o s t of t h o s e ending in two n o n i d e n t i c a l c o n s o n a n t s (e. g. / r s / , / r z / , / n D / , / s k / , / S k / ) a l s o a r e m e m b e r s of t h i s C l a s s .
Some i t e m s
ending in two n o n i d e n t i c a l c o n s o n a n t s a r e m e m b e r s of C l a s s III, h o w e v e r .
282
E. g.
/kaSSytwn/ /gwDDyt/
[i] p u l l e d , d r e w , took out [he, s h e , it] chopped
/larzytant/
[they] s h i v e r e d ,
trembled
/ [ h j a n d y t a y / [you sg. ] laughed, [ / k a n d y t a y / is a l s o c o r r e c t ; p r e f i x is c o m m o n in p a s t t e n s e a f f i r m a t i v e f o r m s . ] /pwrsytyt/ (2)
[you pl. ] a s k e d
M o n o s y l l a b i c s t e m s c o n t a i n i n g a s h o r t vowel ( / a , w , y / ) and ending in / h , 1, r ; R, T/ u s u a l l y b e l o n g to C l a s s I. and III, h o w e v e r . b e e n found.
V a r i o u s s t e m s ending in / r / a r e m e m b e r s of C l a s s e s II
Only one e x a m p l e of a s t e m of t h i s p a t t e r n ending in / h / h a s
E . g.
/trahytwn/ /Dalytay/ /swryt/ (3)
the / k /
[I] r e s t e d [you sg. ] bit.
[ / D a l a g / "to b i t e " h a s not b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . ]
[ h e , s h e , it] m o v e d ,
[ / s w r a g / "to m o v e " h a s not b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . ]
M o n o s y l l a b i c s t e m s c o n t a i n i n g a long vowel (/a, e, i, o, u / ) and ending in / S , h, j» k, 1, p , r , R, s, S, T / u s u a l l y belong to C l a s s I, although s o m e i t e m s ending in / S , h, j , s, S / a r e found in C l a s s e s II and III a l s o (indeed, s t e m s ending in / S / a n d / j / a r e u s u a l l y m e m b e r s of C l a s s III;
see Sec. 13. 501 (1)).
in / n / is a l s o o c c a s i o n a l l y t r e a t e d a s a C l a s s I s t e m :
One s t e m ending
/ z a n a g / "to know";
v e r b i s m o r e c o m m o n l y t r e a t e d a s a m e m b e r of C l a s s II, h o w e v e r . /ja[h]ytwn/
[i] chewed,
[/jafhjag/
/[hjijytay/ [you] w e r e s t a r t l e d . introduced. ]
[we] saw, looked
/poSytyt/
[you pl. ] put on, w o r e
/loTytant/
[ / [ h ] i j a g / "to be s t a r t l e d " h a s not b e e n
[they] w a n t e d , a s k e d for,
/ z a n y t w n / [I] knew. [Also / z a n t w n / ; both p a s t s t e m C l a s s e s I and II. ] (4)
E. g.
"to c h e w " h a s not b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . ]
/jokyt/ [he, s h e , itj l e a n e d on ( s o m e t h i n g ) , not b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . ] /Sarytan/
this
[ / j o k a g / "to lean o n " h a s
invited / z a n a g / "to k n o w " is a m e m b e r of
M o n o s y l l a b i c s t e m s ending in a vowel ( s h o r t or long) a r e i n f r e q u e n t .
All a r e
m e m b e r s of C l a s s I, with the e x c e p t i o n of / b u a g / "to b e , b e c o m e , " which b e l o n g s to C l a s s II.
(5)
E . g.
/Taytwn/
[I] a g r e e d
/Tuytay/
[you sg. ] a w a k e n e d ( s o m e o n e )
D i s y l l a b i c s t e m s , the s e c o n d s y l l a b l e of which c o n t a i n s a s h o r t vowel ( / a , w, y / ) a l l s e e m to be m e m b e r s of C l a s s I. /Tapwrytwn/
(6)
E. g.
[i] w a n d e r e d a i m l e s s l y
D i s y l l a b i c s t e m s , the s e c o n d s y l l a b l e of which c o n t a i n s a long vowel (/a, e, i, o, u / ) and which end in / R , S, S, y/
(and p r o b a b l y o t h e r c o n s o n a n t s , too, e x a m p l e s
of w h i c h yet r e m a i n to be found), a l s o b e l o n g to C l a s s I. ending in / S / is a m e m b e r of C l a s s II:
283
One s t e m of t h i s p a t t e r n
/ S a m o S a g / "to f o r g e t . " A few s t e m s of
t h i s type ending in / r / a l s o belong to C l a s s I, but m o s t of t h e s e a r e m o r e u s u a l l y t r e a t e d a s m e m b e r s of C l a s s II.
U s a g e v a r i e s a c c o r d i n g to d i a l e c t .
E . g.
/ s a s a r y t w n / [I] took a r e s t , [ / s a s a r a g / "to p a u s e for a r e s t " h a s not b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . In s o m e d i a l e c t s it, too, a p p e a r s to b e a m e m b e r of C l a s s II, a s is the c a s e with o t h e r s t e m s of t h i s p a t t e r n ending in
A/.J / S a k k a s y t a y / [you sg. ] t e s t e d , e x a m i n e d . [ / S a k k a s a g / "to t e s t , e x a m i n e " h a s not b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . T h i s v e r b a l s o o c c u r s a s / S a k a s a g / . ] / l a t t a R y t / [he, s h e , it] t r a m p l e d down. h a s not b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . ]
[ / l a t t a R a g / "to t r a m p l e d o w n "
N e g a t i v e f o r m s of the p a s t t e n s e p a r a d i g m c o n s i s t of the n e g a t i v e p r e f i x / n a / (see Sec. 7. 201) + the p a s t s t e m + the p e r s o n - n u m b e r suffixes.
T h e r e a r e no s i g n i f i c a n t i r r e g u l a r i t i e s ,
E.g. /nalykkytwn/ /napatayytay/
13. 302.
/jynd/
[ij did not w r i t e [you sg. J did not fold
"self" i s u s e d to s t r e s s the identity of a p r e c e d i n g p o s s e s s i v e noun,
p r o n o u n , or d e m o n s t r a t i v e :
"I myself, " "him himself, " "my v e r y own, " e t c .
E . g.
/ m a n i jynd oda r a v i n . / I will go o v e r t h e r e m y s e l f . [ L i t . My self [ij will go o v e r t h e r e . Note that the v e r b is 1st sg. even though / j y n d / - - o t h e r w i s e a 3 r d sg. noun - - i s the g r a m m a t i c a l s u b j e c t . J / t a i jynd gon ai b w r o ! / go with h i m ! J
You go with h i m y o u r s e l f !
/ m a n a i jynda n a p w r s y t w n . / / m a n t a i jynda gwSin. /
I did not a s k HIM.
I will t e l l YOU.
[Lit.
[Lit.
[Lit.
Your self [youj
h i s self. J
y o u r self. ]
/ m a n a v a n i jynda n a z a n i n . / I do not know T H E M . [Lit. t h e i r s e l v e s . Note that / j y n d / is a l w a y s s i n g u l a r - i r r e g a r d l e s s of the n u m b e r of the p r e c e d i n g p o s s e s s i v e noun, p r o n o u n , or d e m o n s t r a t i v e . ] / m a n i jynday kytab £ ynt.' /
THAT is MY book!
/ a y r a vati jynday baSS kwSagi bit. / [Lit. own s e l f ' s son. J
13. 303.
[Lit.
m y s e l f ' s book. ]
He will have to k i l l h i s own son.
/ S y T T / signifies " r o p e , c o r d a g e " in g e n e r a l ;
it m a y a l s o be e m p l o y e d for
" s t r i n g , " " c o r d . " / r e z / , on the o t h e r hand, is l i m i t e d to h e a v i e r , t h i c k e r v a r i e t i e s of rope.
13. 304. /jwst kanag/.
13. 305.
/ p w r s a g / is a l m o s t c o m p l e t e l y s y n o n y m o u s with the c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n Both denote "to a s k , i n q u i r e . "
/ k e s / d e n o t e s a type of finely woven, d e c o r a t e d b l a n k e t of s h e e p ' s wool,
/ k a m b a l / signifies " b l a n k e t " in g e n e r a l .
To d i s t i n g u i s h t h e s e two w o r d s , / k e s / w i l l be
t r a n s l a t e d " f i n e - b l a n k e t " and / k a m b a l / a s "blanket. "
284
13. 306.
/ p a d k a n a g / m e a n s "to w a k e n , a r o u s e , get s o m e o n e up (from s l e e p , f r o m a
s i t t i n g o r lying p o s i t i o n , e t c . ). " / T u a g / i s s y n o n y m o u s in the s e n s e of "to a w a k e n s o m e o n e , but it d o e s not m e a n "to get s o m e o n e up (from a s i t t i n g o r lying p o s i t i o n ) . " E . g. / m a n v a t i p y s s a pad kanin. / I w i l l get m y f a t h e r u p . [ P e r h a p s a w a k e n h i m , or p e r h a p s j u s t get h i m up f r o m a sitting or lying p o s i t i o n . Compare: J / m a n v a t i p y s s a Tuin. /
13. 307.
I w i l l a w a k e n m y f a t h e r (from s l e e p ) .
/ b a z z a g / m e a n s " p o o r " in the s e n s e of "unfortunate-";
" p o v e r t y - s t r i c k e n " is e x p r e s s e d by / n e z g a r / j / a b a z z a g a [hJySS s y a l n e s t . /
s e e S e c . 18. 400 (1).
E . g.
That p o o r [fellowj h a s no r e l a t i v e s .
/ e b a z z a g e z a l b u l p a r Se g r e v a g a ynt. /
13. 400.
" p o o r " in the s e n s e of
Why is that p o o r w o m a n c r y i n g ?
Basic Sentences.
m a n e darua nastwn.
I g r o u n d t h e s e m e d i c i n e s to p o w d e r .
t a w a v a n a p a r Se gwStay.
Why did you t e l l t h e m ?
p a [ h ] r i s a l m a n i jan jvane Sypie gvapt.
L a s t y e a r m y wife wove a n i c e f i n e - c a r p e t ,
ma e awzara naproStan.
We did not b r e a k t h e s e t o o l s .
Se, Swma m a n i [ h j a b a r a S a m o S t y t ?
Did you forget m y w o r d s ?
y m s a l i a v a t i e D a g a r a y ka[hja n a r w n t a n t .
T h i s y e a r they did not h a r v e s t the hay of t h i s land of t h e i r s .
m a n aS y a x x a v a t i d a s t a mwStwn.
I r u b b e d m y h a n d s t o g e t h e r b e c a u s e of [lit. f r o m ] the cold.
t a w p a r Se S y r a g a m a l a t o s t a y .
Why did you put out the l a m p e a r l y ?
a m m a y S y r a g doSi S a p n e m a twst,
Our l a m p went out l a s t night at m i d n i g h t .
m a n kwSakka synge Santwn.
I t h r e w a stone at the dog.
p a r e r i a m m a y p a s aSkay d r w s t v a l l a S a r t a n t ,
Day b e f o r e y e s t e r d a y our s h e e p and g o a t s a t e up [lit. g r a z e d ] a l l the v i n e s on that side.
a b a z z a g aS twnna t w s t .
That p o o r [fellow] fainted f r o m t h i r s t .
13. 4 0 1 .
S i m p l e x s t e m s of p a s t t e n s e C l a s s II a r e not n u m e r o u s .
for t h e i r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n i n c l u d e :
285
Phonological clues
(1)
M o n o s y l l a b i c s t e m s c o n t a i n i n g a s h o r t v o w e l ( / a , w, y/) b e l o n g to t h i s g r o u p .
Some i t e m s ending in / r / and one s t e m ending in / n / a r e
a l s o m e m b e r s of C l a s s II.
E . g.
/rastwn/
[I] a r r i v e d
/kwStay/
[you sg. ] k i l l e d
/nast/
[he, s h e , it] p o w d e r e d , g r o u n d to p o w d e r
/mwStan/
[we] r u b b e d
/gvaptyt/
[you pl. ] wove
/Sartant/
[they] g r a z e d
/ t w s t / [he, s h e , it] fainted; fire) (2)
and ending in / p , s, S /
[it] went out, b e c a m e e x t i n g u i s h e d ( l a m p ,
M o n o s y l l a b i c s t e m s containing a long vowel and ending in / h , n, s, S / f r e q u e n t l y belong to C l a s s II, although s o m e v e r b s of t h i s p a t t e r n a r e found in C l a s s e s I and III.
E.g. /Santwn/
[i] t h r e w
/ p r o S t a y / [you sg. ] b r o k e . [ C o m p a r e / p o S y t y t / "[you pl. ] put on, w o r e " in Sec. 13. 301 (3) a b o v e . ]
(3)
/sa[h]t/
[he] shaved
/tostan/
[we] put out, e x t i n g u i s h e d ( l a m p , fire)
/zantyt/
[you pl. ] knew.
[See Sec. 13. 301 (3) a b o v e . ]
One m o n o s y l l a b i c stem, ending in a vowel is a l s o a m e m b e r of t h i s Class.*
/buag/
"to b e , b e c o m e . " E. g. /butwn/ (4)
[I] w a s , b e c a m e
D i s y l l a b i c s t e m s , the second syllable of which c o n t a i n s a long vowel and which end in / r / , a r e u s u a l l y m e m b e r s of C l a s s II. a l s o b e l o n g s to t h i s g r o u p :
One s t e m of t h i s p a t t e r n ending in / S /
/ S a m o S a g / "to forget. " As a l r e a d y noted, s o m e d i a l e c t s
t r e a t s t e m s ending in / r / a s m e m b e r s of C l a s s I, while o t h e r s put t h e m into t h i s Class.
E. g. / z a m b a r t / [he, s h e , it] m a d e a g r e a t n o i s e , [ / z a m b a r a g / "to r o a r , m a k e a g r e a t n o i s e , r a i s e a t u m u l t (crowd, w a t e r f a l l , p o u r i n g r a i n , e t c . ) " h a s not b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . ] /SamoStan/
13. 402. suffix / i / .
[we] forgot
/ y m s a l i / "this y e a r " i s a n o t h e r e x a m p l e of a t e m p o r a l a d v e r b c o n t a i n i n g the " T h i s y e a r " can a l s o be e x p r e s s e d by / e s a l / .
E. g.
/ y m s a l i m a gallag nakyStan. / T h i s y e a r we did not sow w h e a t , is s u b s t i t u t a b l e for / y m s a l i / h e r e . ]
13. 403.
[/e
sal/
/ t o s a g / "to put out, e x t i n g u i s h ( l a m p , f i r e ) " is t r a n s i t i v e , while / t w s a g / "to
go out, be e x t i n g u i s h e d ( l a m p , f i r e ) ;
to faint" is i n t r a n s i t i v e .
a l r e a d y b e e n d i s c u s s e d in S e e s . 9. 503 and 11. 902.
286
This phenomenon has
Note the e x t e n d e d m e a n i n g of / t w s a g / .
E.g. / a i jan twst. /
H i s wife fainted.
/ a g a S y r a g b w t w s i t , to t e l b y a r ! / / S e , taw a s a t o s t a y ? /
13. 500.
If the l a m p g o e s out, b r i n g [ s o m e ] oil!
Did you put out the f i r e ?
Basic Sentences.
m a n e t a s a y a p a Donna r e t k w n .
I p o u r e d the w a t e r in [lit. outside.
Se, t a w t e l m a n [ h ] a r dwnga getkay ?
Did you p o u r oil into e v e r y b o t t l e ?
Se, Synykk soba bwza m y t k ?
Did the g o a t - k i d s u c k l e the goat [ t h i s ] morning ?
a b a r i a , m a p a r ava n a n p a t k a n .
D u r i n g [lit. in] that p e r i o d , we cooked food for t h e m .
Se, Swma a s p a b o t k y t ?
Did you untie the h o r s e s ?
m a n i m a S k a y d r w s t ap r a [ h ] a r y t k a n t .
All the w a t e r in [lit. of] m y w a t e r - s k i n s p i l l e d out on the r o a d .
y a k k b a r e m a n aS t a i p a l e z a la[h]te gala systwn.
Once I p i c k e d s o m e P e r s i a n m e l o n s f r o m your melon-field.
t a w d r w s t a s p a n a m o d a p a r Se b a s t a y .
Why did you tie a l l the h o r s e s o v e r t h e r e ?
zi a m a n i pwSSa SwSt.
Y e s t e r d a y she w a s h e d m y c l o t h e s ,
m a y a k k [ h j a p t a g e a m a Sa[h]ra daStan.
We s t a y e d a w e e k in that city.
Swma p a r Se a v a d a S t y t ?
Why did you k e e p t h e m ?
a p y R a y n y a m a [h]ySS b a r n a j y s t a n t .
They n e v e r [lit. at any t i m e ] fled f r o m [lit. in] the m i d s t of the b a t t l e f i e l d .
e bazi m a n gysa mantwn.
This time I stayed home.
Se, t a w m a r o S i goka n a d w S t a y ?
D i d n ' t you m i l k the cows t o d a y ?
a b a z z e b a e l y b a s e Sypt.
She put on a v e r y p r e t t y c o s t u m e ,
m a e kytaba baz b a r a vantan.
We r e a d t h i s book m a n y t i m e s .
Se, Swma p a r a i e D a w l e laSti Sytyt ?
Did you c h o o s e [lit. p i c k , p l u c k ] t h i s kind of e a r r i n g s for h e r ?
a ayra laTT jatant.
T h e y b e a t h i m [with] s t i c k [ s ] .
287
of] t h i s bowl
m a n e m w l k a go z a [ h ] m a zytwn.
I c o n q u e r e d t h i s c o u n t r y w i t h the s w o r d .
Se, t a w zi a d r w s t konTa b w r t a y ?
Y e s t e r d a y did you t a k e a w a y a l l t h o s e coarse-rugs ?
a Sa gwSna m w r t .
He died of h u n g e r .
m a a v a n a b a z p-aysag datan.
We gave t h e m m u c h m o n e y .
m a n i gok doSi S a p n e m a zat.
My cow gave b i r t h l a s t night at midnight.
13. 501.
Many p a s t s t e m s of C l a s s III can be g r o u p e d into s e v e r a l s m a l l s u b - c l a s s e s
on the b a s i s of s o m e s h a r e d p h o n o l o g i c a l f e a t u r e . m e m b e r s u b - c l a s s e s of t h e i r own. 13. 500;
O t h e r s a r e t o t a l l y unique and f o r m o n e -
E x a m p l e s of the f i r s t type only have b e e n given in Sec.
unique v e r b s will be i l l u s t r a t e d below in Sec. 13. 600.
S u b - c l a s s e s containing
m o r e than one v e r b t h u s i n c l u d e : (1)
M o n o s y l l a b i c s t e m s ending in / S , j / in the p r e s e n t s y s t e m often h a v e p a s t s t e m s ending in / t k / (or, in s o m e d i a l e c t s , / k t / ) .
The / t / i s , of c o u r s e , the p a s t s t e m
suffix, but in a f o r m like / p a t k / "[he, s h e , it] c o o k e d " it m u s t be c o n s i d e r e d an infix o c c u r r i n g within the root a l t e r n a n t / p a - k / . /botkwn/
[I] opened, untied,
/dotkay/
[you sg. ] sewed.
/getk/
[ / b o j a g / "to open, u n t i e . "] [/doSag/
[he, s h e , it] p o u r e d into, put.
/mytk/
[he, s h e , it] suckled.
/patkan/
[we] cooked, r o a s t e d .
[they., it] spilled.
/sotkwn/
[I] b u r n e d ( t r a n s i t i v e ) .
(2)
[ / r e S a g / "to p o u r out,
spill
[ / r y S a g / "to spill ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) . "]
[it] b u r n e d ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) . [you sg. ] r a n .
[ / g e j a g / "to p o u r into, put. "]
[ / p ^ S a g / "to cook, r o a s t . "]
/rytkant/
/tatkay/
"to sew. "]
[ / m y S a g / "to s u c k l e , s u c k m i l k . "]
/ r e t k y t / [you pl. ] p o u r e d out, s p i l l e d . ( t r a n s i t i v e ) . "]
/swtk/
E . g.
[ / s o S a g / "to b u r n ( t r a n s i t i v e ) . "] [ / s w S a g / "to b u r n ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) . "]
[ / t a S a g / "to run. "]
Some ten v e r b s having p r e s e n t s t e m s ending in d e n t a l c o n s o n a n t s or c o n s o n a n t c l u s t e r s (/d, nd, r, rd, z / ) and one s t e m ending in / h / h a v e p a s t r o o t a l t e r n a n t s ending in a v o i c e l e s s sibilant ( / s / in six c a s e s and / S / in four).
M e m b e r s of t h i s
group a r e : /bastwn/
[I] tied, bound,
[ / b a n d a g / "to t i e , bind. "]
/ g r a s t a y / [you sg. ] fried, boiled, cooked in oil or w a t e r , "to fry, b o i l , cook in oil or w a t e r . "]
[/gradag/
/gvast/
[he, s h e , it] p a s s e d ,
[ / g v a z a g / "to p a s s , p a s s by. "]
/jystan/
[we] r a n away, fled.
[ / j i [ h ] a g / "to run away,, flee. "]
/rwst/
[it] g r e w ,
[ / r w d a g / "to g r o w . "]
/ s y s t a n t / [they] b r o k e , [ / s y n d a g / "to b r e a k ( r o p e , c o r d , s t e m , long s l e n d e r object). " T h i s v e r b is both t r a n s i t i v e and i n t r a n s i t i v e . ] /daStwn/
[i] held, stopped, w a i t e d , s t a y e d , kept,
[ / d a r a g / "to hold,
s t o p , w a i t , s t a y , k e e p . "] / g a S t a y / [you sg. ] w a l k e d a r o u n d , w a n d e r e d , w a n d e r . "] /nySt/
[he, s h e , it] s a t .
[ / g s r d a g / "to w a l k a r o u n d ,
[ / n y n d a g / "to sit. "]
/ S w S t a n / [we] w a s h e d . [ / S o d a g / "to w a s h . " / S w s t / is a l s o p o s s i b l e , but i n f o r m a n t s p r e f e r r e d /SwSt. ] (3)
A few v e r b s ( s o m e s e v e n or eight in the a u t h o r ' s c o r p u s ) h a v e a long vowel in that r o o t a l t e r n a n t e m p l o y e d in the p r e s e n t s y s t e m and the c o r r e s p o n d i n g s h o r t vowel in the a l t e r n a n t u s e d in the p a s t s t e m . to
lyI
m
H e r e / i , e / in the p r e s e n t s t e m c o r r e s p o n d
the p a s t s t e m , / u , o / to / w / , and / a / to / a / . /dwStwn/
[I] m i l k e d .
/gvart/
[it] r a i n e d ,
[/doSag/
"to m i l k . "]
[ / g v a r a g / "to r a i n . "]
/ m a n t a y / [you sg. ] r e m a i n e d , s t a y b e h i n d . "] /rwpt/
This group includes:
[he, s h e , it] swept,
s t a y e d behind,
[ / m a n a g / "to r e m a i n ,
[ / r o p a g / "to s w e e p . "]
/ S y p t a n / [we] a d o r n e d , d e c o r a t e d , put on. [ / S i p a g / "to a d o r n , d e c o r a t e , put on ( j e w e l l e r y , fine c l o t h e s , e t c . ). "] /vantyt/
[you pl. ] r e a d , studied,
/zwrtant/ (4)
[ / v a n a g / "to r e a d , study. "]
[they] picked up, lifted,
[ / z u r a g / "to pick up, lift. "]
F o u r v e r b s (and p o s s i b l y a fifth in the c o r p u s ) have root a l t e r n a n t s ending in a s h o r t v o w e l + / n / in the p r e s e n t s y s t e m and have a n o t h e r ending in t h i s s a m e s h o r t vowel without / n / in the p a s t . /Sytwn/ /jatay/
The four c e r t a i n m e m b e r s of t h i s g r o u p a r e :
[I] p i c k e d , p l u c k e d , c h o s e . [you sg. ] b e a t , shot,
/[kjwSkyt/
[ / S y n a g / "to pick, pluck, c h o o s e . "]
[/jsnag/
[he, s h e , it] h e a r d , l i s t e n e d .
"to b e a t , shoot. "] [ / [ k ] w S k y n a g / "to h e a r , l i s t e n . "]
/ z y t a n / [we] s e i z e d , took p o s s e s s i o n , c o n q u e r e d , take p o s s e s s i o n , c o n q u e r . "] (5)
Two v e r b s have p a s t r o o t a l t e r n a n t s with quite different v o w e l s f r o m t h o s e found in their present stem forms. /bwrtwn/ /mwrt/
(6)
[ / z y n a g / "to s e i z e ,
These are:
[i] took,
[ / b a r a g / "to t a k e , take away. "]
[he, s h e , it] died,
[ / m y r a g / "to d i e . "]
Two v e r b s with p r e s e n t s t e m r o o t a l t e r n a n t s ending in / a y / and / a y / have p a s t r o o t a l t e r n a n t s ending in / a / . /datwn/ /zat/
13. 502.
[I] g a v e ,
These are: [/dayag/
[ s h e , it] gave b i r t h ,
"to give. "] [ / z a y a g / "to give b i r t h . "]
/ r e S a g / "to p o u r out, s p i l l ( t r a n s i t i v e ) " and / r y S a g / "to s p i l l ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) "
a r e a n o t h e r e x a m p l e of the t r a n s i t i v e - i n t r a n s i t i v e p h e n o m e n o n p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d . Sec.
See
13.403.
13. 503.
Two w o r d s t r a n s l a t a b l e a s " t i m e " w e r e d e s c r i b e d in S e c . 12. 200 (16):
289
/vaxt/
and / s a [ h ] a t t / .
S e v e r a l o t h e r s o c c u r signifying t i m e in v a r i o u s s e n s e s of " t u r n , " " o c c a s i o n , "
"period, " "opportunity, " etc. : and / b a z i / . another;
/bar/, /bar/, /ymbaran/-/ymbara/, /var/,
/vari/,
/bari/,
T h e s e w o r d s o v e r l a p s e m a n t i c a l l y and a r e a l s o p h o n o l o g i c a l l y s i m i l a r to one
t h e r e f o r e , it s e e m s b e s t to d e s c r i b e t h e m a l l in one p l a c e (although not a l l of t h e m
w i l l be i n t r o d u c e d in t h i s Unit) in o r d e r that the student m a y c o m p a r e t h e i r c o n n o t a t i o n s and u s a g e : (1)
/bar/
" t i m e " is u s e d in the s e n s e of "one t i m e , two t i m e s (i. e.
Common constructions include: one t i m e " ;
/ d y g a b a r e / "at a n o t h e r t i m e , a g a i n " ;
no t i m e " (with a n e g a t i v e v e r b ) ; (see Sec. 12. 200 (56)); ..."
/ b a r e / "just, j u s t o n c e " ;
"twice"), " etc.
/yakk b a r e /
"once,
/[hjySS b a r / "at any t i m e , at
/ b a r e - b a r e / "from t i m e to t i m e , at v a r i o u s t i m e s "
/ b a r e . . . [aw] b a r e . . . /
" s o m e t i m e s . . . [and] s o m e t i m e s
After n u m e r a l s and indefinite a d j e c t i v e s denoting m o r e than one, the p l u r a l
f o r m / b a r a n / - b a r a / is found;
e.g.
/say b a r a n / "three times, thrice";
/baz
b a r a n / "many t i m e s . " E . g. / t a w b a r e v a t i dyla bygynd, ky Se gwSit.' / y o u r h e a r t [and s e e ] what it s a y s ! / m a n a y r a yakk b a r e jatwn. / not a l l the t i m e . ]
J u s t [lit.
I beat him once.
[I. e.
a t i m e ] look into on one o c c a s i o n ,
/ m a n dyga b a r e Swmay divana nayayin. / a g a i n [lit. a n o t h e r t i m e ] .
I will not c o m e to y o u r p a r t y
/ d y g a b a r e m a e [hjoTala nan m a v a r a n . / a g a i n [lit. a n o t h e r t i m e ] .
Let us not eat in t h i s r e s t a u r a n t
/ m a n ama [ h ] a b a r a [hjySS b a r naSamoStwn. / t i m e ] forget that m a t t e r .
I did not e v e r [lit.
at any
/ a b a r e - b a r e vat p a r ai Sa b w r t . / He h i m s e l f took [i. e. c a r r i e d ] t e a for h i m from t i m e to t i m e . [ T h i s is roughly s y n o n y m o u s with / v a x t - v a x t e / ; see Sec. 12. 200 (56). ] / b a r e - b a r e a Sayr a m jant. /
F r o m t i m e to t i m e he s i n g s too.
/ t a w b a r e yda ay ; aw b a r e oda ay. / S o m e t i m e s you a r e h e r e , and s o m e t i m e s you a r e over t h e r e . [This is equivalent to / v a x t e . . . [aw] v a x t e . . . / ; see Sec. 1 2 . 2 0 0 ( 1 4 ) . ] / m a n dw b a r a n e pwSSa SwStwn. / / a say b a r a n as yda g v a s t a n t . / (2)
/bar/
I washed these clothes twice. They p a s s e d by h e r e t h r e e t i m e s .
" t i m e , o c c a s i o n " is s u b s t i t u t a b l e for / b a r a n / - / b a r a / a f t e r v a r i o u s l a r g e r
numerals.
It a l s o o c c u r s in / [ h ] a r b a r / "each t i m e , on e v e r y o c c a s i o n " and in
v a r i o u s o t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n s a s well.
E. g.
/ m a n [ h j a z a r a b a r avan a m e [ h j a b a r a gwStwn. / I told t h e m t h i s s a m e thing on t h o u s a n d s of o c c a s i o n s . [ / [ h ] a z a r b a r a n / and / [ h ] a z a r b a r a n / a r e a l s o p o s s i b l e . F o r / [ h j o z a r a / , see Sec. 6. 107. ] / m a n t a r a [hjar b a r gwStwn. / I told you e v e r y t i m e , [ i d i o m a t i c a l l y . / b a r / d o e s not o c c u r after / [ h ] a r / " e a c h , e v e r y " ; i n s t e a d , / b a r / or / v a r / (see (4) below) a r e found. ] (3)
/ y m b a r a n / - / y m b a r a / d e n o t e s "this t i m e " and in m a n y c o n t e x t s m e a n s "this y e a r . " E.g. / y m b a r a man pakystana naravin. / T h i s t i m e I will not go to P a k i s t a n . [ U n l e s s the context s p e c i f i e s o t h e r w i s e , t h i s will u s u a l l y be u n d e r -
290
stood a s " d u r i n g the p r e s e n t y e a r " - - s y n o n y m o u s with / e s a l / or / y m s a l i / ; see Sec. 1 3 . 4 0 2 . ] / y m b a r a m a n p a r taw k y t a b e k a r i n . / you. (4)
/var/
" t i m e , o c c a s i o n , t u r n " is e m p l o y e d in v a r i o u s c o m m o n c o n s t r u c t i o n s :
/[h]ar v a r /
" e a c h t i m e , on e v e r y o c c a s i o n , at e a c h t u r n " ;
by t u r n , one a f t e r a n o t h e r " ; vara/
T h i s t i m e I w i l l b r i n g a book for
/var-varia/
/var-pa-vara/
"turn
"by t u r n s " ( s e e S e c . 12. 200 (56)); / y a k k
"at one t i m e , on a single o c c a s i o n " (also in compound f o r m s :
/ y a g v a r a / , / y a k b a r a / , or / y a g b a r a / ) .
e. g.
/yakvara/,
/ v a r / a l s o o c c u r s a s a c o m m o n noun.
/ m a n t a r a [hjar v a r gwstwn. / I told you at e v e r y o p p o r t u n i t y . e a c h t u r n , at e v e r y c h a n c e I had. ] / a v a r - p a - v a r a d r w s t d w z z a kwSt. / another.
E . g.
[I. e.
on
He killed a l l the t h i e v e s one a f t e r
/ s w m a v a r - v a r i a v a t i kagada peS b y d a r y t ! / turns!
You show y o u r p a p e r s by
/ m a n y a k k v a r a a y r a jatwn. / I b e a t h i m in one t u r n . [I. e. with a s i n g l e blow. A l s o / y a k v a r a / , / y a g v a r a / , / y a k b a r a / , or / y a g b a r a / . ] / t a w y a g v a r a e d r w s t kytaba b y b a r ! / Take away a l l t h e s e b o o k s at one t i m e ! [I. e. in a single t r i p , / y a k v a r a / , e t c . a r e s u b s t i t u t a b l e . ] / a m m a y v a r kadi kayt. / come ? / r o S e baloSay v a r bit. / Baluchi[s].
When will our t u r n [ o c c a s i o n , One day [lit.
opportunity]
a day] [it] will be the t u r n of the
/ n u n a m m a y v a r ynt, ky aS badiga b e r a b y g y r a n . / Now it is our t u r n [ o c c a s i o n , o p p o r t u n i t y ] to take [lit. that we m a y t a k e ] r e v e n g e [lit. revenges] from [our] enemies. / m a n a v a r n a d a t , ky m a n v a t i z a [ h ] m a bykaSSin. / [He] gave m e no c h a n c e [ o c c a s i o n , o p p o r t u n i t y ] to d r a w [lit. that I m a y d r a w ] m y sword. (5)
/ v a r i / d e n o t e s " t u r n " only. changeable.
In t h i s m e a n i n g / v a r / and / v a r i / a r e g e n e r a l l y i n t e r -
E . g.
/ n u n Swmay v a r i ynt, ky p a m m a nan bypaSyt. / Now it is y o u r t u r n to cook [lit. that you m a y cook] food [lit. b r e a d ] for u s . / a S m a n r a n d , t a i v a r i kayt. / (6)
After m e y o u r t u r n w i l l c o m e .
/ b a r i / s i g n i f i e s " p e r i o d , t e r m , r e i g n . " It thus d i f f e r s f r o m a l l of the p r e c e d i n g items.
E . g. / m a nun p i r an, aw a m m a y b a r i b a z jvan at. / We a r e old now, and our t i m e s [i. e. the p e r i o d of our youth] w a s v e r y good. / a s a r d a r a y b a r i a , d r w s t m a r d w m vaSS atant. / a l l the p e o p l e w e r e happy.
(7)
/ b a z i / denotes "occasion"; /ymbara/.
In the t i m e of that chief
its u s a g e o v e r l a p s t h o s e of / b a r / and / y m b a r a n /
E . g.
/ e bazi man koTaa ravin. / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e . ]
On t h i s o c c a s i o n I will go to Q u e t t a .
/ a b a z i taw y a k k g w r k e j a t a y . /
291
On that o c c a s i o n you shot a wolf.
[/ymbara/
/ d y g a b a z i m a n oda n a r a v i n . / I w i l l not go o v e r t h e r e a g a i n [lit. o c c a s i o n ] , [/dyga b a r / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e . ] / m a n t a r a dw b a z i a m a [h]and peS daStwn. / t w i c e , [/dw b a r a n / i s s u b s t i t u t a b l e . ]
13. 600.
another
I showed you that s a m e place
Basic Sentences,
m a n dw b a r a n a d a l a t t a ka[h]tkwn, b a l e taw adda na atay.
I c a m e to the c o u r t t w i c e , but you w e r e not there.
Se, taw S a m b e a m a n i gysa a [ h ] t a y ?
Did you c o m e to m y h o u s e on S a t u r d a y ?
a SaRa k a T u r e n a r y n j k a w r t .
He a l w a y s b r o u g h t a b a s k e t of o r a n g e s .
m a y a k S a m b e a amyda n a [ h ] a r e d i s t a n .
On Sunday we saw a w i l d - a n i m a l r i g h t h e r e ,
Swma e b a d e s a r d a r a y m a r k a p a r Se g r e t y t ,
Why did you w e e p at the d e a t h of t h i s evil chief?
a d w S a m b e a y roSa d a m b a b a z e t a s v i r gyptant.
On Monday [lit. M o n d a y ' s d a y ] they took m a n y p i c t u r e s at the r u i n .
m a n s a y S a m b e a y Sapa Swmay a m a k a r a kwrtwn.
I did that job of y o u r s on T u e s d a y [lit, T u e s d a y ' s ] night.
Se, taw S a r S a m b e a y roSa tana d e r a S a r r a [ h ] a y sara ostatay?
Did you stand for a long t i m e [lit. u n t i l l a t e ] at [lit. on] the c r o s s r o a d s on Wednesday [lit. W e d n e s d a y ' s d a y ] ?
a p a n S S a m b e a go s a r k a r a y l a S k a r a Swt,
On T h u r s d a y he went with the g o v e r n m e n t ' s army.
m a j w m a a y roSa e [hjoTala nan v a r t o n .
On F r i d a y [lit. restaurant.
Se, Swma S a m b e a y Sapa Donna vaptyt ?
Did you s l e e p o u t d o o r s on S a t u r d a y [lit. Saturday's] night?
a v a t i d r w s t m a D D i a amyda yStant.
They left a l l t h e i r b a g g a g e h e r e .
m a n [hjaptagay roSa naya[h]twn.
F r i d a y ' s d a y ] we a t e in t h i s
I did not c o m e on S a t u r d a y [lit.
Saturday's
day]. taw v a t i k a r S a p a r Se n a y a w r t a y ,
Why did you not b r i n g y o u r k n i f e ?
a t a r a naySt, ky taw e g w l a m a byjanay.
He did not let you b e a t [lit. did not allow that you m a y b e a t ] t h i s s l a v e .
13. 6 0 1 .
V e r b s whose p a s t s t e m s f o r m u n i q u e , o n e - m e m b e r c l a s s e s a r e r e l a t i v e l y few.
T h o s e in the c o r p u s a r e :
292
/[k]a[h]twn/
[I] c a m e .
/[k]awrtay/
[you sg. ] b r o u g h t ,
/dist/
[Also /[kjatkwn/.
[ h e , s h e , it] saw.
/gretan/
/Swtay/
s e i z e d , c a u g h t , bought,
[they] did, m a d e .
/[k]oStatwn/
[i] stood.
"to s e e . "]
[ / g r e v a g / "to c r y , w e e p . "]
/ g y p t y t / [y°u PL ] g r a s p e d , s e i z e , c a t c h , buy. "] /kwrtant/
[ / [ k j a r a g / "to b r i n g . "]
[/gyndag/
[we] c r i e d , wept,
/ [ k j a y a g / "to c o m e . "]
[Also / k w t a n t / .
[/gyrag/
"to g r a s p ,
/ k a n a g / "to d o , m a k e . "]
[ / [ k J o S t a g / "to s t a n d . "]
[you sg. ] went,
[ / r a v a g / "to go. "]
/ v a r t / [he, s h e , it] a t e , d r a n k , [ / v a r a g / "to e a t , d r i n k . " Note t h a t t h i s f o r m i s h o m o p h o n o u s with the 3 r d sg. p r e s e n t f o r m / v a r t / "[he, s h e , it] e a t s , d r i n k s . " T h i s v e r b e x h i b i t s a p a s t - p r e s e n t s t e m r e l a t i o n s h i p e x a c t l y the o p p o s i t e of that s e e n in S e c . 13. 501 (3). ] /vaptan/
[we] slept,
[ / v a s p a g / "to s l e e p . "]
/ [ k ] y S t y t / [you pl. ] left, a b a n d o n e d , let go, let. a b a n d o n , let go, let. "]
[ / [ k ] y l l a g / "to l e a v e ,
T h e / n a y / a l t e r n a n t of the n e g a t i v e p r e f i x o c c u r s with the p a s t s t e m s of / [ k j a y a g / c o m e " and / [ k ] a r a g / "to b r i n g . " E l s e w h e r e the / n a / a l t e r n a n t is found. / a m a n i d i v a n a naya[h]t. /
He did not c o m e to [lit.
/ S w m a p a r Se v a t i a w z a r a n a y a w r t y t . / / m a n ayra nadistwn. /
E.g.
in] m y p a r t y .
Why did you not b r i n g y o u r t o o l s ?
I did not s e e h i m .
/ a d r a S k a y S e r a p a r Se naoStat. /
13. 602.
"to
Why did he not stand u n d e r the t r e e ?
The n a m e s of the d a y s of the w e e k a r e m a i n l y c o m p o u n d s containing a n u m e r a l
s t e m + / S a m b e / (which is e m p l o y e d a l o n e for " S a t u r d a y " ) . "Friday, " a loanword from Arabic.
The only e x c e p t i o n is / j w m a /
F r i d a y i s , of c o u r s e , the day of the M u s l i m c o n g r e g a t i o n a l
p r a y e r , and the A r a b i c root of / j w m a / d e n o t e s "to g a t h e r t o g e t h e r , c o l l e c t . " The d a y s of the w e e k a r e : /Sambe/
Saturday
/yakSambe/
Sunday
/dwSambe/
Monday
/saySambe/
Tuesday
/SarSambe/
Wednesday
/panSSambe/ /jwma/
Thursday
Friday
/ [ h ] a p t a [ g ] / " w e e k " is s o m e t i m e s s u b s t i t u t e d for / S a m b e / " S a t u r d a y . "
13. 603.
/bad/
"bad, e v i l " i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y s y n o n y m o u s with / g a n d a g / "bad, e v i l . "
See S e c . 4. 504.
13. 604. goods, etc.
/ m a D D i / d e n o t e s " b a g g a g e " in the s e n s e of a t r a v e l l e r ' s l u g g a g e ,
household
T h i s t e r m i s not a s - a l l - i n c l u s i v e a s / b w n a g / " b a g g a g e , " h o w e v e r :
/bwnag/
293
i n c l u d e s the t o t a l i t y of a n o m a d ' s b e l o n g i n g s , h i s t e n t , h i s a n i m a l s , e t c .
13. 700.
See S e c . 9. 104.
Basic Sentences
m a n D a g a r a kaSS k a n a g a atwn.
I w a s m e a s u r i n g the land.
taw zi p a r Se k a r k a n a g a na atay.
Why w e r e you not w o r k i n g y e s t e r d a y ?
g w r k m e s a d y r r a g a at,
The wolf w a s r e n d i n g [lit. sheep.
m a [ h ] a w r a y t a h a k a r k a n a n atan.
We kept on w o r k i n g in the r a i n .
s w m a p a r Se g r e v a n atyt,
Why did you k e e p on w e e p i n g ?
a Sayr jana na atant.
They did not k e e p on s i n g i n g .
m a n e [hjaDDa p r o S a g i atwn.
I had to [intended to, had the c a p a c i t y to] b r e a k t h i s bone.
t a w e synga m a n apa d a w r d a y a g i na atay.
You did not have to [did not intend t o , did not have the c a p a c i t y to] t h r o w t h i s stone, into the w a t e r .
a m a n i m e S a b a r a g i na at.
He did not have to [did not intend t o , did not have the c a p a c i t y to] c a r r y away m y sheep.
m a n a a n a [ h ] a r j a n a g i atant.
I had to shoot t h o s e w i l d - a n i m a l s .
t a r a e k a r k a n a g i na at.
You did not have to do t h i s w o r k .
a y r a suSyna so[h]re sade m a n kanagi at.
She had to t h r e a d the n e e d l e with r e d t h r e a d . [Lit. She had to pour a r e d t h r e a d into the n e e d l e . ]
13. 701.
t e a r i n g ] the
P a s t t e n s e f o r m s of the " c o n t i n u a t i v e , " " i t e r a t i v e , " and " o b l i g a t o r y " f o r m a t i o n s
a r e e x a c t l y a s d e s c r i b e d in S e e s . 1 1 . 4 0 1 , 1 1 . 6 0 1 , 1 1 . 7 0 1 , and 1 1 . 8 0 1 , e x c e p t that p a s t f o r m s of the a u x i l i a r y (see Sec. 13. 101) a r e s u b s t i t u t e d for the p r e s e n t p a r a d i g m . / m a n k a r kanaga atwn. / / a v a s p a g a atant. / / a doSan atant. /
E . g.
I was working.
They w e r e s l e e p i n g . They kept on sewing.
/ m a [hjandan atan. /
We kept on laughing.
/ S w m a r a v a g i atyt. /
You had to [intended to, had the c a p a c i t y to] go.
/ a S a r a b a v a r a g i at. / the w i n e . / S w m a r a r a v a g i at. /
He had to [intended to, had the c a p a c i t y to] d r i n k You had to go.
294
/ m a n a aS k a d d a a SaSSagi at. /
I had to sip f r o m the w i n e - c u p .
Unlike the p r e s e n t s y s t e m , h o w e v e r , t h e r e is only one f o r m of the n e g a t i v e p a s t continuative formation: a past tense auxiliary. S e c . 11. 4 0 1 .
t h i s c o n s i s t s of the infinitive + / a / , followed by / n a / , followed by T h i s w a s s e e n to be an optional p a t t e r n in the p r e s e n t s y s t e m ;
see
N e g a t i v e p a s t t e n s e f o r m s of the i t e r a t i v e and o b l i g a t o r y f o r m a t i o n s , on the
o t h e r h a n d , follow the s a m e p a t t e r n s a s w e r e given in S e e s . 1 1 . 6 0 1 , 1 1 . 7 0 1 , and 1 1 . 8 0 1 . E.g. / m a n k a r k a n a g a na atwn. / / a v a s p a g a na a t a n t . /
[Not '''/nakanaga a t w n / . ]
They w e r e not s l e e p i n g .
/ a Sayr jana na at. /
[Not
;,t
/navaspaga atant/. ]
He did not k e e p on singing.
/ m a oda r a v a g i na atan. / to] go o v e r t h e r e . / S w m a r a a y a g i na at. /
13. 702.
I w a s not w o r k i n g .
We did not have to [intend to, have the c a p a c i t y You did not have to c o m e .
/ d a w r d a y a g / has various connotations;
"to t h r o w , t o s s (an object to s o m e -
one c l o s e b y ) , " "to t h r o w into (as an object into a liquid), " "to t h r o w away (an object of no f u r t h e r u s e ) , " "to t h r o w down (an object, p e r s o n ) , " "to quickly extend (a hand). "
/Sanag/,
on the o t h e r h a n d , is e m p l o y e d only in the s e n s e of "to t h r o w (an object a s i z e a b l e d i s t a n c e , a s a b a l l , a s t o n e ) . " E . g. / m a n i l a T T a a m y n g w d a w r byday! / / m a n v a t a r a apay t a h a d a w r datwn. / / e [ h j a r a b e goSta Donna d a w r byday! / / a m a n a d a w r dat. /
T h r o w m y staff o v e r t h i s way! I t h r e w m y s e l f into the w a t e r . T h r o w t h i s bad m e a t o u t s i d e !
He t h r e w m e down.
/ m a n v a t i d a s t a d a w r datwn, pa m a n i tupakkay g y r a g a . / I t h r e w out m y hand to s e i z e m y gun [lit. for the s e i z i n g of m y gun]. / m a aS ko[h]ay s a r a syng Santan. / We t h r e w s t o n e s f r o m the m o u n t a i n top [lit. f r o m on the m o u n t a i n ] . / a m a n i n e m a g a sopa Sant. /
He t h r e w the apple in m y d i r e c t i o n .
/ d a w r / a l s o o c c u r s in a n o t h e r c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n :
/ d a w r k a n a g / "to s p r i n g ,
r u s h , j u m p out (as a wild a n i m a l f r o m a m b u s h ) . " A s a noun, t h u s , / d a w r / m e a n s " s p r i n g , r u s h . " / d a w r / is a l s o found in a t o t a l l y different m e a n i n g : s y n o n y m o u s with / b a r i / ;
" p e r i o d , t i m e " (roughly
see S e e s . 13. 503 (6) and 16. 400 (5)).
T h i s m u s t , h o w e v e r , be
considered a homophone.
13. 800.
D r i l l s and E x e r c i s e s .
13.801.
Substitution.
1.
a
yakSambeay
roSa
ai maRia
Monday's
that ruin
Friday's
the c o u r t
295
Swtant,
Saturday's
Sindh the f o r e s t
Tuesday's
that t e n a n t f a r m e r ' s house
Wednesday's man
my grandfather
lykkytwn. awakene d
the fine-•blanket
folded
the med:i c i n e s
g r o u n d up
his command
obeyed
the r i d i n g - c a m e l
untied
yakk kagade
a bazzag
vati awzara
proSt.
the t e n a n t - f a r m e r
the r o p e
pulled
the b e g g a r
the fire
put out
the s l a v e
the wine
sipped
the s l a v e - g i r l
the cattLe
checked
the w i l d - a n i m a l
the goat--kid
tore
a Sadi
jo[h]ay k y r r a
nySt.
my relative
in the tent
stayed behind
the cow
in the m e a d o w
grazed fainted
that p o o r w o m a n in the c o u r t h e r fiance
in the d e s e r t
wandered around
h i s goat
u n d e r that t r e e
gave b i r t h
ai Sagyrd
yda
gvastant.
I
the wounds
groaned
the a r m y of the government the young m a n
hun g e r
died
thirst
wept
those c r e a t u r e s
cold
shivered
the s l a v e s
t h e chief
fled
may [hjamsayag
man
aS
zi
s a r gypt ant.
l a s t night
arrived
night b e f o r e last
came
twice
went
day b e f o r e yesterday
hunted
last year
became angry
a bazi
baloSystana
daStwn.
up to two h o u r s
in h i s office
sat
this year
India
went
last month
my grandmother
one t i m e
Noshki
delivered [made a r r i v e ] saw
296
two w e e k s 8.
9.
ma
p a r taw
e suSyna
kawrtan.
for the B a l u c h i s
this country
conquered
for o u r chief
t h i s beautiful sword
brought
for y o u r fiancee
these earrings
chose
for y o u r daughter
t h i s soft quilt
bought
for h i s s l a v e girl
this clothes-bag
wove
a£
Dagara
rytkant.
the boys
f r o m the t r e e
fell
the r e s t a u r a n t keeper
on the tonga
got on
the n o m a d s
in the d e s e r t
wandered around
his relatives
into the r o o m
entered
the a r m y of the e n e m i e s
f r o m the m i d s t of the b a t t l e - f i e l d
fled
ai m a r k a
g r e v a n at.
the old m a n
on the bedding
kept g r o a n i n g
the people
in the m a r k e t - p l a c e
kept g a t h e r i n g
we
in the f o r e s t s
kept s e a r c h i n g
the w o m e n
a l l night
kept singing
you [pl. ]
o u t s i d e the h o u s e
kept m a k i n g n o i s e
1 0. m a n i t r u
11.
12.
rested
in M a k r a n
mazane kysbe.
e Dawle jamagay
doSag
fine - r u g ' s
weaving
p i c t u r e 's
taking
gun's
making
book' s
writing
this song's
singing [lit.
beating]
p a r Se
naTaytay.
taw
may [h]abara
they
the wine
did not p o u r
the servant
the o k r a
did not fry [boil, cook in oil or water]
the t o n g a - d r i v e r
a new h o r s e
did not buy
you [pl. ]
the l a m p s
did not put out
the g i r l
this costume
did not put on [lit.
drassama
T a p p a g a atan.
night b e f o r e l a s t
birds
w e r e shooting
[on] that o c c a s i o n
stones
were throwing
yesterday
h i s land
were measuring
this very morning
wheat
w e r e sowing
13. p a r e r i
ma
297
adorn]
on T h u r s d a y [lit. on T h u r s d a y ' s d a y ]
grass
14. m a n i n o k a r a
15.
were harvesting
maDDi
z u r a g i at.
the s l a v e - g i r l
barley
had to g r i n d
that p o o r [fellow]
the m o n e y
had to give
we
our cattle
had to c h e c k
the c a m e l - r i d e r
the m e d i c i n e s
had to t a k e [lit.
I
the wolf
had to k i l l
adalattay kar
alas
that foolish fellow
angry
the w a t e r skin
empty
the b e g g a r
hungry
the f o r e s t
dry
m y eye
red
13. 802.
eat]
but.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l I.
Change the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b f o r m s in the following s e n t e n c e s f r o m the p r e s e n t to the past tense.
E . g. Instructor:
/ m a n kwSakka d a r kanin. /
Student;
/ m a n kwSakka d a r kwrtwn. /
1.
a p i r e m a r d d a s t a mwSit.
2.
m a n i n a k o z a t k baz sop v a r t .
3.
a p a m m a n yakk s e r e a m b tol kant.
4.
m a n i jynd e j a m a g a doSin.
5.
a [hjar roS soba v a t i gysa S a r r r o p i t .
6.
m o l y d dylloa ap gejit.
7.
vaxte ky taw kayay, m a n gysa nabin.
8.
b a d i g a n i l a S k a r a m m a y k y S a r a soSit.
9.
b o r S i sowzia n a k o T i t .
10. y m s a l i kuTygay v a i l zut r w d a n t . 11. m a n a [hjaDDa d a w r dayin. 12. g w l a m p a r z o n a k k a t a l a n n a k a n a n t . 13. a m a n a t a i divana r a v a g a naylit. 14. a v a n a pwTog g i r t . 15. a pa v a t i d y S t a r a yakk pwlle Synit. 16. e b a z i m a n gysa n a m a n i n . 17. taw p a r Se m a n a m a l a Tuay. 18. m a n i t r u Sa b a z a r a zut padi kayt. 19. a j w m a a y roSa a m m a y r e z a padi k a r a n t . 20. d r w s t e m a r d w m a i m a r k a g r e v a n t . 21.
Se, Swma a m y d a koStyt?
298
22. a p a r Se a b a z z a g a j a n a n t .
13.803.
23.
a t a i t a v a r a nawSkynit.
24.
Se, taw m a n i S a l v a r a n a S o d a y ?
25.
a m a n i ballwka zant.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l II.
C h a n g e the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b f o r m s in the following s e n t e n c e s f r o m the p r e s e n t to the p a s t t e n s e . E . g. Instructor;
/ a y r a ginryS ynt. /
Student:
/ a y r a ginryS at. /
1.
Se, taw twnnag a y ?
2.
dwnyaa b a z s a [ h ] d a r ant.
3.
m a n b a d i g a n i n y a m a wn.
4.
a b a z g a r p i r na ynt.
5.
Se, Swma vaSS b y t ?
6.
go m a z a [ h ] m n e s t .
7.
a n a r y n j b a z t w r S ynt.
8.
t a i jynd najoR bay.
9.
e lada n a [ h ] a r b a z a s t .
10. t a i k a d d a a S a r a b na ant. 11. a v a n i b r a s m a R i a n e s t a n t . 12. a Sadi zut z a r bant. 13.
go s a r k a r a m a z a n e l a S k a r e a s t .
14. aS y a x x a , e s a l n a r y n j [ h ] a r a b bant. 15. l a s s m a r d w m ai divana na ant. 16. g w l a m - w - m o l y d b a l o S y s t a n a n e s t . 17. m a n t a i e [ h j a b a r a s a r p a d nabin. 18.
a m m a y [hjanda e Dawle m w r g n e s t .
19. m a t a n i a panS an. 20.
13.804.
Swma p a r e k a r a b a z k a m m yt.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l III.
C h a n g e the u n d e r l i n e d a u x i l i a r y v e r b f o r m s in the following s e n t e n c e s f r o m the p r e s e n t to the p a s t t e n s e .
E. g. Instructor:
/ m a n t a S a g a wn. /
Student:
/ m a n taSaga atwn. /
1.
a d r a S k a gwDDaga ynt.
2.
m a n v a t a r a m a n apa d a w r d a y a g i wn.
3.
a y r a v a t i m a s T a r T u a g i ynt.
4.
m a l a r z a na an.
299
5.
a m m a y y a k k goke z a y a g a ynt.
6.
a n a [ h ] a r a kwSagi ynt.
7.
m o l y d k e s aw k a m b a l a p a t a y a n ynt.
8.
t a i p a s m a n i p a l e z a S a r a g a ant.
9.
m a n a v a t i olak m a r a g i ant.
10. e [ h j a r a b e n a w z a r p r w S a n ant. 11. t a r a S a r a b v a r a g i na ynt. 12. a b a z z a g Sa Tappa n a l a g a ynt. 13. m a r a j w m a a y b e g a a r a v a g i ynt. 14. m a m a r o S i k a T u r e n a r y n j k a r a g i an. 15. Sv/ma p a r Se syng Sanan yt. 16. Synykk bwza m y San ynt. 17. m a n a pa v a t i t r u a laSti Synagi ant. 18. t a r a e r e z syndagi ynt. 19. m a n e ko[h]ne pwSSa d y r r a g a na wn. 20.
13. 805.
s w m a e l y b a s Sipagi na yt.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l I. 1.
taw a i gysa kadi Swtay. yesterday l a s t night at s e v e n o ' c l o c k day b e f o r e the day b e f o r e y e s t e r d a y last year
2.
a kwjam k a r kwrt, He ground up the m e d i c i n e s . He m i l k e d the cow. He w r o t e a l e t t e r to h i s aunt. He m e a s u r e d the land. He folded the b l a n k e t s .
3.
taw Se kanaga atay. I w a s weaving a s h o u l d e r - b a g . I w a s s e a r c h i n g [for] a n e e d l e . I w a s p o u r i n g oil into the b o t t l e . I w a s taking p i c t u r e [ s ] I w a s picking f l o w e r [ s ]
4.
m a R i a kay at. Some [a few] s l a v e s w e r e in the p a l a c e . The p a l a c e w a s e m p t y . T h e r e w a s no one in the p a l a c e . One old m a n r e m a i n e d [ s t a y e d b e h i n d ] t h e r e ,
300
T h e p a l a c e w a s full of [lit. s l a v e - g i r l [ s ] , and g u e s t s . 5.
from] servant[s],
a Son m w r t . He died of [lit.
from] hunger.
His e n e m i e s k i l l e d h i m . He fell into the w e l l . He died of [lit.
from] thirst.
He got s m a l l p o x . him. ] 6.
[Lit.
S m a l l p o x caught
a p a r Se m y R a g a atant, That m a n is a thief. the o t h e r .
He s t o l e the w a t c h of
They a r e old [ / k o [ h ] n e / ] e n e m i e s . That m a n w a s b e a t i n g the donkey of the other. That m a n is a t o n g a - d r i v e r . He w a s a s k i n g for [lit. w a s w a n t i n g ] h i s f a r e . That m a n is a s e r v a n t . He did not obey his m a s t e r ' s [/vajagay/j order. 7.
Se, Swmay s y a l m a r o S i rastant ? No, they will a r r i v e day a f t e r t o m o r r o w . Y e s , t h e y a r r i v e d l a s t night. No, m y nephew is sick, and now they will not c o m e , Y e s , they c a m e on T h u r s d a y . My g r a n d f a t h e r c a m e on Sunday. My o t h e r r e l a t i v e s will c o m e on W e d n e s d a y .
8.
e k a r p a r Se [ h ] a r a b but. The r o p e b r o k e . The oil spilled out of [lit.
f r o m ] the bottle,
Our m a c h i n e b r o k e . That stupid [fellow] s p i l l e d the oil. He did not b r i n g h i s t o o l s . 9.
a m a goSt kwja ant. I fried [boiled, cooked in oil or w a t e r ] it. I r o a s t e d it. I t h r e w it o u t s i d e . I gave it to that p o o r [fellow]. Your aunt took it a w a y .
10. a m a r d Son at, ky annun aS yda g v a s t . He w a s thin and w e a k . He w a s fat. He w a s an A m e r i c a n . 301
He w a s t a l l and s t r o n g . He w a s a b e g g a r . 11. a jynykk p a r Se t a v a r - t a v a r k a n a g a atant. They w e r e c o m b i n g e a c h o t h e r ' s h a i r . They w e r e putting on [lit. new c o . s t u m e s .
adorning] their
They w e r e looking at y o u r p i c t u r e s . They w e r e p l a y i n g in the g a r d e n . The m a r r i a g e of the d a u g h t e r of the chief took p l a c e [lit. b e c a m e ] t o d a y . 12. Se, taw a y r a d i s t a y ? Y e s , I saw h i m in that r u i n . pictures.
He w a s taking
No, I n e v e r saw h i m at any t i m e . Y e s , I saw h i m t h r e e t i m e s . Y e s , I saw h i m [on] that o c c a s i o n when [lit. t h a t ] we w e r e in N o s h k i . Y e s , I saw h i m y e s t e r d a y in the c o u r t . 13. Se, taw p a m m a n Sie k a w r t a y ? Y e s , I b r o u g h t a n e e d l e and [ s o m e ] t h r e a d for you. Y e s , I b r o u g h t a new quilt for you. Y e s , I b r o u g h t a b o t t l e of wine for you, but it [lit. they] spilled on the r o a d . Y e s , I bought t h e s e new e a r r i n g s for you. No, I b r o u g h t nothing for you. 14. Se, Swma p a [ h ] r i Syllaga a m y d a daStyt? No, we went to India l a s t y e a r . Y e s , but we will go to Sindh t h i s y e a r . Y e s , we s t a y e d r i g h t h e r e . My family went to M a k r a n , but I s t a y e d behind. Y e s , but we sent our d e p e n d a n t s [lit. a n d - w o m a n ] to Sindh.
child
15. a Se k w r t . In h i s r e i g n , he c o n q u e r e d m a n y c o u n t r i e s He r u b b e d the u t e n s i l s w e l l . He a g r e e d with m e on t h i s m a t t e r . He killed h i s n e i g h b o u r . He t h r e w a stone in m y d i r e c t i o n .
302
13. 806.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l II. 1.
z i , k y l a s a r a n d , taw kwja Swtay.
2.
Se, t a r a n a r y n j d o s t ant, ya sop.
3.
Se, t a w a r a T T e d i s t a y ?
4.
j w m a a y r o S a , taw kalyja afhjtay?
5.
Se, t a r a d y S t a r e a s t ?
6.
Se, t a i m w l k a y [ h j a r o s a , d r w s t m a r d w m z e b a e l y b a s S i p a n t ?
7.
[ h j a p t a g a , taw Synka b a r a n yda k a y a y .
8.
Se, e soba taw d e r a r a s t a y ?
9.
zi taw s v a r a g a Se Se v a r t a y .
10. t a i [h]anda n a [ h ] a r b a z a s t ? 11.
t a r a ko[h]ani t a h a T a p w r o g d o s t y n t ?
12.
Se, taw t a s v i r g y r a g a z a n a y ?
13. a v a x t i ky taw Sa gysa d a r a[h]tay, taw a s a t o s t a y ? 14. v a x t e ky taw b a l o S y s t a n a r a v a y , taw d a m b S a r a g l o T a y ? 15. d w S a m b e a , taw kwja atay.
13. 900.
Vocabulary.
H e r e t o f o r e a R o m a n n u m e r a l h a s b e e n e m p l o y e d a f t e r the infinitive f o r m of a new v e r b to i n d i c a t e the v e r b ' s c l a s s m e m b e r s h i p in the p r e s e n t s y s t e m . i n f o r m a t i o n about the p a s t s t e m c l a s s to which the v e r b b e l o n g s .
It is now n e c e s s a r y to add T h i s will be done by
a d d i n g a d a s h a f t e r the R o m a n n u m e r a l i n d i c a t i n g p r e s e n t t e n s e c l a s s m e m b e r s h i p , and following t h i s by (a) the R o m a n n u m e r a l " I " if the p a s t s t e m is a m e m b e r of C l a s s I (Sec. 13. 301),
(b) the R o m a n n u m e r a l " I I " if the p a s t s t e m b e l o n g s to C l a s s II (Sec. 13. 401), or
(c) by the p a s t s t e m i t s e l f in d i a g o n a l s if it falls into p a s t s t e m C l a s s III.
T h u s , in the
e n t r y / S y k k a g / I - I "to p u l l , tug, " for e x a m p l e , the f i r s t " I " i n d i c a t e s p r e s e n t s y s t e m c l a s s m e m b e r s h i p and the s e c o n d " I " the p a s t s t e m f o r m :
/ S y k k a g / t h u s h a s / S y k k i t / a s its 3rd
s g . p r e s e n t f o r m and / S y k k y t / a s its p a s t s t e m (and, c o i n c i d e n t a l l y , i t s 3rd sg. p a s t f o r m also).
S i m i l a r l y , / d a y a g / V / d a t / "to g i v e " e m p l o y s " V " to i n d i c a t e that the 3 r d sg.
p r e s e n t f o r m is / d a n t / .
The p a s t s t e m of t h i s C l a s s III v e r b is given:
/dat/.
adalatt
court,
awzar
tool
bari
period, term,
bazi
occasion
bad
b a d , evil
ballwk
g r a n d m o t h e r ( e i t h e r f a t h e r ' s or m o t h e r ' s mother)
bar
time
bazgar
tenant-farmer
bazzag
p o o r ; u n f o r t u n a t e ; p o o r fellow
303
courthouse reign
DO 9
J g
I-/botk/
to open, u n t i e
bop
mattress
Sadi
stupid [fellow]
Sarra[h]
crossroads
SarSambe
Wednesday
Sarag
to g r a z e
I-II
SaRa
always
SaSSag
I-I
to sip
Sykkag
I-I
to p u l l , tug
Synag
I-/Syt/
to pick, pluck,
damb
ruin
dawr
spring,
choose
rush
d a w r dayag
to t h r o w , t o s s , t h r o w into, t h r o w a w a y , t h r o w down, quickly e x t e n d (a hand)
d a w r kanag
to s p r i n g , r u s h , j u m p out (as a wild a n i m a l from ambush)
der
late,
doSag
I-/dwSt/
lateness
to m i l k
doSi
l a s t night
dwSambe
Monday
dyrrag
to t e a r , r e n d , r i p ( t r a n s i t i v e )
I-I
dyStar gejag
fiance, I-/getk/
fiancee
to p o u r into, put
gwlam
(male) s l a v e
gwSn
hunger
hjaDD
bone
h]amsaya[g]
neighbour
h]apta[g]
week;
Saturday
h ]w k m
order,
command
hjynd
India
jwma
Friday
jynd
self
kaSS
m e a s u r i n g , m e a s u r e m e n t (of a s u r f a c e ) to be m e a s u r e d
kaSS buag kaSS kanag
to m e a s u r e
kadda
wine-cup
kes
fine-blanket
lad
forest
laSkar
army
laSti
earring
lybas
costume,
dress
lykkag
I-I
to w r i t e
manag
I-/mant/
to r e m a i n , stay behind
304
ma rag
I-I
to c h e c k , count, t a l l y , r e v i e w , b r i n g to m i n d
maRi
palace, large building,
maDDi
baggage, goods, belonging[s]
mannag
I-I
to obey, a p p r o v e ,
mark
death
molyd
slave-girl
mwSag
I -II
to r u b , p o l i s h
mySag
I-/mytk/
to s u c k l e
nalag
I-I
agree
to g r o a n
nan-w-nagan
bread-and-bread:
narynj
o r a n g e (fruit)
na[h]ar
wild-animal,
narm
soft
nasag
I-II
nyam
food
beast
to g r i n d up, p o w d e r middle, midst,
-ay nyama
among
b e t w e e n , in the m i d s t of,
pa[h]ri
last (time, year, etc. )
pakir
beggar
panSSambe
Thursday
parandoSi
night b e f o r e l a s t
pareri
day b e f o r e y e s t e r d a y
patayag
edifice
I-I
among
to fold
peS-pa[h]ri
(time, year, etc. ) before last
peS-pareri
day b e f o r e the day b e f o r e y e s t e r d a y
pirwk
g r a n d f a t h e r ( e i t h e r f a t h e r ' s or m o t h e r ' s f a t h e r )
pwrsag
I-I
pyR reSag
battlefield I-/retk/
rez rySag
to a s k to p o u r out, spill ( t r a n s i t i v e ) (thick) r o p e
I /rytk/
to s p i l l ( i n t r a n s i t i v e )
sad
thread
sa[h]dar
c r e a t u r e , being
sorkar
government
saySambe
Tuesday
suSyn
needle
syal
r e l a t i v e , p e r s o n of e q u a l r a n k
synd
Sindh
syndag Sanag
I-/syst/ I-II
to b r e a k ( r o p e , c o r d , s t e m , long s l e n d e r object) ( t r a n s i t i v e and i n t r a n s i t i v e ) to t h r o w (an object a s i z e a b l e d i s t a n c e )
Sambe
Saturday
Sarab
wine, alcoholic beverage
Sipag
I-/Sypt/
to a d o r n , d e c o r a t e , put on ( j e w e l l e r y , clothes, etc.)
305
fine
synykk
goat-kid
tasvir
picture, portrait,
photograph
to t a k e p i c t u r e f s ]
tasvir gyrag
pain, t w i n g e , s h a r p s t a b of p a i n
tironk tosag
to put out, e x t i n g u i s h ( l a m p ,
I-II
fire)
tru
aunt ( e i t h e r f a t h e r ' s or m o t h e r ' s
twnn
thirst
twsag
to faint;
I-II
Tapwrag Taag
sister)
to go out, be e x t i n g u i s h e d ( l a m p , fire)
to w a n d e r a r o u n d
I-I
to a g r e e , fit,
I-I
suit
wound
Tapp Tuag
to a w a k e n ( t r a n s i t i v e )
I-I
[In:]
vaxti
when, at that t i m e that
a v a x t i ky yakSambe
Sunday
ymsali
this year
za[h]m
sword
zayag
to give b i r t h
I-/zat/
zeba
pretty,
zi
yesterday
zynag
to s e i z e , take p o s s e s s i o n of,
I-/zyt/
13.901.
Vocabulary:
beautiful conquer
Appendix I.
T h i s Section r e c a p i t u l a t e s the p r e s e n t and p a s t s y s t e m c l a s s m e m b e r s h i p of a l l of the v e r b s i n t r o d u c e d thus far in the C o u r s e . [ k ] a r a g II / [ k j a w r t /
dwzzag
I-I
[kjayag
VI-/[k]a[h]t[k]/
dyrrag
I-I
bandag
I-/bast/
gardag
I-/gaSt/
barag
IV-/bwrt/
gejag
bojag
I-/botk/
gradag
I-/grast/
grevag
I-/gret/
gvarag
I-/gvart/
buag
III-II
bwrrag
I-I
I-/getk/
Sarag
I-I
gvapag
I-II
Sarag
I-II
gvazag
I-/gvast/
SaSSag
I-I
gwDDag
Sykkag
I-I
gwSag
I-I I-II
Synag
I-/Syt/
gyndag
darag
I-/daSt/
gyrag
dayag
V-/dat/
gyrrag
doSag
I-/dotk/
[h, k]andag
doSag
I-/dwSt/
janag
drwSag
I-II
ji[h]ag
306
I-/dist/ IV / g y p t / I-I II-I
V-/jat/ I-/jyst/
kanag kapag
V - / k w r t / (/kwt/) I-II
SamoSag
I-II
Sipag
I-/Sypt/
kasSag
I-I
Sodag
I-/SwSt/ (/Swst/)
kaTTag
I-I
taSag
I-/tatk/ I-II
koTag
I-I
tosag
kwsag
I-II
trahag
I-I
kysag
I-II
twsag
I-II
laggag
I-I
Tapwrag
larzag
I-I
Taag
loTag
I-I
I-I
I-I
Tappag
I-I
lykkag
I-I
Tuag
manag
I-/mant/
vanag
I-/vant/
ma rag
I-I
varag
IV-/vart/
I-I
mannag
I-I
mwSag
I-II
[k]wSkynag
mySag
I-/mytk/
[k]yllag
myrog
I-/mwrt/
zanag
V, I-I, II
myRag
I-I
zayag
I-/zat/
vaspag
I-/vapt/ II-/[k]wskyt/
II-/[k]ySt/
nalag
I-I
zurog
I-/zwrt/
nasag
I-II
zynag
I-/zyt/
nyndag
I-/nySt/
[kjoStag paSag
II-/[k]oStat/ I-/patk/
patayag
I-I
paTTag
I-I
poSag
I-I
proSag
I-II
prwSag
I-II
pwrsag
I-I
pwtrag
I-I
randag
I-I
rasag
I-II
ravag
V-/Swt/
reSag
I-/retk/
ropag
I-/rwpt/
rwdag
I-/rwst/
rwnag
I-II
rySag
I-/rytk/
sa[h]ag
I-II
soSag
I-/sotk/
swSag
I-/swtk/
syndag Sanag
I-/syst/ I-II
307
Irrigating with water drawn from a /karez/.
UNIT
14. 100.
FOURTEEN
Dialogue.
M i r B y j j a r c a l l s on D r . A d a m s at h i s h o t e l . 1. B ;
Greetings.'
2. A;
Greetings.'
3. B :
Be s e a t e d in p e a c e ,
4. A;
S i r , a r e you w e l l ?
salam alekwm! Welcome,
friend!
valekwm salam.
friend! Is y o u r family w e l l ?
bya pa [ h ] a y r a ,
bynynd pa [ h j a y r a ,
bras!
vaja, taw joR a y ? ant?
t a i z a [ h ] g - w - z a l b u l joR
God's
allai
grace, beneficence,
love
mer
5. B ;
[It] i s G o d ' s g r a c e [that] you a r e w e l l . The r e s t i s w e l l .
a l l a i m e r ynt, t a i d r w a i ynt. ynt.
6. A;
F r i e n d , be w e l c o m e !
b r a s , mandag mabay!
7. B :
May you be safe!
d r w a bybay! vaja, t a i Se [ h j y z m a t t bykanin.
S i r , what s e r v i c e m a y I do for y o u ?
v a r kanag
to t r o u b l e , give t r o u b l e 9. B :
T h a n k you. d e s i r e , will
dyga [ h ] a y r
[hjyzmatt kanag
to s e r v e , do a s e r v i c e for 8. A;
sangatt!
tai merbani.
Do not t r o u b l e y o u r s e l f J
taw v a t a r a v a r m a k a n !
manSa
10. A;
Good. J u s t a s you w i s h . ever your will. ]
11. B :
S i r , if you have no w o r k t o d a y , then c o m e with m e !
vaja, aga m a r o S i t a r a k a r n e s t , to go m a n bya!
12.A:
Where?
kwjangw.
cousin:
[Lit.
How-
Sarr.
[h]ar Son ky t a i m a n S a .
truzatk
a u n t ' s son or d a u g h t e r
M a s t u n g , a s m a l l c i t y n e a r Quetta
mastwng
betrothal,
sang
13. B :
engagement
A c o u s i n of m i n e is in M a s t u n g .
I am
m a n i t r u z a t k e m a s t w n g a ynt. r a v a g a wn.
going to h i s b e t r o t h a l . railway train; 14. A : 15. B :
man ai sanga
gaRi
cart
Se,
S h a l l we go by [lit. in] t r a i n or by [lit. in] the b u s ? S i r , it i s b e t t e r to go by b u s . [ L i t . Going in the b u s is good. ]
a m m a gaRia r a v a n , ya b o s s a .
vaja, b o s s a r a v a g jvan ynt.
T h e y go to the b u s s t a t i o n . lari-[h]aDDa[g]
b u s s t a t i o n , t r u c k depot 16. B ;
T h i s i s o u r b u s s t a t i o n , and b u s e s go out in e v e r y d i r e c t i o n f r o m h e r e .
eS ynt a m m a y l a r i - [ h ] a D D a g , aw aS yda [h]ar nemag b a s s ravant.
17. A;
At what t i m e d o e s the b u s go to Mastung?
Synka b a j a g a b a s s m a s t w n g a r a w t .
18. B :
The f i r s t b u s [ g o e s ] at 8; 30, and the s e c o n d g o e s at t e n o ' c l o c k .
awli b a s s [h]aSt w n e m a , aw d o m i da b a j a g a rawt.
309
19. A;
It is now eight o ' c l o c k in the m o r n i n g ,
nun sobay [h]aSt b a j a g ynt. siT
s e a t (on a t r a i n , bus) 20. B ;
C o m e , let us take our s e a t s !
bya, vati siTa bygyran!
2 1 . A;
Who g i v e s out the t i c k e t s ?
T y k a T T kay dant.
truck, l o r r y , bus
lari
clerk
mwnSi
driver
Drevar
22. B :
The c o n d u c t o r [lit. c l e r k of the b u s ] g i v e s out the t i c k e t s , but I told the d r i v e r to k e e p [lit. that he m a y put down] two s e a t s .
lariay mwnSi TykaTT dant, bale m a n D r e v a r a gwStwn, ky dw s i T [h]er bykant.
23. A;
Which one is the d r i v e r of t h i s b u s ?
e b a s s a y D r e v a r k w j a m y a k k ynt. sadri
jacket, vest to w e a r , have on (a g a r m e n t ) [lit. on the b r e a s t ] 24. B ;
That m a n who [lit. jacket.
to b e
t h a t ] h a s on a r e d
g v a r a buag a m a m a r d , ky s o [ h ] r e s a d r i e g v a r a ynt.
On the way, D r . A d a m s n o t i c e s a long row of l a r g e h o l e s dug in the g r o u n d b e s i d e the road. e a r t h - p i l e , h e a p of e a r t h
[h]akot
r o w , line
resog
25. A;
vaja, a [hjakot, ky r e s o g a ant, Se ant.
S i r , t h o s e e a r t h - p i l e s which a r e in [a] row, what a r e t h e y ?
karez
k a r e z , i r r i g a t i o n tunnel s y s t e m 26. B :
That is a row of w e l l s , and we c a l l it a "karez. "
27. A;
a kuani r e s a g e , aw m a y S k a r e z gwSan. b r a s , man ame k a r e z a nazanin.
F r i e n d , I do not know this " k a r e z . "
dyga eS ky
moreover
SerDagari
underground
ja[h]l
down, low, d e e p
voR
way, m e t h o d , kind
ku janag
to dig a w e l l 28. B :
S i r , in our a r e a t h e r e is [lit. will b e ] l i t t l e r a i n , and m o r e o v e r the u n d e r g r o u n d w a t e r l i e s [lit. i s ] v e r y d e e p . One m e t h o d of d r a w i n g t h i s w a t e r out is that we dig m a n y w e l l s . 29. A; Then what do you d o ? to m a k e a hole t h r o u g h , tunnel t h r o u g h 30. B : Then we join a l l t h e s e w e l l s t o g e t h e r with a tunnel [lit. we m a k e a hole in a l l t h e s e w e l l s with one a n o t h e r ] , and in t h i s way the u n d e r g r o u n d w a t e r c o m e s out.
vaja, a m m a y Dyha [h]awr k a m m b i t , aw dyga eS ky S e r D a g a r i ap s a k k ja[h]l ynt. e apa Donna kaSSagay y a k k v a R e , ky m a baz ku janan. pada Se kanyt. Twng kanag pada e d r w s t kua go y a k k d y g a r a Twng k a n a n , aw e v a R a S e r D a g a r i ap Donna kayt.
irrigation
apkari
to l a b o u r , w o r k h a r d
v a r i kaSSag
3 1 . A;
You w o r k h a r d at t h i s kind of i r r i g a t i o n . Swma e Da wle n a p k a r i a b a z v a r i kaSSyt.
310
landowner,
farmer
zamindar
to dig a t u b e w e l l
api-mySin janag
effort,
labour
vari
crop
pasl
harvest,
day by d a y
roS-pa-roS
32. B :
Y e s , t h i s is a h a r d job, but our l a n d o w n e r s a r e digging t u b e w e l l s . T h e i r effort i s l e s s , and t h e i r c r o p s a r e b e c o m i n g b e t t e r day by day.
ji [h]a, e s a k k e k a r e , b a l e a m m a y z a m i n d a r a p i - m y S i n j a n a g a ant. v a r i y S k a m m , aw p a s l y S r o S - p a - r o S S a r r t y r b u a g a ant.
33. A:
B e f o r e the B a l u c h i s too w e r e t h e r e k a r e z in t h i s a r e a ?
Se, aS baloSa peS a m , e Dyha k a r e z a s t a t ?
western
rokapti
Iran,
iran
Persia
vadani
prosperity 34. B :
35. A;
S i r , they s a y t h u s , that when the Baluchis came here from w e s t e r n I r a n , they dug [lit. p u l l e d ] k a r e z for t h e p r o s p e r i t y of t h i s d r y a r e a . A r e t h e r e k a r e z in a l l of B a l u c h i s t a n ?
vaja, anSw gwSant, ky baloS v a x t e Sa r o k a p t i i r a n a yda a [ h ] t a n t , to e [h]wSke Dyhay v a d a n i a pa k a r e z kaSSytant. Se, d r w s t b a l o S y s t a n a k a r e z a s t ?
d o w n - s l o p e , sloping down
Swvag
u p - s l o p e , sloping up
zilag
to s t r i k e , knock; to m e a s u r e off by m a r k i n g (as land); to g u e s s , e s t i m a t e
Takk janag
36. B :
Y e s , in t h o s e r e g i o n s having hilly land [lit. in t h o s e r e g i o n s that t h e i r l a n d s a r e d o w n - s l o p e s and u p - s l o p e s ] and w h o s e u n d e r g r o u n d w a t e r is plentiful, t h e r e we e s t i m a t e f r o m w h e r e the k a r e z w i l l c o m e out w e l l [lit. in g o o d n e s s ] . Anyway, I w i l l show you the k a r e z of M a s t u n g .
ji [h]a. a m a [hjanda, ky D a g a r y S Swvag aw zilag ant, aw S e r D a g a r i apyS b a z ant, a m o d a a m m a T a k k j a n a n , ky aS kwja k a r e z S a r r i a d a r kayt. anSw m a n t a r a m a s t w n g a y k a r e z a peS d a r i n .
On t h e i r a r r i v a l in M a s t u n g , D r . A d a m s and M i r B y j j a r a t t e n d the b e t r o t h a l c e r e m o n y of M i r B y j j a r ' s c o u s i n . relative-and-nation; kinsmen
syal-w-kam
relations,
announcement 37. B :
S i r , s e e , now a l l of o u r r e l a t i o n s have c o m e [lit. c a m e ] , and now the a n n o u n c e m e n t of the b e t r o t h a l w i l l t a k e p l a c e [lit. will b e ] .
gathering, 38. A;
jar
mwSSi
assembly
T h i s i s a good g a t h e r i n g , but t e l l [ m e ] t h i s , that a f t e r the a n n o u n c e m e n t of the b e t r o t h a l what w i l l you d o ?
to s h a r e ,
vaja, bygynd, nun a m m a y s y a l - w - k a m d r w s t a[h]tant, aw nun s a n g a y j a r b i t .
e jvane m w S S i e , b a l e e bwgwS, ky s a n g a y j a r a r a n d Se kanyt. b a r kanag
distribute
Mulla, I s l a m i c religious functionary
mwlla
v e r s e (of t h e Q u r a n )
ayat
to a n n o u n c e
j a r janag
311
39. B :
F r i e n d , now we w i l l d i s t r i b u t e s o m e food, and a f t e r w a r d s the Mulla will r e a d two [ o r ] t h r e e v e r s e s [of the Q u r a n ] , and we w i l l a n n o u n c e the betrothal.
b r a s , nun a m m a Sie v a r d y n b a r k a n a n , aw p a d a m w l l a d w - s a y a y a t v a n i t , aw sangay j a r a janan.
40. A;
T h e n what do you d o ?
p a d a Se kanyt.
41. B;
A f t e r w a r d s we will hold a p a r t y u n t i l l a t e , and e v e r y l i t t l e while [lit. a f t e r e v e r y ( s h o r t ) p e r i o d ] we will give these [guests] refreshments.
r a n d a t a n a d e r a d i v a n k a n a n , aw [hjar s a [ h ] a t t a r a n d eSa S a - w - S y l y m k a n a n .
drum-and-dance: 42. A;
dol-w-Sap
m u s i c and d a n c i n g
Will t h e r e a l s o be m u s i c and dancing a f t e r the p a r t y ?
to hold a d a n c e , have m u s i c and d a n c i n g 43. B :
No s i r . In m a n y a r e a s the B a l u c h i s h a v e m u s i c and d a n c i n g a l s o , but h e r e we only hold a p a r t y .
Se, d i v a n a r a n d , d o l - w - S a p a m b i t ? d o l - w - S a p kanag na vaja. b a z [hjanda baloS d o l - w - S a p a m k a n a n t , b a l e yda t a n i a d i v a n k a n a n .
After the b e t r o t h a l c e r e m o n y is finished, the g u e s t s sit down to a w a i t the b e g i n n i n g of the "divan. " Swru buag
to b e g i n , s t a r t ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) 44. A;
Se, nun divan Swru buaga y n t ?
Is the p a r t y s t a r t i n g n o w ?
turban
mandil
to w e a r , have on (a hat, t u r b a n , e t c . ) [lit. to be on the h e a d ]
s a r a buag
to r e c i t e an e p i c - p o e m
d a p t a r gwSag
singer
Sayrjan
b a r d , s i n g e r of epic p o e t r y
palavan
45. B :
Y e s , that m a n who is w e a r i n g a white ji [h]a, a m a r d , ky y s p e t e m a n d i l e s a r a t u r b a n [lit. that a white t u r b a n is on yntyS, nun yakk d a p t a r e gwSit. a m m a e his h e a d ] , now will r e c i t e an e p i c - p o e m , Dawle Sayrjana p a l a v a n gwSan. We c a l l t h i s kind of s i n g e r a b a r d .
epic-poem 46. A;
daptar
S i r , what s o r t of song is an e p i c poem?
vaja, d a p t a r Sone S a y r e .
war, battle
J 9 ng
deed, a c t , doing
kyrdar
story, tale
kyssav
47. B : 48. A;
F r i e n d , the e p i c - p o e m s a r e the s t o r i e s of our a n c i e n t and m o d e r n w a r [ s ] and other deeds. Will the b a r d now b e g i n to r e c i t e an epic-poem?
b r a s , d a p t a r a m m a y ko[h]nen aw noke jang aw dyga k y r d a r a n i k y s s a v ant. Se, nun p a l a v a n d a p t a r e gwSaga l a g g i t ?
i n s t r u m e n t , i n s t r u m e n t a l m u s i c , tune
saz
t o g e t h e r , at the s a m e t i m e , at the s a m e place
yakja
to i n t r o d u c e , give the b a c k g r o u n d , p e d i g r e e (of s o m e t h i n g )
s a r b w n kanag
n a m e - a n d - n a t i o n : i n t r o d u c t i o n (of a p e r s o n ) , identification (of a p e r s o n ' s n a m e , a n c e s t r y , t r i b a l affiliation, e t c . )
nam-w-kam
312
some . . . or other, m o r e or l e s s , thing o r a n o t h e r
some-
to p r a i s e
Sie-na-Sie syta k a n a g
49. B :
No s i r . F i r s t , along with the sound of t h e m u s i c , he w i l l give the b a c k g r o u n d of t h a t e p i c - p o e m , and he will s a y s o m e t h i n g about h i s own i d e n t i t y . We a l l w i l l m o r e or l e s s p r a i s e h i m and t h a t song.
na vaja. p e S , a s a z a y t a v a r a go yakja a m a d a p t a r a y s a r b w n a kant, aw v a t i n a m - w - k a m a y b a b a t t a Sie gwSit. a m m a d r w s t a i aw a m a Sayray Sie-na-Sie sytaa kanan.
50. A;
Is t h a t [one] a l s o a b a r d , who h a s an i n s t r u m e n t in h i s hand [lit. that an i n s t r u m e n t is in h i s h a n d ] ?
Se, a a m p a l a v a n e , ky s a z e d a s t a yntyS ?
classical singer, classical musician
[hjagazi
(instrumental) musician
sazjan
s w r o n z , a type of s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t p l a y e d with a bow
swronz
d a m b u r a g , a stringed instrument played with the f i n g e r s
dambura[g]
51. B;
No, we c a l l h i m a c l a s s i c a l s i n g e r or na, a y r a m a [ h j a g a z i ya s a z j a n gwSan, aw a s w r o n z ya d a m b u r a g j a n t . ( i n s t r u m e n t a l ) m u s i c i a n , and he p l a y s [lit. b e a t s ] the s w r o n z or the d a m b u r a g .
52. A;
A s i d e f r o m the e p i c - p o e m , d o e s the b a r d sing o t h e r songs a l s o ?
D o m b , a l o w e r c a s t e who act a s a r t i s a n s , m i n s t r e l s , etc. time, occasion,
turn
Se, p a l a v a n aS d a p t a r a b e d , dyga Sayr a m jant. Domb var
53. B ;
No s i r , a f t e r the b a r d w i l l be the t u r n of t h e D o m b s .
na vaja, aS p a l a v a n a r a n d , D o m b a n i v a r bit.
54. A;
What s o r t of songs do the D o m b s s i n g ?
D o m b Sone Sayr j a n a n t .
v a r i o u s kinds
Dawl-Dawl
to c h a r g e m o n e y , a c c e p t m o n e y
z a r r gyrag D o m b D a w l - D a w l e Sayr j a n a n t , aw z a r r gyrant.
55. B :
T h e D o m b s sing v a r i o u s k i n d s of s o n g s and c h a r g e m o n e y . tribe
56. A;
twman Se, t w m a n a y s a r d a r a v a z a r r d a n t ?
D o e s the chief of the t r i b e give t h e m money?
p e o p l e , the public
wstwman
people
wlwss
to give ( s o m e o n e his) d u e ; to pay 57. B : No s i r , they w a n d e r about a m o n g the p u b l i c , and the B a l u c h i p e o p l e pay them. 58. A; D o e s the c l a s s i c a l m u s i c i a n sing t o o ?
[h]akk dayag na vaja, a w s t w m a n a g a r d a n t , aw baloS w l w s s ava [hjakk dant. Se, [hjagazi a m Sayr j a n t ?
s o m e t i m e s , f r o m t i m e to t i m e , at v a r i o u s times
bare-bare
to l i s t e n a t t e n t i v e l y t o , be a b s o r b e d in l i s t e n i n g to I - I
nygoSag
59. B :
Y e s , s o m e t i m e s the c l a s s i c a l m u s i c i a n s i n g s t o o , and we l i s t e n a t t e n t i v e l y in t h i s s a m e way and a l s o p r a i s e h i m .
313
ji [h]a, b a r e - b a r e [ h ] a g a z i a m Sayr j a n t , aw m a a m e Dawla nygoSan, aw a i a m s y t a a kanan.
60. A?
Do the s i n g e r s give the b a c k g r o u n d of e v e r y kind of s o n g ?
Se, S a y r j a n [hjar D a w l e S a y r a n i s a r b w n a kanant?
6 1 . Br
No, t h i s c u s t o m i s only for the e p i c poems.
n a , e dod t a n i a pa d a p t a r a n ynt.
62. A:
B e s i d e s the s w r o n z and the d a m b u r a g , what a r e the o t h e r m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s of the B a l u c h i s ?
aS d a m b u r a g aw s w r o n z a b e d , b a l o S a n i dyga S a y r a y s a z Se ant.
to play the j e w s h a r p
Sang j a n a g
live s t o c k - o w n i n g , live s t o c k - o w n e r
maldar
to play the flute
gyraw janag
drum
dol
tambourine
damama[g]
s w r n a g , a kind of h o r n 63. B : S i r , the m i n s t r e l s a l s o play the j e w s h a r p , and l i v e s t o c k - o w n i n g B a l u c h i s play the flute. A s i d e f r o m t h e s e [lit. t h i s ] , t h e r e a r e a l s o the d r u m , the t a m b o u r i n e , and the s w r n a g .
swrnafg] vaja, D o m b Sang a m j a n a n t , aw m a l d a r e baloS g y r a w j a n a n t . aS eSi b e d , dol, d a m a m a g , aw s w r n a g a m a s t a n t .
to l i s t e n 64. A;
Good. Now let us l i s t e n to what [lit. that what] the s i n g e r s will say.
14. 200.
5.
goS d a r a g S a r r . nun a m m a goS b y d a r a n , ky S a y r j a n Se gwSant.
Word Study.
The / i / in / a l l a i / " G o d ' s " m a y be c o n s i d e r e d a s p e c i a l f o r m of the p o s s e s s i v e
suffix
( / a y / is the e x p e c t e d form) or a s the a d j e c t i v e f o r m a n t suffix / i / (in which c a s e / a l l a i / would m e a n s o m e t h i n g like "Divine, of God"), See a l s o Sec. 8 . 2 0 0 ( 5 0 ) .
9.
/ a l l a i / is found only in a few " s e t p h r a s e s . "
E.g.
/ a l l a i m e r ynt. /
It is God's g r a c e .
/allai mana ay.'/
Farewell!
[Lit.
[I. e.
T h a n k s be to God! ]
You a r e in G o d ' s c a r e ! ]
Two s e t s of h o m o p h o n e s (words having quite different m e a n i n g s but the s a m e
p r o n u n c i a t i o n ) m u s t be noted: (1)
/ v a r / denotes "time, occasion, turn";
see Sec. 1 3 . 5 0 3 .
/ v a r / a l s o occurs as a
noun and an a d j e c t i v e m e a n i n g " t r o u b l e d , u n f o r t u n a t e , indigent, p o o r ( p e r s o n ) . " The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s / v a r b u a g / and / v a r k a n a g / m e a n "to be t r o u b l e d , h a v e t r o u b l e " and "to give t r o u b l e , take t r o u b l e , " r e s p e c t i v e l y . /a vare marde. /
He is a t r o u b l e d [i. e.
/ e nana v a r a byday! /
E . g.
unfortunate, indigent, poor] man.
Give t h e s e [ p i e c e s of] b r e a d to the p o o r !
/ e ra[h]a a m m a sakk v a r butan. / We e n c o u n t e r e d m u c h difficulty on t h i s r o a d . [Lit. On t h i s r o a d we w e r e m u c h t r o u b l e d . ] / a najoRi m a n a sakk v a r k w r t . / (2)
That i l l n e s s gave m e m u c h t r o u b l e .
/ v a r i / " t u r n " w a s a l s o d i s c u s s e d in S e c . 13. 503.
314
/ v a r i / also denotes "labour;
effort. " C o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s i n c l u d e :
/ v a r i b u a g / "to be m u c h l a b o u r ,
effort, " / v a r i k a n a g / "to w o r k h a r d , l a b o u r , " and / v a r i k a S S a g / "to e x e r t m u c h effort. " E . g. / a S a p - w - r o S v a r i kant. /
He l a b o u r s night and day.
/ m a n oda b a z v a r i kaSSytwn. / effort] o v e r t h e r e .
I w o r k e d v e r y h a r d [i. e.
/ b a z v a r i kaSSaga r a n d , e k a r e z a y ap d a r a[h]t. / effort, the w a t e r of t h i s k a r e z a p p e a r e d [lit. 13.
/truzatk/
"cousin:
f a t h e r ' s or m o t h e r ' s s i s t e r ;
exerted much
After e x e r t i n g m u c h c a m e out].
a u n t ' s son or d a u g h t e r " is e m p l o y e d for the child of o n e ' s / n a k o z a t k / is u s e d for the child of o n e ' s f a t h e r ' s or m o t h e r ' s
brother. 13.
M a r r i a g e c u s t o m s differ s o m e w h a t f r o m r e g i o n to r e g i o n .
p a r e n t s i n i t i a t e the m a t c h .
G e n e r a l l y the b o y ' s
Once a likely g i r l h a s b e e n s e l e c t e d , the b o y ' s r e l a t i o n s send
a d e p u t a t i o n to h e r f a t h e r or g u a r d i a n to a s k for h e r hand.
If he a g r e e s , he then s e t s a
s u m ( c a l l e d / l a b b / ) to be paid by the p r o s p e c t i v e g r o o m ' s p e o p l e .
This ranges from little
or n o t h i n g , if the m a r r i a g e is within the c l o s e family, to s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d r u p e e s .
Once
the / l a b b / is a g r e e d upon, the d a t e of the / s a n g / " b e t r o t h a l " is set. S h o r t l y b e f o r e the b e t r o t h a l , both s i d e s send / D o m b / m e s s e n g e r s (see S e c . 14. 200 (46)) to invite t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e r e l a t i o n s and f r i e n d s .
T h o s e invited by the b o y ' s p e o p l e g a t h e r at
h i s h o u s e and go f r o m t h e r e in a p r o c e s s i o n , firing off t h e i r guns a s they go, to the g i r l ' s h o m e , w h e r e they a r e w e l c o m e d by h e r p e o p l e .
The boy h i m s e l f , h o w e v e r , d o e s not a t t e n d
the / s a n g / , n o r is the g i r l v i s i b l y p r e s e n t at the c e r e m o n i e s .
I n s t e a d , h e r r e l a t i o n s offer
r e f r e s h m e n t s to the b o y ' s r e l a t i v e s , e x c h a n g e / a [ h ] v a l / , and s e r v e food (usually d a t e s or other sweets).
E v e n t u a l l y s o m e i m p o r t a n t p e r s o n f r o m the b o y ' s p a r t y o p e n s the s u b j e c t
of the m a r r i a g e , and the a m o u n t of the / l a b b / is then d i s c u s s e d .
At t h i s t i m e v a r i o u s
i m p o r t a n t p e r s o n s f r o m the p r o s p e c t i v e g r o o m ' s side u s u a l l y r e q u e s t that the b r i d e ' s f a t h e r r e d u c e the a m o u n t of the / l a b b / :
" P l e a s e f o r e g o s o m e t h i n g in m y n a m e ! " T h i s is n o r m a l l y
g r a n t e d , and the a c t u a l s u m to be paid is t h u s s i z e a b l y l e s s e n e d .
Once t h e s e d e t a i l s a r e
s e t t l e d , the / m w l l a / (see S e c . 14. 200 (39)) r e a d s c e r t a i n v e r s e s of the / k w r a n / " Q u r a n , " e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e p e r t a i n i n g to m a r r i a g e and the r i g h t s and d u t i e s of h u s b a n d and wife, and a l s o v a r i o u s t r a d i t i o n s of the P r o p h e t M u h a m m a d and s o m e A r a b i c p r a y e r s .
The b e t r o t h a l
i s t h e n f o r m a l l y a n n o u n c e d , and the g u e s t s offer t h e i r good w i s h e s and fire off t h e i r g u n s . In s o m e a r e a s the c e r e m o n i e s of the / s a n g / a r e followed by a f e a s t , in o t h e r s by a / d i v a n / of p o e t r y and m u s i c , and in s t i l l o t h e r r e g i o n s the m e n p e r f o r m t r a d i t i o n a l d a n c e s . Once the / s a n g / h a s b e e n p e r f o r m e d , the boy and g i r l a r e s t r i c t l y forbidden to see one a n o t h e r u n t i l a f t e r the wedding h a s t a k e n p l a c e . B a l u c h i w e d d i n g c u s t o m s w i l l be d e s c r i b e d in a l a t e r Unit. 14. In U r d u , / g a R i / d e n o t e s " c a r t " and a l s o h a s the d e r i v e d m e a n i n g " r a i l w a y t r a i n . " In B a l u c h i , h o w e v e r , t h i s l o a n w o r d is u s e d p r i m a r i l y for " r a i l w a y t r a i n " and only o c c a s i o n a l l y
315
for " c a r t . " The l a t t e r f o r m of c o n v e y a n c e is not c o m m o n in B a l u c h i s t a n , w h e r e m o s t l o a d s a r e t r a n s p o r t e d on c a m e l - b a c k . 24.
"To w e a r " is e x p r e s s e d in s e v e r a l w a y s :
(1)
The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s / g v a r a b u a g / "to be w e a r i n g , h a v e on (a g a r m e n t ) " and the t r a n s i t i v e f o r m / g v a r a k a n a g / "to put on, w e a r " a r e e m p l o y e d when the g a r m e n t is s o m e t h i n g w o r n above the w a i s t (e. g.
a coat, shirt).
E . g.
/ a i s o [ h ] r e s a d r i e g v a r a ynt. / He h a s on a r e d j a c k e t . [Note that the l o g i c a l subject is p o s s e s s i v e in f o r m - - e q u i v a l e n t to / a i g v a r a so[h]re s a d r i e ynt. / "On his b r e a s t is a r e d j a c k e t . "] / S e , taw v a t i noke s a d r i a g v a r a k a n a y ? / Will you put on y o u r new j a c k e t ? [ / p o S a y / "[you sg. ] will put on, w e a r " is s u b s t i t u t a b l e for / g v a r a kanay/. ] (2)
The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s / p a d a b u a g / "to be w e a r i n g , h a v e on ( s h o e s , p a j a m a s , e t c . ) " and / p a d a k a n a g / "to put on, w e a r ( s h o e s , p a j a m a s , e t c . ) " a r e s i m i l a r l y e m p l o y e d for any g a r m e n t w o r n below the w a i s t , k a n a g / have not yet b e e n i n t r o d u c e d .
E. g.
/ m a n i ko[h]ne p a z v a r pada ant. / j e c t is p o s s e s s i v e in f o r m . ]
I have on old s h o e s .
/ m a n v a t i noke S a l v a r a pada kanin. / (3)
/ p a d a b u a g / and / p a d a
[The logical sub-
I will w e a r m y new p a j a m a s .
The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s / s a r a b u a g / "to be w e a r i n g , have on (a h a t , t u r b a n , e t c . ) " and / s a r a k a n a g / "to put on, w e a r (a h a t , t u r b a n , e t c . ) " a r e u s e d when r e f e r r i n g to any g a r m e n t w o r n on the head.
E. g.
/ a i y s p e t e m a n d i l e s a r a at. / He w a s w e a r i n g a white t u r b a n . l o g i c a l subject is p o s s e s s i v e in f o r m . ] / a t a i Topa s a r a kanaga at. / (4)
He w a s putting on y o u r hat.
In c e r t a i n c o n t e x t s / p o S a g / "to put on, w e a r " is s u b s t i t u t a b l e for m o s t of the above expressions.
E. g.
/ m a n v a t i noke pwSSa napoSytwn. / 25.
[Again the
I did not put on m y new c l o t h e s .
/ [ h ] a k o t / " e a r t h - p i l e " is a compound of / [ h ] a k / " d i r t , e a r t h , s o i l , d u s t " + / k o t /
" p i l e , h e a p " (not i n t r o d u c e d ) . 25.
/ r e s a g / " l i n e " d e n o t e s a row of o b j e c t s coming one a f t e r the o t h e r (e. g.
of c a m e l s , a line of m e n in single file),
/ r e s a g / c o n t r a s t s with / r y d / (not yet i n t r o d u c e d ) ,
which signifies " l i n e " in the s e n s e of a row of o b j e c t s side by side (e. g. on p a r a d e , b o o k s in a row on a shelf).
a caravan
s o l d i e r s lined up
E. g.
/ w S t y r a n a r e s a g k a n y t . ' / Line up the c a m e l s [one a f t e r the other].' [The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n / r e s a g k a n a g / d e n o t e s "to line up (objects) in single file. "] / r y d a boStyt! /
Stand in line [ s h o u l d e r to s h o u l d e r ] !
316
26.
T h e / k a r e z / s y s t e m of i r r i g a t i o n is found t h r o u g h o u t B a l u c h i s t a n , a s w e l l a s in
a r i d r e g i o n s of n e i g h b o u r i n g A f g h a n i s t a n and I r a n .
A / k a r e z / m a y be dug w h e r e v e r the
land (and h e n c e the w a t e r t a b l e u n d e r the s u r f a c e ) s l o p e s .
A s e r i e s of w e l l s - - s o m e t i m e s
a s m a n y a s a h u n d r e d or m o r e - - a r e dug down to the w a t e r t a b l e along a g e n t l e s l o p e . T h e s e w e l l s a r e t h e n c o n n e c t e d with one a n o t h e r at the b o t t o m by a s u b t e r r a n e a n t u n n e l . W a t e r c o l l e c t i n g at h i g h e r l e v e l s in t h i s t u n n e l t h u s r u n s down the t u n n e l to the m o u t h of the / k a r e z / , w h i c h l i e s in the v a l l e y n e a r the fields to be i r r i g a t e d . 28.
/ j a [ h ] l / d e n o t e s "down, d e e p , low. " It is thus the a n t o n y m of / b w r z / " a b o v e ,
over,
u p , high, t a l l . " E . g. / m a n ja[h]la r a v i n . / I will go down. the s t a i r s , e t c . ] / j a [ h ] l a bya.' /
[I. e.
C o m e down!
/ e d a r g a g s a k k ja[h]l ynt. /
T h i s d o o r is v e r y low.
/ a kytaba ja[h]l kan! / Take that book down! take down (from a high p l a c e ) . "] 28.
down f r o m a h e i g h t , down
[/ja[h]l k a n a g / "to l o w e r ,
/ V O R / "way, m e t h o d , k i n d " o v e r l a p s the m e a n i n g s of / D a w l / "kind, t y p e ,
way, m e t h o d , f o r m ,
sort,
s h a p e " and / p a y m / "kind, m a n n e r , way. " See Sec. 1 2 . 2 0 0 (15).
/ v o R / is m o r e often e m p l o y e d in the s e n s e of " m e t h o d , " h o w e v e r : or t e c h n i q u e by which s o m e a c t is a c c o m p l i s h e d .
the p r o c e d u r e ,
method,
E . g.
/ e k a r a e voRa kan! / Do t h i s t a s k t h i s way! [I. e. by t h i s m e t h o d . / e p a y m a / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e in the m e a n i n g of "in t h i s way, like t h i s , " and / e D a w l a / m a y a l s o be s u b s t i t u t e d , m e a n i n g "in t h i s f o r m , s h a p e . "] / p a m m a n y a k k voRe b y p a T T ! / Find a m e t h o d for m e ! nor / D a w l / a r e substitutable h e r e . ]
[Neither / p a y m /
/ a m e voRa yakk b a z g a r a m eSya s a r p a d bit. / In t h i s way [i. e. m e t h o d ] a t e n a n t - f a r m e r a l s o will u n d e r s t a n d t h i s . / e v a R e k a r k a s s n a k a n t . / No one d o e s t h i s kind of w o r k . d o e s it by t h i s m e t h o d . ] / t a w oda e voRa s a r n a b a y . / 30.
by t h i s
[I. e.
No one
You won't r e a c h t h e r e by t h i s m e t h o d .
/ T w n g / d e n o t e s a hole which g o e s c o m p l e t e l y t h r o u g h an object;
e m p l o y e d for an opening which is c l o s e d at one end.
it cannot be
E . g.
/ e r a z a n Twng ynt. / T h i s u t e n s i l h a s a hole in it. p i e r c e d , have a hole t h r o u g h . "]
[ / T w n g b u a g / "to be
/ p a r a n g i e ko[h]a Twng k w r t a n t . / The E u r o p e a n s m a d e a hole [i. e. tunnel] through this mountain. 32. A / z a m i n d a r /
" f a r m e r , l a n d o w n e r " m a y e m p l o y one or m o r e / b a z g a r /
"tenant-
f a r m e r s ] " to t i l l h i s land for h i m , paying the l a t t e r e i t h e r in c a s h or with a s h a r e of the crop. A note on land o w n e r s h i p in B a l u c h i s t a n w i l l not be out of p l a c e h e r e . t y p e s of land t i t l e :
317
There are three
(1)
/ y a m i m i r a s / , l i t e r a l l y " m o u r n i n g i n h e r i t a n c e . " T h e s e a r e l a n d s given to the t r i b e in p e r p e t u i t y by the king in f o r m e r t i m e s in r e t u r n for m i l i t a r y a s s i s t a n c e . Although t h i s land m a y be p r i v a t e l y owned, it cannot be sold without the c h i e f ' s p e r m i s s i o n , and r e v e n u e c o l l e c t e d on it is paid to the chief, who s h a r e s it a m o n g the t r i b e .
(2)
/ p y t i m i r a s / , l i t e r a l l y " p a t e r n a l i n h e r i t a n c e " ( / p y t / is the s a m e a s / p y s s / it is f r o m a n o t h e r d i a l e c t ) .
"father";
These a r e lands inherited from one's a n c e s t o r s .
m a y be sold at w i l l , and r e v e n u e on t h e m is paid to the g o v e r n m e n t (i. e.
They
to the
king in e a r l i e r t i m e s and to the n a t i o n a l g o v e r n m e n t now). (3)
/ j a m i m i r a s / , l i t e r a l l y "joint i n h e r i t a n c e . " T h e s e l a n d s a r e owned by the t r i b e a s a whole, and they a r e p a r c e l l e d out to be t i l l e d each y e a r , one s h a r e going to e a c h adult m a l e m e m b e r of the t r i b e .
In s o m e a r e a s r e v e n u e on / j a m i m i r a s /
l a n d s is paid to the chief of the t r i b e and in o t h e r s to the king.
T h e s e l a n d s cannot
be sold. 32.
/ p a s l / d e n o t e s the h a r v e s t , the cut c r o p .
/ k y S a r / signifies the s t a n d i n g c r o p s .
34.
The a d j e c t i v e f o r m a n t suffix / i / o c c u r s in / r o k a p t i / " w e s t e r n . " S i m i l a r l y one
finds / k w t w b i / " n o r t h e r n , " / j a n d w m i / " s o u t h e r n , " and / r o d r a t k i / " e a s t e r n . " 36.
/ S w v a g / is a noun and a d j e c t i v e denoting " d o w n - s l o p e , sloping down. "
/zilag/
s i m i l a r l y signifies " u p - s l o p e , sloping up. " T h e s e t e r m s a r e , of c o u r s e , r e l a t i v e to the p o s i t i o n of the s p e a k e r ; /Swvag/;
a p e r s o n standing at the top of a given slope would r e f e r to it a s
a n o t h e r p e r s o n at the b o t t o m of the s a m e slope would s p e a k of it a s / z i l a g / . / e D a g a r a y Swvag e n e m a g a ynt. / direction. / z i l a g a , ap n a l a g g i t . /
The d o w n - s l o p e of t h i s land is in t h i s
W a t e r will not c l i m b the u p - s l o p e .
/ S w v a g e D a g a r t a i b a r a at. / 36.
E. g.
The d o w n - s l o p i n g land w a s in y o u r s h a r e .
/ T a k k / d e n o t e s the sound of a single knock or blow:
a "/Takk/-noise. "
/Takk
j a n a g / m e a n s "to m e a s u r e off (a p i e c e of land by m a r k i n g it with light b l o w s of a s p a d e ) . " By extended m e a n i n g , t h i s c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n h a s c o m e to signify "to g u e s s ,
estimate.
E.g. / m a n Takk janin, ky a k a r a pa Synka z a r r d a r k a r ynt. / how m u c h m o n e y i s n e e d e d for that job.
I will e s t i m a t e
/ t a w Takk jan, ky e p a s l a y gallag Synka gvalag bant. / G u e s s how m a n y s a c k s will be [ r e q u i r e d for] the wheat of t h i s h a r v e s t j / t a w aS yda Takk jana bwbu! / spade] from h e r e ! 37.
Go on m e a s u r i n g off [the land with y o u r
/ k a m / a p p e a r s to be a modified f o r m of / k a w m / " n a t i o n " (not yet i n t r o d u c e d ) ,
/ k a m / is found only in c o m p o u n d s .
E . g.
318
/syal-w-kam/
relative-and-nation:
relations,
kinsmen
/ n a m - w - k a m / n a m e - a n d - n a t i o n : i n t r o d u c t i o n (of a p e r s o n ) , (of a p e r s o n ' s n a m e , a n c e s t r y , t r i b a l affiliation, e t c . ) 39.
/ b a r / has three homophonous meanings:
13. 503);
(a) " t i m e , t u r n , o c c a s i o n " ( s e e S e c .
(b) "load, b u r d e n " ( c o m p a r e / b a r a g / "to t a k e , take a w a y " ) ;
portion. "
identification
and (c)
"share,
The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n / b a r b u a g / m a y t h u s m e a n e i t h e r "to be l o a d e d "
or "to be s h a r e d . " S i m i l a r l y , / b a r k a n a g / m a y denote e i t h e r "to l o a d " or "to s h a r e , d i s t r i b u t e . " E . g. / p a m m a n yakk b a r e dar byar! /
B r i n g a load [of] wood for m e !
/ w S t y r a b a r kan! / Load the c a m e l s ! [Or: " D i s t r i b u t e the c a m e l s ! " - - i. e. to t h e i r v a r i o u s p u r c h a s e r s , a s gifts, e t c . Context will n o r m a l l y i n d i c a t e which m e a n i n g is intended. ] / m a n e g a l l a g a b a r kanin. / I will d i s t r i b u t e t h i s w h e a t . [ O r : load t h i s w h e a t [onto s o m e v e h i c l e or b e a s t of b u r d e n ] . "] / e s a t a jynykka b a r k a n . ' /
D i s t r i b u t e t h i s j e w e l l e r y to the g i r l s !
/ m a n e m a r d w m a bar kwrtwnyS. / 39.
"I will
I d i s t r i b u t e d it to t h e s e m e n .
T h e / m w l l a / " M u l l a " is a p r o f e s s i o n a l I s l a m i c r e l i g i o u s f u n c t i o n a r y .
His d u t i e s
i n c l u d e the l e a d i n g of the five r e g u l a r daily p r a y e r s and a l s o the F r i d a y c o n g r e g a t i o n a l p r a y e r and s e r m o n .
He a l s o p r o v i d e s r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n for the c h i l d r e n of the l o c a l i t y
and p e r f o r m s m a r r i a g e , b i r t h , and d e a t h c e r e m o n i e s , e t c .
A / m w l l a / is u s u a l l y r e t a i n e d
by e a c h v i l l a g e , w h e r e he is e x p e c t e d to act a s c a r e t a k e r of the v i l l a g e m o s q u e in a d d i t i o n to h i s o t h e r d u t i e s . of h i s e n t o u r a g e .
In s o m e c a s e s , a chief or s u b - c h i e f m a y r e t a i n a / m w l l a / a s a m e m b e r T h e r e is no " c h u r c h " or h i e r a r c h y which o v e r s e e s the t r a i n i n g and
a p p o i n t m e n t of a / m w l l a / ;
the s e l e c t i o n and p a y m e n t of t h i s r e l i g i o u s functionary is e n t i r e l y
left to the d i s c r e t i o n of the v i l l a g e e l d e r s or to the individual r e t a i n i n g h i m .
A young m a n
b e c o m e s a / m w l l a / e i t h e r t h r o u g h p r i v a t e study with s o m e a l r e a d y e s t a b l i s h e d r e l i g i o u s p e r s o n or t h r o u g h a t t e n d a n c e at s o m e r e c o g n i s e d r e l i g i o u s school.
G r a d u a t e s of the l a t t e r
a r e t e r m e d / m a w l a v i / r a t h e r than / m w l l a / , and they enjoy a h i g h e r s t a t u s than d o e s a p e r s o n who h a s p u r s u e d h i s s t u d i e s p r i v a t e l y with s o m e l o c a l s c h o l a r . 39.
/ayat/
" v e r s e " is e m p l o y e d only for a v e r s e of the / k w r a n / " Q u r a n " (usually
" K o r a n " or " Q u r a n " in E n g l i s h w o r k s ) . 45.
T h e o r i g i n a l m e a n i n g of / d a p t a r / w a s " r e c o r d - k e e p i n g . " F r o m t h i s c o m e s the
c l a s s i c a l B a l u c h i m e a n i n g of " e p i c - p o e m " - - the r e c o r d of a b a t t l e , a h e r o ' s e x p l o i t s , the h i s t o r y of a t r i b e , e t c . - - and a l s o the m o d e r n m e a n i n g of "office" (a m e a n i n g s h a r e d with and p e r h a p s b o r r o w e d f r o m U r d u ) . 46.
/ S a y r j a n / and / s a z j a n / a r e n o n s p e c i f i c t e r m s for " s i n g e r " and " ( i n s t r u m e n t a l )
musician" respectively. (1)
The / p a l a v a n / of / d a p t a r /
V a r i o u s s p e c i a l t y p e s of m u s i c i a n s i n c l u d e : " b a r d , s i n g e r of epic p o e t r y " u s u a l l y r e s t r i c t s h i m s e l f to the singing
" e p i c - p o e m [ s ] . " He is n o r m a l l y a m e m b e r of one of the " n o b l e " t r i b e s
319
(i. e.
one of t h o s e t r i b e s c o n s i d e r e d a r i s t o c r a t i c by B a l u c h i t r a d i t i o n a l s o c i e t y ) ,
and h i s p r o f e s s i o n i s t h u s a r e s p e c t e d one.
The / p a l a v a n / only s i n g s ;
he d o e s not
u s u a l l y play any i n s t r u m e n t . (2)
The / [ h j a g a z i /
" c l a s s i c a l s i n g e r " or " c l a s s i c a l m u s i c i a n " both s i n g s and p l a y s
certain instruments.
His r e p e r t o i r e m a y include p o r t i o n s (or all) of v a r i o u s
/ d a p t a r / , a s w e l l a s o t h e r c l a s s i c a l f o r m s of m u s i c .
The / [ h j a g a z i / m a y be a
m e m b e r of one of the " n o b l e " t r i b e s , or o c c a s i o n a l l y he m a y be f r o m one of the l e s s - p r e s t i g e f u l g r o u p s , such a s the / D o m b / , the / l a n g a v / , (3)
etc.
/ D o m b / is the n a m e of a t r i b e l e s s l o w e r " c a s t e , " r a t h e r than of an o c c u p a t i o n a l group.
The / D o m b / a r e the a r t i s a n s of B a l u c h i s o c i e t y , the m a n u f a c t u r e r s of
t o o l s , w e a p o n s , and u t e n s i l s .
They a l s o have v a r i o u s t r a d i t i o n a l functions at
m a r r i a g e s and o t h e r c e r e m o n i e s .
Some / D o m b / a c t a s m u s i c i a n s ,
p o p u l a r songs and playing v a r i o u s i n s t r u m e n t s (e. g.
singing
the / S a n g / " j e w s h a r p , "
which the / [ h j a g a z i / do not play). 47. Note the p r o n u n c i a t i o n d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the l a s t s y l l a b l e s of / k y s s a v / " s t o r y , t a l e " and / g y r a w / "flute. " When a s u b s t a n t i v e suffix o c c u r s , h o w e v e r , both of t h e s e s t e m s end in / a v / ; 51.
e.g.
/ k y s s a v a / " s t o r i e s , t a l e s " and / g y r a v a / "flutes. "
The / s w r o n z / is a f i v e - s t r i n g e d f i d d l e - l i k e i n s t r u m e n t p l a y e d with a bow.
/ d a m b u r a [ g ] / h a s only two s t r i n g s and is plucked with the f i n g e r s .
The
The / d a m b u r a [ g ] / is not
u s u a l l y p l a y e d alone but is u s e d to p r o v i d e a m e l o d i c b a c k g r o u n d for the / s w r o n z / . 57.
/ w s t w m a n / d e n o t e s " p e o p l e " in the s e n s e of "the p u b l i c . " / w l w s s / s i g n i f i e s
" p e o p l e " in the m e a n i n g of "people belonging to s o m e specific nation, t r i b e , or o t h e r g r o u p . Both of t h e s e t e r m s c o n t r a s t with / m a r d w m / , which in the p l u r a l d e n o t e s " p e o p l e " in the s e n s e of " p e r s o n s . " 57.
/ [ h ] a k k / " r i g h t , d u e " o c c u r s in the c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n / [ h ] a k k d a y a g / "to
give ( s o m e o n e his) d u e " and hence "to pay (a s a l a r y , a debt, e t c . ). " E . g. / e ai [hjakk ynt. /
T h i s is h i s r i g h t .
/ a v a t i [hjakka [hjar Dawla g i r t . / / S e , taw Domba [h]akk d a t a y ? / [I. e. Did you pay t h e m ? ]
He will obtain h i s r i g h t [ s j in any way. Did you give the D o m b s [ t h e i r ] d u e ?
59. / n y g o S a g / signifies "to l i s t e n a t t e n t i v e l y (so a s to u n d e r s t a n d , enjoy, or be i n s p i r e d ) . " / g o S d a r a g / , on the o t h e r hand, m e a n s s i m p l y "to l i s t e n . " Both of t h e s e differ f r o m / [ k j w S k y n a g / , which d e n o t e s the i n v o l u n t a r y a c t of h e a r i n g .
E . g.
/ e S a y r a S a r r i a bynygoSyt! / L i s t e n w e l l [lit. in g o o d n e s s ] to t h i s song! [I. e. L i s t e n c a r e f u l l y to t h i s song, so a s to u n d e r s t a n d it, or r e c e i v e i n s p i r a t i o n f r o m it! ] / g o S d a r y t , ky a Se gwSaga ynt! / L i s t e n to what [lit. that w h a t ] he i s s a y i n g . [ H e r e the connotation of a b s o r b e d a t t e n t i o n is l a c k i n g . ]
320
/ S e , taw a i t a v a r a w S k y t a y ? / 63. Although / m a l d a r /
Did you h e a r h i s v o i c e ?
" l i v e s t o c k - o w n i n g , l i v e s t o c k - o w n e r " m o s t l y c a r r i e s the
c o n n o t a t i o n of owning s h e e p and g o a t s , it is a l s o a p p l i c a b l e to the p o s s e s s i o n of c a t t l e . w o r d f u n c t i o n s both a s a noun and a s an a d j e c t i v e . /Se, a maldar maroSi a[h]t?/ / a m a l d a r e baloS ant. / 63.
This
E . g. Did that l i v e s t o c k - o w n e r c o m e t o d a y ?
They a r e l i v e s t o c k - o w n i n g B a l u c h i s .
A s i d e f r o m the / s w r o n z / and the / d a m b u r a [ g ] / , d e s c r i b e d in S e c . 14. 200 (51),
other common m u s i c a l instruments include: h e a d s and i s b e a t e n with d r u m s t i c k s ;
(a) the / d o l / " d r u m , " which h a s two l e a t h e r
(b) the / s w r n a [ g ] / " h o r n , " a r e e d i n s t r u m e n t m a d e
of wood with a b r a s s m o u t h - - t o g e t h e r , the / d o l / and the / s w r n a f g ] / p r o v i d e the a c c o m p a n i m e n t for the m e n ' s d a n c e s ; a l m o s t e n t i r e l y by w o m e n ; and / l a n g a v / g r o u p s ;
(c) the / d a m a m a f g ] / " t a m b o u r i n e , " an
instrument played
(d) the / S a n g / " j e w s h a r p , " a f a v o u r i t e i n s t r u m e n t of the / D o m b /
and (e) the / g y r a w / "flute, " p o p u l a r a m o n g the s h e e p - h e r d i n g n o m a d s .
It m a y be noted that "to p l a y " any of t h e s e i n s t r u m e n t s is e x p r e s s e d by a c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n c o n s i s t i n g of the n a m e of the i n s t r u m e n t + / j a n a g / "to b e a t , shoot. " E . g. / S e taw g y r a w j a n a g a z a n a y ? /
Do you know how to play the flute?
/ a dol aw s w r n a g j a n a g a a t a n t . / swrnag.
14. 300.
D r i l l s and E x e r c i s e s .
14. 3 0 1 .
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l I. 1.
They w e r e playing the d r u m and the
e l a r i a y D r e v a r kay ynt. That m a n w e a r i n g a white hat. [Lit. That m a n , that h i s a white hat is on the h e a d . ] That m a n with a c i g a r e t t e in h i s hand. [ L i t . That m a n , that in h i s hand [ i s ] a c i g a r e t t e . ] That m a n w e a r i n g the yellow s h i r t . [ L i t . That m a n , that h i s yellow s h i r t is on the breast. ] That m a n who [lit.
t h a t ] is taking m o n e y .
That m a n w e a r i n g the blue coat. [Lit. That m a n , that h i s blue coat is on the b r e a s t . ] 2.
e w l w s s Se nygoSaga ant. They a r e l i s t e n i n g to the song of that classical-musician. They a r e l i s t e n i n g to the e p i c - p o e m of that b a r d . They a r e l i s t e n i n g to the sound of the s w r o n z They a r e l i s t e n i n g to the w o r d s of the M u l l a .
321
They a r e l i s t e n i n g to the sound of the j e w s h a r p of that D o m b . 3.
y m S a p i a y divana Se Se bit, Some b a r d s will r e c i t e e p i c - p o e m s . Some D o m b s will sing and p l a y the s w r o n z , jewsharp, etc. [ T h e r e ] will be v a r i o u s k i n d s of s o n g s . [ T h e r e ] w i l l be m u s i c and d a n c i n g . [ T h e r e ] will be a d a n c e . A D o m b will play [the] d r u m , and a n o t h e r [ / d y g a y a k k e / ] will play [the] s w r n a g .
4.
a m a r d w m Se k a r kanaga atant. They w e r e digging [lit.
pulling] a k a r e z .
They w e r e m a k i n g [a] t u n n e l [lit. in that m o u n t a i n .
hole]
They w e r e building a t r u c k - d e p o t . They w e r e digging [lit.
beating] a well.
They w e r e doing s o m e w o r k o r o t h e r . 5.
e k i l a g a y D a g a r Son ynt, T h e r e is no u n d e r g r o u n d w a t e r h e r e . [it] is hilly [lit. slopingj.
d o w n - s l o p i n g and u p -
Its land is d r y . [/jvan/].
Its c r o p s do not g r o w w e l l
Its land is bad.
Nothing g r o w s h e r e .
L a s t y e a r its c r o p w a s not good. good i r r i g a t i o n . 6.
It n e e d s
annun e Sayrjan Se gwsaga ynt, He is i n t r o d u c i n g h i m s e l f . [ L i t . He is telling about h i s n a m e - a n d - n a t i o n . ] He is giving [lit. h i s song.
doing] the b a c k g r o u n d of
He is r e c i t i n g an e p i c - p o e m . an a n c i e n t [lit. old] w a r .
It is about
He is p r a i s i n g [lit. doing the p r a i s e of] the chief of t h i s t r i b e . He is telling [lit. g r e a t chief. 7.
doing] the s t o r y of a
zi taw p a r Se m a s t w n g a Swtay. My b r o t h e r ' s b e t r o t h a l took p l a c e [lit. yesterday.
was]
My c o u s i n [ a u n t ' s child] c a m e f r o m I r a n , and I went to see h i m [lit. in h i s s e e i n g ] . Y e s t e r d a y we had to dig [lit. well over t h e r e .
322
beat] a tube-
I went to M a s t u n g to get m y s h a r e [of the h a r v e s t ] f r o m the t e n a n t - f a r m e r s . [Lit. I f r o m the t e n a n t - f a r m e r s for the c a t c h i n g of [ m y ] own s h a r e to M a s t u n g went. ] I d i s t r i b u t e d the h a r v e s t o v e r t h e r e y e s t e r d a y . a Domb e bazia kwjam k y s s a v a gwSt. He told the s t o r y of t h e boy and the wolf. He told the d e e d s of that chief. He told about the w a r s with [ / g o / ] the Europeans. He told about the c l e r k and the Mulla. He told m a n y s t o r i e s . lot [lit. m u c h ] . 9.
We a l l laughed a
t a w k o T a a Son Swtay. I went on the b u s . I went in that m e r c h a n t ' s t r u c k . I went with f r i e n d s who had [lit. them was] a car.
that to
I got [lit. caught] a s e a t on the t r a i n . is a good way, and its f a r e is c h e a p .
This
I went on the r i d i n g - c a m e l of M i r B y j j a r . 10.
Se, t a i p i r w k a m d a p t a r gwSt? Y e s , he s o m e t i m e s r e c i t e d e p i c - p o e m s . No, although he w a s a good ( i n s t r u m e n t a l ) m u s i c i a n . He p l a y e d [the] s w r o n z . Y e s , a l l the people p r a i s e d h i m a lot [lit. made his much p r a i s e ] . Y e s , he m e m o r i s e d m a n y old e p i c - p o e m s . No, he did not r e c i t e e p i c - p o e m s , but he p l a y e d [the] flute.
11.
Se, zi Swma g a T T a t y t ? Y e s , we w o r k e d v e r y h a r d y e s t e r d a y . Y e s , one w e l l of our k a r e z c o l l a p s e d [lit. fell]. It w a s God's g r a c e that no one d i e d . Y e s , we m a r k e d off [ / T a k k j a n a g / ] the l a n d s of the t e n a n t - f a r m e r s . Y e s , we e s t i m a t e d how m u c h m o n e y would be n e c e s s a r y for our new h o u s e . [Lit. We e s t i m a t e d that for our new h o u s e how m u c h m o n e y is n e c e s s a r y . ] Y e s , y e s t e r d a y the b e t r o t h a l of m y c o u s i n [ u n c l e ' s child] took p l a c e [lit. w a s ] , and we s t a y e d [ / d a r a g / ] in the p a r t y u n t i l l a t e .
12. a k w j a m saz j a n a g a ant, T h e y a r e playing [the] s w r o n z and [the] damburag.
323
T h e y a r e p l a y i n g [ t h e ] d r u m and [ t h e ] s w r n a g , and soon the m e n w i l l d a n c e . They a r e playing [the] j e w s h a r p . Dombs. They a r e playing [the] t a m b o u r i n e . do not play it.
They a r e Men
They a r e playing [the] flute. M o s t [ / b a z e / ] l i v e s t o c k - o w n i n g B a l u c h i s p l a y it. 13. m a n t a i Se [ h j y z m a t t bykanin. Do not t r o u b l e y o u r s e l f ! I am thirsty.
B r i n g a g l a s s of w a t e r for m e !
T e l l m e t h i s , that w h e r e is the b u s - s t a t i o n ! T e l l m e t h i s , that what is that line of e a r t h piles! R e a d t h i s v e r s e [of the Q u r a n ] and e x p l a i n [it] to me.' T e l l m e t h i s , that who is the b u s c o n d u c t o r [lit. c l e r k of the bus].' 14. Swmay [h]anday a p k a r i Son ynt. The digging [lit. necessary.
b e a t i n g ] of a t u b e w e l l is
Our k a r e z is l a r g e , and m u c h w a t e r c o m e s out. Our a r e a is v e r y d r y , and the u n d e r g r o u n d w a t e r is v e r y d e e p . Although t h e r e is no k a r e z o v e r t h e r e , yet [lit. but] t h e r e a r e m a n y i r r i g a t i o n w e l l s [i. e. P e r s i a n w h e e l w e l l s ] . This y e a r the g o v e r n m e n t will dig [lit. b e a t ] t u b e w e l l [ s ] for u s . 15. Se, e ra[h]a Swma v a r b u t y t ? Y e s , the road w a s v e r y bad, and the sun was hot. Y e s , two c a m e l s b e c a m e ill, and t h e r e f o r e we a r r i v e d late [lit. in l a t e n e s s ] . Y e s , we e s t i m a t e d that we would a r r i v e [lit. will a r r i v e ] in two d a y s , but we a r r i v e d in four d a y s . Y e s , at one p l a c e its u p - s l o p e w a s bad for our c a m e l s . Y e s , it r a i n e d a lot [lit. m u c h ] , and the r o a d w a s [lit. b e c a m e ] c l o s e d .
14. 302.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l II. 1.
baloSani saz kwjam kwjam ant.
2.
sanga r a n d , jynykkay s y a l Sone v a r d y n b a r kanant,
3.
d a p t a r gwSaga peS, p a l a v a n a Se gwSagi bit.
324
4.
d a m a m a g kay j a n t .
5.
go Sapa, baloS k w j a m k w j a m s a z j a n a n t .
6.
baloS k w j a m D a w l e D a g a r a k a r e z kaSSant.
7.
v a t i [hJwSke [hjanday v a d a n i a p a , kofhjne baloS Se k w r t a n t .
8.
s a n g a y v a x t a , m w l l a Se v a n i t .
9.
r o k a p t i b a l o S y s t a n nun m a n k w j a m m w l k a ynt.
10. d a p t a r Sone Sayr ant. 11.
[ h j a g a z i Sone Sayr j a n t .
12.
S a y r j a n aw s a z j a n a kay z a r r dant.
13. m i r b y j j a r a y [hjanda, s a n g a y j a r a r a n d Se bit. 14. p a l a v a n a y s a r b w n a r a n d , dyga w l w s s Se gwSant. 15. baloS v a t i D a g a r a n i a p k a r i a pa, Sa kwjam v a R a k a r g y r a n t .
14. 3 0 3 .
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e I.
D r . A d a m s a s k s M i r B y j j a r about M a s t u n g . 1. A r
m a s t w n g aS yda Synka d u r ynt.
2. B :
b r a s , m a s t w n g aS yda b i s t ya si m i l bit.
3. A :
a Sone S a [ h ] r e .
4. B :
anSw eSi b a z a r Sa k o T a a y b a z a r a k a s a n ant, b a l e [hjalk, b a g , aw kuSagyS m a z a n ant,
5. A :
Se, m a s t w n g a y D a g a r jvan y n t ?
6. B r
m a s t w n g a y D a g a r b a z jvan ynt, aw k a r e z a m sakk baz ant. aS dw s a d a geS ant.
ko[h]nen aw noke k a r e z
nun z a m i n d a r y S a p i - m y S i n a m j a n a g a ant.
7. A r
Se, t a r a m a s t w n g d o s t y n t ?
8. B »
ji [h]a vaja, a m a n a sakk d o s t ynt, p a r Se ky m a s t w n g a y n a z z i k a y ko[h]a Sykar a m b a z a s t , aw la[h]te ko[hjne d o m b a m a s t a n t , ky tanynga k a s s ava paS n a k w r t , aw naSarytyS.
9. A;
[h]a vaja.
14. 304.
m a n i [hjayal ynt, ky taw e Dawle [hjandani gyndaga vaSS b a y . m a n ko[h]ne dod, d o m b , aw dyga Siani S a r a g a s a k k vaSS bin.
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e II.
D r . A d a m s a s k s M i r B y j j a r about the b u s s y s t e m . 1. A»
vaja,
e b a s s s a r k a r a y ant, ya w l w s s a y jynday ant.
2. B :
b r a s , e b a s s d r w s t w l w s s a y jynday ant, aw s a r k a r a v a n a e [hjakka dant, ky aS e S a [ h ] r a t a n a a Sa[h]ra s v a r i a b y b a r a n t aw b y a r a n t .
dyga eS ky b a s s a n i r a v a g aw
a y a g a y v a x t , s v a r i a n i b a R o aw dyga a r a m o y [hjayala s a r k a r a y p w l i s kant. 3. A;
b r a s , Sa b a s s a b e d , dyga r a v a g aw a y a g a y s v a r i Se ant.
4. B ;
v a j a , b a l o S y s t a n a r o d r a t k aw kwtwbay n e m a g a g a R i e r a w t aw k a y t , b a l e j a n d w m a y n e m a g a m a r d w m s a k k v a r ant.
5. A: 6. Br
a p a r Se v a r ant. adda, ravag aw ayagay svari ya to bass ant, ya olak. nun sarkar [h]ar nemag ra[hja joR kanaga ynt, tanky geStyr bass byravant aw byayant.
325
14. 305.
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e III.
D r . A d a m s a s k s about i r r i g a t i o n m e t h o d s . 1. A :
k a r e z a Sa b e d , a p k a r i a y dyga k w j a m vaR ant.
2. B :
b a l o S y s t a n a , [ h j a w r a y apa Sa b e d , dyga a p k a r i a pa b a z [hjanda jo[h] ya o r o T T astant.
3 . Ar
Se, e Dyha jo[h] aw a r a T T b a z a s t ?
4. Br
na vaja, e [hJwSke D y h e .
yda k a r e z sakk b a z ant, aw S e r D a g a r i a p a y kaSSaga pa
t a n i a a m e vaR d a r k a r ynt. 5. A ;
Se, ynka baz ku j a n a g aw eSa Twng kanag g r a n na y n t ?
6 B;
b r a s , gvaSyni bwgwSin, to e sakk g r a n e k a r e , aw b a z b a r a k a r e z kaSSagay v a x t a , kuyS k a p a n t .
e D a w l a , m a r d w m a m m y r a n t , aw geStyr v a r i d a r k a r b i t .
Sa ko[h]a [hjawray ap kayt, aw b a z k a r e z a [ h j a r a b kant.
baz b a r a
p a m e S a nun k a r e z a y jagaa
a p i - m y S i n d a r k a r ant, b a l e anga S i e - n a - S i e ku j a n a g i b a n t , tanky a p i - m y S i n a pa geStyr ap mwSS bybit.
14. 306.
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e IV.
D r . A d a m s a s k s about B a l u c h i b e t r o t h a l c u s t o m s . 1. A r
Se, d r w s t baloS sanga divan k a n a n t ?
2. B r
ji [hja, b a l e anga baz [hjanda dyga Dawlay dod aw divan k a n a n t .
g e S t y r baloS
sanga [ h j w r m a g b a r kanant, aw d r w s t m e m a n a S a - w - S y l y m k a n a n t . 3. A :
dyga Se kanant.
4. B :
sangay j a r a r a n d , yakk b a r e tupakk j a n a n t . w - S a p janant.
pada ya to S a y r a y divan k a n a n t , ya d o l -
baz [hjanda v a r d y n a y Sia b a r kanaga r a n d , s a n g a y j a r b i t , aw tupakk
j a n a n t , aw r a n d a d r w s t vati gysa r a v a n t . 5. A;
tupakk p a r Se j a n a n t .
6. B :
vaja, s y a l - w - k a m a l o T a n t , aw tupakk j a n a n t , tanky d u r aw n a z z i k a y m a r d w m d r w s t s a i bybant, ky y m S a p i ai baSakkay gon a yakkay jynykka sang but.
dyga eS ky [hjar
galay roSa tupakk janag baloSa dost ynt.
14. 307.
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e V.
D r . A d a m s a s k s about B a l u c h i m u s i c and m u s i c i a n s . 1. A ;
b r a s , Swmay e j a n g a n i d a p t a r kwjam vaxtay ant.
2. B ;
vaja, baz d a p t a r noken ant, aw baz ko[hjnen ant.
noke d a p t a r a m a v a x t a y ant, ky
baloS go p a r a n g i a m y R y t a n t . 3. A ;
kofhjne d a p t a r kwjam v a x t a y ant.
4. B :
ko[hjne d a p t a r say ya Sar sad s a l peSay ant.
5. A :
vaja, ynka kofhjne d a p t a r tanynga Son m a n t a n t .
6. B :
b r a s , e d a p t a r a , Domb aw p a l a v a n aS vati p y s s a n , aw a v a n i p y s s aS v a t i p y s s a z w r t a n t , aw yzda k w r t a n t y S . dayant.
dyga eS ky baloS v a t i p a l a v a n a sakk S a r a p d a t a n t aw
p a m e S a p a l a v a n am e d a p t a r a tanynga S i e - n a - S i e a m a Dawla d a S t a n t .
326
7. A;
Se, noke baloSa a m e d a p t a r d o s t a n t ?
°' ^ :
Ji [ n ] a !
nun noke baloS e d a p t a r a m a n k y t a b a l y k k a g a ant, aw mwSS k a n a g a ant.
b a l e p a l a v a n aw [ h j a g a z i nun r o S - p a - r o S k a m m b u a g a ant.
14. 400.
Vocabulary.
api-mySin
tubewell
a p i - m y S i n janag
to dig a t u b e w e l l
apkari
irrigation
ayat
v e r s e (of the Q u r a n )
allai
God's
bar
share, portion b a r buag
to be s h a r e d ,
b a r kanag
to s h a r e ,
distributed
distribute
bare-bare
s o m e t i m e s , f r o m t i m e to t i m e , at v a r i o u s t i m e s
Sang
jewsharp Sang j a n a g
to p l a y the j e w s h a r p
SerDagari
underground
Sie - n a - S i e
some . . . or other; m o r e or l e s s , or a n o t h e r
damama[gj
tambourine
d a m a m a [ g ] janag dambura[gj
to play the t a m b o u r i n e d a m b u r a g , a s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t p l a y e d with the f i n g e r s
d a m b u r a [ g j janag daptar
something
to play the d a m b u r a g epic-poem;
record
to r e c i t e an e p i c - p o e m
d a p t a r gwSag
drum
dol
to play the d r u m
doljanag dol-w-Sap
drum-and-dance:
m u s i c and d a n c i n g
to hold a d a n c e , have m u s i c and d a n c i n g
dol-.w-Sap j a n a g , k a n a g Dawl-Dawl
v a r i o u s kinds
Domb
D o m b , a l o w e r c a s t e who a c t a s a r t i s a n s , m i n s t r e l s , etc.
Drevar
driver
gaRi
railway train;
cart
ear
goS
to l i s t e n
goS d a r a g 'rgvor
breast,
chest
g v a r a buag
to be w e a r i n g , have on (a c o a t , s h i r t , e t c . )
g v a r a kanag
to put on, w e a r (a c o a t , s h i r t , e t c . )
gyraw
flute to play the flute
gyraw janag
327
[hjakot
e a r t h - p i l e , h e a p of d i r t
[hjagazi
classical singer, classical musician
[hjakk
r i g h t , due to give ( s o m e o n e his) d u e ; a debt, e t c . )
[hjakk dayag [hjyzmatt
to pay (a s a l a r y ,
service to s e r v e , do a s e r v i c e
[ h j y z m a t t kanag iran
Iran,
ja[h]l
down, d e e p , low
Persia
ja[h]l buag
to be down, d e e p , low
ja[h]l kanag
to l o w e r , take down f r o m a high p l a c e
jar
announc e m e n t j a r buag
to be announced
j a r janag
to announce
J 9 ng
war, battle
karez
k a r e z , irrigation tunnel s y s t e m to dig a k a r e z
k a r e z kaSSag
(water) well
"ku
to dig a w e l l
ku janag kyrdar
d e e d , a c t , doing
kyssav
story, tale
k y s s a v gwSag
to t e l l a s t o r y [or: ]
k y s s a v kanag
to t e l l a s t o r y
lari
t r u c k , l o r r y , bus
lari-[h]aDDa[g]
bus-station,
maldar
live s t o c k - o w n i n g , live s t o c k - o w n e r
mandil
turban
monsa
d e s i r e , will
mastwng
M a s t u n g , a s m a l l city n e a r Quetta
mer
grace, beneficence,
mwSSi
gathering,
mwlla
Mulla, I s l a m i c r e l i g i o u s f u n c t i o n a r y
mwnSi
clerk
nam-w-kam
n a m e - a n d - n a t i o n : i n t r o d u c t i o n (of a p e r s o n ) , identification (of a p e r s o n ' s n a m e , a n c e s t r y , t r i b a l affiliation, e t c . )
nygoSag
to l i s t e n a t t e n t i v e l y to, be a b s o r b e d in l i s t e n i n g to
I-I
truck-depot
love
assembly
palavan
b a r d , s i n g e r of epic p o e t r y
pasl
harvest,
resag
r o w , line
r e s a g buag r e s a g kanag roS-pa-roS
crop
to be a l i n e , be in a row (one a f t e r the o t h e r ) to line up (objects one a f t e r a n o t h e r ) day by day
328
rokapti
western
sang
betrothal,
saz
i n s t r u m e n t , i n s t r u m e n t a l m u s i c , tune saz janag
engagement
to play ( i n s t r u m e n t a l ) m u s i c
sazjan
(instrumental) musician
sadri
jacket,
''sar
head, upper portion
vest
sara buag
to be w e a r i n g , have on (a h a t , t u r b a n , e t c . )
s a r a kanag
to put on, w e a r (a h a t , t u r b a n , e t c . )
sorbwn
background, introduction,
s o r b w n kanag
to i n t r o d u c e , give the b a c k g r o u n d , (of s o m e t h i n g )
siT
seat
swrnafg]
s w r n a g , a kind of h o r n
swrnafg] janag swronz
pedigree
to play the s w r n a g s w r o n z , a type of s t r i n g e d i n s t r u m e n t p l a y e d with a bow
swronz janag
to play the s w r o n z
syal-w-kam
relative-and-nation:
syta
praise syta buag
to be p r a i s e d
syta kanag
to p r a i s e
Sayrjan
singer
Swru
beginning,
relations,
kinsmen
start
Swru b u a g
to b e g i n , s t a r t ( i n t r a n s i t i v e )
swru kanag
to b e g i n , s t a r t ( t r a n s i t i v e )
Swvag
d o w n - s l o p e , sloping down
truzatk
cousin:
twman
tribe
Takk
sound of a knock or blow
a u n t ' s son or d a u g h t e r
to s t r i k e , knock; to m e a s u r e off by m a r k i n g (as land); to g u e s s , e s t i m a t e
Takk janag
Twng
pedigree
hole (through an object)
Twng b u a g
to be a hole t h r o u g h
Twng k a n a g
to m a k e a hole t h r o u g h , t u n n e l t h r o u g h
vadani
prosperity
var
time, occasion,
var
t r o u b l e d , u n f o r t u n a t e , indigent, p o o r ( p e r s o n )
turn
var buag
to be t r o u b l e d , have t r o u b l e
var kanag
to give t r o u b l e , take t r o u b l e labour,
vari
effort
vari buag
to be m u c h l a b o u r
vari kanag
to w o r k h a r d ,
vari kaSSag
to e x e r t m u c h effort
329
effort
labour
vaR
w a y ; m e t h o d , kind
wlwss
p e o p l e (belonging to s o m e s p e c i f i c n a t i o n , t r i b e , o r o t h e r group)
wstwman
p e o p l e , the public
yskja
t o g e t h e r , at the s a m e t i m e , a t t h e s a m e p l a c e
zamindar
landowner,
z 9 r r
money;
z a r r gyrag zilag
farmer
gold
to c h a r g e m o n e y , a c c e p t m o n e y u p - s l o p e , sloping up
330
Making a wooden pestle [/jogyn/] on a foot-lathe.
UNIT
15. 100.
FIFTEEN
Basic Sentences.
m a n e S a [ h ] r a dw b a r a n a[h]tagwn.
I have c o m e to t h i s city t w i c e .
t a w v a t i baSSa S a r r i a r w m a y y t a g a y ,
You have i n s t r u c t e d y o u r son w e l l .
a m m a y pySSi g a r b u t a .
Our cat h a s b e c o m e l o s t .
y m b a r a Swma kay kaya l o T y t a g y t .
T h i s t i m e w h o m [ v a r i o u s p e r s o n s ] have you i n v i t e d ?
a petapa leTytagant.
They have lain down in the sun [i. e. sunny a r e a ] .
e b a b a t t a m a n gon a i gapp n a j a t a g w n .
I have not c o n v e r s e d with h i m about t h i s .
Se, t a w e d r w s t S a y r a n a l y k k y t a g a y ?
Have you not w r i t t e n [down] a l l t h e s e s o n g s ?
a drwst badiga gar nakwrta.
He h a s not d e s t r o y e d a l l the e n e m i e s .
a vati bandia tanynga yala nakwrtagant,
They have not yet freed t h e i r p r i s o n e r s .
15. 101.
the
The " p r e s e n t p e r f e c t " t e n s e - a s p e c t c o n s i s t s of the p a s t s t e m of the v e r b +
/ a g / - / a / + the p e r s o n a l e n d i n g s .
The p a r a d i g m i s :
1st sg.
Swtagwn
[ij have gone
2nd sg.
swtagay
[you sg. J have gone
3 r d sg.
Swta[g]
[he,
1st pl.
Swtagan
[we] have gone
2nd pl.
Swtagyt
[you pl. ] have gone
3 r d pl.
Swtagant
[theyj have gone
s h e , it] h a s gone
T h e r e is no o v e r t suffix for the 3 r d sg. f o r m , a p h e n o m e n o n c o m m o n to a l l t e n s e - a s p e c t s m a d e with the p a s t s t e m .
The 3 r d sg. f o r m t h u s ends in / a / , although the / a g / f o r m of the
/ a g / - / a / suffix is a l s o found, e s p e c i a l l y u t t e r a n c e - m e d i a l l y b e f o r e a following suffix or in s o m e s t y l e s of w r i t t e n p r o s e . /a[hjta/ /Swta/
E . g.
[he, s h e , it] h a s c o m e . [he, s h e , it] h a s gone.
/patayyta/
[Also / a [ h ] t a g / , / a t k a / , and / a t k a g / . ] [Also / S w t a g / . ]
[he, s h e , it] h a s folded.
[Also / p a t a y y t a g / . ]
/ k w r t a g y S / [he, s h e , it] h a s done it. [ B e f o r e / y S / the / a g / a l t e r n a n t is c o m m o n , a l t h o u g h / k w r t a y S / i s not i n c o r r e c t . ] N e g a t i v e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t f o r m s c o n s i s t of the p r e f i x / n a / ( s e e S e c . 7. 201) + the affirmative paradigm.
E . g.
333
/naSwtagwn/
[I] h a v e not gone
/nabutagant/
[they] h a v e not b e e n , b e c o m e
/naproSta/
[he, s h e , it] h a s not b r o k e n
It m a y be noted that the p r e s e n t p e r f e c t p a r a d i g m a p p e a r s to c o n s i s t of a " p a s t p a r t i c i p l e " ending in / a g / - / a / (about which m o r e w i l l be said l a t e r ) + the p r e s e n t f o r m s of the c o p u l a - a u x i l i a r y v e r b (see S e c . 2. 101).
T h u s , / S w t a g w n / m a y be a n a l y s e d a s / S w t a g /
" g o n e " + the p r e s e n t a u x i l i a r y / w n / "[ij a m . "
Although t h i s a n a l y s i s m a y be h i s t o r i c a l l y
c o r r e c t , it s t i l l s e e m s b e t t e r to c o n s i d e r e a c h p r e s e n t p e r f e c t f o r m a s a s i n g l e w o r d r a t h e r t h a n a s a compound of two w o r d s .
T h i s d e c i s i o n is b a s e d on the fact that w o r d j u n c t u r e
n e v e r s e e m s to o c c u r b e t w e e n the " p a s t p a r t i c i p l e " and i t s following " a u x i l i a r y v e r b . " The n e g a t i v e p r e f i x , m o r e o v e r , is a l w a y s found b e f o r e the p a s t s t e m of the m a i n v e r b r a t h e r than b e f o r e the a u x i l i a r y , formations:
e. g.
a s is the c a s e with m o s t o t h e r t r u e c o m p o u n d v e r b a l
/ n a S w t a g w n / "[I] have not g o n e " but c o m p a r e / k a n a g i na w n / "[I] do
not have to do, do not intend to do, " / k a n a na w n / "[I] do not k e e p on doing, " e t c . The p r e s e n t p e r f e c t is e m p l o y e d when the s p e a k e r w i s h e s to r e l a t e the e v e n t s of the n a r r a t i v e to one a n o t h e r in t e r m s of r e l a t i v e t i m e , r e l a t i v e c o m p l e t i o n , or affective of the p r e v i o u s event upon s o m e p r e s e n t context.
reference
The p r e s e n t p e r f e c t thus e x p r e s s e s a
p a s t a c t i o n or event whose r e s u l t s , effects, or r e f e r e n c e s t i l l e x i s t in the p r e s e n t c o n t e x t . E.g. / a [ h j a r o s k w r t . / He m a r r i e d . [The s i m p l e p a s t t e n s e d e s c r i b e s the t i m e of the a c t only and d o e s not link it with any p r e s e n t c o n t e x t , / [ h j a r o s k a n a g / "to m a r r y , w e d " h a s not yet b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . Compare: J / a [ h j a r o s k w r t a . / He h a s m a r r i e d . [The m a r r i a g e took p l a c e in the p a s t but is r e l e v a n t to s o m e p r e s e n t context; i. e. it is s t i l l continuing or h a s s o m e effect upon s o m e t h i n g in the p r e s e n t . J / m a n t a i swnduka distwn. / I saw y o u r box. [Simple p a s t ; connection with any p r e s e n t context. C o m p a r e : J
no n e c e s s a r y
/ m a n t a i swnduka d i s t a g w n . / I have s e e n your box. [The p a s t event is s o m e h o w r e l a t e d to the p r e s e n t : p e r h a p s you have i n q u i r e d about the w h e r e a b o u t s of y o u r box. J / a m m a y m e m a n a[hjtant. / Our g u e s t s c a m e . [Simple p a s t with no necessary present reference. Compare: ] / a m m a y m e m a n a[h]tagant. / Our g u e s t s have c o m e . [ T h e i r c o m i n g is s t i l l r e l e v a n t to the p r e s e n t : the g u e s t s a r e s t i l l h e r e , e t c . ]
15. 102.
/ r w m a y a g / "to i n s t r u c t , t e a c h , s h o w " is e m p l o y e d only for the t e a c h i n g of a
s k i l l , i n s t r u c t i o n in s o m e c r a f t ,
showing s o m e o n e how to do s o m e t h i n g , e t c .
It is not
u s e d for the t e a c h i n g of a b s t r a c t s , such a s language i n s t r u c t i o n , a c a d e m i c t e a c h i n g , e t c .
15. 103.
/ g a r / d e n o t e s both " l o s t " and " d e s t r o y e d . " / g a r b u a g / t h u s m e a n s "to be
l o s t (an a r t i c l e , a p e r s o n , e t c . ) " and a l s o "to be d e s t r o y e d . "
The t r a n s i t i v e f o r m ,
/gar
k a n a g / , signifies e i t h e r "to l o s e " (with a connotation of losing s o m e t h i n g d e l i b e r a t e l y ) or "to d e s t r o y . "
334
15. 104.
/ k a y k a y a / "whom ( v a r i o u s p e r s o n s ) " is a n o t h e r e x a m p l e of r e d u p l i c a t i o n
u s e d to e x p r e s s d i s t r i b u t i v e n e s s .
See S e c . 1 2 . 2 0 0 ( 5 6 ) .
E.g.
/ e d i v a n a kay kay a [ h ] t a . / Who ( v a r i o u s p e r s o n s ) h a v e c o m e to t h i s d i v a n ? [ / k a y k a y / is a l w a y s g r a m m a t i c a l l y s i n g u l a r . ] / e k a i k a i wStyr ant. / Whose ( v a r i o u s p e r s o n s ' ) c a m e l s a r e t h e s e ? [The reduplicated p o s s e s s i v e form is / k a i k a i / . ] / e kay k a y a j a t a g a n t . / Whom ( v a r i o u s p e r s o n s ) have they b e a t e n ? object f o r m is / k a y k a y a / and not ' , x /kaya k a y a / . ]
15. 105.
/ p e t a p / d e n o t e s "sunny a r e a " - - the a r e a upon which the sun i s shining - -
r a t h e r t h a n " s u n s h i n e " (i. e.
15. 106.
[The
the r a y s of the sun).
/ g s p p / " c o n v e r s a t i o n , c h a t , t a l k " o v e r l a p s with / [ h j a b a r / " w o r d ,
matter,
t a l k , t h i n g . " / g a p p k a n a g / and / [ h j a b a r k a n a g / both d e n o t e "to t a l k ( g e n e r a l l y , n o n s p e c i f i c a l l y ) . " / g a p p j a n a g / , on the o t h e r hand, signifies "to d i s c u s s , t a l k about ( s o m e s p e c i f i c t o p i c ) . " E . g. / t a w go m a n gapp m a k a n ! / for / g a p p / . J
Don't t a l k to m e !
[ / [ h j a b a r / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e
/ a m m a [hjar Sap t a n a d e r a gapp k a n a n . / We t a l k e v e r y evening u n t i l l a t e . [Our c o n v e r s a t i o n is g e n e r a l and n o n s p e c i f i c . Again, / [ h j a b a r / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e . ] / m a n t a i [ h j a r o s a y b a b a t t a gon a i gapp j a t a g w n . / I have t a l k e d with h i m about y o u r m a r r i a g e . [ H e r e the topic is a specific one. ] / t a w gon a i gapp j a n , ky a Synka z a r r l o T i t . / D i s c u s s with h i m how m u c h m o n e y he w a n t s ! [Again the topic is s p e c i f i c , and t h u s / [ h j a b a r / i s not quite a p p r o p r i a t e . ]
15. 200.
Basic Sentences.
m a n d r w s t Sian w S t y r a y s a r a b a r k w r t a g a t w n .
I had loaded a l l the t h i n g s onto the c a m e l .
t a w S a m b e a y roSa a i r a [ h j a S a r y t a g a t a y .
You had e x p e c t e d h i m [lit. r o a d ] on S a t u r d a y .
a aS b a d i g a n i s y p a i a t w r s y t a g a t ,
He had f e a r e d [lit. f e a r e d f r o m ] the s o l d i e r s of the e n e m i e s .
m a syla kwrtagatan.
We had a r m e d [ o u r s e l v e s ] .
a v a x t a , Swma kwtwbi n e m a g a p a r Se Swtagatyt.
At that t i m e why had you gone n o r t h [lit. in a n o r t h e r n d i r e c t i o n ] ?
m a y Dyha e b a z i j a m b a r s a k k g v a r t a g a t a n t .
In our r e g i o n t h i s t i m e it [lit. had r a i n e d h e a v i l y .
a vaxta mana tap nagyptagat,
At that t i m e I d i d n ' t c a t c h the f e v e r . . . . fever had not caught m e . ]
335
watched his
the c l o u d s ]
[Lit,
Swmay bagg j a n d w m i n e m a g a n a S w t a g a t .
Your c a m e l - h e r d had not gone south [lit. in a s o u t h e r n d i r e c t i o n ] .
m a m a s i t a y r o d r a t k i d i v a l a kaSS n a k w r t a g a t a n .
We had not m e a s u r e d the e a s t e r n w a l l of the m o s q u e .
15. 2 0 1 .
The " p a s t p e r f e c t " t e n s e - a s p e c t c o n s i s t s of the p a s t s t e m of the v e r b + / a g /
+ / a t / + the p e r s o n a l e n d i n g s .
Again, t h i s m a y be a n a l y s e d a s a " p a s t p a r t i c i p l e " ending
in / a g / + the p a s t f o r m of the c o p u l a - a u x i l i a r y v e r b ( s e e S e c . 13. 101):
e. g.
"[I] had g o n e " = / S w t a g / " g o n e " + / a t w n / "[I] w a s . " See S e c . 15. 101.
The p a r a d i g m i s :
1st sg.
Swtagatwn
[I] had gone
2nd sg.
Swtagatay
[ y o u s g- ] had- gone
3 r d sg.
Swtagat
[he, s h e , it] had gone
1st pl.
Swtagatan
[we] had gone
2nd pl.
Swtagatyt
[ y ° u pl« ] had. gone
3 r d pl.
Swtagatant
[they] had gone
/Swtagatwn/
N e g a t i v e p a s t p e r f e c t f o r m s c o n s i s t of the p r e f i x / n o / + the a f f i r m a t i v e p a r a d i g m . /naSwtagatwn/
[i] had not gone
/nabutagatant/
[they] had not b e e n , b e c o m e
/naproStagat/
E . g.
[he, she, itj had not b r o k e n
The p a s t p e r f e c t f o r m a t i o n e x p r e s s e s an a c t i o n or event w h o s e r e f e r e n c e or r e s u l t s w e r e c o m p l e t e d in the p a s t .
The p a s t p e r f e c t event is often r e l a t e d to s o m e l a t e r p a s t
context ( e x p r e s s e d or i m p l i e d ) , and the r e s u l t s or effects of the p a s t p e r f e c t event u s u a l l y c e a s e at the t i m e of the l a t e r p a s t event. simple remote past time:
i. e.
In B a l u c h i the p a s t p e r f e c t i s a l s o e m p l o y e d for
an a c t i o n or event o c c u r r i n g in the d i s t a n t p a s t with no
n e c e s s a r y r e f e r e n c e to s o m e m o r e r e c e n t p a s t context.
E . g.
/ a [ h j a r o s k w r t a g a t . / He had m a r r i e d . [The m a r r i a g e h a s no p r e s e n t r e f e r e n c e . This m a y imply that the m a r r i a g e h a s s i n c e b e e n d i s s o l v e d , or that s o m e l a t e r p a s t act s e p a r a t e s the p r e v i o u s one f r o m the p r e s e n t context. J / m a n t a i swnduka d i s t a g a t w n . / I had s e e n y o u r box. [The event e i t h e r took p l a c e in the d i s t a n t p a s t or e l s e i s r e l a t e d to s o m e l a t e r p a s t event. J / m a ai gysa Swtagatan, b a l e a oda na at. / We had gone to h i s h o u s e , but he w a s not t h e r e . [The p r i o r a c t of going is followed by the l a t e r p a s t event of not finding h i m at h o m e . J / m a y m e m a n a [ h ] t a g a t a n t , b a l e m a b a z a r a Swtagatan. / Our g u e s t s had c o m e , but we had gone to the m a r k e t . [Both e v e n t s a r e r e l a t e d to the i m p l i e d l a t e r event of our g u e s t s not finding u s at h o m e . ] / m a n a y r a k a g a d e lykkytagatwn, aw m a r o S i d e m d a t a g w n y S . / I had w r i t t e n h i m a l e t t e r , and today [i] have sent it. [The a c t of w r i t i n g the l e t t e r p r e c e d e s the l a t e r p a s t a c t of sending it. The l a t t e r act is r e l a t e d to s o m e p r e s e n t context by the u s e of the p r e s e n t p e r f e c t . ]
15. 202.
Both m e a n i n g s of / b a r b u a g / and / b a r k a n a g / w e r e d i s c u s s e d in S e c . 14. 200
(39). 336
15. 2 0 3 .
Note the i d i o m a t i c c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n / r a [ h ] a S a r a g / "to wait for,
e x p e c t ( s o m e o n e ) . " The p e r s o n a w a i t e d p o s s e s s e s / r a [ h j / . / m a n d r w s t e roS a v a n i r a [ h ] a S a r y t a g w n . / watched their road] all day.
15. 204.
E. g. I have w a i t e d for t h e m [lit.
/ t a p g y r a g / "to h a v e , get, c a t c h f e v e r " is s i m i l a r in u s a g e to / g y n r i S g y r a g /
"to get, h a v e a cold, " / p w T a g g y r a g / "to get, h a v e s m a l l p o x , " e t c . in S e c .
These were discussed
11.205.
15. 300.
Basic Sentences.
m a n a m a roSa m a s i t a a t a t w n .
I had [ a l r e a d y ] b e e n in the m o s q u e on that day.
a b a d S a [ h ] a y b a r i a e Dyha b a z p a k k a e r a [ h ] astatat.
In the r e i g n of that king in t h i s r e g i o n [ t h e r e ] w e r e m a n y p e r m a n e n t [paved, metalled] roads.
m a n y a k k b a r e e Dawle nan v a r t a t w n .
I had [ a l r e a d y ] e a t e n t h i s kind of b r e a d o n c e .
tow r o d r a t k i a w g a n y s t a n a Swtatay.
You had [ a l r e a d y ] gone to e a s t e r n A f g h a n i s t a n .
a pawja y a l a d a t a t , aw z a m i n d a r i a laggytat,
He had [ a l r e a d y ] left the a r m y and had [ a l r e a d y ] t a k e n up f a r m i n g .
m a badigay laSkara padi telank datatan.
We had [ a l r e a d y ] d r i v e n b a c k the a r m y of the e n e m y .
Swma [ h j a m a g e kuTyga s y s t a t y t .
You had [ a l r e a d y ] p i c k e d the u n r i p e w a t e r melons.
a a m a S a m b e a p a k k a g e gala a v w r t a t a n t .
On that S a t u r d a y they had [ a l r e a d y ] b r o u g h t ripe P e r s i a n melons.
a m a y a l a i e n wStyr koDDa n a k a p t a t ,
That wild [lit. f r e e , a s t r a y ] c a m e l had not [ a l r e a d y ] fallen into the hole [pit, d i t c h ] .
a potoa d u r n a S a n t a t .
He had not [ a l r e a d y ] t h r o w n the b a l l f a r .
synday g a l l a g n a p a k k y t a t a n t ,
The wheat of Sindh had not [ a l r e a d y ] ripened.
15. 3 0 1 .
The " p a s t c o m p l e t i v e " o r "past p u n c t i l e a r " f o r m of the c o p u l a - a u x i l i a r y v e r b
c o n s i s t s of the p a s t s t e m / a t / + / a t / + the p e r s o n a l e n d i n g s .
The p a r a d i g m i s :
1st sg.
atatwn
[i] had [ a l r e a d y ] b e e n
2nd sg.
atatay
[you
3 r d sg.
atat
[ h e , s h e , it] had [ a l r e a d y ] b e e n
337
s
g- ] had [ a l r e a d y ] b e e n
1st pl.
atatan
[we] had [ a l r e a d y ] b e e n
2nd p l .
atatyt
[you pl. ] had [ a l r e a d y ] b e e n
3 r d pl.
atatant
[they] had [ a l r e a d y ] b e e n
The e x i s t e n t i a l v e r b , / a s t /
" [ t h e r e ] i s , [ t h e r e ] a r e , " a l s o o c c u r s in t h i s p a r a d i g m .
F o r m s c o n s i s t of / a s t / + / a t / + / a t / + the p e r s o n a l e n d i n g s . /astatat/
E . g.
[ t h e r e ] had [ a l r e a d y ] b e e n
When o t h e r v e r b s o c c u r in t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n , the p a s t s t e m is followed by / a t / + the p e r s o n a l suffixes.
The p a r a d i g m i s :
1st sg.
Swtatwn
[i] had [ a l r e a d y ] gone
2nd sg.
Swtatay
[y°u sg. ] had [ a l r e a d y ] gone
3 r d sg.
Swtat
[he, s h e , it] had [ a l r e a d y ] gone
1st pl.
Swtatan
[we] had [ a l r e a d y ] gone
2nd pl.
Swtatyt
[y°u pl. ] had [ a l r e a d y ] gone
3 r d pl.
Swtatant
[they] had [ a l r e a d y ] gone
N e g a t i v e f o r m s c o n s i s t of / n a / + a following a f f i r m a t i v e c o p u l a - a u x i l i a r y o r e x i s t e n t i a l f o r m , o r the p r e f i x / n a / followed by the a f f i r m a t i v e v e r b a l p a r a d i g m . /na atat/
E . g.
[he, s h e , it] had not [ a l r e a d y ] b e e n
/na astatat/
[ t h e r e ] had not [ a l r e a d y ] b e e n
/naSwtatwn/
[I] had not [ a l r e a d y ] gone
/nabutatant/
[they] had not [ a l r e a d y ] b e e n , b e c o m e
/naproStat/
[he, s h e , it] had not [ a l r e a d y ] b r o k e n
The p a s t c o m p l e t i v e or p a s t p u n c t i l e a r f o r m a t i o n d e n o t e s a s i n g l e , u n i t a r y p a s t a c t i o n or event, w h o s e r e s u l t s , effects or c o n s e q u e n c e s w e r e t e r m i n a t e d b e f o r e s o m e l a t e r p a s t context ( e i t h e r e x p r e s s e d or i m p l i e d ) .
T h i s t e n s e - a s p e c t is e m p l o y e d only for an a c t i o n
or event s e e n a s o c c u r r i n g only once at a p a r t i c u l a r point of p a s t t i m e , and it t h u s cannot be u s e d for a r e p e a t e d a c t i o n or s t a t e extending o v e r a p r o l o n g e d p e r i o d of t i m e (but s e e below).
In view of i t s s t r o n g l y c o m p l e t i v e c o n n o t a t i o n s , it is often t r a n s l a t a b l e a s " a l r e a d y
had . . . e d " or "had finished . . . ing. " E. g. / a d r w s t b a n d i a y a l a k w r t a t . / He had [ a l r e a d y ] freed a l l the p r i s o n e r s . [The single p a s t a c t i o n w a s t e r m i n a t e d in the p a s t , t o g e t h e r with its effects and r e f e r e n c e . ] / a aS yda g v a s t a t a h t . / They had [ a l r e a d y ] p a s s e d by h e r e . o c c u r r e d only once at a definite point of p a s t t i m e . ]
[The action
/ m a n y a k k b a r e yda a[h]tatwn. / I had [ a l r e a d y ] c o m e h e r e o n c e . single p a s t a c t i o n w a s c o m p l e t e d in the p a s t . ]
[The
/ a i b r a s sakk najoR atat. / His b r o t h e r w a s v e r y ill. [ T h e event is s e e n a s o c c u r r i n g at s o m e p a r t i c u l a r point of p a s t t i m e , r a t h e r t h a n a s an indefinitely continuing s t a t e . ] / a y r a b a z a s p a s t a t a t . / He [ a l r e a d y ] had had m a n y h o r s e s . p a r t i c u l a r point of p a s t t i m e . ]
[At s o m e
P a s t c o m p l e t i v e or p a s t p u n c t i l e a r f o r m s of the c o n t i n u a t i v e , i t e r a t i v e , and o b l i g a t o r y f o r m a t i o n s a r e a l s o found (although they a r e not c o m m o n ) .
338
See S e e s . 1 1 . 4 0 1 , 1 1 . 6 0 1 , and
11.701.
E.g. / a m a vaxt ky baloS go p a r a n g i a m y R a g a a t a t a n t , a e t w m a n a y s a r d a r at. / At that [ v e r y ] t i m e when [lit. t h a t ] the B a l u c h i s w e r e fighting with the E u r o p e a n s , he w a s chief of t h i s t r i b e . [ / m y R a g a a t a t a n t / c o n n o t e s an a c t i o n which w a s c o n t i n u o u s at s o m e specific point of p a s t t i m e ; t h i s is f u r t h e r i n d i c a t e d by the e m p h a t i c / a m a / "that v e r y " : "at that v e r y t i m e that . . . "] / m a y pawj d e m a r a v a n a t a t a n t . / O u r a r m i e s kept a d v a n c i n g . p a r t i c u l a r point of p a s t t i m e . ]
[At s o m e
/ m a n a i d i v a n a r a v a g i na atatwn. / I did not have to [intend t o , have the c a p a c i t y to] go to h i s p a r t y . [At s o m e specific t i m e in the p a s t . ] / S w m a r a vat m y R a g i a t a t . / You y o u r s e l v e s had to fight. p a r t i c u l a r , definite o c c a s i o n . ]
15.302.
/ p a k k a / d e n o t e s " p e r m a n e n t (of r o a d s , h o u s e s , e t c . :
i.e.
[On s o m e
paved,
m a c a d a m i s e d , m a d e of stone or b r i c k ) . " It a l s o signifies " m a t u r e (of p e r s o n s ) . "
metalled, /pakka/
t h u s c o n t r a s t s with / p a k k a g / , which d e n o t e s " r i p e , cooked. " / p a k k a g / a l s o o c c u r s a s a v e r b , m e a n i n g "to r i p e n , to be cooked. " All t h r e e of t h e s e w o r d s a r e h i s t o r i c a l l y f r o m the s a m e s o u r c e .
E . g. / e r a [ h ] pakka ynt. / macadamised. ]
T h i s r o a d is p e r m a n e n t .
/ t a i sangatt pakkae m a r d e . / sensible, adult] man. / e a m b p a k k a g e na ant. /
Your friend i s a m a t u r e [i. e.
15. 304. formations:
paved,
wise,
A r e t h e s e cooked [ l o a v e s , p i e c e s of] b r e a d ?
/ y m s a l i z w r a t t zut p a k k a n t . /
T h i s y e a r the m i l l e t will r i p e n soon.
/ p ^ w j / d e n o t e s " a r m y " in g e n e r a l ;
military force.
metalled,
T h e s e m a n g o e s a r e not r i p e .
/ S e , e p a k k a g e nan a n t ? /
15. 303.
[I. e.
/ l a S k a r / t e n d s to signify a specific
T h e s e w o r d s often o v e r l a p .
/ y a l a / " f r e e , a s t r a y , l o o s e , l e a v i n g " o c c u r s in s e v e r a l c o m p l e x v e r b a l / y a l a b u a g / "to b e , b e c o m e f r e e , l o o s e , a s t r a y " ;
/ y a l a d a y a g / "to give u p ,
a b a n d o n , l e a v e " (often i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e with / [ k j y l l a g / "to l e a v e , a b a n d o n , let go, l e t " ) ; / y a l a k a n a g / "to m a k e f r e e , l i b e r a t e , let l o o s e . " E . g. / m a n i [h]ayal ynt, ky t a i a s p y a l a b u t a . / loose. / a zamindaria yala datant. /
I think that y o u r h o r s e h a s got
They gave up f a r m i n g .
/ a m m a y s a r d a r drwste gwlama yala kwrt. /
Our chief f r e e d a l l the s l a v e s .
The a d j e c t i v a l f o r m / y a l a i / d e n o t e s " f r e e , l o o s e , a s t r a y , at l i b e r t y . " E . g. / t a i baSS y a l a i b u t a . / Your son h a s gone a s t r a y . d i s o b e d i e n t , r e b e l l i o u s , ' a vagabond. ] / m a n ama yalaien wStyra distwn. / escaped] camel.
339
[I. e.
He h a s b e c o m e
I saw that s a m e l o o s e [i. e.
untethered,
15.305.
/ [ h ] a m a g / " r a w , u n r i p e , u n c o o k e d , n o n p e r m a n e n t (as an u n p a v e d r o a d ) ,
i m m a t u r e " is the a n t o n y m of both / p a k k a / and / p a k k a g / .
/ [ h j a m a g / d o e s not o c c u r a s a
verb.
15.306.
/ k a D D / signifies "hole, pit, d i t c h , p o t h o l e . " It t h u s c o n t r a s t s with / T w n g / ,
which d e n o t e s "hole (through s o m e t h i n g ) . " See Sec. 14. 200 (30).
15. 400.
Basic Sentences.
ai b r a s t r w n d a t a t a t , aw p a m e S a v a t i jana yStatat.
His b r o t h e r w a s h o t - t e m p e r e d and t h e r e fore left h i s wife.
m a n v a t a r a e buSa D a k k y t a t a t w n .
I had [ m u s t h a v e ] hidden m y s e l f in t h e s e bushes.
taw a m a d r w s t n a r y n j a p a S y t a t a t a y .
You had [ m u s t h a v e ] p e e l e d a l l t h o s e o r a n g e s ,
a oda k a l a t e b a s t a t a t ,
He had [ m u s t h a v e ] built [lit. had t i e d , m u s t have t i e d ] a fort o v e r t h e r e .
m a [hjar Sap a z m a n a k k j a t a t a t a n .
We had [ m u s t h a v e ] told [lit. had b e a t e n , m u s t have b e a t e n ] s t o r i e s e v e r y night.
Swma p a [ h ] r i e [ h j a r a d i s t a t a t y t .
You had [ m u s t h a v e ] s e e n the l a s t flood,
a aS gwSna m w r t a t a t a n t .
They had [ m u s t h a v e ] died f r o m h u n g e r ,
a baz v a r i s a g g y t a t a t , aw r a n d a vati Dyha yala datatat.
He had [ m u s t h a v e ] b o r n e m u c h t r o u b l e and a f t e r w a r d s had [ m u s t h a v e ] left h i s country.
ai m a d y a n Sa ko[h]a jwpp j a t a t a t .
His m a r e had [ m u s t h a v e ] j u m p e d f r o m the mountain.
ai n o r y a n aS e divala n a d r y k k y t a t a t .
His s t a l l i o n had [ m u s t h a v e ] not j u m p e d o v e r [lit. f r o m ] t h i s w a l l .
a m a t r w n d e Sanzag m a r a ra[h]a nagyptatat,
That s a m e s h a r p r a i n - s h o w e r had [ m u s t h a v e ] not caught u s on the r o a d .
a k a w m aS e d a r r a [ h ] a n a g v a s t a t a t .
That t r i b e [lit. n a t i o n ] had [ m u s t h a v e ] not p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h i s m o u n t a i n - p a s s .
15. 4 0 1 .
The "past p e r f e c t c o m p l e t i v e " f o r m of the c o p u l a - a u x i l i a r y v e r b c o n s i s t s of
the p a s t s t e m / a t / + / a t a t / ( p e r h a p s / a t / r e d u p l i c a t e d ) + the p e r s o n a l suffixes. is: 1st sg.
atatatwn
[I] had [ m u s t h a v e ] b e e n
2nd sg.
atatatay
[you sg. ] had [ m u s t h a v e ] b e e n
340
The p a r a d i g m
3 r d sg.
atatat
[ h e , she, it] had [ m u s t h a v e ] b e e n
lst
pl.
atatatan
[we] had [ m u s t h a v e ] b e e n
2nd p l .
atatatyt
[you pl. ] had [ m u s t h a v e ] b e e n
3 r d pl.
atatatant
[they] had [ m u s t h a v e ] b e e n
The e x i s t e n t i a l v e r b / a s t / d o e s not s e e m to o c c u r in t h i s p a r a d i g m : i s not found.
i. e.
"/astatatat/
F o r o t h e r v e r b s , t h i s t e n s e - a s p e c t f o r m a t i o n c o n s i s t s of the p a s t s t e m + / a t a t / + the personal endings.
The p a r a d i g m i s :
l s t sg.
Swtatatwn
[I] had [ m u s t h a v e ] gone
2nd sg.
Swtatatay
[y°u sg. ] had [ m u s t h a v e ] gone
3 r d sg.
Swtatat
[he, s h e , it] had [ m u s t h a v e ] gone
l s t pl.
Swtatatan
[we] had [ m u s t h a v e ] gone
2nd pl.
Swtatatyt
[you pl. ] had [ m u s t h a v e ] gone
3 r d pl.
Swtatatant
[they] had [ m u s t h a v e ] gone
A s u s u a l , n e g a t i v e f o r m s c o n s i s t s of / n a / + a following c o p u l a - a u x i l i a r y v e r b , or the p r e f i x / n o / + the a f f i r m a t i v e p a r a d i g m of o t h e r v e r b s .
E. g.
/naSwtatatwn/
[I] had [ m u s t h a v e ] not gone
/nabutatatant/
[they] had [ m u s t h a v e ] not b e e n , b e c o m e
/naproStatat/
[he, s h e , it] had [ m u s t h a v e ] not b r o k e n
The p a s t p e r f e c t c o m p l e t i v e f o r m a t i o n h a s two r a t h e r different s i g n i f i c a t i o n s : p a s t c o m p l e t i o n of an a c t i o n or e v e n t : some r e m o t e past event:
"had a l r e a d y . . . ed long a g o " ;
(a) far
and (b) likelihood of
" m u s t h a v e . . . ed. " Unlike the p a s t c o m p l e t i v e f o r m a t i o n i n t r o -
d u c e d in S e c . 15. 3 0 1 , t h i s t e n s e - a s p e c t is not l i m i t e d to s i n g l e , u n i t a r y a c t i o n s or e v e n t s ; it i s a l s o u s e d for r e p e a t e d o r h a b i t u a l a c t i o n s , p r o l o n g e d s t a t e s , e t c .
The p a s t p e r f e c t
c o m p l e t i v e is not c o m m o n , and the s t u d e n t should o b s e r v e o c c u r r i n g e x a m p l e s c a r e f u l l y . E.g. / a d r w s t b a n d i a y a l a k w r t a t a t . / He had [ m u s t h a v e ] freed a l l the p r i s o n e r s [ E i t h e r an a c t i o n c o m p l e t e d in the d i s t a n t p a s t , or e l s e an a c t i o n w h i c h the s p e a k e r t h i n k s m u s t have o c c u r r e d in the far p a s t . ] / a v a t i s a n g a t t a sakk j a t a t a t . / He had [ m u s t h a v e ] b e a t e n h i s friend s e v e r e l y . [ E i t h e r the a c t took p l a c e long a g o , or e l s e it is d e e m e d to be p r o b a b l e only. ] / a i d r w s t k a w m r o k a p t i synda Swtatat. / His whole n a t i o n [ t r i b e ] had [ m u s t h a v e ] gone off to w e s t e r n Sindh. [The a c t i o n e i t h e r took p l a c e long ago or e l s e is thought to be p r o b a b l e only. ] R a r e i n s t a n c e s a r e a l s o found of p a s t p e r f e c t c o m p l e t i v e c o n t i n u a t i v e , i t e r a t i v e , and obligatory formations.
E . g.
/ a vati gw[h]ara janan atatat. /
15.402.
/ t r w n d / denotes "hot-tempered,
He had [ m u s t h a v e ] kept b e a t i n g h i s s i s t e r .
s p i r i t e d (of h o r s e s , p e r s o n s , e t c . ) , " "swift
(of a r i v e r , w a t e r ) , " "tight (of a r o p e ) , " and " s h a r p , s e v e r e (of a s t o r m , r a i n ) . " E . g.
341
/ a m a r d s a k k t r w n d ynt, aw [h]ySS [ h j a b a r a n a s a g g i t . / T h a t m a n is v e r y h o t - t e m p e r e d and p u t s up with no n o n s e n s e [lit. d o e s not b e a r any matter], / e r e z a t r w n d kanyt! /
Tighten these r o p e s !
/ e jo[h]ay ap s a k k t r w n d taSit. /
The w a t e r of t h i s s t r e a m r u n s v e r y fast.
/ m a n a y a k k t r w n d e Sanzage r a [ h ] a gypt. / s h o w e r caught m e on the r o a d .
15. 403.
A swift [ s h a r p , s e v e r e ] r a i n -
/ k a l a t / has already been introduced as a proper n a m e :
a l s o an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d i v i s i o n of P a k i s t a n i B a l u c h i s t a n .
" K a l a t , " a city and
The l i t e r a l m e a n i n g of / k a l a t /
i s "fort, " h o w e v e r , the m e a n i n g given in Sec. 15. 400.
15. 404.
/ a z m a n a k k / " s t o r y , t a l e " d e n o t e s a p u r e l y fictional n a r r a t i v e ,
/kyssav/
" s t o r y ; t a l e , " on the o t h e r hand, m a y be e m p l o y e d e i t h e r for a fictional o r a f a c t u a l narrative.
15. 405.
/jwpp j a n a g / d e n o t e s "to j u m p down off (of s o m e t h i n g ) . " It d i f f e r s
from
/ d r y k k a g / , which signifies "to j u m p o v e r , a c r o s s . " E . g.
15. 406.
/ m a n aS e synga jwpp jatwn. /
I j u m p e d down f r o m t h i s r o c k ,
/ m a n aS e synga d r y k k y t w n . /
I j u m p e d o v e r [lit.
from] this rock.
Like / p a k k a g / (Sec. 15. 302 a b o v e ) , / S a n z a g / is a l s o both a noun ( " r a i n -
s h o w e r " ) and a v e r b a l infinitive ("to s h o w e r " ) .
15. 500.
Basic Sentences.
m a n [h]ivakka d r w s t Sia d a w r dat kanin.
I can t h r o w out a l l the t h i n g s by m y s e l f .
t a w t a m b a k a y s a w d a g y r i a Sie sut k w r t kanay.
You can m a k e s o m e p r o f i t in the t o b a c c o business.
m a n i z a m a s a m r i k a a b a l i - j a z a Swt kant.
My s o n - i n - l a w can go to A m e r i c a by [lit, in] an [lit. t h e ] a i r p l a n e .
m a d w S a m b e a a p i - j a z a Swt kanan.
We can go by [lit.
Swma a m m a y s a r g a l a Sa k a y z a y a l a k w r t kanyt.
You a r e able to f r e e our l e a d e r s f r o m imprisonment.
a Swmay m a l a [h]ul k w r t k a n a n t .
They a r e able to loot y o u r l i v e s t o c k .
a a m e [ h j i r o p a v a t i gydanay tanda t r w n d Sykkyt n a k a n t .
He will not be a b l e to pull the t e n t - r o p e s of h i s tent tight in t h i s w i n d s t o r m .
342
on] b o a t on Monday.
Swma yda r e D y o jat n a k a n y t .
You cannot play [lit.
a go m a t y a b a a[h]t n a k a n a n t .
T h e y w i l l not be a b l e to c o m e w i t h u s to the s e a s h o r e .
aga a i p a w j t a n a Sapa r a s t bj-kant, gwRa m a badiga jallyt kanan.
If h i s a r m y can a r r i v e by e v e n i n g , t h e n we w i l l be a b l e to stop the e n e m i e s .
aga t a w d r w s t n i v a g a s y s t b y k a n a y , gwRa m a n t a r a y a k k b a r e dat kanin.
If you can p i c k a l l the f r u i t , t h e n I w i l l be a b l e to give you one s h a r e .
15. 5 0 1 .
b e a t ] the r a d i o h e r e .
The " p r e s e n t p o t e n t i a l " c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n s i s t s of the p a s t s t e m of the v e r b
followed by the p r e s e n t - f u t u r e p a r a d i g m of / k a n a g / "to d o , m a k e . " T h i s f o r m a t i o n i s a t r u e c o m p o u n d v e r b a l c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n s i s t i n g of two s e p a r a t e w o r d u n i t s .
A sample
paradigm is: l s t sg.
Swt k a n i n
[i] can go
2nd sg.
Swt k a n a y
[you sg. ] c a n go
3 r d sg.
Swt kant
[ h e , s h e , it] can go
l s t pl.
Swt k a n a n
[we] can go
2nd pl.
Swt kanyt
[you pl. ] can go
3 r d pl.
Swt k a n a n t
[they] can go
T h e n e g a t i v e p r e f i x / n o / d o e s not p r e c e d e the p a s t s t e m of the m a i n v e r b ; i s found with the o c c u r r i n g f o r m of / k a n a g / . / m a n ayra dist nakanin. / / a t a r a gwSt n a k a n t . /
i n s t e a d it
E . g. I cannot see h i m .
He cannot t e l l you.
P r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e f o r m s of the p o t e n t i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e a l s o o c c a s i o n a l l y found. T h e c o n n e c t i v e conjunction which i n t r o d u c e s the r e s u l t c l a u s e is a l m o s t a l w a y s / g w R a / "then" (see Sec. 11.101).
E.g.
/ a g a taw e synga z w r t b y k a n a y , gwRa m a n t a i s y t a a kanin. / lift t h i s s t o n e , t h e n I w i l l p r a i s e you.
If you can
/ a g a m a n go Swma a[h]t b y k a n i n , gwRa m a n i dyl vaSS but kant. / can c o m e with you, t h e n m y h e a r t c a n be happy.
15. 502.
If I
/ [ h j i v a k k / " a l o n e , by oneself, o n l y " o c c u r s with v a r i o u s s u b s t a n t i v e suffixes.
It i s often i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e with / t a n i a / "only. " E . g. / m a n [h]ivakk wn. /
I a m all alone.
/ m a n yda [hjivakke baloS wn. / / m a n [hjivakka Swtatwn. /
I a m the only B a l u c h i h e r e .
I had [ a l r e a d y ] gone a l l by m y s e l f .
/ a [h]ivakka d r w s t b a d i g a g a r k w r t a . / a l l by h i m s e l f .
15. 503.
He h a s d e s t r o y e d a l l the e n e m i e s
/ b a l i - j a z / " a i r p l a n e " is a c o m p o u n d c o n s i s t i n g of / b a l i / , an a d j e c t i v a l f o r m
of / b a l / " f l y i n g " + / j a z / " s h i p , v e s s e l . " S i m i l a r l y , / a p i - j a z / " s h i p , b o a t " c o n s i s t s of
343
/ a p i / " w a t e r (adj. ) " + / j a z / .
/ a p i / h a s b e e n s e e n p r e v i o u s l y in / a p i - m y S i n /
"tubewell. "
/ j a z / h a s an a l t e r n a t e f o r m / j a [ h ] a z / .
15. 504. b r i n g s snow.
15. 505.
/ [ h ] i r o p / is the n a m e of a cold w i n t e r wind which b l o w s v i o l e n t l y and often It c a u s e s m u c h d a m a g e to the c r o p s .
/ j a l l a g / d e n o t e s "to stop (a t h r o w n o b j e c t , a p e r s o n f r o m a d v a n c i n g ) , to
b l o c k the w a y , o b s t r u c t . " When s i m p l e c e s s a t i o n of m o t i o n is m e a n t , / d a r a g / "to hold, stop, wait, s t a y " is employed.
E. g.
/ m a n synge Santwn, b a l e a go d a s t a j a l l y t y S . / stopped it with [ h i s ] hand.
I t h r e w a s t o n e , but he
/ m a sakk m y R y t a n , aw a v a n i pawja j a l l y t a n . / their a r m y [from advancing].
We fought h a r d and stopped
/ a m a r d w m a byjall! /
Stop that m a n !
[I. e.
B l o c k h i s way!
/ a mardwma bydar! / running, etc. ]
Stop that m a n !
[I. e.
C a u s e h i m to c e a s e walking,
/ m a n v a t i m o T a l a daStwn. /
Compare: ]
I stopped m y c a r .
/ m a n ra[h]a daStwn. / I stopped on the r o a d , [ / d a r a g / is a l s o u s e d i n t r a n s i t i v e l y in the m e a n i n g of "to stop, stay. "]
15. 600.
Basic Sentences,
m a n t a i e m a [ h ] a y gwStanka Sing k w r t kwrtwn.
I could have p u b l i s h e d t h i s m o n t h ' s s p e e c h of y o u r s .
t a w k a S a k a y m a l a Ser dat k w r t a y .
You could have hidden the s m u g g l e d goods [lit. goods of s m u g g l i n g ] .
a v a t i jana vaSS daSt n a k w r t .
He could not k e e p h i s wife happy.
Swma e Dawle j w r r a b gvapt kwrtyt,
You could have woven t h i s kind of s t o c k i n g s ,
a m a y s a r m a S a r a jallyt n a k w r t a n t .
They could not halt our b r a v e [ s o l d i e r j s .
m a n zie donza ra[h]a d i s t n a k w r t w n .
In y e s t e r d a y ' s d u s t I could not s e e the road.
15. 6 0 1 .
The "past p o t e n t i a l " f o r m a t i o n differs f r o m the p r e s e n t p o t e n t i a l only in the
o c c u r r i n g t e n s e - a s p e c t f o r m of / k a n a g / .
This c o n s t r u c t i o n d e n o t e s an a c t i o n or event
which w a s p o s s i b l e or p o t e n t i a l in the p a s t but which w a s not r e a l i s e d :
"could have . . . ed.
The p a r a d i g m i s : l s t sg.
Swt k w r t w n
[i] could have gone
2nd sg.
Swt k w r t a y
[you sg. ] could have gone
3 r d sg.
Swt k w r t
[he, s h e , it] could have gone
344
l s t pl.
Swt k w r t a n
[we] could have gone
2nd pl.
Swt k w r t y t
[ y ° u pl- ] could have gone
3 r d pl.
Swt k w r t a n t
[they] could h a v e gone
It should be p o i n t e d out that the p o t e n t i a l f o r m a t i o n (i. e. no s p e c i f i c t e m p o r a l r e f e r e n c e of i t s own; of the o c c u r r i n g f o r m of / k a n a g / .
the p a s t s t e m + / k a n a g / ) h a s
i t s t e n s e - a s p e c t d e p e n d s upon the t e n s e - a s p e c t
Of the v a r i o u s p o s s i b i l i t i e s , p r e s e n t - f u t u r e and p r e s e n t
s u b j u n c t i v e e x a m p l e s h a v e b e e n given in S e c . 15. 500, and s i m p l e p a s t f o r m s h a v e b e e n i l l u s t r a t e d in S e c . 1 5 . 6 0 0 .
Aside from these, p r e s e n t perfect, past perfect, past completive,
e t c . t e n s e - a s p e c t f o r m s a r e a l s o p o s s i b l e for the p o t e n t i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n , a l t h o u g h e x a m p l e s are rather uncommon.
E . g.
/ m a e s a k k e r a [ h ] a Swt k w r t a g a n . / t h i s difficult r o a d .
We h a v e b e e n a b l e to go by [lit.
on]
/ p e S a y m a r d w m e g r a n e synga z w r t k w r t a g a t a n t . / Men of a n c i e n t t i m e s [lit. of b e f o r e ] had b e e n a b l e to lift t h e s e h e a v y s t o n e s . [I. e. b e f o r e s o m e l a t e r p a s t e v e n t . Without context the e x a c t s e n s e of the B a l u c h i is difficult to r e n d e r into E n g l i s h . ] / m a n a y r a jat k w r t a t w n . / I had [ a l r e a d y ] b e e n a b l e to hit h i m . s o m e specific point of p a s t t i m e . ]
15. 602.
[At
The b a s i c m e a n i n g of / S i n g / is s o m e t h i n g like " s e r i a l e m i s s i o n " or " s p r e a d i n g
out one a f t e r a n o t h e r . " / S i n g b u a g / t h u s d e n o t e s "to be s p r e a d out (as a g i r l ' s t r e s s e s l o o s e on h e r s h o u l d e r s ) , " "to m o v e along leaving a t r a i l (as a m e t e o r , a c a r t r a v e l l i n g on a d u s t y r o a d ) , " and by an e x t e n s i o n of m e a n i n g , "to be p u b l i s h e d " (i. e. after another").
"to be e m i t t e d one
All of t h e s e m e a n i n g s a r e e x p r e s s e d t r a n s i t i v e l y by / S i n g k a n a g / . / m a n v a t i dwe kytaba Sing k w r t a g w n . / / m a r o S i a i gwStank Sing b u t a . /
E. g.
I have p u b l i s h e d both m y b o o k s .
Today h i s s p e e c h h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d .
/ y s t a r e Sing but. / A m e t e o r [lit. s t a r ] fell. l e a v i n g a glowing t r a i l behind it. ]
[I. e.
/ m o T a l a y d a n z Sing ynt. / The d u s t r a i s e d by [lit. i s s p r e a d out [along the r o a d behind it].
The m e t e o r fell of] the a u t o m o b i l e
/ a jynykk v a t i m a [ h ] p a r a Sing k w r t a t . / That g i r l had [ a l r e a d y ] s p r e a d out h e r h a i r [ l o o s e l y on h e r s h o u l d e r s ] .
15. 6 0 3 .
/ S e r d a y a g / d e n o t e s "to put u n d e r n e a t h " ;
it i s a l s o e m p l o y e d for "to h i d e "
and is s y n o n y m o u s in t h i s m e a n i n g with / D a k k a g / "to h i d e . " E . g. / m a n v a t i k a r S a Ser datwn. /
I hid [lit.
/ a v a t a r a m a n draSka Dakkyta. /
15, 604.
put u n d e r n e a t h ] m y knife,
He h a s hidden h i m s e l f in the t r e e s .
V a r i o u s t e m p o r a l a d v e r b s and a d v e r b i a l p h r a s e s o c c u r with the " a t t r i b u t i v e "
suffix / e n / - / e / a s a d j e c t i v e s modifying a following noun.
E. g.
/ m a n t a i zie k a r a k w r t n a k w r t w n . / I could not do y o u r w o r k y e s t e r d a y . [ L i t . y o u r y e s t e r d a y (adj. ) w o r k . ]
345
/ m a b a n d a e [ h j a b a r a n wSkyt k a n a n . / n e w s . [Also / b a n d a g e / . ] / a maroSie rotaka avwrta. /
We w i l l be a b l e to h e a r t o m o r r o w ' s
He h a s b r o u g h t t o d a y ' s n e w s p a p e r .
/ p a r e r i e [h]ara baz m a r d w m mwrtagant. / flood m a n y p e o p l e h a v e d i e d . / d o S i e divan b a z j v a n at. /
In day b e f o r e y e s t e r d a y ' s
Last night's party was very nice.
A n u m b e r of t e m p o r a l w o r d s suffix / i / - / i g / b e f o r e / e n / - / e / .
E . g.
/ t a w sobie janga d i s t k w r t a y . / You could h a v e s e e n [this J m o r n i n g ' s b a t t l e , [ / s o b i e / " m o r n i n g (adj. ) " o c c u r s r a t h e r t h a n ' " / s o b e / . ] / a a m a Sapige dwzz a t a t a n t . / T h e y w e r e the t h i e v e s of t h a t v e r y night. [I. e. They w e r e the s a m e t h i e v e s who had c o m m i t t e d a r o b b e r y on that v e r y night. / S a p i e / or / S a p i g e / "night (adj. ) " o c c u r s r a t h e r t h a n ''f'&STpe/. ]
/ a m a b e g a i e Sapa b a z m a r d w m atant. / In that e v e n i n g ' s d a n c e m a n y people w e r e [ p r e s e n t ] . [Not v / b e g o e / . ] O t h e r t e m p o r a l p h r a s e s m a y e i t h e r p o s s e s s the following noun or m a y o c c u r with / i / / i g / before / e n / - / e / .
E . g.
/ p a [ h ] r i e s a l a y [ h ] i r o p b a z t r w n d at. / Last y e a r ' s windstorm was very s e v e r e [lit. swift]. [Also / p a [ h ] r i s a l i e / - - but not v / p a [ h ] r i s a l e / or ^ / p a [ h ] r i e s a l e / . ]
15. 700.
Basic Sentences.
m a n a y r a e Dawla jat k w r t n a k a n i n .
I cannot b e a t h i m in .this way.
Se, taw dyga nan v a r t k w r t n a k a n a y ?
C a n ' t you eat any m o r e [lit.
a t a r a y m S a p i e nana loTyt k w r t n a k w r t ,
He could not invite you to t o n i g h t ' s d i n n e r [lit. b r e a d ] .
m a ai dema Saryt kwrt nakwrtan.
We could not look at h i s f a c e .
Swma poSie divana a[h]t k w r t kanyt!
You will be able to c o m e to day a f t e r tomorrow's party!
a m m a y s y a l e [ h j a b a r a saggyt k w r t n a k w r t a n t .
Our r e l a t i v e s could not b e a r t h i s n e w s .
15. 701. + / k w r t / (i. e.
other] bread?
The " e m p h a t i c p o t e n t i a l " c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n s i s t s of the p a s t s t e m of the v e r b the p a s t s t e m of / k a n a g / "to do, m a k e " ) + a n o t h e r inflected f o r m of / k a n a g / .
V a r i o u s t e n s e - a s p e c t f o r m s of t h i s t h r e e m e m b e r compound v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n a r e found, but the c o m m o n e s t a r e p r e s e n t - f u t u r e and s i m p l e p a s t .
S e m a n t i c a l l y , the e m p h a t i c p o t e n t i a l
f o r m a t i o n is i d e n t i c a l with t h o s e c o n s t r u c t i o n s d e s c r i b e d in S e e s . 15. 501 and 15. 6 0 1 , e x c e p t that it c a r r i e s s t r o n g e r c o n n o t a t i o n s of c a p a c i t y and p o t e n t i a l i t y : go. " E . g.
346
"CAN go, " "COULD
/ m a n t a r a d r w s t p a y s a g a dat k w r t kanin. / I CAN give you a l l the m o n e y , [ / d a t k w r t k a n i n / l a y s s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r s t r e s s upon the s p e a k e r ' s a b i l i t y to p e r f o r m the a c t i o n than / d a t k a n i n / . ] / a v a n i s a r g a l [h]ySS S a r r e k a r e peS daSt k w r t n a k w r t a n t . / Their leaders could not show any good a c c o m p l i s h m e n t [lit. w o r k ] . [ S t r e s s i s laid upon the i n a b i l i t y of the s u b j e c t s to p e r f o r m the a c t i o n . ] / m a b a d i g a n anSwSe t e l a n k e d a t a n , ky a d e m a [h]ySS a[h]t k w r t n a k w r t a n t . / We gave the e n e m i e s such a p u s h that they could not a d v a n c e at a l l .
15.800.
Basic Sentences.
m a n Swt, a y r a a m e vaR gwSt, ky t a w m a n a gwStatay.
I went [and] told h i m the s a m e thing [lit. t h i s v e r y w a y ] that you had told m e .
peS m a a v a n i s a r a wrwSS k w r t , aw a v a n i g y s a sotk, aw a v a b a n d i k w r t a n .
F i r s t we m a d e an a t t a c k upon t h e m , and b u r n e d t h e i r h o u s e s , and [then] m a d e t h e m prisoner.
m a n d i s t , ky a m a dwzz ant, ky peS m a y d w k k a n a j a t at ant.
I saw that [they] w e r e [lit. a r e ] t h o s e s a m e t h i e v e s who [lit. t h a t ] had r a i d e d [lit. b e a t e n ] o u r shop b e f o r e .
m a r o S i a m m a y s a r m a S a r wrwSS k w r t , a m a [h]anda d v a r a g gypt, aw b a d i g a p a d i t e l a n k datant.
Today o u r b r a v e [ s o l d i e r ] s a t t a c k e d , c a p t u r e d [lit. s e i z e d ] that s a m e p l a c e a g a i n , and d r o v e the e n e m i e s b a c k .
m a n Se gwna[h]e k w r t a g a t , ky taw m a n a s a z a d a t , m a n i m a l a pwlyt, aw m a n i z a [ h ] g - w zalbula var kwrtay.
What sin had I c o m m i t t e d , that you p u n i s h e d m e , s e i z e d [lit. s n a t c h e d ] m y l i v e s t o c k , and h a r a s s e d m y d e p e n d a n t s ?
15. 8 0 1 .
One i m p o r t a n t p e c u l i a r i t y of c o n n e c t e d B a l u c h i d i s c o u r s e is the o p t i o n a l
o m i s s i o n of p e r s o n a l suffixes f r o m the v e r b .
U t t e r a n c e i n i t i a l and m e d i a l c l a u s e s in a
c o n n e c t e d n a r r a t i v e often c o n t a i n v e r b s lacking the final p e r s o n a l suffixes.
In c a s e s w h e r e
the c o n t e x t i s c l e a r , t h i s p h e n o m e n o n m a y continue t h r o u g h s e v e r a l o t h e r w i s e s e p a r a t e sentences.
It is l i m i t e d , h o w e v e r , to t h o s e v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s b a s e d on the p a s t s t e m (i. e.
the s i m p l e p a s t , the p r e s e n t p e r f e c t , the p a s t p e r f e c t , the p a s t c o m p l e t i v e , the p a s t p e r f e c t c o m p l e t i v e , and v a r i o u s c o m p o u n d v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s containing any of t h e s e t e n s e - a s p e c t s ) . P e r s o n a l v e r b a l suffixes a r e n e v e r o m i t t e d in the p r e s e n t - f u t u r e or p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e paradigms. T h i s p h e n o m e n o n , m o r e o v e r , i s not found equally for a l l of the p e r s o n s of the v e r b : it is e x t r e m e l y c o m m o n for the l s t sg. and the 3 r d pl. ; l s t pl. f o r m s ;
it is s l i g h t l y l e s s f r e q u e n t for
and it is r a t h e r u n c o m m o n for 2nd sg. and 2nd pl. v e r b s .
The 3 r d sg.
form
c o n s i s t s only of t h e p a s t s t e m + the t e n s e - a s p e c t suffix, of c o u r s e , and t h u s h a s no " s h o r t form. " In e v e r y i n s t a n c e t h i s o m i s s i o n of the p e r s o n a l suffixes is o p t i o n a l , and f o r m s with t h e e x p e c t e d suffix a r e u n i v e r s a l l y
substitutable.
347
F r o m a s t y l i s t i c point of v i e w ,
however,
B a l u c h i s p e a k e r s m a y feel that a given p a s s a g e is " b e t t e r " o r " s m o o t h e r " when s o m e of t h e p e r s o n a l e n d i n g s a r e d r o p p e d f r o m the p a s t t e n s e v e r b s o€ c o n n e c t e d c l a u s e s .
When-
e v e r a c l a u s e s t a n d s alone a s a s t r e s s e d , i n d i v i d u a l u t t e r a n c e , i t s v e r b m u s t h a v e the e x p e c t e d p e r s o n a l suffix.
E. g.
/ m a n e k a r a k w r t , aw r a n d a gon a i b a z a r a Swtwn. / I did t h i s job and a f t e r w a r d s went with h i m to the m a r k e t . [Although / k w r t w n / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e in the f i r s t c l a u s e , it g i v e s a s o m e w h a t choppy, u n c o n n e c t e d feeling, a s though e a c h c l a u s e w e r e a s e p a r a t e unit. ] / z a l b u l y S a R t a v w r t , nan w o m e n b r o u g h t flour, [Although / a v w r t a n t / c l a u s e s , they tend to
15.900.
patk, aw d r w s t m e m a n a n a n d a t a n t . / Their b a k e d b r e a d , and gave b r e a d to a l l the g u e s t s . and / p a t k a n t / a r e p o s s i b l e in the f i r s t two b r e a k up the s m o o t h n e s s of the n a r r a t i v e . ]
Basic Sentences.
b a S a k k a v a t i d a n t a n a proSt.
The boy b r o k e h i s t e e t h .
t a i v a s s u a t a i gysa p a r Se y a l a dat,
Why did y o u r m o t h e r - i n - l a w l e a v e y o u r house ?
m a y a p s a r a v a t i n o k o r a daRko dat, aw a aS n o k a r i a dwSar dat.
Our s u p e r i o r [lit. officer] s c o l d e d h i s s e r v a n t , and he [i. e. the s e r v a n t ] r e s i g n e d f r o m the job.
s a r k a r a a m m a y [hjanda b a z pol b a s t a g a t ,
The g o v e r n m e n t had c o n s t r u c t e d [lit. m a n y b r i d g e s in our a r e a .
loRia m a n i k a r S S a r r i a tez n a k w r t a ,
The LoRi h a s not s h a r p e n e d m y knife well.
b o z g o r a vati l a n g a r kwnT kwrt.
The t e n a n t - f a r m e r blunted h i s plow.
b a n u r a s a l u n k a r a Se javab dat,
What r e p l y did the b r i d e give to the b r i d e groom ?
[h]alkay m a r d w m a [h]ySt mwSS k w r t a t , aw a m a j a g a a d i v a l e joR k w r t a t a n t .
The people of the v i l l a g e had g a t h e r e d b r i c k f s ] and had built a w a l l in that v e r y place.
ava vat S a k a s y t a g y S , aw a v a n i S a k a s a baz noke [hjabar d a r a[h]tagant.
They t h e m s e l v e s have t e s t e d it, and in t h e i r t e s t m a n y new m a t t e r s h a v e c o m e to light [lit. have c o m e out].
ava ko[h]ay s a r a k a l a t e b a s t a g a t a n t ,
They had built [lit. the m o u n t a i n .
a m a k a r e z , ky awgana k a S s y t a t a t a n t , kaptatatant.
T h o s e s a m e k a r e z , which the Afghans, had built [lit. had p u l l e d ] , had fallen [down].
15. 9 0 1 .
tied]
t i e d ] a fort on top of
As w a s s t a t e d in S e e s . 2. 401 and 2. 402, the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a /
and the " p l u r a l - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a n / - / a / have m a n y u s e s , one of which is the m a r k i n g of 348
the s u b j e c t of c e r t a i n t y p e s of v e r b s .
T h i s u s a g e h a s the following l i m i t a t i o n s :
(a) it is
p o s s i b l e only for the s u b j e c t of a t r a n s i t i v e v e r b in one of the p a s t t e n s e s (e. g.
the s i m p l e
p a s t , t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t , the p a s t p e r f e c t , e t c . , or any c o m p o u n d v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n i n g one of t h e s e t e n s e - a s p e c t s ) ;
(b) t h i s u s a g e i s r e s t r i c t e d to noun s u b j e c t s and to the d e m o n s -
t r a t i v e s (the o b j e c t i v e f o r m s of the p l u r a l d e m o n s t r a t i v e s a r e u s e d :
/ e S a / , / a v a / , etc. ;
the s i n g u l a r d e m o n s t r a t i v e s e m p l o y the p o s s e s s i v e f o r m s jh the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / : / a i / , / e S i / , / a i a / , or / e S y a / ) ;
(c) t h i s u s a g e i s c o m m o n e s t in c o n n e c t e d n a r r a t i v e s w h e r e
a definite s u b j e c t h a s b e e n p r e v i o u s l y i n t r o d u c e d and identified;
(d) in the R a k h s h a n i d i a l e c t
t h i s f o r m a t i o n is o p t i o n a l and d e p e n d s upon f a c t o r s of style and p e r s o n a l p r e f e r e n c e . To s t a t e the m a t t e r c o n v e r s e l y , the subject of a v e r b i s NOT m a r k e d by / a / or / a n / / a / w h e n (a) t h e v e r b i s i n t r a n s i t i v e (i. e.
cannot t a k e an object:
e. g.
/ r a v a g / "to g o " ) ,
(b) when the v e r b i s in any t e n s e - a s p e c t m o d e b a s e d on the p r e s e n t s t e m (i. e. f u t u r e , the p r e s e n t s u b j u n c t i v e , or the i m p e r a t i v e ) ; pronoun.
the p r e s e n t -
(c) when the subject i s a p e r s o n a l
E . g. / b a z g a r a a mwlka langar kwrta. / The t e n a n t - f a r m e r h a s plowed in that field. [The s u b j e c t , / b a z g a r a / , is m a r k e d by the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / . C o m p a r e : ] / b a z g a r a mwlka langar kwrta. / The t e n a n t - f a r m e r h a s plowed in that field. [The s u b j e c t , / b a z g a r / , o c c u r s without / a / . Both of t h e s e e x a m p l e s a r e a p p a r e n t l y s y n o n y m o u s and i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e (except for m a t t e r s of s t y l e ) . The p r e c e d i n g e x a m p l e , h o w e v e r , is m o r e likely to o c c u r in a c o n n e c t e d n a r r a t i v e w h e r e the subject is definite and h a s b e e n p r e v i o u s l y identified. ] / b a z g a r a n a mwlka langar kwrtagant. / The t e n a n t - f a r m e r s have plowed in that field. [The s u b j e c t , / b a z g a r a n / , is m a r k e d by the " p l u r a l d e f i n i t e " suffix / a n / - / a / . T h i s suffix is o p t i o n a l , a s j u s t d e s c r i b e d above. ]
When the c l a u s e a l s o c o n t a i n s a d i r e c t object, a m b i g u i t y m a y r e s u l t if both subject and object a r e m a r k e d with / a / or / a n / - / a / . e v e n though it m a y be d e f i n i t e .
A r u i n a n i m a t e object is thus u s u a l l y left u n m a r k e d ,
E. g.
/ t a i p y s s a m a n i swnduk paS k w r t . / Your father opened m y box. [The s u b j e c t , / p y s s a / , is m a r k e d by the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / ; the object, / s w n d u k / , h a s no o b j e c t - m a r k i n g suffix. Compare:] / t a i p y s s m a n i swnduka paS k w r t . / Your father opened m y box. [The s u b j e c t , / p y s s / , is u n m a r k e d , and the definite object, / s w n d u k a / , m u s t t h e r e f o r e be m a r k e d by the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / . ] / b a S a k k a poto Santat. / The boy had [ a l r e a d y ] t h r o w n the b a l l . [The s u b j e c t , / b a S a k k a / , is m a r k e d by / a / ; the object is t h e r e f o r e left unmarked. ] / D r e v a r a lari avwrt. / The d r i v e r b r o u g h t the t r u c k . [ T h i s s e n t e n c e is a m b i g u o u s s i n c e it m a y m e a n "The t r u c k b r o u g h t the d r i v e r " (with the n o r m a l s u b j e c t - o b j e c t o r d e r r e v e r s e d ) . C o m p a r e : ] / D r e v a r laria avwrt. / The d r i v e r b r o u g h t the t r u c k . [ T h i s f o r m is u n a m b i g u o u s and thus p r e f e r r e d in the a b s e n c e of c o n t e x t . ] E v e n when the object is a n i m a t e , it m a y be left u n m a r k e d .
A m b i g u i t y is p a r t i a l l y
c l a r i f i e d by c o n t e x t , of c o u r s e , and a l s o by intonation c o n t o u r and p h r a s e - b r e a k .
E. g.
/ a i b r a s t a i p y s s a kwSta. / His b r o t h e r h a s k i l l e d y o u r f a t h e r . [The s u b j e c t , / b r a s / , i s not m a r k e d , while the object, / p y s s a / , is m a r k e d
349
by / a / .
Compare: ]
/ t a i p y s s a a i b r a s kwSta. / YOUR F A T H E R h a s k i l l e d h i s b r o t h e r . [The s u b j e c t , / p y s s a / , c a r r i e s e m p h a t i c i n t o n a t i o n a l p i t c h - s t r e s s and is m a r k e d by / a / . The object, / b r a s / , is u n m a r k e d . C o m p a r e : ] / t a i p y s s a + 2i b r a s kwSta. / HIS b r o t h e r h a s k i l l e d y o u r f a t h e r . [The object, / p y s s a / , is b r o u g h t f i r s t and is s e p a r a t e d f r o m the r e s t of the s e n t e n c e by a p h r a s e b r e a k . The s u b j e c t , / b r a s / , i s not m a r k e d by / a / . T h i s r e v e r s a l of the e x p e c t e d w o r d o r d e r is done to e m p h a s i s e the object and the following identity of the s u b j e c t . ] Object s t a t u s is m a d e m o r e e m p h a t i c by the suffix / [ r ] a / ; / [ r ] a / is s t i l l m o r e frequent with an i n d i r e c t object.
s e e S e e s . 5. 102 and 5. 103.
E . g.
/ m a s T a r a b a S a k k a r a sakk j a t a . / The t e a c h e r h a s b e a t e n the boy s e v e r e l y . [The s u b j e c t , / m a s T a r a / , is m a d e e m p h a t i c a l l y definite by / a / j the object s t a t u s of / b a S a k k a r a / is e m p h a s i s e d by / [ r ] a / . ] / s a r d a r a v a t i b a S S a r a gwStatyS. / The chief had [ a l r e a d y ] told it to h i s son. [The subject is m a r k e d by / a / ; the i n d i r e c t o b j e c t , / b a S S a r a / , is specified and e m p h a s i s e d by / [ r ] a / . The d i r e c t o b j e c t , / y S / , is suffixed to the v e r b . ] U s a g e v a r i e s in o t h e r d i a l e c t s .
F o r e x a m p l e , the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " and " p l u r a l - d e f i n i t e "
suffixes a r e a l m o s t o b l i g a t o r y with a noun or d e m o n s t r a t i v e subject in s o m e v a r i e t i e s of Makrani Baluchi.
The s i t u a t i o n is s i m i l a r for the M a r i - B u g t i d i a l e c t s a l s o . /Synykka r a m a g p a r Se y a l a dat. / Why [The s u b j e c t , / S y n y k k a / , is m a r k e d is u n m a r k e d . T h i s s e n t e n c e is a l s o for R a k h s h a n i B a l u c h i . It is quoted in K a r a c h i . ]
E . g.
did the g o a t - k i d l e a v e the h e r d ? by / a / ; the object, / r a m a g / , c o r r e c t - - though o p t i o n a l - from a children's p r i m e r published
In t h i s s a m e connection s t i l l a n o t h e r d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the R a k h s h a n i d i a l e c t and c e r t a i n E a s t e r n and S o u t h e r n d i a l e c t s m u s t be m e n t i o n e d :
in the l a t t e r d i a l e c t s , when the
subject of a p a s t t e n s e t r a n s i t i v e v e r b is m a r k e d by / a / or / a n / - / a / , the v e r b no l o n g e r a g r e e s in n u m b e r - p e r s o n with the subject but i n s t e a d a g r e e s with the O B J E C T !
This usage
is not found in that d i a l e c t of R a k h s h a n i B a l u c h i i n v e s t i g a t e d by the a u t h o r s . E . g. / g w r k a dantan trwndtyr kwrtant. / The wolf t i g h t e n e d [ h i s ] t e e t h [on the g o a t - k i d ' s t h r o a t ] . [The s i n g u l a r subject, / g w r k a / , is m a r k e d by / a / . The p l u r a l object, / d a n t a n / , is not m a r k e d , and the p l u r a l v e r b , / k w r t a n t / , a g r e e s with it. T h i s e x a m p l e is a l s o quoted f r o m the c h i l d r e n ' s p r i m e r m e n t i o n e d a b o v e . R a k h s h a n i B a l u c h i would have / g w r k d a n t a n a t r w n d t y r k w r t . / or / g w r k a d a n t a n t r w n d t y r k w r t . / - but n e v e r a p l u r a l v e r b to a g r e e with a p l u r a l object. ]
15. 902.
The b a s i c m e a n i n g of / d w S a r / is " c o n f r o n t a t i o n , c o m i n g face to face. "
Thus,
/ d w S a r k a p a g / d e n o t e s "to (accidentally) c o m e face to face, " and / d w S a r b u a g / signifies "to confront, face. " / d w S a r d a y a g / h a s the extended m e a n i n g of "to r e s i g n (from a job, e t c . ). " E. g. / m a n r a [ h ] a go n a [ h ] a r a dwSar kaptwn. / I ( a c c i d e n t a l l y ) c a m e face to face with the w i l d - a n i m a l on the r o a d . / m a n go badiga dwSar bin. / enemies.
350
I will confront [i. e.
f a c e , stand up to] the
/ a i b o r S i Sa n o k a r i a d w S a r d a y a g l o T i t . / the j o b .
15. 903.
/ l o R i / is r o u g h l y s y n o n y m o u s with / D o m b / .
H i s cook w a n t s to r e s i g n f r o m
In s o m e p a r t s of B a l u c h i s t a n a
m e m b e r of the t r i b e l e s s " c a s t e " of a r t i s a n s is t e r m e d a / l o R i / and in o t h e r r e g i o n s / D o m b / . Both t e r m s a r e known in m o s t a r e a s , h o w e v e r , and a r e m o r e or l e s s i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e . See S e c . 14. 200 (46).
15. 1000.
D r i l l s and E x e r c i s e s
15. 1001.
Substitution.
b a d i g a n i pawj
ammay mwlka
the s o l d i e r s
on t h e i r fort
our b r a v e [ s o l d i e r j s
on the a r m y of the e n e m i e s
those tribes
on our v i l l a g e s
the c a m e l - r i d e r s
on t h e i r c a m p
their airplanes
on our c i t i e s
m a tana d e r a
wrwSS k w r t a n t .
ra[h]a Sarytagatan.
a api-jazay his m o t h e r - i n - l a w ' s the b r i d e 's our s o n - i n - l a w ' s those LoRis' the b r i d e g r o o m ' s
man
vati sypaia
dem datagwn.
a l l the p r i s o n e r s
have f r e e d
his speech
have p u b l i s h e d
those knives the t e n t - r o p e s of the t e n t s
have sharpened
the b a l l
h a v e hidden
a m m a y pySSi
have pulled (tight)
my stocking
Donna u n d e r the b e d d i n g [lit. b e d d i n g s ]
their radio
on the r o a d
the a r m y of the enemy
in the f o r e s t
my stallion
in the m o u n t a i n s
t h e i r h e r d [of s h e e p ]
in the d e s e r t
351
gar buta.
5.
ma
Sing k w r t a t a n .
ai gwStanka his words the n a m e s of t h o s e m e r c h a n t s a l l seven b o o k s the l e t t e r s of our g r e a t leader some epic-poems
6.
7.
Se, taw
narynja
paSytatay ?
this jewellery
had s m u g g l e d
the wheat of t h i s field
had t e s t e d
the t r u c k
had p u s h e d
her comb
had s n a t c h e d away
your s o n - i n - l a w
had i n s t r u c t e d [i. e.
dival
pakka
house
p e r m a n e n t [i. e.
road
nonpermanent [i.e.
apricot
ripe
road
permanent [i.e.
pumpkin
unripe
Se, swma
wStyray
10.
ynt.
sara
of s t o n e ] unpaved]
paved]
our b a g g a g e
the d o n k e y ' s
those baskets
the t r u c k ' s
a l l the b r i c k s
the r i d i n g - c a m e l s '
our w a t e r - b a g s
the b u s ' s
my b o x e s paSaga
knife
sharpening
jewsharp
playing
story
telling
fish
catching
brick
making
[hjirope
badSa[h]ay pawja
a rain-shower
your s o n - i n - l a w
snow [lit.
your h e r d of c a m e l s
a snow]
a wind
your d e p e n d a n t s
dust and a wind
that m e r c h a n t ' s t r u c k s
a fever
the officer
11. m a so
bar kwrtagyt ?
drwst mai
the h o r s e ' s
a loRia a y r a nan
badiga
shown how to do s o m e t h i n g ]
t w r s a g a atan.
wild-animals their army thieves
352
rwmayyta,
gyptat,
smallpox that nation 12. dwe b r a s Sa
zamindaria
b a z sut k w r t a g a t a n t ,
smuggling trade this skill this very restaurant their truck-depot 13.
Sapa
a pire mard
azmanakk
that D o m b
his swronz
the L o R i
damburag
h i s student
radio
that l i v e s t o c k - o w n e r
flute
my grandmother
conversation
14. a s y p a i
15.
j a n a n atat.
petapa
leTytatat.
the a i r p l a n e
in the clouds
had b e c o m e l o s t
the Mulla
u n d e r the t r e e
had sat
our chief
had b e c o m e free
my m a r e
from imprisonment o v e r [lit. f r o m ] that stream
the b r i d e
from her husband
had b e c o m e s e p a r a t e d
ma
15. 1002.
had j u m p e d
avani laskara
darra[h]a
jallytatan.
ourselves
in the b u s h e s
had hidden
the boat
on the b e a c h
had d r a w n [upj
the cat
outside
had put out
their army
in the s o u t h e r n a r e a
had p u s h e d b a c k
their
in the fort
had m a d e p r i s o n e r
officers
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l I.
C h a n g e the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b f o r m s in the following s e n t e n c e s f r o m the s i m p l e p a s t to (a) the p r e s e n t p e r f e c t , perfect completive.
(b) the p a s t p e r f e c t ,
(c) the p a s t c o m p l e t i v e , and (d) the p a s t
E. g.
Instructor:
/ m a n i p y s S i g a r but. /
Student:
/ m a n i pySSi g a r b u t a . /
[And: ]
/ m a n i pysSi g a r b u t a g a t . / / m a n i pySSi g a r b u t a t . / / m a n i pySSi g a r b u t a t a t . / 1.
m a n e d a r a n aS l a d a y n y a m a gwDDytwn.
2.
b a l o S a n i S a y r j a n v a t i s a r m a S a r a n i b a z syta k w r t a n t .
3.
d w z z a Swmay m a l a b w r t a n t .
353
4.
a p a r a n g i e d r w s t ko[h]a gaSt.
5.
taw k w j a m S e r g e j a p e t a p a t a l a n k w r t a y .
6.
e b a z i a p i - j a z a n i s a r a a m m a y b a l i - j a z wrwSS k w r t a n t .
7.
m a n p a r a n g i a n i b a b a t t a b a z e kytab vantwn.
8.
m a y s y p a i aS t u p a k k a n i t a v a r a n a t w r s y t a n t .
9.
b a d i g a n i l a S k a r kwtwbi n e m a g a Swt.
10. a m m a y d r w s t b a n d i y a l a b u t a n t . 11. j a m b a r aS r o d r a t k a d a r a[h]tant. 12. b a z k a w m aS b a l o S y s t a n a y d a r r a [ h ] a g v a s t a n t . 13. a yda yakk m a R i e joR kanag loTyt. 14. e p a s a y goSta gwrke v a r t . 15.
15. 1003.
Swma go kay kaya gapp j a t y t .
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l II.
Change the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b f o r m s in the following s e n t e n c e s f r o m the s i m p l e p a s t to the p r e s e n t p e r f e c t f o r m .
E. g.
Instructor:
/ a t a i ra[h]a S a r y t a n t . /
Student:
/ a t a i ra[h]a S a r y t a g a n t . /
1.
m a n Sa n o k a r i a dwSar datwn.
2.
a i jynykk d r w s t e sopa paSyt.
3.
a v a n i pawjay s a r m a S a r d e m a Swtant.
4.
m a t a i e [ h j a b a r a tana d e r a saggytan.
5.
nun a m m a y k i l a g a y kySar d r w s t pakkyt.
6.
a m a y a l a i e [h]ar lada g a r but.
7.
Sanzage m a r a ra[h]a gypt.
8.
bwgwS, ky m a n Se gwna[h]e kwrtwn!
9.
a t r w n d e n e , aw m a n a b a d e j a v a b e dat.
10. Swma e b a z i kay kaya loTytyt. 11. d r w s t sypai kwtwbi n e m a g a t a t k a n t . 12. Se, taw koDDea k a p t a y ? 13. badSa[h] Sa z a m i n d a r a y d a s t a d r w s t z a r r a pwlyt. 14. awgana m a y yakk [hjalkea wrwSS k w r t . 15. taw a y r a p a r Se n a r w m a y y t a y .
15. 1004.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l III.
Change the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b f o r m s in the following s e n t e n c e s f r o m the s i m p l e p a s t to the p a s t p e r f e c t f o r m .
E. g.
Instructor:
/ b a d S a [ h ] d r w s t sypaia y a l a k w r t . /
Student;
/ b a d S a [ h ] d r w s t sypaia yala k w r t a g a t . /
354
1.
s a r k a r a m a n i z a m a s a Sa k a y z a y a l a k w r t .
2.
e k a w m Sa r o k a p t i i r a n a d a r a[h]t.
3.
m a s T a r drwst Sagyrda daRko dat.
4.
a t r w n d e m a d y a n so a d i v a l a d r y k k y t k w r t .
5.
a m e d w z z a d v a r a g a i dwkkana j a t a n t .
6.
a i s y p a i a a m m a y [hjalka [h]ul k w r t , aw b a z gysa s o t k a n t .
7.
m a p e t a p a nyStan, aw gapp k w r t a n .
8.
d r w s t o p s o r aw s y p a i syla k w r t a n t .
9.
a Sa m a s i t a y d i v a l a jwpp jat.
10. m a n Sa t a i d a s t a pwlyt k w r t w n y S . 11. m a n i [hjayal ynt, ky a e m o T a l a kaSak k w r t a n t . 12.
a m a loRi m a n i z a [ h ] m a s a k k t e z k w r t .
13. a z a l b u l a n i [ h ] a b a r a n a s a g g y t a n t . 14. s a r d a r a i d r w s t ka[h]ola s a z a n a d a t , b a l e a y r a kwSt. 15. Se, Swma go v a t i s y a l a j a n d w m i n e m a g a j y s t y t ?
15. 1005.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l IV.
C h a n g e the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b f o r m s in the following s e n t e n c e s f r o m the s i m p l e p a s t to the past completive form.
E . g.
Instructor:
/ a vati z a m a s a Sarria rwmayyt. /
Student;
/ a vati z a m a s a Sarria rwmayytat. /
1.
gvata b a z danz at, aw m a d r w s t najoR b u t a n .
2.
m a s a r d a r a y b a g a nyStan, ky m a r a Sanzage gypt.
3.
b a z g a r bwza dwSt.
4.
m a n i jan m a n i d r w s t j w r r a b a SwSt.
5.
a a y r a ynka sakk j a t , ky a i panS d a n t a n p r w S t .
6.
jo[h]ay eSka, a m a z a n e k a l a t e b a s t .
7.
pySSi m a r a anSw gypt, ky a a m a vaxt m w r t .
8.
[hjalkay m a r d w m a zut a s t o s t a n t .
9.
m a n go d a s t a a i potoa jallytwn.
10. D r e v a r a [h]akota d i s t , aw v a t i l a r i a daSt. 11. a v a n i s a r g a l a i kayz k a n a g a pa [h]wkm dat. 12. k o T a a a y r a t a p gypt. 13. a i jan p a r a i z e b a e j a m a g e dotk. 14. a n y z o r e m a r d Swt n a k w r t , aw oda m a n t . 15. a m m a y s a r m a S a r b a z sypaianyS kwStant.
15. 1006.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l V.
C h a n g e the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b f o r m s in the following s e n t e n c e s f r o m the s i m p l e p a s t to the p a s t p e r f e c t c o m p l e t i v e f o r m .
E. g.
355
Instructor:
/ m a n t a r a oda d i s t w n . /
Student:
/ m a n t a r a oda d i s t a t a t w n . /
1.
Se, Swma eSkay k o T i a l e T y t y t ?
2.
s a r d a r y S v a t a r a a m a k a l a t a Dakkyt.
3.
m a n gydanay t a n d a Sykkytwn, ky [ h ] i r o p e a[h]t.
4.
p a n S S a m b e a y r o S a , j a m b a r sakk g v a r t a n t .
5.
a i a z m a n a k k m a n a sakk dost at.
6.
m a n kagada p a t a y y t w n , aw Daka d e m datwn.
7.
Swma a v a n a p a r Se s a i n a k w r t y t .
8.
Se, taw a i divala kaSS k w r t a y ?
9.
a b a z i , a m m a y pawj b a z e b a d i g a b a n d i k w r t .
10. [ h j a r o s a y roSa, a vati noke l y b a s a Syptant. 11.
a m a dwzz d v a r a g m a y gysa p w t r y t a n t .
12. dw roSa r a n d , m a y s a r m a S a r a n a Sa[h]r z y t a n t . 13. baSakka a m m a y r a z a n s a r r i a mwSt. 14. a Sa Tappay t i r o n k a d r w s t e Sap nalyt. 15.
15.1007.
gvanDo so p y a l a g a Sir SaSSyt.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l VI.
Change the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b s in the following s e n t e n c e s f r o m the p r e s e n t - f u t u r e (or p r e s e n t subjunctive) to the p r e s e n t - f u t u r e p o t e n t i a l (or p r e s e n t p o t e n t i a l subjunctive) f o r m . With the exception of s e n t e n c e s 3, 6, and 14, the v e r b s of t h e s e s e n t e n c e s m a y a l s o be changed to the e m p h a t i c p r e s e n t - f u t u r e p o t e n t i a l (or e m p h a t i c p r e s e n t p o t e n t i a l subjunctive) form.
The m a i n v e r b in s e n t e n c e s 3, 6, and 14 is / k a n a g / "to do, m a k e , " and the e m p h a t i c
p o t e n t i a l f o r m a t i o n is i d i o m a t i c a l l y i n a p p r o p r i a t e with t h i s v e r b since it would r e s u l t in an a w k w a r d r e p e t i t i o n of / k w r t / (i. e.
'"/kwrt kwrt k a n i n / ) .
E. g.
Instructor:
/ m a n aS yda jwpp najanin. /
Student:
/ m a n aS yda jwpp jat n a k a n i n . /
[Or: ]
/ m a n aS yda jwpp jat kwrt nakanin. / 1.
synykk bwza n a m y S i t .
2.
a potoa m a y n e m a g a naSanit.
3.
m a n i [hjayala, taw e n o k a r i a sut n a k a n a y .
4.
aga j a m b a r b w g v a r a n t , to m a r o S i m a n a r a v a n .
5.
aga tai sangatt t r w n d ynt, to e [ h ] a b a r a n a s a g g i t .
6.
swma m a n i gwStanka p a r Se Sing nakanyt.
7.
aga taw n o r o v o y , to m a n a zut bwgwS!
8.
aga taw ko[h]a b y l a g g a y , gwRa e d r w s t Dyha gynday.
9.
gvat baz tez ynt, aw m a n gydanay tanda naSykkin.
10. t a i b r a s tai [hjakka napwlit. 11. m a n so ynka m a z a n e synga n a d r y k k i n . 12. p w l i s a y [h]wkm ynt, ky taw j a n d w m i n e m a g a n o r o v o y .
356
13. m a e b a z i d r w s t S a g y r d a n a S a k a s a n . 14. m a n a t a r a r w m a y a g i b i t , tanky taw w S t y r a b a r b y k a n a y . 15. m a n [h]ivakka d r w s t m a D D i a z u r i n .
15. 1008.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l VII.
C h a n g e the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b f o r m s in the following s e n t e n c e s f r o m the s i m p l e p a s t to the p a s t p o t e n t i a l f o r m .
Again, e x c e p t for s e n t e n c e s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 12, t h e s e v e r b s
m a y a l s o b e c h a n g e d to the e m p h a t i c p a s t p o t e n t i a l f o r m .
The e x c l u d e d s e n t e n c e s c o n t a i n
/ k a n a g / "to do, m a k e " a s the m a i n v e r b and a r e i d i o m a t i c a l l y not p o s s i b l e in the e m p h a t i c p o t e n t i a l f o r m a t i o n , a s w a s s t a t e d in S e c . 15. 1007.
E . g.
Instructor:
/ m a a v a n i pawja j a l l y t a n . /
Student:
/ m a a v a n i pawja jallyt k w r t a n . /
[Or: ]
/ m a a v a n i pawja jallyt k w r t k w r t a n . / 1.
taw d r w s t w l w s s a s a i k w r t a y .
2.
a may [h]yzmatta kwrt.
3.
a v a n i s a r g a l panSe b a n d i a y a l a k w r t a n t .
4.
v a x t e ky a d a r r a [ h ] a r a s t a n t , m a a v a n a oda g a r k w r t a n .
5.
Swma e Dawle sat Sa kwjam m w l k a kaSak k w r t y t .
6.
d w z z a kaSakay m a l a Ser n a d a t .
7.
m a b a l i - j a z a naSwtan, p a r Se ky s i T e n o r o s t .
8.
baSakk d a r u a S a r r i a n o n o s t .
anSw m a tana d e r a gapp n a j a t a n , b a l e e [ h j a b a r a T a y t a n . 9. 10. d r w s t baSakk a y a l a i e n o r y a n a n a g y p t a n t . 11.
m a n [h]ivakka v a t i m o T a l a so koDDa nakaSSytwn.
12.
aS eSi peS, dwnyaay [hjySS m a r d w m e e Dawle k y r d a r n o k w r t .
13. a jynykk t a n d u r i nan n a p a t k . 14. taw m a n a ynka p o r y a d a t a y . 15. [h]alkay m a r d w m a n a s n a t o s t a n t , aw d r w s t e [hjalka t a l a n but.
15. 1009.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l I. 1.
Se, m a r o S i m a y pawj badigani laSkara padi telank dat? Y e s , they have p u s h e d t h e m b a c k . Y e s , our b r a v e [ s o l d i e r j s have t a k e n m a n y soldiers prisoner. No, the a r m y of the e n e m i e s h a s c a p t u r e d two v i l l a g e s . Y e s , we have d e s t r o y e d t h e m . I have not h e a r d the r a d i o t o d a y .
357
t a w kay kaya l o T y t a g a t a y , I had invited the chief and h i s b r o t h e r - i n law. I had invited m y m o t h e r - i n - l a w . I had invited a l l our k i n s m e n . I had not i n v i t e d anyone [ / k a s s e a / or /[hjySSkassa/]. I had invited that E u r o p e a n , but he is b u s y and cannot c o m e . r a n d a m a y sypaia Se k w r t a n t . They a r m e d [ t h e m s e l v e s ] . They looted the v i l l a g e and b u r n e d its houses. They a t t a c k e d the fort. T h e i r officer c o m m a n d e d t h e m to get on [lit. they get on, r i d e ] the t r u c k s . They lay down in the d i t c h e s [ / k a D D a / j and b e g a n firing [ t h e i r ] g u n [ s ] . Se, swma e s a w d a g y r i a baz sut kanyt ? Y e s , e v e r y y e a r we m a k e a p r o f i t of fifty thousand r u p e e s . Y e s , t h i s y e a r we can m a k e a profit of twenty-five thousand r u p e e s . No, t h e s e d a y s e v e r y t h i n g is v e r y e x p e n s i v e . No, we want to l e a v e [abandon] t h i s b u s i n e s s No, t h i s y e a r we only p r o f i t e d by [lit. four t h o u s a n d r u p e e s .
of]
Se, Swmay d r w s t m e m a n s a r butagant ? No, we a r e waiting for t h e m [lit. their road].
watching
Y e s , soon we will s t a r t the p a r t y . No, a r a i n - s h o w e r h a s caught t h e m on the road. Y e s , a l l our g u e s t s have e a t e n , and now a b a r d is r e c i t i n g [lit. s a y i n g ] an e p i c poem. My m o t h e r - i n - l a w h a s c o m e , but m y nephews [ a u n t ' s - c h i l d r e n ] have not yet arrived. a p s a r y S avana Se s a z a d a t a t . He had locked t h e m up [ / b a n d k a n a g / ] in the fort. He did not p u n i s h t h e m . He i m p r i s o n e d t h e i r l e a d e r , but he freed the s o l d i e r s .
358
He could not do a n y t h i n g . He h a s i n f o r m e d the g o v e r n m e n t about t h i s . He h a s only scolded t h e m . punish them. 7.
He will not
Se, Swmay Dyhay r a [ h ] pakka a n t ? Y e s , a l l of our r o a d s a r e p e r m a n e n t [i. e. paved]. No, the r o a d f r o m Noshki to K a l a t is p e r m a n e n t , but our o t h e r r o a d s a r e n o n permanent. No - - although the g o v e r n m e n t will build a new r o a d next [ / d o m i e / ] y e a r . In o u r a r e a r o a d s a r e v e r y bad. You m u s t go by [lit. on] c a m e l o v e r t h e r e . T h e r e a r e s o m e p e r m a n e n t r o a d s , but in t h i s s e a s o n a l l the r o a d s will be b a d . t a w Se p a T T a g a ay.
My cat is l o s t . I had put m y w a t c h down on t h i s c h a i r , and now [it] is not h e r e . Our m a r e h a s b e c o m e lost in the m o u n t a i n s , I cannot find [lit.
see] my ball.
My b r o t h e r h a s t a k e n m y j a c k e t , and I a m looking for h i m . taw a y r a Se j a v a b d a t a y . I could not t e l l it to h i m . I told h i m that the b r i d e g r o o m h a s c o m e . I told h i m that the Mulla h a s not yet c o m e , I told h i m that h i s u n c l e is v e r y a n g r y . I have not told h i m b e c a u s e he will not be able to b e a r t h i s m a t t e r . 10. a b a z i Swma kwja Swtatatyt, We had gone to the b e a c h . We had gone to the old m o s q u e . We had gone to the p h a r m a c y . m e d i c i n e for h i m .
11. taw p a r Se t a S a g a ay. [hjabare!
I had bought
We had gone to see [lit. our s o n - i n - l a w .
for the s e e i n g of]
We had gone to see [lit. the chief of h i s t r i b e .
for the s e e i n g of]
Se The flood h a s o v e r c o m e [lit. lifted, up] our v i l l a g e . We m u s t go to the mountain!
taken
The a r m y of the e n e m i e s h a s a t t a c k e d our villages.
359
I m u s t i n f o r m the k i n g ' s s o l d i e r s of [lit. f r o m ] the m a t t e r . The b r i d g e h a s c o l l a p s e d [lit. f a l l e n ] . One t r u c k h a s a l s o fallen into the w a t e r , and two m e n h a v e d i e d . The a i r p l a n e s of the e n e m i e s a r e c o m i n g . You [pl. ] put out a l l the f i r e s and l a m p s ! 12. y m s a l i Swma Se Se Sing kanag loTyt. We will p u b l i s h the s p e e c h e s of P a k i s t a n ' s great leaders. We will p u b l i s h a book of B a l u c h i e p i c poems. We want to p u b l i s h a n e w s p a p e r , but we do not have enough [lit. so m u c h ] m o n e y . We will p u b l i s h s o m e old B a l u c h i t a l e s . We will p u b l i s h p i c t u r e s of t h e d a n c e s of the B a l u c h i s . 13. m a n gwSnag wn. Se a s t .
go taw Se I can give you s o m e b r e a d , t e a , e t c . Wait a m o m e n t [lit. an egg for you.
a breath].'
These mangoes are unripe. an a p p l e .
I w i l l cook
I c a n give you
We have pumpkin, s q u a s h , a n d o k r a . you want a p l a t e [of] m e a t a l s o ?
Do
Eat t h e s e d a t e s ! A f t e r w a r d s I can b r i n g s o m e "kabob, " p u l a o , e t c . 14. e n a r y a n Son ynt, He is v e r y hot t e m p e r e d . No one [ / [ h j y S S k a s s / ] can r i d e on h i m [ / s a r a y S / ] . He is a v e r y s t r o n g s t a l l i o n . to buy h i m ?
Do you want
He w a s v e r y s t r o n g , but he b e c a m e sick. Now he is thin and w e a k . He is old [ / p i r / ] , but he is s t i l l [ / t a n y n g a / ] s t r o n g . He can j u m p o v e r [lit. f r o m ] that wall. He is my u n c l e ' s h o r s e .
I cannot s e l l h i m .
15. Se, taw gwSt kanay, ky a m a baloS kwjangw Swta? Y e s , he h a s gone n o r t h [lit. direction].
in the n o r t h e r n
Y e s , he p a s s e d by h e r e y e s t e r d a y and went south [lit. in the s o u t h e r n d i r e c t i o n ] . Y e s , he p a s s e d t h r o u g h [lit. f r o m ] t h i s m o u n t a i n - p a s s , but I could not s e e w h e r e he went [lit. that he went w h i t h e r ] .
360
No, I h a v e not s e e n h i m t o d a y . Y e s , he went into the m o s q u e .
15. 1010.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l II. 1.
Se, a m m a y b a l i - j a z b a d i g a n i Sa[h]ra g a r k w r t a g a n t ?
2.
Se, taw p a k y s t a n a v a x t e S w t a g a y ?
3.
Se, t a i S a k a s S a r r b u t a n t ?
4.
Se, t a r a tyab d o s t ynt, ya ko[h].
5.
taw kwjam kwjam Dawlay n o k a r i k w r t a g a y .
6.
Se, taw m a n a j w r r a b gvapaga r w m a y y t k a n a y ?
7.
Se, m a r o S a k o s s e s a w d a g y r i a sut k w r t k a n t ?
8.
aga k o s s e aS taw r a [ h ] a b w p w r s i t , to taw baloSia j a v a b dat k a n a y ?
9.
t a i gys aS yda kwjam n e m a g a ynt.
Son.
10. t a i m w l k a , g a l l a g kwjam m a w s w m a p a k k a n t . 11.
Se, t a r a p e t a p a l e T a g d o s t y n t ?
12. Se, v a x t e t a i p y s s a t a r a s a z a d a t a ? 13.
Se, taw k a m m e t r w n d ay, ya [hjar Dawle [ h j a b a r a saggyt k a n a y .
14. Se, t a i Dyha d r w s t r a [ h ] pakka ant, ya tanynga la[h]te [ h ] a m a g ant. 15. Se, t a r a pySSi d o s t ynt, ya kwSakk.
15. 1100.
Vocabulary.
api-jaz
ship, boat
azmanakk
s t o r y , t a l e (fictional) to t e l l a s t o r y
a z m a n a k k janag apsar
officer,
superior
awganystan
Afghanistan
badSa[h]
king
bali-jaz
airplane
banur
bride
bar
load, b u r d e n b a r buag
to be loaded
bar kanag
to load
bandi
prisoner
bandi buag
to be a p r i s o n e r
bandi kanag
to m a k e p r i s o n e r
Sakas [or /Sakkas/]
examination,
Sakasag [or /Sakkasag/] I-I
to e x a m i n e , t e s t
'Ser
u n d e r , b e n e a t h , b e l o w , down to put u n d e r n e a t h , to hide
Ser dayag dantan
test
tooth
361
danz
dust
darra[h] [or /darra/]
mountain-pass
daRko
reprimand,
scolding
to r e p r i m a n d ,
daRko dayag
scold
drykkag I-I
to j u m p ( o v e r ,
across)
dvarag
again, a second time
dwSar
c o n f r o n t a t i o n , facing, c o m i n g face to face
dwSar buag
to c o n f r o n t ,
dwSar dayag
to r e s i g n (from a j o b , e t c . )
dwSar kapag
to ( a c c i d e n t a l l y ) c o m e face to face shop
'''dwkkan dwkkan j a n a g Dakkag
face
I-I
gar
to r a i d , r o b a shop to h i d e , c o n c e a l lost,
gar buag
destroyed to be l o s t (an a r t i c l e , a p e r s o n , e t c . ); to be d e s t r o y e d
g a r kanag
to l o s e ( d e l i b e r a t e l y ) ;
to d e s t r o y
c o n v e r s a t i o n , chat, t a l k
g^PP gapp j a n a g
to d i s c u s s , t a l k (about s o m e specific m a t t e r )
gapp k a n a g
to t a l k , chat sin
gwna[h] gwna[h] kanag gwstank
to c o m m i t sin speech
gwStank dayag
to give a s p e e c h
[hjamag
r a w , u n r i p e , uncooked, n o n p e r m a n e n t (as an unpaved r o a d ) , i m m a t u r e
[h]ar
flood
[h]irop
w i n d s t o r m , cold w i n t e r wind
[h]ivakk
a l o n e , by oneself, only
[h]ul
plunder,
looting
[hjul buag
to be p l u n d e r e d ,
[h]ul kanag
to p l u n d e r , loot
looted
[h]ySt
brick
jandwmi
southern
jallag
to stop (a t h r o w n object, a p e r s o n f r o m a d v a n c i n g ) , to block the way, o b s t r u c t
I-I
jambar
cloud
javab
answer,
reply
to a n s w e r ,
j a v a b dayag
reply
jump, leap
jwpp
to j u m p (down off of)
jwpp j a n a g jwrrab
stocking
kaSak
smuggling
362
kaSak buag
to be s m u g g l e d
kaSak kanag
to s m u g g l e
kaDD
hole (in the g r o u n d ) , pit, ditch
kalat
fort
kalat bandag
to build a fort
kawm
nation, tribe
kayz
imprisonment to i m p r i s o n
k a y z kanag
kwnT
blunt, dull
kwnT buag
to b e , b e c o m e blunt, dull
kwnT kanag
to blunt, dull
kwtwb i leTag
northern I-I
to lie down
loRi
L o R i , a l o w e r c a s t e who a c t a s a r t i s a n s , m i n s t r e l s , etc.
madyan
mare
m a sit
mosque
noryan
stallion
nokari
s e r v i c e , e m p l o y m e n t , job
p a S ag
I-I
to p e e l , p a r e p e r m a n e n t (of r o a d s , h o u s e s , e t c . : i. e. p a v e d , m e t a l l e d , m a c a d a m i s e d , m a d e of stone or b r i c k ) , m a t u r e ( p e r s o n )
pakka
p a k k a buag
to b e , b e c o m e p e r m a n e n t ,
pakka kanag
to m a k e p e r m a n e n t , ripe,
pakkag pakkag
I-I
mature
mature
cooked
to b e , b e c o m e r i p e , cooked
pawj
army
petap
sunny a r e a ,
pol
bridge
sunshine
to build a b r i d g e
pol b a n d a g ball
poto pwlog
to s n a t c h away,
I-I
pySSi
cat
*ra[h]
r o a d , way to wait for, e x p e c t ( s o m e o n e to c o m e , e t c . )
ra[h] Sarag
radio
reDyo
to play a r a d i o
reDyo janag
eastern
rodratki rwmayog
sargal
I-I
to i n s t r u c t , t e a c h , show ( s o m e o n e how to do something) bridegroom
salunk saggag
grab
I-I
to b e a r , e n d u r e , put up with l e a d e r (of a p o l i t i c a l p a r t y , e t c . )
363
sarmaSar
adventurous p e r s o n , b r a v e p e r s o n (soldier w a r r i o r ) , one who r i s k s h i s life
sawdagyri
trade, business
saza
punishment to p u n i s h
saza dayag
profit
sut sut buag
to be a p r o f i t
sut k a n a g
to p r o f i t a r m s , weapon
syla
to a r m o n e s e l f
syla k a n a g s y p a i [or / s y p a [ h ] i / ]
soldier
Sanzag
rain-shower
Sanzag
I-I
Sing
to s h o w e r (rain) s e r i a l e m i s s i o n , s p r e a d i n g out one a f t e r a n o t h e r
Sing buag
to b e s p r e a d out (as a g i r l ' s t r e s s e s on h e r s h o u l d e r s ) , to m o v e a l o n g l e a v i n g a t r a i l (as a m e t e o r ) , to be p u b l i s h e d
Sing k a n a g
to s p r e a d out ( t r e s s e s , e t c . ), to l e a v e a t r a i l while m o v i n g a l o n g , to p u b l i s h
tand
tent-rope
tap
fever tap gyrag
telank
to h a v e , c a t c h a fever push,
to p u s h , shove, d r i v e
t e l a n k dayag
sharp,
tez
shove fast
t e z buag
to b e , b e c o m e s h a r p ,
fast
tez kanag
to s h a r p e n , m a k e f a s t , m a k e r a p i d h o t - t e m p e r e d , s p i r i t e d (of h o r s e s , e t c . ), swift (of a r i v e r , w a t e r ) , tight (of a r o p e ) , s h a r p , s e v e r e (of a s t o r m , e t c . )
trwnd
t r w n d buag
to b e , b e c o m e h o t - t e m p e r e d , swift, tight, s h a r p , s e v e r e
trwnd kanag
to m a k e - h o t - t e m p e r e d , to m a k e swift, to tighten (a r o p e , e t c . ), to m a k e s e v e r e
twrsag
I-I
spirited,
to f e a r , be a f r a i d
tyab
seashore, beach
vassu
mother-in-law
wrwSS
attack,
assault
wrwSS buag
to be an a t t a c k ,
wrwSS kanag
to a t t a c k ,
assault
assault
free, a s t r a y , loose, leaving
yala
y a l a buag
to b e , b e c o m e f r e e , l o o s e , a s t r a y
y a l a dayag
to give u p , a b a n d o n , l e a v e
y a l a kanag
to f r e e , l i b e r a t e , let l o o s e
yalai
f r e e , l o o s e , a s t r a y , at l i b e r t y
y m b a r a n [also / y m b a r a / ]
this time, this year
364
zamas
son-in-law
z a m i n d a r i [or / z a m i d a r i / ]
landownership,
z a m i n d a r i kanag
farming
to f a r m , p r a c t i c e f a r m i n i
365
imm% -^** ? c ^>*i? s ^r i i -
^t-«v **c yy&-
^jst&
*•
vi.
Spinning.
\>
UNIT 16. 100. 1.
SIXTEEN
Text I.
T h e n a m e of the c o u n t r y of the B a l u c h i s is Baluchistan. ( l a r g e ) p a r t , p i e c e (of s o m e t h i n g )
b a l o S a n i Dyhay n a m b a l o S y s t a n ynt. gapal
2.
The l a r g e s t p a r t of it is in West P a k i s t a n .
eSi m a z t y r e g a p a l by r o k a p t i p a k y s t a n a ynt,
3.
T h e s e c o n d p a r t of it i s in E a s t e r n I r a n .
d o m i gapalyS r o d r a t k i i r a n a ynt.
4.
5.
( s m a l l ) p a r t , p i e c e , bit (of s o m e t h i n g )
SwnD
b o r d e r , e d g e , dividing l i n e , p a r t (of the h a i r )
sim
Russia
wrwss
A p i e c e is a l s o i n s i d e the b o r d e r [ s ] of A f g h a n i s t a n , and one p i e c e is in R u s s i a . b r o a d , wide
pyra[h]
p l a i n , open g r o u n d
moydan
bluish
nilbo
K i r m a n , a city and a p r o v i n c e in Iran
kyrman
province, region, connected valley system
dama[g]
K a n d a h a r ; a city and a p r o v i n c e in Afghanistan
kanda[h]ar
H e r a t , a city and a p r o v i n c e in Afghanistan
[h]erat
To the e a s t of B a l u c h i s t a n is the b r o a d Indie p l a i n ; to the south [ i s ] the A r a b i a n Sea [lit. b l u i s h s e a ] ; to the w e s t [ i s ] the p r o v i n c e of K i r m a n , and to the n o r t h a r e the p r o v i n c e s of K a n d a h a r and H e r a t . Irani,
6.
Persian
8.
baloSystanay rodratka, synd-w-[h]ynday p y r a [ h ] e m o y d a n ynt, j a n d w m a nilboe z y r , r o k a p t a k y r m a n a y d a m a g , aw kwtwba k a n d a [ h ] a r aw [ h j e r a t a y d a m a g ant. irani
M u r g a p , a s m a l l city in R u s s i a
mwrgap
M a r i , a town n e a r M u r g a p
mari
F r o m Iranian Baluchistan a piece has c o m e w i t h i n the b o r d e r f s ] of R u s s i a , and the c i t i e s of t h i s r e g i o n a r e M u r g a p and Mari.
aS i r a n i b a l o S y s t a n a , yakk SwnDe w r w s s a y s i m o y t a h a a[h]ta, aw e [h]anday sa[h]r m w r g a p aw m a r i ant. marv
M a r v , a city in R u s s i a 7.
yakk SwnDe by a w g a n y s t a n a y s i m o y t a h a ynt, aw yakk SwnDe w r w s s a ynt.
T h e s e two c i t i e s a r e c l o s e to the city [of] Marv.
a m e [hjardw sa[h]r aS m a r v Sa[h]ra n a z z i k ant.
mountainous -region
ko[h]ystan
n a r r o w , tight, annoyed
tank
B a l u c h i s t a n is a m o u n t a i n o u s - r e g i o n , and a m o n g t h e s e m o u n t a i n s a r e [both] n a r r o w and b r o a d v a l l e y s .
b a l o S y s t a n yakk k o [ h ] y s t a n e , aw e ko[h]ani n y a m a t a n k e n aw p y r a [ h ] e kuSag ant.
367
w h o l e , a l l of
t e v i [or / t i v a g / ]
area
gyrdges
square
SarSoba
estimate, 9.
kysas
amount
Its t o t a l a r e a will be 340, 000 [lit. t h r e e l a k h s and forty t h o u s a n d ] s q u a r e m i l e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y [lit. in e s t i m a t e ] . seacoast
zyrkyrr
Sonmiani, a port near Karachi
sonmyani
port,
bandar
harbour
A b b a s [ " P o r t A b b a s , " a p o r t in Iran]
abbas
to stop, finish, end
[h]allag
I-I
10. Its s e a c o a s t b e g i n s at S o n m i a n i and e n d s at P o r t A b b a s . The length of the s e a c o a s t i s nine h u n d r e d and sixty m i l e s .
zyrkyrray draji nw sad w Sast mil ynt.
K a c c h i , a r e g i o n in P a k i s t a n i Baluchistan
kaSSi
Dak, a r e g i o n in P a k i s t a n i B a l u c h i s t a n
Dak
12. B e s i d e s t h i s , B a l u c h i s t a n h a s two b r o a d p l a i n s - - K a c c h i and Dak. to w a t e r , 13.
eSi z y r k y r r s o n m y a n i a Swru b i t , ow b a n d a r a b b a s a [hjallit. draji
length, t a l l n e s s 11.
eSi t e v i g y r d g e s say lakk w Syll [ h j a z a r SarSoba m i l a y k y s a s a b i t .
m a l l dayag
irrigate
The w a t e r [i. e. s t r e a m s ] of the m o u n t a i n s i r r i g a t e s both t h e s e p l a i n s .
e [hjardw m o y d a n a ko[h]ani a p m a l l d a y a n t .
14. K a c c h i is the e a s t e r n plain of B a l u c h i s t a n , and Dak is [ i t s ] n o r t h e r n p l a i n . planting-and-crop:
agriculture
pasture -and-meadow:
kaSSi b a l o S y s t a n a y r o d r a t k i m o y d a n ynt, aw Dak kwtwbi m o y d a n ynt. kySt-w-kySar
pasturage
zid-w-malpad
herding
maldari
15. Both t h e s e p l a i n s a r e r e g i o n s of a g r i c u l t u r e , p a s t u r a g e , and h e r d i n g . sandy-desert,
aS eSi bed, b a l o S y s t a n a y dw p y r a [ h j e m o y d a n - - kaSSi aw Dak - - ant.
a m e [hjardw m o y d a n k y S t - w - k y S a r , m a l p a d , aw m a l d a r i a y [hjand ant.
sand-dunes
zid-w-
rekystan
16. To the w e s t of Dak a r e d e s e r t s and s a n d dunes. H e l m u n d , a r i v e r in Afghanistan which flows into a lake of the s a m e n a m e in I r a n river
Dakay r o k o p t a , b a r r - w - b e d y aw r e k y s t a n ant. [hjelmwnd
rod
17. The H e l m u n d R i v e r w a t e r s one p a r t of B a l u c h i s t a n , and the M u r g a p R i v e r i r r i g a t e s one p a r t .
b a l o S y s t a n a y yakk SwnDe [ h j e l m w n d a y r o d m a l l dant, aw y a k k SwnDe m w r g a p a y r o d m a l l dant. syap
year-round water 18. But in a l l of i t s o t h e r a r e a s t h e r e is no year-round river.
b a l e dyga t e v i [hJandanyS, s y a p a y r o d n e s t , [hjamun
lake
368
19.
T h e l a k e s of B a l u c h i s t a n b e c o m e d r y in t h e s u m m e r , e x c e p t for the lake of H e l m u n d , which is in I r a n i B a l u c h i s t a n . m o r e , the m o s t ,
b a l o S y s t a n a y [ h j a m u n t i r m a g a [hJwSk b a n t , bed aS [ h j e l m w n d a y [ h j a m u n a , ky i r a n i b a l o S y s t a n a ynt.
often
geStyr
20.
In B a l u c h i s t a n m o s t of the r a i n [ f a l l ] is in the w i n t e r , and often in the s u m m e r a l s o in e a s t e r n B a l u c h i s t a n t h e r e is s o m e r a i n .
b o l o S y s t a n a , geStyr [hjawr Syllaga b i t , aw baz b a r a t i r m a g a am rodratki boloSystana Sie [hjawr b i t .
21.
In t h e w i n t e r s o m e snow a l s o f a l l s , and it b e c o m e s v e r y cold.
Sylloga, Sie b a r p a m k a p i t , aw sakk s a r d bit.
22.
In the s u m m e r K a c c h i and the c o a s t a l r e g i o n s b e c o m e v e r y hot.
t i r m a g a , kaSSi aw z y r k y r r a y [hjand sakk g o r m bant.
fishing
ma[h]igyri
23.
On the s h o r e s of B a l u c h i s t a n t h e r e a r e a l l k i n d s of fish, and the people of the s e a c o a s t a r e e n g a g e d in [lit. doj fishing.
b a l o S y s t a n a y t y a b a [ h ] a r Dawle m a [ h ] i a s t , aw z y r k y r r a y m a r d w m m a [ h ] i g y r i k a n a n t .
24.
M o s t of the p e o p l e of B a l u c h i s t a n a r e e n g a g e d in [lit. do] h e r d i n g or f a r m i n g .
b a l o S y s t a n o y geStyr m a r d w m m a l d a r i ya z a m i n d a r i kanant.
wage -labour
poryagyri
25. S o m e a l s o a r e e n g a g e d in w a g e - l a b o u r and t r a d e , or w o r k for a g o v e r n m e n t .
Sie p o r y a g y r i aw s a w d a g y r i a m k a n a n t , ya sorkareoy nokari kanant.
26.
t i r m a g a , nivag, z w r a t t , aw s a w z i b a z b i t .
In s u m m e r , f r u i t s , m i l l e t , and v e g e t a b l e s a r e plentiful. cumin
seed
z i r r »[g] Syllaga aw t o m S a n a , baloS g a l l a g , sa, aw z i r r a g kySant.
2 7. In the w i n t e r and a u t u m n , the B a l u c h i s p l a n t w h e a t , b a r l e y , and c u m i n s e e d .
16. 200. 2.
Word Study:
Text I.
/ g 9 P 9 l / " p a r t , p i e c e " d e n o t e s a l a r g e p i e c e of s o m e w h o l e , u s u a l l y m o r e than half.
/ S w n D / " p a r t , p i e c e , " on the o t h e r hand, signifies a s m a l l p o r t i o n of s o m e t h i n g . / a aS v a t i nana m a n a g a p a l e dat. / from] his b r e a d . / m o n a aS v a t i goSta SwnDe byday! / 5. Sea.
E . g.
He gave m e a [ l a r g e ] p i e c e of [lit. Give m e a [ s m a l l ] p i e c e of y o u r m e a t !
/ n i l b o / " b l u i s h " i s m o s t l y e m p l o y e d with / z y r / " s e a , o c e a n " to denote the A r a b i a n
/ n i l / i s found in s o m e c o n t e x t s for "blue (dye)";
a m o r e u s e f u l a d j e c t i v a l f o r m is
/ n i l i / " b l u e . " E . g. / a y r a n i l i e j a m o g e g v a r a at. / He w a s w e a r i n g a blue s h i r t , [in the m e a n i n g of " b l u e , " / n i l i / is roughly s y n o n y m o u s with / s a w z / ; the latter also denotes "green, " however. ] 5.
/ d o m o [ g ] / o r i g i n a l l y signified a c o n n e c t e d s y s t e m of v a l l e y s not s e p a r a t e d by any
intervening mountain range. writing, 8.
T h i s w o r d h a s c o m e to m e a n " r e g i o n , " and, in m o d e r n B a l u c h i
"province. " / t o n k / " n a r r o w , tight, a n n o y e d " is an a d j e c t i v e .
369
The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n
/ t a n k b u a g / d e n o t e s "to b e , b e c o m e n a r r o w , t i g h t " and a l s o "to b e , b e c o m e a n n o y e d , h a r a s s e d , d i s t r e s s e d . " The t r a n s i t i v e f o r m , / t o n k k o n o g / , m e a n s "to m a k e n a r r o w , and a l s o "to annoy, h a r a s s , d i s t r e s s . " / e tanke ra[h]e. /
E.g.
T h i s is a n a r r o w r o a d .
/ m a n i j a m a g t a n k ynt. /
My s h i r t i s tight.
/ y d a m a n i dyl t a n k ynt. / H e r e m y h e a r t is d i s t r e s s e d . d e p r e s s e d , h o m e s i c k , unhappy. ] / m a n a s a i [ h j a b a r a sakk t a n k wn. / his words [or: his news]. /Swma m a r a tank makanyt! / 9.
tight"
[I. e.
I am
I a m m u c h d i s t r e s s e d by [lit.
from]
Don't b o t h e r u s !
/ t e v i / [or / t i v o g / ] "whole, a l l of" o v e r l a p s the s e m a n t i c r a n g e of / d r w s t /
"all. "
/ t e v i / u s u a l l y d e n o t e s "all of, the whole of (a single unit), " but it is s o m e t i m e s u s e d for " a l l (of a p l u r a l g r o u p of u n i t s ) " a s w e l l . In the R a k h s h a n i d i a l e c t , / t e v i / o c c u r s a s a quantifier d i r e c t l y b e f o r e n o u n s .
If the
" a t t r i b u t i v e " suffix / e n / - / e / is u s e d , then the a l t e r n a t e f o r m / t i v a g / m u s t o c c u r (i. e. / t e v i e / i s not found).
In the M a k r a n i d i a l e c t , on the o t h e r hand, only / t i v o g / i s found, and
/ t e v i / d o e s not o c c u r at a l l .
E . g.
/ t e v i b a l o S y s t a n a , a i Dawle m a r d w m n e s t . / t h e r e is no p e r s o n like h i m . / a m m a y tevi sa[hjra m a s i t nest. / mosque.
In the whole of B a l u c h i s t a n
In the whole of our city t h e r e is no
/ t e v i m o r d w m aS oda Swtant. / All of the people went f r o m t h e r e . [ H e r e / d r w s t / " a l l " is s u b s t i t u t a b l e for / t e v i / . T h e l a t t e r w o r d h a s the s e n s e of a u n i t a r y body of p e r s o n s , h o w e v e r , which / d r w s t / l a c k s . ] / t i v a g e s y p a i j a n d w m i n e m a g a j y s t a n t . / All of the s o l d i e r s fled south. [ / d r w s t e / is a g a i n s u b s t i t u t a b l e , a s a r e / t e v i / and / d r w s t / . See S e c . 4.606. ] 9.
/ S a r S o b a [ g ] / " s q u a r e " (lit.
" f o u r - p e g g e d " ) is a noun and a l i m i t e d type of a d j e c t i v e
o c c u r r i n g b e f o r e nouns denoting u n i t s of m e a s u r e m e n t (e. g. B e f o r e o t h e r nouns the a d j e c t i v a l f o r m is / S a r S o b a i / .
/SarSoba m i l / "square mile").
This phenomenon has already been
s e e n in / y a l a / " f r e e , a s t r a y , l o o s e , l e a v i n g " and / y a l a i / " f r e e , l o o s e , a s t r a y , at l i b e r t y ' 1 ! s e e S e c . 15. 304.
E . g. / e gyrd na ynt.
SarSobo ynt. /
/ e S y r a SarSobo kon! /
[it] is s q u a r e .
Make t h i s s q u a r e !
/ m a n SarSoboie Sie d i s t w n . / 9.
It is not r o u n d ;
I saw a s q u a r e object.
/ k y s a s / d e n o t e s " e s t i m a t e , a m o u n t . " It is u s e d in m u c h the s a m e s e n s e a s "about,
approximately. "
E.g. / a m m a y bwz a m e k y s a s a b a n t . / Our g o a t s m u s t be [lit. w i l l b e ] a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h i s m a n y [lit. in t h i s v e r y e s t i m a t e ] . / m a n i za[h]g ai k y s a s a y ynt. /
My child i s about h i s age [lit.
of h i s e s t i m a t e ] .
/ m a n dw s e r ay k y s a s a b u r a g gyptwn. / I bought about two s e e r s of s u g a r [lit. s u g a r in the e s t i m a t e of two s e e r s ] .
370
/ m a n aS e d r a S k a dw g a z z a y k y s a s a yakk l a T T e gwDDytwn. / I chopped a stick about two y a r d s [long] [lit. one s t i c k in the e s t i m a t e of two y a r d s ] f r o m t h i s t r e e . [Note that the unit of m e a s u r e m e n t p o s s e s s e s /kysas/. ] / a v a n i m a i aS m a n i k y s a s a k a m m ant. / my estimate. 10.
T h e i r l i v e s t o c k a r e f e w [ e r ] than
/ [ h ] a l l a g / "to s t o p , finish, e n d " is both t r a n s i t i v e and i n t r a n s i t i v e .
In m a n y
c o n t e x t s t h i s v e r b i s s y n o n y m o u s with / a l a s / "finished, c o m p l e t e d . " E . g. / a S r e D y o p a k y s t a n a [ h j a b a r [ h j a l l y t a n t . / F r o m R a d i o P a k i s t a n the n e w s i s ended. [ T h i s is h e a r d on the B a l u c h i p r o g r a m m e b r o a d c a s t by Radio Pakistan, Karachi. ] / a g a m a y dava n a [ h ] a l l a n t , to m a y a k k but nokonon. / If o u r q u a r r e l s [lit. l a w s u i t s , l i t i g a t i o n s ] do not c o m e to an end, we cannot b e c o m e u n i t e d [lit. o n e ] . / a m m a y d r w s t v a r d y n a y Si [hjallytant. / e x h a u s t e d [lit. e n d e d ] .
All of our foodstuffs b e c a m e
/ o m m a y [hjwkumatt gon ava [ h j a b a r a [hjallyt. / the t a l k s with t h e m .
Our g o v e r n m e n t ended
/ a m m a y s a r g a l gwStant, ky j a n g a y [hjallagay b a b a t t a , m a gon a v a gapp j a n a n . / O u r l e a d e r s said that we will t a l k with t h e m about the ending of the fighting. 13.
T h e t e r m / m a l l / is e m p l o y e d for any p l a c e w h e r e a s t r e a m h a s no b a n k s but r a t h e r
s p r e a d s out o v e r the ground p r o d u c i n g a m a r s h y p a s t u r e a r e a .
The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n
/ m o l l d o y o g / d e n o t e s "to i r r i g a t e , w a t e r (as a s t r e a m ) . " / m a l l / is a l s o found a s the f i r s t e l e m e n t of / m a l p a d / " m e a d o w , " a l r e a d y i n t r o d u c e d . i s identified by i n f o r m a n t s a s / p o d / " a f t e r w a r d s " :
The second e l e m e n t of t h i s c o m p o u n d
i. e.
/malpad/
effect of unconfined s t r e a m w a t e r flowing o v e r open g r o u n d . / m a n m a l l a swtwn. /
/kySt-w-kySar/
E. g.
I went to the s t r e a m - i r r i g a t e d - a r e a .
/ e jo[hJay ap a m m a y D a g a r a m a l l dant. / i r r i g a t e s our land. 15.
" m e a d o w " is the a f t e r -
The w a t e r of t h i s s t r e a m
" a g r i c u l t u r e " l i t e r a l l y d e n o t e s " p l a n t i n g - a n d - c r o p . " / k y S t / , the
p a s t s t e m of / k y S a g / "to sow, p l a n t , " is a l s o a noun signifying " p l a n t i n g " (as in "the f i r s t p l a n t i n g of the y e a r , " "the second planting of the y e a r , " e t c . ).
/ k y S t / a l s o h a s the e x t e n d e d
m e a n i n g of " e d i t i o n (of a book), n u m b e r (of a m a g a z i n e or j o u r n a l ) . " 15.
T e c h n i c a l l y , / z i d / d e n o t e s any p i e c e of g r o u n d which p r o d u c e s fodder for a n i m a l s ;
it t h u s i n c l u d e s / m a l p a d / " m e a d o w . " / z i d / is often u s e d for a p a s t u r e on high g r o u n d , h o w e v e r , in c o n t r a d i s t i n c t i o n to / m a l p a d / , which signifies a v a l l e y - b o t t o m p a s t u r e i r r i g a t e d by s t r e a m w a t e r . 17.
/rod/
much smaller:
" P a s t u r a g e " in g e n e r a l is e x p r e s s e d by the compound / z i d - w - m a l p a d / .
" r i v e r " signifies a l a r g e , y e a r - r o u n d s t r e a m ; "streamlet, brook. "
371
/ j o [ h J / r e f e r s to s o m e t h i n g
18.
/ s y a p / is the t e r m e m p l o y e d for any w a t e r s o u r c e w h i c h i s p r e s e n t t h e y e a r round:
r i v e r s , l a k e s , s p r i n g s , e t c . / s y a p / c o n t r a s t s with / n o k a p / (not i n t r o d u c e d ) , w h i c h d e n o t e s a nonpermanent water source: 20.
rain-water,
seasonal s t r e a m s , etc.
The c o m p a r a t i v e f o r m of / g e S / " m o r e , " / g e S t y r / , i s i d i o m a t i c a l l y e m p l o y e d a s a
quantifying a d j e c t i v e and a s an a d v e r b signifying " m o r e , m o s t of" and "often,
generally.
E.g. / e [hjalkay geStyr m a r d w m baloS ant. / are Baluchis. / g e s t y r b a r p a m e m a [ h ] a kapit. / / a geStyr a m y d a nyndit. /
16. 300.
Most of the p e o p l e of t h i s v i l l a g e
Most of the snow falls in t h e s e m o n t h s ,
He g e n e r a l l y s i t s r i g h t h e r e .
Text II.
B o l a n , the n a m e of an i m p o r t a n t m o u n t a i n p a s s n e a r Quetta
bolan k o T a a y Sa[h]r b a l o S y s t a n a y d a r r a f h ] b o l a n a y kwtwbi n e m a g a ynt.
The city of Quetta is to the n o r t h of B a l u c h i s t a n ' s Bolan P a s s . around, surrounding, perimeter
environment,
eSi S a p p - w - S a g y r d a b w r z e ko[h] ont.
All a r o u n d it a r e high m o u n t a i n s .
D a g a r -jwmb
earthquake E a r t h q u a k e s have often o c c u r r e d [lit. have c o m e ] h e r e and have d e v a s t a t e d t h i s city. finished, d e s t r o y e d ; totally, entirely
baz b a r a n yda D a g a r - j w m b a [ h ] t a g a n t , aw e Sa[h]ra g a r k w r t a g a n t .
total, absolute;
to b e , b e c o m e populated,
Sapp-w-Sagyrd
SaT
abad buag
inhabited
The e a r t h q u a k e of 1935 m a d e t h i s city a t o t a l r u i n , but a f t e r w a r d s it w a s inhabited a g a i n .
nozda sad w si w panSay D a g a r - j w m b a e Sa[h]ra SaT d a m b e joR k w r t , b a l e p a d a d v a r a g abad but. karn
century period-and-time: regime
period, time,
dawr-w-bari
T h i s city h a s seen a new r e g i m e in e v e r y century.
e Sa[h]r [h]ar k o r n a y a k k noke d a w r - w - b a r i e dista.
army-and-baggage: army, m i l i t a r y e x p e d i t i o n a r y force (including s u p p l i e s , c a m p f o l l o w e r s , etc. )
wrd-w-bwnga[h]
toward,
d e m pa
towards
Through here many peoples [together] with t h e i r a r m i e s and b a g g a g e have p a s s e d t o w a r d s the Indie P l a i n .
aS yda, b a z w l w s s go v a t i w r d - w - b w n g a [ h ] a d e m pa s y n d - w - [ h ] y n d a g v a s t a g a n t .
In the s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r y t h i s city fell [lit. c a m e ] into the h a n d [ s ] of the Baluchis.
a[h]t.
S a z d a m i k o r n a , e Sa[h]r b a l o S a n i d a s t a
to p o p u l a t e , inhabit
abad k a n a g
372
8.
T h e B a l u c h i s b u i l t k a r e z h e r e and populated its valley.
b a l o S a n yda k a r e z kaSSytant, aw eSi kuSaga abad kwrtant.
9.
T h e B a l u c h i s had a l s o built a fort h e r e , but in the e a r t h q u a k e of 1935 t h i s fort also was destroyed.
b a l o S a n yda y a k k k a l a t e a m b a s t a t a n t , b a l e nozdo sad w si w panSay D a g a r - j w m b a e k o l a t a m g a r but.
a r m y encampment, cantonment
wrdga[h]
10. In the n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y the E n g l i s h c a m e and m a d e t h i s city t h e i r c a n t o n m e n t .
n o z d a m i k o r n a , o n g r e z a [ h ] t a n t , aw e s a [ h ] r a v a t i w r d g a [ h ] a joR k w r t a n t .
11.
a aS yda g a R i a y r a [ h ] e d e m pa i r a n aw o w g a n y s t a n a koSSytant.
T h e y b u i l t [lit. d r e w ] a r a i l r o a d [lit. a r o a d of the t r a i n ] f r o m h e r e t o w a r d s I r a n and A f g h a n i s t a n .
16. 400. 2.
W o r d Study:
/Sopp-w-Sagyrd/
Text II. " a r o u n d , s u r r o u n d i n g , e n v i r o n m e n t , p e r i m e t e r " is a c o m p o u n d
of / S a p p / "left (hand, s i d e ) " and / S a g y r d / , l i t e r a l l y " f o u r - r o u n d " ( / S a r / " f o u r " + / g y r d / "round").
/ S a g y r d / i s found only in c o m p o u n d s .
/ - 9 y S a p p - w - S a g y r d a / is used a s a
l o c a t i v e d e n o t i n g " a l l a r o u n d , s u r r o u n d i n g . " E . g. / d w S m o n a n i pawj a m m a y S a p p - w - S a g y r d a at. / was all around us. / e [hjolkoy S a p p - w - S a g y r d a r e k ant. / this village. 4.
The a r m y of the e n e m i e s
There are sand-dunes all around
/ S a T / o c c u r s (a) a s an a d j e c t i v e denoting " t o t a l , a b s o l u t e , e n t i r e " ;
a d v e r b meaning "totally, entirely, thoroughly, badly";
(b) a s an
(c) the c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n
/ S a T d o y a g / s i g n i f i e s "to t h r o w (pl. o b j e c t s ) , s c a t t e r , sow ( s e e d s , e t c . ) " ;
(d) / S a T b u a g /
m e a n s "to b e d e s t r o y e d c o m p l e t e l y , be spoiled, r u i n e d , finished, " and the c o r r e s p o n d i n g t r a n s i t i v e f o r m , / S o T k o n a g / , d e n o t e s "to d e s t r o y ; spoil, r u i n , end. " / S o T b u a g / and / S a T k a n a g / connote a m o r e t o t a l d e g r e e of d e v a s t a t i o n t h a n do / g a r b u o g / and / g a r k o n a g / ; s e e S e c . 15. 103.
E . g. / a SaTe S a d i e . / He is a c o m p l e t e fool. [ / S a d i / is e m p l o y e d a s a noun, and / S a T e / s e r v e s a s a modifying a d j e c t i v e . ] / a SaTe badSa[h]e at. /
He w a s an a b s o l u t e m o n a r c h .
/ a SaT Sadi ynt. / He is t h o r o u g h l y stupid. a d j e c t i v e , and / S a T / i s a d v e r b i a l . ]
[ / S a d i / h e r e is a p r e d i c a t e
/ a p a Donna SaT byday! / T h r o w out t h i s w a t e r ! [ H e r e / S o T b y d a y / is e q u i v a l e n t to / d o w r b y d o y / ; see S e c . 13. 702. / d o w r d a y a g / , h o w e v e r , m a y be e m p l o y e d for the t h r o w i n g of a single object, w h e r e a s / S a T d a y a g / h a s the c o n n o t a t i o n of s c a t t e r i n g p l u r a l o b j e c t s . ] / m a e D a g a r a torn SaT d a y a n . /
We will sow s e e d s in t h i s land.
/ a v a n i d r w s t s y p a i e j a n g a SaT b u t a n t . / in t h i s b a t t l e . / m a d r w s t b a d i g a SaT k w r t a n . / 5.
/dawr/
All t h e i r s o l d i e r s w e r e d e s t r o y e d
We d e s t r o y e d a l l our e n e m i e s .
" t i m e , a g e , p e r i o d " m u s t be d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m the v a r i o u s h o m o p h o n o u s
m e a n i n g s of / d a w r / d i s c u s s e d in S e c . 13. 702.
373
In the m e a n i n g of " t i m e , a g e , p e r i o d , "
/ d a w r / semantically overlaps / b a r i / "period, t e r m , reign"; c a r r i e s a c o n n o t a t i o n of " t u r n " :
i. e.
/bari/
one p e r i o d f r o m a m o n g a s e r i e s of p e r i o d s , and it is
u s u a l l y c o n n e c t e d with a p e r s o n , a g r o u p , e t c . (e. g. [ t u r n ] of t h a t k i n g " ) ;
see S e c . 13. 503.
/ a b a d S a [ h ] a y b a r i a / "in the r e i g n
/ d o w r / l a c k s t h i s connotation.
The c o m p o u n d / d a w r - w - b a r i / " p e r i o d , t i m e , r e g i m e " is m o r e i n c l u s i v e :
it signifies
the t o t a l i t y of a p e r i o d , a r e g i m e , an e r a c h a r a c t e r i s e d by s o m e p a r t i c u l a r set of c i r c u m stances, etc. A r e l a t e d w o r d , / d a w r a n / " p e r i o d , d u r a t i o n , " will be i n t r o d u c e d in S e c . 16. 700. / d o w r a n / i s e m p l o y e d when s o m e a c t i o n or event is s e e n a s o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n the l i m i t s of s o m e specified t i m e (e. g.
/ a m e d o w r a n a / "during this t i m e " ) .
E . g.
/ e v a n a g - w - z a n a g a y d a w r a , m a bayd ynt jang m o k o n o n . / In t h i s e r a of e d u c a t i o n [lit. r e a d i n g - a n d - k n o w i n g ] we ought not to m a k e w a r . / p e s a y d a w r a , SoSe Si n e s t a t . / exist.
In f o r m e r t i m e [ s ] such t h i n g s did not
/ a i b a r i a , boloS b a z k a l a t b a s t a n t . / B a l u c h i s built m a n y f o r t s .
D u r i n g [lit.
in] h i s r e i g n the
/ p o r o n g i a n i d a w r - w - b a r i a , b a z Si a r z a n atant. / In the t i m e [ r e g i m e , p e r i o d ] of the E u r o p e a n s m a n y t h i n g s w e r e c h e a p . / y a k k d a m e peS, m a n Donna Swtagatwn. a m e d o w r a n a m a n i s a n g a t t a[h]tagat. / J u s t a m o m e n t [lit. b r e a t h ] b e f o r e , I had gone o u t s i d e . D u r i n g that [lit. t h i s v e r y ] t i m e my friend c a m e [lit. had c o m e ] . 6.
/ d e m p o / is a compound p r e p o s i t i o n .
16. 500.
It d e n o t e s " t o w a r d , t o w a r d s . " E . g.
/ a d e m pa b a z a r a r a v a g a at. /
He w a s going t o w a r d s the m a r k e t ,
/ a d e m p a m m a n ayaga atant. /
They w e r e c o m i n g t o w a r d s m e .
Text III.
Mir Hammal (proper name)
mir [h]ammal
Jihand
ji[h]and
famous
namdar
1.
M i r H a m m a l , son of [lit. of] Jihand w a s [lit. h a s b e c o m e ] a f a m o u s B a l u c h i .
m i r [ h j a m m a l e ji[h]and y a k k n a m d a r e baloSe buta.
2.
T h e r e a r e m a n y s t o r i e s about [lit. h i m in the B a l u c h i e p i c - p o e m s .
ai b a z e k y s s a v m a n b a l o S i d a p t a r a n a s t a n t .
of]
Portuguese 3.
4.
pwrtagezi
In the s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r y the P o r t u g u e s e [lit. P o r t u g u e s e E u r o p e a n s ] had c o m e to the s h o r e s of B a l u c h i s t a n .
Sazdami korna, pwrtagezi parangi baloSystanoy tyaban a[h]tatant.
s e e i n g , w a t c h i n g , looking at; s i g h t s e e i n g ; show, s p e c t a c l e , s c e n e
sayl
b a n d , gang of b r i g a n d s
Dwng
boat
boji
Once H a m m a l had gone to look at the sea [lit. in the s e e i n g of the s e a ] , when a
374
yakk b a r e [ h ] a m m a l z y r a y s a y l a Swtatat, ky p w r t a g e z i a n i yakk Dwnge a i bojiay s a r a
b a n d of the P o r t u g u e s e a t t a c k e d [lit. p o u r e d upon] h i s b o a t .
retk.
finally, a f t e r a l l , in the end
neT
wounded
Tappi
5.
H a m m a l fought h a r d a g a i n s t [lit. with] the P o r t u g u e s e , but in the end he w a s wounded.
[ h j a m m a l go p w r t a g e z i a sakk m y R y t a t a t , bale neT Tappi butatat.
6.
T h e E u r o p e a n s bound [lit. had bound] h i m and c a r r i e d [ h i m ] off to s o u t h e r n India.
p a r a n g i a y r a b a s t a t a t a n t , aw j a n d w m i [hjynda bwrtatatant.
governor,
ruler
[h]akym
bravery
sarmaSari
courage
moRadari
reason, official,
cause
sabab
functionary
mansabdar
to m a r r y 7.
[hjaros kanag
T h e y s a y [lit. say t h u s ] that the anSw gwSant, ky p w r t a g e z i a n i [hjakym ai P o r t u g u e s e g o v e r n o r d e s i r e d that H a m m a l , s a r m a S a r i aw m a R a d a r i a y s a b a b a l o T y t a t , b e c a u s e of h i s b r a v e r y and c o u r a g e , ky [ h j a m m a l a i pawja m o n s o b d a r e b y b i t , should b e c o m e an official in h i s a r m y aw p a r a n g i a n i jane [ h j a r o s bykont. and m a r r y a w o m a n of the E u r o p e a n s . Indian
[hjyndi
to i n t e r m a r r y , have m a r i t a l r e l a t i o n s with
sangbondi k a n a g
government,
[hjwkumatt
faithful,
state
loyal
vapadar
8.
The P o r t u g u e s e g o v e r n o r ' s idea w a s that [if] the I n d i a n s and P e r s i a n s would i n t e r m a r r y with the P o r t u g u e s e that t h e i r c h i l d r e n would be faithful to [lit. of] his government.
p w r t a g e z i [ h j a k y m a y [hjayal at, ky [hjyndiw - i r a n i go p w r t a g e z i a s a n g b a n d i b y k a n a n t , to a v a n i za[h]g a i [ h j w k u m a t t a y v a p a d a r bant,
9.
But H a m m a l said that he would die in i m p r i s o n m e n t , but he would not m a r r y one of t h e i r w o m e n .
b a l e [ h j a m m a l gwStatat, ky a k a y z a b y m y r i t , b a l e a v a n i jane [ h j a r o s n a k a n t .
10.
T h u s H a m m a l died in P o r t u g u e s e imprisonment.
e Dawla, [ h j a m m a l p w r t a g e z i a n i k a y z a mwrtatat. sug
mourning 11.
m i r [ h j a m m a l a y suga, b a l o S a n i z a l b u l tanynga S a m b e a y roSa sor noSodant, aw norondont.
In m o u r n i n g for [lit. of] M i r H a m m a l , the w o m e n of the B a l u c h i s s t i l l do not w a s h [ t h e i r ] h e a d [ s ] and do not c o m b [ t h e i r h a i r ] on S a t u r d a y .
e yakk ko[h]ne d o d e , ky b a l o S a n i z a l b u l sugay roSa m a [ h J p o r a n o r o n d o n t , aw nagvapant.
12. It i s an a n c i e n t c u s t o m that the w o m e n of t h e B a l u c h i s do not c o m b [ t h e i r ] h a i r or b r a i d [lit. w e a v e ] [it] on d a y s of mourning.
16. 600. 1.
Word Study:
Text III.
/ e / i s a s p e c i a l i s e d f o r m of the " p o s s e s s i v e " suffix / a y / - / i / .
Affixed to a p e r s o n a l
n a m e and followed by a n o t h e r p e r s o n a l n a m e , / e / i n d i c a t e s that the f i r s t p e r s o n is the child
375
of the s e c o n d :
t h u s , / X - e Y / d e n o t e s "X, the child of Y. " T h i s u s a g e i s often found in
B a l u c h i epic p o e t r y . T h i s suffix i s a l s o found with w o r d s denoting n a t u r a l o b j e c t s (e. g. " m o u n t a i n , " e t c . ) when t h e s e a r e followed by a p r o p e r n a m e :
"lake, " "river, "
t h u s , / r o d e X / "the R i v e r
X, " / [ h ] a m u n e X / " L a k e X. " E . g. /[hjammale ji[hjand/ /byjjare Sakar/
H a m m a l , son of Jihand
Bijjar,
/[hjamune [hjelmwnd/
Note:
son of C h a k a r Lake Helmund
/rode mwrgap/
the M u r g a p R i v e r
/darrae bolan/
the B o l a n P a s s
h e r e a f t e r , in E n g l i s h g l o s s e s , e t c . , B a l u c h i p r o p e r n a m e s a r e s p e l l e d in a
"modified o r i e n t a l i s t t r a n s c r i p t i o n " (without d i a c r i t i c s ) , r a t h e r than in p h o n e m i c s c r i p t . 4.
/ s a y l / d e n o t e s "show, s p e c t a c l e , s c e n e . " It h a s c o n n o t a t i o n s of s i g h t s e e i n g ,
t r a v e l l i n g for p u r p o s e s of s e e i n g , e t c .
The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n / s a y l k a n a g / signifies
"to s e e , w a t c h , look at. " E. g. / o d a jvane s a y l e at. /
T h e r e w a s a n i c e s c e n e [show, s p e c t a c l e ] o v e r t h e r e ,
/ y m s a l i a o m r i k o o y sayla Swta. / T h i s y e a r he h a s gone to s e e A m e r i c a [lit. in the s e e i n g of A m e r i c a ] . [ H e r e the c o n n o t a t i o n i s that of a sightseeing trip. ] / m a m o l p a d a n i sayla r a v a n . /
We will go to s e e [ i n s p e c t ] t h e m e a d o w s .
/ m a owganani Sapa sayl k w r t a n . /
We w a t c h e d the d a n c e s of the A f g h a n s .
/ m a n t a r a s a y l kanin, ky taw Son e k a r a kanay. / how you do t h i s t a s k .
I w i l l w a t c h you [to s e e ]
4.
/ b o j i / denotes a small boat;
/ a p i - j a z / i s e m p l o y e d for l a r g e r v e s s e l s , e t c .
4.
/ - 3 y s a r a r e S a g / "to p o u r u p o n " i s e m p l o y e d both in i t s l i t e r a l s e n s e and a l s o in
the m e a n i n g of "to a t t a c k , fall upon, pounce upon. " In t h i s l a t t e r u s a g e the s u b j e c t m u s t be s e m a n t i c a l l y p l u r a l , t h u s p r e s e r v i n g the idea of " p o u r i n g (in a c o n n e c t e d s t r e a m ) . " E . g. / a apan a v a n i s o r a r e t k . /
He p o u r e d the w a t e r upon t h e m .
/ a v a n i yakk Dwnge a i bojioy s a r a r e t k . / upon, pounced upon] h i s b o a t .
A gang of t h e m a t t a c k e d [fell
/ m a darra[h]a avani laSkarani s a r a retkan. / at the m o u n t a i n - p a s s . 5.
A s an a d v e r b , / n e T / d e n o t e s "finally, after a l l , in the end. " E . g. / a n e T m o n a j a v a b dat. / / a n e T m a r a ySt. /
8.
We fell upon t h e i r a r m i e s
F i n a l l y he a n s w e r e d m e .
In the end he left u s .
/ s a n g b a n d i k a n a g / "to i n t e r m a r r y , have m a r i t a l r e l a t i o n s w i t h " is u s e d when
m a r r i a g e b e t w e e n two g r o u p s ( f a m i l i e s , t r i b e s , e t c . ) is spoken of. the m a r r i a g e of two specific i n d i v i d u a l s .
E . g.
3 76
It is not e m p l o y e d for
/ m a go awgana s a n g b a n d i k w r t a g a n . / Afghans.
We h a v e i n t e r m a r r i e d with the
/ a m a n i g w [ h ] a r a [ h j a r o s k w r t a . / He h a s m a r r i e d m y s i s t e r , k w r t a / is not s u b s t i t u t a b l e h e r e . J 8. /sarkar/,
[/sangbandi
/ [ h j w k u m o t t / d e n o t e s " g o v e r n m e n t " in the s e n s e of " s t a t e , g o v e r n m e n t a l s y s t e m . " on the o t h e r hand, signifies " g o v e r n m e n t " in the s e n s e of a p a r t i c u l a r r e g i m e ,
the r u l i n g body of g o v e r n m e n t a l officials, e t c .
/ s a r k a r / is a l s o e m p l o y e d a s an h o n o r i f i c
t e r m of a d d r e s s , r o u g h l y t r a n s l a t a b l e a s "Sir. " E. g. / e s a r k a r a y m a r d w m ant. / They a r e g o v e r n m e n t p e o p l e , can be s u b s t i t u t e d h e r e . ]
[/[hjwkumott/
/ o d a m o y b a l o S a n i [hjwkumott ynt. / O v e r t h e r e [i. e. in that a r e a ] is the s t a t e b e l o n g i n g to [lit. of] our B a l u c h i s . [I. e. that s t a t e is c o m p o s e d of and r u l e d by B a l u c h i s . ] / n o k e s o r k a r e a[h]ta. /
16. 700.
A new g o v e r n m e n t [i. e.
a new r e g i m e j h a s c o m e .
Text IV.
fight-and-quarrel: squabbling
quarrelling,
jang-w-jeRa
among [onejselves, each other P r e v i o u s l y q u a r r e l s often a r o s e b e t w e e n the B a l u c h i t r i b e s t h e m s e l v e s or with the A f g h a n s . [Lit. B e f o r e m a n y t i m e s the q u a r r e l l i n g of the B a l u c h i t r i b e s with t h e m s e l v e s or with the Afghans a r o s e . ]
vat-ma-vat peSa b a z b a r a baloS t w m a n a n i j a n g - w - j e R a go v a t - m a - v a t a ya gon awgana pad a [ h ] t a n t .
dawr vayag [also /va[h]ag/J
time, age, period concern, regard, consideration; d e m a n d , r e q u i r e m e n t ; goal, objective Now t h i s s o r t of thing is v e r y r a r e . The m a j o r r e a s o n s for t h i s a r e i n t e r m a r r i a g e with e a c h o t h e r and r e s p e c t for the new a g e [i. e. the c h a n g e s b r o u g h t about by modern times].
nun e Dawle Si b a z k a m m ant. eSi m a z a n e s a b a b go y a k k d y g a r a s a n g b a n d i aw noke d o w r o y v a y a g ant.
poet
Sayr
stomach, belly
lap
d e s i r e , t a s t e (for s o m e t h i n g )
Sw[hjaz
ignorant,
nazantkar
inexperienced
jang d a y a g
to i n c i t e to w a r , c a u s e to fight
peSa Sayr a m v a t i l a p a y Sw[h]aza e n a z a n t k a r e w s t w m a n a go y a k k d y g a r a jang d a t a n t .
P r e v i o u s l y the p o e t s a l s o i n c i t e d t h e s e i g n o r a n t p e o p l e to fight a m o n g t h e m s e l v e s for t h e i r [i. e. the p o e t s ' ] own b e n e f i t [lit. in t h e i r own s t o m a c h ' s desire]. reading-and-knowing: knowledge, education
literacy,
vanag-w-zanag rad
e r r o r , mistake, m i s s ; wrong, mistaken, missed; wrongly, erroneously 377
4.
Now with the new e d u c a t i o n , that kind of wrong actions is becoming very r a r e . to s u e , m a k e l i t i g a t i o n ,
5.
dava kanag
quarrel
L a s t a u t u m n we had sowed a [ p i e c e of] land, and o u r e n e m i e s laid a suit a g a i n s t [lit. with] u s o v e r t h i s land. T h e s e s a m e e n e m i e s have fought with u s t w i c e o v e r t h i s land. T h e y h a v e c a r r i e d off m a n y of our l i v e s t o c k and h a v e killed one p e r s o n . to s e i z e , c a t c h ,
a m e d w S m a n dw b a r a go m a e D o g a r a y s a r a myRytagant. m a i janag
to c a r r y off l i v e s t o c k 7.
p a [ h ] r i t o m S a n a , m a y a k k D a g a r e kyStatant, aw a m m a y b a d i g a m e D a g a r a y s a r a go m a dava kwrtant. dwSman
enemy 6.
nun go noke v a n o g - w - z a n a g a n , a Dawle r a d e k y r d a r b a z k a m m b u a n ant.
a m m a y b a z e m a l e j a t a g a n t , aw y a k k m a r d w m e kwStagant. paS g y r a g
snatch
a m m a y a m a m a l a , ky a j a t a t a n t , a m a v a s a r k a r a p a d i paS g y p t a g a t .
8.
T h o s e l i v e s t o c k of o u r s which they had c a r r i e d off, the g o v e r n m e n t got t h e m b a c k [for u s ] .
9.
But [ a s for] that m a n whom they had k i l l e d , b a l e a m a m a r d w m , ky a k w S t a t a n t , a i b a b a t t a tanynga [h]ySSi n a b u t a . about h i m nothing h a s yet b e e n done [lit. h a s not b e c o m e ] . d y l j a m i dayag to a s s u r e , satisfy, c o n d o l e , c o m f o r t
to d e c i d e , s e t t l e 10. The g o v e r n m e n t officials a s s u r e d u s that they would [lit. will] d e c i d e the c a s e w e l l in e v e r y way. to be d e c i d e d ,
s a r k a r a y o p s o r m a r a d y l j a m i d a t a n t , ky a [h]ar p a y m a d a v a a S a r r i a p a y s l a k a n a n t . p a y s l a [ g ] buog
settled
11. S o m e of our people had said at that t i m e that t h i s c a s e cannot be s e t t l e d b e c a u s e the a c t i o n s of our e n e m i e s a r e not good. law,
p a y s l a [ g ] kanag
a m m a y la[h]te m a r d w m a m a vaxt gwStatant, ky e dava p a y s l a but n a k a n t , p a r Se ky a m m a y b a d i g a n i k y r d a r S a r r na ant. kanud
statute
pad d a r a g
to r e s t r a i n , k e e p b a c k 12. T h e y have n e v e r a g r e e d with u s , and now too they will not a g r e e , but the g o v e r n m e n t and c o n s i d e r a t i o n for [lit. of] i t s law had kept u s b a c k [from r e s o l v i n g the m a t t e r by f o r c e j .
a go m a [hjySS n a T a y t a g a n t , aw nun a m nbToont, b a l e s a r k a r aw a i k a n u d a y v a y a g m a r a pad d a S t a g a t .
13.
a m e Dawla, p a [ h ] r i Syllaga m a n synda Swtatwn.
T h u s , l a s t w i n t e r I had gone to Sindh. period,
dawran
duration
14. D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d a band of Afghans had c a r r i e d off a c a m e l - h e r d of o u r s . exchange, t r a n s f e r ; change; like
equal,
15. In e x c h a n g e for t h i s , our people had c a r r i e d off a c a m e l - h e r d of t h e i r s too.
a m e d o w r a n a , awganani y a k k Dwnge m a y bagge jatagat. badal eSi b a d a l a , a m m a y m a r d w m a m a v a n i bagge jatatant.
to be p e a c e , to be r e c o n c i l e d
sala buag
16. When I r e t u r n e d , p e a c e had b e e n m a d e [lit. had b e c o m e ] b e t w e e n t h e m .
vaxte ky m o n a[h]twn, to a v a n i n y a m a sala butagat.
17.
awgan a m m a y w S t y r a p a d i d a t a t a n t , aw may m a r d w m avaniga padi datatant.
The Afghans had given b a c k our c a m e l s , and our p e o p l e had given t h e i r s b a c k .
z y a n dayag
to c a u s e l o s s , d a m a g e
378
18.
I w a s v e r y happy about [lit. f r o m ] t h i s n e w s , b e c a u s e s u c h a c t i o n s have c a u s e d us much loss.
m o n aS e [ h j a b a r a s a k k vaSS butwn, p a r Se ky e Dawle k y r d a r m a r a b a z z y a n d a t a g a n t ,
r e l a t i o n s , friendly ties
syali
brotherhood, brotherliness
brasi
19. Now we h a v e [lit. do] f r i e n d l y r e l a t i o n s and b r o t h e r h o o d with the A f g h a n s .
nun m a gon awgana s y a l i ow b r a s i konan.
20.
o m m a y b a z e m a r d w m a m gon awgana sangbandi kwrtagant.
Many of our p e o p l e h a v e a l s o i n t e r m a r r i e d w i t h the A f g h a n s .
16. 800. 1.
Word Study:
Text IV.
/ j e R a [ g ] / d e n o t e s " q u a r r e l , s q u a b b l e " (usually without p h y s i c a l v i o l e n c e ) ;
/jang/
s i g n i f i e s "fight, b a t t l e , w a r . " The c o m p o u n d / j o n g - w - j e R a / ( c o m m o n l y without a final / g / ) has a m o r e inclusive meaning:
"fighting and q u a r r e l l i n g , c o n t e n t i o n . "
/jeRa[g]/
o c c u r s in c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s with / b u a g / and / k a n a g / denoting "to be a q u a r r e l " and "to q u a r r e l " r e s p e c t i v e l y .
E . g.
/ o m m o y jang-w-jeRa m a r a baz zyan data. / h a s inflicted m u c h l o s s upon u s . / m o n i p y s s ow s o r d a r o y n y a m a j e R a but. / m y f a t h e r and the chief. / t a w p a r Se go m a n j e R a k a n a g l o T o y . / me? 1.
O u r fighting and q u a r r e l l i n g There was a quarrel between
Why do you want to q u a r r e l with
/ v o t - m o - v o t / "one a n o t h e r , e a c h o t h e r , a m o n g [ o u r , y o u r , t h e m j s e l v e s " is
s u b s t i t u t a b l e in m a n y c o n t e x t s for / g o yokk d y g a r a / "with e a c h o t h e r . " h o w e v e r , h a s the c o n n o t a t i o n of "within s o m e specific g r o u p (e. g. a t r i b e ) , " a c o n n o t a t i o n l a c k i n g in / g o yokk d y g o r a / .
/vot-mo-vot/,
within a f a m i l y , w i t h i n
The / m a / in / v a t - m a - v a t / is p r o b a b l y
i d e n t i f i a b l e a s / m o n / " i n s i d e , in. " See S e c . 5 . 9 0 1 . / m a v o t - m o - v o t on. / We a r e [ r e l a t e d to] one a n o t h e r . [I. e. We a r e a l l m e m b e r s of the s a m e family, t r i b e , e t c . / y a k k d y g a / is not substitutable. ] / m a e gappa v a t - m a - v a t p a y s l a k a n a n . / We will d e c i d e t h i s m a t t e r a m o n g o u r s e l v e s . [I. e. Within our own g r o u p , / g o yokk d y g a r a / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e ; it c o n n o t e s "in c o n s u l t a t i o n with e a c h o t h e r . "] / a yokk d y g o r a j o t a n t . / They b e a t e a c h o t h e r , [ / v a t - m a - v a t a / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e but i n d i c a t e s t h a t the a c t i o n took p l a c e within a specific
group.] / S w m a v o t - m o - v o t b r a s yt, aw go Swma m a r a k a r n e s t . / You a r e b r o t h e r s [to] one a n o t h e r , and we h a v e no c o n c e r n with you. [I. e. You a r e a l l r e l a t e d to one a n o t h e r , and we want no p a r t of y o u r p r i v a t e m a t t e r s . ]
2.
T h e m e a n i n g of / v a y o g / d i f f e r s f r o m d i a l e c t to d i a l e c t :
in R a k h s h a n i B a l u c h i it
d e n o t e s " c o n c e r n , r e g a r d , c o n s i d e r a t i o n (for s o m e t h i n g ) , " while in M a k r a n i B a l u c h i it means
" d e m a n d , r e q u i r e m e n t " and a l s o " g o a l , o b j e c t i v e . " T h i s w o r d i s a l s o e m p l o y e d in
p o e t r y to d e n o t e " l o v e , affection. " In the M a k r a n i d i a l e c t s it i s m o r e often found a s /va[h]ag/.
E.g.
379
/ a a m m a y v a y a g n a d a r a n t , aw s a l a n a k a n a n t . / u s and w i l l not m a k e p e a c e .
T h e y h a v e no r e g a r d for
/ m o n a t a i p y s s a y v a y a g ynt - - na to m a n t a r a S a r r j a t k w r t . / I had c o n s i d e r a t i o n for [lit. ofl y o u r f a t h e r - - o t h e r w i s e I could h a v e b e a t e n you w e l l , [/no t o / "[if] not, t h e n . . . , o t h e r w i s e . . . "] / a i m a z t y r e v a y a g a m e S at, ky a a m r i k a a y s a y l a b y k a n t . / goal w a s j u s t t h i s , that he m i g h t v i s i t A m e r i c a . / m a e d a w r a aw e d a w r a y v a y a g a b y z a n a n . / and the d e m a n d s of t h i s a g e . 3.
His greatest
We ought to know t h i s a g e
/ n a z a n t k a r / " i g n o r a n t , i n e x p e r i e n c e d " l i t e r a l l y s e e m s to m e a n " n o t - k n o w n - w o r k . "
/ z a n t / a p p e a r s to be the p a s t s t e m of / z a n a g / "to know. " S u b s t a n t i v e c o m p o u n d s c o n t a i n i n g a v e r b a l s t e m (both p r e s e n t and p a s t ) a r e not u n c o m m o n . 4.
Two infinitives m a y a l s o s e r v e a s a l o o s e s u b s t a n t i v e c o m p o u n d :
/vanog-w-zanag/,
literally "reading-and-knowing, " denotes "literacy, knowledge, education. " 4.
/ r o d / is e m p l o y e d (a) a s a noun denoting " e r r o r , m i s t a k e , m i s s " ;
a d j e c t i v e m e a n i n g "wrong, m i s t a k e n , m i s s e d " ; erroneously";
(b) a s a n
(c) a s an a d v e r b signifying " w r o n g l y ,
(d) the c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n / r a d b u a g / d e n o t e s "to be a m i s t a k e ,
e r r o r , m i s s , " and / r o d k o n a g / signifies "to e r r , m a k e a m i s t a k e , go a s t r a y , m i s s . " E . g. / m a n mazane rade kwrtwn. /
I made a great mistake.
/ a S e r a d a , a m m a y d r w s t k a r [ h j a r a b buta. / our w o r k h a s b e e n spoiled. / S a y r bayd ynt k a w m a e r a d e ra[h]a m o b a r t ! / the nation upon t h i s w r o n g path! / t a w e [ h ] a b a r a r a d ay. / / a t a r a r a d gwSta. /
The poet should not l e a d
You a r e w r o n g in t h i s m a t t e r .
He h a s told you e r r o n e o u s l y .
/ m o n r a d k w r t w n , aw dyga r a [ h ] e a Swtwn. / on a n o t h e r r o a d . / m o n i owli t i r r a d k w r t . / 5.
F r o m t h i s m i s t a k e , a l l of
I m i s s e d [the w a y ] and went
My f i r s t b u l l e t m i s s e d .
/ d a v a / signifies " l a w s u i t , l i t i g a t i o n , c a s e (at law). " It a l s o h a s the d e r i v e d
m e a n i n g " q u a r r e l , d i s p u t e , " and the c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n / d a v a l a g g a g / m e a n s only "to q u a r r e l . " / d a v a k a n a g / , h o w e v e r , signifies "to s u e , lay a c a s e a g a i n s t , m a k e l i t i g a t i o n a g a i n s t " and is only o c c a s i o n a l l y t r a n s l a t a b l e a s "to q u a r r e l . " E . g. / a go m a n dava k w r t a n t . /
They sued m e .
/ a go m o n sokk dava l a g g y t a n t . / They q u a r r e l l e d v i o l e n t l y with m e . [ T h i s h a s m u c h the s a m e m e a n i n g a s / j e R o k w r t a n t / . ] 6.
/ d w S m a n / and / b a d i [ g ] / a r e n e a r l y s y n o n y m o u s :
both d e n o t e " e n e m y . "
h o w e v e r , m a y be u s e d a s a s i n g u l a r c o v e r t e r m for a p l u r a l body of e n e m i e s (cf. "the e n e m y " ) ;
badi[g]/ literally denotes "bad-one" (i.e.
English
i l l - w i s h e r ) and is u s e d in r e f e r e n c e
to a single individual - - o r , in the p l u r a l , for a g r o u p of i n d i v i d u a l s .
380
/dwSman/,
8.
/ p a S g y r a g / "to s e i z e , c a t c h , s n a t c h " is a l m o s t c o m p l e t e l y s y n o n y m o u s with
/ p w l a g / "to s n a t c h a w a y , g r a b " and is a l s o i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e with / g y r a g / "to g r a s p , c a t c h , b u y " in s o m e c o n t e x t s .
seize,
E . g.
/ m a Sa d w S m a n a v a t i D a g a r a p a d i paS g y r a n . / We s h a l l t a k e b a c k our l a n d s f r o m the e n e m i e s , [ / p w l a n / "will s n a t c h a w a y , g r a b " is substitutable. ] 15.
/ b a d a l / d e n o t e s " e x c h a n g e , t r a n s f e r ; c h a n g e " and a l s o " e q u a l , l i k e " ( i . e .
equal exchange),
an
/ - a y b a d a l a / is e m p l o y e d for "in e x c h a n g e for, in p l a c e of, " and the
c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s / b a d a l b u a g / and / b a d a l k a n a g / d e n o t e "to be e x c h a n g e d , transferred,
c h a n g e d " and "to e x c h a n g e , t r a n s f e r , c h a n g e " r e s p e c t i v e l y .
E.g.
/ a i b a d a l n e s t . / He h a s no e q u a l . [I. e. T h e r e is no one who c a n be e x c h a n g e d for h i m : t h e r e is no one like h i m . ] / m a n eSi b a d a l a t a r a yakk kytabe dayin. / e x c h a n g e for t h i s .
I will give you a book in
/ a oS yda b a d a l but. / He w a s t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m h e r e . [I. e. a s a governm e n t officer i s t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m one l o c a l i t y to a n o t h e r . ] / t o w v a t i pwSSa b a d a l kan! /
Change y o u r c l o t h e s !
/ m a voti ko[h]ne [h]ela b a d a l k w r t nokonon. / ancient habits. 16.
We cannot change our
/ s o l a / m e a n s " p e a c e , r e c o n c i l i a t i o n " and a l s o " s u g g e s t i o n , a d v i c e , c o u n s e l . "
/ s a l a b u a g / and / s a l a k a n a g / t h u s denote
"to be a g r e e d , r e c o n c i l e d " and "to t a k e c o u n s e l ,
a g r e e , m a k e p e a c e , r e c o n c i l e . " / s a l a d a y a g / signifies only "to a d v i s e , give c o u n s e l . " E.g. / m a gon ava s a l a k w r t a n . / c o u n s e l with t h e m . "]
We m a d e p e a c e with t h e m .
[Or:
"We took
/ t a n k y m a y sala n a b u t a , m a k a r nokonon. / So long a s [lit. u n t i l , up to] we a r e not at p e a c e [lit. our r e c o n c i l i a t i o n h a s not b e c o m e ] , we w i l l not w o r k . / a g a a m m a y d r w s t a n i s a l a but, gwRa m a t a i gysa k a y a n . / If we a r e a l l a g r e e d [lit. our a l l ' s c o u n s e l b e c a m e ] , t h e n we will c o m e to y o u r house. / S w m a y d r w s t a n i sala yakk bybit! / unanimous].'
Let a l l y o u r c o u n s e l be one [i. e.
/ a o m e s a l a a d a t , ky m a nun s a r b y g y r a n . / now. / m a ai solaa nozwrton. / 17.
We did not a c t upon [lit.
F o r / a v a n i g a / " t h e i r s (obj. ), " see S e c . 3. 8 0 1 .
16. 900.
D r i l l s and E x e r c i s e s .
16. 9 0 1 .
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l I.
He a d v i s e d that we l e a v e
381
pick up] h i s a d v i c e .
1.
Se, t a i Dyha syap a s t ? Y e s , in m y a r e a t h e r e is a l a r g e l a k e . Y e s , t h e r e is a r i v e r . lands. No, r a i n w a t e r [lit. our l a n d s .
It i r r i g a t e s o u r
rain's waters] irrigate[s
Y e s , in our a r e a t h e r e a r e k a r e z and s o m e P e r s i a n wheel wells. No, our a r e a is a s a n d y - d e s e r t . t a i m w l k a y g y r d g e s Synkas ynt. The a r e a of our c o u n t r y is 250, 000 [lit. two l a k h s , fifty t h o u s a n d ] s q u a r e m i l e s . The a r e a of our c o u n t r y is s e v e n t y - f i v e thousand square m i l e s . The a r e a of our c o u n t r y is f o r t y - s i x thousand square m i l e s . The a r e a of our c o u n t r y is about e i g h t y s e v e n t h o u s a n d s q u a r e m i l e s [lit. in the e s t i m a t e of . . . m i l e s ] . The a r e a of our c o u n t r y is about t h i r t y t h r e e t h o u s a n d s q u a r e m i l e s [lit. in the e s t i m a t e of . . . m i l e s ] . 3.
Swmay [hjand Son ynt. Our r e g i o n is a m o u n t a i n o u s - r e g i o n . My a r e a is on the s e a c o a s t , and f r o m t h e r e [lit. o v e r t h e r e ] [ i s ] a good view. Our a r e a is a b r o a d p l a i n . In our a r e a a r e l a r g e m o u n t a i n s . On one side [ / k w n D / ] of our a r e a is a l a k e , and t h e r e is a f o r e s t on the o t h e r side
[/kwnD/]. 4.
m i r [ h ] a m m a l kay ynt. 1 Mir H a m m a l w a s a f a m o u s B a l u c h i . His f a t h e r ' s n a m e w a s J i h a n d . He fought with the P o r t u g u e s e . They caught h i m and c a r r i e d h i m off to s o u t h e r n India. He died t h e r e [ / o m o d a / ] in i m p r i s o n m e n t . ^The a n s w e r s to t h i s q u e s t i o n a r e continuous and f o r m a c o n n e c t e d t e x t . t o i Dyhay geStyr m a r d w m Son z o r r k o T T a n t .
382
Most of our people a r e engaged in [lit. wage-labour.
do]
Most of our people a r e engaged in [lit. fishing.
do]
Most of our people a r e e n g a g e d in [lit. herding.
do]
S o m e of our p e o p l e a r e e n g a g e d in [lit. do] t r a d i n g , and o t h e r s w o r k for o u r g o v e r n m e n t [lit. do our g o v e r n m e n t ' s s e r v i c e ] . Some of our p e o p l e a r e e n g a g e d in [lit. a g r i c u l t u r e , but m a n y a r e n o m a d s [lit. p e o p l e of the h i n t e r l a n d ] .
do]
e sypaioy b a b a t t a , t a i Se [hjayal ynt. He is a b r a v e [ s o l d i e r ] . I know h i s b r a v e r y and c o u r a g e . He is v e r y faithful. He is a c o m p l e t e fool. He should r e t u r n to the c a n t o n m e n t . v e r y ill.
He is
Se, a t w m o n o y m a r d w m Sarr ant? Y e s , we have [lit. do] f r i e n d l y r e l a t i o n s and b r o t h e r h o o d with t h e m . Y e s , we have i n t e r m a r r i e d with t h e m . No, t h e i r a c t i o n s a r e not good. They have often [lit. m a n y t i m e s ] c a r r i e d off our livestock. They a r e our e n e m i e s . Only the g o v e r n m e n t and r e s p e c t for its law h a s kept u s back. Y e s , they a r e f a m o u s for [lit. and c o u r a g e . 8.
in] b r a v e r y
Swmay dava Son but. The g o v e r n m e n t will d e c i d e our c a s e soon. The officer of the g o v e r n m e n t h a s a s s u r e d u s that they will d e c i d e the c a s e f a v o u r a b l y [lit. w e l l ] . Now a r e c o n c i l i a t i o n h a s b e e n m a d e [lit. has become]. The g o v e r n o r will d e c i d e it [lit. d e c i s i o n ] next [ / d o m i / ] w e e k .
m a k e its
The g o v e r n m e n t h a s given u s b a c k our land, but nothing h a s b e e n done [lit. s o m e t h i n g h a s not b e c o m e ] about t h o s e m e n whom they had k i l l e d . oda Se buoga ynt. They a r e q u a r r e l l i n g a m o n g t h e m s e l v e s . T h e y a r e digging [lit. karez.
d r a w i n g ] a new
One m a n h a s b e e n [lit. wounded.
has become]
An I r a n i boat h a s c o m e into the h a r b o u r . T h e r e h a s b e e n [lit. quake.
383
h a s c o m e ] an e a r t h -
10. D a g a r - j w m b a Synka z y a n rast. The whole city h a s b e e n [lit. destroyed.
has become]
Most of the h o u s e s fell [down], and the m a r k e t caught [ / l a g g a g / ] f i r e . After the e a r t h q u a k e a v i o l e n t wind b l e w [lit. c a m e ] , and m a n y p e o p l e died f r o m cold. The g o v e r n m e n t h a s sent d o c t o r s and medicine. The g o v e r n m e n t will r e b u i l d [lit. a g a i n ] the city.
populate
•'•The a n s w e r s to t h i s q u e s t i o n a r e c o n t i n u o u s and f o r m a c o n n e c t e d t e x t . 11.
Se, Swma a m e D a g a r a a v a n a datagyt? We have given t h e m a [ l a r g e ] p i e c e of it. We have given t h e m only a [ s m a l l ] p i e c e of it. We finally gave t h e m a l l the land. We gave t h e m only the n o r t h e r n m e a d o w . No, they say that they w i l l sue u s in the court.
12. b a l o S y s t a n Sone m w l k e . 1 N o r t h e r n B a l u c h i s t a n is a m o u n t a i n o u s region. W e s t e r n B a l u c h i s t a n is a p r o v i n c e of I r a n . The A r a b i a n Sea l i e s [lit. i s j to the south [lit. in the s o u t h e r n d i r e c t i o n ] of B a l u c h i s t a n . T h e r e a r e two g r e a t p l a i n s in B a l u c h i s t a n . The n o r t h e r n plain is Dak, and the n a m e of the e a s t e r n p l a i n is K a c c h i . One [ l a r g e ] p i e c e of B a l u c h i s t a n is in West P a k i s t a n . A [ s m a l l ] p i e c e is i n s i d e the b o r d e r of R u s s i a . ^The a n s w e r s to t h i s q u e s t i o n a r e continuous and f o r m a c o n n e c t e d t e x t . 13
t a i g y s a y n a z z i k a y Sone dambe. * In the s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y a king had built a fort o v e r t h e r e . In the e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y the B a l u c h i s c o n q u e r e d it. D u r i n g [lit. in the d u r a t i o n of] that c e n t u r y , they built m a n y new w a l l s , e t c . After the c o m i n g of the E n g l i s h an e a r t h quake d e s t r o y e d it. If you want to see it, we c a n go o v e r t h e r e tomorrow.
384
^The a n s w e r s to t h i s q u e s t i o n a r e c o n t i n u o u s and f o r m a c o n n e c t e d t e x t . 14. t a i s y a l - w - k a m e m w l k a Sa k w j a n g w r a a [ h ] t a n t . 1 In the f o u r t e e n t h c e n t u r y our f a m i l y c a m e from Kandahar. My g r a n d f a t h e r w o r k e d for [lit. did the s e r v i c e of] the king of A f g h a n i s t a n . B e c a u s e of the a c t i o n s of h i s e n e m i e s he fled f r o m t h e r e . He stayed [ / d a r o g / ] in K a l a t and b e c a m e a l i v e s t o c k - o w n e r t h e r e [lit. o v e r t h e r e ] . A f t e r w a r d s we c a m e to Q u e t t a . We h a v e a p h a r m a c y h e r e , and n e a r N o s h k i we a l s o have s o m e land. The a n s w e r s to t h i s q u e s t i o n a r e continuous and f o r m a c o n n e c t e d t e x t . 15.
Syllaga, Swmay m a r d w m Se k a n a n t . They m o s t l y [ / g e S t y r / ] go to Sindh b e c a u s e t h i s r e g i o n b e c o m e s v e r y cold. Many p e o p l e plant s e e d s in t h e i r l a n d s . S o m e people b r i n g wood on [ t h e i r ] c a m e l s and s e l l [it]. Our l i v e s t o c k - o w n e r s take t h e i r h e r d s [of g o a t s and s h e e p ] to w a r m a r e a s . Some people hunt or t r a d e [lit.
16. 902.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l II. 1.
b o l o S y s t a n a k w j a m Dawle ko[hj ant.
2.
b a l o S y s t a n a y m a z t y r e g a p a l kwjam m w l k a y s i m a n i t a h a ynt,
3.
Se, w r w s s a y t a h a b a l o S a n i Sa[h]re a s t ?
4.
t a i m w l k a y g y r d g e s Synka m i l a y k y s a s a ynt.
5.
k o T a o y S a p p - w - S a g y r d a Se a s t .
6.
b a l o S y s t a n o y z y r k y r r a y d r a j i Synkas ynt.
7.
m i r [ h j a m m a l p a r Se nilboe z y r a y tyaba Swtat.
8.
Se, taw z a r r a y Sw[h]az d a r a y ?
9.
Se, taw b a l o S y s t a n a soyl kanag l o T o y ?
10. m i r [ h j o m m o l o y bojiay s a r a kay r e t k a n t . 11. b a l o S y s t a n o y z y r k y r r k w j a m b a n d a r a [h]allit. 12. b a l o S y s t a n a y dw m a y d a n a n i n a m Se ant. 13.
Se, m a r v a w g a n y s t a n a y s i m o y t a h a y n t ?
14. t a i Sa[h]r k a d i a b a d but. 15. Se, taw k a d i D a g a r - j w m b e d i s t a g a y ?
385
do t r a d i n g ] .
16. 9 0 3 .
F i l l the B l a n k s .
F i l l the b l a n k s in the following s e n t e n c e s with the m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e w o r d of t h o s e given at the end of t h i s Section. 1. 2.
m a go d y g o r a ammay mwlk baz
nokonon. a dista.
avala i r a n i a [ h ] t a n t , r a n d a p a r a n g i a n i
d a w r at, aw nun a m m a y jynday [h]wkumatt ynt. 3.
p w r t a g e z i a n i [h]akym l o T y t a t , ky a s a r k a r a y
4.
a v a n i pawjay ji[h]agay
5.
e kanuday b a b a t t a , a m a n a
6.
ai pire masay
7.
mani domi tir ai
8.
m o n v a t i nanoy yakk
9.
baze kawmani
Se ynt. gwSta.
ay s a b a b a , m a aS a i b e r n a g y p t a n . a loggyt. e kwSakka datwn, aw d y g a r a vat v a r t w n . aS e d a r r a [ h ] a g v a s t a g a t a n t .
10. t o m S a n a , m a
kystan.
11. m a a v a n i l a s k a r a
ay d e m a k a y a g a n a y l a n .
12. a [h]ar roS v a t i pwSSa 13.
a w g a n a n i yakk
14. a So
bybant.
kanag loTit.
e [hjakymay m o T a l a y s a r a r e t k .
e gwrkoy Dowla m y R y t .
15. m a n i dyl Sa e [ h j a b a r a
buta.
Dwng
zirrag
badal
sangbandi
monsobdar
lap
vayag
tank
sim
dawr-w-bari
gapal
Tappi
sabab
rad
wrd-w-bwnga[h]
16. 904.
P r a c t i c e Text I.
Although the following s e n t e n c e s f o r m a continuous t e x t , e a c h u t t e r a n c e is s e p a r a t e l y n u m b e r e d for e a s e of r e f e r e n c e . (1)
Syllaga, a m m a y Dyh sakk yaxx b i t , aw ko[h]a b o r p a m k a p i t .
n e m a g a yakk s a r d e gvate kaSSit, aw b a z b a r a [h]irop kant. * k a r e z , aw dyga k o s a n e n ap ant, ky Sa ko[h]a d a r k a y a n t .
(3) a m m a y Dyhay s y a p , jo[h],
(4) a m m a y b a z e m a r d w m nun
s y n d - w - [ h ] y n d , [hjelmwnd, aw m w r g a p a y r o d a n abad b u t a g a n t . r o k a p t a k a y a n t , aw a m m a y ko[h]-w-kuSoga [h]awr g v a r a n t . r o d r a t k a k a y a n t , aw r o d r a t k i ko[h]ystana [hjawr Sanzant. dayant.
(5) Syllagay j a m b a r aS
(6) t i r m a g a y j a m b a r aS (7) ko[h]ani [hjar m o y d a n a m a l l
(8) e m o l l a , m a k y S t - w - k y S a r kanan, aw m a y m a i m a l p a d a n y S g a r d a n t , aw k a [ h ] -
w-buS Sarant.
(9) baz [ h j a r a n i ap [h]amun ya z y r a k a p a n t , ya b a r r - w - b e d y a t a l a n b a n t . l/[h]irop kanag/
16. 905. (1)
(2) aS w r w s s a y
" ( w i n d s t o r m ) to blow. "
P r a c t i c e Text II.
bolanoy darrafh] baze d a w r - w - b a r i dista.
(2) aS e d a r r a [ h ] a , i r a n , w r w s s ,
a w g a n y s t a n , aw r o k a p t i Dyhani b a z b a d s a [ h ] go v a t i w r d - w - b w n g a [ h ] a by s y n d - w - [ h ] y n d a Swtant,
386
(3) nun a m p a r a n g i aw dyga r o k a p t i m a r d w m a m e r a [ h ] a r a v a n t aw k a y a n t .
(4)
ongreza
v a t i d a w r - w - b a r i a b o l a n a pol b a s t a n t , ko[h]a Twng k w r t a n t , aw g a R i - w - m o T o l a n i r a [ h ] e koSSytant.
(5)
a m e b o l a n a , baloS gon o n g r e z a sakk m y R y t a n t , b a l e a n g r e z a n i noke syla
aw m a z a n e l a S k a r a n i d e m a daSt n a k w r t a n t . nyama rowt.
(6) b o l a n o y d o r r a [ h ] aS b a z m a z a n e ko[h]ani
(7) t o m S a n a , g e S t y r m a l d a r e baloS aS b o l a n a y r a [ h ] a d e m pa kaSSi aw synda
r a v a n t , aw Syllaga r a n d p a d i k a y a n t .
(8) b a z b a r a b o l a n [hjar kant,
1
aw e p a v a l e b a l o S a n i
mal-w-moDDia bart. V[h]ar kanag/ 16. 906. (1)
"to flood. "
P r a c t i c e Text III.
zi m o n go v a t i s a n g a t t a z y r a y s a y l a Swtwn.
gaStan.
(2) a m m a t a n a Sapa a m o d a t y a b a
(3) m a n i la[h]te s a n g a t t m a [ h ] i g y r a g a l a g g y t a n t .
(4) m a n b a n d a r a y s a y l a swtwn.
(5) a m e d o w r a n a , y a k k a p i - j a z e a[h]t, aw aS b a n d a r a k a m m e d u r oStat. v a t i b o j i a z w r t o n t , aw a p i - j a z a y n e m a g a Sing b u t a n t . S a r a g a Swtan. svar butant.
(6) b a z e m a r d w m
(7) m a a m y a k k bojiay t a h a a p i - j a z a y
(8) oda b a z s a w d a g y r aw dyga m a r d w m a s a p i - j a z a d a r a [ h ] t a n t , aw bojia (9) a p i - j a z a y m a z a n e n o p s o r m a r a a p i - j a z a y [h]ar kwnDa p e s daSt.
(10)
b e g a a a m m a p a d i gaStan, aw z y r k y r r a a[h]tan. 16. 907. (1)
P r a c t i c e Text IV.
m a n p a r e r i k o T a a Swtwn, anSw m a n peS a m k o T a a Swtatwn.
[hjanda gaStwn, aw b a z [hjandanyS p e s d i s t a t a t w n . t a v a r b u t , aw m a n i pad l a r z y t a n t . koTia dar a[h]tant.
(2) m a n k o T a o y b a z
(3) m a n g a r d a g a atwn, ky D a g a r - j w m b a y
(4) d r w s t m a r d , jan, k a s a n aw m a z a n , aS d w k k a n - w -
(5) b a l e [h]ayr but, aw D a g a r - j w m b zut oStat.
(6)
sopa m a n aw
m a n i dyga s a n g a t t v a t i v a t a k a vab a t a n , ky d a r g a g aS gvatay kaSSaga k a m m e t a v a r k w r t . (7) m a y [h]ayal b u t , ky D a g a r - j w m b ynt, aw d r w s t y a k k v a r a d a r g a g a y n e m a g a t a t k a n . (8) [ h j a r y a k k a m e l o T y t , ky a peS d o r b y r o w t . y a k k a y s a r d a r g a g a laggyt, aw a T a p p i but. (12) v o x t e ky Donna a[h]ton, to [hjySS 1/Dagar-jwmb . . . oStat/
16. 1000.
(9) m a yakk d y g a r a t e l a n k d a t a n .
(11) m a n kaptwn, aw m a n i pad [h]on but. 3
tovar-tovar nestat. "the e a r t h q u a k e . . . c e a s e d " ;
l i t e r a l l y "stood. "
2/yokk v a r a /
"at one t i m e " = "all at o n c e , a l l at the s a m e t i m e . "
3/[h]on b u o g /
"to b e c o m e bloody, be wounded so that blood flows. "
Vocabulary, populated,
abad
(10)
inhabited
a b a d buog
to b e , b e c o m e p o p u l a t e d ,
abad kanag
to p o p u l a t e ,
inhabited
inhabit
abbas
A b b a s [ " P o r t A b b a s , " a p o r t in I r a n ]
badal
exchange, transfer;
387
change
badal buag
to b e , b e c o m e e x c h a n g e d , changed
badal kanag
to e x c h a n g e , t r a n s f e r ,
-ay badala
in e x c h a n g e for, in p l a c e of
transferred,
change
bandar
port,
harbour
boji
boat
bolan
B o l a n , the n a m e of an i m p o r t a n t m o u n t a i n p a s s n e a r Quetta
brasi
brotherhood,
brotherliness
b r a s i buag
to be b r o t h e r h o o d ,
brotherliness
b r a s i kanag
to h a v e b r o t h e r h o o d , a c t in a b r o t h e r l y way
SarSoba[g]
square
Sapp-w-Sagyrd
around, surrounding, environment,
-ay S a p p - w - S a g y r d a
around,
surrounding
total, absolute, entire; t h o r o u g h l y , badly
SaT
perimeter
totally,
entirely,
SaT buag
to be d e s t r o y e d c o m p l e t e l y , be spoiled, r u i n e d , finished
SaT dayag
to t h r o w (pl. o b j e c t s ) , s c a t t e r , etc. )
SaT kanag
to d e s t r o y , spoil, r u i n , end, finish off
sow ( s e e d s ,
SwnD
( s m a l l ) p a r t , p i e c e , bit (of s o m e t h i n g )
dava
l a w s u i t , l i t i g a t i o n , c a s e (at law);
quarrel
dava buag
to be a l a w s u i t ,
case
dava k a n a g
to s u e , lay a c a s e a g a i n s t , m a k e l i t i g a t i o n against
dava laggag
to q u a r r e l
dama[g]
province, region, connected valley system
dawr
time, age, period
dowran
period,
-ay dowrana
duration
during
dawr-w-bari
period-and-time:
''"dem pa
toward,
draji
length, t a l l n e s s
dwSman
enemy
dyljami
a s s u r a n c e , condolence,
d y l j a m i dayag
period, time,
regime
towards
comforting
to a s s u r e , s a t i s f y ; c o n d o l e ,
comfort
Dak
Dak, a r e g i o n in P a k i s t a n i B a l u c h i s t a n
Dagar-jwmb
earthquake
D a g a r - j w m b [kjayag
( e a r t h q u a k e ) to o c c u r
D a g a r - j w m b buag
to be an e a r t h q u a k e
D a g a r - j w m b [kjoStag
( e a r t h q u a k e ) to c e a s e
Dwng
b a n d , gang of b r i g a n d s
gapal
( l a r g e ) p a r t , p i e c e (of s o m e t h i n g )
geStyr
m o r e , the m o s t ,
gyrdges
area
[hjakym
governor,
[h]amun
lake
*[h]ar
flood
[h]ar kanag '"[hjaros
ruler
to flood m a r r i a g e , wedding
[hjaros kanag [h]allag
often
I-I
to m a r r y , wed to stop, finish,
end
[hjelmwnd
H e l m u n d , a r i v e r in A f g h a n i s t a n which flows into a lake of the s a m e n a m e in I r a n
[h]erat
H e r a t , a city and p r o v i n c e in A f g h a n i s t a n
'"[h]irop
w i n d s t o r m , cold w i n t e r wind
[h]irop kanag
( w i n d s t o r m ) to blow
[hjwkumott
government,
[h]yndi
Indian
irani
Irani,
9
*J ng
Persian
war, battle to i n c i t e to w a r , c a u s e to fight
jang d a y a g jang-w-jeRa
state
fight-and-quarrel: contention
quarrelling,
squabbling,
j a n g - w - j e R a buag
to be q u a r r e l l i n g , squabbling,
jang-w-jeRa kanag
to q u a r r e l ,
JeRa[g]
contention
squabble
quarrel
jeRa[g] buag
to b e , b e c o m e a q u a r r e l
jeRa[g] kanag
to q u a r r e l
kanud
law,
statute
kaSSi
K a c c h i , a r e g i o n in P a k i s t a n i B a l u c h i s t a n
kanda[h]ar
Kandahar., a city and a p r o v i n c e in A f g h a n i s t a n
karn
century
ko[h]ystan
mountainous -region
kyrman
K i r m a n , a city and a p r o v i n c e in I r a n
ky s a s
estimate, amount
kySt
planting; journal)
kySt-w-kySar
planting-and-crop:
edition, n u m b e r (of a m a g a z i n e o r
to p r a c t i c e , be e n g a g e d in a g r i c u l t u r e
kySt-w-kySar kanag lap
stomach, belly
ma[h]igyri
fishing to p r a c t i c e , be e n g a g e d in fishing
ma[h]igyri kanag 'mai
livestock;
property;
goods
to c a r r y off l i v e s t o c k
m a i janag maldari
agriculture
herding to p r a c t i c e , b e e n g a g e d in h e r d i n g
m a l d a r i kanag
389
stream-irrigated area,
mall
to w a t e r ,
m a l l dayag
pasture
irrigate
mansabdar
official,
mari
M a r i , a town n e a r M u r g a p (q. v. )
marv
M a r v , a city in R u s s i a
moRadari
courage
moydan
p l a i n , open ground
mwrgap
M u r g a p , a s m a l l city in R u s s i a and a l s o the n a m e of a r i v e r
namdar
famous
nazantkar
ignorant,
neT
finally, after a l l , in the end
nilbo
b l u i s h [ / n i l b o e z y r / "the A r a b i a n S e a " ]
'^poS
open paS g y r a g
'"pad
functionary
inexperienced
to s e i z e , c a t c h , afterward,
pad d a r a g payslafg]
back
to r e s t r a i n , k e e p b a c k decision
p a y s l a [ g ] buag
to be d e c i d e d ,
p a y s l a [ g ] kanag
to d e c i d e ,
poryagyri
snatch
settled
settle
wage - l a b o u r
p o r y a g y r i kanag
to do, be engaged in w a g e - l a b o u r
pwrtagezi
Portuguese
pyra[h]
b r o a d , wide
p y r a [ h ] buag
to b e , b e c o m e b r o a d , wide
p y r a [ h ] kanag
to b r o a d e n , widen
rad
e r r o r , mistake, m i s s ; wrong, mistaken, m i s s e d ; wrongly, erroneously r a d buag
to be a m i s t a k e , e r r o r ,
rad kanag
to e r r , m a k e a m i s t a k e , go a s t r a y ,
miss
rekystan
sandy-desert,
rod
river
sangbandi
intermarriage, marital relations
sabab
sand-dunes
to be i n t e r m a r r i a g e , m a r i t a l r e l a t i o n s
sangbandi buag sangbandi kanag
to i n t e r m a r r y , have m a r i t a l r e l a t i o n s reason, cause b e c a u s e of
-ay sababa
peace, reconciliation; counsel
sala
suggestion, advice,
sala buag
to be agreed;
sala dayag
to advise, give counsel, suggest
sala kanag
to take counsel, agree, m a k e peace, reconcile
sarmaSari
miss
bravery
390
to be reconciled
soyl
show, s p e c t a c l e , s c e n e , v i e w , sayl kanag
sightseeing
to s e e , w a t c h , look at
sim
b o r d e r , e d g e , dividing l i n e ;
sonmyani
Sonmiani, a port near Karachi
sug
mourning
syali
good r e l a t i o n s , f r i e n d l y t i e s
p a r t (in the h a i r )
syali buag
to be good r e l a t i o n s , f r i e n d l y t i e s
syali kanag
to h a v e , m a k e good r e l a t i o n s , f r i e n d l y t i e s
syap
year-round water
Sayr
poet
Sw[h]az
d e s i r e , t a s t e (for s o m e t h i n g )
tank
n a r r o w , tight, annoyed t a n k buag
to b e , b e c o m e n a r r o w , tight; to b e , b e c o m e annoyed, h a r a s s e d , d i s t r e s s e d
tank kanag
to m a k e n a r r o w , tight; distress
tevi [or / t i v a g / j
whole, a l l of
Tappi
wounded
T a p p i buag
to b e , b e c o m e wounded
Tappi kanag
to wound
to annoy, h a r a s s ,
vanog-w -zanag
reading-and-knowing: education
vayag [also /va[h]ag/]
c o n c e r n , r e g a r d , c o n s i d e r a t i o n (for s o m e t h i n g ) ; d e m a n d , r e q u i r e m e n t ; goal, o b j e c t i v e
vapadar
faithful,
vat - m a - v a t
one a n o t h e r , e a c h o t h e r , a m o n g [ o u r , themjselve s
wrdga[h]
army encampment,
wrd-w-bwnga[h]
army-and-baggage: a r m y , military expeditionary f o r c e (including s u p p l i e s , c a m p f o l l o w e r s , e t c . )
wrwss
Russia
zid
p a s t u r e (usually on high ground)
zid-w-malpad
pasturage
zirra[g]
cumin seed
zyan
loss,
literacy,
loyal
damage to c a u s e l o s s , d a m a g e
zyan rosog
to suffer l o s s , d a m a g e seacoast
391
your,
cantonment
zyan dayag zyrkyrr
knowledge,
A shepherd with a bowl of milk.
UNIT
17.100.
SEVENTEEN
Basic Sentences,
m o n sobien wn, ky e sada v o T T o g a butagwn.
I have b e e n twining t h e s e t h r e a d s t o g e t h e r since morning.
taw z i e n ay, ky p y T T a g a b u t a g a y .
You have b e e n c o m p l a i n i n g s i n c e y e s t e r d a y ,
a d o S i e n e , ky e p o T T a gaSt k a n a g a buta,
He h a s b e e n p a t r o l l i n g t h i s p l a i n s i n c e l a s t night.
m a p o r a n d o S i e n on, ky p a r Swma g a R a t t i kanaga butagan.
We have b e e n w o r r y i n g about you s i n c e the night b e f o r e l a s t .
Swma soy gonToay yt, ky a m y d a [hjaDD k a n a g a butogyt.
You have b e e n w a i t i n g [ h a l t e d ] h e r e for three hours.
a m w l k a n i k o m a S Sar roSay ant, ky a m r i k a a t a r r - w - g a r d kanaga butagant.
The r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h o s e c o u n t r i e s have b e e n t o u r i n g A m e r i c a for four d a y s
m o n d e r i e n wn, ky aS a m e n a n v a i a nan g y r a g a butagatwn.
I had b e e n buying b r e a d f r o m that s a m e b a k e r for a long t i m e .
tow k o d i e n oy, ky v a t i m w l k a d r a w k a n a g a butagatay.
How long had you b e e n h a r v e s t i n g y o u r field?
a d e r i e n e , ky y n s a n o y d e m r a v i aw g y [ h ] t a r i a pa koSyS k o n a g a b u t a g a t .
He had b e e n w o r k i n g [lit. t r y i n g ] for the p r o g r e s s and b e t t e r m e n t of m a n k i n d for a long t i m e .
a m a ynt ky m a a [ h ] t a g a n , a r o T o g a buta.
Since we have c o m e , he h a s b e e n g r u m b l i n g ,
Swma dw [hjoptogoy yt, ky dana d r w S a g a butagyt.
You had b e e n g r i n d i n g g r a i n for two w e e k s .
a m a ynt ky e k a r g a [ h ] a y v a z d a r Swta, [hjySS k a s s kar kanaga nabuta.
Since the b o s s of t h i s f a c t o r y h a s g o n e , no one h a s b e e n w o r k i n g .
a b a d s a [ h ] b a z d e r i e n at, ky a v a n i s a r a z w l m kanaga butatat.
That king had b e e n o p p r e s s i n g t h e m for a long t i m e .
17. 101.
P r e s e n t p e r f e c t , p a s t p e r f e c t , p a s t c o m p l e t i v e , and p a s t p e r f e c t c o m p l e t i v e
s t a t i v e f o r m s of the c o n t i n u a t i v e f o r m a t i o n a r e a l s o found; 15. 3 0 1 , and 15. 4 0 1 .
see S e e s . 15. 101, 15. 2 0 1 ,
T h e s e c o n s i s t of the infinitive + / a / followed by an a p p r o p r i a t e l y
i n f l e c t e d f o r m of / b u a g / "to b e , b e c o m e . " They a r e u s u a l l y t r a n s l a t a b l e a s " h a s b e e n . . ing, " "had b e e n . . . ing, " e t c .
E. g.
/ m a n e kara kanaga butagwn. /
393
I h a v e b e e n doing t h i s t a s k .
/ m a n m a S k a n ap gejaga b u t a g a t w n . / I had b e e n p o u r i n g w a t e r into the water -skins, / m a n noke gyse joR k a n a g a b u t a t w n . / I had [ a l r e a d y ] b e e n b u i l d i n g a new house, / m a n [h]ar b e g a a g v a z i k a n a g a b u t a t a t w n . / I had [ m u s t h a v e ] b e e n playing [a g a m e ] e v e r y evening. N e g a t i v e f o r m s c o n s i s t of the infinitive + / a / followed by the n e g a t i v e p r e f i x / n a / + the f o r m of / b u a g / .
E . g. / a grevaga nabutagat. /
He had not b e e n w e e p i n g .
/ m a n t a i nana v a r a g a nabutagwn. /
I have not b e e n e a t i n g y o u r b r e a d .
P a s t c o m p l e t i v e and p a s t p e r f e c t c o m p l e t i v e f o r m s a r e r a r e .
17. 102. in B a l u c h i .
T h e r e a r e no e x a c t e q u i v a l e n t s for " s i n c e " or "for (a c e r t a i n p e r i o d of t i m e ) " P h r a s e s t r a n s l a t a b l e by " s i n c e " and " f o r " l i t e r a l l y denote (e. g. ), "I a m the
y e s t e r d a y - o n e , that . . . , " "I a m [one] of two y e a r s , that . . . , " "That v e r y [one] is that I came, . . . , " etc. (1)
T h e s e a r e a s follows:
When the p e r i o d of t i m e is e x p r e s s e d by a t e m p o r a l w o r d ending in / i / / i g / , the " a t t r i b u t i v e " suffix / e n / - / e / o c c u r s .
See a l s o S e c . 15. 604.
E. g.
/ a z i e n ynt, ky yda ynt. / He h a s b e e n h e r e since y e s t e r d a y . is the y e s t e r d a y - o n e , that [he] is h e r e . ]
[Lit.
He
/ a s o b i e n e , ky vab ynt. / He h a s b e e n a s l e e p since m o r n i n g . a m o r n i n g - o n e , that [he] is a s l e e p . ]
[Lit.
He is
/ s w m a k a d i e n yt, ky p a k y s t a n a a[h]tagyt. / Since when did you c o m e to P a k i s t a n ? [Lit. You a r e w h e n - o n e s , that [you] have c o m e to Pakistan? ] / a b e g a i e n ant, ky gysa n a y a [ h ] t a g a n t . / They have not c o m e h o m e s i n c e evening. [Lit. They a r e e v e n i n g - o n e s , that [they] have not c o m e h o m e . H e r e / b e g a / " e v e n i n g " h a s an a l t e r n a t e f o r m ending in / i / ; s e e Sec. 15. 604 and a l s o below. ] / m a n a m a va[h]dien wn, ky a y r a n a d i s t a g w n . / I h a v e n ' t s e e n h i m s i n c e that t i m e . [Lit. I a m that v e r y t i m e - o n e , that [i] have not s e e n h i m . / v a x t / or / v a [ h ] d / h a s an a l t e r n a t e f o r m ending in / i / in t h i s c o n s t r u c tion; cf. / a vaxti ky . . . / "when . . . , at that t i m e that . . . "] (2)
O t h e r t e m p o r a l w o r d s and m e a s u r e s denoting units of t i m e (e. g. " y e a r , " e t c . ) o c c u r with the " p o s s e s s i v e " suffix. E. g.
"day, " "month, "
/ m a n dw salay wn, ky amyda wn. / I have b e e n h e r e for two y e a r s . I a m [one] of two y e a r s , that [i] a m right h e r e . ]
[Lit.
/ a say [hjaptagay ynt, ky najoR ynt. / He h a s b e e n sick for t h r e e w e e k s . [Lit. He is [one] of t h r e e w e e k s , that [he] is sick. ] / a b e g a a y ynt, ky ko[h]a Swta. / Since evening he h a s gone to the m o u n t a i n . [Lit. He is [one] of evening, that [he] h a s gone to the m o u n t a i n . ] / d w [h]aptagay ynt, ky [hjawr g v a r a g a ynt. / It h a s b e e n r a i n i n g for two w e e k s . [Lit. [It] is of two w e e k s , that r a i n is r a i n i n g . ] / a dw [h]aptagay ynt, ky v a t i gw[h]ara n a d i s t a . / He h a s not s e e n h i s s i s t e r for two w e e k s . [Lit. He is [one] of two w e e k s , that [he] h a s not s e e n [his] own s i s t e r . ]
394
/ a d w S a m b e a y ynt, ky k o T a a ynt. / He h a s b e e n in Quetta s i n c e Monday. [ L i t . He is [one] of Monday, that [he] is in Q u e t t a . ] / m a n nozdo sad w Sast w panSay wn, ky p a k y s t a n a wn. / I have b e e n in P a k i s t a n s i n c e 1965." [ L i t . I a m [one] of 1965, that [i] a m in P a k i s t a n . A n o t h e r way of e x p r e s s i n g t h i s i s : ] / m o n os nozdo sod w Sost w ponSa p a k y s t a n a wn. / s i n c e 1965. (3)
I have b e e n in P a k i s t a n
When the " s i n c e " c l a u s e c o n t a i n s a v e r b , it is u s u a l l y i n t r o d u c e d by / o m a ynt ky . . . / "that v e r y [one] is that . . . "
E.g.
/ a m a ynt ky m a s a r g y p t a g a n , a m m a y z a [ h ] g - w - z a l b u l g r e v a n ant. / Since we set out, our f a m i l i e s a r e [ c o n t i n u o u s l y ] w e e p i n g . [Lit. That v e r y [one] i s that we have set out . . . ] / a m a ynt ky s w m a swtagyt, m a r a e Sa[h]r d o s t nobit. / Since you have g o n e , we do not enjoy t h i s city. [ L i t . That v e r y [one] is that you have gone, to u s t h i s city is not [lit. will not b e ] p l e a s i n g . ] / a m a ynt ky a Sa k o T a a padi a[h]ta, m a n n a d i s t a g w n y S . / Since he h a s c o m e b a c k f r o m Quetta, I have not s e e n h i m . [ L i t . That v e r y [one] is that he h a s c o m e b a c k f r o m Quetta . . . ]
17. 103.
/ v o T T o g / I-I d e n o t e s "to t w i s t t o g e t h e r , twine (two or m o r e s t r i n g s , e t c .
into one). " / v o T T o g / is a l s o e m p l o y e d a s a noun m e a n i n g "wick (of a l a m p ) . " E. g. / m a n e SyTTa v o T T o g a atwn. / [into a single s t r o n g r o p e ] .
17. 104.
I w a s twining t h e s e s t r i n g s t o g e t h e r
/ p a T T / signifies a flat, v e g e t a t i o n l e s s plain of h a r d e a r t h or r o c k .
It d i f f e r s
f r o m / m o y d a n / , which d e n o t e s any p i e c e of open ground upon which t h e r e m a y be s o m e v e g e t a t i o n , m i n o r h i l l o c k s , e t c . , and a l s o f r o m / D o n n / , which m e a n s only "open land away from a city. "
17. 105.
/ g s s t / " p a t r o l , r o u n d " is the p a s t s t e m of / g a r d a g / "to walk a r o u n d , w a n d e r . "
T h e c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n / g a S t k a n a g / d e n o t e s "to p a t r o l , m a k e a round ( t r i p ) . " E. g. / a awli gaSta a m m a y [hjalka a[h]t. / He c a m e to our v i l l a g e on [ h i s ] f i r s t r o u n d . [E. g. a s a g o v e r n m e n t officer m a k i n g a t o u r t h r o u g h an area.] / m o y s y p a i gaSta s w t a g a n t . / / a Sar gaSta m a y gysa a[h]ta. /
17. 106.
Our s o l d i e r s have gone on p a t r o l . He h a s m a d e four t r i p s to our h o u s e .
/ s a [ h ] a t t / " t i m e , s h o r t p e r i o d , c i r c u m s t a n c e " is a l s o e m p l o y e d for " h o u r "
and i s t h u s s y n o n y m o u s in t h i s m e a n i n g with / g a n T a [ g ] / "hour. " E. g. / a dw gonTo r a n d a[h]t. / He c a m e two h o u r s l a t e r [lit. sa[h]att r a n d / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e . ]
17. 107.
/ [ h j o D D / o c c u r s m a i n l y in c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s .
after],
[/dw
A related form,
/ [ h ] o D D o [ g ] / , h a s a l r e a d y b e e n s e e n in the c o m p o u n d / l a r i - [ h ] a D D a [ g ] / "bus - s t a t i o n ,
395
t r u c k depot. " Complex verbal formations include: (1)
/[hjoDD k a n a g / "to build, c o n s t r u c t , c o m p o s e , e s t a b l i s h " ( o v e r l a p p i n g / j o R k a n a g / "to m a k e , build, c o n s t r u c t " ) . also occurs.
In t h i s s e n s e , an i n t r a n s i t i v e f o r m , /[h]oDD b u a g / ,
E. g.
/ a oda yakk m a R i e [h]aDD k a n a g a ant. / building [lit. p a l a c e ] o v e r t h e r e . / a noke Soyre [h]oDD k w r t a . /
They a r e b u i l d i n g a l a r g e
He h a s c o m p o s e d a new p o e m .
/ m a n i [hjalka yakk y s k u l e [h]aDD b u t a . / been built. (2)
In m y v i l l a g e a s c h o o l h a s
/[h]oDD k a n a g / a l s o d e n o t e s "to stop, c o m e to a s t a n d s t i l l , w a i t . " In t h i s m e a n i n g it is i n t r a n s i t i v e .
The c o r r e s p o n d i n g t r a n s i t i v e f o r m is /[h]oDD d o y o g / "to stop
( s o m e o n e ) , c a u s e to stand, m a k e w a i t . " E . g. / t o w d a m e [h]aDD kan.' / Wait a moment.' [I. e. C o m e to a stop.' "To wait for ( s o m e o n e ) " i s e x p r e s s e d by / d a r a g / "to hold, s t o p , w a i t , stay. " E . g.] / m a n p a r taw d a s t a g w n . /
I have w a i t e d for you.
/ l a r i a [h]oDD day, tanky a byayant! / come!
17. 108. man":
Stop the t r u c k so that t h e y m a y
The o r i g i n a l m e a n i n g of / k a m a s / is s o m e t h i n g like " r e s p o n s i b l e m i d d l e - a g e d
a p e r s o n w h o s e h a i r and b e a r d a r e s p r i n k l e d with g r a y .
Since i m p o r t a n t m i s s i o n s
and the m a k i n g of d e c i s i o n s a r e u s u a l l y e n t r u s t e d to such p e r s o n s , t h i s t e r m h a s c o m e to m e a n " r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , m e m b e r (or head) of a d e l e g a t i o n . " Some m o d e r n B a l u c h i w r i t e r s a l s o e m p l o y t h i s t e r m for "head (of s t a t e ) " and hence for " p r e s i d e n t . "
17. 109.
The final h a r v e s t i n g of a g r a i n c r o p (usually wheat, b a r l e y , e t c . ) at the end
of a growing s e a s o n is c a l l e d / d r a w / ,
/ r w n a g / "to r e a p , h a r v e s t " o v e r l a p s the c o m p l e x
v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n / d r a w k a n a g / "to h a r v e s t , " except that the l a t t e r is e m p l o y e d only for the l a s t h a r v e s t of a c r o p , while / r w n a g / m a y be u s e d for any of the p r e - h a r v e s t p a r t i a l cuttings,
/ r w n a g / is e m p l o y e d a l s o for "to cut g r a s s , hay, e t c . " while / d r o w k a n a g / i s
r e s t r i c t e d to g r a i n c r o p s .
E. g.
/ e b a z i d r a w d e r a bant. /
T h i s t i m e the h a r v e s t s will be l a t e .
/ m a n i m w l k a y d r o w a bya! /
C o m e to the h a r v e s t of m y fieldfs].'
/ e m a [ h ] a m a gallaga d r a w k a n a n . /
17.200.
In t h i s m o n t h we h a r v e s t the w h e a t .
Basic Sentences
m a n go s a r l a S k a r a t r a n kana butwn.
I kept on talking with the c o m m a n d e r - i n chief.
taw kwja t o r r a b u t a g a y .
W h e r e have you b e e n w a n d e r i n g ?
396
vapariay vazir kawmi meRavay baskani p a s s a v a daya buta.
The M i n i s t e r of C o m m e r c e kept on a n s w e r i n g the m e m b e r s of the N a t i o n a l A s s e m b l y .
m a b a l i - p o T T a dyga a [ h ] v a l g y r a n i r a [ h ] Sara butan.
We kept on w a i t i n g for the o t h e r n e w s m e n at the a i r p o r t .
Swma a m m a y a z a t i a pa k a r k a n a b u t a g a t y t ,
You had c o n t i n u e d to w o r k for our f r e e d o m .
D a n n i v a z i r aw d e m p a n i a y v a z i r v a t i k a r b a n d i a peS k a n a b u t a t a n t .
The F o r e i g n M i n i s t e r and the Defence M i n i s t e r kept on p r e s e n t i n g t h e i r p r o j e c t s .
m a y b a l i - j a z d w r a e roS b a l k a n a b u t a n t .
Our a i r c r a f t kept flying a l l day long.
z y r i - s y p a o y sypai tana d e r a badigani s a r a b a m b a r i kana butant.
The s a i l o r s [lit. s o l d i e r s ] of the navy kept b o m b a r d i n g the e n e m y for a long t i m e .
l a s k a r modan modan dema kynza butagat,
The a r m y had slowly kept m o v i n g ahead,
n y m y S t k a r n e m r o S a y ynt, ky v a t i n y m y s t a n k a lykka b u t a .
The w r i t e r h a s b e e n w r i t i n g h i s a r t i c l e s i n c e noon.
s a r v a z i r panS m a [ h ] a y ynt, ky a m m a y galay s a r a doba j a n a b u t a .
The P r i m e M i n i s t e r h a s b e e n a c c u s i n g our p a r t y for five m o n t h s .
17.201.
Stative f o r m s of the i t e r a t i v e f o r m a t i o n (Sec. 11.601) a r e s i m i l a r to t h o s e
d e s c r i b e d for the c o n t i n u a t i v e in S e c . 17. 101: the p r e s e n t s t e m + / a n / - / a / is followed by a n a p p r o p r i a t e f o r m of / b u a g / "to b e , b e c o m e . " T h e s e a r e s o m e t i m e s a w k w a r d in t r a n s l a t i o n s i n c e t h e i r l i t e r a l s i g n i f i c a n c e is s o m e t h i n g like "have b e e n k e e p i n g on . . . ing, " "had b e e n continuing to . . . , " e t c .
E. g.
/ m o n d r w s t e Sop k a r kona butwn. /
I have continued to w o r k a l l night.
/ t o w doSien oy, ky p y T T a b u t a g a y . / You have b e e n c o n t i n u o u s l y c o m p l a i n i n g s i n c e y e s t e r d a y evening. / a d r a S k a y S e r a vab kana b u t a . / the t r e e .
He h a s b e e n continuing to s l e e p u n d e r
N e g a t i v e f o r m s c o n s i s t of the p r e s e n t s t e m + / a n / - / a / followed by the n e g a t i v e p r e f i x / n o / + the o c c u r r i n g f o r m of / b u a g / .
E . g.
/ a t a n a d e r a Sayr j a n a n a b u t a . / He did not k e e p singing long. h a s not b e e n continuing to sing up to a long t i m e . ]
[Lit.
He
A g a i n , p a s t c o m p l e t i v e and p a s t p e r f e c t c o m p l e t i v e f o r m s a r e r a t h e r u n c o m m o n .
17.202.
/ t r a n / " c o n v e r s a t i o n , t a l k , d i s c u s s i o n " is n e a r l y s y n o n y m o u s with / g a p p /
" c o n v e r s a t i o n , c h a t , t a l k . " The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s / t r a n k a n a g / , / g a p p k a n a g / , and / [ h j a b a r k a n a g / a r e t h u s i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e in m o s t c o n t e x t s ,
/ t r a n / is m o r e often found
in E a s t e r n B a l u c h i , h o w e v e r , and is c o n s i d e r e d r a t h e r l i t e r a r y in the R a k h s h a n i d i a l e c t . See a l s o S e c . 15. 106.
E . g.
/doSi ma baz t r a n kwrton. / L a s t night we t a l k e d a lot. and / [ h j a b a r k w r t a n / a r e s u b s t i t u t a b l e . ]
39
[/gapp k w r t a n /
/ n u n a m m a n i dyl a m e t r a n k a n t . / s a m e [thingj.
17. 203.
Now, t o o , m y h e a r t s a y s the v e r y
/ t a r r a g / I-I "to t u r n , w a n d e r " h a s a l r e a d y b e e n s e e n in the c o m p o u n d / t o r r -
w - g a r d / " t o u r . " Like the E n g l i s h v e r b "to t u r n , " / t a r r a g / d e n o t e s both "to t u r n (physically: the f a c e , the body, e t c . ) " and a l s o "to t u r n (a c o l o u r , e t c . ). " In the s e n s e of "to w a n d e r , " it h a s m u c h the s a m e m e a n i n g a s / g a r d a g / "to walk a r o u n d , w a n d e r . " E. g. / m a aS a [hjadda t a r r y t a n . / / a yngw t a r r y t . /
We t u r n e d [back] f r o m that p l a c e .
He t u r n e d t h i s way.
/ a S e [ h j a b a r a , ai d e m z a r d t a r r y t . / face t u r n e d yellow [i. e. p a l e ] . / a t a r r a g a swta. /
17. 204.
Due to [lit.
He h a s gone for a s t r o l l [lit.
from] this news, his to w a n d e r ] ,
/ b a s k / l i t e r a l l y m e a n s " a r m " ( s p e c i f i c a l l y the u p p e r a r m ) .
It is e m p l o y e d
m e t a p h o r i c a l l y for " m e m b e r (of an a s s e m b l y , p a r l i a m e n t , o r g a n i s a t i o n , e t c . ). "
17. 205.
/ p o s s o v / " a n s w e r " is s o m e w h a t l i t e r a r y in R a k h s h a n i B a l u c h i .
It i s o t h e r w i s e
s y n o n y m o u s with / j a v a b / " a n s w e r , r e p l y . " Both of t h e s e w o r d s o c c u r in c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s with / d a y a g / "to give. " E. g. / v a p a r i a y v a z i r p o s s o v dat. / /javab dat/. ]
17. 206.
The M i n i s t e r of C o m m e r c e r e p l i e d .
[Or:
/ d e m p a n i / " d e f e n c e " c o n s i s t s of / d e m / " f a c e , f r o n t " + / p a n / , the s t e m of
/ p a n a g / I-I "to s a f e g u a r d , p r o t e c t , " + the a b s t r a c t noun f o r m a n t / i / .
/ p a n o g / is l i t e r a r y
in R a k h s h a n i B a l u c h i .
17. 207.
/ d w r a / [or / d r w a / ] h a s b e e n seen in the m e a n i n g of " s a f e , w e l l . " It is a l s o
u s e d for " a l l , whole, t o t a l " and is thus s y n o n y m o u s in t h i s m e a n i n g with / d r w s t / " a l l , w h o l e .
17. 208.
/ m a d a n / u s u a l l y o c c u r s in the r e p e a t e d c o n s t r u c t i o n / m o d a n m o d a n / " s l o w l y ,
g r a d u a l l y , gently. "
17. 300.
Basic Sentences.
m a n yakk y a g i e g w s t a n k a y dobaa d a s t g i r kanag butwn.
I w a s a r r e s t e d on the c h a r g e of [ m a k i n g ] a rebellious speech.
aga taw ai b a r o v a yav kanay, gwRa taw j a n a g bay.
If you m a k e a c o m p l a i n t a g a i n s t [lit. h i m , you will be b e a t e n .
e d r a S k a y bwn go m a n k a s s a g nabut,
The root of t h i s t r e e w a s not p u l l e d out by m e . [I. e. I could not pull out the r o o t of this t r e e . ] 398
about]
m a gon a v a pojj a r a g n a b u t a g a n .
We h a v e not b e e n r e c o g n i s e d by t h e m . [I. e. They could not r e c o g n i s e u s . ]
Swma p a r Se aS e s i s y a s i g a l a d a r k a n a g butagyt.
Why have you b e e n e j e c t e d f r o m h i s p o l i t i c a l party?
a p a [ h ] r i e g y S e n k a r i a gySen k a n a g b u t a t a n t ,
T h e y had [ a l r e a d y ] b e e n e l e c t e d in the l a s t election.
e dan b a y d ynt koyl k a n a g b y b a n t .
T h i s g r a i n m u s t be m e a s u r e d .
b a l o S i p o l n y a d o y k a r [h]ySS SomoSog nobont,
The w o r k s of the B a l u c h i A c a d e m y will n e v e r be f o r g o t t e n .
e nyada, ame syasatdana xazanagay k a r m o s t y r o y monsob dayag buta.
In t h i s m e e t i n g the p o s t of m a s t e r of the t r e a s u r y h a s b e e n given to t h i s p o l i t i c i a n .
e [ h j a l t a k o y awli tak b a z jvan Son doyog butogot.
The f i r s t i s s u e of t h i s n e w s p a p e r had b e e n a r r a n g e d very well.
v o n t k a r i o y k a r b o n d i a pa, [hjaStad [ h j a z a r k a l l a d a r m a n z u r kanag buta.
Eighty t h o u s a n d r u p e e s have b e e n a p p r o v e d for e d u c a t i o n a l p r o j e c t s [lit. p r o j e c t s of education].
e t a r t o m b o v a peRog but nakant.
T h i s w i r e cannot be wound a r o u n d the pillar
e r o z a n o y S y r k go m o n k a r r a g but nokonont.
The filth on [lit. of] t h i s v e s s e l cannot be rubbed off by m e .
oS e z a r r a , yokk jvane k a r g o [ h ] e [hjoDD kanaj but k w r t .
With [lit. f r o m ] t h i s m o n e y a good f a c t o r y could have b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d .
e k w r d a g a y k a [ h ] - w - k w n T o g j ^ n a g buag loTont.
The u n d e r b r u s h [lit. g r a s s - a n d - t h o r n j of t h i s plot n e e d s to be c l e a r e d away [lit. want to be b e a t e n j .
o m m o y s y a s i gala pa, sakk k a r k a n a g buaj loTit.
Much w o r k n e e d s [lit. w a n t s j to be done for our p o l i t i c a l p a r t y .
e Dawle m y s i n a n i k a r g y r S a r r i a r w m a y a g buag loTont.
The o p e r a t o r s [lit. w o r k e r s j of t h i s type of m a c h i n e s need [lit. wantj to be i n s t r u c t e d well.
o m m o y s o r o k a y m a R i zut joR kanag buag loTit.
The r e s i d e n c e [lit. p a l a c e ] of our p r e s i d e n t n e e d s [lit. w a n t s j to be c o n s t r u c t e d soon.
17. 3 0 1 .
In the R a k h s h a n i and M a k r a n i d i a l e c t s the p a s s i v e f o r m a t i o n c o n s i s t s of the
infinitive of a t r a n s i t i v e v e r b followed by an a p p r o p r i a t e l y inflected f o r m of / b u a g / "to b e , become. " A sample pre sent-future passive paradigm is: 1st sg.
j s n a g bin
[l] a m , will be b e a t e n
2nd sg.
j ^ n a g bay
[you
399
s
g - ] a r e , will be b e a t e n
3 r d sg.
j a n a g bit
[he, s h e , it] i s , will be b e a t e n
lstpl.
janag ban
[we] a r e , will be b e a t e n
2nd pl.
j s n a g byt
[you pl. ] a r e , will be b e a t e n
3 r d pl.
j a n a g bant
[they] a r e , will be b e a t e n
N e g a t i v e f o r m s c o n s i s t of the infinitive followed by the n e g a t i v e p r e f i x / n o / + the o c c u r r i n g f o r m of / b u a g / .
E . g.
/ m a n janag nabin. /
I a m not [will not b e ] b e a t e n .
/ e noke [h]yspotal noSkea [h]oDD kanag n a b i t . / not be built in Noshki. The a c t o r is not u s u a l l y e x p r e s s e d in a p a s s i v e s e n t e n c e .
T h i s new h o s p i t a l will
An u t t e r a n c e s u c h a s " T h i s
p r o j e c t w a s a p p r o v e d by the N a t i o n a l A s s e m b l y , " is thus not l i t e r a l l y t r a n s l a t a b l e into Baluchi:
e i t h e r an a c t o r - l e s s p a s s i v e f o r m m u s t be u s e d (i. e.
or e l s e the c o r r e s p o n d i n g a c t i v e f o r m will be e m p l o y e d (i. e. a p p r o v e d t h i s p r o j e c t . ").
" T h i s p r o j e c t w a s a p p r o v e d . "), "The N a t i o n a l A s s e m b l y
In s o m e c a s e s , h o w e v e r , E n g l i s h " b y " is e x p r e s s e d in a B a l u c h i
p a s s i v e s e n t e n c e by / g o n / - / g o / "with, a c c o m p a n y i n g . " Such o c c u r r e n c e s s e e m to c a r r y the connotation of c a p a b i l i t y :
" c a n " or "could. " E. g.
/ a go m a n kwSag nabut. / He w a s not killed by m e . [I. e. kill h i m - - I w a s p h y s i c a l l y i n c a p a b l e of killing h i m . ]
I could not
/ e d a r go taw p r o S a g nabit. / T h i s stick will not be b r o k e n by you. You a r e incapable of b r e a k i n g t h i s stick. ]
[I. e.
A l m o s t a l l of the t e n s e - a s p e c t p a r a d i g m s p r e s e n t e d t h u s far m a y be e m p l o y e d with the passive formation. student.
Many of t h e s e a r e u n c o m m o n , of c o u r s e , and will be of l i t t l e u s e to the
The following i n c o m p l e t e list is for p u r p o s e s of i l l u s t r a t i o n only: /kwSag b i t /
[he, she, it] will be killed
/kwsog bybit/ /kwSag b u t /
[he, she, it] m a y be k i l l e d , should be k i l l e d , e t c . [he, she, it] w a s killed
/kwSag buta[g]/
[he, s h e , it] h a s b e e n killed
/kwsog butagat/
[he, s h e , it] had b e e n killed
/kwsog butat/ /kwSag b u t a t a t /
[he, s h e , it] had [ a l r e a d y ] b e e n k i l l e d [he, she, it] had [ m u s t h a v e ] b e e n killed
/ k w S a g buaga y n t / [he, she, it] is being killed. [And s i m i l a r l y with o t h e r t e n s e s : / k w S a g buaga b i t / , / k w s o g buaga a t / , e t c . ] / k w S a g buan y n t / [he, she, it] is continually being killed. [And s i m i l a r l y with other t e n s e s : /kwSag bua b i t / , / k w s o g buan o t / , e t c . ] / k w s o g but k a n t / [he, she, it] can be killed. [And s i m i l a r l y with o t h e r t e n s e s : / k w s o g but k w r t / , / k w s o g but b y k a n t / , e t c . ] / k w S a g buag l o T i t / [he, s h e , it] n e e d s [lit. w a n t s ] to be k i l l e d . [And s i m i l a r l y with o t h e r t e n s e s : / k w S a g buag l o T y t / , / k w S a g buag byloTit/, etc. ] T h e r e is a s e m a n t i c d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n a p a s s i v e f o r m and an i n t r a n s i t i v e f o r m m a d e f r o m the s a m e v e r b s t e m or c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n . latter:
T h i s is e s p e c i a l l y t r u e of the
m a n y c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s have an i n t r a n s i t i v e f o r m m a d e with / b u a g / "to b e ,
b e c o m e " (e. g.
/ m o n z u r b u a g / "to be a p p r o v e d , a c c e p t e d " ) and a l s o a p a s s i v e of the
400
t r a n s i t i v e f o r m m a d e with / k a n a g / "to do, m a k e " ( e . g . approved, accepted").
/ m a n z u r k a n a g b u a g / "to be
The f o r m e r s t r e s s e s the o c c u r r e n c e of the v e r b a l a c t i o n only, the
actor being totally omitted;
the l a t t e r i m p l i e s an i n t e n t i o n a l a c t i o n p e r f o r m e d by s o m e
a c t o r , who i s , h o w e v e r , unknown or u n r e v e a l e d .
E.g.
/ t a i p y s s d a s t g i r b u t a . / Your f a t h e r h a s b e e n a r r e s t e d . [No p a r t i c u l a r a c t o r is m e n t i o n e d or i m p l i e d ; the e m p h a s i s is upon the o c c u r r e n c e of the a c t i o n . C o m p a r e : ] / t o i p y s s d a s t g i r k a n a g b u t a . / Your father h a s b e e n a r r e s t e d . [ S t r e s s is laid upon the fact that the a c t i o n w a s c o m m i t t e d by an unknown (or u n r e v e a l e d ) a c t o r . ] / e mySin prwSto. / T h i s m a c h i n e h a s b r o k e n . [The focus is upon the o c c u r r e n c e of the a c t i o n ; no a c t o r is i m p l i e d . C o m p a r e : ] /e m y s i n p r o S o g b u t o . / This machine has been broken, [intentional b r e a k a g e by s o m e unknown or u n r e v e a l e d a c t o r is i m p l i e d . ]
17. 302.
/ b a r o v / is found m o s t l y in the " p o s s e s s i v e l o c a t i v e " p o s t p o s i t i o n a l c o n s t r u c -
tion / - o y b a r o v a /
"about, c o n c e r n i n g . " It is s y n o n y m o u s with / - a y b a b a t t a /
c o n c e r n i n g , " i n t r o d u c e d in Unit XII;
see Sec. 12. 200 (40).
/ m a n i b a r o v a , a Se gwSt. / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e . ]
17.303.
E . g.
What did he say about m e ?
/ e s i b a r o v a , t a i Se [hjayal ynt. / /eSi babatta/. ]
"about,
[/mani babatta/
What is your opinion about h i m ?
[Or:
/ y a v / d e n o t e s " c o m p l a i n t (against s o m e o n e ) . " The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n
/ y a v k a n a g / "to c o m p l a i n ( a g a i n s t s o m e o n e ) " t h u s d i f f e r s f r o m / p y T T a g / I-I "to c o m p l a i n , r e c i t e o n e s g r i e v a n c e s , t e l l o n e ' s t r o u b l e s . " E. g. / m o n [hjakyma v a t i yava datwn. / / t a w os a i yav mokon! /
Do not c o m p l a i n about [lit.
/ a voti m a l a pa b a z p y T T y t . /
17. 304.
I gave the g o v e r n o r m y c o m p l a i n t . from] him!
He b e w a i l e d his [ l o s t ] p r o p e r t y a lot.
In R a k h s h a n i B a l u c h i / p a j j / is e m p l o y e d only in the c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n
/pajj [kjarag/
"to r e c o g n i s e . " E. g. / m a n a galay s o r o k a pajj [kjawrt kanin. / of that p a r t y .
I can r e c o g n i s e the p r e s i d e n t
/ a g a m a n a m e m a l a n i d w z z a bygyndin, gwRa pajj k a r i n y S . / If I see the thief who stole [lit. of] t h i s l i v e s t o c k , then I will r e c o g n i s e h i m . / a m a r o S a k a s s a pajj n a y a r i t . / t o ] anyone t h e s e d a y s .
17. 305.
He d o e s n ' t r e c o g n i s e [i. e.
/ g a l / " p a r t y , g r o u p " is h o m o p h o n o u s with / g a l / " r e j o i c i n g ,
greet,
speak
happiness,
c e l e b r a t i o n . " The f o r m e r h a s a l r e a d y b e e n s e e n in / s a r g a l / " l e a d e r (of a p o l i t i c a l p a r t y ) . " Both /SOT/ /sorloSkor/
and / g a l / a r e c o m m o n in c o m p o u n d s :
the f o r m e r is s e e n in such i t e m s a s
"commander-in-chief, " / s o r v o z i r / "prime minister, " / s a r - d a r d /
"headache"
(with an a p p a r e n t c o m p o u n d j u n c t u r e ) , e t c . / g a l / often s e e m s to d e n o t e l i t t l e m o r e t h a n
401
" g r o u p " or "plural":
17. 306.
e. g.
/ b w z g a l / " h e r d of g o a t s , " / z a g a l / " h e r d of g o a t - k i d s , " e t c .
/ g y S e n / is an a d j e c t i v e denoting " s e l e c t e d , c h o s e n . " The c o m p l e x v e r b a l
f o r m a t i o n s / g y S e n b u a g / and / g y S e n k a n a g / signify "to be s e l e c t e d , e l e c t e d , c h o s e n " and "to s e l e c t , e l e c t , c h o o s e " r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Two n e o l o g i s m s a r e :
/gySenkar/
" e l e c t o r " and
/ g y S e n k a r i / " e l e c t i o n . " E. g. / g y S e n e k o m a S omeS ynt. / / m a n pa[h]rie election.
T h i s is the c h o s e n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e .
g y S e n k a r i a gySen butwn. /
/ a S ava yakke gySen bykanyt! /
17. 307. substance.
I w a s e l e c t e d in the l a s t
E l e c t one f r o m [ a m o n g ] t h e m !
/ k o y l / d e n o t e s a c o n t a i n e r e m p l o y e d a s a m e a s u r e for a g r a n u l a r o r liquid F o r e x a m p l e , gunpowder for e a c h shot is m e a s u r e d into a s m a l l i r o n tube c a l l e d
/tupakkay kayl/.
/ k a y l k a n a g / "to m e a s u r e (a g r a n u l a r or liquid s u b s t a n c e ) " m u s t be
d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m /kaSS k a n a g / "to m e a s u r e (a s u r f a c e :
land, cloth, e t c . ). " E. g.
/ p a m m a n e p y a l a g a Sie rogyn koyl bykan! / in t h i s cup! / m a r o S i m a v a t i dana kayl kanaga pa r a v a n . / m e a s u r e our g r a i n .
17. 308.
M e a s u r e s o m e ghee for m e Today we a r e going to
/ p o l n y a d / " a c a d e m y , r e s e a r c h g r o u p " is a n o t h e r n e o l o g i s m ,
/pol konog/
(and / p o l a g / I-I) a r e e m p l o y e d in s o m e E a s t e r n B a l u c h i d i a l e c t s m e a n i n g "to a s k " - s y n o n y m o u s with / j w s t k o n a g / and / p w r s a g / , which a r e l e s s frequent in t h o s e d i a l e c t s , / n y a d / signifies " m e e t i n g , sitting, " and the l i t e r a l m e a n i n g of / p o l n y a d / is t h u s " a s k i n g meeting. "
17.309.
/ k a r m a s t y r / " s u p e r v i s o r ; head (of a d e p a r t m e n t , p r o j e c t , e t c . ) " l i t e r a l l y
means "work-greatest. "
17. 310.
/ m a s t y r / is an a l t e r n a t e f o r m of / m a z t y r / " b i g g e s t . "
/ t a k / d e n o t e s "leaf (of s u g a r c a n e , of p a p e r , e t c . ). " It is u s e d in m o d e r n
B a l u c h i l i t e r a t u r e to signify " i s s u e , edition, copy (of a m a g a z i n e , n e w s p a p e r , e t c . ). "
The
c o m p o u n d s / r o t a k / and / [ h ] a l t a k / both m e a n " n e w s p a p e r " and a r e i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e ; / r o t a k / c o n s i s t s of / r o S / "sun, d a y " + / t a k / , and / [ h j a l t a k / is c o m p o s e d of / [ h ] a l / " s t a t e , condition" + / t a k / .
Some o t h e r c o m p o u n d s include:
/[hjabartak/
"newspaper" (another
synonym), / m a [ h ] t a k / "monthly ( m a g a z i n e ) , " / s a l t a k / "annual ( m a g a z i n e ) , " e t c . / t a k / signifies "leaf (of p a p e r ) , " a n e o l o g i s m h a s b e e n coined for " p a g e " :
Since
/takdem/,
lit.
"leaf-face. "
17. 311.
/ S o n / " a r r a n g e m e n t , good o r d e r " o c c u r s both a s an independent noun and
a l s o in c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s with / d a y a g / "to give, " / k a n a g / "to do, m a k e , " and / b u a g / "to b e , b e c o m e . " E. g.
402
/ e nyad Sona nobut. / T h i s m e e t i n g did not c o m e to o r d e r . not b e c o m e in [good] o r d e r . ] / t a w e d i v a n a Son dat k o n o y ? / social gathering?
[Lit.
did
C a n you m a k e a r r a n g e m e n t s for t h i s
/ t o w Sone bykon, ky m a e m a l a zut d e m b y d a y a n ! / You m a k e an a r r a n g e m e n t [so] that we m a y send t h e s e goods quickly! / m o n y s Son konin. / I will a r r a n g e it. a r e m o r e or l e s s s y n o n y m o u s . ]
[/Son d o y a g / and / S o n k a n a g /
/ a m w l k a y d e m p a n i a pa v a t i syla aw e S - w - a Son k w r t o n t . / t h e i r . w e a p o n s , e t c . for the defence of the c o u n t r y .
17. 312.
/sorok/
" p r e s i d e n t " c o n s i s t s of / s a r /
"head, u p p e r p o r t i o n " + a suffix / o k / ,
w h i c h is found p r i m a r i l y with v e r b s t e m s (see S e c . 17. 401). h a s t h r e e w o r d s for " p r e s i d e n t " ;
/sorok/, /komaS/
They a r r a n g e d
M o d e r n l i t e r a r y B a l u c h i now
(see S e c . 17. 108), and / p a g v a j o [ g ] / .
T h e l a t t e r l i t e r a l l y signifies a p e r s o n upon whose head the t u r b a n of l e a d e r s h i p h a s b e e n t i e d (a c u s t o m p r a c t i c e d at the " c o r o n a t i o n " of a chief),
/ s o r o k / is p e r h a p s the c o m m o n e s t
"and m o s t p r e f e r a b l e of t h e s e t h r e e t e r m s for " p r e s i d e n t , " h o w e v e r , s i n c e / k o m a S / and / p a g v a j a [ g ] / have other connotations.
17.400.
Basic Sentences,
m o n o m e [h]anday nyndok wn.
I a m a r e s i d e n t [lit.
t a w a m a S a v a T T ganDok a y ?
A r e you that shoe r e p a i r e r ?
swng mwSS kanok o m m o y [hjalka a[h]t
The tax c o l l e c t o r c a m e to our v i l l a g e
m a s w m a y m a l a n i b a r o k no on,
We a r e not the o n e s who c a r r y off y o u r l i v e s t o c k [lit. the c a r r i e r s - o f f of y o u r livestock].
Swma a z a t i a y b a y r a k k a y Syst kanok atyt,
You w e r e t h o s e who r a i s e d the b a n n e r of f r e e d o m [lit. the r a i s e r s of the b a n n e r of freedom].
b o S S a m o y j o m b o r g r o n d o k ont.
The c l o u d s of the m o n s o o n s a r e t h u n d e r e r s ,
g a R i a yokk T y k o T T S a r o k e [hjor voxt gon ynt,
In the t r a i n a t i c k e t i n s p e c t o r [lit. t i c k e t s e e r ] is a l w a y s p r e s e n t [lit. a c c o m p a n y i n g ] ,
m o n zi yokk pajj a r o k e a d i s t w n .
Y e s t e r d a y I saw an a c q u a i n t a n c e .
syng p r o S o k a b y a r
B r i n g the stone b r e a k e r ! [I. e. e t c . for b r e a k i n g s t o n e s . ]
a kopokan oS [h]aka Syst k w r t o n t ,
They p i c k e d up the fallen [ o n e s ] f r o m the ground.
pynDoka [h]ySSi modoyl
D o n ' t give anything to the b e g g a r s !
403
s i t t e r ] of t h i s p l a c e
a machine,
m w l k a y v a n o k a bayd ynt ky d e m r o v i a y k a r a s a r k a r a y k w m a k k a r bybont.
The e d u c a t e d p e o p l e [lit. r e a d e r s ] of the c o u n t r y should a s s i s t the g o v e r n m e n t [lit. b e c o m e the h e l p e r s of the g o v e r n m e n t ] in the t a s k s of p r o g r e s s .
a b a y d ynt zwbanay p a T T - w - l o T konoka k w m a k k byday ant.
T h e y should a s s i s t t h o s e who do l a n g u a g e r e s e a r c h [lit. the r e s e a r c h d o e r s of language].
a m a n i p y s s a y kwSokani Dwnga no ot.
He w a s not in the gang w h i c h slew m y father [lit. in the gang of the s l a y e r s of m y father].
a vaspoke marde,
That is a s l e e p i n g m a n .
a go l a r z o k e d a s t a n a m e k a g a d a d a s t x a t t k w r t .
He signed t h i s p a p e r with t r e m b l i n g h a n d s
[hjar k a d e ky a vanoke jynykke d a r bygejit, gwRa a y r a [ h j a r o s kant.
W h e n e v e r he m a y find a l i t e r a t e [lit. r e a d i n g ] g i r l , he will m a r r y h e r .
a D o r o k e gys koig ynt.
Whose fallen [i. e. house is that ?
e dyl swmboke poygor ant.
These a r e heart-piercing taunts,
m a noke r a [ h ] joR kanoke m y s i n a so k a r gyran.
We u s e new r o a d - m a k i n g m a c h i n e s ,
m a n i S a v a T T ganDoke d r a S p kwja ynt,
W h e r e is my s h o e - r e p a i r i n g a w l ?
17. 4 0 1 .
ruined,
collapsed]
The " p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e " - - which might a l s o be c a l l e d the " a g e n t i v e v e r b a l
n o u n " or "agentive v e r b a l a d j e c t i v e " - - c o n s i s t s of the p r e s e n t s t e m + / o k / .
Its u s e s a r e
a s follows: (1)
As a noun, it n o r m a l l y d e n o t e s the agent - - the d o e r - - o f the a c t i o n .
It is found
with a l l of the u s u a l s u b s t a n t i v a l suffixes and m a y have an object of i t s own. E . g. /pynDok/ /kwsok/
beggar. killer,
[ / p y n D a g / I-I "to beg. "]
slayer
/ j o R k o n o k / m a k e r , b u i l d e r . [A c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n e m p l o y e d with / o k / b e c o m e s a l o o s e compound. ] / S o v a T T g a n D o k / shoe r e p a i r e r , s h o e m a k e r . [ / S o v o T T / " l e a t h e r s a n d a l " is the object of / g a n D o k / . / g a n D a g / I-I "to m e n d with an awl. "] / n y n d o k a t a v a r b y k a n . ' / C a l l to the sitting [ones].' [ / n y n d o k / a l s o h a s the i d i o m a t i c m e a n i n g of " r e s i d e n t (in a l o c a l i t y ) . "] / p w l i s kwSokani [ h j a b a r a lykkyta. / w o r d s of the k i l l e r s . (2)
The police have w r i t t e n down the
With the " a t t r i b u t i v e " suffix / e n / - / e / , t h i s f o r m is e m p l o y e d a s an a d j e c t i v e , u s u a l l y with a p r e s e n t , a c t i v e m e a n i n g : "going [ w o m a n ] , " e t c .
" s i t t i n g [ m a n ] , " "running [ w a t e r ] , "
O c c a s i o n a l l y an o c c u r r e n c e of t h i s f o r m is b e t t e r t r a n s l a t e d
with the E n g l i s h p a s t p a r t i c i p l e , h o w e v e r :
404
e.g.
"fallen [ s o l d i e r ] , " " c o l l a p s e d
[house], " etc.
Used t h u s a s an a d j e c t i v e , the p r e s e n t s t e m + / o k / f o r m a t i o n
s i m p l y i n d i c a t e s that the a c t i o n of the v e r b is an a t t r i b u t e of the noun, and the d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n p r e s e n t and p a s t a c t i o n is s o m e t i m e s i g n o r e d .
E . g.
/ a i p a d a syndoke S o v o T T e . / On h i s foot is a b r o k e n s a n d a l . is that of "about to b r e a k , in a s t a t e of b r e a k i n g . "]
[The s e n s e
/ a kopoke s y p a i a n ap doyoga otont. / T h e y w e r e giving w a t e r to the fallen s o l d i e r s . [ " F a l l i n g " is quite i n a p p r o p r i a t e . A " p a s t p a r t i c i p l e " ( s e e S e c . 17. 501) is a l s o p o s s i b l e . ] / a i b r a s a y k w s o k e m a r d a m e S ynt. / The m a n who k i l l e d h i s b r o t h e r is t h i s one. [ L i t . The killing m a n of h i s b r o t h e r is t h i s v e r y one. ] (3)
U s e d d i r e c t l y b e f o r e a c o p u l a t i v e v e r b , the p r e s e n t s t e m + / o k / h a s an a c t i v e and s o m e t i m e s continuative sense. i n c e p t i v e (i. e.
With a p r e s e n t or future f o r m of the c o p u l a , an
"about to . . . ") or future c o n n o t a t i o n o c c u r s .
E. g.
/ b o S S a m o y j o m b a r g r a n d o k ant. / The c l o u d s of the m o n s o o n s a r e t h u n d e r i n g . [Lit. t h u n d e r e r s . ] / b a n d a r o v o k koyg ont. / Who a r e the o n e s who will go t o m o r r o w ? Who a r e the g o e r s t o m o r r o w ? ] / a m a vaxt [h]akym a m go s a r o k a nyndok at. / a l s o w a s sitting with the p r e s i d e n t .
17. 402.
17. 403.
At that t i m e the g o v e r n o r
/ S o v a T T / d e n o t e s a s p e c i a l style of l e a t h e r s a n d a l w o r n by m e n .
in f r o n t , with a s t r a p p a s s i n g behind the h e e l .
[Lit.
It is open
See a l s o S e c . 9. 505.
/ g a n D a g / I-I m e a n s "to m e n d with an awl. " It is thus a p p l i c a b l e to the r e p a i r
of l e a t h e r g o o d s (e. g.
shoes) and such heavy i t e m s a s g u n n y s a c k s , e t c . , but not to the
m e n d i n g of a g a r m e n t or anything which is sewn with a n e e d l e and t h r e a d .
The l a t t e r is
e x p r e s s e d by / d o S o g / "to sew. "
17. 404.
/ s w n g / is the t a x laid upon i t e m s b r o u g h t into a city for s a l e .
The r a t e s for
t h i s t a x w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d in the code of t r i b a l l a w s , and it w a s c o l l e c t e d by the c h i e f s .
It
w a s u s e d to s u p p o r t the c h i e f ' s g u e s t h o u s e (an i m p o r t a n t duty in B a l u c h i s o c i e t y ) , for the a r m y , for the s a l a r y of a r e l i g i o u s judge ( / k a z i / ) , and for one or m o r e I s l a m i c s c h o l a r s ( / m w l l a / ) and t h e i r s t u d e n t s .
In m o d e r n t i m e s t h i s tax is a s s e s s e d and c o l l e c t e d by the
g o v e r n m e n t in P a k i s t a n i B a l u c h i s t a n .
17. 405.
/ S y s t k o n o g / d e n o t e s "to r a i s e , lift up. " It d i f f e r s f r o m / z u r o g / "to p i c k up,
lift, " which h a s the s e n s e of "to pick up and t a k e . "
A s i d e f r o m its u s e in / S y s t k a n a g /
(and the e x p e c t e d i n t r a n s i t i v e f o r m , / S y s t b u o g / ) , / S y s t / is not often found i n d e p e n d e n t l y . E.g. / e m e z a Syst kon! / / e meza bwzur! /
Raise this table! P i c k up t h i s t a b l e !
405
[ E l e v a t e it!
Lift it up!
Compare: ]
[ P i c k it up and t a k e it for y o u r s e l f ! ]
17. 406.
The m o n s o o n r a i n s , c a l l e d / b a S s a m / , r o u g h l y c o i n c i d e
with / t i r m a g /
" s u m m e r , " beginning in m i d - J u n e and l a s t i n g t h r o u g h A u g u s t .
17.407. stems:
/ p o T T - w - l o T / " r e s e a r c h " is a n o t h e r n e o l o g i s m .
It is c o m p o s e d of two v e r b
/ p o T T / , the s t e m of / p o T T a g / "to s e a r c h for, look f o r ;
s e e k , " and / l o T / , the
s t e m of / l o T o g / "to want, d e s i r e , a s k for- invite. " Some B a l u c h i a u t h o r s t r a n s l a t e "research" as /poTT-w-pol/;
17. 408.
see Sec. 17. 308.
/ k w m a k k / "help, a s s i s t a n c e " o c c u r s in c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s both with
/ d o y a g / "to g i v e " and / k a n a g / "to do, m a k e . " T h e s e two c o n s t r u c t i o n s a r e n e a r l y synonymous.
When / k w m a k k d a y a g / is u s e d , h o w e v e r ; the p e r s o n or thing h e l p e d i s
t r e a t e d a s the object of the v e r b , while with / k w m o k k k o n o g / , / g o n / - / g o / "with, accompanying is u s e d .
E . g. / a m a r d w m kwSoka k w m a k k d a t a n t . /
T h o s e m e n a s s i s t e d the k i l l e r s .
/ t a w go m o n k w m a k k kan, ky a m e dwzza b y g y r a n ! / that we m a y ] c a t c h t h e s e t h i e v e s !
Help m e to [lit.
The compound / k w m a k k a r / d e n o t e s " h e l p e r , c o l l a b o r a t o r . " E . g. / e k y t a b a y Son doyoga, a m o n i k w m a k k a r b u t a . / He h a s b e c o m e m y c o l l a b o r a t o r in the a r r a n g e m e n t of t h i s book.
17. 409.
The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n / d a r g e j a g / should be noted;
it m e a n s "to
d i s c o v e r , find, u n e a r t h , u n c o v e r . " E. g. / a a m r i k a a d a r getk. /
He d i s c o v e r e d A m e r i c a .
/ p w l i s Swmay m a l a n as a m a i gysa d a r getk. / goods from his h o u s e .
The p o l i c e r e c o v e r e d y o u r
/ m o n por t a i m e s a yakk jvane m a l p a d e d a r getkagwn. / a good p a s t u r e for your s h e e p .
17. 500.
I have d i s c o v e r e d
Basic Sentences,
m o n v a t i p r w S t a g e pada Die peRytwn.
I wound a s t r i p of cloth a r o u n d m y b r o k e n foot.
tow SoSe bade k a r a k a p t a g e m a r d e ay?
A r e you a m a n who h a s fallen into such evil w a y s ? [Lit. an i n - s u c h - b a d - d e e d s fallen m a n . ]
e peS v a n t a g e S a y r e , ky m a yakk d i v a n e a wSkytan.
T h i s is a p o e m which we have h e a r d r e a d b e f o r e in s o m e s o c i a l g a t h e r i n g . [ L i t . T h i s is a p r e v i o u s l y r e a d p o e m , that we h e a r d in a s o c i a l g a t h e r i n g . ]
m a voti gyptoge sypaia Sa k a y z a d a r k w r t a n .
We b r o u g h t our c a p t u r e d s o l d i e r s out of the prison.
406
Swma b a y d ynt ky pa v a t i m w l k w b w r t a g e [h]okka b y m y R y t .
You ought to fight for y o u r c o u n t r y and u s u r p e d [lit. t a k e n a w a y ] r i g h t s .
g v a s t a g e baloS gwStagant, ky gwSnage m a r d go m o z a r a m y R i t , aw aS p w l a n g a y d a p a Sykara pwlit.
The B a l u c h i s of the p a s t [lit. the p a s s e d away B a l u c h i s ] have said that the h u n g r y m a n fights with the t i g e r and s n a t c h e s the p r e y f r o m the m o u t h of the l e o p a r d .
v a p t a g e kwSakka pad m o k o n !
Do not wake the s l e e p i n g dog!
ai d y r t a g e j a m a g e g v a r a at, aw padayS s y s t a g e S a v a T T e at.
He w a s w e a r i n g a t o r n s h i r t and had a [ p a i r of] b r o k e n s a n d a l f s ] on h i s feet [lit.
foot]. a i m o n t o g e m i r a t a m e kwDD aw dw ba gg atant.
The i n h e r i t a n c e which he left [lit. h i s left i n h e r i t a n c e ] w a s t h i s hut and two c a m e l herds.
t a r a t a i k w r t a g e k a r a n i y n a m zut r a s i t ,
You will soon get the r e w a r d for the d e e d s you have done [lit. y o u r done d e e d s ] .
oS synga p r w S t o g e m y S i n a b y a r
B r i n g the m a c h i n e [which w a s ] b r o k e n by [lit. f r o m ] the stone!
p a k y s t a n o y p a g v a j a g a y Sing b u t a g e j a r a , noke k a r b o n d i a n i b a b a t t a baz S a r r e gapp a t a n t .
In the p u b l i s h e d a n n o u n c e m e n t of the P r e s i d e n t of P a k i s t a n t h e r e w e r e [ s o m e ] v e r y good p o i n t s [lit. t a l k s , d i s c u s s i o n s ] about the new p r o j e c t s .
g v a s t a g e dw s a l a , k o T a ow kolatoy d o m o g a , zwgaloy b a z e ka[h]n d a r a [ h ] t a g a n t .
In the p a s t two y e a r s , in the Quetta and K a l a t D i v i s i o n s m a n y c o a l m i n e s [lit. w e l l s of c o a l ] have b e e n d i s c o v e r e d [lit. have c o m e out].
o m e nyStoge t o i dwzz ynt.
T h i s s e a t e d [ p e r s o n ] is y o u r thief.
k w S t o g e n a n i n a m koy ont.
What a r e the n a m e s of the slain [ p e r s o n s ] ?
p r w S t o g e n a d o w r bydoy!
T h r o w away the b r o k e n [one].'
m a r d a m a ynt, ky gwStagena d e m a d a r a bykant.
The m a n [i. e. " m a n " in the s e n s e of "noble p e r s o n " ] is he who s p e a k s out openly. [Lit. The m a n is that [one] who r e v e a l s the [ t h i n g s ] on the face. ]
17. 5 0 1 .
The " p a s t p a r t i c i p l e " c o n s i s t s of the p a s t s t e m of the v e r b + / a [ g ] / ( s e e S e e s .
15. 101 and 15. 201). (1)
It is e m p l o y e d both a s an a d j e c t i v e and a s a noun:
The p a s t p a r t i c i p l e + the " a t t r i b u t i v e " suffix / e n / - / e / o c c u r s a s an a d j e c t i v e having p a s t - s t a t i v e significance:
it e x p r e s s e s a v e r b a l a c t i o n p e r f o r m e d in the p a s t , the
e f f e c t s (or r e s u l t a n t state) of which is s t i l l p r e s e n t . an E n g l i s h p a s t p a r t i c i p l e :
e. g.
It is u s u a l l y t r a n s l a t a b l e by
"done, " " s e e n , " "taken, " e t c .
Some o c c u r r e n c e s ,
h o w e v e r , m a y r e q u i r e a t r a n s l a t i o n with the E n g l i s h p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e (" . . . ing")
407
and a r e t h u s roughly s y n o n y m o u s with the p r e s e n t s t e m + / o k / d i s c u s s e d in Sec. 17.401.
E.g. / o m e nyStage m a r d w m t a i dwzz ynt. / T h i s s e a t e d p e r s o n i s y o u r thief. [Although the act of sitting took p l a c e in the p a s t , the r e s u l t a n t state of sitting c o n t i n u e s . C o m p a r e : ] / o m e nyndoke m o r d t a i dwzz ynt. / T h i s sitting p e r s o n is y o u r thief. [The a c t i o n of the v e r b is s e e n a s c o n t i n u i n g , r a t h e r t h a n a s a p r e c e d i n g a c t i o n and a r e s u l t a n t s t a t e . ] / a D a r y t a g e gys kaig ynt. / Whose fallen [i. e. r u i n e d , c o l l a p s e d ] h o u s e is t h a t ? [The act of c o l l a p s i n g h a s ended, and the h o u s e is now in a resultant collapsed state. C o m p a r e : ] / a D o r o k e gys kaig ynt. / Whose fallen [i. e. r u i n e d , c o l l a p s e d ] h o u s e is t h a t ? [Although t h i s should r e a l l y m e a n "falling, c o l l a p s i n g , " it h a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y the s a m e m e a n i n g a s the p r e c e d i n g s e n t e n c e . ] / d w z z a n i d a s t g i r kanoke sypai a d a l a t t a atant. / The s o l d i e r s who had a r r e s t e d the t h i e v e s w e r e in the c o u r t . [Lit. the a r r e s t i n g s o l d i e r s of the t h i e v e s . . . The p r e s e n t and p a s t p a r t i c i p l e s of a t r a n s i t i v e v e r b u s u a l l y m a i n t a i n an a c t i v e v e r s u s p a s s i v e d i s t i n c t i o n . C o m p a r e : ] / d a s t g i r k w r t o g e dwzz g r e v a g a atant. /
(2)
The a r r e s t e d t h i e v e s w e r e weeping.
The p a s t p a r t i c i p l e + / e n / / e / is a l s o e m p l o y e d a s a noun.
It m a y be noted t h a t ,
unlike the p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e (the p r e s e n t s t e m + / o k / ) , t h i s f o r m only r a r e l y o c c u r s a s a noun without / e n / - / e / .
E. g.
/ j a t a g e n a y s a r a Die bypeR! / [ p e r s o n ' s ] head!
Tie a s t r i p of cloth a r o u n d the b e a t e n
/ k a p t a g e n a Syst bykanyt! / Lift up the fallen [ones].' [ / k o p o k a / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e , a p p a r e n t l y with the s a m e m e a n i n g . ] /pomman systagene mogyr! /
17. 502.
Don't buy a b r o k e n [one] for m e !
/ d y r a g / I-II "to tear^ r i p " is i n t r a n s i t i v e .
"to t e a r , r i p , r e n d , " which is a t r a n s i t i v e v e r b .
E. g.
Your h e a d - c l o t h t o r e .
/ a i m o s k vat d y r t . /
His w a t e r bag t o r e by itself.
/ k a y ai j a m a g a d y r r y t . / / a toi maSka d y r r y t . /
17. 503.
I-I
T h i s type of t r a n s i t i v e - i n t r a n s i t i v e
d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n a p p e a r s to be unique in the l a n g u a g e . / t o i gwd d y r t . /
It c o n t r a s t s with / d y r r o g /
[Contrast: ]
Who t o r e h i s s h i r t ? He t o r e your w a t e r b a g .
F o r / g v a r a b u a g / "to be w e a r i n g , have on (a coat, s h i r t , e t c . ) " and / p a d a b u a g /
"to be w e a r i n g , have on ( s h o e s , p a j a m a s , e t c . ), " see Sec. 14. 200 (24).
17. 504.
/ d a r a k a n a g / "to r e v e a l , m a k e evident, b a r e " m u s t not be confused with / d a r
k a n a g / "to take out, r e m o v e , expel. " / d a r a / i s , of c o u r s e , / d o r / "out, o u t s i d e " + the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / .
It m a y thus a l s o denote s i m p l y " o u t s i d e , " s y n o n y m o u s with
/ D o n n a / " o u t s i d e . " See S e e s . 7. 801 and 8. 200 (18).
E.g.
/ t o w voti dyloy gappa d a r a kan! / R e v e a l what is in y o u r h e a r t ! [ L i t . R e v e a l the t a l k of your h e a r t ! / d a r k a n / cannot be s u b s t i t u t e d . ]
408
/ a voti j a n a d o r a k w r t . / He b a r e d h i s body. [I. e. c l o t h i n g , / d a r k w r t / is not s u b s t i t u t a b l e . ] / t o w e kwSakka d a r kan! / T a k e t h i s dog o u t s i d e ! o c c u r with t h i s m e a n i n g . ] / a d o r a nyndok ont. /
17. 600.
D r i l l s and E x e r c i s e s ,
17. 6 0 1 .
Substitution.
ma
a
He r e m o v e d h i s [ / d o r a k o n / cannot
T h e y a r e sitting o u t s i d e .
dana
drwSoga butogon.
sandals
have b e e n r e p a i r i n g have b e e n doing
two h o u r s
harvest our plot' s underbrush
have b e e n cutting [lit. beating]
morning
these ropes
have b e e n twining
a long t i m e
t h i s language
have b e e n l e a r n i n g
voti s o r d a r a
po
swng
mwSS kana b u t a n t .
w o r k s of e d u c a t i o n
new p r o j e c t s
have kept p r e s e n t i n g
p r o g r e s s of m a n k i n d
attempt
have kept m a k i n g
the n e w s p a p e r
essays
have kept w r i t i n g
the B a l u c h i A c a d e m y
re search
have kept doing
the b e t t e r m e n t of the c o u n t r y
new s c h o o l s
have kept c o n s t r u c t i n g
on, ky zien l a s t night day b e f o r e y e s t e r d a y
baz tar
syndag b u t a n t .
t h i s leaf [of p a p e r ]
has been punctured
much coal
has been discovered
this politician
has been elected
the r o o t of that t r e e
h a s b e e n pulled [out]
the b a n n e r of f r e e d o m
has been raised
m a n i nakoa
pagvajagay
to h i s r e l a t i v e
of S u p e r i n t e n d e n t of the T r e a s u r y
to that officer
of M i n i s t e r of C o m m e r c e
to t h i s m e m b e r of the N a t i o n a l Assembly
of C o m m a n d e r - i n - C h i e f
to the M i n i s t e r of Defence
of P r i m e M i n i s t e r
to t h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
of F o r e i g n M i n i s t e r
ommoy komaS
yakk n y a d e a
sorvozira
the w o r k e r s
the b o s s
these writers
the M i n i s t e r of Education
409
m a n s a b dayag butagat,
dobo j a n a butant,
7.
those newsmen
the M i n i s t e r of Commerce
the b a k e r s
their president
the t e n a n t - f a r m e r s
the l a n d o w n e r s
maroSi
yakk m a z a r e
lada
a leopard
in h i s field
the M i n i s t e r of Defence
at the a i r p o r t
the p r e s i d e n t of that country
in h i s p a l a c e
a clerk
in t h i s hotel
a rebel
on the b o r d e r
tow o m a
jonag but,
distay?
SovaTT ganDoka killer beggar tax collector t i c k e t i n s p e c t o r [lit, ticket s e e r ] p h o t o g r a p h e r [lit. picture taker]
Swma a
9.
10.
e
voroke
mardwma
grumbling
woman
sleeping
soldier
fighting
boys
weeping
girl
laughing
children
Darytage
maRi
broken
plow
dead
camel
ripened
harvest
torn
pajama
burned
shop
SwStogena
pajj k a r y t ?
kaig ynt
yngw b y a r !
the p i e r c e d [ o n e s ] the sewn [ o n e s ] the cut [ o n e s ] the tied [ o n e s ] the fallen [ o n e s ] 11
SaSS g a n T a a y
ynt, ky a m y d a
t o r r o g a buta.
three days'
has been grumbling
two m o n t h s '
has been touring
three nights'
has been patrolling
ten m i n u t e s '
h a s b e e n flying
410
half an h o u r ' s
has been resting
12. yokk o [ h ] v a l g y r e
bali-paTTa
a writer
in the b u s - d e p o t
t h i s Afghan
in the a r m y - c a m p
the M i n i s t e r of C o m m e r c e
in h i s h o m e
my son-in-law
in R u s s i a
that d r i v e r
in K a c c h i
13. b a y d ynt ky m a
d a s t g i r kanag buta,
vadaniay kara
sarkaray
in the t a s k s of p r o g r e s s
the P r i m e M i n i s t e r ' s
in t h i s p r o j e c t
the b o s s ' s
in the b e t t e r m e n t of the country
our l e a d e r ' s
in t h i s r e s e a r c h
the B a l u c h i A c a d e m y ' s
in the defence of P a k i s t a n
our p r e s i d e n t ' s
14. b a S S a m a y j a m b a r
k w m a k k a r byban.
g r o n d o k ont.
those unfortunate boys
a r e begging [ o r :
his wives
a r e grumbling [or:
those goat-kids
a r e grazing g r a s s [or:
those Dombs
a r e singing [ o r :
its walls
a r e collapsing [or:
15. a
17.602.
are beggars] are grass grazers]
are singers]
kagada
d o s t x a t t kanaga b u t a .
the fort of the e n e m y
has been bombarding
the g r a i n [lit.
has been measuring
grains]
are grumblers]
yesterday's newspaper
has been reading
these projects
has been approving
a hut
h a s b e e n building
are collapsers]
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l I.
C h a n g e the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b f o r m s in the following s e n t e n c e s f r o m the p a s t c o n t i n u a t i v e to the p e r f e c t s t a t i v e c o n t i n u a t i v e f o r m a t i o n .
E. g.
Instructor:
/ m a g r e v o g a otan. /
Student:
/ m a grevaga butagan. /
1.
m a kwDDe [h]aDD k a n a g a atan.
2.
a badSafh] w s t w m a n a y s a r a z w l m k a n a g a at.
3.
m o l y d tona soy g a n T a a r o z a n a n i Syrk k a r r a g a at.
4.
d e m p a n i a y v a z i r go s o r o k a t a n a d e r a t r a n k a n a g a at.
5.
s y a s a t d a n k a w m i m e R a v a gwStank d a y a g a atant.
6.
t a i t r u p a r taw g a R a t t i k a n a g a at.
7.
d r w s t e k a r g y r n a n v a i a p a y g o r j a n a g a atant.
8.
z y r i - s y p a a y dw a p i - j a z b a n d a r a b a m b a r i k a n a g a a t a n t .
411
9.
a m m a y pawj m o d a n m o d a n k y n z a g a at.
10. Danni v a z i r j a n d w m i d o m o g a t a r r - w - g a r d k a n a g a at. 1 1. Swma p a r Se p o T T a t a r r a g a atyt. 12.
a m m a y b a l i - j a z d e m pa i r a n a b a l k a n a g a atant.
13. m a n eSkay ko[h]a zwgal p o T T o g a otwn. 14. v a n t k a r i a y v a z i r k a w m i m e R a v a v a t i k a r b a n d i a peS k a n a g a at. 15. k a r g y r noke gysay t o m b o v [h]aDD k a n a g a atant.
17. 603.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l II.
Change the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b f o r m s in the following s e n t e n c e s f r o m the p a s t i t e r a t i v e to the p e r f e c t s t a t i v e i t e r a t i v e f o r m a t i o n .
E . g.
Instructor:
/ a oda Sayr janan atant. /
Student:
/ a oda Sayr jana b u t a g a n t . /
1.
z a l b u l s y p a i a n i Tappa Di p e R a n atant.
2.
a Sagyrda daRko doyan at.
3.
d r w s t m a r d w m Sap j a n a n atant.
4.
m a n nymyStanka lykkan atwn.
5.
m a n i ballwk SyTTa v o T T a n at.
6.
baloSi polnyad b a z e kytaba Sing konan at.
7.
m a n v a t i mwlka torn SaT dayan atwn.
8.
m a n noke mySinani b a r o v a k a r g y r a r w m a y a n otwn.
9.
m a voti kwrdogoy k a [ h ] - w - k w n T o g jonan oton.
10. o m m o y b o z g o r p o s l a d r o w konan otont. 11. a koddaa Sodan at. 12. Tappie sypai d r w s t e Sap n a l a n at. 13. S a v a T T ganDok vati d r a S p a p o T T a n at. 14. e ko[h]ne [hjalkay gys D a r a n atant. 15. xozanogoy k a r m o s t y r kagada d a s t x a t t kanan at.
17. 604.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l III.
Change the following from a c t i v e to p a s s i v e s e n t e n c e s . the a c t i v e v e r b to a c o r r e s p o n d i n g p a s s i v e one;
This involves:
(a) changing
(b) o m i s s i o n of the subject of the a c t i v e
sentence;
and (c) m a k i n g the p a s s i v e v e r b a g r e e with the object of the o r i g i n a l a c t i v e
sentence.
R e t a i n the o r i g i n a l t e n s e and a s p e c t .
E. g.
Instructor:
/ a yda zwgal d a r g e t k a g a n t . /
Student:
/ y d a zwgal d a r gejag b u t a . /
1.
a ayra dempaniay vaziray monsob datagant.
2.
m a yakk k a m a S a gySen k w r t a n .
3.
p w l i s a m a yagia d a s t g i r k w r t a g a t a n t .
412
4.
p o r e d o m o g o y y s k u l a , m a boloSi zwbana m a n z u r k w r t a g a n .
5.
b a z g a r e dana k a y l k a n a n t .
6.
e p i r e z a l b u l jynykkay goSa s w m b y t o .
7.
m a yokk p w l o n g e a jototon.
8.
s o r o k a v a n a da [ h j a z a r r w p p i a y y n a m d a t .
9.
kawmi m e R a v a , a esi possova dat.
10. a i m a s m a r o S i vangoR g r a s t . 11.
mon drwst tar tombova peRytatwn.
12. a Sa x a z a n a g a p a z d a [ h ] a z a r k a l l a d a r d w z z y t a n t . 13. y n s a n a y g y [ h ] t a r i a pa, e D a k s a r b a z kosyS k w r t a . 14. Sie m a r d w m o [ h ] v a l g y r a Sa nyada d a r k w r t a n t . 15.
Swma baloSi zwbana b a z p a T T - w - p o l k w r t o t y t .
16. a go d r o S p a S a v a T T a swmbyt n o k w r t . 17. e [hjalkay b a z e m a r d w m a m e s y a s i gala k w m a k k d a t a n t . 18.
s a r k a r a y m a r d w m aS a m m a y [h]alka ynka swng mwSS k w r t n a k a n a n t .
19. b a l k y a t a r a b y j a n a n t . 20. a i b r a s ai m i r a t a gyptant. 21.
a t a i b a r ava yav kant.
22. m a n a pwlanga jat n a k a n i n . 23.
s a r k a r yakk y a g i e n y m y S t a n k a y dobaa e [hjaltaka band k w r t .
24. m a n a y r a s o y s o m b e a yakk kwlave d e m datwn. 25.
m a n e m a z a n e k o n T a Syst k w r t n b k w r t w n .
26.
s o r d a r m w l l a a sokke s a z a d a t a t .
2 7. m a d w S m a n a n i gydanani t a n d a b w r r y t a n . 28. y m s a l i a Sa a w g a n y s t a n a b a z m a i kaSak k w r t a n t . 29. m a a v a n i l a S k a r a s i m a jallyt kanan. 30. m a p a [ h ] r i e g y S e n k a r i a v a t i galay pagvajaga gySen n o k w r t o g o n .
17.605.
F i l l the B l a n k s .
F i l l the b l a n k s with the c o r r e c t B a l u c h i f o r m of the w o r d [ s ] given at the end of e a c h sentence.
A l l of the s e n t e n c e s in t h i s e x e r c i s e e m p l o y f o r m a t i o n s d i s c u s s e d in S e c . 17. 102
E-g. Instructor:
/ma
Student:
/ m a dw roSay an, ky k y n z a g a b u t a n . /
1.
ma
2.
e nymyStkar
3.
kynzoga buton. /
aS e ka[h]na zwgal kaSSaga b u t a g a n .
for two d a y s
for a long t i m e
ome n y m y S t a n k a y s a b a b a k a y z a ynt.
baSSamay j a m b a r a[h]tagant.
4.
toi m a s
5.
b a l o S i polnyad
6.
mon
7.
sorloSkar
s i n c e two w e e k s
p o r taw g a R a t t i k a n a g a ynt. k a r konoga b u t o .
z y r i - s y p a a wn.
since Wednesday
since l a s t night
for two y e a r s
for t h r e e m o n t h s
sakk najoR ynt.
last
413
s i n c e the night b e f o r e the night b e f o r e
8.
man
b a l o S i p o l n y a d a y k a r m o s t y r wn.
9.
ammay kamaS
10. a s o r d a r 11. a
i r a n a Swta.
e k a r g a [ h ] a k a r k a n a g a yt.
14. a
swng mwSS k a n a g a b u t a g a n t .
a m m a y pagvaja
for t e n m i n u t e s
how l o n g ?
Sa z y r k y r r a padi a[h]ta.
since y e s t e r d a y
since F r i d a y
t a r r - w - g a r d a Swta.
s i n c e Sunday
F i l l the B l a n k s II.
I n s t r u c t i o n s a r e a s for S e c . 17. 605. is to be e m p l o y e d . is a l s o c o r r e c t .
E . g. Instructor:
/kytab
Student:
/ k y t a b d a r o k e baSakk kay kay ant. /
1.
e Dyhay
2.
dwrae
3.
man a
4.
baSSamay jambar
5.
nan
e boSakk kay kay ant. /
a mwSS bykanyt!
r e s i d e n t s [lit.
dastgir butant.
sitting o n e s ]
ant.
begging
s h o w e r i n g and t h u n d e r i n g
a bwgwS, ky la[h]te m e m a n a[h]tagant. e sypaia zut [hjyspatala b y b a r y t !
e
8.
o m m a y pawj
9.
having
killers
e m a r d w m a pajj k a r i n .
7.
e baSakk najoR y n t ?
cooking
fallen
lying down
a gypt n o k w r t .
fleeing o n e s
a bayd ynt, ky vadanioy k a r a n a m m a y k w m a k k a r b y b a n t . [lit.
literates
reading ones]
10. e
e pol a m a badSa[h]ay dowroy ynt.
11. D a k s o r saz
a po, t a m b a k b y g y r y t ! e D o m b a z a r r byday!
14. pwSS
collapsed
e loRiay Tappa Die p e R y t a .
12. Sylym 13.
In a l l c a s e s the p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e (Sec. 17. 401)
In s e n t e n c e s 6, 7, and 10, h o w e v e r , the p a s t p a r t i c i p l e (Sec. 17. 501)
6.
groaning smoking [lit.
playing [lit.
e mySin Synkasa bit.
15. a n e m r o S o y ynt, ky ra[h]a
17. 607.
for four y e a r s
go v a p a r i o y v o z i r a t r a n konoga b u t a .
13. m o n i p i r w k
17. 606.
since morning
k a w m i m e R o v o y b a s k ynt.
12. Swma
15.
s i n c e 1957
pulling, drawing]
beating]
sewing ynt.
standing
F i l l the B l a n k s III.
I n s t r u c t i o n s a r e a s for Sec. 17. 605. to be e m p l o y e d .
E . g. Instructor:
/ e sala, ma baz d e m r a v i a y k a r a kwrtagan. / passed
Student:
/ g v a s t a g e sala, ma baz d e m r a v i a y k a r a kwrtagan. /
1. 2.
In a l l c a s e s the p a s t p a r t i c i p l e (Sec. 17. 501) is
e b a z g a r a y s y a l pa p w l i s a y a r a g a Swta. kayl
e dan s a r d a r a y na ant.
414
done
dead
3.
drwste mardwm
4.
a k w m o k k byday!
5.
e pwSSa p e t a p a t a l a n bykanyt!
6.
e a s a d v a r a g r o k kan!
7.
ai
8.
baloSystanay
9.
a drwst
gone out [i. e.
e m i r a t Synkas ynt.
e pwSS b a z jvan ant.
woven
e k o m b o l a k o T T a [hjer k w r t . e S y T T e a Se k a r b y g y r a n .
folded slain
broken
e dyl gwSit, ky a s ava b e r b y g y r i n .
s a r l a S k a r [h]wkm dat, ky a d r w s t e
15. t a i
extinguished]
left
11. m a Sa
14. m o n
beaten]
washed
e b r a s o y pa[h]nada g r e v o g a ot.
13.
shot [lit.
fallen o n e s
10. a voti 12. m o n i
17. 608.
e m a z a r a Saraga laggytant.
e pwlanga d i s t , aw jatwnyS. e z a r r nun a l a s b u t a n t .
burned
e sypaia yala b y k a n a n t .
bound
hidden given
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l I. 1.
toi pajj a r o k kay ynt. He is the D i r e c t o r [ / k a r m o s t y r / ] of the Baluchi Academy. He is a f a m o u s p o l i t i c i a n . He is the M i n i s t e r of D e f e n c e . He is a w r i t e r . He h a s w r i t t e n two b o o k s about B a l u c h i s t a n . He is a n e w s m a n .
2.
a p o r Se z a r ynt, His f r i e n d s have b e e n taunting h i m . His m o t h e r - i n - l a w h a s b e e n c o m p l a i n i n g about h i m . His b o s s h a s b e e n scolding h i m . He h a s b e e n q u a r r e l l i n g with the b a k e r . T h o s e m e r c h a n t s have b e e n h a r a s s i n g h i m . gon a s y a s o t d a n a Se b u t a . He h a s b e e n given the post of S u p e r i n t e n d e n t of the T r e a s u r y . He h a s b e e n e l e c t e d in the l a s t e l e c t i o n . He h a s b e e n a r r e s t e d at the a i r p o r t . He will be given the p o s t of F o r e i g n M i n i s t e r He h a s b e e n t u r n e d out [ / d o r k o n a g / ] of the National Assembly.
4.
a a [ h ] v a l g y r p a r Se d a s t g i r kanag buta. He gave a r e b e l l i o u s s p e e c h . He w r o t e an a r t i c l e about the king. He w a s a c o l l a b o r a t o r with the e n e m y ,
415
He h a s said that the king is o p p r e s s i n g the people. He is a m e m b e r of that p o l i t i c a l p a r t y . 5.
e Sone m y S i n e . T h i s is a s t o n e - b r e a k i n g m a c h i n e . T h i s is a s a n d a l - r e p a i r i n g m a c h i n e . T h i s is a h a r v e s t i n g m a c h i n e . T h i s is a r o a d - b u i l d i n g m a c h i n e . T h i s is a f r u i t - p e e l i n g m a c h i n e . ai pada Se ot. He had on a [ p a i r of] s a n d a l s . He had on a [ p a i r of] t o r n p a j a m a s . He had on a [ p a i r of] new s t o c k i n g s . He had on a [ p a i r of] old s h o e s . I do not know. morning.
7.
I have not s e e n h i m s i n c e
taw k a d i e n ay, ky p a k y s t a n a ay. I have b e e n in P a k i s t a n s i n c e T u e s d a y . I have b e e n in P a k i s t a n s i n c e 1953. I have b e e n h e r e for t h r e e y e a r s . I have b e e n in Quetta for two w e e k s . My plane landed [ / n y S t / ] at the a i r p o r t at noon. I have b e e n in P a k i s t a n for two and a half months. taw go kaya t r a n kanaga butagay. I have b e e n talking with the M i n i s t e r of Education. I have b e e n talking with the S u p e r i n t e n d e n t of the T r e a s u r y . I have b e e n talking with the b o s s of our factory. I have not b e e n talking with a n y o n e . I have b e e n talking with the Defence M i n i s t e r about the new w e a p o n s . taw m a r o S i Sykara pa Swtay ? Y e s , I shot a l e o p a r d . Y e s , I saw a d e e r , but I could not shoot it Y e s , I went to the m o u n t a i n , but I saw nothing. Y e s , I shot two d e e r . No, I have b e e n sitting in that h o t e l s i n c e morning.
416
10. e k a r b o n d i a po, Synko p o y s o g m o n z u r kanag buta S e v e n t y - t w o t h o u s a n d r u p e e s have [lit. h a s j b e e n a p p r o v e d for t h i s p r o j e c t . S i x t y - f o u r t h o u s a n d r u p e e s have [lit. been approved.
hasj
The p r o j e c t w a s not a p p r o v e d . The M i n i s t e r of C o m m e r c e said that t h i s p r o j e c t is not good. T h e r e f o r e the N a t i o n a l A s s e m b l y h a s not a p p r o v e d it. A s yet t h i s p r o j e c t h a s not b e e n a p p r o v e d . P e r h a p s t o m o r r o w they will a p p r o v e it. 11. m a r o S i e [h]altaka Se [hjabar ast. Our p r e s i d e n t h a s b e e n e l e c t e d a g a i n . A new book on [lit. of] the B a l u c h i language has been published. Our a r m y is m o v i n g f o r w a r d slowly. A new f a c t o r y will be c o n s t r u c t e d h e r e soon. F o r t y - t h r e e t h o u s a n d r u p e e s have [lit. h a s ] b e e n a p p r o v e d for t h e s e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o j e c t s [lit. p r o j e c t s of e d u c a t i o n j . 12. a y r a e y n a m p a r Se dayag buta. His a r t i c l e w a s the b e s t
[/jvantyr/J.
He caught the thief who had stolen the bride's jewellery. He helped the fallen [ o n e s j on the battlefield, He a r r a n g e d the w o r k of the p r o j e c t w e l l [/Sarria/]. When the e n e m y c a m e , he did not flee. He fought with b r a v e r y and killed m a n y . 13. t a i [hjalkay m a r d w m p a r Se gal k a n a g a ant. Today the son of the chief h a s m a r r i e d m y daughter. We have r e c e n t l y h a r v e s t e d the wheat c r o p [lit. c r o p of w h e a t ] , and it [ / a / ] is v e r y good t h i s y e a r . The g o v e r n m e n t will dig a t u b e w e l l in our village. We have h e a r d that our p r e s i d e n t will c o m e h e r e for [a] t o u r . Our c h i e f ' s son h a s b e e n e l e c t e d to [lit. forj the N a t i o n a l A s s e m b l y . 14. a p a r Se p y T T a g a ant, T h e i r hut h a s c o l l a p s e d due to [lit. the flood.
from]
A gang [of b r i g a n d s ] h a s killed t h e i r g r a n d father. 417
The chief of t h e i r v i l l a g e h a s b e e n o p p r e s s i n g t h e m and h a s t a k e n away t h e i r cattle. All of t h e i r s h e e p have d i e d . Their uncle has been scolding them. 15. taw m a r o S i kwjam k a r konoga b u t a y . I w a s m e a s u r i n g the g r a i n [lit.
grains].
I w a s m e a s u r i n g t h i s plot. I w a s cutting [lit. b e a t i n g ] the u n d e r b r u s h of t h i s plot. I w a s s c r a p i n g the filth [lit. f i l t h s ] f r o m [lit. of] t h o s e v e s s e l s . I have b e e n g r i n d i n g t h e s e m e d i c i n e s for two h o u r s .
17.609.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l II. 1.
voxte taw yakk s y a s i galeay b a s k b u t a g a y ?
2.
taw [hjaltakea Son dat k a n a y ?
3.
taw y n s a n a y g y [ h ] t a r i a pa koSyS kanag l o T o y ?
4.
taw k a d i e n ay, ky baloSi zwbana [hjel kanaga b u t a g a y .
5.
taw Sa d r a S p a k a r gypt k a n a y ?
6.
a m r i k a kwjam sala d a r gejag but.
7.
v a t i m w l k a y d e m p a n i a y v a z i r a y n a m a bwgwS!
8.
vaxte taw b a l i - j a z a Swtagay?
9.
taw k a w m i m e R o v o y b a s k buag l o T a y ?
10. t a i mwlka a m baSSam b i t ? 1 1. taw vati p y s s a y d a s t x a t t a pajj a w r t k a n a y ? 12. taw kwjam [hjanday nyndok ay. 13.
aga k o s s e go taw baloSi bykant, to a y r a p o s s o v dat konoy?
14. tow g v a s t a g e salayg ay, ky a m e kalyja vanoga b u t a g a y ? 15. taw SaRa g a R a t t i kanoke a y ?
17. 700.
Vocabulary.
azati
freedom
a[hjvalgyr
newsman,
bal
flying,
reporter
flight
to fly
b a l kanag bali-paTT
airport
barov
matter, case, about,
-ay b a r o v a bask
respect
concerning
a r m (upper); m e m b e r (of an o r g a n i s a t i o n , parliament, etc.)
418
bambari
bombardment
bombari buag
to be b o m b a r d e d
bambari kanag
to b o m b a r d
baSSam
monsoon rains
bayrakk
flag, b a n n e r
bwn
root
SavaTT
m e n ' s leather sandal
Syrk
filth,
Syst
raising,
dirt lifting
Syst buag
to be lifted,
Syst kanag
to lift,
raised
raise
dan
g r a i n (wheat, b a r l e y , e t c . )
'"dor
out, o u t s i d e
d o r gejog
to d i s c o v e r , find, u n e a r t h ,
dora kanag
to r e v e a l , m a k e e v i d e n t , b a r e
dastgir
arrested
d a s t g i r buag
to be a r r e s t e d
d a s t g i r kanag
to a r r e s t
dastxatt
signature
d a s t x a t t kanag
to sign
dempani
defence
demrovi
progress
deri
l a t e , a long t i m e
dobo
accusation to a c c u s e
dobo jonog droSp
awl
draw
(final) h a r v e s t i n g d r a w buag
to be h a r v e s t e d
d r a w kanag
to h a r v e s t
dyrag
I-II
to t e a r , r i p ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) o u t s i d e (adj. ), f o r e i g n ,
Danni Darag
I-I
external
to c o l l a p s e , fall down (house, w a l l , e t c . )
Di
s t r i p of cloth, r i b b o n , b a n d a g e
gal
(political) p a r t y , g r o u p
ganDag
I-I
to m e n d (with an a w l , a s s h o e s ,
ganTafg]
hour
gaRatti
worry patrol,
goSt
gySen
round
to p a t r o l , m a k e a round (trip)
goSt konog I-I
leathergoods)
to w o r r y
gaRatti kanag
grondog
uncover
to t h u n d e r s e l e c t e d , e l e c t e d , c h o s e n (the b e s t f r o m a m o n g a group)
419
gySen buag
to be s e l e c t e d , e l e c t e d ,
gySen kanag
to s e l e c t , e l e c t ,
chosen
choose
gySenkari
election
gyfhjtori
betterment
yav
complaint (against someone) to c o m p l a i n (against s o m e o n e )
yav kanag [hjaltak
newspaper
[hJaDD
s t a n d i n g , e r e c t e d , built;
stopping, waiting
[h]oDD buag
to be b u i l t , c o n s t r u c t e d , established
[hjaDD dayag
to stop ( s o m e o n e ) , c a u s e to s t a n d , m a k e wait
[hJaDD kanag
to build, c o n s t r u c t , c o m p o s e , e s t a b l i s h ; to stop, c o m e to a s t a n d s t i l l , wait
ka[h]-w-kwnTag
grass-and-thorn.-
composed,
underbrush
to cut, c l e a r off u n d e r b r u s h
k a [ h ] - w - k w n T a g janag karbandi
project,
karga[hj
factory
kargyr
worker,
karmostyr
s u p e r v i s o r ; head (of a d e p a r t m e n t , e t c . ) , director^ superintendent
korna?
responsible middle-aged man, representative, head (of a d e l e g a t i o n , e t c . ), p r e s i d e n t
korrog
I-I
proposal employee project,
to s c r a p e , s c r a t c h off
kawmi
national
kayl
m e a s u r e (of a g r a n u l a r or liquid s u b s t a n c e ) kayl buag
to be m e a s u r e d (a g r a n u l a r o r liquid substance)
kayl kanag
to m e a s u r e (a g r a n u l a r or liquid s u b s t a n c e ) attempt,
koSyS
try
to a t t e m p t , t r y
koSyS kanag kwDD
hut
kwmakk
help,
assistance
k w m a k k dayag
to help, a s s i s t
k w m a k k kanag
to help, a s s i s t
kwmakkar
helper,
kw r d a g
plot (of land)
kynzag
I-I
modan
collaborator
to m o v e , shift, slip away [in:] slowly, g r a d u a l l y ,
madan modan mansab
post,
manzur
approved,
office accepted
m a n z u r buag
to be a p p r o v e d ,
m a n z u r kanag
to a p p r o v e , a c c e p t
mazar
tiger
420
gently
accepted
meRov
assembly,
mirat
inheritance
nanvai
baker
nyad
meeting,
nymyStank
essay,
nymyStkar
writer
"pad
foot
parliament
sitting
article
pada buag
to be w e a r i n g , have on ( s h o e s , p a j a m a s , etc. )
pada kanag
to put on, w e a r ( s h o e s , p a j a m a s , e t c . )
pagvaja[g]
head, r u l e r ,
president
recognising,
acknowledging
pajj [kjarag possov
to r e c o g n i s e , a c k n o w l e d g e answer,
p o s s o v doyag
reply
to a n s w e r ,
reply
paTT
plain (flat, v e g e t a t i o n l e s s plain of h a r d e a r t h or rock)
paTT-w-loT
seeking-and-wanting:
p o T T - w - l o T kanag paygor
to do r e s e a r c h taunt, jibe
paygor janag peRag
research
I-I
"peS
to taunt, j i b e , t e a s e to wind a r o u n d before to p r e s e n t , lay b e f o r e
pes kanag polnyad
academy, r e s e a r c h group
pwlang
leopard
pynDag
I-I
to beg
pyTTag
I-I
to c o m p l a i n , r e c i t e o n e ' s g r i e v a n c e s , t e l l o n e ' s troubles
roTog
I-I
to g r u m b l e , nag
sarlaSkar
commander -in-chief
sorok
president
sorvozir
prime minister
sobi
m o r n i n g , r e l a t i n g to m o r n i n g
swmbog
I-I
to p i e r c e
swng
tax (upon i t e m s i m p o r t e d into a city for sale)
syasotdan
politician
syasi
political
Son
a r r a n g e m e n t , good o r d e r
tak
Son buog
to b e , b e c o m e in o r d e r
Son doyog
to give o r d e r (to s o m e t h i n g ) , put into good order, arrange
Son k a n a g
to a r r a n g e , put in o r d e r leaf (of s u g a r c a n e , p a p e r , e t c . ); i s s u e , e d i t i o n , copy (of a m a g a z i n e , n e w s p a p e r , e t c . )
421
tar
wire pillar,
tambav tarrag
I-I
tarr-w-gard
to t u r n ( p h y s i c a l l y ; the f a c e , the body, e t c . ); to t u r n (a c o l o u r ) ; to w a n d e r turning-and-wandering:
t a r r - w - g a r d kanag tran
house-post
tour
to m a k e a t o u r conversation, talk,
discussion
t r a n buag
to be a c o n v e r s a t i o n , t a l k ,
tran kanag
to c o n v e r s e , t a l k ,
vapari
business,
vapari kanag
discussion
discuss
commerce
to do b u s i n e s s
vazdar
boss
vantkari
education
voTTog I-I
to twist t o g e t h e r , twine (two o r m o r e s t r i n g s , e t c . into one)
vozir
minister
xozano[gj
treasury
yagi
rebel,
ynam
reward
ynam doyog
rebellious
to r e w a r d
ynsan
man, person,
zwban
tongue;
zwgal
c o a l (fuel)
zwlm
oppression, tyranny
mankind
language
zwlm buog
to be o p p r e s s i o n ,
z w l m konog
to o p p r e s s , t y r a n n i s e
zyri-sypa
navy
422
tyranny
Shearing sheep.
UNIT
18. 100.
1.
2.
EIGHTEEN
T e x t I.
refugee, p e r s o n seeking a s y l u m , refugee -guest
bafhjoT
c o d e of t r i b a l law
ryvaj
supervision,
nygadari
surveillance
If s o m e o n e f l e e s f r o m the h a n d [ s ] of h i s e n e m i e s and s e e k s a s y l u m with a B a l u c h i [lit. would b e c o m e the r e f u g e e - g u e s t of a B a l u c h i J , then c a r i n g for h i m is a duty a c c o r d i n g to [lit. in] the code of t r i b a l law.
ogo k o s s e oS voti b o d i g a n i d o s t a bytoSit, ow yokk boloSeoy ba[h]oT bybit, to boloSi r y v a j a a i n y g a d a r i p o r z ynt.
at any t i m e , n e v e r
[hjySS b o r
to hand o v e r , d e l i v e r
d o s t a doyog
honour
nong
to c a r e for, n o u r i s h , p r o t e c t ( s o m e one e l s e ' s p r o p e r t y ) I-I
sambog
The B a l u c h i s n e v e r hand t h e i r r e f u g e e g u e s t o v e r to [ h i s ] e n e m i e s , and they p r o t e c t h i s honour and p r o p e r t y . to s u p p o r t , fight in defence of s o m e o n e ' s honour to s a f e g u a r d , p r o t e c t , defend
boloS voti ba[h]oTa [h]ySS b o r b o d i g a n i d o s t a nodoyont, ow a i n o n g - w - m a l a sambont, nong kanag
I-I
panag
3.
Often the B a l u c h i s even fight for the r e f u g e e - g u e s t and p r o t e c t h i s h o n o u r .
b a z b a r a baloS pa b a [ h j o T a nong a m k a n a n t , aw ai nonga p a n a n t .
4.
But m o s t l y it [is t h u s ] that they k e e p the r e f u g e e - g u e s t at t h e i r p l a c e until he h i m s e l f g o e s [lit. m a y not go] to a n o t h e r place.
v a l e geStyr a m e ky b a [ h ] o T a voti [hjodda d a r a n t , tanky a vat dyga j a g a e m a r a w t .
5.
6.
courageous
moRadar
Rind, a Baluchi tribe
rynd
Mir Chakar (proper name)
m i r Sakar
Shayhakk (proper name)
Say[h]akk
c u s t o m of a s y l u m
ba[h]oTdari
example
mysal
The chief of the c o u r a g e o u s Rind t r i b e of B a l u c h i s , M i r C h a k a r son of Shayhakk, d i s p l a y e d a fine e x a m p l e of the c u s t o m of a s y l u m .
baloSani m o R a d a r e twman rynday s a r d a r , m i r S a k a r e Say[h]akk, b a [ h ] o T d a r i o y yokk jvane m y s a l e peS daSt.
century
soddi
L a s h a r i , a Baluchi tribe
laSari
In the l a s t y e a r s of the fifteenth c e n t u r y a q u a r r e l a r o s e [lit. g r e w ] b e t w e e n the f a m o u s R i n d and L a s h a r i t r i b e s of Baluchis. basis,
p a z d a m i s a d d i a y gwDDi s a l a , b a l o S a n i n a m d a r e t w m a n r y n d aw l a S a r i a y n y a m a jeRae rwst. bwngej
foundation
425
7.
jealousy
kastbazi
excuse, alibi, pretext
nimon
lady (honorific)
[hjatun
M a d a m e , M i s s , M r s . ( t e r m of a d d r e s s or r e s p e c t u s e d b e f o r e a woman's name)
mai
Gawhar (proper name)
gowhor
b a b y - c a m e l (up to six m o n t h s of age)
[ h Jy r r
e jeRooy bwngej onSw b a l o S a n i go y a k k Although the b a s i s of the q u a r r e l w a s d y g a r a k a s t b a z i at, v a l e n i m o n y s yokk r e a l l y the j e a l o u s y of the B a l u c h i s for one a n o t h e r , yet [lit. b u t ] the b a b y - c a m e l s z e b a e [hjatun m a i g a w h a r a y [ h ] y r r butant, of a beautiful lady, G a w h a r , w e r e the e x c u s e for it. Mir G v a r a m (proper name) woman
8.
mir gvaram janen
T h e y say that the chief of the L a s h a r i s , M i r G v a r a m , wanted to m a r r y that w o m a n , but she did not a g r e e . to annoy, t e a s e , p r e s s
gwSant ky l a s a r i a y s a r d a r , m i r g v a r a m , l o T y t , ky ome j a n e n a [ h j a r o s b y k o n t , vole a nomonnyt.
I-I
SaSarag
to get a n g r y 9.
zar gyrag
When M i r G v a r a m p r e s s e d h e r too m u c h , she b e c a m e a n g r y and went with h e r l i v e s t o c k and b a g g a g e [ a n d ] b e c a m e the r e f u g e e - g u e s t of M i r C h a k a r . to h u r t , affect badly
I-I
vaxte ky m i r g v a r a m a y r a b a z S a S a r y t , to a z a r gypt, aw go voti m a l - w - m o D D i a Swt, m i r S a k o r o y ba[hJoT but. towrog
10. T h i s m a t t e r offended the L a s h a r i s v e r y m u c h b e c a u s e Gawhar w a s a L a s h a r i .
e [hjabar l a S a r i a sakk t a w r y t , p a r Se ky m a i g a w h a r l a s a r i e at.
11. One day s o m e L a s h a r i youths c a m e on the p r e t e x t of hunting and slew [lit. chopped up] s o m e b a b y - c a m e l s from Gawhar' s herd.
yakk roSe la[hjte l a S a r i v a r n a S y k a r a y n i m o n a a[hjtant, aw m a i g a w h a r a y b a g g a Sa lafhjte [ h ] y r r gwDDytant.
12.
to t a k e b a d l y , be i n s u l t e d
bad b a r a g
helpless, weak
bevoss
The R i n d s took t h i s m a t t e r ill a l s o , and they took r e v e n g e for the b a b y - c a m e l s of p o o r G a w h a r . killing-and-killing: slaughter
bloodshed,
kos - w - k w S a r
13. In t h i s way [continual] b l o o d s h e d e x i s t e d b e t w e e n the R i n d s and the L a s h a r i s for thirty years. war-and-fighting: affection-and-love:
warfare
e Dawla rynd aw l a S a r i a n i n y a m a t a n a si sal k o S - w - k w s a r m a n t . jang-w-myRai
romance
mer-w-mabott
v a r i o u s kinds
voR-voR
14. B a l u c h i e p i c - p o e m s of t h i s p e r i o d a r e full of w a r f a r e , r o m a n c e , and a v a r i e t y of o t h e r m a t t e r s . to be defeated [lit.
e [ h j a b a r a rynd a m bad b w r t a n t , aw b e v o s s e g a w h a r a y [ h j y r r a n i b e r a gyptant.
to eat b r e a k i n g ]
e d o w r o y baloSi d a p t a r aS j a n g - w - m y R a i , m e r - w - m a b o t t , aw dyga v o R - v o R e gappa p w r r ant. pros varag
Turk
twrk
to r e c e i v e aid
kwmakk gyrag
426
15. At f i r s t the R i n d s w e r e d e f e a t e d , but a f t e r w a r d s Mir Chakar received help f r o m the T u r k s of H e r a t and K a n d a h a r . strong, powerful,
a v a l a rynd p r o s v a r t a n t , vale r a n d a m i r S a k a r aS [ h ] e r a t aw k a n d a [ h ] a r a y t w r k a k w m a k k gypt.
forceful
zordar
sudden, unexpected [ / n a g w m a n a / "suddenly, unexpectedly"]
nagwman
to m a k e a n i g h t - a t t a c k 16.
sapgir janag t w r k aw r y n d a n i l a s k a r n a g w m a n a l a S a r i b a l o S a n i s a r a Sapgir j a t a n t .
The a r m i e s of the T u r k s and R i n d s u n e x p e c t e d l y m a d e a night a t t a c k upon the L a s h a r i B a l u c h i s . to s t r i k e , h i t , a t t a c h , take p l a c e , befall
m a n [kjayag
to be r u i n e d ,
b a r b a d buag
destroyed
17. A g r e a t s l a u g h t e r took p l a c e , and the Lasharis were destroyed.
m a z a n e k o S - w - k w S a r e m a n a[h]t, ow l a s a r i barbad butant.
side to fly off, 18.
pallav slip away
I-I
parrag
M i r G v a r a m s l i p p e d off in the d i r e c t i o n of [lit. on the side of] Sindh along with m a n y of h i s m e n . after-effect,
consequence,
m i r g v a r a m go v a t i b a z e m a r d w m a synday pallava p a r r y t . padasar
result
to h u r t , c a u s e s o r r o w , g r i e v e
ranjag
I-I
panjab
Panjab to m o v e ( o n e ' s d o m i c i l e )
laDDag
I-I
aS e j a n g a n i p o d a s o r a , m i r S a k a r a y dyl r a n j y t , aw go l a s a r i a s a l a kanaga r a n d , a a m go b a z e baloSa d e m pa panjaba laDDyt.
19. Due to [lit. f r o m ] the a f t e r - e f f e c t s of these wars, Mir Chakar's heart g r i e v e d , and, a f t e r m a k i n g p e a c e with t h e L a s h a r i s , he too m o v e d to the P a n j a b with m a n y B a l u c h i s . hero, heroic m a n of h o n o u r ,
vajakar honourable
nongdar
p r o t e c t o r , p e r s o n who g i v e s a s y l u m 20.
In B a l u c h i e p i c - p o e t r y , M i r C h a k a r h a s b e e n c a l l e d a g r e a t h e r o , a m a n of h o n o u r , and a p r o t e c t o r [of t h o s e s e e k i n g r e f u g e ] .
22.
m i r S a k a r m a n baloSi d a p t a r a yakk m a z a n e v a j a k a r , n o n g d a r , ow b a [ h j o T d a r e gwsog buto.
daring
sott
talent, great capability
pwrr -gwsadi
to d e s e r v e , be w o r t h y of 21.
ba[hjoTdar
korzog
I-I
a i sott, b a [ h J o T d a r i , ow p w r r - g w s a d i syta korzont.
H i s d a r i n g , a s y l u m - g i v i n g , and g r e a t talent d e s e r v e p r a i s e . y e a r (when r e f e r r i n g to a date)
sonn
Mughal
mwgul
H u m a y u n ( p r o p e r n a m e : Mughal E m p e r o r of India; r u l e d 1530-39, 1555-56)
[hjomayun
Delhi
dylli
L a t e r , with the B a l u c h i s of the P a n j a b , he a i d e d the Mughal E m p e r o r H u m a y u n in the y e a r 1555 and went a s far a s D e l h i .
427
r o n d a , a go ponjabay baloSa sonn p a z d a sod w ponja w ponSa, m w g u l badSa[hJ [ h j a m a y u n a k w m a k k d a t , aw t a n a dylli Swt,
e s t a t e , feudal l a n d s 23.
jagir
F r o m [lit. on the d i r e c t i o n of] the M u g h a l E m p e r o r , the B a l u c h i s r e c e i v e d [lit. to the B a l u c h i s a r r i v e d ] m a n y e s t a t e s in the P a n j a b . tomb
24.
gwmbwz
M i r C h a k a r ' s t o m b is in the P a n j a b .
18. 200. 1.
m w g u l badSa[h]oy n e m a g a , b a l o S a m a n ponjaba b a z e j a g i r e r a s t .
Word Study:
m i r S a k o r o y gwmbwz ponjaba ynt.
Text I.
A p e r s o n who flees f r o m h i s e n e m i e s and s e e k s refuge with a B a l u c h i is t e r m e d
/ b a [ h ] o T / " r e f u g e e , p e r s o n s e e k i n g a s y l u m , r e f u g e e - g u e s t . " The p e r s o n f r o m whom t h i s / b a [ h ] o T i / " a s y l u m " is r e q u e s t e d i s c a l l e d / b a [ h ] o T d a r / " p r o t e c t o r , p e r s o n g r a n t i n g a s y l u m . The / b a [ h ] o T d a r / m a y ; of c o u r s e , r e f u s e to g r a n t a s y l u m to a w o u l d - b e / b a [ h ] o T / on v a r i o u s grounds:
e. g.
the l a t t e r ' s q u a r r e l m a y not be j u s t , the e n e m i e s of the / b a [ h ] o T / m a y be
too p o w e r f u l or m a y have t r i b a l t i e s with the / b a [ h ] o T d a r / , e t c .
Once the o b l i g a t i o n of
/ b a [ h J o T i / h a s b e e n a c c e p t e d , h o w e v e r , the / b a [ h ] o T d a r / m u s t p r o v i d e for the n e e d s of his refugee-guest,
s u p p o r t i n g h i m in h i s q u a r r e l and p e r h a p s even fighting for h i m .
The bond
of / b a [ h ] o T i / , once e s t a b l i s h e d , is v e r y r a r e l y b r o k e n , and t h e r e a r e i n n u m e r a b l e i n s t a n c e s of a / b a [ h J o T d a r / s a c r i f i c i n g h i s life and p r o p e r t y in defense of h i s / b a [ h ] o T / . The c o m p l e x of c u l t u r a l t r a i t s known a s / b a [ h J o T d a r i / " c u s t o m of a s y l u m " o c c u p i e s an e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t p o s i t i o n in t r a d i t i o n a l B a l u c h i s o c i e t y .
So long a s t r i b a l identity and
s o l i d a r i t y r e m a i n e d i n t a c t , a p e r s o n could s e e k / b a [ h J o T i / f r o m even a v e r y p o o r B a l u c h i , knowing that the l a t t e r ' s t r i b e would p r o b a b l y s u p p o r t h i s d e c i s i o n a s a m a t t e r of h o n o u r . In r e c e n t t i m e s , h o w e v e r , the i n t r o d u c t i o n of e x t e r n a l i d e a s into B a l u c h i life h a s b r o u g h t about a p a r t i a l d e c l i n e of the old s y s t e m .
N e v e r t h e l e s s , o u t s i d e of t h o s e t o w n s and c i t i e s
w h e r e e x t e r n a l influences a r e o p e r a t i v e , a "good m a n " in B a l u c h i c u l t u r e is s t i l l he who follows the code of t r i b a l law ( / r y v a j / ) and p r a c t i c e s the c u s t o m s of / b a [ h j o T d a r i / " a s y l u m , " / m e m a n d a r i / " h o s p i t a l i t y , " and / b e r g y r i / " r e v e n g e . " He m u s t be g e n e r o u s and h o s p i t a b l e to a fault, giving up h i s c o n v e n i e n c e s and even h i s n e c e s s i t i e s for h i s g u e s t .
He m u s t be
r e a d y to defend h i s honour and that of h i s t r i b e f r o m even the hint of a b l e m i s h ( / m o y a r / ) , and he m u s t s i m i l a r l y be willing to offer a s y l u m to anyone who s e e k s it j u s t l y , p r o t e c t i n g that p e r s o n and h i s p r o p e r t y even with h i s life. 1.
The p r o v i s i o n s of the code of B a l u c h i t r i b a l law, t e r m e d / r y v a j / , h a v e e x i s t e d in
o r a l f o r m since a n c i e n t t i m e s , but they w e r e c o l l a t e d and w r i t t e n down in t h e i r p r e s e n t f o r m d u r i n g the r e i g n of the famous B a l u c h i r u l e r N a s i r Khan I (ruled 1750-94).
T h i s code of
law is divided into an o v e r - a l l i n t e r t r i b a l s y s t e m of s t a t u t e s , u n d e r which d i s p u t e s involving m e m b e r s of m o r e than one t r i b e or c o m m u n i t y can be s e t t l e d , and a n u m b e r of e n d o - t r i b a l c o d e s which v a r y f r o m t r i b e to t r i b e and r e g i o n to r e g i o n . The j u d i c i a r y e x e c u t o r of the / r y v a j / w a s the t r i b a l c o u n c i l , c a l l e d the / j y r g a / .
There
w e r e m a n y of t h e s e , r a n g i n g from l o c a l d i s t r i c t c o u n c i l s to the g r e a t / S a [ h ] i j y r g o / held e v e r y y e a r at the town of / s e b i / "Sibi, " w h e r e m a j o r i n t e r t r i b a l d i s p u t e s w e r e s e t t l e d .
428
T h e
/ j y r g a / s y s t e m w a s r e t a i n e d by the B r i t i s h (who f u r t h e r codified it and a p p o i n t e d a
p e r m a n e n t c l e r k , c a l l e d a / k a n u n g o / , to m a i n t a i n the v a r i o u s s t a t u t e s and k e e p r e c o r d s of i n d i v i d u a l c a s e s ) , and it s t i l l e x i s t s in a s o m e w h a t modified f o r m in p r e s e n t - d a y P a k i s t a n . In e a r l i e r t i m e s , the m e m b e r s of the / j y r g o / w e r e not p e r m a n e n t but w e r e c h o s e n by the c o m m u n i t y on e a c h o c c a s i o n .
N a s i r Khan I s y s t e m a t i s e d the / r y v a j / c o d e , a p p o i n t i n g ,
for e x a m p l e , a Hindu m e m b e r to d e a l with d i s p u t e s involving m e m b e r s of that r e l i g i o n (indeed, if a q u a r r e l involved only H i n d u s , it w a s s e t t l e d a c c o r d i n g to Hindu law, than a c c o r d i n g to the / r y v a j / s y s t e m ) .
rather
M e m b e r s of the / j y r g a / included the c h i e f s ,
r e s p o n s i b l e m a l e m e m b e r s of t h e i r f a m i l i e s (called / m i r / ) , and o t h e r p e r s o n s who had a t t a i n e d s o m e s t a t u s and influence in the c o m m u n i t y ( t e r m e d / m o t o b o r / ) .
In m o d e r n
. P a k i s t a n , the / j y r g o / c o n s i s t s m o s t l y of p e r m a n e n t m e m b e r s , s o m e of w h o m a r e a p p o i n t e d by the G o v e r n m e n t . T h e / r y v a j / code d i f f e r s g r e a t l y f r o m the I s l a m i c l e g a l s y s t e m (called / S a r a f h J / ) .
The
l a t t e r a l s o e x i s t s in B a l u c h i s o c i e t y , and t h e r e a r e t h u s two c o n c u r r e n t " c o u r t s " a v a i l a b l e for the s e t t l e m e n t of d i s p u t e s .
The / r y v a j / s y s t e m h a s u s u a l l y p r o v e d to be the s t r o n g e r ,
h o w e v e r , and the c o n s e n t of both d i s p u t a n t s is r e q u i r e d b e f o r e a c a s e c a n be t a k e n to the / S a r a [ h ] / court.
On the o t h e r hand, the p r o v i s i o n s of the / r y v a j / code can be i m p o s e d
u n i l a t e r a l l y by the / j y r g a / .
F o r e x a m p l e , u n d e r I s l a m i c law, the c r i m e of a d u l t e r y r e q u i r e s
the e v i d e n c e of four w i t n e s s e s b e f o r e the offending couple can be c o n v i c t e d ;
u n d e r the
/ r y v a j / s y s t e m , h o w e v e r , the t e s t i m o n y of one or two r e l i a b l e p e r s o n s is sufficient, the a d u l t e r e r m u s t pay a s u m set by the / j y r g a / or be k i l l e d .
and
If the h u s b a n d h i m s e l f s e e s
h i s wife and h e r p a r a m o u r in a c o m p r o m i s i n g s i t u a t i o n , he m a y slay t h e m both out of hand with no f e a r of p u n i s h m e n t - - indeed, the t r i b e of the a d u l t e r e r h a s no r i g h t u n d e r the code to e x a c t r e v e n g e or / [ h j o n - b a h a / for its slain m e m b e r .
S i m i l a r l y , if a b r i d e is found not
to be a v i r g i n on h e r wedding night, h e r h u s b a n d m a y kill h e r at once or s i m p l y d i v o r c e h e r with no f u r t h e r f o r m a l i t i e s .
All of t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s of the / r y v a j / code differ g r e a t l y f r o m
c o m p a r a b l e p o r t i o n s of the I s l a m i c l e g a l s y s t e m .
R e c e n t a t t e m p t s by the P a k i s t a n G o v e r n -
m e n t to r e p l a c e the / r y v a j / s y s t e m with the l e g a l s y s t e m p r e v a i l i n g in the r e s t of the c o u n t r y ( b a s e d upon B r i t i s h Indian law) have m e t only with p a r t i a l s u c c e s s . 1.
/ n y g a d a r i / " s u p e r v i s i o n , s u r v e i l l a n c e " h a s the connotation of "watching o v e r ,
c a r i n g for. " / s a m b o g / I-I "to c a r e for, n o u r i s h , p r o t e c t ( s o m e o n e e l s e ' s p r o p e r t y ) " u s u a l l y h a s the added s e n s e of "feeding, n o u r i s h i n g , s u p p o r t i n g ( s o m e living b e i n g [ s ] e n t r u s t e d to o n e ' s c a r e ) . " A t h i r d n e a r - s y n o n y m is / p a n a g /
I-I, which m e a n s "to s a f e g u a r d ,
protect,
defend (from a d a n g e r , an e n e m y , e t c . ). " 2.
/ n o n g / signifies " h o n o u r , r e p u t a t i o n " in a good s e n s e .
In t r a d i t i o n a l B a l u c h i
s o c i e t y , o n e ' s "good n a m e " is an i n d i s p e n s a b l e a s s e t which m u s t be p r o t e c t e d at a l l c o s t s . The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n / n o n g k a n a g / t h u s d e n o t e s "to s u p p o r t ( s o m e o n e ' s c a u s e ) , fight for s o m e o n e ' s h o n o u r . " / n o n g / m a y be c o n t r a s t e d with / m o y a r / " d i s h o n o u r ,
blemish
upon o n e ' s h o n o u r " (and a l s o " s u m paid in r e c o m p e n s e for a b l e m i s h upon s o m e o n e ' s h o n o u r " ) Any i n s u l t , e t c . which c a u s e s a l o w e r i n g of o n e ' s / n o n g / is a / m o y a r / , and one m a y
429
a p p r o a c h a / j y r g a / or o t h e r g o v e r n i n g a u t h o r i t y (e. g.
o n e ' s chief) and d e m a n d r e c o m p e n s e .
If t h i s is not f o r t h c o m i n g , the next step is u s u a l l y r e v e n g e ( / b e r / ) .
E . g.
/ a y r a nong n e s t . / He h a s no h o n o u r . [He is a d e s p i c a b l e p e r s o n who e i t h e r d o e s not a b i d e by the c u s t o m a r y code or who l a c k s the c o u r a g e to stand up for h i s h o n o u r . J / a p a m m a n nong k w r t . / He fought in d e f e n s e of m y h o n o u r . [ O r : He supported my cause. J / p a r taw ai gysay r a v a g m o y a r e na ynt. / m a t t e r of d i s h o n o u r for you.
Going to h i s h o u s e is not a
/ t a w Synka m o y a r dayay. / How m u c h r e c o m p e n s e will you give [in r e p a r a t i o n for t h i s stain upon m y n a m e ] ? / m a n aS taw sad k a l l a d a r m o y a r g y r i n . / I will a c c e p t one h u n d r e d r u p e e s f r o m you [in] c o m p e n s a t i o n [for t h i s b l e m i s h upon m y h o n o u r ] . 4.
/ t a n k y / w a s i n t r o d u c e d in Unit XI in the m e a n i n g of " s o t h a t , in o r d e r t h a t . " In
S e c . 11. 603 it w a s s t a t e d that, in t h i s m e a n i n g , the v e r b of the c l a u s e i n t r o d u c e d by / t a n k y / is u s u a l l y subjunctive in f o r m w h e n e v e r the c l a u s e h a s p r e s e n t or future r e f e r e n c e ,
/tanky/
has other uses also: (1)
When / t a n k y / i n t r o d u c e s a c l a u s e and d e n o t e s " u n l e s s , u n t i l , " the v e r b of the c l a u s e is n o r m a l l y e i t h e r subjunctive or p r e s e n t p e r f e c t in f o r m .
E. g.
/ t a n k y m a m o y a y o n , taw yda bynynd! / Until we c o m e [lit. m a y not c o m e ] , you sit h e r e ! [ / m o y a y o n / " m a y not c o m e " is n e g a t i v e in B a l u c h i , while " c o m e " in the E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n is a f f i r m a t i v e . H e r e B a l u c h i and E n g l i s h u s a g e s a r e quite different f r o m one a n o t h e r . ] / t a n k y m o n m o r o v i n , a v a n i k a r but nakant. / U n l e s s I go [lit. m a y not go], t h e i r w o r k cannot be done. [The p r e s e n t p e r f e c t f o r m / n a S w t a g w n / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e for / m o r o v i n / a p p a r e n t l y with l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e in meaning. ] / t a n k y mon m o v a n i n , m o n i Sokas jvan nabit. / U n l e s s I study [lit. m a y not r e a d ] , m y e x a m i n a t i o n will not t u r n out [lit. b e c o m e ] w e l l . [ / n o v o n t o g w n / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e . ] / t a n k y [hjawr m a g v a r i t , ka[h] norwdont. / U n l e s s it r a i n s [lit. m a y not r a i n ] , the g r a s s will not grow, [ / n o g v o r t a / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e . ] (2)
When / t a n k y / i n t r o d u c e s a c l a u s e and d e n o t e s "as long a s , so long a s , " it is followed by an indicative v e r b in a v a r i e t y of t e n s e - a s p e c t f o r m s . / t a n k y m e m a n yda ant, taw a m y d a bwbu! / h e r e , you stay [lit. b e ] right h e r e !
As long a s the g u e s t s a r e
/ t a n k y m a n i nako a s t , m a [h]ySSiay g a R a t t i nokonon, / uncle is [ a l i v e ] , we do not w o r r y about anything. / t a n k y a k a r kant, a y r a [hjySSi m o g w s y t ! / say anything to him'.
E . g.
As long a s m y
As long a s he w o r k s , do not
/ t a n k y tow vanoga ay, m a t a r a z a r r dayan. / As long a s you a r e studying, we will give you m o n e y [for your e d u c a t i o n ] . (3)
When the c l a u s e i n t r o d u c e d by / t a n k y / c o n t a i n s a p a s t t e n s e v e r b , the m e a n i n g is s o m e t h i n g like "while, a s long a s , " and the v e r b h a s a c o n t i n u o u s o r d u r a t i v e s e n s e . Some e x a m p l e s of t h i s u s a g e have a l r e a d y b e e n given in S e c . 13. 200.
430
E. g.
/ t a n k y [hjawr a[h]t, m a g y s a s o r buton. / While the r a i n w a s c o m i n g , we r e a c h e d h o m e . [The s e n s e is that we saw the r a i n c l o u d s c o m i n g f r o m a d i s t a n c e , and while they w e r e a d v a n c i n g t o w a r d s u s , we m a n a g e d to reach home first. ] / t a n k y S a m m k a r k w r t , a r a v a n at. / A s long a s he could be s e e n [lit. while the eye w o r k e d ] , he w a s going a l o n g . 5.
F o r / S a k a r e S a y [ h ] a k k / " C h a k a r , son of Shayhakk, " see Sec. 16. 600 (1).
6.
/ s a d d i / " c e n t u r y " is s y n o n y m o u s with / k o r n / " c e n t u r y . " The f o r m e r is of I n d o -
European origin; 7. /jonen/
the l a t t e r is f r o m A r a b i c .
/ [ h j a t u n / " l a d y " h a s an h o n o r i f i c connotation not s h a r e d by / z a l b u l / " w o m a n " or "woman. "
When the n a m e of a lady is m e n t i o n e d , m o r e o v e r , it is c u s t o m a r y to
p r e c e d e it with / m a i / " M a d a m e , M i s s , M r s . " / m a i / is a l s o e m p l o y e d alone a s a t e r m of a d d r e s s for a w o m a n w h o m one d o e s not know. 8.
/janen/
" w o m a n " is a p p a r e n t l y s y n o n y m o u s with / z a l b u l / "woman. "
a p p e a r s to c o n s i s t of / j a n /
/janen/
"wife, w o m a n " + the " a t t r i b u t i v e " suffix / e n / - / e / , but t h i s w o r d
is not e m p l o y e d a s an a d j e c t i v e . 10.
/ t o w r o g / I-I "to h u r t , affect b a d l y " is e m p l o y e d for a p o i s o n , an i n s e c t b i t e , e t c .
and h e n c e m e t a p h o r i c a l l y for the effects of bad n e w s , a c r u e l j e s t , e t c .
The c o m p l e x
v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n / b a d b a r a g / d e n o t e s "to take b a d l y , be i n s u l t e d , be h u r t by (an i n s u l t , e t c . ). / r a n j a g / I-I "to h u r t , c a u s e s o r r o w , g r i e v e " h a s c o n n o t a t i o n s of r e g r e t and s a d n e s s . "To h u r t ( p h y s i c a l l y ) " is e x p r e s s e d by / d a r d k a n a g / .
E. g.
/ m a r o y za[h]r m a n a sakk t a w r y t . / The s n a k e ' s p o i s o n affected m e s e v e r e l y . [ / z a [ h ] r / " p o i s o n " h a s not b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . ] / e [hjabar mana natawryt. / /e [ h ] a b a r a bad m o b o r ! /
T h i s news did not affect m e .
Do not be i n s u l t e d by t h i s talk'.
/ o S e k y r d a r a , t a i dyl r a n j i t . / / m a n i d a n t a n d a r d kant. / 14. / m e r /
Your h e a r t will r e g r e t t h i s deed.
My tooth h u r t s .
" g r a c e , b e n e f i c e n c e , l o v e " d e n o t e s any kind of w a r m affection:
of God for H i s c r e a t u r e s , the love of a m o t h e r for h e r child, e t c .
the love
/ m a b a t t / , on the o t h e r
hand, is u s e d m o s t l y for " r o m a n t i c l o v e . " The compound / m e r - w - m a b o t t / is an a l l - i n c l u s i v e c o v e r t e r m for a l l f o r m s of affection. 14. / v o R - v o R / " v a r i o u s k i n d s " is r o u g h l y s y n o n y m o u s with / D o w l - D o w l / kinds"; 15.
"various
s e e S e e s . 9 . 4 0 3 , 12. 200 (15), and 14. 200 (28). / p r o S / is e m p l o y e d in the m e a n i n g of " d e f e a t , " r a t h e r than in the e x p e c t e d s e n s e
of " b r e a k i n g , b r e a k a g e . " It o c c u r s in c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s with / v a r a g / "to e a t " and / d o y a g / "to g i v e . " E. g.
431
/ a m a janga owgan p r o S v a r t o n t . /
In that w a r the Afghans w e r e defeated.
/ a m m a y pawj dwSmana p r o S d a t a . / 16.
/zordar/
or v i g o u r .
O u r a r m y h a s d e f e a t e d the e n e m i e s .
" s t r o n g , p o w e r f u l , f o r c e f u l " is u s e d of anything p o s s e s s i n g i n n a t e force
It c o n t r a s t s with / s o b b o r /
" s t r o n g , p o w e r f u l , " which a l w a y s h a s c o n n o t a t i o n s
of p h y s i c a l s i z e , s t o u t n e s s , r o b u s t n e s s , e t c .
E. g.
/ a s o b b a r e m a r d e . / He is a s t r o n g m a n . powerful. C o m p a r e : ] /a zordare marde. /
[He is p h y s i c a l l y l a r g e and
He is a powerful m a n .
[He is forceful, v i g o r o u s . ]
/ e a s p aS a a s p a s a b b a r ynt. / T h i s h o r s e is s t r o n g e r [i. e. p h y s i c a l l y l a r g e r and m o r e r o b u s t ] than that h o r s e , [ / z o r d a r / cannot be substituted here. ] / y a k k s a b b a r e l a T T e b y a r ! / B r i n g a s t r o n g stick! o c c u r with the m e a n i n g of " s t o u t , s t u r d y . "J / z o r d a r e gvate kaSSyt. / in t h i s context. J / z o r d a r e pawje a[hjt. / substitutable. J
A s t r o n g wind blew,
[ / z o r d a r / d o e s not
[ / s a b b a r / cannot o c c u r
A powerful a r m y c a m e .
[Again / s a b b a r / is not
17. The u s u a l m e a n i n g of / m a n [ k ] a y a g / is "to s t r i k e and p e n e t r a t e . " T h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n is e m p l o y e d m e t a p h o r i c a l l y with c e r t a i n nouns denoting s o m e s o r t of violent c l a s h . / a y r a t i r e m a n a[h]t. / h i s body. J
A bullet struck him.
/ a i g v a r a k a r S e m a n a[hjt. /
[I. e.
E. g.
s t r u c k and p e n e t r a t e d
A knife s t r u c k [and p e n e t r a t e d j h i s b r e a s t .
/ o d a m a z a n e k o S - w - k w S a r e m a n a[hjt. / took p l a c e .
Over there a great slaughter
17. / b a r b a d / " r u i n e d , d e s t r o y e d " o c c u r s in c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s with / b u a g / "to b e , b e c o m e " and / k a n a g / "to do, m a k e . " T h e s e c o n s t r u c t i o n s a r e m o r e or l e s s s y n o n y m o u s with / g a r b u a g / and / g a r k a n a g / , d i s c u s s e d in Sec. 15. 103, and with / S a T b u a g / and / S a T k a n a g / , d e s c r i b e d in Sec. 16. 400 (4).
/ b a r b a d / , however, connotes a somewhat
l e s s t h o r o u g h d e g r e e of d e v a s t a t i o n than do f o r m a t i o n s with / S o T / , and it a l s o l a c k s the connotation of " d i s a p p e a r a n c e , l o s s , " which is p r e s e n t in f o r m s m a d e with / g a r / . 18.
/ p o l l o v / d e n o t e s " s i d e (of s o m e t h i n g ) , " not "side (of the body). " The l a t t e r is
e x p r e s s e d by / k o S / .
E. g.
/ e d a r u a voti gwdoy pollova byband! / Tie t h i s m e d i c i n e into the side [i. e. b o r d e r j of your head-cloth'. / m o n i pollova bya! /
C o m e to my side!
18. / p o r r a g / I-I signifies "to fly off,
slip away. " It h a s a connotation of flying, d a r t i n g ,
or slipping by a c c i d e n t , a s a s m a l l object s l i p s and flies f r o m o n e ' s hand,
/ p a r r a g / is
a l s o e m p l o y e d for "to slip away, e s c a p e (from a b a t t l e , e t c . ). " E. g. / m a n i k a l a m aS d a s t a p a r r y t . / / a Sa ko[h]a p a r r y t . /
My pen slipped [and flew] f r o m [ m y ] hand,
He slipped [and fell headlong into s p a c e ] f r o m the
432
mountain. / a Sapa Sa pyRa p a r r y t a n t . / night. 22.
They s l i p p e d away f r o m the b a t t l e f i e l d at
/ s o n n / is u s e d for " y e a r " only when r e f e r e n c e to a specific d a t e is m a d e .
I d i o m a t i c a l l y , / s o n n / a l s o d e n o t e s " c o m i n g of a g e , m a j o r i t y . " E. g. / e k w j a m sonn ynt. /
Which y e a r is t h i s ?
/ a sonn nozdo sad w panja w [hjapta p a k y s t a n a Swt. / in the y e a r 1957. / a i za[hjg nun sonna r a s t a . / b e c o m e an adult. ]
18. 300.
He went to P a k i s t a n
His child h a s now c o m e of a g e .
[I. e.
has
Text II.
rich, rich person
azgar
poor; poor p e r s o n
nezgar
g o o d n e s s [/pa j v a n i / courteously, well"] to show h o n o u r , e v e n if,
"nicely,
jvani S a r a p dayag
serve
toDe ky
whether
a c q u a i n t a n c e , known p e r s o n
drwsti
s t r a n g e r , unknown p e r s o n
bydor
The B a l u c h i , be he r i c h or p o o r , h o n o u r s h i s g u e s t w e l l , w h e t h e r h i s guest be an a c q u a i n t a n c e or a s t r a n g e r .
b a l o S , a z g a r ya n e z g a r e bybit, vati m e m a n a pa j v a n i s a r a p dant, toDe ky ai m e m a n d r w s t i e ya b y d o r e bybit.
n e v e r t h e l e s s , h o w e v e r , even though
va om
to be counted
S w m a r buag aga m e m a n d w s m a n e a m bybit, va a m baloSay S e r g e j a nyndaga r a n d , a m e m a n S w m a r bit.
E v e n if the g u e s t be an e n e m y , n e v e r t h e l e s s a f t e r sitting on the c a r p e t of the B a l u c h i he is counted [ a s ] a g u e s t .
wgdadar
responsible
tanky a m e m a n ynt, baloS a i m a l - w - j a n o y w g d a d a r ynt.
A s long a s he is a g u e s t , the B a l u c h i is r e s p o n s i b l e for h i s life and p r o p e r t y . host
memandar
favour, obligation; entreaty, supplication, urging
mynnatt
G e n e r a l l y the g u e s t should not stay m o r e t h a n t h r e e d a y s , u n l e s s the h o s t k e e p s h i m by e n t r e a t i e s [lit. u n t i l the host m a y not k e e p h i m for u r g i n g ] . history;
anSw bayd ynt, ky m e m a n say roSa So geS m o d a r i t , tanky m e m a n d a r a y r a po mynnotta madarit. tarix
date (calendrical)
hospitality
memandari
saying;
gwptar
w o r k s of a poet
saxi
generous In the h i s t o r y b o o k s t h e r e a r e m a n y s t o r i e s about the h o s p i t a l i t y of the B a l u c h i s , and the p o e t s h a v e a l s o p r a i s e d
433
tarixay kytaba baloSani m e m a n d a r i o y baze k y s s a v ant, aw Sayr a m m a n v a t i g w p t a r a m e m a n d a r aw s a x i a n i s y t a a k w r t a g a n t .
the h o s p i t a b l e and g e n e r o u s [ p e r s o n s ] in their works.
6.
7.
A k b a r ( p r o p e r n a m e : Mughal E m p e r o r of India; r u l e d 1556-1605)
akbar
Abu-1-Fazl (proper name: Akbar's chief m i n i s t e r ; 1551-1602)
abwl f a z a l
to w r i t e
nymyStafg] kanag
E m p e r o r A k b a r ' s p r i m e minister, Abu1 - F a z l , w r i t e s one of t h e i r s t o r i e s thus in h i s book. India
[hjyndwstan
to defeat
p r o S dayag
When the Afghans of India fought with the M u g h a l s and defeated the Mughal E m p e r o r H u m a y u n , he fled in the d i r e c t i o n of Sindh with h i s family.
Tapal kanag
asylum,
ba[h]oTi
refuge
badia gardag
to t u r n in
He sent a l e t t e r from Sindh to h i s b r o t h e r and r e q u e s t e d a s y l u m , but he, too, t u r n e d a g a i n s t Humayun. fear His b r o t h e r w a s the r u l e r of Afghanistan, and he f e a r e d [lit. to h i m fear w a s ] l e s t the Afghans of h i s a r e a should t u r n a g a i n s t h i m [lit. that [it] m a y not be t h u s [that] h i s a r e a ' s Afghans m a y not t u r n in h i s evil].
10. H u m a y u n w a s h e l p l e s s and set out t h r o u g h [lit. in] the p a s s e s of B a l u c h i s t a n toward Iran. companion,
[hjomayun b e v o s s but, ow b o l o S y s t a n o y d o r r a [ h ] a d e m po i r a n a s o r gypt.
m o n z y l jonog
11. After t r a v e l l i n g for s o m e d a y s with h i s c o m p a n i o n s in the b r o a d and long v a l l e y s of B a l u c h i s t a n , he a r r i v e d at a v i l l a g e .
la[h]te roS go voti [ h ] o m r a [ h ] a b o l o S y s t a n o y p y r a [ h ] w d r a j e kuSoga m o n z y l j a n a g a r a n d , a yakk [hjalkea r a s t . malyk xati
Malik Khati ( p r o p e r n a m e )
13.
ai b r a s a w g a n y s t a n a y [h]akym at, aw a y r a t w r s at, ky So m a b i t a i [hjadday owgan bodiays mbgordont.
[h]omra[h]
fellow-traveller
to t r a v e l , a c c o m p l i s h a j o u r n e y by stages
12.
aS synda a v a t i b r a s a T a p a l k w r t , aw b a [ h ] o T i loTyt, v a l e a a m [ h j a m a y u n a y b a d i a gaSt. twr s So m a b i t
lest 9.
vaxte ky [ h j y n d w s t a n a y owgan go m w g u l a m y R y t o n t , aw m w g u l b a d s a [ h ] [ h j a m a y u n a p r o S datont, to a go v a t i ka[h]ola syndoy nemaga tatk.
to send a l e t t e r to t u r n a g a i n s t [lit. ( s o m e o n e ' s ) evil] 8.
a k b a r badSa[h]ay s o r v o z i r , abwl f a z a l , a v a n i k y s s a v e m a n v a t i k y t a b a SoS n y m y s t o kant.
T h i s v i l l a g e belonged to [lit. w a s of] a B a l u c h i chieftain, Malik K h a t i , and w a s in the Noshki r e g i o n .
e [h]alk yakk baloS s a r d a r m a l y k x a t i a y at, aw noSkeay d o m o g a at.
a r m y officer
sypadar
to be t i r e d , be fatigued
dam barag badSa[h], a i s y p a d a r , aw o l a k d r w s t d a m b w r t a t a n t , aw p a m e S a a m e [h]alka d a S t a n t .
The E m p e r o r , h i s o f f i c e r s , and b e a s t s [of b u r d e n ] w e r e a l l t i r e d and t h e r e f o r e s t a y e d in t h i s v i l l a g e . village headman
[h]alk-vaja[g]
in any c a s e , no m a t t e r what, without fail
[hjar Son bybit
434
14.
T h e v i l l a g e h e a d m a n , M a l i k K h a t i , had r e c e i v e d a m e s s a g e one day b e f o r e f r o m the r u l e r of K a n d a h a r [ s a y i n g ] that he should c a p t u r e H u m a y u n without fail.
[ h j o l k - v a j o m o l y k x a t i a y a k k roS peS k o n d o [ h ] a r a y [ h ] a k y m a y kwlav r a s t a t a t , ky [hjar Son bybit, a [ h j o m a y u n a b y g i r t .
15.
T h e r e f o r e , M a l i k K h a t i had gone out t o g e t h e r with the o t h e r m e n of h i s t r i b e in s e a r c h of H u m a y u n .
p o m e s a m a l y k x a t i , v a t i twmonoy dyga m a r d w m a go yakja, pa [hjomayunoy p a T T a g a Donna Swtagat.
God
[h]wda
16. But it is a s God d e c r e e s [lit. it is the w o r k of God], that H u m a y u n c a m e by a n o t h e r r o a d and e n t e r e d [lit. sat down in] M a l i k K h a t i ' s g u e s t h o u s e .
v a l e [hjwdaay k a r ynt, ky [ h j a m a y u n yakk dyga r a [ h ] e a a[h]t, aw m a l y k x a t i a y m e m a n x a n a a nySt.
17. M a l i k K h a t i ' s w o m e n and c h i l d r e n s e r v e d the g u e s t s c o u r t e o u s l y .
m o l y k x a t i a y z a [ h ] g - w - z a l b u l m e m a n a pa jvani Sarap datant.
supper,
supper-time
Sam
to t u r n b a c k
byr tarrag
18. At s u p p e r - t i m e M a l i k Khati t u r n e d b a c k with the o t h e r B a l u c h i s and c a m e h o m e .
S a m a m a l y k x a t i go dyga baloSa b y r t a r r y t , aw gysa a[h]t.
c o u r t e sy
adab
to w e l c o m e
vaSS-a[h]t gwSag
19. A l l of the B a l u c h i s w e l c o m e d t h e i r g u e s t s with m u c h c o u r t e s y .
d r w s t e baloS baz pa adaba v a t i m e m a n a vaSS-a[h]t gwStant.
20. A f t e r e a t i n g , Malik K h a t i took out the l e t t e r of the g o v e r n o r of K a n d a h a r and showed it to the E m p e r o r .
nan v a r a g a r a n d , m a l y k x a t i k a n d a [ h ] a r a y [ h j a k y m a y kagada kaSSyt, aw badSa[h]a p e s daStyS.
fortune,
baxt
luck
na to
otherwise 21.
M a l i k K h a t i said, "Your luck w a s good; o t h e r w i s e I could have t a k e n you p r i s o n e r on the r o a d and t a k e n you b e f o r e the Afghan r u l e r . d i s h o n o u r , b l e m i s h upon o n e ' s h o n o u r ; s u m paid in c o m p e n s a t i o n for a b l e m i s h upon s o m e o n e ' s honour
22.
23
Now t h a t you have sat down upon m y c a r p e t you a r e m y g u e s t s , and to hand the g u e s t o v e r to h i s e n e m i e s is a [ m a t t e r of] d i s h o n o u r for u s . " e scort M a l i k K h a t i kept H u m a y u n [as h i s ] g u e s t for s o m e d a y s and h i m s e l f went with h i m [ a s a n ] e s c o r t up to the b o r d e r of I r a n .
18. 400. 1.
Word Study:
m a l y k x a t i gwSt, t a i baxt jvan at, na to m a n t a r a r a [ h ] a b a n d i k w r t k w r t , aw owgan [hjakymoy d e m a b a r t k w r t . moyar nun eS ky Swma m o n i S e r g e j a nyStyt, to m o n i m e m a n yt, ow m e m a n a d w s m a n a n i d a s t a dayag p a m m a m o y a r e . badrakka m a l y k x a t i [hjomayuna la[h]te roS m e m a n daSt, ow vot gon ai tona i r a n o y s i m a b a d r a k k a Swt.
Text II.
In s o m e c o n t e x t s the " e x i s t e n t i a l " v e r b s / o s t / " t h e r e i s , t h e r e a r e " and / n e s t /
" t h e r e is not, t h e r e a r e n o t " (Sec. 4. 601) i d i o m a t i c a l l y denote " r i c h " and " p o o r " r e s p e c t i v e l y , Modified f o r m s of t h e s e two s t e m s o c c u r with a suffix / g a r / a s a d j e c t i v e s : and / n e z g a r /
/ o z g a r / "rich, "
" p o o r . " Although not i n t r o d u c e d , the two a b s t r a c t n o u n s f o r m e d f r o m t h e s e
s t e m s m a y a l s o be m e n t i o n e d :
/ a s t i / " w e a l t h , affluence, " and / n e s t i / " p o v e r t y . "
435
E . g.
/ a m a r o S a n ost ynt. /
He is w e a l t h y n o w a d a y s .
/ a m a r o S a n e s t ynt. /
He is p o o r n o w a d a y s .
/[h]wda m a r d w m a nest mokont! / poor! / a ozgare. /
the m a n ]
He is a r i c h [ p e r s o n ] .
/ a n e z g a r e b o z g o r a nan dat. / 1.
May Gbd not m a k e a m a n [lit.
He gave b r e a d to the p o o r t e n a n t - f a r m e r s .
/ j v a n i / " g o o d n e s s , n i c e n e s s , v i r t u e , good q u a l i t y " c o n t r a s t s in s o m e c o n t e x t s with
/ S o r r i / " g o o d n e s s , p e a c e f u l n e s s , t r a n q u i l i t y , t h o r o u g h n e s s . " Both of t h e s e i t e m s o c c u r in adverbial formations, without difficulty";
s o m e of which o v e r l a p in m e a n i n g :
(a) / j v a n i a / " n i c e l y ,
smoothly,
(b) / p a j v a n i / o r / p o j v a n i a / " n i c e l y , p l e a s a n t l y , c o u r t e o u s l y ,
(the / a / is optional);
(c) / S a r r i a / " c o m p l e t e l y , t h o r o u g h l y ; w e l l " ;
well"
(d) / p o S o r r i / or / p o
S a r r i a / " c o m p l e t e l y , t h o r o u g h l y , c l e a r l y , w e l l . " / p a j v a n i a / and / p a s a r r i a / c a n , of c o u r s e , signify "for ( s o m e o n e ' s ) s a k e , benefit, b e t t e r m e n t " a l s o .
E.g.
/ a i yakk jvanie eS ynt. / One good quality of h i s is t h i s , not have t h i s m e a n i n g . ]
[ / s o r r i / does
/ g o [h]or k o s s a jvani bykan! / T r e a t e v e r y p e r s o n well! [ / j v a n i k a n a g / "to b e h a v e n i c e l y , act v i r t u o u s l y . " / S a r r i k a n a g / is r a r e . ] / m o n i vanog jvania buaga ynt. / My study is p r o g r e s s i n g [lit. n i c e l y [i. e. s m o o t h l y , without difficulty].
becoming]
/ m a b a z po jvania oda r o s t o n . / We r e a c h e d t h e r e v e r y c o m f o r t a b l y [nicely, s m o o t h l y ] , [/baz pa j v a n i / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e . ] / a m a n a pa jvani gwSt. /
He told m e n i c e l y [ c o u r t e o u s l y , p l e a s a n t l y ] .
/ a kytaba b a z pa jvania peS k w r t . / courteously.
He p r e s e n t e d the book v e r y
/ a m a n a S a r r i a gwSt. / He told m e c l e a r l y [ c o m p l e t e l y , t h o r o u g h l y ] , [/pa S a r r i a / and / p a S a r r i / a r e a l s o found. ] / a i k a r b a z pa S a r r i a buaga ynt. / H i s w o r k i s p r o g r e s s i n g w e l l [ c o m p r e h e n s i v e l y , efficiently]. / m a n e k a r a S a r r i a zanin. /
I know t h i s t a s k w e l l [ t h o r o u g h l y ,
/ a m a n a pa jvania gwSt. / He told m e for [my] benefit, s u b s t i t u t a b l e with m u c h the s a m e m e a n i n g . ] 1.
completely].
[/pa S a r r i a / is
When / t o D e [ k y ] / is followed by / y a / " o r , " it is u s u a l l y t r a n s l a t a b l e a s " w h e t h e r
. . . or . . . ";
when no / y a / o c c u r s , / t o D e [ k y ] / d e n o t e s "even if, even though . . . " / a toDe s o r d a r e bybit, ya p o k i r e , yda daSt kont. / chief or a b e g g a r , can stay h e r e .
H e , w h e t h e r [he] b e a
/ t o D e a s o [ h ] r e n e bybit, ya s a w z e n e , p a m m a n b y g y r y S ! / a r e d [one] or a g r e e n [one], buy it for m e ! / t o D e ky a m a n a bwkwSant, vale m a n oda r o v i n . / n e v e r t h e l e s s [lit. but] I will go o v e r t h e r e .
E . g.
W h e t h e r it be
E v e n if they k i l l m e ,
/ t o D e ky [h]or Si bybit, m a gon ava sala nokonon. / No m a t t e r what h a p p e n s [lit. even if any thing m a y b e c o m e ] , we will not m a k e p e a c e with t h e m . 1.
In s o m e v a r i e t i e s of R a k h s h a n i B a l u c h i , / d r w s t / " a l l , w h o l e " a l s o d e n o t e s
"knowing, r e c o g n i s i n g , a c q u a i n t e d . " The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n / d r w s t k a n a g / t h u s
436
m e a n s "to know, r e c o g n i s e " ( s y n o n y m o u s with / p a j j [ k j a r a g / ) , and / d r w s t i / (i. e.
/drwst/
+ the noun f o r m a n t / i / ) s i g n i f i e s " a c q u a i n t a n c e , known p e r s o n . " E . g. / m a n t a r a drwst nokwrtwn. / is substitutable. ]
I did not r e c o g n i s e you.
/ a d r w s t i e . / He is an a c q u a i n t a n c e . a n t o n y m of " s t r a n g e r . "] 2. above.
[I. e.
s o m e o n e who is known, the
/ v a o m / s i g n i f i e s " n e v e r t h e l e s s , h o w e v e r , even though"; E . g. / a m a n i b a d i g ynt, va a m m a n i b r a s ynt. / [he] i s m y b r o t h e r .
[/psjj noyawrtwn/
compare /toDe [ky]/
He is m y e n e m y , even though
/ o g o m o n dygo Sar roS k a r b y k a n i n , va a m e k a r nafhjallit. / If I w o r k a n o t h e r four d a y s , n e v e r t h e l e s s t h i s w o r k will not be c o m p l e t e d . / m a n a y r a T a p a l k w r t w n , va a m a [ h j a r o s a noya[h]t. / I sent h i m a l e t t e r , but n e v e r t h e l e s s he did not c o m e to the wedding. 4.
/ m y n n a t t / d e n o t e s "favour, o b l i g a t i o n " and a l s o " e n t r e a t y , s u p p l i c a t i o n , u r g i n g . "
The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n / m y n n a t t z u r o g / t h u s m e a n s "to be obliged t o , be u n d e r an o b l i g a t i o n t o , " while / m y n n a t t k a n a g / h a s the quite d i s s i m i l a r m e a n i n g "to e n t r e a t ,
urge
(as one u r g e s a g u e s t to p a r t a k e of f u r t h e r h o s p i t a l i t y ) . " E. g. / t o w ai m y n n o t t a b w z u r , ky t a r a e m o n s o b a dat! / that he gave you t h i s post!
Be obliged to h i m ,
/ e a s a n e k a r a pa, m a n k a s s a y m y n n a t t a n o z u r i n , m a n vat k a n i n e . / For t h i s e a s y t a s k I will not be obliged to anyone. I will do it m y s e l f . / m a n a y r a b a z m y n n o t t k w r t w n , ky dw roS dygo b y d a r i t . / I u r g e d h i m v e r y m u c h to stay [lit. that he m a y s t a y ] two m o r e d a y s . / p o m y n n a t t a a z a t i g y r a g nabit. / pleading. 6.
F r e e d o m is not won [lit.
t a k e n ] by
T h e s t o r y of Malik K h a t i ' s t r e a t m e n t of E m p e r o r Humayun is r e c o r d e d in the " A i n - i
A k b a r i , " a book w r i t t e n by A b u - 1 - F a z l , who s e r v e d a s one of the chief m i n i s t e r s of Humayun 1 s son, A k b a r .
Defeated by the f o r c e s of S h e r Shah S u r i in 1540, H u m a y u n sought
refuge with h i s b r o t h e r K a m r a n in A f g h a n i s t a n .
K a m r a n denied t h i s r e q u e s t , h o w e v e r , and
H u m a y u n w a s f o r c e d to flee t h r o u g h B a l u c h i s t a n to I r a n .
In 1555 he r e t u r n e d to India,
d e f e a t i n g S h e r Shah S u r i ' s h e i r s (Sher Shah S u r i h i m s e l f had died in 1545), and r e s u m e d the Mughal throne.
The following y e a r , h o w e v e r , H u m a y u n p e r i s h e d in an a c c i d e n t and w a s
s u c c e e d e d by h i s son, A k b a r . 6.
/ n y m y S t o [ g ] k o n a g / "to w r i t e " i s s y n o n y m o u s with / l y k k a g / .
The f o r m e r i s r e l a t e d
to P e r s i a n / n y v y S t a n / , the l a t t e r to H i n d i - U r d u / l y k h n a / . 7.
/ T o p a l / " l e t t e r ( e p i s t l e ) " is s y n o n y m o u s with / k a g o d / .
The f o r m e r w o r d is s o m e -
what a r c h a i c but h a s r e c e n t l y b e e n b r o u g h t b a c k into u s e in B a l u c h i l i t e r a t u r e and n e w s p a p e r prose.
43 7
18. 500.
Text III.
face [ / - a y r u a / " a c c o r d i n g to, in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h " ]
ru
murder,
koS
killing
of life, r e l a t i n g to life
jani
of p r o p e r t y , r e l a t i n g to p r o p e r t y ; financial
mali
loss;
tavan
c o m p e n s a t i o n for l o s s
[h]on-baha
blood-money A c c o r d i n g to B a l u c h i t r i b a l law, for c a s e s of m u r d e r , p h y s i c a l [lit. of life] or financial l o s s , or b l e m i s h e s upon o n e ' s honour t h e r e a r e [ p a y m e n t s ] of blood-money, etc.
baloSi ryvajoy r u a , koS, j a n i ya m a l i t a v a n , aw m o y a r o y d a v a a po [ h j o n - b a h a aw e S - w - a ast ant.
plaintiff, p e r s o n lodging a c a s e or complaint
davadar
defendant, p e r s o n a g a i n s t whom a c o m p l a i n t is lodged
davagyr
t r i b a l council
jy^ga Sara[h]
I s l a m i c r e l i g i o u s law; religious court
Islamic
maTT
equivalent-revenge If the plaintiff and the defendant do [lit. did] not a g r e e to the d e c i s i o n of the t r i b a l c o u n c i l or I s l a m i c r e l i g i o u s c o u r t , then the plaintiff s e e k s e q u i v a l e n t - r e v e n g e or [ s i m p l e ] r e v e n g e .
aga d a v a d a r aw d a v a g y r j y r g a ya S a r a [ h ] a y p a y s l a a n a T a y t a n t , gwRa d a v a d a r m a T T ya b e r g i r t .
but r a t h e r , but i n s t e a d
balky
heir,
varys
guardian
age (of a p e r s o n )
vai
c a p a b i l i t y , talent
gwSad
figure - a n d - s h a p e f o r m , shape
Dil-w-Dawl
appearance,
The B a l u c h i s do not take e q u i v a l e n t baloS vati kwStagenay m a T T a i kwSoka n a k a n a n t , balky ai syal ya v a r y s ya t w m a n a r e v e n g e for t h e i r slain [ p e r s o n ] upon his Sa, a m a kwStagenay v a i , g w s a d , aw Dil m u r d e r e r , but i n s t e a d [they] kill a m a n w-Dawlay m a r d w m e kwsant. of the slain [ p e r s o n ' s ] a g e , c a p a b i l i t y , and a p p e a r a n c e f r o m a m o n g h i s r e l a t i v e [ s ] or h e i r [ s ] or t r i b e . P r e v i o u s l y , the n o n - t a k i n g of e q u i v a l e n t r e v e n g e or [ s i m p l e ] r e v e n g e w a s a [ m a t t e r of] d i s h o n o u r for the B a l u c h i s b e c a u s e [ t h e i r ] r e l a t i v e s [or " e q u a l s " ] taunted [them]. i n t e r v e n t i o n in a d i s p u t e , reconciliation-attempt
peSa, m a T T ya b e r a y n a g y r a g pa baloSa m a y a r e at, p a r Se ky syal p a y g o r j a t a n t .
meR
The B a l u c h i s employ [lit. do] p e r s u a s i o n , r e c o n c i l i a t i o n - a t t e m p t [ s ] , and m u c h effort in o r d e r to c h e c k b l o o d [ s h e d ] and r e v e n g e , and the g o v e r n m e n t a l s o a s s i s t s them.
438
baloS [ h ] o n - w - b e r a pad d a r a g a pa b a z m y n n a t t , m e R , aw koSyS k a n a n t , aw s a r k a r a m ava k w m a k k dant.
bloodshed,
blood-revenge
c u s t o m of r e v e n g e - t a k i n g ,
[hjongyri vengeance
B l o o d s h e d and the taking of r e v e n g e h a v e often c o m p l e t e l y d e s t r o y e d [ v a r i o u s ] Baluchi tribes. to t a k e c o m p e n s a t i o n for a b l e m i s h upon o n e ' s h o n o u r
b a l o S i r y v a j a , eSi p o y s l o a pa [ h j o n - b a h a , m o y a r g y r o g , ow t a v a n p w r r kanag a s t ant,
n o b l e , p e r s o n b e l o n g i n g to a c h i e f ' s family
mir
i n f l u e n t i a l - p e r son
motobor
The c h i e f s of the t r i b e s , n o b l e s , and i n f l u e n t i a l - p e r s o n s s e t t l e [ m a t t e r s of] b l o o d [ s h e d ] , wound[ing], and o t h e r c a s e s in a t r i b a l c o u n c i l and i n f o r m the g o v e r n m e n t a l s o of t h e s e d e c i s i o n s .
t w m a n a n i s a r d a r , m i r , aw m o t o b o r yokk j y r g o e a [h]on, Topp, ow dygo d a v a a p o y s l o konont, ow a s e p o y s l o a s o r k a r a om soi konont.
group, party
Doll
to e x a c t s u r e t y
z o m a n o t t konog
criminal,
rodkar
culprit
DonD g y r a g
to fine N o w a d a y s the g o v e r n m e n t e x a c t s s u r e t y f r o m b o t h p a r t i e s and a l s o fines the criminals.
m a r o S a s a r k a r [hjardw D a l l a z o m a n o t t kont, aw aS r a d k a r a DonD om g i r t . ovar
t o g e t h e r , m i x e d with to e s t a b l i s h i n t e r m a r r i a g e , with a n o t h e r t r i b e )
sangbondi dayag
(e.g.
dosti
friendship to g r o w , i n c r e a s e
vaddag
I-I
boiling, ebullience, rage,
enthusiasm
joS
ja[h]l kapag
to s u b s i d e , b e c o m e l e s s
Often the d e f e n d a n t s will e s t a b l i s h m a r i t a l b a z b a r a d a v a g y r [ h j o n - b a h a a go o v a r , s a n g b a n d i a m d a y a n t , p a r Se ky aS s a n g b a n d i a r e l a t i o n s [by giving a g i r l f r o m t h e i r d o s t i v a d d i t , aw b e r g y r i a y joS ja[h]l kapit. t r i b e to s o m e o n e f r o m the p l a i n t i f f ' s t r i b e ] a l s o , t o g e t h e r with the b l o o d - m o n e y , because friendship i n c r e a s e s through i n t e r m a r r i a g e , and the h e a t [lit. b o i l i n g ] of r e v e n g e - t a k i n g s u b s i d e s . less-prestiged,
k a m m - syal
lower
J a t , a t e r m for s e v e r a l r e l a t e d n o n B a l u c h i t r i b e s r e s i d i n g in B a l u c h i s t a n and Sindh 11
[ h j o n g y r i ow b e r g y r i b a z b a r a b a l o S i t w m a n a SaT b a r b a d k w r t a . m o y a r gyrog
In B a l u c h i t r i b a l law t h e r e a r e b l o o d m o n e y , the t a k i n g of c o m p e n s a t i o n for a b l e m i s h upon o n e ' s h o n o u r , and the r e p a y i n g [lit. filling] of l o s s for the s e t t l e m e n t of t h i s [ s o r t of t h i n g ] .
10
bergyri
jaTT
v a l e baloS sangbondi go s y a l a k a n a n t , aw aS dyga k a m m - s y a l e k a w m , SoS ky D o m b , j a T T , aw e S - w - a a , [ h ] o n - b o h a , t a v a n , aw moyar gyrant.
But the B a l u c h i s i n t e r m a r r y [only] with e q u a l s , and f r o m o t h e r l e s s - p r e s t i g e d t r i b e s , such a s the D o m b , J a t , and so forth, they take b l o o d - m o n e y , l o s s c o m p e n s a t i o n , and d i s h o n o u r - c o m p e n sation.
439
18. 600. 1.
Word Study:
Text III.
In the m e a n i n g of " f a c e , " / r u / is found only in c o m p o u n d s :
"black-faced, evil, " / m a [ h ] r u /
e. g.
/sya[h]ru/
" m o o n - f a c e d , beautiful, " / r u - b a - r u / " f a c e - t o - f a c e , " e t c .
/ r u / o t h e r w i s e o c c u r s only in / - a y r u a / " a c c o r d i n g t o , in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h , for the sake of. " E.g. / e k y t a b a y r u a , a v a n i [h]akk a m e S ynt. / have this right.
A c c o r d i n g to t h i s book, they
/ k a n u d a y r u a , a y r a s a z a r a s i t . / A c c o r d i n g to the law, he w i l l be p u n i s h e d . [Lit. P u n i s h m e n t will a r r i v e to h i m . ] / r y v a j a y r u a , m a jynykka m i r a t a [hjokk nbdoyan. / A c c o r d i n g to t r i b a l law, we do not give d a u g h t e r s a s h a r e [lit. r i g h t ] in the i n h e r i t a n c e . / a i gwSagay r u a , e [hjabar r a s t na ynt. / A c c o r d i n g to w h a t he said [lit., h i s s a y i n g ] , t h i s news is not c o r r e c t . / k w r a n o y r u a , eSi p o y s l o a bykonyt! / D e c i d e t h i s a c c o r d i n g to the Q u r a n ! [ / k w r a n / " Q u r a n " h a s not b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . ] 1.
/ k o S / " m u r d e r , k i l l i n g " h a s a l r e a d y b e e n s e e n in the compound / k o S - w - k w S a r /
" b l o o d s h e d , s l a u g h t e r . " Unlike / k o S / , h o w e v e r , / k w S a r / d o e s not o c c u r a l o n e a s an independent noun. 1.
/ t a v a n / "loss;
c o m p e n s a t i o n for l o s s " is s y n o n y m o u s in s o m e s e n s e s with / z y a n /
" l o s s , d a m a g e . " The l a t t e r , h o w e v e r , m a y a l s o connote the m i s l a y i n g o r d i s a p p e a r a n c e of s o m e t h i n g (synonymous with / g a r / "lost, d e s t r o y e d " ) , a s e n s e which / t a v a n / d o e s not have.
E.g. / e sowdagyria, m a r a tavane rost. / We suffered a l o s s in t h i s b u s i n e s s , [ / z y a n e / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e , but no f o r m with / g a r / can o c c u r . ] / e jonga, m a r a m a z a n e t a v a n e r o s t . / We suffered a g r e a t l o s s in t h i s w a r . [Again / z y a n e / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e but not / g a r / . ] / e s o w d a g y r i a , tow t a v a n k w r t o y , ya sut. / In t h i s b u s i n e s s did you l o s e or [ m a k e a ] p r o f i t ? [ / t a v a n / is the m o s t i d i o m a t i c s e l e c t i o n h e r e . ] / a voti z a r r a zyan k w r t . / He lost h i s m o n e y . [I. e. m i s l a i d it. is s u b s t i t u t a b l e , but / t a v a n / d o e s not have t h i s m e a n i n g . ]
/gar/
/ m o n i za[h]g loda g a r buto. / My child h a s b e c o m e l o s t in the f o r e s t . [ / z y a n / i s p o s s i b l e , though p e r h a p s s o m e w h a t l e s s i d i o m a t i c , /tavan/ cannot o c c u r . ] / m o n i [h]or ai s a r a t a v a n ynt. / He is r e s p o n s i b l e for the l o s s of m y donkey. [Lit. My donkey is [a] l o s s upon h i m . He m u s t c o m p e n s a t e m e for it. ] / m a n aS taw v a t i [ h ] a r a y tavana g y r i n . / f r o m you for [lit. of] m y donkey. 2.
I will take l o s s - c o m p e n s a t i o n
In the c a s e of / m a T T / " e q u i v a l e n t - r e v e n g e , " one d o e s not n e c e s s a r i l y t a k e v e n g e a n c e
upon the p e r s o n who h a s c o m m i t t e d the offense but r a t h e r upon any p e r s o n of the o f f e n d e r ' s f a m i l y o r t r i b e who is " e q u i v a l e n t " to the v i c t i m : status, capability, physical appearance, etc. wounding o r insult ( / m o y a r / ) :
e. g.
i. e.
a p p r o x i m a t e l y the s a m e in a g e ,
T h i s is s o m e t i m e s extended a l s o to c a s e s of
a hand cut off m a y be avenged by the s e v e r i n g of a
440
h a n d f r o m a n e q u i v a l e n t p e r s o n f r o m the guilty p e r s o n ' s f a m i l y or t r i b e .
/ m o T T / is only
t a k e n f r o m t r i b e s which a r e e q u a l to o n e ' s own in s t a t u s , or p r e s t i g e , of c o u r s e , and t h u s only / [ h j o n - b a h a / " b l o o d - m o n e y " i s n o r m a l l y e x a c t e d f r o m a n offending D o m b , L o R i , Hindu, e t c .
Jat,
/ m o T T / i s a l s o not u s u a l l y t a k e n for offenses involving w o m e n o r c h i l d r e n .
I d e a l l y , o n c e the i n j u r e d p a r t y h a s t a k e n h i s v e n g e a n c e , the feud is s u p p o s e d to end, but t h i s h a s not a l w a y s b e e n the c a s e .
In m o s t i n s t a n c e s the t r i b a l c o u n c i l (or o t h e r r e c o n c i l i a t o r y
m e a s u r e s ) s u c c e e d s in putting an end to the d i s p u t e , but t h e r e a r e c a s e s of feuds which l a s t e d for m a n y y e a r s .
3.
/ b a l k y / "but r a t h e r , but i n s t e a d " is h o m o p h o n o u s with / b a l k y / " p e r h a p s . " E. g. / a a n g r e z i novanont, b a l k y vati jynday zwbana v a n a n t . / study E n g l i s h but i n s t e a d study t h e i r own l a n g u a g e . / m a n m a r o S i b a z a r a noravin, balky banda ravin. / m a r k e t today but i n s t e a d will go t o m o r r o w . / e pwSS so[h]r na ynt, b a l k y sawz. /
3.
/ v o i / d e n o t e s "age (of a p e r s o n ) " only.
e x p r e s s e d by / d a w r / .
I will not go to the
T h i s cloth is not r e d but g r e e n .
" A g e " in the s e n s e of " p e r i o d ,
e p o c h " is
E. g.
/ a moni vaiay m a r d w m e . / / t a i v a i Synkas ynt. /
He is a m a n of m y a g e .
What [lit.
/ a i voi panja s a l a y ynt. / years. ] 3.
They do not
how m u c h ] is your a g e ?
He is fifty y e a r s old.
[Lit.
His age is of fifty
/ D i l / signifies "figure (of a p e r s o n ) . " It i n c l u d e s such a t t r i b u t e s a s a p e r s o n ' s
h e i g h t , b u i l d , e t c . but not ( e . g . ) o n e ' s h a i r c o l o u r , facial c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , or skin c o l o u r i n g . When r e f e r r i n g to the shape of an i n a n i m a t e object (or to a p e r s o n ' s a p p e a r a n c e a s d i s t i n c t f r o m h i s f i g u r e ) , / D o w l / "kind, t y p e , s o r t , way, m e t h o d , s h a p e , f o r m " i s u s e d .
The
c o m p o u n d / D i l - w - D o w l / d e n o t e s " ( g e n e r a l ) a p p e a r a n c e . " E. g. / a i mazane Dile. /
His is a l a r g e f i g u r e .
/ a kwjam Dawlay m e z e . / t a b l e of which s h a p e ?
[I. e.
He is t a l l and w e l l - b u i l t . ]
What is the shape of the t a b l e ? [Lit. / D i l / d o e s not have t h i s m e a n i n g . ]
/ a i za[h]g k w j a m D a w l e n e . / What d o e s h i s child look l i k e ? [I. e. d e s c r i b e his f e a t u r e s , h a i r , e t c . Whom d o e s he r e s e m b l e ? ]
It is a Please
/ m a n i b r a s t a i D i l - w - D a w l a y m a r d w m e . / My b r o t h e r r e s e m b l e s you. [ L i t . My b r o t h e r is a m a n of y o u r a p p e a r a n c e . ] 3.
In s e n t e n c e s (3) and (4) / s y a l / h a s b e e n r e n d e r e d a s " r e l a t i v e [ s ] . " It should be
r e m e m b e r e d that t h i s w o r d a c t u a l l y h a s the m u c h b r o a d e r s i g n i f i c a n c e of " e q u a l , p e e r , p e r s o n of e q u a l r a n k or s t a t u s . " The compound / k o m m - s y a l / " l o w e r , l e s s - p r e s t i g e d " i s , of c o u r s e , d e r i v e d f r o m t h i s l a t t e r m e a n i n g . 5.
I n t e r v e n t i o n in a q u a r r e l in o r d e r to a v e r t v i o l e n c e is c a l l e d / m e R / .
Bearing a
Q u r a n a s a sign of p e a c e , one of the p a r t i e s in the d i s p u t e (or s o m e t h i r d p a r t y ) m a y p l a c e h i m s e l f b e t w e e n the two h o s t i l e g r o u p s and m a k e a p l e a for r e c o n c i l i a t i o n .
441
Once fighting
h a s b e e n p r e v e n t e d and p a s s i o n s given a c h a n c e to c o o l , d i s c u s s i o n s a r e h e l d in an a t t e m p t to s e t t l e the m a t t e r .
If an a m i c a b l e solution cannot be effected, t h e n v i o l e n c e m a y f l a r e up
a g a i n - - with the p o s s i b i l i t y that a f u r t h e r a t t e m p t at / m e R / m a y be m a d e , o r that the i s s u e m a y be r e f e r r e d to the / j y r g o / . / m e R / m a y be done by one o r m o r e m e m b e r s of e i t h e r of the d i s p u t i n g p a r t i e s , or it m a y be a t t e m p t e d by a p r o f e s s i o n a l c o n c i l i a t o r ( e i t h e r s p o n t a n e o u s l y in an effort to p r e s e r v e the p e a c e , or at the r e q u e s t of one of the p a r t i e s involved). u s u a l l y belong to one of two groups.-
Such p r o f e s s i o n a l p e a c e m a k e r s
the / s a y y a d / , who c l a i m d e s c e n t f r o m the P r o p h e t
M u h a m m a d , or the / S a y [ h ] / , who a r e known for t h e i r a s c e t i c i s m and p i e t y .
Although t h e s e
g r o u p s m a y be a s s o c i a t e d , a l l i e d , or e m p l o y e d by a p a r t i c u l a r t r i b e , they a r e not t e c h n i c a l l y m e m b e r s of it and t h u s have a r e p u t a t i o n for i m p a r t i a l i t y .
The / s a y y a d / and / S a y [ h ] /
u s u a l l y live e i t h e r in s m a l l s e p a r a t e v i l l a g e s or e l s e in a s p e c i a l l o c a l i t y within a v i l l a g e b e l o n g i n g to s o m e o t h e r B a l u c h i t r i b e .
A s i d e f r o m the solving of d i s p u t e s , m e m b e r s of
t h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s a l s o c u r e d i s e a s e t h r o u g h r e l i g i o u s m e a n s , p r e p a r e a m u l e t s and p o t i o n s , and p e r f o r m d i v i n a t i o n s .
E. g.
/ s a r d a r , t a r a k w r a n o y m e R ynt! / O chief, c e a s e fighting in the n a m e of the Quran! [Lit. Chief, upon you is the i n t e r v e n t i o n of the Q u r a n , / k w r a n / " Q u r a n " h a s not yet b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . T h i s is the t r a d i t i o n a l way of calling upon the d i s p u t i n g p a r t i e s to c e a s e h o s t i l i t i e s . ] / m a m e R k w r t a n , gwRa a v o t a r a pod d a s t o n t . / We i n t e r v e n e d , [and] then they r e s t r a i n e d t h e m s e l v e s . [ / m e R k a n a g / "to i n t e r v e n e , a t t e m p t r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . "] / S w m a p a r Se a v a n i [hjalka m e R b w r t y t . / Why did you go to t h e i r v i l l a g e to a t t e m p t r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . [Lit. Why did you take i n t e r v e n t i o n to their village ? ] 9.
/ D o l l / d e n o t e s a s m a l l g r o u p or p a r t y .
a l a r g e r , o r g a n i s e d body.
It c o n t r a s t s with / g a l / , w h i c h s i g n i f i e s
In m o d e r n B a l u c h i the l a t t e r is a l s o often e m p l o y e d in the s e n s e
of "(political) p a r t y . " E. g. / p a n S ya SaSS awganani yakk Dalle m a y [h]alka a[h]t. / A g r o u p of five or six Afghans c a m e to our v i l l a g e , [ / g a l / cannot be s u b s t i t u t e d . ] / t a w e davaa kwjam Dalla ay. / To which p a r t y do you b e l o n g [lit. which p a r t y a r e you] in t h i s l a w s u i t ? / t a w kwjam galay b a s k ay. / 10. / o v a r /
in
Of which p a r t y a r e you a m e m b e r ?
" t o g e t h e r , m i x e d w i t h " is s u b s t i t u t a b l e in c e r t a i n c o n t e x t s for / y o k j a /
" t o g e t h e r , at the s a m e t i m e , at the s a m e p l a c e . " / o v a r / u s u a l l y r e t a i n s its c o n n o t a t i o n of " m i x e d t o g e t h e r , m i n g l e d , " h o w e v e r ; while / y a k j a / signifies s i m p l e a c c o m p a n i m e n t , position, etc.
juxta-
Both of t h e s e i t e m s o c c u r in compound p o s t p o s i t i o n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n s with
/ g o n / - / g o / "with, t o g e t h e r " :
/ g o y a k j a / and / g o n o v a r / both denote "along with, t o g e t h e r
with. " O t h e r w i s e / y o k j a / and / o v a r / a r e u s e d a d v e r b i a l l y or a s s u b s t a n t i v e e l e m e n t s in complex verbal formations.
E. g.
/ o m m o y powj, ryndoy loSkora go yokja, a v a n i koToy Our a r m y , t o g e t h e r with the f o r c e of the R i n d s , [/gon o v a r / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e but c o n n o t e s " m i x e d a r m y and that of the R i n d s w e r e m i x e d t o g e t h e r .
442
s o r a wrwSS k w r t . / a t t a c k e d t h e i r fort, w i t h " - - i. e. our ]
/ e d a r a yokja kon! / P u t t h e s e s t i c k s in one p l a c e ! put t o g e t h e r , put in one p l a c e . " C o m p a r e : ] / e d a r a n o v a r kon! / Mix t h e s e s t i c k s t o g e t h e r ! m i n g l e t o g e t h e r . "]
[/yokja k o n o g / "to
[ / o v a r k o n o g / "to m i x ,
/ m o n voti m e s a toi r a m a g a o v a r kanin. / I will m i x m y s h e e p into y o u r flock, [ / y a k j a k a n i n / would i m p l y only that the two flocks w e r e to be p l a c e d t o g e t h e r , not that they w e r e to be m e r g e d into one. ] / m o r o S i m a gon ava yakja [hjoTala b y r o v a n ! / Let u s go t o g e t h e r with t h e m to the r e s t a u r a n t today! [ / o v a r / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e but h a s the c o n n o t a t i o n of " m i x e d t o g e t h e r into one g r o u p . "] 10.
/ j o S / b a s i c a l l y d e n o t e s "boiling, e b u l l i e n c e . " F r o m t h i s the d e r i v e d m e a n i n g s of
" r a g e " and " e n t h u s i a s m " a r e o b t a i n e d :
c o m p a r e E n g l i s h "boiling (with r a g e ) " and "bubbling
(with e n t h u s i a s m ) . " / j o S / o c c u r s in m a n y c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s .
E. g.
/ a b a z j o s a t r a n k w r t . / He t a l k e d with m u c h e n t h u s i a s m . b o i l i n g . H e r e / j o S / is e m p l o y e d a s a noun. ] / a vaxta m o n joSa a[h]twn. / At that t i m e I b e c a m e f u r i o u s . [ k j a y a g / "to fly into a r a g e , b e c o m e f u r i o u s . "] / m o n S i r a joS datwn. /
I boiled the m i l k .
[Lit.
in m u c h
[/joSa
[/joS d o y o g / "to boil ( t r a n s i t i v e ) . "]
/ d e g o y ap joS gyptont. / The w a t e r of the k e t t l e c a m e to a boil. g y r a g / "to c o m e to a b o i l . "]
[/joS
/ m o n i dyl joS kant, ky v a t i b e r a b y g y r i n . / My h e a r t b u r n s to take i t s r e v e n g e . [Lit. My h e a r t b o i l s that I m a y take m y r e v e n g e . /joS k a n a g / "to boil (with r a g e , f e r v o u r ) . "] / a p joS v o r o g a ynt. / ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) . "]
The w a t e r is boiling.
/ a y r a joS z w r t . / He b e c a m e f u r i o u s , r a g e , b e c o m e f u r i o u s . "]
18. 700.
D r i l l s and E x e r c i s e s
18. 7 0 1 .
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l I. 1.
[/joS v a r a g / "to boil
[/jos z u r o g / "to be o v e r c o m e by
[ h j a m a y u n p o r Se b a l o S y s t a n a swt. 1 The Afghans of India defeated h i m . His b r o t h e r w a s the r u l e r of K a n d a h a r . Humayun did not go to his b r o t h e r b e c a u s e he could have a r r e s t e d Humayun. The r o a d to I r a n l e a d s [lit. the p a s s e s of B a l u c h i s t a n .
p a s s e s ] through
H u m a y u n t r a v e l l e d [for] s o m e d a y s t h r o u g h the m o u n t a i n s and v a l l e y s of B a l u c h i s t a n . He s t a y e d at the p l a c e of Malik K h a t i , and he [i. e. the l a t t e r ] went with H u m a y u n up to the b o r d e r of I r a n . ^The a n s w e r s to t h i s q u e s t i o n a r e c o n t i n u o u s and f o r m a c o n n e c t e d text.
443
2.
m i r Sakor koy at. * In the s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r y he w a s the chief of the Rind t r i b e . He is f a m o u s b e c a u s e he fought for [lit. did] the h o n o u r of [lady] G a w h a r . He gave aid to the M u g h a l E m p e r o r Humayun, L a t e r he went t o g e t h e r with m a n y B a l u c h i s to the P a n j a b . He h a s b e e n c a l l e d a g r e a t h e r o , a m a n of h o n o u r , and a p r o t e c t o r [of t h o s e s e e k i n g asylum]. He is the h e r o of m a n y B a l u c h i e p i c - p o e m s . X
3.
The a n s w e r s to t h i s q u e s t i o n a r e continuous and f o r m a c o n n e c t e d t e x t .
e k o S - w - k w S a r o y s a b a b Se ant. They killed an i n f l u e n t i a l - p e r s o n of our village. Its b a s i s is t h i s , that they^killed our g u e s t . Its c a u s e is t h i s , that they u n e x p e c t e d l y m a d e a n i g h t - a t t a c k upon o u r c a m p . They t a u n t e d u s , and t h i s w a s a b l e m i s h [upon our h o n o u r ] for u s . The b a s i s of t h i s q u a r r e l is t h i s , t h a t they t e a s e d our w o m e n .
4.
a p a r Se panjaba Swt, E m p e r o r Akbar gave h i m an e s t a t e . He r e q u e s t e d a s y l u m f r o m the g o v e r n o r of the P a n j a b . F r o m the a f t e r - e f f e c t s of the w a r , h e a r t is sad.
his
His e x c u s e is t h i s , that t h e r e is no w o r k here. The chief said that without fail [lit. h o w e v e r it m a y b e ] we should m a k e h i m p r i s o n e r . T h e r e f o r e he fled. 5.
t a i [ h ] a m r a [ h ] kay ynt, He is a s t r a n g e r . America. He i s a poor m a n .
He h a s c o m e f r o m He h a s no p r o v i s i o n s .
He is a noble [i. e. m e m b e r of a c h i e f ' s f a m i l y ] . We have c o m e t o g e t h e r f r o m India. He is the h e i r of the s l a i n [ p e r s o n ' s ] f a r m . He is a r i c h m e r c h a n t . t a r a Se buta, I am very tired. I think [lit.
I came from Delhi today.
it is m y opinion] that I a m sick.
I fear [lit. to m e fear i s ] that l e s t he m a y take h i s r e v e n g e upon [lit. f r o m ] m e .
444
H i s w o r d s [lit. w o r d ] h u r t m e v e r y m u c h . T h i s i s a b l e m i s h [upon m y h o n o u r ] for m e , My r e l a t i v e s and t r i b e have t u r n e d a g a i n s t me. 7.
Sopa m a a m e [h]alka b y d a r a n ? Y e s , the v i l l a g e - h e a d m a n will w e l c o m e [lit. say w e l c o m e ] u s . Y e s . T h e s e people a r e v e r y p o o r ; t h e l e s s we will be t h e i r g u e s t s .
never-
Y e s . The people of t h i s p l a c e a r e B a l u c h i s T h e y will give u s food [lit. b r e a d ] and t a k e c a r e of u s [lit. do our s u p e r v i s i o n ] . Y e s , a f t e r sitting upon t h e i r c a r p e t , we will be counted [ a s ] g u e s t s . Y e s . They a r e m e n of h o n o u r . They will not hand u s o v e r to [ o u r ] e n e m i e s . 8.
t a i v a i Synkas ynt, My age is f i f t y - t h r e e y e a r s . I a m eighty y e a r s of a g e ; n e v e r t h e l e s s m y e a r s and e y e s a r e good. My age is only fifteen y e a r s ; o t h e r w i s e I would [lit. w i l l ] fight for m y c o u n t r y . I a m a s old a s you a r e . as much as yours is. ]
[Lit.
My age is
Although m y age is w r i t t e n in the v i l l a g e h e a d m a n ' s book, I do not know it. ydoy j a n g - w - m y R a i a n i sabab Se Se ant. 1 R e v e n g e and m u r d e r w e r e the b i g g e s t c a u s e s . Aside from these, there w e r e also [questions of] w o m e n and d i s h o n o u r . Often we a l s o fought about [ " a b o u t " is r e n d e r e d only by the " o b j e c t i v e " f o r m h e r e ] land, m o n e y , and o t h e r m a t t e r s of t h i s s o r t [/dygo ome Dawle g a p p a / j . In our t r i b a l law, for f i n a n c i a l , p h y s i c a l [lit. of life], and o t h e r l o s s e s t h e r e w e r e b l o o d - m o n e y , c o m p e n s a t i o n [for b l e m i s h e s upon o n e ' s h o n o u r ] , e t c . If the defendant d o e s not give the b l o o d m o n e y , then p e r h a p s one of t h e i r p e o p l e m a y be k i l l e d . Now the G o v e r n m e n t e x a c t s s u r e t y f r o m [ " f r o m " i s r e n d e r e d h e r e by the " o b j e c t i v e " f o r m ] both p a r t i e s and fines [lit. t a k e s fine[s] f r o m ] the c u l p r i t s . •'•The a n s w e r s to t h i s q u e s t i o n a r e c o n t i n u o u s and f o r m a c o n n e c t e d t e x t . 10. e davaoy b a r o v a , toi Se [h]oyal ynt. A c c o r d i n g to t r i b a l law, we do not give g i r l s [a] r i g h t in the i n h e r i t a n c e .
445
A c c o r d i n g to I s l a m i c law, we ought to give h e r [a] s h a r e in the i n h e r i t a n c e . A c c o r d i n g to what the chief s a y s [lit. the c h i e f ' s s a y i n g ] , we m u s t t a k e e q u i v a l e n t revenge. A c c o r d i n g to the law, the g o v e r n m e n t will fine [lit. t a k e [a] fine f r o m ] the" c u l p r i t s . A c c o r d i n g to h i s opinion, we m u s t defend h i s honour [lit. do h o n o u r for h i m ] . 11. m i r S a k a r a y m a z a n e jvani Se at. His d a r i n g and b r a v e r y d e s e r v e p r a i s e . His a s y l u m - g i v i n g and h o s p i t a l i t y d e s e r v e praise. He defended the h o n o u r of the h e l p l e s s [lady] G a w h a r . He n e v e r handed a r e f u g e e o v e r to h i s enemies. He w a s g e n e r o u s , a m a n of h o n o u r , and faithful. 12. m o l y k x a t i aw [h]amayunoy k y s s o v Se ynt. * When the Afghans d e f e a t e d H u m a y u n , he fled in the d i r e c t i o n of B a l u c h i s t a n . He a r r i v e d at a v i l l a g e at night. The E m p e r o r and h i s o f f i c e r s w e r e t i r e d . The v i l l a g e - h e a d m a n , M a l i k K h a t i , and the o t h e r B a l u c h i s had gone out t o g e t h e r to s e a r c h for [lit. for the s e a r c h i n g of] Humayun. Malik K h a t i ' s w o m e n and c h i l d r e n s e r v e d the g u e s t s c o u r t e o u s l y . When Malik Khati r e t u r n e d , he did not t a k e Humayun p r i s o n e r b e c a u s e Humayun was his guest. The a n s w e r s to t h i s q u e s t i o n a r e continuous and f o r m a c o n n e c t e d t e x t . 13.
e jeRoa pad d a r a g a pa, Swma Se k w r t kanyt. We can take our c a s e to the t r i b a l c o u n c i l . If the o t h e r [lit. s e c o n d ] g r o u p a g r e e s , we can take the c a s e to the I s l a m i c law court. We can take the c a s e to the c o u r t of the [national] law. We will go to t h e i r v i l l a g e to a t t e m p t r e c o n c i l i a t i o n . [Lit. We will take i n t e r vention to t h e i r v i l l a g e . ] We will take c o m p e n s a t i o n for t h i s b l e m i s h [upon our h o n o u r ] ; o t h e r w i s e we will t a k e equivalent-revenge.
446
14.
e [ h ] o n g y r i o y p o d a s o r Se bont. I hope [lit. hope i s ] that they m a y m a k e p e a c e with one a n o t h e r ; o t h e r w i s e one will be k i l l e d . It is m y opinion that t h e i r t r i b e will be completely destroyed. H i s t r i b e will have to flee. They will r e q u e s t a s y l u m f r o m the R i n d s . A c c o r d i n g to the d e c i s i o n of the t r i b a l c o u n c i l , they will have to give t h r e e t h o u s a n d rupees [as] blood-money. They a r e r e s p o n s i b l e for [lit. of] our l o s s . We will d e m a n d [lit. t a k e ] one t h o u s a n d rupees from them.
15. a voti T o p a l a Se n y m y s t o k w r t o . He h a s w r i t t e n that he i n s i s t e d s t r o n g l y [lit. m u c h ] ; n e v e r t h e l e s s the g u e s t s did not stay. He h a s w r i t t e n that, w h e t h e r it be a b l a c k [one] or a blue [one], you m u s t buy it for him. He h a s w r i t t e n that he is not studying h i s t o r y but is studying E n g l i s h [ i n s t e a d ] . He h a s w r i t t e n that the r e s u l t s of h i s e x a m i n a t i o n a r e v e r y good. His m o t h e r is [lit. h a s b e c o m e ] happy. He h a s w r i t t e n that h i s f r i e n d s h i p with the v i l l a g e - h e a d m a n h a s i n c r e a s e d . He will stay in the v i l l a g e two m o r e [lit. o t h e r ] months.
18. 702.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l II. 1.
t o r a m e r - w - m a b o t t o y o z m a n o k k dost ont ?
2.
toi m w l k a , m e m a n d a r m e m a n o y m a l - w - j a n o y w g d o d a r y n t ?
3.
r y v a j o y r u a , boloS So k o m m - s y a l e k o w m a m a T T g y r o n t , ya n o g y r o n t .
4.
voxte ky k o s s e t o r a SoSorit, to tow z a r g y r o y ?
5.
toi m w l k a y k a n u d a , [ h ] o n - b a h a aw b a [ h ] o T d a r i a m ast a n t ?
6. 7.
j y r g a e a > kay kay nySt kant. m a i g a w h a r a y [ h j y r r a kay gwDDyt.
8.
m i r S a k a r kwjam s a d d i a y m a r d w m e at.
9.
yakk b a l o S a y n a m a bwgwS, ky s a r m a S a r i aw b a [ h ] o T d a r i a y jvane m y s a l e at,
10.
Se, b y d a r e a m b a l o S a n i m e m a n but k a n t ?
11. b a l o S a n i j e R a a n i m a z a n e bwngej Se Se ant. 12. t a i vai Synkas ynt. 13.
r y n d - w - l a S a r i a n i jang Synka s a l m o n t .
14. b a d S a [ h ] [ h j a m a y u n m i r S a k a r aw dyga baloSa Se y n a m dat. 15. [ h j o m a y u n o y b r a s a y r a p a r Se b a [ h ] o T i nbdat.
447
18. 703.
F i l l the B l a n k s .
F i l l the b l a n k s in the following s e n t e n c e s with the m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e w o r d f r o m a m o n g t h o s e given at the end of t h i s Section. 1.
baloSay p a r z ynt, ky v a t i ba[h]oTa
.
2.
a m a n a baz pa
a v a s S a[h]t gwStant.
3.
e mawswma,
e ka[h], pwll, buS, aw k y s a r r w d o n t .
4.
Sa
5.
vaxte ky m a n Donna swtwn,
6.
ai
7.
t a i [hjabar ava sakk
8.
So awgana
9.
m o n i [ h ] o m r a [ h ] n e z g a r e no ynt,
a r a n d , m a r a panjabay n e m a g a laDDagi at. e gvate kaSSaga at.
syta k a r z i t . , aw So m a b i t ky aS tow b e r b y g y r o n t .
v o r o g a rond, m w g u l a n i powj syndoy pollova p o r r y t . ome [hjolkoy s a w d a g y r e .
10. gwSant ky a m o R a d a r , n o n g d a r , ow v a j o k a r e , 11. m o n sokk 12.
.
a soxi no ynt.
apa zut j o s bydoy, ow Sa joR bykan!
ay r u a , [hjongyri, b e r g y r i , aw e S - w - a sakk bad ant.
13. a
a b y r t a r r y t , aw v a t i j a n e n a go yakk m o r d e a d i s t .
14. m a e S a y r a y 15.
a nygoSaga an, aw go taw kayag n a l o T a n .
ay k a r ynt, ky yakk m a r d w m e a y baxt jvan ynt, aw d y g a r a y baxt bad ynt.
18. 704.
proS
adab
[hjar
va a m
nagwman
zordar
bysambit
voR-voR
gwptar
dam bwrtagwn
balky
tawrytant
Sara[h]
[hjwda
pwrr-gwSadi
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e I.
1. A:
vaja, r y n d - w - l a S a r i baloSani k a m m e s a r b w n a kan!
2. B :
vaja, rynd aw l a S a r i t w m a n ama baloS ant, ky Sa d r w s t baloSa r a n d , aS r o k a p t i i r a n a a[h]tant.
anSw e [hjardw t w m a n aS bwna yakk atant.
3. A:
a p a r Se v a t i ko[h]ne Dyha yStant.
4. B :
vaja, dyga baloS t w m o n a n i Dawla, eS a m go dyga k a w m a m y R y t a n t , aw n e T aS vati Dyha d a r kanag butant.
5. A.-
a v a n i j a n g - w - m y R a i a y sabab Se atant.
6. B :
vaja, baloSani j a n g - w - m y R a i a y m a z a n e sobob k a s t b a z i , b e r g y r i , aw n a n g a y jang but k a n a n t . butagant.
t a r i x a n i t a h a , baloSani geStyr j a n g - w - j e R a a n i bwngej a m e say Si anSw dyga b a z sabab ast ant, vale geStyr a m e nong aw n a m a y m o y a r
butogont. 7. A:
a kwjam sonna a[hjtont.
8. B :
n w m i soddia r y n d - w - l a S a r i boloS ow dygo k o w m a n i n y a m a m o n r o k o p t i i r a n o y d o m o g a yokk jeRoe r w s t . b a l o S y s t a n a a[h]tant. myRyt.
p a d a , a v a n i Syll k o s a n e t w m a n laDDytont, aw i r a n i
d w a z d a m i saddia k y r m a n a y yakk t w r k [ h j a k y m e gon a v a
aS oda, e m o R a d a r e t w m a n p a k y s t a n i b a l o S y s t a n a a[h]tant, ow k a l a t - w -
448
kaSSia gyptant.
kaSSiay b a r a l a S a r i z a r gyptant, p a r Se ky kaSSiay a b a d e j o [ h ] - w -
kilog r y n d a n i b a r a a[h]tant. but.
a m e k a s t b a z i r a n d a si s a l a y k o s - w - k w S a r a y bwngej
r a n d a e t w m a n s y n d - w - p a n j a b a y n e m a g a t a l a n butant.
[hjwkumott ome b a l o S a n i d a s t a a[h]t.
n o z d o m i saddia synday
r a n d a arrgrez gon a m e baloSa m y R y t a n t , aw
synda p w l y t a n t . 9. A :
nun rynd - w - l a S a r i t w m a n kwjam [hjandan abad ant.
10. B :
v a j a , r y n d - w - l a S a r i b a l o S a n i t w m a n geStyr r o d r a t k i b a l o S y s t a n aw s y n d - w - p a n j a b a y d a m a g a t a l a n ant, vale aS ava k a m m e m a r d w m i r a n i b a l o S y s t a n ow dyga [hjandan a m ast ant.
18. 705.
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e II.
l.A;
Se, [hjar k a s s b a l o S a n i ba[h]oT but k a n t ?
2. B;
v a j a , toDe ky d r w s t i e bybit ya b y d a r e , [hjar k a s s b a [ h ] o T i b w l o T i t , baloS a y r a ba[h]oTi dayant.
e Dawle k y s s a v a m ast ant, ky yakk s a [ h ] d a r e aS vati b a d i g a n i
t w r s a b a l o S e a y gysa p w t r y t , to a a m ba[h]oT S w m a r but. w - j a n a g a pa b a d i g a n i d a s t a n o d a t a g a n t .
baloS a s a [ h ] d a r a k w S a g -
kaSSia yakk [h]ande a s t , ky oda yakk
s a [ h ] d a r a y b a [ h ] o T d a r i a y s a r a baloSani k o s - w - k w s a r e buta.
a m e Dawla,
sardar
g v a r a m vati d w s m a n a y ba[h]oT but, ky a s a r d a r S a k a r a y gw[h]aray za[h]g at, aw r a n d a v a t i b a [ h ] o T a pa nong k w r t , aw aS t w r k a n i d a s t a kwsog but. 3. A:
ba[h]oT voti b a [ h ] o T d a r o y [hjodda Swnt roS d a s t kont.
4. B :
vajo, ba[h]oT tanky vat dyga j a g a e n o s w t o , ya go voti badiga n a T a y t a , aw sala n a k w r t a , b a [ h ] o T d a r a y [hjadda daSt kant.
5. A.-
Se, anSw but kant, ky b a [ h j o T d a r v a t i ba[h]oTa a i b a d i g a n i d a s t a b y d a n t ?
6. B :
v a j a , aga baloS k o s s e a b a [ h ] o T i d a t a g a n t , gwRa a i m a l - w - j a n a y w g d a d a r b u t a g a n t . baloSi d a p t a r a n aw t a r i x a y k y t a b a n e Dawle k y s s a v b a z ast ant, ky b a [ h ] o T d a r v a t i b a [ h ] o T o y [hjakk ya m a y a r a
pa nong k w r t o g o n t , ow voti m a l - w - j a n datogont.
b a [ h ] o T a badSa[h] ow s o b b o r e b a d i g a n i d o s t a om nodatogont.
voti
ogo voxte boloSe voti
b a [ h ] o T a a i b o d i g a n i d o s t a d a t o , gwRa syal ta[h]le poygor jotogontyS, ow Sayr om a i b a r o v a bode Soyr [hjoDD k w r t a g a n t . 7. A :
Se, anSw b u t a , ky baloS y a k k e a b a [ h ] o T i m o d o n t ?
8. B :
b a z b a r a n anSwSe s a b a b b u t a , ky baloS y a k k e a b a [ h ] o T i n o d a t o g a n t .
e Dawle
b a [ h ] o T i l o T o k Dwng, d w z z , r a d k a r , z w l m kanoke m a r d w m , ya s a r k a r a y y a g i e m a r d w m butagant. 9. A.-
b a [ h ] o T o y n a n - w - n o g o n a kay dant.
10. B ;
v a j a , awli la[h]te roS b a [ h ] o T a pa b a [ h ] o T d a r nanoy Sona kant.
r a n d a a vat v a t i
v a r d y n a y w g d a d a r ynt, b a l e va a m b a [ h ] o T d a r a i [h]ar Dawla k w m a k k a r b i t .
18. 706. l.A;
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e III.
m o n boloSe na wn.
Se, baloS m a n a a m yakk baloSay Dawla m e m a n d a r a n t aw S a r a p
dayant ? 2. B :
[h]a b r a s .
baloS v o t i a n ow d y g o r a , d r w s t i aw b y d a r a yakk p a y m a m e m a n d a r a n t .
449
onSw b a z b a r a dyga m w l k a y m a r d w m a n aw s y a l e m a r d w m a g e S t y r S a r a p d a y a n t . aS eSa b e d , S a y r , s a r d a r , aw m o n s o b d a r a n i S a r a p geS but k a n t . 3. A;
v a j a , SaT n e z g a r e baloSe m e m a n a Son s a r a p dat kant.
4. B :
b r a s , p e s a y n e z g a r aw a z g a r e baloS yakk d y g o r a k w m a k k d a t a n t . baloS v a t i m e m a n a [ h ] o l k - v a j a g a y m e m a n x a n a a d e m d a y a n t .
nun a m n e z g a r e
aga b a l o S a y gys
t a n i a yakk ko[h] ya kuSagea bybit, gwRa [h]ar v a r d y n e ky g y s a y S a s t , d e m a [h]er kantyS.
aS eSi bed, [ h j o m s a y o a m a y r a k w m a k k d a y a n t .
memanay p e S a , e dod
ot, ky baloSe v a t i gysa [h]ar Sie g r a s t a , as ava k a m m - k a m m v a t i [ h j o m s a y o g a d e m dat.
e dod b a z [hjanda nun a m s v a r a g aw s a m o y n a n a n a s t .
5. A:
Se, b y d a r e m a r d w m [h]ar baloSay m e m a n but k a n t ?
6. B :
vaja, aga b y d a r e m a r d w m e yakk b a l o S e a y m e m a n buog b w l o T i t , to o m a baloS a y r a voti [hjadda m e m a n d a r i t , ya [ h j a l k - v a j a g a y m e m a n x a n a a s a r k a n t y S , p a r Se ky [ h j a l k - v a j a g a y m e m a n x a n a a tevi [hjalkay m a r d w m a n i b a r a s t .
b a z b a r a n aga d r w s t i e
m e m a n a pa v a s p a g a y j a g a e m a b i t , to m e m a n d a r p a r a i a m [ h ] a l k - v a j a g a y m e m a n x a n a a nypade joR kont. 7. A.-
baloS m e m a n d a r a y p a r z Se ant.
8.B.-
baloSay m e m a n toDe ky d r w s t i e bybit, ya b y d a r e , a pa j v a n i s a r a p d a n t e .
meman
[hjar vaxt bayt, baloS a y r a S a - w - S y l y m k a n a n t , aw r a n d a a[h]valayS p w r s a n t .
pada
nanoy b a b a t t a jwst k a n a n t y s , aw geStyr b a r a m e m a n d a r go m e m a n a yokja n a n v a r t . b a z [hjanda, baloS m e m a n a pa divan a m kanant. 9. A;
m e m a n a y p a r z Se ant.
10. B :
noke d a w r a , Sa[h]rani taha b y d a r ya d r w s t i e m a r d w m a n aga z a r r bybit, to a g e S t y r m o n [hjoTala d a r a n t .
Sa[hjra so bed, dygo [hjondan a yokk m e m a n x a n o , m o s i t ,
ya yokk b a l o S e a y gysa daSt kanant.
aga m e m a n nan v a r t a , ya gwSnag na ynt, ya
dyga j a g a e a nan v a r a g i ynt, gwRa v a t i m e m a n d a r a s a i b y k a n t .
m e m a n a y gwptar
aw k y r d a r b a z pa adaba bybant, aw aS eSi bed, a b a l o S a n i z a l b u l a n i n e m a g a b a d e Sammea maSarit.
18. 707.
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e IV.
l.A:
m a T T Sone r y v a j e .
2. B :
b r a s , aga yakk m a r d e dyga yakkea b w k w s i t , to a m a k w s t a g e m o r d o y s y a l - w - v a r y s ai moTTa gyrant.
m o T T o y g y r a g es ynt, ky a v a t i a m a m w r t o g e m o r d o y D i l - w -
Dawlay m a r d e as kwSokay syala ya t w m a n a kwsont.
ago k w s t a g e m a r d p i r ya v o r n a
ya za[hjge at, to ai b e r a a m e k y s a s a y m a r d w m e k w s a n t .
aga k w s t a g e m a r d s a r d a r
ya m i r ya l a s s baloSe at, to a i m a T T a m a k y s a s a y m a r d w m e bit. 3. A:
aga baloSe dyga k a w m a y m a r d w m e bwkwSit, to ai m a T T Son g y r a g bit.
4. B;
vaja, dyga [ h j a m s a y a ya syale k a w m , SoS ky i r a n i , t w r k , owgan, aw e S - w - a , ya to [ h ] o n - b a h a g y r a n t , ya vati kwStoge m o r d o y m o T T a g y r o n t .
baz bevosse kowm,
SoS ky D o m b , loRi, j a T T , ow [hjyndi, m a T T gypt nokonont, aw [ h ] o n - b a h a z u r o n t . ome Dawla, baloS po vati kwStoge m a r d w m a n as ava [ h ] o n - b a h a ya m a T T g y r a n t . baloS Sa syale kowma m a T T g y r a n t , aw aS dygo k a m m - s y a l e k o w m a t a n i a [h]onbaha zuront.
450
5. A;
ogo k o s s e j y r g a a y p a y s l a g a n o m o n n i t , gwRa Se bit.
6.B;
aga j y r g a a y p a y s l a m o n n o g nobut, gwRa d a v a d a r aw d a v a g y r s o r o [ h ] a r a v a n t , [ h j a r d w a m e [ h j o b a r a b y T a o n t , ky a v a n a Soro[h]a r a v a g i ynt.
aga d a v a d a r ya
d a v a g y r a so k o s s e m o T o i t , gwRa S a r a [ h ] [hjySS p a y s l a e dat n a k a n t . s a d d i a j y r g a a so b e d , s o r k a r o y kanud a m a s t .
vale
nun b i s t m i
m a r o S a j y r g a a y p a y s l a aga m o n n o g
m b b i t , gwRa kanudoy odalotta d a v a a b o r o n t . 7. A:
Se, y a k k baloS s a r d a r a y [ h ] o n - b a h a a m y n k a s ynt, ky l a s s baloS ya Domb ya s y a l e m o r d e o y ynt ?
8.B
v a j a , a m m a y a m a [ h j o z d a m i s a d d i a y [hjaDD kanoke r y v a j a y t a h a , l a s s b a l o S a y [ h j o n - b a h a dw [ h ] o z a r k a l l a d a r at. gypt, ow gwDDia d a v a d a r b w r t .
a s dw [ h j a z a r a , panS sad s a r k a r pa vata DonD
ome Dowla, j o T T , D o m b , aw dyga k a m m - s y a l e
k o w m a n i [hjon-boha say sad k a l l a d a r at.
[h]yndi, loRi, aw e S - w - a a n i [h]on-boha
s a y s a d a Sa b y g y r t a n a [hjapt sad at, p a r Se ky b a l o S a n i s a w d a g y r i aw dyga k y s b ames kwrtant.
dyga s y a l e k a w m , SoS ky i r a n i , owgan, ow t w r k a n i [hjon-baha'
o m y n k o s ot, ky l o s s b a l o S a y at. t a n a b i s t w panS [ h j a z a r but k w r t .
baloS s o r d a r a n i [ h j o n - b a h a dwazda [ h j a z a r a b y g y r dyga m i r ya m o t o b o r ya s o r d a r o y ka[h]oloy
m o r d w m a n i [hjon-boha aS Sar [ h j a z a r a b y g y r t a n a dwazda [ h j a z a r at. 9. A:
b a l o c z a l b u l a y [ h ] o n - b a h a Synkas at.
10.B
anSw z a [ h j g - w - z a l b u l , D o m b , j o T T , loRi, p i r e n aw najoRe m o r d w m a n i kwSag m o y a r e at, aga n e T yakk j a n e n e kwSag b u t a , gwRa ai [hjon-baha a m a k y s a s a g y r a g b u t a , ky l a s s m o r d o y ynt.
11. A
Se, nun [hjon-boha ow e s - w - a o y r y v a j k a m m e b a d a l b u t a g a n t ?
12. B
j i [hja.
b i s t m i s a d d i a y r y v a j k a m m e b a d a l kanag b u t a g a n t .
aS eSi b e d ,
sarkaray
kanud a m a s t , ky b a z b a r a j y r g a a y p a y s l a g a proSt kant. 13. A
b r a s , b a l o S a n i j a n g - w - j e R a a n i m a z a n e s a b a b Se ant.
14. B
v a j a , anSw d r w s t j e R a a n i bwngej z a l b u l , z a r r , aw D a g a r a y dava ant. [hjadda geStyr z a l b u l aw dyga nong ya m o y a r o y dava ont. nangay s a r a bant.
vale b a l o S a n i
geStyr koS om m o y a r ya
aS eSa b e d , m a l - w - m o D D i o y b a r k a n a g , ap aw D a g a r a y d a v a ,
aw dyga anSwSe gappan a m jeRa rwdont.
p e s a , syale k a w m yakk d y g a r a y m a l a
j a t a n t , v a l e nun m a i j a n a g aw b e r g y r a g b a z k a m m m o n t o .
18. 800.
Vocabulary,
odab pa adaba
courtesy courteously t o g e t h e r , m i x e d with
ovar ovar buag
to b e , b e c o m e t o g e t h e r , m i x e d t o g e t h e r
ovar kanag
to m i x t o g e t h e r , m i n g l e t o g e t h e r
azgar
rich, rich person
ba[h]oT
r e f u g e e , p e r s o n seeking a s y l u m ,
ba[h]oTdar
p r o t e c t o r , one who g i v e s a s y l u m
ba[h]oTdari
c u s t o m of a s y l u m
451
refugee-guest
ba[h]oTi
asylum, refuge,
to g r a n t a s y l u m
ba[h]oTi dayag *bod bad barag >,:
badi[g]
sanctuary
b a d , evil to take b a d l y , be i n s u l t e d , be h u r t by (someone's r e m a r k s , etc. ) enemy;
b a d n e s s , evil
to t u r n a g a i n s t
badia gardag badrakka
escort
balky
but r a t h e r , but i n s t e a d
barbad
ruined,
destroyed
barbad buag
to be r u i n e d ,
destroyed
barbad kanag
to r u i n , d e s t r o y
baxt
fortune,
bergyri
c u s t o m of r e v e n g e - t a k i n g , v e n g e a n c e
bevoss
helpless, weak
luck
bevass buag
to b e , b e c o m e h e l p l e s s , w e a k
bevoss konog
to m a k e h e l p l e s s , w e a k
bwngej
basis,
foundation
bydor
s t r a n g e r , unknown p e r s o n
''^byr
on, on the s u r f a c e of, a t , in, i n s i d e , in an a r e a of, in (a p l a c e ) to t u r n b a c k
byr torrog SoSarag I-I
to a n n o y ; t e a s e , p r e s s
*So
so lest
So mabit davadar
plaintiff, p e r s o n lodging a c a s e or c o m p l a i n t
davagyr
defendant, p e r s o n a g a i n s t whom a c o m p l a i n t is lodged
',%dom
breath to be t i r e d ,
d a m barag ''^dost
hand to hand o v e r ,
d a s t a dayag dosti
fatigued deliver
friendship
d o s t i buag
to be f r i e n d s h i p
d o s t i kanag
to have f r i e n d s h i p , p r a c t i c e f r i e n d s h i p
drwsti
a c q u a i n t a n c e , known p e r s o n
dylli
Delhi
Doll
group, party
DonD
fine (penalty) to fine
DonD g y r o g Dil-w-Dowl
figure-and-shape:
gwmbwz
tomb
gwptar
saying;
gwSad
capability, talent
452
appearance, form,
w o r k s of a poet
shape
[h]atun
lady (honorific)
[h]olk-vajo[g]
village -headman
[h]omra[h]
companion,
*[hJor
each,
[hjor Son bybit [hjon-boha
fellow-traveller
every
in any c a s e , no m a t t e r what, without fail blood-money
[ h j o n - b o h a doyog
to pay b l o o d - m o n e y
[hjon-boha gyrog
to t a k e , r e c e i v e b l o o d - m o n e y
[hjongyri
bloodshed,
[hjwda
God
*[h]ySS
a n y , at a l l
[hjySS b o r
blood-revenge
at any t i m e , n e v e r
[hjyndwstan
India
[hjyrr
b a b y - c a m e l (up to six m o n t h s of age)
jagir
e s t a t e , feudal l a n d s
*ja[hjl j a [ h ] l kopog
down, d e e p , low
jani
of life, r e l a t i n g to life, p h y s i c a l
jonen
woman
jong-w-myRai
war-and-fighting:
jaTT
J a t , a t e r m for s e v e r a l r e l a t e d n o n - B a l u c h i t r i b e s r e s i d i n g in B a l u c h i s t a n and Sindh
joS
boiling, ebullience, rage,
to s u b s i d e , b e c o m e l e s s , l o w e r
warfare
j o s [k]ayog
to b e c o m e f u r i o u s ,
j o s doyog
to boil ( t r a n s i t i v e )
jos gyrog
to c o m e to a boil
joS konog
to boil (with r a g e ,
joS v o r o g
to boil ( i n t r a n s i t i v e )
joS z u r o g
to be o v e r c o m e by r a g e , b e c o m e f u r i o u s
enraged
fervour)
g o o d n e s s , n i c e n e s s , v i r t u e , good quality
jvani
nicely, pleasantly, courteously, well
po j v a n i jyrg9 k a m m - syal
t r i b a l council
korzog
to d e s e r v e , be w o r t h y of
I-I
less-prestiged,
lower
kostbazi
jealousy
koS
murder,
koS - w - k w S a r
murder-and-killing:
'^kwmokk
help,
bloodshed,
slaughter
assistance
L a s h a r i , a Baluchi tribe
laSari loDDog
killing
to r e c e i v e aid
kwmokk gyrog
mai
enthusiasm
I-I
to m o v e ( o n e ' s d o m i c i l e f r o m one p l a c e to another) M a d a m e , M i s s , M r s . ( t e r m of a d d r e s s or respect used before a woman's name)
453
mali
of p r o p e r t y , r e l a t i n g to p r o p e r t y ,
'"man
in, into to s t r i k e and p e n e t r a t e , h i t , a t t a c h , take place, befall
m a n [kjayog '"monzyl
t r i p , j o u r n e y , s t a g e of a j o u r n e y to t r a v e l , a c c o m p l i s h a j o u r n e y by s t a g e s
m o n z y l jonog moRadar
courageous
moTT
equivalent-revenge to take e q u i v a l e n t r e v e n g e
m o T T gyrog moyar
financial
d i s h o n o u r , b l e m i s h upon o n e ' s h o n o u r ; s u m p a i d in r e c o m p e n s e for a b l e m i s h upon s o m e o n e ' s honour
m o y a r doyog
to p a y c o m p e n s a t i o n for a b l e m i s h upon s o m e o n e ' s honour
m o y a r gyrog
to take c o m p e n s a t i o n for a b l e m i s h upon s o m e o n e ' s honour
memandar
host
memandari
hospitality
m e m a n d a r i konog
to p r a c t i c e h o s p i t a l i t y
mer-w-mabott
affection-and-love:
meR
i n t e r v e n t i o n in a d i s p u t e , r e c o n c i l i a t i o n a t t e m p t
romance
to i n t e r v e n e in a d i s p u t e
m e R konog mir
n o b l e , p e r s o n belonging to a c h i e f ' s f a m i l y
motobor
i n f l u e n t i a l - p e r son
mwgul
Mughal
mynnott
f a v o u r ; obligation; urging
entreaty,
supplication,
m y n n o t t kanag
to e n t r e a t , u r g e (as one u r g e s a g u e s t to p a r t a k e of f u r t h e r h o s p i t a l i t y )
mynnatt zurag
to be obliged t o , be u n d e r an o b l i g a t i o n to
my sal
example
nagwman
sudden, u n e x p e c t e d suddenly,
nagwmana
unexpectedly
no, not
'no
otherwise
na to
honour
nong
to s u p p o r t , fight in defence of s o m e o n e ' s honour
nong konag nongdar
m a n of h o n o u r ; h o n o u r a b l e
n o n g d a r buog
to b e , b e c o m e a m a n of h o n o u r ,
nezgar
poor, poor p e r s o n
nimon
excuse, alibi, pretext to m a k e an e x c u s e
nimon kanag nygadari
honourable
s u p e r v i s i o n , s u r v e i l l a n c e , c a r i n g for
n y g a d a r i buag
to be s u p e r v i s e d , be u n d e r s u r v e i l l a n c e , be c a r e d for
454
n y g a d a r i konag nymySta[g] nymySta[g]
to s u p e r v i s e , k e e p u n d e r s u r v e i l l a n c e , c a r e for writing
buag
to be w r i t t e n
nymySta[g] kanag panag
I-I
to w r i t e to' s a f e g u a r d , p r o t e c t ,
padasar
after-effect,
pallav
side (of s o m e t h i n g )
panjab
Panjab
parrag
I-I
pros
to fly off,
defend
consequence,
result
slip away
defeat p r o s dayag
to defeat
proS vorag
to be defeated
p w r r -gwSadi
talent, great capability
radkar
criminal,
ranjag
I-I
culprit
to h u r t , c a u s e s o r r o w ,
grieve
face (in c o m p o u n d s only)
ru
a c c o r d i n g to, in c o n n e c t i o n with
-ay rua rynd
Rind, a B a l u c h i t r i b e
ryvaj
code of t r i b a l law
sambog
I I
'"sangbandi
to c a r e for, n o u r i s h , p r o t e c t ( s o m e o n e e l s e ' s property) intermarriage, marital relations to e s t a b l i s h i n t e r m a r r i a g e (e. g. another tribe)
sangbandi dayag saddi
century
sonn
y e a r (when r e f e r r i n g to a date)
sott
daring
with
to d a r e
satt kanag
generous
saxi
to be g e n e r o u s
saxi buag sypadar
a r m y officer
Sam
supper;
Sapgir
night-attack
supper-time
to m a k e a n i g h t - a t t a c k
Sapgir janag
Sara[hJ
I s l a m i c r e l i g i o u s law;
'"Sarap
h o s p i t a l i t y , showing h o n o u r to show h o n o u r ,
Sarap dayag Swmar
Islamic religious court serve
n u m b e r ( a g g r e g a t e , tally)
Swmar buag
to be counted
Swmar kanag
to count, t a l l y
tarix
history;
tavan
loss;
date (calendrical)
c o m p e n s a t i o n for l o s s to t a k e c o m p e n s a t i o n for a l o s s
tavan gyrag
455
t a v a n konog
to l o s e (in b u s i n e s s , e t c . )
tavan rosag
to suffer a l o s s
tawrag
I-I
to h u r t , affect b a d l y
toDe [ky]
e v e n if,
twrk
Turk
twr s
fear
Topal
letter (epistle)
Tapal kanag
whether
to send a l e t t e r
va a m
n e v e r t h e l e s s , h o w e v e r , e v e n though
vajakar
hero, heroic
varys
heir,
vaddag
I-I
guardian
to g r o w ,
increase
vai
a g e (of a p e r s o n )
*voR
way, m e t h o d , kind
vaR-vaR vaSS-a[h]t
various kinds welcome
v a S S - a [ h ] t gwSag wgdadar "»»
to w e l c o m e responsible angry
zar zar gyrag zomanott zomanott kanag zordar
to get a n g r y surety to e x a c t s u r e t y strong, powerful,
forceful
to be s t r o n g , p o w e r f u l ,
z o r d a r buag
456
forceful
A blacksmith at work.
UNIT
19. 100.
NINETEEN
Basic Sentences.
ogo m o n d r o g b y b o s t e n w n , to a m o n i s o r a pott n o k w r t .
If I had lied, he would not have t r u s t e d m e
ogo t a w k a r k a n a g a b w b u t e n a y ; gwRa m a n t a r a daRko nadatwn.
If you had b e e n w o r k i n g , then I would not h a v e scolded you.
ogo a aS t a p - d y k k a b w S w T T y t e n , to m a n a y r a amrikaa bwrt kwrt.
If he had r i d [ h i m s e l f ] of t u b e r c u l o s i s , I could h a v e t a k e n h i m to A m e r i c a .
aga m a a m e ko[h]a b y p o T T y t e n a n , gwRa b a l k y napt b y d i s t e n a n .
If we had s e a r c h e d in t h e s e m o u n t a i n s , then p e r h a p s we m i g h t have found [lit. s e e n ] oil.
ogo Swma m a r a b w r w m a y y t e n y t , to m a e gal ow r y d b o n d a n o m a Dowla nymySto k w r t a n .
If you had i n s t r u c t e d u s , we would have w r i t t e n t h e s e w o r d s and s e n t e n c e s in that way.
oga a v a n i m w l k a s o [ h ] r , Sandi, ow jalySk d a r gejag m a b u t e n a n t , gwRa a ynka b u d n a k nabutant.
If gold, s i l v e r , and [ n a t u r a l ] g a s hajd not b e e n d i s c o v e r e d in t h e i r c o u n t r y , then they would not have b e e n so p r o s p e r o u s .
ogo m o n p o R i mwSS k a n a g a m a b u t e n w n , to [h]or r o S toi s a l a m a katk.
If I had not b e e n c o l l e c t i n g m o n e y [ d o n a t i o n s j , I would have c o m e to g r e e t you [lit. in y o u r g r e e t i n g j e v e r y day.
ogo o m m o y Donni v o z i r o y [hjobor d r o g ant, to b a y d ynt a v a n i Donni v o z i r eSi j a v a b bydaten.
If the w o r d s of our F o r e i g n M i n i s t e r a r e l i e s , then t h e i r F o r e i g n M i n i s t e r ought to have a n s w e r e d h i m .
b a y d ynt ky [h]aji e d r a j e s o p o r a v a t i ka[hjola mbbwrtenont.
The p i l g r i m s ought not to have t a k e n t h e i r f a m i l i e s on t h i s long t r i p .
o r m a n ky m o n omoda bwbutenwn!
If only I had b e e n t h e r e !
o r m a n ky tow voti r a [ h ] b a n d a b a d a l mokwrtenoy!
If only you had not c h a n g e d y o u r p r i n c i p l e s !
ogo m o n i k y r d a r bod b w b u t e n o n t , gwRa m o n a so[h]en b y d a t e n o y , v a l e taw pa [h]apokani gwStyna m o n a so[h]en d a t .
If m y a c t i o n s had b e e n b a d , then you should have d i v o r c e d m e , but you d i v o r c e d m e on the s t a t e m e n t s [lit. s a y i n g s ] of [ y o u r ] c o wives.
19. 101.
The " p a s t s u b j u n c t i v e " f o r m of the v e r b c o n s i s t s of the p r e f i x / b y / - / b w / - / b /
(see S e c . 9. 101) + the p a s t s t e m of the v e r b + a suffix / e n / + the p e r s o n a l e n d i n g s . for the o c c u r r e n c e of / b y / , / b w / , and / b / a r e a s given above in S e c . 9. 101. paradigm is:
459
Rules
A sample
l s t sg.
bwSwtenwn
[I] would h a v e gone
2nd sg.
bwSwtenoy
[you sg. ] would h a v e gone
3 r d sg.
bwSwten
[ h e , s h e , it] would h a v e gone
l s t pl.
bwSwtenon
[we] would h a v e gone
2nd pl.
bwSwtenyt
[ y o u P ^ ] would h a v e gone
3 r d pl.
bwSwtenont
[ t n e y ] would h a v e gone
All f o r m s a r e r e g u l a r (i. e.
p r e d i c t a b l e f r o m the above s t a t e m e n t s ) with t h e e x c e p t i o n
of one o p t i o n a l v a r i a n t : / b ^ b a r t e n / [he, s h e , it] would have t a k e n a w a y . [The p a s t s t e m of / b o r a g / "to t a k e , t a k e a w a y " is t r e a t e d a s though it w e r e * / b a r t / i n s t e a d of / b w r t / j the e x p e c t e d f o r m , / b w b w r t e n / , i s a l s o found. ] N e g a t i v e f o r m s of t h i s p a r a d i g m c o n s i s t of the p r e f i x / m o / - / m o / - / m o y / - / m / ( s e e S e c . 9. 201) + the a f f i r m a t i v e p a r a d i g m . /moSwtenwn/ /maSwStenay/ /mapwtrytenyt/
E . g.
[i] would not have gone [you sg. ] would not have w a s h e d [you pl. ] would not h a v e e n t e r e d
The p a s t subjunctive d e n o t e s an u n r e a l i s e a b l e or " c o n t r a r y - t o - f a c t " s t a t e .
It o c c u r s
a s follows: (1)
It i s found in the " i f ' - c l a u s e of a c o n d i t i o n a l s e n t e n c e ;
the " t h e n " - c l a u s e u s u a l l y
c o n t a i n s a s i m p l e p a s t t e n s e v e r b ( r e n d e r e d a l s o a s a p a s t c o n d i t i o n a l v e r b in English'. ), but m a y have a p a s t p e r f e c t o r p a s t subjunctive f o r m . CONDITIONAL CLAUSE
R E S U L T CLAUSE
/ a g a / P a s t Subjunctive
/ t o / or / g w R a / P a s t
P a t t e r n s include:
"
"
"
"
"
"
Past Perfect
"
"
"
"
"
"
P a s t Subjunctive
Examples: / o g o a m o n i [h]adda bya[h]ten, to m a n a y r a a m e gappa gwSt. / If he had c o m e to m y p l a c e , I would have told h i m t h i s m a t t e r . [The " s h o r t f o r m " of the s i m p l e p a s t t e n s e (Sec. 15. 801) is often e m p l o y e d in the " t h e n " - c l a u s e of t h i s p a t t e r n . ] / o g a m a n oda bwSwtenwn, gwRa tow m o n a jotoy. / If I had gone t h e r e , then you would have b e a t e n m e . [ / t o / and / g w R a / h a v e the s a m e c o n n o t a t i o n s a s w e r e d e s c r i b e d in S e c . 11. 101. ] / o g o ome k a r g y r m o y a t k e n o n t , to m o n i gvostoge Sar saloy k a r n o [ h ] o l l y t a g a t . / If t h e s e w o r k e r s had not c o m e , m y w o r k for the p a s t four y e a r s [lit. m y p a s t four y e a r ' s w o r k ] would not have b e e n f i n i s h e d . / o g a m o n oda bwSwtenwn, gwRa tow om bya[h]tenoy. / If I had gone t h e r e , then you should have c o m e a l s o . [The u s e of the p a s t s u b j u n c t i v e in the " t h e n " - c l a u s e i n d i c a t e s an u n r e a l i s e d p a s t o b l i g a t i o n o r c o n d i t i o n . ] / o g o a m o n i [h]odda bya[h]ten, gwRa a y r a ome gappa b w g w S t e n w n ? / If he had c o m e to m y p l a c e , then should I have told h i m t h i s m a t t e r ? (2)
T h e p a s t subjunctive a l s o o c c u r s in c l a u s e s c o n t a i n i n g a w o r d or p h r a s e d e n o t i n g h o p e , p o s s i b i l i t y , opinion, n e c e s s i t y , e t c . 9.601.
E.g.
460
See S e e s . 9 . 3 0 1 , 9 . 4 0 1 , 9 . 5 0 1 , and
/ a g a a m a n i [h]adda b y a [ h ] t e n , gwRa b a y d ynt a y r a bwgwStenwn. / had c o m e to m y p l a c e , then I ought to h a v e told h i m . / a balky byrastenant. /
P e r h a p s they would have a r r i v e d .
/ t o w bayd ynt e d a r a mwSS b w k w r t e n a y . / these sticks. / o r m a n ky m o n bygyptenwnyS! /
You ought to h a v e c o l l e c t e d
Would that I had bought it!
/ o m e t ot, ky a padi b y a t k e n , v a l e a naya[h]t. / c o m e b a c k , but he did not c o m e .
19. 102.
If he
It w a s hoped that he would
/ d r o g / " l i e , f a l s e h o o d " o c c u r s in c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s with / b a n d a g /
"to t i e , b i n d " and / b w r r o g / "to cut. " The f o r m e r signifies "to t e l l a (harmful) lie ( a g a i n s t someone)";
the l a t t e r m e a n s only "to lie h a b i t u a l l y , m a k e up s t o r i e s . " / d r o g / is a l s o
o c c a s i o n a l l y found a s an a d j e c t i v e denoting " f a l s e , lying. " E. g. / a m o n i s a r a d r o g e b a s t a g a t . / He had lied about m e . [I. e. He told a falsehood which w a s intended to do m e d e l i b e r a t e h a r m . ] / a b a z d r o g b w r r i t . / He t e l l s m a n y l i e s . [I. e. He m a k e s up h a r m l e s s s t o r i e s , p e r h a p s intended only a s a way of a g g r a n d i s i n g h i m s e l f . J / a i d r o g e gapp ant. /
19. 103.
His a r e lying w o r d s .
/ p o t t / " t r u s t , c o n f i d e n c e " is found in c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s with / k a n a g /
"to d o , m a k e " and / b u a g / "to b e , b e c o m e . " If the object t r u s t e d is a p e r s o n , he or she is u s u a l l y m a r k e d by / - a y s a r a / "on, on top of"; (e. g.
if it is an i n a n i m a t e object which is t r u s t e d
s o m e o n e ' s p r o m i s e ) , it is t r e a t e d a s a d i r e c t object. / t a w ai s a r a patt mokon! /
Do not t r u s t him [lit.
/ m a n a a i s a r a patt n e s t . / t h e r e is no t r u s t . J
I do not t r u s t h i m .
/ s w m a m a n i [ h j a b a r a patt k w r t kanyt. /
19. 104.
E. g. upon h i m j !
[Lit.
To m e upon h i m
You can t r u s t m y w o r d .
/ g a l / d e n o t e s " w o r d " in the s e n s e of " v o c a b l e . " It is s o m e t i m e s found in the
s e n s e of " w o r d s , s t a t e m e n t , t a l k , " h o w e v e r , o v e r l a p p i n g the s e m a n t i c r a n g e of / [ h j o b o r / " w o r d , m a t t e r , n e w s , t a l k , thing. " E. g. / a S a y r a y gal So a s o y Dawla soSont. / fire. / a go m o n ome gala gwSt. / / m o n i gala wskyn! /
19.105.
The w o r d s of that poet b u r n like
He told t h i s w o r d to [lit.
with] m e .
L i s t e n to m y w o r d [ s ] !
/ p o R i / s i g n i f i e s " c o n t r i b u t i o n , d o n a t i o n " and in m o d e r n l i t e r a r y B a l u c h i ,
" s u b s c r i p t i o n (to a j o u r n a l , n e w s p a p e r ) . " E. g. / t o w go m o n e d a v a a poRi p w r r kon! / S h a r e e x p e n s e s [lit. c o n t r i b u t i o n ] with m e in t h i s l a w s u i t ! / e [hjaltakay y a k k m a [ h ] o y poRi Synkas ynt. / s u b s c r i p t i o n to [lit. of] t h i s n e w s p a p e r ?
461
fill the
How m u c h is one m o n t h ' s
19. 106.
/ s a l a m / " g r e e t i n g , f e l i c i t a t i o n s " h a s b e e n s e e n in the A r a b i c p h r a s e / s o l a m
a l e k w m / " h e l l o , g r e e t i n g s ! " / s a l a m / o c c u r s a s an i n d e p e n d e n t noun and a l s o in a n u m b e r of c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s .
E. g.
/ a y r a m a n i s a l a m a bwgws! / hello! ] / m o n ayra solam kwrtwn. /
T e l l h i m h e l l o for m e !
19. 107. family;
Tell him my
I greeted him.
/ a por taw s a l a m d e m d a t a . / / a m o n a s o l a m e dat. /
[Lit.
He h a s sent [ h i s ] g r e e t i n g to [lit.
for] you.
He gave m e a g r e e t i n g .
/ [ h j o p o k / is the k i n s h i p t e r m u s e d by one wife to a n o t h e r in a p o l y g y n o u s
"co-wife. "
19. 108.
/ g w S t y n / " s a y i n g , what is s a i d " is an e x a m p l e of a s p e c i a l a b s t r a c t or
d e n o m i n a t i v e noun. + a suffix / y n / .
It c o n s i s t s of the p a s t s t e m of a v e r b ( s o m e t i m e s with m i n o r m o d i f i c a t i o n s
Not a l l v e r b s m a y o c c u r in t h i s f o r m a t i o n , and, except for c e r t a i n c o m m o n
f o r m s , it i s r a t h e r l i t e r a r y and infrequent in R a k h s h a n i B a l u c h i .
The only o t h e r e x a m p l e
i n t r o d u c e d t h u s far is / v a r d y n / "food, e d i b l e s " (the e x p e c t e d f o r m , ' " / v a r t y n / , d o e s not occur).
A few e x a m p l e s of t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n will suffice: / a i gwStyna goS m b d a r ! /
Do not l i s t e n to what he s a y s [lit.
/ t a i gwStynay r u a , m a oda Swtan. / s a y i n g j , we went t h e r e . / a v a n i v a r d y n a y Sona bykanytl. / eatingj! / m a e v a r d y n a b a r kanan. /
his sayingj!
A c c o r d i n g to what you said [lit.
your
Make a r r a n g e m e n t for t h e i r food [lit.
We will s h a r e t h i s food.
/ a i kwStyn g r a n ynt. / Killing h i m [lit. " k i l l i n g " h a s not b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . ] / a m a y kwStyna pa syla z u r o n t . / our k i l l i n g j .
h i s killingj i s difficult.
[/kwStyn/
They take up a r m s to kill u s [lit.
for
/ a z a t i a y gyptyn pa m y n n a t t a nabit. / The obtaining of f r e e d o m is not done [lit. d o e s not b e c o m e ] by begging [ e n t r e a t y ] , [ / g y p t y n / " s e i z i n g , taking, b u y i n g " h a s not b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . ] / m a y gyptynay vaba bySamoS! / our c a p t u r e ] !
19. 200.
F o r g e t the d r e a m of c a p t u r i n g u s [lit.
of
Basic Sentences
oga m a n kili b w k w r t e n a t w n , gwRa m a n pa a s a n i gvazia kaTTytagatwn.
If I had c h e a t e d , then I would have won the g a m e e a s i l y [lit. for e a s e ] .
oga taw d a r i S a g a paS b w k w r t e n a t a y , gwRa s o r r e gvate tahayS katk.
If you had opened the window, then a nice b r e e z e would have c o m e i n s i d e [it].
oga m a g o k w r t a n a m y d a D e r b w k w r t e n o t o n , to a v a t i l a r i a Do[h]ytyS.
If we had piled the s u l p h u r r i g h t h e r e , he would have c a r r i e d it a w a y in h i s t r u c k .
462
aga Swma [ h j a m s a l a b w b u t e n a t y t , gwRa b a d i g a jat k w r t a g a t y t .
If you had b e e n u n i t e d , then you could h a v e b e a t e n the e n e m i e s .
aga d r w s t e k a w m a m n a y Dollay k w m a k k a r m a b u t e n a t a n t , to e s i a aw p a r a n g y s t a n a y tokswr dur nabutant.
If the whole n a t i o n had not a i d e d the P e a c e C o m m i s s i o n [lit. g r o u p of the p e a c e j , the t e n s i o n s b e t w e e n [lit. of] A s i a and E u r o p e would not have b e e n r e m o v e d [lit. did not become farj.
ogo m a n dyga y a k k e a m a p w r s y t e n a t w n , to a n o n a e sowdaa r e p y t .
If I had not a s k e d a n o t h e r [ p e r s o n ] , he would have c h e a t e d m e in t h i s t r a n s a c t i o n .
aga taw y s l a m a y b a r o v a Sie b w a n t e n a t a y , gwRa j v a n e gwStanke d a t a g a t a y .
If you had r e a d s o m e t h i n g about I s l a m , you would have given a good l e c t u r e .
ogo k a n u d s a z m a r a g a m w l k a y kanuday bwngej y s l a m i r a [ h ] b a n d a [hjer b w k w r t e n a t , gwRa b a z j v a n but.
If the l a w m a k i n g c o u n c i l had laid the foundation of the law of the c o u n t r y on I s l a m i c p r i n c i p l e s , [it] would have b e e n good.
oga a e j a n g a m a r a m a d r w [ h ] y t e n a t a n t , to m a janga kaTTyt.
If they had not b e t r a y e d u s in t h i s w a r , we would have won the w a r .
ogo m a n y a k k v a l e pwSS b y g y p t e n a t w n , to a po m a n i k w r a n a z e b a e j a l l e dotk.
If I had bought a y a r d of cloth, she would h a v e sewn a p r e t t y c a s e for m y Q u r a n .
aga k a z i aS a v a m o l a m m b v a r t e n o t , to a v a n i e d a v a pok ot.
If the Qazi ( I s l a m i c judge) had not t a k e n [lit. e a t e n ] a b r i b e f r o m t h e m , t h i s l a w s u i t of t h e i r s would have b e e n u s e l e s s .
aga a y n g l y s t a n a m a S w t e n a t , to e v a r i m a n gon a i [hjojja Swtagatwn.
If he had not gone to E n g l a n d , I would have gone on the Hajj ( I s l a m i c p i l g r i m a g e ) with him this time.
aga m a y [ h j w n a r k a r a n a[h]yn aw s w r w p d a s t b y k a p t e n a t , to D o w l - D o w l e Si joR k a n a g butant.
If our a r t i s a n s had obtained i r o n and l e a d [lit. to our a r t i s a n s i r o n and lead had fallen [inj the h a n d j , v a r i o u s k i n d s of t h i n g s would have b e e n m a d e .
aga p a k y s t a n a m n a m a p a l l y t e n a t , to g v a s t a g e [hjazda s a l a n i b u d n a k i [hjySS b a r n a b u t a g a t .
If P a k i s t a n had not s u p p o r t e d p e a c e , the p r o g r e s s of the p a s t e i g h t e e n y e a r s would n e v e r have t a k e n p l a c e [lit. b e c o m e ] .
ogo tow Sort m a j a t e n a t a y , gwRa balky e Dawl bad[h]al mabutenatay.
If you had not b e t , then p e r h a p s you would not have b e e n so w r e t c h e d .
19. 2 0 1 .
The " p a s t p e r f e c t s u b j u n c t i v e " f o r m of the v e r b is p a t t e r n e d e x a c t l y like the
p a s t s u b j u n c t i v e p a r a d i g m given in S e c . 19. 101, except that / o t / o c c u r s a f t e r the / e n / suffix b e f o r e the p e r s o n a l e n d i n g s .
A sample paradigm is:
l s t sg.
bwSwtenatwn
[I] would have gone
2nd sg.
bwSwtenatay
[you sg. ] would have gone
3 r d sg.
bwSwtenot
[he, s h e , it] would have gone
l s t pl.
bwSwtenatan
[we] would h a v e gone
463
2nd pl.
bwSwtenotyt
[you pl. ] would h a v e gone
3 r d pl.
bwSwtenatant
[they] would h a v e gone
A g a i n , the only u n p r e d i c t a b l e f o r m is that of / b a r a g / "to t a k e , t a k e a w a y " : / b y b a r t e n a t / and / b w b w r t e n a t / a r e found.
both
See Sec. 19. 101.
N e g a t i v e f o r m s of t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e c o m p o s e d of the p r e f i x / m o / - / m o / - / m a y / - / m / + the a f f i r m a t i v e p a r a d i g m .
See Sec. 19. 101.
/maswtenatwn/ /maSwStenatay/ /mapwtrytenatyt/
E.g.
[I] would not have gone [you sg. ] would not have w a s h e d [you pl. ] would not have e n t e r e d
The p a s t p e r f e c t subjunctive d e n o t e s an u n r e a l i s e a b l e or " c o n t r a r y - t o - f a c t " condition or s t a t e in the far p a s t . reference.
It differs f r o m the p a s t subjunctive t h u s only in its t e m p o r a l
T h i s d i f f e r e n c e is difficult to indicate in t r a n s l a t i o n :
both / b w S w t e n w n / and
/ b w S w t e n a t w n / , for e x a m p l e , m u s t be r e n d e r e d "[i] would have gone. " The p r o p e r t e m p o r a l r e f e r e n c e of t h e s e two f o r m s could only be indicated by t r a n s l a t i n g the f i r s t f o r m a s "[i] would have g o n e " and the l a t t e r a s "[I] would had gone, " but the l a t t e r is not u s e d in E n g l i s h . The p a s t p e r f e c t subjunctive o c c u r s a s follows: (1)
It is found in the " i f ' - c l a u s e of a c o n d i t i o n a l s e n t e n c e ;
the " t h e n " - c l a u s e u s u a l l y
c o n t a i n s a p a s t p e r f e c t t e n s e v e r b , but m a y a l s o have a s i m p l e p a s t t e n s e or p a s t p e r f e c t subjunctive f o r m .
P a t t e r n s include:
CONDITIONAL CLAUSE
R E S U L T CLAUSE
/ a g a / P a s t P e r f e c t Subjunctive
/ t o / or / g w R a / P a s t P e r f e c t
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
p ^
g£
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
P a s t P e r f e c t Subjunctive
E x a m p l e s: / a g a a m a n i [hjadda b y a [ h ] t e n a t , to m a n a y r a a m e gappa gwStagatwn. / If he had c o m e to m y p l a c e , I would have told h i m t h i s m a t t e r . [A p a s t t e n s e f o r m is s u b s t i t u t a b l e for / g w S t a g a t w n / , d e p e n d i n g upon the t e m p o r a l r e l a t i o n of t h i s s e n t e n c e to o t h e r u t t e r a n c e s in the c o n t e x t . J / a g a m a n oda bwSwtenatwn, gwRa taw m a n a j a t a g a t a y . / If I had gone t h e r e , you would have b e a t e n m e . [Both the condition and the u n r e a l i s e d r e s u l t r e l a t e to the d i s t a n t p a s t . ] / o g a m a n oda bwSwtenatwn, gwRa taw am b y a [ h j t e n a t a y . / If I had gone t h e r e , then you should have c o m e a l s o . [ C o m p a r e the fourth e x a m p l e in Sec. 19. 101 (1). ] (2)
The p a s t p e r f e c t subjunctive is a l s o found in c l a u s e s c o n t a i n i n g a w o r d or p h r a s e denoting hope, p o s s i b i l i t y , e t c .
See Sec. 19. 101 (2).
/ a bayd ynt b w S w s t e n a t e . / / a balky b y k a p t e n a t a n t . /
He ought to have w a s h e d it. P e r h a p s they m i g h t have fallen,
/ a r m a n ky m a oda bwbutenotan! /
19. 202.
E.g.
Would that we had b e e n t h e r e !
/ k i l i / d e n o t e s " c h e a t i n g , " a s in a g a m e ;
it o c c u r s in c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s
with / k a n a g / "to do, m a k e " and / b u a g / "to b e , b e c o m e . " / r e p a g / I-I, on the o t h e r hand,
464
s i g n i f i e s "to c h e a t , befool, " and / d r w [ h ] a g / I - I d e n o t e s "to b e t r a y . " E. g. / a [hjor k a s s a r e p i t , aw z a r r a n y S pwlit. / [lit. s n a t c h e s ] t h e i r m o n e y .
He c h e a t s e v e r y b o d y and t a k e s
/ a [h]or k a s s a go kili kont. / He c h e a t s e v e r y o n e . is m a r k e d by / g o n / - / g o / "with. "]
[The p e r s o n c h e a t e d
/ a p y R a y n y a m a m a r a d r w [ h ] y t a n t , aw t a n i a y s t a n t . / in the m i d s t of the b a t t l e f i e l d and left [us] a l o n e .
19. 2 0 3 .
/ D e r / denotes "(large) pile, heap";
They b e t r a y e d u s
it is found in c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s
with / k a n a g / "to d o , m a k e , " / b u a g / "to b e , b e c o m e , " and / j o n o g /
"to b e a t , shoot. "
/Der/
c o n t r a s t s w i t h / k o t / " ( s m a l l ) p i l e , h e a p , " s e e n in the c o m p o u n d / [ h j a k o t / " e a r t h - p i l e " (Sec. 14. 200 (25)).
E. g. / a drwst gallagan amyda Der kwrt. /
He piled a l l the w h e a t r i g h t h e r e .
/ m a b u S a n i m a z a n e D e r e j a t a n . / We m a d e a big pile of b u s h e s . [/Der j a n a g / h a s the s e n s e of "to cut and p i l e , " a s hay, t r e e b r a n c h e s , e t c . J / m a p a s a y goSta kot kot k w r t o n , aw [hjar k a s s yakk kote z w r t . / We piled the m e a t of the s h e e p in [ v a r i o u s j p i l e s , and e a c h p e r s o n took a p i l e .
19. 204.
/ D o [ h ] o g / I-I signifies "to c a r r y off" in an a r m l o a d , in a v e h i c l e , e t c .
It
t h u s c o n t r a s t s with / b a r a g / "to t a k e , take away, " which s o m e t i m e s is a l s o t r a n s l a t a b l e a s "to c a r r y a w a y . " E. g. / m a p a l e z o y kuTyga Do[hJan. / We will c a r r y away the w a t e r - m e l o n s of the m e l o n - f i e l d . [We will c a r r y t h e m off in our a r m s , in a v e h i c l e , e t c . , p e r h a p s m a k i n g m a n y t r i p s , / b a r a n / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e but d e n o t e s only "[wej will take a w a y . "] / m a a m e [hjakan w S t y r a n i s a r a Do[hjyton. / We c a r r i e d off t h i s d i r t on the c a m e l s . [I. e. loaded into p a n n i e r s on c a m e l - b a c k . J
19. 205.
/ m o r a g a / d e n o t e s " c o u n c i l (of w a r , of c h i e f t a i n s , e t c . ). " It t h u s d i f f e r s
from
/ m e R o v / " a s s e m b l y ; p a r l i a m e n t , " which r e f e r s to a m u c h l a r g e r body, and f r o m / D a l l / , which signifies a small, possibly fortuitous group.
In m o d e r n l i t e r a r y B a l u c h i ,
is e m p l o y e d for " c o u n c i l , " " c o m m i t t e e , " " c o m m i s s i o n , " e t c .
/moraga/
Since s o m e w r i t e r s a l s o
u s e / D o l l / in s o m e of t h e s e s e n s e s t h e s e two w o r d s m a y o v e r l a p .
See a l s o S e c . 18. 600 (9).
E.g. / a moroSi m o r a g a kanant. / They a r e holding a c o u n c i l today, k a n a g / "to hold a c o u n c i l . "]
[/moraga
/ s o r d a r a n i yakk D a l l a y m o r a g a buaga ynt. / A c o u n c i l of one g r o u p of c h i e f s is b e i n g held, [ / m o r a g a b u a g / is the i n t r a n s i t i v e f o r m . Compare: ] / s o r d a r a n i b a z D a l l a n i m e R o v buoga ynt. / of c h i e f t a i n s is being held.
19. 206. Baluchi term;
An a s s e m b l y of m a n y g r o u p s
/ v a i / and / g a z z / both d e n o t e " y a r d ( m e a s u r e m e n t ) . " The f o r m e r is an o l d e r the l a t t e r i s a l o a n w o r d f r o m U r d u .
Since units of m e a s u r e m e n t and t h e i r
n a m e s differ s o m e w h a t f r o m r e g i o n to r e g i o n in B a l u c h i s t a n - - and a l s o s i n c e the student
465
is m o r e l i k e l y to e n c o u n t e r t e r m s b o r r o w e d f r o m o t h e r l a n g u a g e s in u r b a n a r e a s - - t h e s e n a t i v e B a l u c h i f o r m s have b e e n u s e d only s p a r i n g l y in t h i s book. i t e m s m a y be u s e f u l for r e f e r e n c e , (1)
three inches
/gySyrr/
six to eight i n c h e s
/[hjoryss
cubit.-
/vai/
pace:
/gyjem/
one and a half feet
y a r d (used in m e a s u r i n g d i s t a n c e )
/ko[h]/
mile.
/manzyl/
[Eastern Baluchi / b a v y s k / . ]
stage:
approx. twenty-four miles
Units of weight: /lapp/
five o u n c e s
/Sank/
ten o u n c e s
/yogmon/
twenty o u n c e s
/kasa[gj/
five pounds
/gvala[g]/
two h u n d r e d and eight pounds
/[hjarvar/
a p p r o x . eight h u n d r e d pounds
Units of time./dam/
second
/Sylym/
approx. eighteen seconds
/katra[g]/
approx. three minutes
/sa[h]att/
hour
/pas/
three hours
/bel/
twelve h o u r s
/Sabanafg]/ (4)
e i g h t e e n to t w e n t y - t w o i n c h e s
y a r d (used in m e a s u r i n g cloth)
/gam/
(3)
however:
Units of length and d i s t a n c e : /lwnka[g]/
(2)
A few of the m o r e c o m m o n
twenty-four hours
Units of depth: /gvanz/
19. 207.
fathom:
six feet
/ d a s t k a p a g / signifies "to obtain ( a c c i d e n t a l l y ) . " / r o s o g / "to a r r i v e ,
get, be a v a i l a b l e " l a c k s t h i s f o r t u i t o u s connotation.
reach,
E.g.
/ m a n a yakk jvane kytabe d a s t kapt. / I obtained a good book. [I. e. a c c i d e n t a l l y : it "fell [into] m y h a n d s . " Note that the thing a c q u i r e d is the g r a m m a t i c a l subject of the c o n s t r u c t i o n , while the p e r s o n a c q u i r i n g is t r e a t e d a s a d i r e c t object. C o m p a r e : ] / m a n a yakk jvane kytabe r a s t . / I r e c e i v e d [ o b t a i n e d ] a good book. is no connotation of f o r t u i t o u s n e s s in t h i s e x a m p l e . ]
[There
/ a m a dwzz m a n i d a s t a b y k a p i t , to S a r r j a n i n e . / [if] that thief falls into m y h a n d s , I will b e a t h i m w e l l . [ T h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n is an a l t e r n a t i v e to that s e e n in the f i r s t e x a m p l e a b o v e . ]
466
19. 208. / s a r t / m e a n s both "bet (in a g a m b l i n g g a m e , r a c e , e t c . )" and " c o n d i t i o n , s t i p u l a t i o n . " E. g. / m a n S a r t j a n i n , ky e b a z i m a g v a z i a k o T T o n . / I bet that t h i s t i m e we w i l l win the g a m e , [ / s a r t j a n a g / "to b e t . "] / a S a r t jant, ky a a s p b a r t . / He b e t s that that h o r s e will win. [ / b a r a g / "to t a k e , t a k e a w a y " is e m p l o y e d i d i o m a t i c a l l y for "to win (a r a c e , e t c . ). "] / m a n i awli S a r t eS ynt, ky a go m a sangbondi b y k a n a n t . / My f i r s t c o n d i t i o n is t h i s , that they should i n t e r m a r r y with u s .
19. 300.
Basic Sentences
m o n voti r i S a n a i a y dwkkana t r a S e n t w n .
I had m y b e a r d t r i m m e d at the b a r b e r shop,
Se, tow m e m a n a s o r d a r o y m e m a n x a n a a vapenay?
Will you have the g u e s t s s l e e p in the c h i e f ' s gue s t h o u s e ?
o m m o y kwSokk [ h ] o p t a r a S o p p - w - r a s t taSenoga ynt.
Our dog is c h a s i n g the hyena in a l l d i r e c t i o n s [lit. left-and-rightj.
m a oidoy r o S a b a z pa d a m - d a m a g v a z e n t o n .
We spent the day of Id (an I s l a m i c festival] with m u c h c e l e b r a t i o n .
Swma v o t i g v o r o g a n a i k w r d a g a S a r e n t k w r t konyt.
You c a n g r a z e y o u r l a m b s in h i s plot,
b o l o S a n i s o r d a r dinoy j e R o a n i s o r a , baloSa gon o r o b a m e R e n t o n t .
The B a l u c h i chiefs c a u s e d the B a l u c h i s to fight with the A r a b s o v e r r e l i g i o u s d i s p u t e s
m o n toi p y s s a voti pa[h]nada nadentwn.
I had y o u r father sit b e s i d e m e
taw e p i r e n a nyndaren!
Seat that old [ p e r s o n ] ! in sitting down! ]
o m e d a i m o n a So k o s a n i a r o d e n t a .
T h i s n u r s e h a s b r o u g h t m e up [lit. m a d e m e g r o w ] f r o m childhood [lit. l i t t l e n e s s ] .
vontkarioy voziroy pormanoy rua, ma o n g r e z i k a g a d a m o n w r d u zwbana t o r r e n o n .
A c c o r d i n g to the c o m m a n d of the M i n i s t e r of E d u c a t i o n , we will t r a n s l a t e [lit. c a u s e to t u r n ] the E n g l i s h d o c u m e n t s into the Urdu l a n g u a g e .
Swma vati karkwna m a r e p e n y t !
Do not let [lit. cheated!
a SoSSia m a n i r a n d a k a p t a n t , v a l e m a n a rosent kwrt nakwrtant.
T h e y p u r s u e d [lit. fell b e h i n d ] m e in a [ g r o u p of] six, but they could not o v e r t a k e me.
m o n a i z a [ h ] g a n i r o d e n o g ow v a n e n o g o y wgdoa nbzurin.
I will not t a k e on the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of b r i n g i n g up and e d u c a t i n g h i s c h i l d r e n ,
467
[I. e.
Assist him
c a u s e ] y o u r w o r k e r s to be
t a w v a t i gvanDoa n o m e S e n t a y , p a m e S a g r e v a g a ynt.
You did not s u c k l e y o u r b a b y ; it i s c r y i n g .
eSiaoy t o k s w r a giSenoga pa, m a y bwnja[h]a nyade bit.
T h e r e will be a m e e t i n g in o u r c a p i t a l in o r d e r to s e t t l e the t e n s i o n s of A s i a .
m a noke s y a s i gole T a [ h ] e n t a n , aw a i k a r - w k a r p a d a giSentan.
We f o r m e d a new p o l i t i c a l p a r t y and laid out i t s a i m s and o b j e c t s .
Se, Swma v a t i pwSSa b a d l e n a g l o T y t ?
Do you want to c h a n g e y o u r c l o t h e s ?
ome sorgol m a r a azate kowmani ryda oStarentant.
T h e s e l e a d e r s c a u s e d u s to s t a n d in the r a n k s [lit. l i n e ] of f r e e n a t i o n s .
m a n pa v a t i [ h j a r o s a s o r r e pwSSa g v a p e n a g a ow doSenoga butagwn.
I have b e e n c a u s i n g fine c l o t h e s to be woven and sewn for m y w e d d i n g .
t u p a n [h]ajiani a p i - j a z a bwDDent.
The s t o r m sank the p i l g r i m s ' s h i p .
doSi k o T a r e D y o a m e r o t a k a y S o n k a r a y gwStanka singent.
L a s t night Quetta R a d i o b r o a d c a s t the s p e e c h of the e d i t o r of t h i s n e w s p a p e r .
e p y l p y l a n i bo m o n a [hJySSanent.
The odour of t h e s e p e p p e r s m a d e m e s n e e z e ,
m a vat aSkay d i v a l a D a r e n t o n .
We o u r s e l v e s knocked down the w a l l on that side.
a m a r a voylea kapentont
They plunged [lit. a catastrophe.
swveloy m a [ h ] a , a m m a y pawj a v a n i l a S k a r a n i dema torrent.
In the m o n t h of S e p t e m b e r , our a r m y t u r n e d b a c k [lit. t u r n e d the face of] t h e i r a r m i e s .
a i kopogay T a p p padi z a [ h ] m e n t a .
The wound in h i s s h o u l d e r [lit. h i s s h o u l d e r ' s wound] h a s a g a i n b e c o m e w o r s e .
aga a m m a y l a S k a r b a d i g a n i s a r a t i r a m b g v a r e n t e n o t , to m a janga ba[h]entan.
If our a r m y had not c a u s e d b u l l e t s to r a i n upon the e n e m i e s , we would have l o s t the war.
19. 3 0 1 .
therefore
c a u s e d to fall] u s into
The " c a u s a t i v e " v e r b s t e m c o n s i s t s of a v e r b a l root (usually i d e n t i c a l with the
p r e s e n t s t e m of the s i m p l e x v e r b ) + a suffix / e n / .
T h i s / e n / is not to be confused with the
/ e n / suffix s e e n in the p a s t and p a s t p e r f e c t subjunctive p a r a d i g m s (Sees. 19. 101 and 19. 201) both of t h e s e suffixes can o c c u r in the s a m e v e r b f o r m (see the l a s t e x a m p l e in S e c . 19. 300). A s j u s t s t a t e d , the f o r m of the v e r b a l root which o c c u r s in the c a u s a t i v e s t e m is n o r m a l l y the s a m e a s the p r e s e n t s t e m of the s i m p l e x v e r b : / d o S e n o g / "to c a u s e to sew, to have s o m e t h i n g s e w n " ; / v a n e n o g / "to c a u s e to r e a d , to e d u c a t e , " e t c . predictable, however. (1)
e. g.
/ d o S o g / "to s e w " and
/ v a n a g / "to r e a d , s t u d y " and
A s m a l l n u m b e r of c a u s a t i v e s t e m s a r e not
These include:
A few v e r b s having a s h o r t vowel in the s i m p l e x s t e m d i s p l a y a c o r r e s p o n d i n g long vowel in the c a u s a t i v e f o r m .
See a l s o S e e s . 9. 503, 11. 902, 13. 403, and 13. 502.
468
V e r b s of t h i s type i n c l u d e : SIMPLEX VERB
CAUSATIVE VERB
/Sorog/
to g r a z e ( i n t r a n s i t i v e )
/Sarenog/
to g r a z e ( t r a n s i t i v e )
/Dorog/
to c o l l a p s e , fall down
/Darenog/ down
to c a u s e to c o l l a p s e , knock
/gvopog/
to w e a v e
/ g v a p e n a g / to c a u s e to w e a v e , to have s o m e t h i n g woven
/gvozag/
to p a s s , p a s s by
/gvazenog/
/kapag/
to fall,
/kapenag/
to c a u s e to fall
/mySog/
to s u c k l e ( i n t r a n s i t i v e )
/meSenog/
to s u c k l e ( t r a n s i t i v e )
/myRog/
tc fight
/meRenag/
to c a u s e to fight
/rwdag/
to g r o w ( i n t r a n s i t i v e )
/toSag/
to r u n
/Toag/
to a g r e e , fit,
/varag/ (2)
befall
to p a s s ( t r a n s i t i v e )
/ r o d e n o g / to c a u s e to g r o w , b r i n g up, nourish /taSenag/
suit
to c a u s e to r u n ,
chase
/ T a [ h j e n o g / or / T o [ h ] e n o g / to c a u s e to a g r e e , s e t t l e , fix, f o r m , e s t a b l i s h
to e a t , d r i n k
/varenog/
to feed, c a u s e to eat or d r i n k
V e r b a l r o o t s having two s i m p l e x s t e m s - - an i n t r a n s i t i v e one with a s h o r t vowel and a t r a n s i t i v e one with the c o r r e s p o n d i n g long vowel (see t h o s e S e c t i o n s l i s t e d u n d e r (1) a b o v e ) have the long vowel s t e m v a r i a n t in the c a u s a t i v e f o r m a t i o n .
Those
introduced include:
(3)
/ p r w S a g / to b r e a k ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) and / p r o S a g / to b r e a k (transitive)
/ p r o S e n a g / to c a u s e to b r e a k . '"/prwsenog/. ]
/ r y S a g / to spill ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) and / r e S a g / to p o u r out, spill (transitive)
/ r e S e n a g / to c a u s e to s p i l l , p o u r . "VrySenag/. ]
/ s w S a g / t o b u r n ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) and / s o S a g / to b u r n ( t r a n s i t i v e )
/soSenag/
/ t w s a g / to faint; to go out, be e x t i n g u i s h e d ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) and / t o s a g / to put out, e x t i n g u i s h
/ t o s e n o g / to c a u s e to go out, e x t i n g u i s h . [Not v / t w s e n o g / . ]
to c a u s e to b u r n .
[Not
[Not
[Not ''^/swSenag/. ]
S e t s exhibiting g r e a t e r u n p r e d i c t a b i l i t y a r e : /nyndog/
/ n a d e n o g / to c a u s e s o m e o n e to sit, s o m e o n e . [And a l s o : ]
to sit, s t a y , live
seat
/ n y n d a r e n a g / to s e a t s o m e o n e (by a s s i s t i n g h i m , with f o r c e , e t c . ) /[k]oStog/ /vaspag/
/[kjostarenog/
to stand
to c a u s e to stand
/ v a p e n a g / or / v o s p e n o g / put to s l e e p
to s l e e p
to c a u s e to s l e e p ,
W h e r e the s i m p l e x f o r m of a v e r b is i n t r a n s i t i v e , the c o r r e s p o n d i n g c a u s a t i v e f o r m usually e x p r e s s e s a transitive meaning:
e. g.
/ D o r a g / "to c o l l a p s e , fall d o w n " and
/ D a r e n o g / "to c a u s e to c o l l a p s e , knock down";
/ j i [ h ] a g / "to r u n a w a y , f l e e " and / j i [ h ] e n a g /
"to c a u s e to r u n a w a y , m a k e flee, d r i v e a w a y " ;
/ r w d a g / "to grow ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) " and
/ r o d e n o g / "to c a u s e to g r o w , b r i n g u p , n o u r i s h . "
469
When the s i m p l e x v e r b a l s t e m is t r a n s i t i v e , h o w e v e r , the c a u s a t i v e f o r m h a s a r e a l causative sense: m e d i a t e actor.-
the subject c a u s e s the a c t i o n of the v e r b t o ' b e p e r f o r m e d by s o m e i n t e r e. g.
/ g v o p o g / "to w e a v e " and / g v a p e n o g / "to c a u s e to w e a v e , to have
s o m e t h i n g woven by s o m e i n t e r m e d i a t e a c t o r " ;
/ s o S o g / "to b u r n ( t r a n s i t i v e ) " and / s o S e n a g /
"to c a u s e s o m e i n t e r m e d i a r y to b u r n s o m e t h i n g " ;
/ t r a S a g / "to cut, t r i m " and / t r a S e n o g /
"to c a u s e s o m e i n t e r m e d i a t e p e r s o n to cut or t r i m s o m e t h i n g . " A few c a u s a t i v e s t e m s have m e a n i n g s which a r e not d i r e c t l y p r e d i c t a b l e f r o m the s i m p l e x stem.-
e.g.
/ r o s o g / "to a r r i v e , r e a c h , get, be a v a i l a b l e " and / r o s e n o g / ,
which
i d i o m a t i c a l l y d e n o t e s "to o v e r t a k e , c a t c h up with. " Note a l s o the two unique c a u s a t i v e f o r m s of / n y n d o g / "to sit, stay, l i v e " given above u n d e r (3). Many s i m p l e x v e r b s t e m s have no c o r r e s p o n d i n g c a u s a t i v e f o r m : d i e " has no * / m y r e n a g / or * / "to c a u s e to g o " ; solely upon u s a g e ;
etc.
m e r e n a
g/
"to c a u s e to d i e " ;
e. g.
/myrog/
"to
/ r a v a g / "to g o " h a s no ' V r o v e n o g /
The o c c u r r e n c e or n o n o c c u r r e n c e of a given c a u s a t i v e s t e m d e p e n d s
no " r e a s o n " can be given.
Many s i m p l e x v e r b s having jio c a u s a t i v e
f o r m do have a c o r r e s p o n d i n g "double c a u s a t i v e " s t e m (Sec. 19. 401) - - and v i c e v e r s a . S o m e c a u s a t i v e s t e m s c o n s i s t of what a p p e a r s to be a s u b s t a n t i v e e l e m e n t + the / e n / suffix.
Such a s t e m m a y be s y n o n y m o u s with a c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n c o m p o s e d of the
s a m e s u b s t a n t i v e e l e m e n t + / d a y a g / "to g i v e " or / k a n a g / "to do, m a k e . " In s o m e c a s e s , the s u b s t a n t i v e e l e m e n t a l s o o c c u r s d i r e c t l y a s a s i m p l e x v e r b a l s t e m , and in o t h e r c a s e s it d o e s not.
E . g.
S I M P L E X VERB / b a d l a g / and / b a d a l b u a g / (intransitive)
CAUSATIVE VERB to change
/ j w R a g / and / j o R b u a g / to be m a d e , joined, a t t a c h e d , h e a l e d . [Note that no ' " / j o R a g / o c c u r s . ] / S i n g b u a g / to be s p r e a d out, move along leaving a t r a i l , be p u b l i s h e d . [While / S i n g a g / is p o s s i b l e , it is r a r e . ]
/ b a d l e n a g / and / b a d a l k a n a g / (transitive) / j o R e n a g / and / j o R k a n a g / build, c o n s t r u c t , h e a l
to c h a n g e
to m a k e ,
/ S i n g e n a g / and / S i n g k a n a g / to s p r e a d out, l e a v e a t r a i l while m o v i n g a l o n g , publish
T h e r e a r e a l s o s t e m s c o m p o s e d of a s u b s t a n t i v e e l e m e n t + the / e n / suffix which a r e NOT c a u s a t i v e and which have no s i m p l e x f o r m at a l l . intransitive.
T h e s e m a y be e i t h e r t r a n s i t i v e o r
Two such v e r b s a r e : / b a [ h ] e n o g / to l o s e (a g a m e , w a r , e t c . ). [ T h i s v e r b is t r a n s i t i v e . is no ''Yba[h]og/, '" / b a [ h ] b u a g / , or ''Yba[hj k a n a g / . ]
There
/ z a [ h ] m e n a g / to i n c r e a s e , grow w o r s e (wound). [ T h i s v e r b is i n t r a n s i t i v e . T h e r e is no ' , x / z a [ h ] m a g / , ''Vza[h]m b u a g / , or ''Yzafhjm k o n o g / . ] A s i d e f r o m t h e s e d e t a i l s of s t e m f o r m a t i o n and u s a g e , the c a u s a t i v e p a r a d i g m is p e r f e c t l y regular.-
a l l c a u s a t i v e p r e s e n t s t e m s belong to C l a s s I (Sec. 7. 101);
p a s t s t e m s belong to C l a s s II (Sec. 13. 401).
all causative
C a u s a t i v e s t e m s a r e found in a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n s
in which a s i m p l e x s t e m m a y o c c u r .
19. 302.
/ t r a S a g / I-I "to cut, t r i m " is e m p l o y e d for the c u t t i n g , p a r i n g , or whittling
470
a w a y of an o u t e r l a y e r (as b a r k f r o m a s t i c k ) , the t r i m m i n g of o n e ' s b e a r d , e t c .
It i s t h u s
different f r o m / b w r r o g / "to cut with a s l i c i n g m o t i o n , " e t c . , d i s c u s s e d in S e c . 11. 402. The c a u s a t i v e f o r m , / t r a S e n o g / , d e n o t e s "to c a u s e to be cut, t r i m m e d , h a v e cut, t r i m m e d . ' E.g. / m o n kosinSa t r a S i n . /
I will p a r e [i. e.
/ a pamman e dara traSyta. / s t i c k for m e .
cut off the r i n d s ] the p u m p k i n s .
He h a s p e e l e d [i. e.
cut off the b a r k ] t h i s
/ m a n v a t i r i s a n a t r a S i n , balky n a i a y dwkkana t r a S e n i n e . / I do not t r i m nay own b e a r d but r a t h e r get it t r i m m e d at the b a r b e r shop.
19. 3 0 3 .
T h e r e a r e two / a i d / f e s t i v a l s :
the f i r s t o c c u r s at the end of the m o n t h of
fasting ( R a m a z a n , the ninth m o n t h of the I s l a m i c l u n a r c a l e n d a r , c a l l e d / r o S o g / in B a l u c h i ) , and the s e c o n d to c o m m e m o r a t e the s a c r i f i c e of h i s son by the P r o p h e t A b r a h a m on the t e n t h of the m o n t h of D h u - 1 - H i j j a , the twelfth m o n t h of the I s l a m i c c a l e n d a r .
The f i r s t / a i d / is
c a l l e d / k o s a n e n a i d / " L i t t l e Id" and the second / m o z o n e n o i d / " G r e a t I d " in B a l u c h i .
19.304.
/ d o m - d a m / " c e l e b r a t i o n " signifies s o m e t h i n g l a r g e r and m o r e e l a b o r a t e than
d o e s / g a l / " r e j o i c i n g , h a p p i n e s s , c e l e b r a t i o n . " E. g. / a voti boSSa d i s t , ow baz gal k w r t . / greatly.
He saw h i s son and r e j o i c e d
/ m a v a t i s o r m o S a r a b a z pa gala vaSS-a[h]t gwStan. / We w e l c o m e d our b r a v e [ s o l d i e r s ] with m u c h r e j o i c i n g . [ C o m p a r e : ] / m a v a t i s a r m a S a r a b a z pa d a m - d a m a vaSS-a[h]t gwStan. / We w e l c o m e d our b r a v e [ s o l d i e r s ] with a g r e a t c e l e b r a t i o n [i. e. with m u s i c , f l o w e r s , e t c . e t c . ].
19. 305.
/ t o r r e n o g / d e n o t e s "to t u r n ( t r a n s i t i v e ) " ;
a s "to s t i r (a l i q u i d ) " and "to t r a n s l a t e " a r e p r o d u c e d .
f r o m t h i s , such d e r i v e d m e a n i n g s The l a t t e r m e a n i n g is f r e q u e n t l y
found in m o d e r n l i t e r a r y B a l u c h i , and such s u b s t a n t i v e s a s / t o r r e n o k / " t r a n s l a t o r " and /torrank/
" t r a n s l a t i o n " (on the m o d e l of / g w S t a n k / " s p e e c h , " / n y m y S t a n k /
are common.
"article, " etc. )
E . g. / a vati Samman yngw-angw t o r r e n t . / that. / m o T o l a yngw b y t o r r e n ! /
He t u r n e d h i s e y e s t h i s way and
T u r n the a u t o m o b i l e t h i s way!
/ a aS m a n v a t i d e m a t o r r e n t . / anger],
He t u r n e d h i s face [away] f r o m m e [in
/ m a oS [hjolka [ h ] a r o y d e m a podi t o r r e n t o n . / We t u r n e d the flood b a c k f r o m the v i l l a g e , [ / - a y d e m a t o r r e n o g / d e n o t e s "to r e p e l , t u r n b a c k s o m e t h i n g a d v a n c i n g t o w a r d s one. "] / m o n pyalogoy apa k o m m e vad t o r r e n t w n . / w a t e r in [lit. of] the cup.
I s t i r r e d a l i t t l e salt into the
/ m o n boloSiay e k y t a b a m a n a n g r e z i a t o r r e n t w n . / I translated this B a l u c h i book [lit. B a l u c h i ' s t h i s book] into E n g l i s h . / e S i t o r r e n o k koy ynt. /
Who is the t r a n s l a t o r of t h i s ?
471
19. 30b.
/ k a r k w n / " w o r k e r , e m p l o y e e " is e m p l o y e d for a w o r k e r in an office, a
scholarly academy, a political party, etc.
It t h u s h a s a s o m e w h a t m o r e e l e v a t e d connotation
than / k a r g y r / , which signifies a m a n u a l l a b o u r e r ; a f a c t o r y w o r k e r ,
19. 307.
etc.
The s u b s t a n t i v e suffix / i / is e m p l o y e d with c e r t a i n n u m e r a l s to d e n o t e "[a]
g r o u p of (four, five, e t c . ). " T h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n is u s u a l l y l i m i t e d to n u m e r a l s b e t w e e n t h r e e and ten and to such l a r g e r u n i t s a s " h u n d r e d " and " t h o u s a n d . " It is r a r e l y found with n u m e r a l s t e m s ending in a vowel o r diphthong (e. g. "[a] g r o u p of t e n " ) ;
i n s t e a d , t h e s e a r e e x p r e s s e d with a c o m p o u n d of / [ h ] o r / " e a c h ,
+ the n u m e r a l (see S e c . 6. 106). */dwi/.
/ n w i / "[a] g r o u p of n i n e , " / d o i / every"
/ [ h j a r d w / " b o t h " is a l m o s t i n v a r i a b l y u s e d i n s t e a d of
E.g. / m a panSia a y r a gyptan. / him. / a sadia d a r a[h]tant. /
We five [lit.
They c a m e out in [a g r o u p of a j h u n d r e d .
/ a [h]optia m o n a j a t a n t . / beat m e .
19. 308.
we in [a g r o u p of] five] caught
T h o s e s e v e n [lit.
they [in a g r o u p of] s e v e n ]
/ g i S a g / I-I d e n o t e s "to u n t a n g l e , set s t r a i g h t , set a p a r t . "
The c a u s a t i v e
f o r m , / g i S e n a g / , is u s e d in m o d e r n l i t e r a r y B a l u c h i to m e a n "to solve (a d i s p u t e ) " (i. e. "to c a u s e to u n t a n g l e " ) and "to explain, lay out, set in o r d e r . " E. g. / m o n ai b a r a giSytwn. /
I set h i s s h a r e a p a r t .
/ a jynykk v a t i m a [ h j p a r a gisyt. / That g i r l a r r a n g e d h e r h a i r [i. e. untangled it, c o m b e d it, set it in good o r d e r ] . / m a n e sada giSyt nakanin. /
I cannot untangle t h e s e t h r e a d s .
/ p a k y s t a n aw [hjyndwstan vati davaa giSentant. / t h e i r d i s p u t e [i. e. set it in o r d e r ] .
P a k i s t a n and India solved
/ a vati gappa giSent. / He explained h i s s t a t e m e n t [i. e. o r d e r , so that it could be u n d e r s t o o d ] .
19. 309.
/ r y d / "line (of o b j e c t s standing side by s i d e ) " w a s c o n t r a s t e d with / r e s a g /
"line (of o b j e c t s c o m i n g one after the o t h e r ) " in Sec. 14. 200 (25). / e kytaba r y d a [hjer kan! / / w S t y r a r e s o g kon! /
19. 310.
set it out in good
E. g.
P u t t h e s e books in a row [ s i d e by s i d e ] !
Line up the c a m e l s [one after the o t h e r ] !
S e v e r a l c a l e n d r i c a l s y s t e m s a r e found in B a l u c h i s t a n .
These include:
(a)
the B a l u c h i s o l a r c a l e n d a r , e m p l o y e d throughout B a l u c h i s t a n for m o s t s e c u l a r m a t t e r s ; (b) the I s l a m i c l u n a r c a l e n d a r , u s e d for the c a l c u l a t i o n of r e l i g i o u s f e s t i v a l s , e t c . ;
(c)
an o l d e r s e a s o n a l B a l u c h i c a l e n d a r , in which the y e a r w a s divided into nine p e r i o d s of forty d a y s e a c h (with f i v e e x t r a d a y s at the end for the c e l e b r a t i o n of the new y e a r ) ; E n g l i s h s o l a r c a l e n d a r u s e d by e d u c a t e d B a l u c h i s in P a k i s t a n i B a l u c h i s t a n ; I r a n i s o l a r c a l e n d a r , e m p l o y e d in I r a n i and Afghani B a l u c h i s t a n .
(d)
and (e)
the the
N a m e s for the m o n t h s of
the B a l u c h i s o l a r c a l e n d a r differ f r o m r e g i o n to r e g i o n s o m e w h a t , but the s y s t e m r e m a i n s
472
the s a m e .
T h e n a m e s for the I s l a m i c l u n a r m o n t h s a r e a l s o different f r o m t h e i r u s u a l
A r a b i c n a m e s (although t h e s e l a t t e r would c e r t a i n l y be known to any B a l u c h i having a r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n or who had b e e n e x p o s e d to the P a k i s t a n i (etc. ) school s y s t e m ) .
The
B a l u c h i s o l a r m o n t h s a r e given b e l o w , t o g e t h e r with the u s u a l P a k i s t a n i p r o n u n c i a t i o n of the E n g l i s h s o l a r months.B A L U C H I SOLAR MONTH
ENGLISH MONTH (WITH ITS LOCAL PRONUNCIATION)
/karrai/
January
/SonD/
February
[Eastern Baluchi / n a l i / ]
/bogbar/
March
[ E a s t e r n Baluchi / b o r k a / ]
/pwssam/ /ka[h]oS/
[Makrani
/nodbondag/ ]
/baSSam/ /meSSen/
[Makrani
/aprayl/
May
/mai/
June
/jun/
July
/julai/
August
/[hjamen/]
/agast/
/swvel/
September
/lwnD/
October
/ko[h]imat/
[Makrani
/sorSyllag/]
/[hjitvoran/
/farvari/
/marS/
April
[Eastern Baluchi / v e s a k / ]
/sortirmog/
/janvari/
/sytombor/ /oktubor/
November
/ n a v a m b a r / or / n o w m b o r /
December
/dysombor/
The I s l a m i c m o n t h s and t h e i r A r a b i c n a m e s a r e : B A L U C H I ISLAMIC MONTH
ARABIC NAME (AS PRONOUNCED IN PAKISTAN)
/ya[h]wseni/
/mwho r r o m /
/sopori/
/sofar/
/owli gw[h]ar/
/rabiwlavval/
/domi gw[h]ar/
/rabiwssani/
/ s o y m i gw[h]ar/
/jamadiwlavval/
/ S a r m i gw[h]ar/
/jamadiwssani/
/[hjwdai m a [ h ] /
/rajab/
/mwrdasami/
/Saban/
/roSog/
/ r a m z a n / or
/oidi/
/Savval/
/nyam oidan/
/ziqad/
/mozonen oid/
/ z y l h y j / or
/ramazan/
/zwlhyj/
T h e o t h e r s y s t e m s m e n t i o n e d above need not be given h e r e
19. 400.
Basic Sentences,
I d r i v e the a u t o m o b i l e ,
mon m o T o l a Solaenin.
473
t a w p a r Se z a l b u l a g r e v a e n a y .
Why do you c a u s e the w o m e n to w e e p ?
T a p a l r a s a n Swmay T a p a l a n oda r o s a e n t a ,
The p o s t m a n h a s d e l i v e r e d [lit. to a r r i v e ] y o u r l e t t e r s t h e r e .
m a g v a r a g w Synykka m y S a e n t a n .
We c a u s e d the l a m b s and k i d s to be suckled,
Swma v o t a r a vat g y r a e n t y t , na to Swma g y r a g nobutyt.
You y o u r s e l v e s c a u s e d y o u r s e l v e s to be caught; o t h e r w i s e you w e r e not c a u g h t .
jansalamattioy moykomooy karkwn modog, m o r i n k , m o s y s k , ow paSSaga go d a r u a kwSaentont.
The w o r k e r s of the D e p a r t m e n t of H e a l t h c a u s e d the l o c u s t s , a n t s , f l i e s , and m o s q u i t o e s to be k i l l e d with c h e m i c a l s [lit. m e d i c i n e s ] .
m o n oma m o l a m gyptage m o r d a oS n o k o r i a koSSaentwn.
I c a u s e d the m a n who had a c c e p t e d a b r i b e [lit. b r i b e t a k e n m a n ] to be d i s m i s s e d [lit. p u l l e d ] from [ h i s ] job.
ome tobib a y r a oS t o p - d y k k a SwTTaent,
T h i s d o c t o r c u r e d [lit. c a u s e d to be f r e e d ] h i m from t u b e r c u l o s i s .
boloSi polnyadoy k a r k w n b a z e kytab Sap konaentogont.
The w o r k e r s of the B a l u c h i A c a d e m y have c a u s e d m a n y books to be p r i n t e d .
a So t w r k y s t a n a yokk jynykke ji[h]aent, ow orobystana bwrte.
He c a u s e d a g i r l to run away [with h i m ] f r o m T u r k e y and took h e r to A r a b i a .
e a p i - j a z m a r a m o n soy roSa Sina r o s a e n t k w r t kant.
T h i s ship can take [lit. c a u s e to a r r i v e ] u s to China in t h r e e d a y s .
b a d S a [ h ] a y r a Sa Twlla p o r r a e n t .
The king c a u s e d h i m to be t h r o w n [lit. c a u s e d to fly off] from the t o w e r .
a pa v a t a noke SaSmakke [hJaDD k a n a e n t o g o t .
He had had new g l a s s e s m a d e for h i m s e l f .
19. 4 0 1 .
The f o r m a t i o n of the "double c a u s a t i v e " s t e m is m u c h like that of the c a u s a t i v e
(Sec. 19. 301):
it c o n s i s t s of a v e r b a l root (usually i d e n t i c a l with the p r e s e n t s t e m of the
s i m p l e x v e r b ) + a suffix / a e n / . (1)
caused
D e t a i l s are.-
Unlike the c a u s a t i v e s t e m , w h e n e v e r the s i m p l e x s t e m h a s a s h o r t v o w e l , the double c a u s a t i v e s t e m will a l s o have a s h o r t vowel.
Double c a u s a t i v e f o r m s of t h o s e s t e m s
l i s t e d in Sec. 19. 301 (1) a r e t h u s p r e d i c t a b l e and " r e g u l a r . " E. g. S I M P L E X VERB
DOUBLE CAUSATIVE VERB
/Sarag/
to g r a z e ( i n t r a n s i t i v e )
/ S a r a e n a g / to c a u s e s o m e o n e to g r a z e an a n i m a l
/Darag/
to c o l l a p s e , fall down
/ D o r a e n o g / to c a u s e s o m e o n e to knock s o m e t h i n g down
/kapag/
to fall, befall
/ k o p a e n o g / to c a u s e s o m e o n e to m a k e s o m e t h i n g fall
/toSag/
to r u n
/ t a S a e n a g / to c a u s e s o m e o n e to m a k e s o m e o n e r u n , to c a u s e s o m e o n e to chase
474
(2)
(3)
SIMPLEX VERB
D O U B L E CAUSATIVE VERB
/varag/
/ v o r a e n o g / to c a u s e s o m e o n e to feed, to c a u s e s o m e o n e to give to eat or d r i n k
to e a t , d r i n k
Double c a u s a t i v e f o r m s of t h o s e v e r b s l i s t e d in S e c . 19. 301 (2) have a s h o r t v o w e l . These are; / p r w s a g / to b r e a k ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) and / p r o S a g / to b r e a k (transitive)
/ p r w s a e n o g / to c a u s e s o m e o n e to b r e a k something
/ r y S a g / to s p i l l ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) and / r e S a g / to p o u r out, spill (transitive)
/ r y S a e n a g / to c a u s e s o m e o n e to s p i l l something
/ s w S a g / to b u r n ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) and / s o S a g / to b u r n ( t r a n s i t i v e )
/ s w S a e n a g / to c a u s e s o m e o n e to b u r n something
/ t w s a g / to go out, be e x t i n g u i s h e d ; to faint ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) and / t o s a g / to put out, e x t i n g u i s h
/ t w s a e n o g / to c a u s e s o m e o n e to put out, extinguish something
Double c a u s a t i v e f o r m s of / n y n d a g / "to sit, s t a y , l i v e " and / [ k ] o s t o g / "to s t a n d " a r e b a s e d on t h e i r c a u s a t i v e s t e m s .
The double c a u s a t i v e s t e m of / v o s p o g /
s l e e p " u s u a l l y c o n s i s t s of the s i m p l e x s t e m + / a e n / , h o w e v e r . /nyndog/
to sit, s t a y , live
"to
Forms are:
/ n a d a e n o g / to c a u s e s o m e o n e to s e a t s o m e o n e [And: ] / n y n d a r a e n o g / to c a u s e s o m e o n e to s e a t s o m e o n e (by a s s i s t i n g h i m , with f o r c e , etc. )
/[k]ostog/ /vospog/
to stand
/ [ k j o s t a r a e n o g / to c a u s e s o m e o n e to m a k e s o m e o n e stand
to s l e e p
/ v o s p a e n o g / to c a u s e s o m e o n e to m a k e someone sleep
If the s i m p l e x v e r b is i n t r a n s i t i v e , the double c a u s a t i v e f o r m p r o v i d e s a c a u s a t i v e meaning:
e. g.
/ D o r o g / "to c o l l a p s e , fall d o w n " and / D o r a e n o g / "to c a u s e s o m e o n e to
knock s o m e t h i n g down"; to r u n a w a y , f l e e " ;
/ji[h]og/
"to r u n a w a y , f l e e " and / j i [ h ] a e n o g / "to c a u s e s o m e o n e
/ r w d o g / "to g r o w ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) " and / r w d a e n o g / "to c a u s e s o m e o n e
to g r o w s o m e t h i n g , c a u s e s o m e o n e to b r i n g up a child. " The double c a u s a t i v e f o r m of a t r a n s i t i v e s i m p l e x v e r b h a s a s e n s e v e r y m u c h like that of the c a u s a t i v e :
the subject c a u s e s s o m e i n t e r m e d i a r y to p e r f o r m the a c t i o n of the v e r b .
In m a n y c a s e s , t h e r e s e e m s to be l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the c a u s a t i v e and double c a u s a t i v e s t e m s of a t r a n s i t i v e s i m p l e x v e r b .
The double c a u s a t i v e f o r m a p p e a r s to give added s t r e s s
to the fact that the a c t i o n of the v e r b is done by s o m e i n t e r m e d i a t e a c t o r . A s with the c a u s a t i v e , the o c c u r r e n c e of a double c a u s a t i v e s t e m is i d i o m a t i c and d e p e n d s s o l e l y upon u s a g e . c a u s a t i v e (e. g.
T h u s , s o m e v e r b s have n e i t h e r a c a u s a t i v e n o r a double
/ r o v o g / "to go, " / b u o g / "to b e , b e c o m e " ) ;
double c a u s a t i v e (e. g.
/[kjarog/
"to b r i n g " ) ;
but no c o r r e s p o n d i n g c a u s a t i v e (e. g.
o t h e r s have a c a u s a t i v e but no
and s t i l l o t h e r s have a double c a u s a t i v e f o r m
/ k o n o g / "to do, m a k e , " / k w S o g / "to k i l l " ) .
In m a n y
c a s e s , the c a u s a t i v e and double c a u s a t i v e f o r m s of a given v e r b a r e indeed p o s s i b l e and c a n be p r o d u c e d "on d e m a n d , " but a r e so r a r e both in s p e e c h and in l i t e r a t u r e a s to be v i r t u a l l y
475
nonexistent. L i k e the c a u s a t i v e , the p a r a d i g m of the double c a u s a t i v e b e l o n g s to C l a s s I in the p r e s e n t s y s t e m (Sec. 7. 101) and to C l a s s II in the p a s t t e n s e s (Sec. 13. 401).
Double c a u s a t i v e s t e m s
a r e found in a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n s in which a s i m p l e x s t e m m a y o c c u r .
19. 402.
/ S o l o g / I-I d e n o t e s "to go (a w h e e l , m a c h i n e , a p i e c e of w o r k , e t c . ). "
The
double c a u s a t i v e f o r m / S o l a e n o g / t h u s signifies "to r u n (a m a c h i n e ) , d r i v e (a c a r ) , p r o g r e s s (with o n e ' s w o r k ) . " / S o l / a l s o o c c u r s a s the s u b s t a n t i v e e l e m e n t in / S o l v o r o g / "to w h i r l , r e v o l v e ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) " and / S o l d o y o g / "to w h i r l , r e v o l v e ( t r a n s i t i v e ) . " Although both / S o l o g / and / S o l a e n o g / a r e found, the e x p e c t e d c a u s a t i v e f o r m , ''^/Solenog/, d o e s not occur.
E. g. / m o n i goRi noSolit. /
My w a t c h d o e s not r u n .
/ m o n i k a r Sologa ynt. /
19. 403.
/ t o b i b / " d o c t o r , p h y s i c i a n " is e m p l o y e d for a p e r s o n t r a i n e d in the t r a d i t i o n a l
oriental medical arts.
19. 404.
My w o r k is p r o g r e s s i n g .
/Daksor/
" d o c t o r " d e n o t e s a p r a c t i t i o n e r of E u r o p e a n m e d i c i n e .
/ S a p / " p r i n t i n g " is h o m o p h o n o u s with / S a p / " d a n c e . " E. g. / a Sap jonoga ont. /
They a r e d a n c i n g .
/ a m o n i kytaba Sap konoga ont. / k o n o g / d e n o t e s "to p r i n t . "] / a i [ h j a r o s a Sap but. /
[/Sap j o n o g / "to d a n c e . " Compare.- ]
They a r e p r i n t i n g m y book.
T h e r e w a s dancing at h i s m a r r i a g e .
[/Sap [Compare.- ]
/ a i [ h j a r o s a y a[h]val Sap but. / The news of h i s m a r r i a g e w a s p r i n t e d . [/Sap b u a g / d e n o t e s both "to be a d a n c e " and "to be p r i n t e d . " The m e a n i n g is u s u a l l y c l e a r from the context. ]
19. 500.
Basic Sentences.
m o n yoxxay taha l o r z a n a Swtwn.
I went [along] s h i v e r i n g in the cold.
tow p o r Se oda g r e v a n a r o s t o y .
Why did you a r r i v e t h e r e w e e p i n g ?
m o r o S i e [hjar k a p t a g e bwnD aw d a r a g y r r a n a bwrt.
T o d a y ' s flood swept away [lit. d r a g g i n g off took a w a y ] the fallen t r e e - t r u n k s and sticks.
m a Sap jonan ow Sayr j a n a n a m a l p a d a g a r d a n .
We go a r o u n d the m e a d o w s d a n c i n g and singing.
Swma aS b a d i g a n i t w r s a ji[h]ana a[h]tyt,
You c a m e fleeing in [lit. enemies.
Swmoy jynykk pwll syndan ow ka[hj Synana
Your d a u g h t e r s [lit. g i r l s ] c a m e p l u c k i n g f l o w e r s and p i c k i n g [ b l a d e s of] g r a s s .
a[h]tont.
476
f r o m ] fear of the
y a k k t r w n d e gvate m a y gwda d y r r a n a gvast,
A v i o l e n t wind t o r e a w a y [lit. passed] our-headcloths.
a d r a S k a gwDDana m w r t .
He died [while] chopping down the t r e e .
tai b r a s Sarab vorana twst.
Your b r o t h e r b e c a m e u n c o n s c i o u s [ w h i l e j d r i n k i n g wine.
a t a i s a t a d w z z a n a g y r a g but
He w a s caught [whilej s t e a l i n g y o u r j e w e l l e r y ,
m o y k a r d a r jongbondioy Dolla go nyndok t r a n k a n a n at.
O u r s e c r e t a r y w a s sitting [and] t a l k i n g with the C e a s e f i r e C o m m i s s i o n .
a doSi v o s p o k n a l a n at,
L a s t night he w a s g r o a n i n g [while] s l e e p i n g ,
a g v a r y k e g v a t a y t a h a oStok g r e v a n ot,
He w a s standing [andj c r y i n g in the icy wind.
a d r o S k a n i S e r a l e T o k tupakk j a n a n atant,
They w e r e lying b e n e a t h the t r e e s firinj their guns.
19. 5 0 1 .
tearing
A second a c t i o n (or a c t i o n s ) p e r f o r m e d by the subject s i m u l t a n e o u s l y with the
a c t i o n of the m a i n v e r b is e x p r e s s e d in two w a y s : (1)
An i t e r a t i v e f o r m (i. e.
the p r e s e n t s t e m + / a n / / a / ;
with the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / . object of its own.
see S e c . 11. 601) is u s e d
T h i s i t e r a t i v e f o r m m a y in t u r n have an
T h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n is e m p l o y e d when the v e r b e x p r e s s e s an a c t i o n
(rather than a state).
If two or m o r e such c o n c o m i t a n t a c t i o n s a r e e x p r e s s e d ,
the l a s t of t h e s e is m a r k e d by the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / .
only
E. g.
/ a l o r z a n a a[h]t. / He c a m e t r e m b l i n g , [ / l o r z a n a / " t r e m b l i n g " is i n v a r i a b l e for a l l p e r s o n s and n u m b e r s . ] /boSokk d r y k k a n a Swtont. /
The b o y s went [alongj j u m p i n g .
/ a sop v o r a n a Swt. / He went [alongj eating a p p l e s , [ / s o p / " a p p l e [ s j " is the object of / v o r a n a / " e a t i n g . " Definite o b j e c t s a r e m a r k e d by / a / or / a n / / a / a s u s u a l : J / a sopa v o r a n a Swt. /
He went [alongj eating the a p p l e .
/pwlis r a d k a r a janana adalatta bwrt. / took [ t h e m ] to the c o u r t .
The p o l i c e , b e a t i n g the c r i m i n a l s ,
/ b o z g o r torn SoT doyana kilogoy t a h a r a v a n t w k a y a n t . / The f a r m e r s w a l k b a c k and forth [lit. go and c o m e ] in the field [lit. f a r m ] sowing seeds. / a voti gysoy d e m a n a l a n a l e T y t . / He lay down g r o a n i n g in front of h i s house. / d r w s t owgan Sayr j a n a n a a[h]tant. / All the Afghans c a m e singing. [Compare: ] / d r w s t owgan Soyr jonan ow Sap jonana a[h]tont. / All the Afghans c a m e singing and d a n c i n g . [Only the l a s t i t e r a t i v e f o r m is m a r k e d by the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / . ] (2)
When the s u b o r d i n a t e v e r b e x p r e s s e s a s t a t e , r a t h e r than a d i s c r e t e a c t i o n , the p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e (i. e.
the p r e s e n t s t e m + / o k / ;
477
see S e c . 17. 401) m a y b e u s e d .
E.g. / a nypada l e T o k n a l a n at. /
He w a s lying on the b e d d i n g g r o a n i n g .
/ y o k k s y p a i e ko[h]ay s a r a oStok S a r a g a at. / the m o u n t a i n w a t c h i n g : / a nyndok lep doSoga ynt. /
19. 502.
One s o l d i e r w a s standing on
She is sitting [and] sewing [a] quilt.
/ k a r d a r / d e n o t e s " s e c r e t a r y " of a p a r t y ; a p o l i t i c a l body, a c l u b , e t c . , not
a t y p i s t or s t e n o g r a p h e r .
19. 503.
/ g v a r y k / is u s e d a s a noun m e a n i n g " i c e , i c i c l e " and a s an a d j e c t i v e
signifying
"icy, cold. "
19.600.
Basic Sentences
m a n a y r a oda [hjySSanana distwn.
I saw h i m o v e r t h e r e s n e e z i n g ,
Se, taw m a n i b r a s a n y m a z konana d i s t a y ?
Did you see m y b r o t h e r doing [ h i s ] p r a y e r s ?
a toi mySina Salana S a r a g a at.
He w a s watching your m a c h i n e [while it w a s ] running.
m a t o r a Sayr j a n a n a wSkytan.
We h e a r d you singing,
Se, Swma a jynykka sad g i s a n a d i s t y t ?
Did you see that g i r l untangling [the] t h r e a d [ s j ?
a t o r a riS t r a S a n a distant,
They saw you t r i m m i n g [ y o u r ] b e a r d .
m a n a y r a kytab g y r a g a nadistwn,
I did not see h i m buying [a] book.
Se, tow a y r a a baloSoy kwSaga d i s t a y ?
Did you see h i m killing that B a l u c h i ?
a a m m a y s a r o k a gwStank dayaga dist,
He saw our p r e s i d e n t giving [aj s p e e c h .
m a ava [hjolkoy kylloga d i s t a n .
We saw t h e m leaving the v i l l a g e ,
Se, Swma ava m a n i j a n a g a d i s t y t ?
Did you see t h e m b e a t i n g m e ?
a oma pirena kapaga nadistant,
They did not see that old [ m a n ] falling.
m a n a p i - j a z a bwDDok distwn,
I saw the ship [in a ] sunken [ s t a t e ] .
Se, tow o m a p i r e n a vospok d i s t o y ?
Did you see that old [ m a n ] s l e e p i n g ?
a o m m a y s a r o k a k o w m a n i typaki divana gwStank dayok d i s t .
He saw our p r e s i d e n t giving [a] s p e e c h in the United N a t i o n s A s s e m b l y .
478
m a yakk a s k e a rekay s a r a ostok distan.
We saw a d e e r standing on top of the sand d u n e .
Swma a y r a oda nyndok d i s t kanyt,
You can see h i m sitting o v e r t h e r e .
a t a i n a k o a ny.pada l e T o k d i s t o n t .
They saw your u n c l e lying on the bedding,
a ayra vaspok jatant.
They b e a t h i m [while he w a s ] s l e e p i n g .
19. bOl.
An a c t i o n p e r f o r m e d by the object of the s e n t e n c e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y with that of
the m a i n v e r b (e. g.
"I saw h i m p r a y i n g " ) is e x p r e s s e d in t h r e e w a y s , e a c h with its own
n u a n c e s .(1)
T h e i t e r a t i v e f o r m a t i o n + the " s i n g u l a r - d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / is u s e d .
This
c o n s t r u c t i o n is i d e n t i c a l with that d e s c r i b e d in Sec. 19. 501, e x c e p t that the m a i n v e r b of the s e n t e n c e is t r a n s i t i v e , and the i t e r a t i v e f o r m + / a / (along with its o b j e c t , if any) o c c u r s a f t e r the object of the m a i n v e r b .
This formation denotes
an a c t i o n p e r f o r m e d c o n t i n u o u s l y or d u r a t i v e l y by the object of the s e n t e n c e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y with the a c t i o n of the m a i n v e r b p e r f o r m e d by the subject.
E. g.
/ m a n a y r a v a t i p y s s a j a n a n a distwn. / I saw h i m b e a t i n g m y f a t h e r . [ / a y r a / " h i m " is the object of the m a i n v e r b ; / j o n a n a / " b e a t i n g " is being p e r f o r m e d by the r e f e r e n t of / a y r a / and h a s a d i r e c t object of its own.- / v a t i p y s s a / "[myj own f a t h e r . " Note that / v a t i / r e f e r s to the subject of the s e n t e n c e ( / m a n / "I") and not to the object ( / a y r a / "him"). ] / m a a v a n i pawja padi r a v a n a d i s t a n . / We saw t h e i r a r m y going b a c k . [With a " p h r a s e b r e a k " and a change in w o r d o r d e r , / p a d i r a v a n a / "going b a c k " can be m a d e to r e f e r to the subject of the s e n t e n c e ; J / m a padi r a v a n a + a v a n i pawja d i s t a n . / We, going b a c k , saw t h e i r a r m y , [in t h i s f o r m , it w a s we who w e r e going b a c k , not t h e i r a r m y . ] / a m a r a Sap j a n a n a d i s t a n t . /
They saw u s dancing.
/ S e , taw m a n a Sayr j a n a n a w s k y t a y ? / (2)
T h e infinitive (i. e.
the p r e s e n t s t e m + / a g / ;
Did you h e a r m e s i n g i n g ? see Sec. 7. 901) + the " s i n g u l a r -
d e f i n i t e " suffix / a / is a l s o e m p l o y e d to e x p r e s s an a c t i o n p e r f o r m e d by the object of the s e n t e n c e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y with that of the m a i n v e r b .
This construction lacks
the c o n t i n u a t i v e or d u r a t i v e f o r c e s e e n for the i t e r a t i v e f o r m u n d e r (1) a b o v e ; i n s t e a d , it m a y denote a single d i s c r e t e a c t i o n , an a c t i o n which is about to b e g i n , etc. arise:
The infinitive + / a / m a y a l s o have an object of its own, and h e r e two c a s e s (a) if the object is indefinite, it is u n m a r k e d ;
p o s s e s s e s the infinitive (i. e.
(b) if it is definite, then it
it is not m a r k e d by the objective suffixes, a s w a s the
c a s e for the i t e r a t i v e f o r m a t i o n , but r a t h e r by the p o s s e s s i v e suffix). c o n s t r u c t i o n m u s t be d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m a n o t h e r ,
This
s i m i l a r c o n s t r u c t i o n in which the
infinitive is the r e a l object of the m a i n v e r b , and the s e m a n t i c subject of the infinitive p o s s e s s e s it;
s e e S e c . 7. 901 (4) and the l a s t four e x a m p l e s b e l o w .
/ m o n a y r a sop v a r a g a d i s t w n . / [Compare.- ]
479
E.g.
I saw h i m e a t i n g [about to e a t j a p p l e [ s j .
/ m a n a y r a sopoy v o r o g a d i s t w n . /
I saw h i m e a t i n g the a p p l e .
/ m a a v a n ome b o l o S a n i j o n a g a d i s t a n . / beat] these Baluchis.
We saw t h e m b e a t i n g [about to
/ a m o n a t o v a r konoga wSkyt. / He h e a r d m e c a l l i n g . [The object of the m a i n v e r b is / m a n a / " m e " ; the fact that I w a s e n g a g e d in c a l l i n g is s u b o r d i n a t e . Compare.- ] / a m o n i t o v a r konoga wSkyt. / He h e a r d m y c a l l i n g . [ " C a l l i n g " i s now the object of the m a i n v e r b ; the fact that it w a s I who w a s p e r f o r m i n g this action is p e r i p h e r a l . ] / m a n a y r a Sylym kaSSaga S a r y t w n . / I w a t c h e d h i m s m o k i n g [a] p i p e . [The object of the m a i n v e r b is / a y r a / " h i m " ; the fact that he w a s s m o k i n g a pipe is i n c i d e n t a l . C o m p a r e : ] / m a n a i Sylym kaSSaga S a r y t w n . / I w a t c h e d h i s s m o k i n g [of t h e ] p i p e . [The focus i s now upon the a c t i o n of pipe s m o k i n g ; p e r h a p s h i s m e t h o d of s m o k i n g a pipe is new to m e and h a s a t t r a c t e d m y a t t e n t i o n . ] (3)
When the v e r b c o n n e c t e d with the object e x p r e s s e s a s t a t e r a t h e r t h a n a d i s c r e t e a c t i o n , the p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e (see S e e s 17. 401 and 19. 501) i s u s e d .
If t h i s
c o n s t r u c t i o n h a s an object of i t s own, it is m a r k e d by the u s u a l o b j e c t i v e
suffixes.
E-g. / a sypaia kopok d i s t a n t . /
They saw the s o l d i e r [in a ] fallen [ s t a t e ] .
/ S e , tow a i bojia bwDDok d i s t o y ? / Did you see h i s b o a t [in a ] sunken [ s t a t e ] ? [ / b w D D a n a / would denote "in the p r o c e s s of s i n k i n g , " w h i l e / b w D D o g a / would signify " s i n k i n g , about to sink. "] / a dwzza toi kytaba b o r o k d i s t . / away y o u r book.
He saw the thief [in a s t a t e of] t a k i n g
/ m a Swmoy badiga ko[h]ea Dakkok d i s t a n . / We saw y o u r e n e m i e s hiding on a [ c e r t a i n ] m o u n t a i n . / g w r k gvanDoa g r e v o k b w r t . /
19. 602.
The wolf c a r r i e d off the infant c r y i n g .
/ n y m a z / " p r a y e r " is u s e d only in r e f e r e n c e to the five d a i l y p r a y e r s p e r f o r m e d
by M u s l i m s : t h e s e p r a y e r s a r e o b l i g a t o r y and a r e done in A r a b i c , following a set f o r m u l a . They a r e p e r f o r m e d b e f o r e dawn, at noon, in the m i d - a f t e r n o o n , at s u n s e t , and b e f o r e going to b e d .
/ n y m a z / is found in c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n s with / b u a g / "to b e , b e c o m e , "
/ k o n o g / "to do, m a k e , " and / v a n o g / "to r e a d , study. " An i n f o r m a l ,
s p o n t a n e o u s (i. e.
with / b u a g / and / k a n a g / .
n o n - r i t u a l ) p r a y e r is t e r m e d / d w v a / ;
E. g.
/ S e , taw soboy n y m a z a v o n t o g o y ? / morning prayer? / m o n n y m a z konog loTin. /
Have you p e r f o r m e d [lit.
r e a d ] the
I want to do [ m y ] p r a y e r [ s ] .
/ m a dwva k w r t o n , ky [h]ar a m m a y [hjalka m o r o s i t . / flood would not r e a c h our v i l l a g e . / m o n SoRa p a r taw dwva kanin. /
19. 6 0 3 .
it, too, o c c u r s
We p r a y e d that the
I a l w a y s p r a y for you.
/ t y p a k i / "united, j o i n t " c o n s i s t s of / t y p a k / "unity, a g r e e m e n t " (from A r a b i c
/ y t t y f a q / ) + the / i / a d j e c t i v e f o r m a n t suffix,
/ t y p a k i / c o n t r a s t s with / [ h j a m s a l a / ,
which
s i g n i f i e s "united, a g r e e d " in the s e n s e of "of the s a m e m i n d , having the s a m e p u r p o s e or
480
g o a l . " E. g. / a d r w s t [ h j o m s o l o butont, ky a y r a k w s o g i ynt. / [lit. b e c a m e u n i t e d ] that he m u s t be killed, / d r w s t golani yakk t y p a k i nyade but. / took p l a c e [lit. b e c a m e ] .
They w e r e a l l a g r e e d [ / t y p a k i / cannot o c c u r . ]
A joint m e e t i n g of a l l the p a r t i e s
/ m a go yokk d y g a r a t y p a k k w r t nokonon. / We cannot a g r e e [lit. b e c o m e u n i t e d ] with one a n o t h e r , [if t h e r e is a specific goal in view, then / [ h j o m s o l o but n o k o n o n / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e . ] / a v a n a typak n e s t . / exist. ]
19. 700.
D r i l l s and E x e r c i s e s .
19. 701.
Substitution.
1.
2.
o r m a n ky m o n
T h e y a r e not u n i t e d .
[Lit.
a i gola
bypollytenwn.
this sentence
had not w r i t t e n
new g l a s s e s
had had m a d e
a l l the m o s q u i t o e s
had had killed
my principles
had not changed
t h r e e y a r d s of cloth
had bought
ogo a ome ko[h]a Sandi
To t h e m unity d o e s not
d o r b y g e t k e n , to jvan ot.
lead gold iron coal sulphur 3.
4.
ommoy
kardar
e golay k a r - w - k a r p a d a
teacher
this word
I s l a m i c judge
the l a w s of the I s l a m i c law [ s y s t e m ]
editor
his speech
president
the c u s t o m s of the B a l u c h i s
host
a l l the c o n d i t i o n s
bayd at ky m a r o S i
giSent.
kanudsaz morogaoy
nyade bwbuten.
of the w o r k e r s of the D e p a r t m e n t of H e a l t h of the P e a c e C o m m i s s i o n of the C e a s e f i r e C o m m i s s i o n of the United N a t i o n s A s s e m b l y of the m i n i s t e r s of defence 5.
Swma e [hjanday d r w s t
mosyska mosquitoes
481
bwkwSaenyt!
locusts snakes ants hyenas t a w p a r Se
1
zalbula
grevaentay,
the l a m b s
c a u s e d to be s u c k l e d
the l e t t e r s
did not d e l i v e r [lit. c a u s e to a r r i v e ] c a u s e d to be c o l l e c t e d
their contributions the s e c r e t a r y of our party these karez
c a u s e d to be a r r e s t e d [lit. c a u s e d to be dug [lit.
caught]
pulled,
drawn]
Double c a u s a t i v e f o r m s a r e to be u s e d in a l l s e n t e n c e s of t h i s s e t . l
a m e tupan
[hjajiani bojia
bwDDento.
our g o v e r n m e n t
its c a p i t a l
has changed
the n u r s e the s m e l l of t h e s e peppers
the b a b i e s
h a s put to s l e e p
me
has made sneeze
the p o s t m a n
the p h y s i c i a n
has overtaken
our a c a d e m y
his a r t i c l e s
has published
^ C a u s a t i v e f o r m s a r e to be u s e d in a l l s e n t e n c e s of t h i s set. man
9.
[hjalkay m a r d w m a
d a m - d a m konana
the I s l a m i c judge
r e a d i n g [thej Q u r a n
the e d i t o r
c h e a t i n g [in a g a m e j
the b a r b e r the w o r k e r s of h i s p o l i t i c a l party
praying
that officer
taking [a ] b r i b e
giving r e b e l l i o u s s p e e c h e s
a[h]tant.
kargyr
a m a bwnDa g y r r a n a
the A r a b s
beating d r u m [ s j
the c o - w i v e s
making complaint[sJ
the t r u c k s the m e m b e r s of the Peace Commission
c a r r y i n g the sulphur talking
the D o m b s
playing ( i n s t r u m e n t a l ) m u s i c
10. v a n t k a r i a y v a z i r
arabystanay
the P r i m e M i n i s t e r
of England
the M i n i s t e r of Defence
of T u r k e y
the M i n i s t e r of F i n a n c e
of E u r o p e
the M i n i s t e r of H e a l t h
of A s i a
that v e r y p o l i t i c i a n
of China
482
distwn.
t a r r - w - g a r d a Swta,
11.
12.
Se, Swma
ogo a
13. a a y r a
14.
oga a
oma oroba
vospok
those a r t i s a n s
lying down
that p i l g r i m
sitting
a hyena
fleeing
that ship
sunken [lit.
my co-wife
resting
sinking]
moni sangatta
majatenatant,
those principles
had not s u p p o r t e d
that old m a n
had not c h e a t e d
that party
had not f o r m e d
my wife's jewellery our g i r l s
had not s t o l e n
Twllani
Darenoga
of the g u e s t s
seating
of the m e r c h a n t
s e a t i n g [i. e. to sitj
of the w a l l
c a u s i n g to stand
of the new c a s e of the Quran
sewing
of the windows
closing
a m e [hjySta
Der mokwrten,
these eggplants
had not t a k e n away
I would have p e e l e d them
the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of defence
had not t a k e n up
we would have lost the war
p e t r o l e u m and g a s h i m [lit.
gwRa m a n Swtagatwn.
had not t e a s e d distant, helping
had not told [lit
these lies
15.
distyt?
on h i m ]
ogo m a n bwSwtenwn, gwRa b a l k y
to
tied]
m a n Do[hJytwnys.
h i s c a s e would have been u s e l e s s
had not s e e n
our c o u n t r y would not have b e e n well-off
had not t r u s t e d
he would not have fallen into t h i s c a l a m i t y
ai m a r d
a y r a so[h]en m a d a t e n .
h i s wound
would not have b e c o m e w o r s e
we
could have e x p l a i n e d t h e s e projects would have a r r i v e d on the day of Id
19. 702.
the m e e t i n g of the l a w making assembly
would have t a k e n p l a c e [lit. become]
I
could have o v e r t a k e n h i m
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l I.
483
C h a n g e the f i r s t of the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b s in the following s e n t e n c e s to the p a s t subjunctive f o r m (Sec. 19. 101);
then change the second v e r b to the s i m p l e p a s t t e n s e .
E. g.
Instructor.-
/ 9 g 9 taw a y r a e gappa bwgwSoy, to m o n z a r g y r i n . /
Student:
/ a g s taw a y r a e gappa bwgwStenoy, to m o n z a r gyptwn. / [ / g y p t / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e for / g y p t w n / . ]
1.
aga a e s i a a y t a k s w r a dur b y k a n a n t , gwRa a m m a y m w l k b u d n a k b a n t .
2.
ago tow oidoy n y m a z a omyda b y k a n a y , to Sapa pa a s a n i p a d i r a s t k a n a y .
3.
aga m a d r w s t a n a m e k o T i a b y n a d e n o n , to nyndogoy j a g o nobit.
4.
aga e s y p a d a r m a r a m a d r w [ h ] i t , gwRa m a j a n g a k o T T o n .
5.
aga taw Sa t a p - d y k k a bwSwTToy, gwRa m a n t a r a y s k u l a pa v a n o g a kyllin.
6.
aga t a i SaSmakk b w p r w S i t , gwRa taw e S y r a Son vont k a n a y .
1.
aga a badSa[h]ay p a r m a n a b w a n a n t , to d r w s t ji[h]ont.
8.
oga t a i gaRi m a S a l i t , to m a n t a r a v a t i g a dayin.
9.
aga m a d r w s t [ h j o m s o l o bybon, gwRa m a v a t i m w l k a a z a t e k a w m a n i r y d a o s t a r e n t kanan.
10.
aga taw ai gwStyna gos m b d a r o y , to a i [hjoyala s a r p a d nbboy.
1 1. aga Swma k a z i a y p a y s l a g a b y m o n n y t , to Swmay dava pok nobit. 12. oga e nyad a m m a y bwnja[h]a bybit, gwRa jvan bit. 13.
aga a m m a y [ h j w n a r k a r e Dawle pwSS bwgvopont, to Donni m w l k a boha kononyS.
14. aga o m m o y bodig oma vaxta m a y s a r a wrwSS b y k a n a n t , to m a ava p a d i t e l a n k dat nokonon. 15.
19.703.
aga a m a n a b y r e p i t , to m a n as ai b e r g y r i n .
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l II.
Change the f i r s t of the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b s in the following s e n t e n c e s to the p a s t p e r f e c t subjunctive (Sec. 19. 201);
then change the second v e r b to the p a s t p e r f e c t t e n s e .
Instructor: Student:
E. g.
/ 9 g 9 m a r a a[h]yn d a s t bykopit, gwRa m a b a z e k a r g o [ h ] [hjoDD konan. / / a g a m a r a a[h]yn d a s t bykoptenot, gwRa m a b a z e k a r g o [ h ] [h]oDD k w r t o g o t o n . /
1.
aga taw m o T a l a Soppe n e m a g a b y t o r r e n o y , to ai gysa r o s a n .
2.
aga a gvoroga m a S a r e n i t , to ma a y r a [hjySS [hjakk nodoyon.
3.
aga m a d o g b y a y a n t , to a m m a y d r w s t e p o s l a SoT konont.
4.
ogo o m m a y [hjwkumatt d r w s t a b w a n e n i t , to m w l k a y baz d e m r a v i bit.
5.
aga a v a n i a p i - j a z bwDDenag mobont, gwRa a b a n d a r a y s a r a wrwSS k a n a n t .
6.
aga a s k S o p p - w - r a s t motoSit, gwRa m a tupokka jot kononyS.
7.
ogo tow m a n i kopaga Die bybonday, to TappyS n a z a [ h ] m e n i t .
8.
aga taw a y r a sa[h]en bydayay, to a i p y s s os tow z a r g i r t .
9.
ogo m o r o S i a g v a r y k e gvatoy toha b y r a w t , to a y r a ginryS g i r t .
10.
ogo a m o l a m m b g i r t , to ynka bod[hjal nobit, ky voti d r w s t m a l a boha bykont.
484
19. 704.
11.
aga t a i t r u yda b y b i t , gwRa t a i baSSana r o d e n i t .
12.
ogo m a dinoy rafhjbanda m a p a l l a n , to m a [ h j a m s a l a nobon.
13.
aga m a n e r y d b a n d a n a m e Dawla b y t a r r e n i n , gwRa m a s T a r m a n a j a n t .
14.
ago Swma a s p a bwbojyt, to a podi ji[h]ant.
15.
aga a p a n j a b a m a l a D D a n t , to a v a n a jvane n o k a r i r a s i t .
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l III.
C h a n g e the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b s in the following s e n t e n c e s to the p a s t subjunctive f o r m . In s e v e r a l c a s e s a c o p u l a t i v e v e r b ( / y n t / ) is a l s o u n d e r l i n e d ;
change t h i s to the p a s t t e n s e .
In s e n t e n c e (9) both v e r b s a r e to be changed to the p a s t s u b j u n c t i v e . Instructor:
/ b a y d ynt ky a a y r a mbjonont. /
Student;
/ b a y d ot ky a a y r a m a j a t e n a n t . /
1.
m a balky byravan.
2.
o m e t ynt, ky a gon eSa m a m y R a n t .
3.
taw bayd ynt a i p o s s o v b y d a y a y .
4.
[hjayal ynt, ky m a gon a i t r a n b y k a n a n .
5.
o m e t ynt, ky m a ynka poRi mwSS bykonon.
6.
a bolkyno t o r a doRko bydoyont.
7.
b a l k y m a n p a r taw b y d a r i n .
8.
bayd ynt ky taw e bwnDa as r a [ h ] a dur b y k a n a y .
9.
[ h ] a r Dawl ky bybit, m a n a y r a b y g y r i n .
E. g.
10. o m e t ynt, ky oS tupana peS m a baz ka[hj bykonon.
19. 705.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l IV.
C h a n g e the u n d e r l i n e d v e r b s in the following s e n t e n c e s to the p a s t p e r f e c t
subjunctive
form.
U n d e r l i n e d c o p u l a t i v e v e r b s a r e to be changed to the p a s t t e n s e , a s in the p r e c e d i n g
drill.
E.g. Instructor:
/ t o w bayd ynt b y r a v a y . /
Student;
/ t o w bayd ot bwSwtenotoy. /
1.
bayd ynt tow a y r a s o l a m b y k a n a y .
2.
a bolky m a r a m b d r w [ h ] o n t .
3.
[h]or Dowl ky bybit, o m m o y gol ome ra[h]bonda b y d a r i t .
4.
o m e t ynt, ky jongbondi bybit.
5.
o m e t ynt, ky a m o n i n y m y s t a n k a Sap bykont.
6.
tow bayd ynt voti m o T o l a ynko tez m b S o l a e n o y .
7.
bolky a e gala s o r p o d m b b i t .
8.
balky a m e d a i a y r a b w r o d e n i t .
9.
a a m bayd ynt [h]ajja b y r o v o n t .
10. Swmay [hjwkumatt k a w m a n i typaki d i v a n a y k a r - w - k a r p a d a b y p a l l i t .
485
19. 706.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l V.
C h a n g e the v e r b (+ any n e c e s s a r y object, e t c . ) in the f i r s t s e n t e n c e of e a c h of the following s e t s to the i t e r a t i v e f o r m + / a / and i n s e r t it a f t e r the s u b j e c t (to which it r e f e r s ) in the s e c o n d s e n t e n c e .
See Sec. 19. 501.
E. g.
Instructor:
/ m a n Sayr j a n a n atwn.
m a n Swtwn. /
Student:
/ m a n Sayr j a n a n a Swtwn. /
1.
a g y r a w j a n a n at.
a Sapa a[h]t.
2.
a r o T a n atant.
3.
a y a g i a j a n a n atant.
4.
a daRko dayan at.
5.
a [hjalka [h]ul kanan atant.
6.
a m e s a r m a S a r badiga kwSan at.
7.
Domb w loRi Sang j a n a n aw s w r o n z janana atant.
a d r w s t v a t i gysa swtont. a maRia rastant. a m a n i n e m a g a a y a g a at. a dema kynzytant. ame s a r m a S a r tana avani kalata r a s t . Domb w loRi nyndok
atant. 8.
a p a k i r pynDan at.
a p a k i r a m m a y [hjanda S a r r a g a at.
9.
taw t o v a r - t o v a r kanan atoy.
10. m a n d a r a Do[h]an otwn.
19. 707.
taw p a r Se m a n i g y s a y taha p w t r y t a y .
m a n aS t a i dwkkana gvostwn.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l VI.
Change the v e r b (+ any n e c e s s a r y object, e t c . ) of the f i r s t s e n t e n c e of e a c h of the following s e t s (a) to the i t e r a t i v e f o r m + / a / and (b) to the infinitive + / a / . p h r a s e s a f t e r the object (to which they r e f e r ) in the second s e n t e n c e . Instructor;
/ m a n Sayr j a n a n atwn.
Student;
/ a m a n a Sayr j a n a n a d i s t . /
Insert these
See S e c . 19. 6 0 1 .
E. g.
a mana dist. / [Or.- ]
/ a m a n a Sayr janaga d i s t . / 1.
taw p y s s a Tuaga atay.
2.
a a s a t o s o g a at.
3.
m a gapp janan atan.
4.
m o l y d d e g a n i Syrk k a r r a g a at.
5.
a toi takkia d w z z a g a at.
6.
d r w s t zalbul p y T T a g a atont.
7.
a Sa joR konoga ynt.
8.
a bollwk SyTTa v o T T o g a ot.
9.
Sonkar gwStank doyoga ot.
Se, taw a y r a d i s t a y ?
10. a p i m a z koToga ot.
19. 708.
m a n t a r a distwn. Se, a m a r a wSkyt? man molyda nbdistwn.
m a n a y r a distwn. m a d r w s t zalbula d i s t o n .
tow a y r a b y S a r ! m a e bollwka S a r y t o n . m a S o n k a r a nygoSan oton.
mon ayra distwn.
T r a n s f o r m a t i o n D r i l l VII.
T r a n s f e r the p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e (i. e. in e a c h set to the second.
the f o r m ending in / o k / ) f r o m the f i r s t s e n t e n c e
I n s e r t it ( + any n e c e s s a r y object, e t c . ) a f t e r the object to w h i c h it
r e f e r s in the second s e n t e n c e .
See S e c . 19. 6 0 1 . 486
E . g.
Instructor:
/ m o n i b r a s v o s p o k ot.
Student;
/ m o n voti b r a s a v o s p o k d i s t w n . /
1.
n a i r a [ h ] a l e T o k ot.
m o n naia d i s t w n .
2.
m o n Twlloy s o r a oStok otwn.
3.
tow nyndok otoy.
4.
a i [hjopok g r e v o k ot.
5.
a i z a [ h ] g - w - z a l b u l lodoy toha Dokkok otont.
6.
a a r a m kanok at.
7.
d r a S k kapok at.
8.
a k a y z a y t a h a d a r o k at.
9.
a m a dwzz bandok at.
Se, Swma m o n a d i s t k w r t y t ?
tow a i gala nygoSoga otoy. voxte ky m o n gysa s o r butwn, m o n a i [h]opoka d i s t w n . ma ai za[h]g-w-zalbula nbdiston.
ma ayra distan. m a n go t a p a r a e d r a S k a gwDDytwn. m a gon ai gapp j a t a n .
a a m a dwzza d i s t a n t .
10. b a l i - j a z b a l kanok ot.
19. 709.
m o n voti b r a s a d i s t w n . /
Se, Swma b a l i - j a z a d i s t y t ?
F i l l the B l a n k s .
F i l l the b l a n k s with the c o r r e c t B a l u c h i f o r m of the w o r d s given at the end of e a c h sentence.
In t h i s d r i l l only c a u s a t i v e f o r m s a r e to be e m p l o y e d . Instructor.-
/ m a n kazia fear]
./
Student:
/ m o n kazia twrsenin. /
E. g.
will frighten [lit.
1.
e s y a s a t d a n a m m a y galay b a s k a
.
2.
m a n p a r taw yakk z e b a e baloSi j a m a g e
3.
tow o m m o y d r w s t m e m a n a
4.
Se, tow gysa m o r o S i
5.
ogo m o n Swmay g v a r a g a
will c a u s e to
c a u s e s to fight .
!
will c a u s e to be sewn c a u s e to sit!
?
will c a u s e to be swept , to m a n a Synka p a y s a g dayyt.
may cause
to g r a z e 6.
m a s T a r d r w s t S a g y r d a yakk ryda
.
7.
a Sonkar v a t i kytaba m a n w r d u zwbana
c a u s e d to stand .
h a s t r a n s l a t e d [lit.
h a s c a u s e d to t u r n ] 8.
o m m a y [hjwkumott l o T i t , ky m a v a t i d r w s t m a r d w m a [lit.
9.
may educate
m a y c a u s e to r e a d ]
moroSi man vati sara
10. Se tow tonynga Synykka
19. 710.
.
loTin. ?
to c a u s e to be t r i m m e d have not c a u s e d to s u c k l e
F i l l the B l a n k s .
I n s t r u c t i o n s a r e a s for the p r e c e d i n g d r i l l . f o r m s a r e to be double c a u s a t i v e .
In t h i s e x e r c i s e , h o w e v e r , a l l d e s i r e d
E. g.
Instructor.-
/ m o n p o r tow e d r w s t k a r a
Student:
/ m o n p o r tow e d r w s t k a r a k o n a e n i n . /
487
./
will c a u s e to be done
1.
m a n p a r taw b a z S o r r e nan
.
w i l l c a u s e to be cooked
2.
m a n p a r a i a m a Dawle j w r r a b e
3.
Swma goRotti m b k a n y t !
4.
ogo m o n So b o l o S y s t a n a yokk Sypie b w l o T i n , to tow Son
.
man asa
will c a u s e to be bought .
have c a u s e to be e x t i n g u i s h e d yS.
can
c a u s e to a r r i v e 5.
m o n a m e [hjanda b a z e k a r e z
have c a u s e d to be dug [lit.
c a u s e d to be p u l l e d ,
drawn]
6.
a vot v a t i b r a s a
, aw d r w s t kilaganyS zyt.
7.
Swma e d r w s t a[h]ynan a m y d a D e r
8.
mon moTal
9.
e tobib t o r a Sa t a p - d y k k a
a nozanin.
!
have
c a u s e d to be killed
c a u s e to be done!
to c a u s e to go .
10. badSa[h] a m e r o d a y s a r a pole
19. 711.
.
can c a u s e to be r i d .
c a u s e d to be built [lit.
tied]
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l I. 1.
S o n k a r a y gwStanka Se [hjabar atant. He said that we should s u p p o r t the p r i n c i p l e s of I s l a m . He said that we m u s t e d u c a t e o u r p e o p l e . He said that we m u s t t r a n s l a t e m a n y E n g l i s h b o o k s [lit. of E n g l i s h m a n y b o o k s j into the Baluchi language. He said that, if we take up t h e s e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , t h e r e will be p r o g r e s s in our r e g i o n . He said that we m u s t a s s i s t the w o r k e r s of the D e p a r t m e n t of E d u c a t i o n .
2.
e galay k a r d a r p a r Se kayz kanag buta. The l e a d e r of the p a r t y saw h i m t a k i n g [a] bribe. He stole the c o n t r i b u t i o n s , w h i c h we had collected. He had c a u s e d the p r e s i d e n t of a n o t h e r p a r t y to be b e a t e n . He gave a r e b e l l i o u s s p e e c h in the l a w m a k i n g assembly. He lied in c o u r t . e kay ynt. T h i s is that v e r y n u r s e who r a i s e d m e f r o m childhood. T h i s is that v e r y officer who took [a] b r i b e . T h i s is that v e r y p o s t m a n who d e l i v e r e d y o u r l e t t e r to m e . T h i s is that v e r y p i l g r i m who r e t u r n e d from Arabia yesterday.
488
T h i s i s that v e r y fool who plunged [lit. c a u s e d to fall] us into a c a t a s t r o p h e . 4.
e m a r d w m t a i [hjanda Se k a n a g a ant. * They a r e w o r k e r s of the D e p a r t m e n t of Health. They a r e killing a l l the flies and m o s q u i t o e s with c h e m i c a l s [lit. m e d i c i n e s j . They a r e m a k i n g a [lit. area.
the J t o u r of o u r
A d o c t o r is with t h e m . He c u r e s [lit. c a u s e s to be r i d ] p e o p l e of t u b e r c u l o s i s . He h a s shown us m a n y new t h i n g s . ^The a n s w e r s to t h i s q u e s t i o n a r e c o n t i n u o u s and f o r m a c o n n e c t e d t e x t . 5.
m a n i gw[h]ar kwja ynt. She is sitting with y o u r c o - w i f e . I saw h e r standing o v e r t h e r e . I saw h e r w a s h i n g the c l o t h e s . I saw h e r sewing a c a s e for y o u r pillow. I saw h e r m i l k i n g the cow.
6.
Se, m o r o S i o m m a y galay n y a d e bit ? No. Our s e c r e t a r y h a s gone on a t o u r of Europe. Y e s , today the M i n i s t e r of E d u c a t i o n will c o m e and give a s p e e c h . No, today the p r e s i d e n t of our p a r t y will go to the m e e t i n g of the l a w m a k i n g c o u n c i l . Y e s , the m e e t i n g will be at four o ' c l o c k . Y e s , today we will talk about the a i m s and o b j e c t s of our p a r t y .
7.
t a i [hjayala, m a p a r Se ynka bod[h]al b u t a g a n . * We do not s u p p o r t the p r i n c i p l e s of the Quran. We have f o r g o t t e n our h o n o u r , and we have a b a n d o n e d our [code of J t r i b a l law. Now we t e l l l i e s , we s t e a l t h i n g s , and we take b r i b e [ s j . In the t i m e of the old B a l u c h i s we w e r e not thus [lit. s u c h j . We m u s t a g a i n t a k e up t h o s e old v i r t u e s and r i d o u r s e l v e s [lit. be r i d j of t h e s e evil d e e d s [lit. w o r k s j . i T h e a n s w e r s to t h i s q u e s t i o n a r e c o n t i n u o u s and f o r m a c o n n e c t e d t e x t .
489
Swmay d a m a g p a r Se ynka budnak buta. We d i s c o v e r e d p e t r o l e u m and g a s h e r e . H e r e a r e [lit. i s ] m u c h s u l p h u r and lead. In the y e a r 1926 i r o n w a s d i s c o v e r e d h e r e Now m a n y m i n e s and f a c t o r i e s have b e e n built h e r e . Our a r t i s a n s m a k e m a n y b e a u t i f u l t h i n g s , and we send t h e m to o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . Gold, s i l v e r , and c o a l a r e plentiful [lit. much] here. Se, taw a y r a e gappa g w s t a y ? If he had c o m e , I would have told [it ] to h i m . If I had told h i m t h i s thing, he would have become angry. If I had not told h i m t h i s t h i n g , t h e n p e r h a p s he would have gone to M a k r a n . If I could have o v e r t a k e n h i m , t h e n I would have told h i m t h i s m a t t e r . Would that I had told h i m t h i s m a t t e r ! 10. a Son swtant, They went [along] w e e p i n g . They went [along] playing m u s i c and d a n c i n g . They went [along] p l a y i n g h o r n [ s ] and b e a t i n g drum[ s j. They went [along] moving slowly. They went [along] r e j o i c i n g . 11.
Se, k a z i tanynga naya[hJto ? No. If he had c o m e , then m y s e r v a n t would have told m e . If the v i l l a g e - h e a d m a n had a l l o w e d h i m to c o m e , then p e r h a p s he would h a v e c o m e . He ought to have c o m e , but he could not come. T h e r e w a s hope that he would c o m e , but t h e s e d a y s he is ill. I thought [lit. come.
thought w a s ] that he would
12. m a r o S i ai [hjal Son ynt, Today the wound in [lit. become worse.
of] h i s foot h a s
The d o c t o r s a y s that he m u s t go to the hospital. He w a s w a n d e r i n g a r o u n d in the icy wind and caught a cold [lit. cold caught h i m ] . Today his condition is good. H i s p h y s i c i a n h a s c u r e d h i m [lit. c a u s e d h i m to be r i d ]
490
of d y s e n t e r y . I saw h i m standing in front of h i s h o u s e . If he had b e e n ill, he would not have c o m e outside. 13.
e k a z i Sone m o r d e He is a w o r t h l e s s m a n . [lit. upon h i m ] !
Do not t r u s t h i m
He t e l l s l i e s and t a k e s b r i b e s . He is a good m a n .
He will not c h e a t you.
He is a m a n of h o n o u r . W h e n e v e r anyone c o m e s [lit. m a y c o m e ] to h i s p l a c e , he helps him. His t a l e n t [ / p w r r - g w S a d i / j d e m a n d s p r a i s e He a l w a y s s i t s in the c o u n c i l of the c h i e f s . 14. a p o r Se voti jona sofhjen dat, His wife a l w a y s q u a r r e l l e d with h i m . His wife u s e d to g r u m b l e a lot [lit.
much].
H i s wife w a s a l w a y s sick and b o r e h i m no c h i l d r e n [lit. to h e r any child did not become]. He saw h e r sitting with a n o t h e r m a n . He liked a n o t h e r w o m a n . [Lit. another woman was pleasing. ]
To h i m
15. toi boSSoy dai kwjangw Swto, She h a s gone to put m y son to s l e e p [lit. c a u s e to s l e e p ] . She h a s gone to talk with y o u r c o - w i f e . I saw h e r playing with your son o v e r t h e r e , She h a s gone to c a l l [ / l o T o g / ] a p h y s i c i a n . I saw h e r m a k i n g t e a in the t e a k e t t l e .
19. 712.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l II. 1.
Se, Swmoy [h]onda nopt w j o l y s k o s t ?
2.
b a y d ynt ky [hjwkumott [h]or za[h]gay vanenogoy wgdda b w z u r i t ?
3.
taw v a t i [hjayala m a n b a l o S i zwbana t o r r e n t k o n a y ?
4.
taw n y m a z k a n a g a z a n a y ?
5.
t a r a kasania dai astat?
6.
w r d u kwjam [hjanday zwban ynt.
7.
Se, taw [h]ySS b a r g v a r a g n a S a r e n t a g a y ?
8.
Se, taw v a x t e v a t i s y a s i g a l a y k a r - w - k a r p a d a v a n t a g a y ?
9.
v a x t e ky taw g v a z i e b a [ h ] e n a y , to tow z a r g y r a y ?
10. t a i m w l k a y bwnja[h]ay n a m Se ynt. 11.
t a r a t a m b a k a y bo dost y n t ?
12.
Se, taw vaxte d r o g b w r r y t a g a y ?
491
13. t a i [ h ] a y a l a , sa[h]en d a y a g j v a n e Sie, ya n a . 14. taw m o T a l Salaent k a n a y ? 15.
19. 800.
eSia aw p a r a n g y s t a n a y t a k s w r a d u r k a n a g a p a , Se Se but k a n t .
Vocabulary.
Although c a u s a t i v e and double c a u s a t i v e v e r b s a r e not r e a l l y "new v o c a b u l a r y , " they a r e s e p a r a t e l y listed below. N a m e s of m o n t h s and m e a s u r e s will not be given;
for t h e s e , s e e S e e s . 19. 206 and 19. 310.
a[h]yn
i r o n (metal)
asani
ease, effortlessness,
pa a s a n i azat
simplicity
easily free,
independent
a z a t buag
to b e , b e c o m e f r e e ,
a z a t kanag
to f r e e ,
independent
liberate
aid
Id (name of two I s l a m i c f e s t i v a l s )
amn
peace
arab
Arab
arabystan
Arabia
a r m a n [ky]
would that, if only . . . !
ba[h]enag
I-II
bad[h]al
to l o s e (a g a m e , w a r , e t c . ) wretched,
unfortunate
b a d [ h ] a l buag
to b e , b e c o m e w r e t c h e d ,
bad[h]al kanag
to m a k e w r e t c h e d ,
badlenag
I-II
unfortunate
unfortunate
to change ( t r a n s i t i v e )
bo
s m e l l , odour
budnak
prosperous,
well-off
budnak buag
to b e , b e c o m e p r o s p e r o u s ,
budnak kanag
to m a k e p r o s p e r o u s ,
budnaki
prosperity,
bwDDog
I-I
bwDDenog
I-II
wellbeing
to sink ( t r a n s i t i v e ) treetrunk
bwnja[h]
c a p i t a l (city)
Sandi
silver
Sap
printing Sap buag
to be p r i n t e d
Sap kanag
to p r i n t
Salaenag Salag
I-I
I-II I-II
well-off
to sink ( i n t r a n s i t i v e )
bwnD
Sarenag
well-off
to g r a z e ( t r a n s i t i v e ) to r u n (a m a c h i n e ) , d r i v e (a v e h i c l e ) , p r o g r e s s (with o n e ' s work) to go, r u n , p r o g r e s s (a w h e e l , m a c h i n e , a
492
p i e c e of w o r k , e t c . ) ( i n t r a n s i t i v e ) Sapp
left (hand, Sapp-w-rast
left-and-right: and t h i t h e r
SaSmakk
eyeglasses,
Sin
China
SwTTaenag SwTTag
I-II
I-I
direction) in a l l d i r e c t i o n s ,
spectacles
to c a u s e to be f r e e d , c a u s e to be r i d of to be r i d of, f r e e f r o m
dai
nurse, wetnurse,
dam-dam
celebration
midwife
d a m - d a m buag
to be a c e l e b r a t i o n
d a m - d a m kanag
to c e l e b r a t e
dariSa[g]
window
'"dast
hand
dast kapag din
hither
to obtain, r e c e i v e ( a c c i d e n t a l l y , by c h a n c e ) religion
doSenog
I II
drog
to c a u s e to sew lie,
falsehood
drog bandag
to t e l l a (harmful) lie (against s o m e o n e )
drog bwrrog
to lie h a b i t u a l l y , m a k e up s t o r i e s
d r w [ h ] a g 1-J
to b e t r a y
'"dur
far dur buag
to be r e m o v e d
dur kanag
to r e m o v e ,
Darenog
I-II
eradicate
to c a u s e to c o l l a p s e , knock down p i l e , h e a p (large)
Der D e r buog
to be p i l e d , h e a p e d
D e r jonog
to cut and pile (as g r a s s , hay, t r e e b r a n c h e s , etc. )
D e r konog
to pile up, h e a p up
Do[h]og
I-I
to c a r r y off (in a v e h i c l e , in o n e ' s a r m s , in s e v e r a l loads)
eSia
Asia
gal
w o r d (vocable), s t a t e m e n t , t a l k
giSog giSenog
I-I I-II
to u n t a n g l e , set s t r a i g h t , set a p a r t to solve (a d i s p u t e ) ; order
gokwrt
sulphur
grevaenog I-II
to c a u s e to c r y ; w e e p
gvapenog I-II
to c a u s e to w e a v e
gvarenog I-II
to c a u s e to r a i n
gvaryk
ice, icicle;
gvazenog I-II
to p a s s ( t r a n s i t i v e )
gvorog
lamb
493
icy
to e x p l a i n , lay out, set in
s a y i n g , s t a t e m e n t , t a l k (what i s said)
gwstyn gyraenog
to c a u s e to be g r a s p e d ,
I-II
s e i z e d , c a u g h t , bought
[h]aji
p i l g r i m ( p e r s o n who m a k e s the / [ h ] o j j / , Islamic pilgrimage)
[h]ajj
Hajj (the I s l a m i c p i l g r i m a g e )
the
to p e r f o r m the p i l g r i m a g e
[h]ajj kanag
u n i t e d , a g r e e d , having the s a m e opinion, p u r p o s e , or plan
[hjamsala
to be united,
[ h ] a m s a l a buag
agreed
[hjapok
co-wife (kinship t e r m u s e d by one wife to a n o t h e r in a polygynous family)
[hjoptar
hyena
[h]wnorkar
artisan,
[h]ySSanag
I-I
[hjySSanenag
technician
to s n e e z e I-II
to c a u s e to s n e e z e
jansalamatti
health
jail
case,
jalysk
g a s ( n a t u r a l gas)
jangbandi
ceasefire
cover
j a n g b a n d i buag
to be a c e a s e f i r e
j a n g b a n d i konog
to effect a c e a s e f i r e , end a w a r
ji[h]aenog
I-II
kanudsaz kapenog
to c a u s e to r u n away, lawmaker,
I-II
flee
lawmaking
to c a u s e to fall
kardar
s e c r e t a r y (of a p o l i t i c a l p a r t y , c l u b , e t c . )
karkwn
w o r k e r , e m p l o y e e (in an office, a s c h o l a r l y academy, a political party, etc. )
kar -w-karpod
a i m s and o b j e c t s ,
kazi
Qazi ( I s l a m i c judge)
konaenog
I-II
koSSaenog
to c a u s e to be done, m a d e smallness;
kosani I II
objectives
childhood
to c a u s e to be pulled, d r a w n , t a k e n out c h e a t i n g (in a g a m e )
kili kili buog
to be c h e a t i n g
kili konog
to cheat (in a g a m e )
kopog
shoulder
kwran
Quran
kwSaenog
I-II
to c a u s e to be killed
modog
locust
molam
bribe
m o l a m doyog
to give a b r i b e
m o l a m gyrog
to take a b r i b e
m o l a m vorog
to take a b r i b e
moraga
council,
494
committee
m a s y sk
housefly
moykomo[g]
department
meSenag
I-II
to s u c k l e ( t r a n s i t i v e )
meRenog
I-II
to c a u s e to fight
morink
ant
mySaenog nadenag
I-II I-II
to cause to be suckled to cause to sit, seat (someone)
nai
barber
napt
petroleum,
nymaz
Islamic ritual prayer
oil
n y m a z buag
to be p r a y e r
nymaz kanag
to perform [a] prayer
n y m a z vanog
to pray
nyndarenag I-II
to c a u s e to sit, s e a t (by a s s i s t i n g the p e r s o n , with f o r c e , e t c . )
[kJoStarenag
to c a u s e to stand, stand ( t r a n s i t i v e )
pallag
I-II
I-I
to s u p p o r t
parangystan
Europe
parman
command,
porraenog I-II
to c a u s e to fly off, c a u s e to slip away
paSSa[g]
mosquito
patt
trust,
order
confidence
patt buag
to be t r u s t ,
confidence
patt kanag
to t r u s t , have confidence. [The p e r s o n t r u s t e d is m a r k e d by / - a y s a r a / "upon. "] useless, worthless,
pok
fruitless
pok buag
to b e , b e c o m e w o r t h l e s s
pok konag
to m a k e w o r t h l e s s ,
useless
poRi
c o n t r i b u t i o n , donation; newspaper)
s u b s c r i p t i o n (to a j o u r n a l ,
pylpyl
pepper
ra[h]band
principle
rosaenog I-II
to c a u s e to a r r i v e ;
rosenog I-II
to o v e r t a k e , c a t c h up with
repag I-I
to c h e a t , d e c e i v e , befool
repenog I-II
to c a u s e to be c h e a t e d
rodenog I-II
to c a u s e to g r o w , b r i n g up, n o u r i s h
ryd
line (of o b j e c t s standing side by side)
to d e l i v e r
ryd buag
to b e , b e c o m e a line (of o b j e c t s side by side)
ryd kanag
to line up (objects side by side)
rydband
sentence (utterance)
sa[h]en
divorce
sa[h]en dayag
to d i v o r c e
sa[h]en gyrag
to obtain a d i v o r c e
495
greeting,
solam
felicitations
s o l a m doyag
to give a g r e e t i n g
s a l a m kanag
to g r e e t trip,
sopor
journey
s o p o r buog
to be a j o u r n e y
s o p o r konog
to m a k e a j o u r n e y
so[h]r
gold
swrwp
lead (metal)
Sort
bet;
condition,
stipulation
Sort buog
to be a b e t , be a c o n d i t i o n
Sort jonog
to bet
Sort konag
to m a k e a condition
Singenag
I-II
Sonkar
to s p r e a d out (as a g i r l ' s t r e s s e s on h e r s h o u l d e r s ) , l e a v e a t r a i l while m o v i n g a l o n g ; to p u b l i s h editor,
taSenag
I-II
arranger
to c a u s e to r u n ,
chase
tobib
d o c t o r , p h y s i c i a n ( p e r s o n t r a i n e d in o r i e n t a l medicine)
tokswr
tension,
top-dykk
tuberculosis
torrenog traSog
I-II I-I
traSenog
strain
to t u r n ( t r a n s i t i v e ) ; translate
to s t i r (a liquid);
to
to cut, t r i m , p a r e , whittle I-II
to c a u s e to t r i m , to get t r i m m e d
tupan
storm
twrkystan
Turkey
typaki
united, joint (adj. )
Ta[h]enog
I-II
to c a u s e to a g r e e , s e t t l e , fix, f o r m ,
Topalrosan
postman
Twll
tower
vai
yard (measurement)
vanenog
I-II
to c a u s e to r e a d , to e d u c a t e
vapenog
I-II
to c a u s e to s l e e p , put to s l e e p
voyl
catastrophe, calamity,
wgda
responsibility to take on a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
wgda z u r o g wrdu
Urdu (language)
ynglystan
England
yslam
Islam
yslami
Islamic
za[h]menog
I-II
trouble
to i n c r e a s e , g r o w w o r s e (wound)
49b
establish
The custom of /synykki/: women gather around the groom [in the centre] and shower him with sweetmeats.
UNIT
20. 100.
TWENTY
Text I.
The B a l u c h i s c e l e b r a t e [lit. p a s s ] t h e i r w e d d i n g s [lit. d a y s of the m a r r i a g e ] with m u c h p o m p and show. engaged,
betrothed
sangi
to c o l l e c t c o n t r i b u t i o n s for a marriage
byjjar kanag
w e d d i n g e x p e n s e s paid by the g r o o m to the b r i d e ' s f a t h e r
labb
b r i d a l p a y m e n t m a d e by the g r o o m to h i s p r o s p e c t i v e m o t h e r - i n - l a w
sirbeli
A f t e r the e n g a g e m e n t , that engaged m a n collects contributions among his t r i b e , h a s j e w e l l e r y m a d e for h i s f i a n c e e , and c o m p l e t e s [the p a y m e n t of] the wedding e x p e n s e s and the gift to h i s m o t h e r - i n law. completed,
fulfilled
W h e n e v e r a l l the a r r a n g e m e n t s a r e [lit. b e c a m e ] c o m p l e t e , then [they] set a day for the m a r r i a g e . perfume I-II
puro [hjar de ky d r w s t son p u r o butont, gwRa [ h j a r o s a po yakk roSe [hjer k a n a n t .
srwsag
to e m b r o i d e r
Sakan j a n a g ;
M e a n w h i l e , the w o m e n of the h o u s e s of the g r o o m and the b r i d e b e c o m e b u s y in sewing c l o t h e s , p r e p a r i n g p e r f u m e s , and e m b r o i d e r i n g . cosmetics,
costs, expenses,
b a n u r o y v a r y s p a r a i t a k k i , sypi, t u r a g , aw dygo Si gvopant, vale a i pwSS, r a z a n , aw s i n g a r a y Sia salunk dant. [hjarS
spending
stand, e n d u r e
a m e d o w r a n a , salunk ow b a n u r o y g y s a n i z a l b u l pwSS doSog, vosSbo s r w S a g , aw Sakan j a n a g a g a T T b a n t . singar
make-up
The g u a r d i a n s of the b r i d e w e a v e c l o t h e s b a g s , f i n e - r u g s , s h o u l d e r - b a g s , and o t h e r t h i n g s , but the g r o o m g i v e s h e r c l o t h i n g , u t e n s i l s , and c o s m e t i c i t e m s . to b e a r ;
as sanga r o n d , oma s a n g i e m o r d m o n voti t w m o n a b y j j a r kant, pa v a t i d y s t a r a sat joR k a n a e n i t , aw l a b b - w - S i r b e l i a y S a l a s kant.
v a s sbo
to m i x into a p a s t e
I-I
Pwjjag
T h o s e p e r s o n s who [can] b e a r the e x p e n s e s of the wedding c e l e b r a t e m o r e t h a n t h r e e d a y s and n i g h t s , but m o s t of the B a l u c h i s c e l e b r a t e only t h r e e d a y s and n i g h t s .
7.
baloS v a t i [ h j a r o s a y roSa b a z pa d a m - d a m a gvazenont.
a m a k a s s ky [ h j a r o s a y [hjarSa pwjjant, aS say S a p - w - r o S a geS d o m - d o m k a n a n t , v a l e geStyr baloS t a n i a say S a p - w - r o S d a m - d a m kanant.
s u p p l i e s , a n i m a l s , e t c . sent by the g r o o m to h i s f a t h e r - i n - l a w for the m a r r i a g e feast
arti
father-in-law
vasyrk
S o m e d a y s b e f o r e the wedding the g r o o m s e n d s the s u p p l i e s for the wedding f e a s t to h i s f a t h e r - i n - l a w ' s h o u s e with g r e a t
499
[or / a R t i / j
[ h j a r o s a So la[h]te roS peS, s a l u n k a r t i a b a z pa d a m - d a m a v a t i v a s y r k a y g y s a d e m dant.
p o m p and show. 8.
The f i r s t two n i g h t s and two d a y s m o s t of the g a t h e r i n g w i l l be at the g r o o m ' s h o u s e . R e l a t i v e s c o m e to the b r i d e ' s h o u s e t o o , and food is d i s t r i b u t e d .
morden
man, male 9.
[On] both p l a c e the and h a v e a l s o sing
owli dw Sop aw dw r o S g e S t y r mwSSi salunkay gysa bit. bariuray gysa am syal kayant, ow n a n - w - n o g o n b a r b i t .
t h e s e n i g h t s at the g r o o m ' s m e n hold s o c i a l g a t h e r i n g s m u s i c and d a n c i n g . The w o m e n and play the t a m b o u r i n e .
ome [hjordw Sop s a l u n k o y [h]odda m o r d e n d i v a n konont, ow d o l - w - S a p k o n a n t . jonen om Soyr ow d o m a m o g jonont. [hjynnam j a n a g
to apply henna 10. [On] both t h e s e n i g h t s [they] apply henna to the h a n d s and feet of the b r i d e and g r o o m , and [they] p a s s the day a l s o in eating.
a m e [ h j a r d w Sap b a n u r aw s a l u n k a y d a s t - w p a d a [hjynnam j a n a n t , ow roSa a m n a n - w nagana gvazenant.
L a n g a v , a t r i b e of s o m e w h a t l o w e r social status
langav
gifts sent by the g r o o m to the b r i d e
vajj
11. On the m o r n i n g of the wedding one [ o r ] two L a n g a v w o m e n d e l i v e r the gifts for [lit. of] the b r i d e , and the g r o o m ' s m o t h e r - i n - l a w g i v e s t h e m one h e a d c l o t h e a c h [lit. one one h e a d c l o t h ] .
[ h ] a r o s o y soba, yokk dw l a n g o v a n i j a n e n b a n u r o y vajja s a r k a n a n t , aw s a l u n k a y v a s s u ava yakk yakk gwd d a n t .
12. On the day of the wedding at the h o m e s of both the b r i d e and g r o o m the r e l a t i v e s c o m e , and food is d i s t r i b u t e d .
[ h j a r o s o y r o S a , b a n u r ow s a l u n k [ h j o r d w e n a n i g y s a s y a l - w - k a m kayont, aw n a n - w - n o g o n bar bit.
load of h o u s e h o l d goods
ma[h]pal
to send off
s a r dayag
s w e e t m e a t s , candy
Sakar
13. [On] the s a m e day after lunch [they] send off the h o u s e h o l d goods [for the couple] f r o m the g r o o m ' s h o u s e , and the w o m e n sprinkle sweetmeats over [these] household g o o d s .
peSim
early afternoon to c a u s e to w e a r
a m e roS s v a r o g o y nana r o n d , oS salunkoy gysa m a [ h ] p o l a s a r d a y a n t , aw z a l b u l m a [ h ] p a l a S a k a r SaT d a y a n t .
poSaenog
I-II
14. [On] t h i s day a f t e r the noon p r a y e r , the g r o o m p u t s on new clothing, and o v e r t h e r e [i. e. at the b r i d e ' s h o m e ] [they] a l s o d r e s s the b r i d e in new c l o t h e s .
ome roS p e S i m a y n y m a z a r a n d , s a l u n k noke pwSS g v a r a kant, aw oda b a n u r a o m noke pwSS poSaenont.
sheet, mantle
Sador
garments,
poSak
dress
koSa konag
to sling o v e r the s h o u l d e r 15. A s i d e f r o m [a] c a p , t u r b a n , m a n t l e , and o t h e r g a r m e n t s , the g r o o m s l i n g s a s w o r d over his shoulder.
salunk, aS Top, m a n d i l , S a d o r , ow dyga poSaka b e d , yakk z a [ h ] m e koSa kont.
to t h r o w s w e e t m e a t s (as a way of congratulating someone)
Synykki kanag
to give m o n e y (as a c o n g r a t u l a t o r y gift)
s o r g a r d dayag
16. M e a n w h i l e one [ o r ] two m e n fire off g u n s , [and o t h e r s ] s h o w e r the g r o o m with s w e e t m e a t s , give [ h i m ] gifts, and 500
a m e d o w r a n a y a k k dw m o r d t u p a k k jonont, s a l u n k a Synykki k a n a n t , s a r g o r d doyont, aw pada a s p e a s v a r k o n o n t e .
a f t e r w a r d s m o u n t h i m on a h o r s e .
17.
s e p a r a t e l y , a p a r t f r o m one a n o t h e r
jyta-jyta
wedding p r o c e s s i o n
jann
The w e d d i n g p r o c e s s i o n s of m e n and w o m e n a r r i v e s e p a r a t e l y at the b r i d e ' s h o u s e b e a t i n g d r u m s and [ s h o o t i n g off] g u n s , [ p l a y i n g ] t a m b o u r i n e s and singing. to offer
18.
refreshments
Sa-w-Sylym kanag
The b r i d e ' s r e l a t i v e s and g u a r d i a n s w e l c o m e b o t h the wedding p r o c e s s i o n s and offer [ t h e m ] r e f r e s h m e n t s .
b a n u r a y s y a l - w - v a r y s [hjardw j a n n a vaSSa[h]t gwSant, aw S a - w - S y l y m k a n a n t .
to a s k for o n e ' s r e c e n t p e r s o n a l n e w s 19. [ T h e y ] a s k for the r e c e n t p e r s o n a l n e w s of the m e n and give food to [ t h e m e m b e r s of] b o t h w e d d i n g p r o c e s s i o n s . M e a n while t h e r e is a l s o m u s i c and d a n c i n g , and the w o m e n s e p a r a t e l y [i. e. not with the m e n ] sing s o n g s . gathering, small group 20. After e a t i n g g r o u p s [lit. h o m e s , and a l o n g with a
s u p p e r , a l l go in s m a l l in g r o u p g r o u p ] to t h e i r own the g r o o m r e m a i n s behind few f r i e n d s .
A f t e r m i d n i g h t [lit. the s e c o n d / p a s / of the n i g h t ] , the Mulla s e n d s t h r e e m e n to the b r i d e ' s q u a r t e r s . agent, deputy, advocate, to be p l e a s i n g ,
22.
23.
m a r d e n a n i a[h]vala g y r a n t , aw [ h j a r d w janna n a n - w - n o g o n doyont. ome d o w r a n a d o l - w - S a p a m bit, aw z a l b u l a m jyta Sayr janant.
Sam v a r a g a r a n d , d r w s t gaSS-gaSSa v a t i gysa r a v a n t , aw salunk go la[h]te s a n g a t t a manit. pas Sapay d o m i p a s a r a n d , m w l l a say m a r d b a n u r a y v a t a k a d e m dant. vakil
lawyer
p a s a n d buag
agreeable
The b r i d e c h o o s e s one of t h e s e m e n [ a s ] h e r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e and s t a t e s b e f o r e a l l t h r e e m e n that the g r o o m is a g r e e a b l e to her.
b a n u r aS e m o r d a y a k k e a v a t i v a k i l gySen kant, aw [ h j a r s a y e m a r d a n i d e m a gwSit, ky a y r a salunk p a s a n d ynt.
to b e a r w i t n e s s
gva[h]i dayag
a certain,
pylan
so-and-so
p a y m e n t to be m a d e to the b r i d e in the e v e n t of a d i v o r c e
me[h]r
to be a c c e p t a b l e ,
k a b u l buag
agreeable
aS eSa, dw m a r d m w l l a a y d e m a say b a r a gva[h]i d a y a n t , ky b a n u r a y v a k i l pylan m a r d ynt, aw r a n d a v a k i l a m e gva[h]ia dant, ky b a n u r a e salunk y n k a s m e [ h ] r a y S a r t a k a b u l ynt.
Of t h e s e , two m e n b e a r w i t n e s s t h r e e t i m e s b e f o r e the Mulla that the b r i d e ' s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e is s o - a n d - s o [lit. s o a n d - s o m a n ] , and a f t e r w a r d s the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e b e a r s w i t n e s s that t h i s g r o o m i s a c c e p t a b l e to the b r i d e on the c o n d i t i o n of t h i s m u c h / m e [ h ] r / . to a c c e p t ,
k a b u l kanag
agree
nyka[h]
marriage ceremony 24.
a[h]val g y r a g
gaSS
p e r i o d of t h r e e h o u r s 21.
m o r d e n ow j a n e n a n i jann j y t a - j y t a dol ow tupakk, d a m a m a g aw Sayr j a n a n a b a n u r a y gysa r o s o n t .
The Mulla a l s o a s k s the g r o o m t h r e e t i m e s , and if the g r o o m a g r e e s , then the M u l l a p e r f o r m s [lit. r e a d s ] t h e i r marriage ceremony. forever;
m w l l a salunka a m say b a r a p w r s i t , aw s a l u n k aga kabul k w r t , gwRa m w l l a nyka[h]ayS vanit. mwdam
always
501
zynd
life 25.
26.
m w l l a vat s a l u n k a b a n u r a y v a t a k a s a r kant, ow ai d o s t a b a n u r a y d a s t a dant gwSit, " e s ynt, t a i j a n m w d a m pa zynd! "
The Mulla h i m s e l f t a k e s the g r o o m to the b r i d e ' s q u a r t e r s and p l a c e s [lit. g i v e s ] the b r i d e ' s hand in h i s hand [and] s a y s , " T h i s is [ s h e ] , y o u r wife f o r e v e r for life! " to offer c o n g r a t u l a t i o n s
mwbarakki dayag
to shoot at a t a r g e t , hold t a r g e t practice
nySana[g] j a n a g
The second day of the wedding the r e l a t i v e s c o m e and c o n g r a t u l a t e the p a i r . The b r i d e g r o o m a l s o h o l d s t a r g e t p r a c t i c e o u t s i d e with h i s r e l a t i v e s [or " e q u a l s " ] . to r o l l , m i x up, c a u s e to wallow I-II
[hjarosoy domi roS, s y a l - w - k a m kayant, aw [ h j o r d w e n a m w b a r a k k i d a y a n t . s a l u n k v a t i s y a l a go Donna nySanog om jont. loRenog
27. [On] the fourth day the b r i d e ' s g u a r d i a n k i l l s a s h e e p b e f o r e h e r q u a r t e r s . [He] r o l l s the head of the s h e e p in the blood and l e a v e s it b e f o r e the d o o r .
b a n u r o y v a r y s S a r m i roS y a k k m e S e a i v a t a k a y d e m a kwSit, m e S a y s a r a m a n [hjona l o R e n i t , aw d a r g a g a y d e m a k y l l i t e .
28.
a m e m e S a y goSta Sopa g r a d o n t , ow s a l u n k a y ka[h]ola Sopoy n a n a l o T o n t .
In the evening [they] cook the m e a t of t h i s s h e e p and invite the family of the g r o o m to the evening m e a l . s a c r i f i c e of a s h e e p , e t c . at a m a r r i a g e
29.
h a p p i n e s s , joy
vaSSi
goal, a i m ,
mwrad
objective
They c a l l t h i s a n c i e n t c u s t o m / d e m - [ h ] o n i / , which h a s a s its object [lit. that in it is the object of] h a p p i n e s s and prosperity.
30. After the c u s t o m of / d e m - [ h ] o n i / t h e g r o o m can take his wife to his own h o m e .
20. 200. 1.
dem-[hjoni
performed
Word Study:
a m e ko[h]ne doda d e m - [ h ] o n i gwSont, ky vaSSi aw b u d n a k i a y m w r a d m a n yntyS.
os d e m - [ h ] o n i o y doda r o n d , s a l u n k v a t i jana v a t i gysa b a r t kant.
Text I.
The m a r r i a g e c u s t o m s d e s c r i b e d in Sec. 20. 100 a r e s p e c i f i c a l l y t h o s e of the
Quetta-Kalat region.
D e t a i l s do indeed differ s o m e w h a t f r o m a r e a to a r e a , f r o m t r i b e to
t r i b e , and f r o m s o c i a l c l a s s to s o c i a l c l a s s ; m a r r i a g e p r a c t i c e s is a s d e s c r i b e d above.
n e v e r t h e l e s s the g e n e r a l p a t t e r n of B a l u c h i A n u m b e r of m i n o r c u s t o m s have b e e n o m i t t e d
f r o m the n a r r a t i v e , h o w e v e r , for s i m p l i c i t y ' s s a k e . To r e c a p i t u l a t e b r i e f l y :
once the e n g a g e m e n t (Sec. 14. 200 (13)) h a s b e e n p e r f o r m e d ,
the g r o o m ' s family t r a d i t i o n a l l y c o l l e c t s c o n t r i b u t i o n s ( / b y j j a r / ) f r o m t h e i r k i n s m e n and friends.
T h e s e a r e for the / l o b b / , a m a r r i a g e p a y m e n t c o n s i s t i n g of both c a s h and s u p p l i e s
for the m a r r i a g e feast.
In s o m e c a s e s , of c o u r s e , the b r i d e ' s g u a r d i a n s m a y d e m a n d only
a c a s h gift, while in o t h e r s they m a y a s k only for the a n i m a l s , flour,
sugar, etc.
required
for the wedding. A few d a y s b e f o r e the wedding the a n i m a l s and foodstuffs t h u s c o l l e c t e d will be sent off to the b r i d e ' s h o u s e a m i d s t g r e a t c e r e m o n y .
T h i s p a r t of the / l a b b / is c a l l e d / a r t i / .
502
The c a s h p o r t i o n of the b r i d a l p a y m e n t is n o r m a l l y p a i d l a t e r . A s i d e f r o m the / a r t i / , h o w e v e r , it is a l s o c u s t o m a r y to send a s p e c i a l gift to the b r i d e ' s m o t h e r or f e m a l e g u a r d i a n . rupees.
T h i s is c a l l e d / S i r b e l i / and m a y r a n g e up to fifty or a h u n d r e d
It i s not c o n s i d e r e d a p a r t of the / l o b b / .
On the m o r n i n g of the m a r r i a g e a s m a l l p a r t y of L a n g a v w o m e n (see S e c . 20. 200 (11) below) d e l i v e r the / v a j j / to the b r i d e ' s h o u s e .
T h i s c o n s i s t s of one or two c h e s t s of p e r s o n a l
gifts for the b r i d e , including g a r m e n t s , s h o e s , a m i r r o r , c o s m e t i c s , e t c .
A g a i n , t h i s is
not c o n s i d e r e d a p a r t of the / l o b b / . S o m e t i m e l a t e r on the day of the wedding the g r o o m ' s p e o p l e a l s o send the / m a [ h ] p o l / , a c a m e l - l o a d of h o u s e h o l d g o o d s :
b e d d i n g , m a t t r e s s e s , u t e n s i l s , flour and salt b a g s , e t c . ,
a l l highly d e c o r a t e d and s p r i n k l e d o v e r with s w e e t m e a t s . r e s t r i c t e d to t h i s c o n t e x t , h o w e v e r ;
The w o r d / m a [ h ] p o l / is not
it m a y be u s e d for any c a m e l - l o a d of h o u s e h o l d b a g g a g e .
T h e g r o o m is t h e n d r e s s e d in h i s wedding c l o t h e s , the w o m e n s c a t t e r s w e e t m e a t s o v e r h i m , and the g u e s t s p r e s e n t gifts of m o n e y c a l l e d / s o r g o r d / .
T h i s l a t t e r t e r m c o n s i s t s of
/ s o r / " h e a d " + / g o r d / , the p r e s e n t s t e m of / g o r d o g / "to w a n d e r , c i r c l e a r o u n d . "
This
c u s t o m is so n a m e d b e c a u s e e a c h g u e s t p a s s e s h i s gift in a c i r c l e o v e r the g r o o m ' s head b e f o r e p r e s s i n g it into the young m a n ' s hand.
T h i s c u s t o m of / s o r g a r d / is a l s o o b s e r v e d
at a b o y ' s c i r c u m c i s i o n c e r e m o n y , and the m o n e y thus c o l l e c t e d is u s u a l l y d i s t r i b u t e d to the L a n g a v s and L o R i s for t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e at the function. The g r o o m ' s p a r t y then s e t s off in two s e p a r a t e p r o c e s s i o n s ( / j a n n / ) for the b r i d e ' s house.
T h e g r o o m is a c c o m p a n i e d by a l l the m e n of h i s p a r t y , while the w o m e n e i t h e r take
a n o t h e r r o u t e or c o m e at s o m e o t h e r t i m e .
The m e n b e a t a d r u m and fire off guns a s they
go, w h i l e the w o m e n sing and play t a m b o u r i n e s . Upon a r r i v a l at the b r i d e ' s h o m e , the m e n o b s e r v e the f o r m a l i t i e s of the / a [ h ] v a l / , and r e f r e s h m e n t s a r e s e r v e d .
After a day of feasting and g e n e r a l m e r r i m e n t , the m a j o r i t y
of t h e s e g u e s t s take t h e i r l e a v e and r e t u r n h o m e (if not too far - - o t h e r w i s e they m a y stay overnight).
T h e g r o o m r e m a i n s b e h i n d , a c c o m p a n i e d by h i s i m m e d i a t e family and c l o s e
friends. The M u l l a ( s e e S e c . 14. 200 (39)) then s e n d s t h r e e m e n to the b r i d e ' s q u a r t e r s . s e l e c t s one of t h e s e a s h e r " a g e n t , " and the o t h e r two a c t a s w i t n e s s e s .
She
The g i r l h e r s e l f
s e t s the a m o u n t of the / m e [ h ] r / - - a s u m of m o n e y to be paid to h e r a s a kind of " a l i m o n y " in the e v e n t of a d i v o r c e - - and h e r deputy and the w i t n e s s e s s w e a r to t h e s e m a t t e r s b e f o r e the M u l l a .
A s i m i l a r w i t n e s s e d c o n s e n t is then o b t a i n e d f r o m the g r o o m , and the Mulla
r e c i t e s the / n y k a [ h ] / " m a r r i a g e c e r e m o n y , m a r r i a g e c o n t r a c t " in A r a b i c .
Once t h i s h a s
b e e n d o n e , the Mulla h i m s e l f l e a d s the g r o o m to the b r i d e ' s q u a r t e r s and c o m p l e t e s the f o r m a l i t i e s of the wedding by s a y i n g , " T h i s is y o u r wife, f o r e v e r for life. " The s e c o n d and t h i r d d a y s of the wedding a r e t a k e n up with r e f r e s h m e n t s ,
congratulations
f r o m a c o n s t a n t s t r e a m of g u e s t s and w e l l - w i s h e r s , and such p a s t i m e s a s t a r g e t p r a c t i c e . On the f o u r t h day the c u s t o m known a s / d e m - [ h ] o n i / is p e r f o r m e d ;
t h i s c o n s i s t s of
k i l l i n g a s h e e p b e f o r e the b r i d e ' s q u a r t e r s and p l a c i n g the b l o o d i e d head b e f o r e the d o o r .
503
The m e a t of t h i s a n i m a l is then p r e p a r e d for a final d i n n e r for the couple and the g r o o m ' s i m m e d i a t e family. 9.
After t h i s the g r o o m ' s p a r t y r e t u r n s h o m e with the b r i d e .
/ m o r d e n / is a g e n e r a l t e r m for " m a n , m a l e , menfolk. " / m o r d / " m a n , m a l e " is
m o r e specific and a l s o d e n o t e s " h u s b a n d , " a m e a n i n g which / m o r d e n / l a c k s . /jonen/ 11.
"women";
see Sec.
Compare also
18.200(8).
T h e / l a n g a v / " L a n g a v " a r e a t r i b e of r a t h e r l e s s e r s o c i a l s t a t u s .
I n d e e d , in s o m e
a r e a s the / l a n g o v / a r e not c o n s i d e r e d a t r i b e at a l l but r a t h e r a s a l o w e r " c a s t e " like the / l o R i / or / D o m b / , though by no m e a n s so far down on the s o c i a l l a d d e r .
The / l a n g o v / a r e
u s u a l l y t e n a n t f a r m e r s or s e r v a n t s , and they a l s o have t r a d i t i o n a l functions at s u c h ceremonies as m a r r i a g e s , circumcisions, funerals,
etc.
15. / p o S a k / d e n o t e s a c o m p l e t e suit or set of g a r m e n t s .
T h i s w o r d d o e s not signify
" c o s t u m e , d r e s s " in an a b s t r a c t s e n s e , h o w e v e r ; t h i s is e x p r e s s e d by / l y b a s / . / p o v a t i za[h]ga poSake b y g y r i n . / for m y child.
E . g.
I should buy a [ c o m p l e t e s e t ] of clothing
/ o m r i k o n a n i l y b a s dyga Dawlay ant. / A m e r i c a n c o s t u m e s [i. e. of d r e s s ] a r e different [lit. of a n o t h e r s o r t ] . 15. meet,
styles
/ k o S / is the t e r m for the inner s h o u l d e r , the p l a c e w h e r e the n e c k and the t r u n k / k o p a g / d e n o t e s the o u t e r s h o u l d e r , w h e r e the a r m joins the body.
The c o m p l e x
v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n / k o S a k a n a g / signifies "to sling o v e r the s h o u l d e r (as a s w o r d , b a n d o l i e r ) . " Note that / k o S k o n o g / h o w e v e r , i d i o m a t i c a l l y h a s c o m e to m e a n only "to m a r c h . " E . g. / m o n tupokka koSa kwrtwn. / / m a zi aS oda koS k w r t a n . / 20.
I slung the gun o v e r [ m y ] s h o u l d e r , We m a r c h e d f r o m o v e r t h e r e y e s t e r d a y .
/ g a S S / d e n o t e s a s m a l l , f o r t u i t o u s group and is a l m o s t s y n o n y m o u s with / D o l l /
" g r o u p , p a r t y " (see S e c . 18. 600 (9)).
The l a t t e r , h o w e v e r , h a s a g r e a t e r c o n n o t a t i o n of
i n t e r n a l a s s o c i a t i o n or r e a s o n for c o h e s i o n , while / g a S S / is u s e d for any s m a l l , congregation.
accidental
E. g. / a S a [hjalka, z a l b u l a n i yakk gaSSe d a r a[h]t. / A s m a l l g r o u p of w o m e n c a m e out of that v i l l a g e . [The w o m e n have no p a r t i c u l a r c o n n e c t i o n with one a n o t h e r ; t h e i r group is s i m p l y f o r t u i t o u s . ] / m a gaSS-gaSSa oda Swtan. / fortuitous] groups.
We went o v e r t h e r e in [ v a r i o u s s m a l l ,
/ a So a m m a y D a l l a ynt. / He is [ a m e m b e r ] of our p a r t y . [ / D a l l / g i v e s the s e n s e of a g r o u p having s o m e i n t e r n a l t i e : " s o c i e t y , p a r t y , association, " etc. ] 21.
The daylight h o u r s a r e divided into four / p a s / " p e r i o d of t h r e e h o u r s " ;
s i m i l a r l y four / p a s / at night. 22.
there are
See S e c . 19. 206.
/ p o s o n d / signifies " c h o i c e , s o m e t h i n g which is liked. " / p o s a n d k a n a g / d e n o t e s
504
"to l i k e , c h o o s e , a p p r o v e , " and / p o s o n d b u a g / is the c o r r e s p o n d i n g i n t r a n s i t i v e f o r m : "to be p l e a s i n g , a g r e e a b l e , l i k e d , a p p r o v e d , c h o s e n . " s t r o n g c o n n o t a t i o n of liking t h a n / d o s t / " p l e a s i n g ; / e m a n i p a s a n d a y Sie. /
/ p o s o n d / c a r r i e s a somewhat less
friend. " E. g.
T h i s is m y c h o i c e [lit.
a thing of m y c h o i c e ] .
/ e Si m a n a p a s a n d ynt. / I like t h i s thing. [Lit. T h i s thing is p l e a s i n g to m e . / d o s t / is s u b s t i t u t a b l e for / p o s a n d / but h a s a s t r o n g e r c o n n o t a t i o n of liking. ] / a po vota yakk jynykke p a s a n d k w r t . / [Compare: ] / t o w yokke v a t i dost kon! /
He c h o s e a g i r l for h i m s e l f .
Make one y o u r friend!
/ e m a n i p a s a n d ynt. / T h i s is m y c h o i c e , [if / d o s t / is s u b s t i t u t e d , the s e n t e n c e w i l l m e a n " T h i s is m y friend. "]
20. 300.
T e x t II.
A b d u l l a h Khan ( p r o p e r n a m e : K a l a t , e t c . , 1716-31) N a s i r Khan ( p r o p e r n a m e : of B a l u c h i s t a n , 1750-94)
ruled
ruled much
to be b o r n
abdwlla x a n n a s i r xan p a y d a buag
N a s i r K h a n , the son of the b r a v e r u l e r of B a l u c h i s t a n , Abdullah Khan, w a s b o r n at the b e g i n n i n g of the E i g h t e e n t h C e n t u r y .
b a l o S y s t a n o y s a r m a S a r e [h]akym abdwlla xanoy baSS, n a s i r x a n , [ h j a z d a m i s a d d i a y Swrua payda but.
far s i g h t e d
d u r g y n d [or / d i r g y n d / ]
'well-organised
pwrr-Son
N a s i r Khan b e c a m e not only a b r a v e [ w a r r i o r ] but [ a l s o ] b e c a m e a f a r s i g h t e d p o l i t i c i a n and a w e l l - o r g a n i s e d r u l e r . half- ( h a l f - b r o t h e r ,
hostage,
jynmador
half-sister)
N a d i r Shah ( p r o p e r name.of I r a n , 1687-1747)
n o s i r xan no tania s a r m a S a r e but, balky y a k k d u r g y n d e s y a s a t d a n aw p w r r - S o n e [hjakyme joR but. n a d y r Sa[h]
ruler
gyroo
security
s i t t i n g - a n d - m e e t ing: e n v i r o n m e n t , surroundings, contacts, company, society
nynd-w-nyad
royal
Sa[h]i
c o u r t (of a king)
dorbar
N a s i r Khan w a s young when h i s halfb r o t h e r sent h i m to N a d i r S h a h ' s p l a c e [ a s ] a h o s t a g e , and for nine y e a r s h i s life [lit. s i t t i n g - a n d - m e e t i n g ] w a s in the royal court.
bibi m o r y o m
Bibi M a r y a m (proper name) T h e r e his m o t h e r , Bibi M a r y a m , him and r a i s e d him well.
n o s i r x a n k o s a n ot, ky a i j y n m a d o r e b r a s a y r a n a d y r Sa[h]oy [h]odda g y r o o d e m d a t , ow tona nw s a l , ai n y n d - w - n y a d Sa[h]i d o r b a r a but.
educated
o m o d a a i m a s , bibi m o r y o m , po j v a n i v a n e n t e ow r o d e n t e . a [ h ] m a d Sa[h]
A h m a d Shah A b d a l i ( p r o p e r n a m e : r u l e r of A f g h a n i s t a n , 1747-72) L a t e r N a s i r Khan had h i s h a l f - b r o t h e r k i l l e d by [lit. in] the hand of A h m a d S h a h , the r u l e r of the A f g h a n s , and [he]
505
pada n a s i r xan vati j y n m a d a r e b r a s a m a n a w g a n a n i [h]akym a [ h ] m a d Sa[h]ay d a s t a kwSaent, aw vat b a l o S y s t a n o y [ h ] a k y m joR
h i m s e l f b e c a m e the r u l e r of B a l u c h i s t a n ,
6.
administrative
yntyzami
census
mordwmSwmari
In o r d e r to put h i s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e t a s k s in o r d e r , N a s i r Khan c a u s e d a c e n s u s of the t r i b e s to be t a k e n b e f o r e anything e l s e [lit. f r o m b e f o r e a l l ] . governmental,
sarkari
official
vatan
homeland
8.
A c c o r d i n g to t h i s c e n s u s , f r o m e v e r y ten m e n , one had to be sent for the g o v e r n m e n t a r m y and the defence of the h o m e land.
10.
11.
yami m i r a s
land t a x
mali
In e x c h a n g e for t h i s , the g o v e r n m e n t gave t h e s e t r i b e s l a n d s and did not take land t a x , s a l e s t a x , and a n i m a l - t a x f r o m t h e m .
eSi b a d a l a , s a r k a r a m e t w m o n a y a m i m i r a s d a t , aw aS a v a m a l i , swng, aw DonD nogypt. vat-vajai
The people of a l l B a l u c h i s t a n r e c e i v e d the r i g h t of e l e c t i o n [ s ] and s e l f - d e t e r m i n a tion.
tevi baloSystanoy wstwmana gySenkarioy aw v a t - v a j a i a y [hjakk r a s t .
sub-tribe
Takkar
s u b - c h i e f , chief of a s u b - t r i b e
Takkari
chief of a / t w m a n /
twmandar
The adult m a l e s of e a c h family [ e l e c t e d ] an e l d e r , the e l d e r s of e a c h s u b - t r i b e [ e l e c t e d ] a sub-chief, and the s u b - c h i e f s of e a c h t r i b e e l e c t e d a t r i b a l chief.
[hjar ka[h]olay s o n n - r o s t o g e m a r d y a k k k a m a S e , [hjar T a k k a r a y k a m a S y a k k T a k k a r i e , aw [hjar t w m o n o y T a k k a r i y a k k t w m a n d a r e gySen k w r t a n t .
noble (adj. )
amiri
representative
n w m a y n d a[ g ]
p r e s e n t (adj. )
saDi [or / s a R i / ]
T h e s e t r i b a l l e a d e r s or chiefs b e c a m e m e m b e r s of the council of n o b l e s [lit. noble c o u n c i l ] , and they t h e m s e l v e s or their representatives were always present in the c a p i t a l . social,
ruling
a m e t w m a n d a r ya s a r d a r a m i r i m e R o v o y b a s k joR b u t a n t , aw a v a t , ya a v a n i n w m a y n d a g , m w d a m bwnja[h]a s a D i atant.
raji
to d e l i b e r a t e , c o n s i d e r [ / g y n d - w S a r / "see-and-look: deliberation, consideration"] 12.
a m e m a r d w m S w m a r i a y r u a , [hjar da s o n n r o s t o g e m o r d a Sa, y a k k e s a r k a r i pawj aw v a t a n a y p a n a g a pa d e m d a y a g i but.
l a n d s given in r e t u r n for m i l i t a r y assistance
self-determination 9.
n o s i r x a n voti y n t y z a m i k a r a Son doyoga pa, d r w s t a Sa peS t w m a n a n i m o r d w m S w m a r i kanaent. sann-rasta[g]
adult
7.
but.
g y n d - w - S a r kanag
The m e m b e r s of the council of n o b l e s w e r e eighty, who d e l i b e r a t e d the s o c i a l , p o l i t i c a l , and financial t a s k s of the country. c a b i n e t , council of m i n i s t e r s
a m i r i m e R o v o y b a s k [h]oStad otont, ky m w l k o y r a j i , s y a s i , ow m a l i k a r a n i s o r a gynd-w-Sar kwrtont. sorponS
13. B e s i d e s t h i s , the m e m b e r s of the c o u n c i l of n o b l e s a l s o e l e c t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s to the c o u n c i l of m i n i s t e r s .
506
oS eSi b e d , o m i r i m e R o v o y b a s k po sorpon^ Sani divana n w m a y n d o g om gySen k w r t o n t .
police, security force
sane-loSkor
ration-and-place.b o a r d and lodging
jiro-w-jago
commissariat,
14. The m e m b e r s of the a s s e m b l y of n o b l e s a l s o p r o v i d e d the s e c u r i t y f o r c e s . The g o v e r n m e n t gave b o a r d and lodging to both the m e m b e r s of the c o u n c i l s and to the a n i m a l s and s o l d i e r s of the s e c u r i t y forces. face-to-face, 15.
dem-po-dem
The c o u n c i l of m i n i s t e r s c o n f e r r e d upon e v e r y s o r t of b u s i n e s s of the c o u n t r y with t h e king of t h e B a l u c h i s d i r e c t l y and offered t h e i r c o u n s e l s . official,
lb.
directly
recorded
s o r p o n S a n i divan go boloSoy badSa[h]a m w l k o y [hjor Dowle k a r a n i s o r a d e m - p o - d e m t r a n k w r t o n t , ow voti soloa datont. doptori
T h e r e c o r d e d a r m i e s of N a s i r Khan w e r e 12, b50 p i c k e d s o l d i e r s , but m a n y t i m e s t h e i r n u m b e r e x c e e d e d twenty t h o u s a n d too. justice
n o s i r xanoy d o p t o r i powj dwazdo [h]ozar w SoSS sod w ponja gySene sypai otont, vole baz b o r a n eSani s w m a r oS b i s t [ h j o z a r a om gvost. y n s a p [or / y n s a f / ]
17. N a s i r Khan b a s e d the law of the c o u n t r y upon B a l u c h i t r i b a l law, but for [the sake of] c o m p l e t e j u s t i c e for [lit. with] the p e o p l e t h e r e w a s I s l a m i c law a l s o .
n o s i r xan mwlkoy kanuda boloSi ryvajoy s o r a [hjer k w r t , vole w s t w m a n a go p u r o y n s a p a p o , Soro[h] om ostot. sorkazi
s u p r e m e " r e l i g i o u s judge 18.
o m i r i m e R o v o y b a s k s a n e - l o S k o r om datont, s o r k a r [h]ordw d i v a n a n i b a s k a n ow s a n e loSkoroy o l a k - w - s y p a i a j i r o - w - j a g o d a t .
T h e r e w a s a r e l i g i o u s judge at the p l a c e of e v e r y t r i b a l chief, and the c o u r t of the s u p r e m e r e l i g i o u s judge w a s in the capital.
[h]or t w m o n d a r o y [hjodda yokk k a z i e o s t o t , ow s o r k a z i o y odalott bwnja[h]a ot.
[hjwlkov
district 19. In e v e r y d i s t r i c t a t r i b a l c o u r t w a s held once a w e e k , and the t r i b a l c h i e f s , s u b c h i e f s , and influential p e r s o n s d e c i d e d the c a s e s a c c o r d i n g to t r i b a l law. Sibi, a town in P a k i s t a n i B a l u c h i s t a n 20. O n c e a y e a r a r o y a l c o u n c i l of the t r i b a l c h i e f s and s u b - c h i e f s of a l l B a l u c h i s t a n took p l a c e [lit. b e c a m e ] at Sibi.
[h]or [h]wlkova, [hjoptogoy toha yokk v a r j y r g o but, ow ryvajoy r u a , t w m o n d a r , T o k k o r i , ow m o t o b o r d a v a a p o y s l o k w r t o n t . sebi saloy toha, yokk v a r t e v i boloSystanoy t w m o n d a r ow T o k k o r i a n i Sa[h]i j y r g o e m o n sebia but. nyndja[h]
seat
n o s i r xanoy d o r b a r po s o n - w - o d o b a ot, ow [hjor t w m o n d a r , s o r k a z i , v o z i r , ow dygo m o z o n e m o n s o b d a r a n i nyndja[h] [ h ] e r ot.
21.
T h e c o u r t of N a s i r Khan w a s [held] with [ p r o p e r ] o r d e r and e t i q u e t t e , and the s e a t of e v e r y t r i b a l chief, s u p r e m e r e l i g i o u s j u d g e , m i n i s t e r , and o t h e r i m p o r t a n t officials w a s r e s e r v e d [lit. w a s set down].
22.
a mwlkoy tohoy ow Donnoy s y a s i , r a j i , ow He gave the c o u n t r y ' s i n t e r n a l and y n t y z a m i k a r a s o r v o z i r o y d o s t a dat. e x t e r n a l p o l i t i c a l , s o c i a l , and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e t a s k s to the p r i m e m i n i s t e r , kanudi
legal 23.
m w l k o y k a n u d i , m a l i , ow dygo k a r a vokiloy d o s t a dat.
He gave the c o u n t r y ' s l e g a l , f i n a n c i a l , and o t h e r t a s k s to the law m i n i s t e r [lit. advocate].
24. S i m i l a r l y t h e r e w e r e m a n y o t h e r officials for the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a c t i v i t i e s of the
507
ome Dowla, mwlkoy y n t y z a m i k a r a po b a z dygo m o n s o b d a r otont.
country. to put in o r d e r ,
giS-w-givar kanag
arrange
berag
to b r i n g t o g e t h e r , b r i n g u n d e r c o n t r o l , b r i n g b a c k I-I 25. A f t e r putting the t a s k s of the g o v e r n m e n t in o r d e r , N a s i r Khan b r o u g h t the Western Baluchis together also under his banner. to suit
s a r k a r i k a r a g i S - w - g i v a r k a n a g a pad, n a s i r xan r o k o p t i b a l o S a n om voti b o y r o k k o y Sera beryt. saSag
I-I
2b.
T h i s unification of the B a l u c h i s did not suit A h m a d Shah.
b a l o S a n i e Dowla yokja buog a[h]mod Sa[h]a nosaSyt.
27.
In the y e a r 1758 the B a l u c h i s and the Afghans fought violently for one m o n t h .
sonn [h]obdo sod w ponja w [h]oSta, baloS ow owgan tona yokk m a [ h ] a sokk m y R y t a n t .
28.
F i n a l l y the king of the Afghans a c c e p t e d the fact that the B a l u c h i s would a l l be u n d e r the b a n n e r of N a s i r Khan.
n e T owganoy badSa[h] e [ h j a b a r a m a n n y t , ky baloS d r w s t n o s i r xanoy b o y r a k k a y S e r a bybant. kawl dayag
to p r o m i s e
n a s i r xan a m kawl d a t , ky baloS D a n n i badigani dema awganani kwmakkar bant.
29. N a s i r Khan a l s o p r o m i s e d that the B a l u c h i s would help the Afghans face [lit. in the face of] e x t e r n a l foes.
gva[h]
witness 30. H i s t o r y a t t e s t s that in the w a r s of India the a r m y of the B a l u c h i s a s s i s t e d the Afghans on e v e r y b a t t l e f i e l d .
31.
internal
tahi
to take p a r t
bar gyrag
N a s i r Khan h i m s e l f took p a r t in t w e n t y six i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l w a r s of the country. unequalled,
n a s i r xan m w l k a y t a h i aw Danni b i s t w SaSS janga vat b a r gypt. bemaTT
matchless
to r e c o r d
d a p t a r kanag
to affix a s e a l
Tappo janag
32. One m a t c h l e s s a c h i e v e m e n t of N a s i r Khan is t h i s , that he r e c o r d e d the p e d i g r e e [ s ] of the t r i b e s , the a r r a n g e m e n t of the c o u r t , the t r i b a l law, and a l l o t h e r g o v e r n m e n t a l m a t t e r s and put his s e a l upon t h e m . P e r s i a n (language) 33.
t a r i x gva[h] ynt, ky s y n d - w - [ h ] y n d a y j a n g a , baloSani loSkar [hjar pyRa a w g a n a n i k w m a k k a r but.
n a s i r xanoy yokk b e m o T T e k a r eS ynt, ky t w m a n a n i s a r b w n , d a r b a r a y Son, r y v a j , aw dyga d r w s t s a r k a r i k a r a d a p t a r k w r t , aw v a t i Tappoa s o r a y S jot.
p a r si p a r s i a s a r k a r i zwban k w r t , ky a v a x t a m a z a n e zwban at.
[He] m a d e P e r s i a n the g o v e r n m e n t a l language s i n c e [lit. t h a t ] [it] w a s the m a j o r language at that t i m e . Hindu, Hindu m e r c h a n t
bakkal
t a x on n o n - M u s l i m s
jazia
to f o r g i v e , p a r d o n , waive
m a p kanag [or / m a f k a n a g / ]
34. N a s i r Khan waived the tax on Hindu m e r c h a n t s and laid a tax of only four a n n a s p e r [lit. of] load [i. e. c a m e l l o a d ] for m e r c h a n d i s e .
n a s i r xan b a k k a l a n i s a r a j a z i a m a p k w r t , aw tania s a w d a a y Sia p a , b a r a y Sar ana s a r k a r a y swng [h]er k w r t .
35. Due to [lit. f r o m ] t h i s , t r a d e e x p a n d e d , and m a n y Hindu m e r c h a n t s c a m e f r o m India and s t i l l live a m o n g [lit. in the
aS eSi, s a w d a g y r i vaddyt, aw b a z e b a k k a l aS s y n d - w - [ h ] y n d a a [ h ] t a n t , aw tanynga b a l o S a n i [h]adda abad ant.
508
p l a c e of] the B a l u c h i s . 36. B e s i d e s t h i s , N a s i r Khan a l s o gave a p l a c e in the c o u r t to a m e m b e r of the H i n d u s , and one of t h e i r m e m b e r s a l s o sat in e v e r y t r i b a l c o u r t .
37.
38.
39.
40.
oS eSi b e d , n o s i r xan b a k k a l a n i yakk b a s k e d a r b a r a j a g a d a t , aw [h]ar j y r g a a a m a v a n i y a k k b a s k e nySt.
religious
dini
P a n d i t , Hindu r e l i g i o u s s c h o l a r
panDatt
stipend
pagar
F o r the H i n d u s [ t h e r e ] w e r e t h e i r own r e l i g i o u s l a w s , and t h e i r P a n d i t s r e c e i v e d s t i p e n d s f r o m the r o y a l t r e a s u r y . h i g h w a y m a n , bandit
ra[h]gir
a r t i s a n , skilled w o r k e r
kysbgyr
N a s i r Khan a l s o put an end to t h i e v e s and bandits. Therefore many artisans came to the c i t i e s of B a l u c h i s t a n .
n a s i r xan d w z z - w - r a [ h ] g i r a n a m SaT k w r t . p a m e S a b a z e k y s b g y r b a l o S y s t a n a y Sa[h]ran a[h]tant.
D a d a r , a city in P a k i s t a n i B a l u c h i s t a n
DaDor
skin, hide
syl
to gain f a m e , b e c o m e f a m o u s
n a m kaSSag
In t h i s c o n n e c t i o n , the gun f a c t o r i e s of D a d a r and the cloth and skin dyeing f a c t o r i e s of K a l a t gained m u c h f a m e .
e b a b a t t a , D a D a r a y t u p a k k a n i k a r g a [ h ] aw k a l a t a y pwSS aw syl r a n g d a y a g a y k a r g a [ h ] baz n a m kaSSytant.
Nur M u h a m m a d ( p r o p e r n a m e )
nur ma[h]mad
historian
tarixdan
J a m Durrak (proper name)
jam dwrrak
m a s t e r - p o e t , poet l a u r e a t e
sarSayr
educated,
vantkar
literate
In N a s i r K h a n ' s c o u r t , b e s i d e s such h i s t o r i a n s [ a s ] the s u p r e m e r e l i g i o u s judge Nur M u h a m m a d , and such m a s t e r poets [as] J a m Durrak, there were many other educated men. Sir Robert Sandeman (proper n a m e : B r i t i s h Agent for B a l u c h i s t a n ; 1835-92) system,
41.
b a k k a l a pa, a v a n i vati dini kanud a s t a t a n t , aw a v a n i p a n D a t t a n aS Sa[h]i x o z a n o g a pagar rast.
organisation
The E n g l i s h g o v e r n o r of E a s t e r n B a l u c h i s t a n , S a n d e m a n , c o r r e c t l y said t h a t , o t h e r than N a s i r Khan, no one h a s d e m o n s t r a t e d a b e t t e r s y s t e m [of g o v e r n m e n t ] for the B a l u c h i s .
n a s i r xanoy d a r b a r a , s a r k a z i n u r m a [ h ] m a d a y Dawle t a r i x d a n , aw j a m d w r r a k a y Dawle s a r S a y r a Sa bed, baz dyga v a n t k a r e m a r d w m astatant. sanDeman
nyzam r o d r a t k i boloSystanoy o n g r e z [hjakym, s a n D e m a n , r a s t gwSt, ky baloSa p o , n o s i r x a n a So b e d , k o s s S o r r t y r e n y z a m peS nadaSta.
rule, society, subjects, tribe, community
raj
democracy
wstwman-raj ai r a j w s t w m a n - r a j a y y a k k jvane m y s a l e at.
42. H i s r u l e w a s a good e x a m p l e of democracy.
vali
saint memorial,
memory
yatgiri
monument,
cairn
Seda[g]
509
43.
T h e r e f o r e the B a l u c h i s c a l l h i m [a] s a i n t , and in m a n y p l a c e s [they] have built m e m o r i a l c a i r n s to [lit. of] h i m .
p a m e S a b a l o S a y r a voli gwSont, ow b a z [hjondan ai y a t g i r i Sedog [h]oDD k w r t o g o n t .
to d i e , p a s s away (honorific) 44.
z a v a l buag
In the y e a r 1794 t h i s m a t c h l e s s r u l e r of the B a l u c h i s p a s s e d away at K a l a t .
20. 400. 2.
Word Study:
sonn [h]obdo sod w novod w S a r a , b a l o S a n i e b e m o T T e [ h ] a k y m m o n k o l a t a z o v a l but.
Text II.
Such a l t e r n a t e p r o n u n c i a t i o n s a s / d u r g y n d / and / d i r g y n d / r e f l e c t a sound shift
which is c o m m o n in B a l u c h i :
v a r i o u s c e n t r a l (Rakhshani) d i a l e c t s have / u / in c e r t a i n w o r d s ,
while the E a s t e r n d i a l e c t s and c e r t a i n M a k r a n i d i a l e c t s have / i / in t h e s e s a m e f o r m s : Rakhshani / d u r /
" f a r " and M a k r a n i and E a s t e r n / d i r / j
e. g.
R a k h s h a n i / z u r o g / "to p i c k up,
lift, " M a k r a n i / z i r a g / , and E a s t e r n / z i r a y / , e t c . 3-
/ g y r 9 ° / signifies " p e r s o n or thing left with s o m e o n e a s s e c u r i t y ;
hostage,
security.
E.g. / m a n e s a t a go taw g y r a o [h]er kwrtwn. / j e w e l l e r y with you [ a s ] s e c u r i t y .
I left [lit.
put down] t h i s
/ m a n v a t i apa g y r a o kwrtwn. / I m a d e m y w a t e r r i g h t s [lit. s e c u r i t y [for s o m e loan, e t c . ]. / S w m a v a t i yakk m a r d w m e g y r a o bydayyt! / [ a s a ] hostage.' / n a d y r Sa[h] ai yokk boSSe g y r o o daSt. / [as a ] h o s t a g e .
waters]
Give one of y o u r p e o p l e
N a d i r Shah kept one of h i s s o n s
F o r / v o m i m i r a s / "lands given in r e t u r n for m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e , " see S e c . 14. 200 (32;
8.
/ m a l i / "land t a x " w a s c o l l e c t e d from t h o s e t r i b e s which did not p r o v i d e m e n for
military service.
T h i s tax a m o u n t e d to one-fifth of the p r o d u c e of c r o p s w a t e r e d by s t r e a m s
and o n e - s i x t h of the p r o d u c e of l a n d s w a t e r e d only by the r a i n s . 8.
F o r / s w n g / " g o o d s - t a x , s a l e s t a x , " see Sec. 17. 404.
8.
/ D o n D / w a s i n t r o d u c e d in Unit XVIII in the m e a n i n g of "fine (penalty). " T h i s t e r m
a l s o d e n o t e s a tax of one goat or s h e e p (or its equivalent in c a s h , e t c . ) to be paid upon e v e r y forty a n i m a l s .
The p r o c e e d s of t h i s tax w e r e u s e d to s u p p o r t the c h i e f ' s g u e s t h o u s e and for
other administrative purposes. 10. E a c h t r i b e ( / t w m a n / ) is divided into s u b - t r i b e s ( / T a k k a r / ) c o n s i s t i n g of a p p r o x i m a t e l y one t h o u s a n d m a l e a d u l t s e a c h .
A / T a k k a r / is c o m p o s e d of s u b - s u b - t r i b e s or c l a n s ,
t e r m e d / p a R o / or / p a l l i / , and t h e s e in t u r n a r e m a d e up of e x t e n d e d f a m i l i e s or l i n e a g e s , called / k a l o / .
510
E a c h / t w m a n / is r u l e d by a / t w m a n d a r / , a t e r m a p p r o x i m a t e l y s y n o n y m o u s with /sordar/;
e a c h / T o k k a r / h a s i t s / T a k k a r i / " s u b - c h i e f , " and e a c h / p a R o / or / p a l l i / i t s
/ m o t o b o r / or / y s p e - r i S / "sub-sub-chief" (literally "white-beard").
The head of the / k a l a /
is the / k a m a S / " m i d d l e - a g e d m a n , e l d e r . " 13.
In N a s i r K h a n ' s s y s t e m the m i n i s t e r i a l c o u n c i l or c a b i n e t c o n s i s t e d of five m e m b e r s ,
T h e r e f o r e it w a s c a l l e d the / s o r p a n S / - - / s a r /
" h e a d " + / p a n S / "five. " In m o d e r n B a l u c h i
/ s o r p o n S / h a s c o m e to m e a n " r e p r e s e n t a t i v e " and is t h u s roughly s y n o n y m o u s with /nwmayndo[g]/. 19. N a s i r K h a n ' s d o m i n i o n s w e r e divided into five m a j o r r e g i o n s : M a k r a n , K a c c h i , and B e l a .
S a r a v a n , J a l a van,
The f i r s t two of t h e s e w e r e each r u l e d by a / s a r e
sardar/
" h e a d - c h i e f " and p r o v i d e d the c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t at Kalat with t r o o p s in r e t u r n for / y o m i m i r a s / (see S e c . 14. 200 (32)).
The o t h e r a r e a s of N a s i r K h a n ' s d o m a i n w e r e r u l e d by
m i n o r d y n a s t i e s or c h i e f s d e p e n d e n t upon the Kalat g o v e r n m e n t , and s o m e of t h e s e p r e f e r r e d to pay / m a l i / "land t a x " in lieu of m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e .
The I r a n i B a l u c h i s , m o r e o v e r ,
were
only n o m i n a l l y u n d e r N a s i r K h a n ' s h e g e m o n y and sent n e i t h e r m i l i t a r y a s s i s t a n c e nor t r i b u t e . The l a r g e s t p a r t of N a s i r K h a n ' s m i l i t a r y force w a s d r a w n from S a r a v a n , K a c c h i , K a l a t , and the N o s h k i r e g i o n .
Jalavan,
The two / s a r e s a r d a r / of S a r a v a n and J a l a v a n w e r e
m e m b e r s of the / s a r p a n S / " m i n i s t e r i a l c o u n c i l , " and the l e s s e r chiefs had s e a t s in the / a m i r i m e R a v / " c o u n c i l of n o b l e s . " In b a t t l e , the S a r a v a n i / s a r e s a r d a r / b o r e a s p e c i a l b a n n e r and led the r i g h t wing; led the left wing.
the s u p r e m e chief of J a l a v a n s i m i l a r l y had h i s e n s i g n and
N a s i r Khan h i m s e l f led the c e n t r e of the B a l u c h i b a t t l e a r r a y , which
c o n s i s t e d of the t r o o p s f r o m K a l a t , N o s h k i , K a c c h i , and p a r t s of K h a r a n . N a s i r . K h a n ' s e m p i r e w a s f u r t h e r subdivided into d i s t r i c t s ( / [ h j w l k a v / ) , which m o r e or l e s s c o r r e s p o n d e d to the t e r r i t o r i e s of the m a j o r t r i b e s occupying t h e m . w a s c o m p o s e d of s u b - d i s t r i c t s ( / h y a b a t / ) .
Each /[hjwlkav/
T h e s e d i v i s i o n s functioned a s units in both the
a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and the r e v e n u e s y s t e m s . 25.
/ g i S - w - g i v a r k a n a g / d e n o t e s "to put in o r d e r , a r r a n g e , set s t r a i g h t . " / g i S / i s ,
of c o u r s e , the s t e m of / g i S a g / "to u n t a n g l e , set s t r a i g h t , set a p a r t " (see Sec. 19. 308). / g i v a r / d e n o t e s one side of a p e r s o n ' s h a i r after it h a s b e e n n e a t l y c o m b e d and p a r t e d in the m i d d l e .
/ g i S - w - g i v a r b u a g / "to be put in o r d e r , be a r r a n g e d , be set s t r a i g h t " o c c u r s
a s the e x p e c t e d i n t r a n s i t i v e c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n . 25.
/ b e r o g / I-I signifies "to t u r n s o m e t h i n g or s o m e o n e b a c k t o w a r d , " a s one m i g h t
c a u s e a h e r d e r to t u r n a flock of s h e e p or g o a t s b a c k t o w a r d s oneself.
This word has also
c o m e to m e a n "to b r i n g t o g e t h e r u n d e r o n e ' s c o n t r o l " and "to get c o n t r o l of, take p o s s e s s i o n of. " E. g. / m o n v a t i b w z a n aS r a m a g a b e r y t w n . / I t u r n e d m y g o a t s away f r o m the flock. [I. e. I d r o v e my own a n i m a l s away f r o m the r e s t and c a u s e d t h e m to go off in s o m e o t h e r d i r e c t i o n . ]
511
/ m a oS awgana v a t i w S t y r a p a d i b e r y t a n . / We b r o u g h t o u r c a m e l s b a c k f r o m the Afghans. [I. e. the Afghans w e r e d r i v i n g our c a m e l s away, but we m a n a g e d to t u r n the h e r d and b r i n g t h e m b a c k . ] / a d r w s t t w m o n a voti b o y r a k k a y S e r a b e r y t . / together under his banner. / m a b o d i g a n i kolata b e r y t o n . / fort. 38.
He b r o u g h t a l l the t r i b e s
We gained p o s s e s s i o n of the e n e m i e s '
/ k y s b g y r / " a r t i s a n " is e m p l o y e d for anyone p o s s e s s i n g a c o m m e r c i a l s k i l l :
e.g.
a d y e r , w e a v e r , b l a c k s m i t h , e t c . / [ h j w n o r k a r / " a r t i s a n , t e c h n i c i a n " is u s e d for s o m e o n e having t e c h n i c a l or p r o f e s s i o n a l knowledge.-
technician, scientist, doctor, architect,
etc.
40. Nur M u h a m m a d and J a m D u r r a k a r e two of the leading p e r s o n a l i t i e s at N a s i r K h a n ' s court.
The f o r m e r s e r v e d a s chief m a g i s t r a t e and c o u n s e l l o r and is the a u t h o r of a v e r s i f i e d
h i s t o r y of N a s i r K h a n ' s r e i g n , a s w e l l a s one or two o t h e r long p o e m s . The p o e t r y of J a m D u r r a k is still r e c i t e d t h r o u g h o u t B a l u c h i s t a n .
Some, of h i s c o m p o s i t i o n s
a r e to be found in M. L o n g w o r t h D a m e s ' " P o p u l a r P o e t r y of the B a l o c h e s " (London,
1907),
and the B a l u c h i A c a d e m y , Quetta, p u b l i s h e d a c o l l e c t i o n of h i s p o e t r y in 1963. 42.
/ r a j / has several meanings:
" r u l e , " " s o c i e t y , c o m m u n i t y , t h o s e bound by the
s a m e s o c i a l c o d e , " and hence " s u b j e c t s , the t r i b e s , " and even " r e l a t i v e , p e r s o n bound by the s o c i a l c o d e . " / r a j k a n a g / signifies "to r u l e , " and / r a j b u a g / "to be r u l e d . " a d j e c t i v a l f o r m / r a j i / h a s the m e a n i n g " r u l i n g , s o c i a l . " In m o d e r n B a l u c h i ,
The
moreover,
/ r a j / is s o m e t i m e s found for " n a t i o n " (synonymous with / k a w m / ) , and / r a j i / for " p o l i t i c a l , n a t i o n a l " ( s y n o n y m o u s with e i t h e r / s y a s i / or / k a w m i / ) .
E . g.
/ r a j a n a t a v a n modoy! / Do not c r e a t e [a] l o s s for the t r i b e s ! community, subjects. ] / S a k o r aw g v a r a m r a j a g a r k w r t a n t . / tribes. / a aS m a y r a j a ynt. /
[I. e.
the
C h a k a r and G v a r a m r u i n e d the
He is f r o m our c o m m u n i t y .
/ z a m a s r a j e na ynt. / The s o n - i n - l a w is not a r e l a t i v e . [A p r o v e r b : o n e ' s s o n - i n - l a w is not r e a l l y r e l a t e d by blood and h e n c e cannot be r e l i e d upon. ] / S w m o y s a r a dyga k a w m r a j k w r t a n t . /
O t h e r n a t i o n s r u l e d you.
/ m a vati r a j i k a r b a n d a S a r r kanag l o T a n . / m a k e good] our s o c i a l p r o j e c t s . 43.
We w i s h to i m p r o v e [lit.
The c u s t o m of e r e c t i n g a m e m o r i a l c a i r n at the site of s o m e h i s t o r i c a l i n c i d e n t is
old in B a l u c h i s t a n .
Such c a i r n s , c a l l e d / S e d a [ g ] / , u s u a l l y contain nothing but c o n s i s t of
j u s t a l a r g e h e a p of s t o n e s . 44. person.
/ m y r o g / "to d i e " is not u s e d when one is r e f e r r i n g to the d e a t h of a r e s p e c t e d The c o m p l e x v e r b a l f o r m a t i o n / z o v a l b u o g / is e m p l o y e d i n s t e a d .
Note that the
t r a n s i t i v e f o r m of t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n , / z a v a l k a n a g / , h a s a quite different m e a n i n g : spend l a v i s h l y , w a s t e f u l l y . " E. g.
512
"to
/ a m a ianga b a z baloS m w r t ont. / Many B a l u c h i s died in that b a t t l e , [ / m y r o g / m a y be e m p l o y e d when one s p e a k s of the d e a t h of s o m e unidentified p e r s o n . ] / a i gok m w r t . / H i s cow died. with / m y r o g / ]
[The d e a t h of an a n i m a l is a l w a y s e x p r e s s e d
/ z i a i b r a s z a v a l but. / Y e s t e r d a y h i s b r o t h e r died. [To u s e / m w r t / h e r e would i m p l y a l a c k of r e s p e c t for the d e c e a s e d . ] / a voti z o r r a z o v a l k w r t . /
20. 500.
D r i l l s and E x e r c i s e s
20. 5 0 1 .
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l I.
He spent h i s m o n e y [ l a v i s h l y ,
wastefullyj.
E a c h s e t of a n s w e r s is c o n t i n u o u s and f o r m s a c o n n e c t e d text, b a l o S i [ h j a r o s a , salunk Se Se [hjorS k a n a n t . The g r o o m c o l l e c t s c o n t r i b u t i o n s ] f r o m his relatives. A few d a y s b e f o r e the wedding, [they] send the / a r t i / from the g r o o m ' s h o u s e . On the day of the wedding, [they] send the / v a j j / and the / m a [ h j p a l / a l s o f r o m the groom's house. The g r o o m a l s o gives / s i r b e l i / to h i s mother-in-law. A c c o r d i n g to B a l u c h i c u s t o m , the g r o o m gives m o s t of the e x p e n s e [ s ] of the wedding. baloSi [ h j a r o s a , b a n u r salunkoy gysa k a y t ? No, the b r i d e d o e s not c o m e to the g r o o m ' s h o u s e , but r a t h e r the g r o o m goes to h e r house. The m e n mount the g r o o m on a h o r s e , and [they] go b e a t i n g d r u m [ s ] and [shooting off]
gun[sj. The w o m e n , singing and [playing] t a m b o u r i n e s , go s e p a r a t e l y . [ T h e y ] c a l l [lit. say] t h e s e g r o u p s [ / m w S S i / ] of m e n and w o m e n / j a n n / . After a r r i v i n g at the b r i d e ' s h o u s e , the b r i d e ' s g u a r d i a n s w e l c o m e t h e m and s e r v e refreshments. 3.
nyka[h]ay v a x t a , Se Se k a n a n t . At the t i m e of the / n y k a [ h ] / the Mulla s e n d s t h r e e m e n to the b r i d e ' s q u a r t e r s . F r o m t h e s e she s e l e c t s one [ a s ] h e r deputy. The b r i d e a c c e p t s the g r o o m and fixes [ / [ h ] e r k o n a g / ] the / m e [ h ] r / t o o .
513
The deputy w i t n e s s e s t h i s b e f o r e [lit. the M u l l a .
to]
The g r o o m a c c e p t s a l s o , and then the Mulla p e r f o r m s [lit. r e a d s ] t h e i r / n y k a [ h ] / . 4.
[ h j a r o s a y d o m i aw s a y m i r o S a , baloS Se Se k a n a n t . The r e l a t i v e s c o m e and c o n g r a t u l a t e the groom. The b r i d e ' s g u a r d i a n s s e r v e t h e m r e f r e s h m e n t s and a s k for [lit. t a k e ] the p e r s o n a l n e w s of the m e n . The g r o o m and h i s f r i e n d s hold t a r g e t practice. On the fourth day of the w e d d i n g the b r i d e ' s g u a r d i a n p e r f o r m s the c u s t o m of / d e m - [ h ] o n i / . After t h i s , the g r o o m t a k e s h i s b r i d e to h i s own h o m e . Swma vati [ h j a r o s a Se Se kanyt. In our c o u n t r y the b o y s and g i r l s a r r a n g e their m a r r i a g e s themselves. F i r s t they k e e p c o m p a n y [ / n y n d - w - n y a d k a n a g / ] with one a n o t h e r , and a f t e r w a r d s they d e c i d e w h e t h e r [lit. t h a t ] they should m a r r y or not. The b r i d e ' s g u a r d i a n b e a r s m o s t of the e x p e n s e of the wedding. The b r i d e d r e s s e s in [a] white c o s t u m e and c a r r i e s [lit. t a k e s ] f l o w e r s in h e r hand. After the wedding, the b r i d e and g r o o m spend one or two w e e k s in the c o u n t r y [/Donna/]. n a d y r sa[h]oy b a b o t t a , Swma Se zanyt. N a d i r Shah w a s b o r n in the y e a r 1687 and b e c a m e king of I r a n in 173b. In the y e a r 1739 he a t t a c k e d India and defeated the a r m y of the M u g h a l s . He looted m a n y c i t i e s of India. He s e i z e d m u c h p r o p e r t y [ / m a l - w - m o D D i / J from the Mughal king and went b a c k to I r a n . In the y e a r 1747 he w a s k i l l e d by [lit. in] the hand of h i s own [ m i l i t a r y ] o f f i c e r s .
7.
a[hJmod Sa[h] koy ot, He w a s the chief of a t r i b e of A f g h a n s . N a d i r Shah gave h i m a post in h i s a r m y . He b e c a m e king of A f g h a n i s t a n and a f t e r w a r d s a t t a c k e d India. He r u l e d for [lit. up to] t w e n t y - s i x y e a r s and died in the y e a r 1772. His son built a l a r g e t o m b for h i m .
514
n a s i r xanoy b e m o T T e kar Se Se a t a n t . He g a t h e r e d the B a l u c h i s u n d e r h i s b a n n e r . H i s g o v e r n m e n t a l s y s t e m w a s v e r y good. His a r m y s y s t e m [lit. also deserves praise.
s y s t e m of the a r m y ]
He put an end to t h i e v e s and h i g h w a y m e n in h i s c o u n t r y . He r e c o r d e d the p e d i g r e e s of the t r i b e s and fixed [ / [ h ] e r k a n a g / ] m e r c h a n d i s e t a x [ e s ] , land t a x [ e s ] , and fines. 9.
a m i r i m e R o v o y b a s k kay kay atant. The chiefs of the t r i b e s w e r e m e m b e r s of the council of n o b l e s . A m e m b e r of the Hindus a l s o sat in the c o u n c i l of n o b l e s . The chief r e l i g i o u s judge w a s a l s o a m e m b e r of it. The p r i m e m i n i s t e r and o t h e r m i n i s t e r s a l s o sat in it. The m e m b e r s of the council of n o b l e s w e r e eighty, from whom [lit. that f r o m t h e m ] the m e m b e r s of the c a b i n e t w e r e c h o s e n .
10. n a s i r xan v a t i Dyhay m a l i k a r a Son Son d a t . He c o l l e c t e d m e r c h a n d i s e t a x [ e s ] f r o m the merchants. Many t r i b e s gave land tax, and o t h e r s gave s o l d i e r s to defend the h o m e l a n d . If a t r i b e sent s o l d i e r s , N a s i r Khan did not take land tax f r o m it. N a s i r Khan a l s o c o l l e c t e d [lit. kinds of fine[sj.
took] m a n y
All of t h e s e t a s k s he gave into the h a n d [ s ] of the F i n a n c e M i n i s t e r . 11. n u r m a [ h ] m a d kay at. The g r a n d f a t h e r of Nur M u h a m m a d c a m e from Makran. D u r i n g the r e i g n of N a s i r Khan, Nur M u h a m m a d b e c a m e the s u p r e m e r e l i g i o u s judge. He went with N a s i r Khan to the w a r s of India, He w r o t e a h i s t o r y of t h e s e w a r s in P e r s i a n . T h i s book is an i n v a l u a b l e [ / b e m a T T e / ] book of h i s t o r y . 12. j a m d w r r o k kay at, He w a s the poet l a u r e a t e at N a s i r K h a n ' s court.
515
N o w a d a y s [ / m o r o S a n a m / ] the B a l u c h i people love h i s p o e m s . An E n g l i s h w r i t e r h a s c o l l e c t e d s o m e of his p o e m s . The B a l u c h i A c a d e m y of Quetta h a s p u b l i s h e d m a n y of h i s p o e m s . [ P e o p l e ] say that h i s t o m b is in K a c c h i . 13. n a s i r xanoy odalottoy m o y k o m a Son at. In N a s i r K h a n ' s r e i g n , c a s e s w e r e d e c i d e d a c c o r d i n g to j u s t i c e . In e v e r y d i s t r i c t [ t h e r e ] w e r e [lit. b e c a m e ] t r i b a l c o u r t s once a w e e k [lit. in a w e e k one t i m e ] . E v e r y y e a r [ t h e r e ] w a s [lit. b e c a m e ] a r o y a l c o u r t at Sibi. A s i d e f r o m t r i b a l law, [ t h e r e ] w a s a l s o I s l a m i c r e l i g i o u s law. F o r the H i n d u s , t h e i r own r e l i g i o u s law existed. 14. n a s i r xanoy b a r i a , v a p a r i aw e s - w - a o y [h]al Son at. N a s i r Khan m a d e m a n y l a w s for the h a p p i n e s s and p r o s p e r i t y of the m e r c h a n t s . Many a r t i s a n s c a m e f r o m the P l a i n s [lit. S i n d h - a n d - i n d i a J and s e t t l e d in B a l u c h i s t a n . Many Hindus a l s o c a m e , and N a s i r Khan waived the / j o z i a / [ f r o m ] upon t h e m . The cloth and the skin dyeing f a c t o r i e s of Kalat gained m u c h f a m e . In D a d a r [theyj a l s o m a d e v e r y good g u n s . 15.
aS n a s i r xana r a n d , ai [hjwkumott Son but. N a s i r Khan died in the y e a r 1794. In m a n y p l a c e s the B a l u c h i s built m e m o r i a l c a i r n s to h i m [lit. of h i m j . After N a s i r Khan, h i s g o v e r n m e n t kept on becoming weak[erj. At l a s t the B r i t i s h took [ o v e r ] h i s g o v e r n m e n t , After the E n g l i s h , a p a r t of B a l u c h i s t a n c a m e to P a k i s t a n , and I r a n and A f g h a n i s t a n took [lit. took a w a y ] o t h e r p a r t s of it.
20. 502.
Q u e s t i o n - R e s p o n s e D r i l l II. 1.
Se, taw vaxte a d a l a t t a gva[h]i d a t a g a y ?
2.
t a r a pa vanoga p a g a r r a s i t ?
3.
t a i [h]ayala, [hjar m w l k a v a t - v a j a i a y [hjakk b y r a s i t ?
516
4.
v a t i m w l k a y yokk d u r g y n d aw p w r r - S o n e [hjakymay n a m a bwgwS!
5.
t a i Dyhay [ h j w k u m a t t a y n y z a m kwjam Dawlay ynt.
6.
t a i [hjanda, b y j j a r a y dod am a s t , ya na.
7.
D a D a r p a r Se n a m kaSSytagat.
8.
n a s i r xanoy d o r b a r o y d a p t a r i zwban Se at.
9.
n a s i r x a n o y b a r i a , s a n e - l a s k a r a j i r a - w - j a g a kay dat.
10.
Se, t a i m w l k a y [ h j a r o s a po, j a n e n vaSSbo srwSont, ow b a n u r aw s a l u n k a y d a s t - w - p a d a [hjynnam j a n a n t ?
11.
Synykki Sone dode.
12. boloS p a r Se n a s i r x a n a vali g w s a n t . 13. n a s i r xanoy a m i r i m e R a v a , kai kai nyndja[h] [hjer atant. 14.
a m i r i m e R o v o y b a s k kwjam k a r a n i s o r a g y n d - w - c a r k w r t o n t .
15. t o r a Sokonoy k a r dost y n t ?
20. 503.
F i l l the B l a n k s .
F i l l the b l a n k s in the following s e n t e n c e s with the m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e w o r d from a m o n g t h o s e given at the end of t h i s Section. 1.
voxte ky n o s i r xan k o s a n ot, ai
2.
aga m a
3.
[hjar T a k k a r v a t i
4.
e [ h j a b a r jynykkay v a r y s a
5.
v a x t e ky labb
6.
Sonkar a m a nyada
7.
a
8.
avala
9.
a m m a y Dyha,
n a d y r Sa[hjoy d o r b a r a ot.
t r a n k a n a n , to e jeRa zut a l a s bit. gySen kant, aw a vati T a k k a r a y n w m a y n d a g bit. , aw a go m a n a T a y t .
bybit, m a [ h j a r o s a pa roSe [hjer k w r t konon. na at.
t a i badig buta. e m o r d a b y j j a r mwSS k a n a g i bit. e m a r d baz k a m m ant.
10. a v a x t a d r w s t j a n e n m a [ h j p a l a y s a r a 11.
m a n v a t i d r w s t za[hjgani [ h j a r o s a n i [hJorSa
12. e
dayin, ky t a h i aw Danni k a r a S a r r t y r e Dawla Son dayin.
ay r u a , yday s o n n - r o s t o g e m a r d w m a n i S w m a r b i s t lakk ynt.
15. a t a n a yakk m a [ h ] t w m o n d a r o y v a k i l a
20. 504.
.
ay n y m a z a y v a n a g a r a n d , a v a t i tupakka d v a r a g koSa k w r t aw Swt.
13. m a n S w m a r a 14.
SaT d a y a n t .
daSt.
Takkari
nasaSyt
nynd-w-nyad
puro
saDi
peSim
napwjjin
dem-po-dem
kowl
sangi
vontkar
mwdam
mardwmSwmari
gyrao
Sokor
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e I.
l.A;
vajo, b y j j a r Sone d o d e .
2. B :
b r a s , b y j j a r b a z ko[h]ne d o d e .
boloS voti [ h j a r o s o y [hJorSa p u r o konoga p o , aS
v a t i t w m a n a y m a r d w m a poRi mwSS k o n a n t . 517
3. A:
Se, s a n g i e m a r d vat b y j j a r k a n t ?
4. B ;
ji [hja.
5. A ;
Se, b y j j a r aS v a t i t w m a n a bed a m but k a n t ?
6. B :
[hja b r a s .
s a n g i e m a r d v a t , ya ai v a r y s b y j j a r kant. geStyr m a r d w m aS dyga s y a l e ya k a m m - s y a l e t w m a n a b y j j a r l o T y t
kanant. 7. A :
y a k k m a r d w m a Synkas b y j j a r d a y a g i ynt.
8. B ;
y a k k m a r d w m ya yakk ka[h]ole yakk dw k a l l a d a r a Sa b y g y r t a n a sad k a l l a d a r dat k a n a n t , vale geStyr baloS yokk dw p a s , ya goke, ya w S t y r e om d o y a n t .
9. A :
baloS po jynykka Synkas labb g y r a n t .
10. B
vaja, b a z baloS sada b y g y r tana [ h j a z a r k a l l a d a r g y r a n t . n o g y r a n t , aw b a z jynykkay b a d a l a jynykke g y r a n t .
b a z baloS [hjySS lobb
b a z baloS z a r r a y b a d a l a olak
ya p o s g y r o n t . 11. A
baloS p o r Se lobb g y r a n t .
12. B
vaja, [hjar baloSa bayd ynt, ky [ h j a r o s a voti s y a l - w - k a m a b w l o T i t , ow d r w s t doda p u r o bykont.
labba Sa bed, baloS e d r w s t dodani [hJorSa pwjjyt nokonont.
13. A
S i r b e l i See.
14. B
S i r b e l i a m a panja ya sad k a l l a d a r ant, ky salunkay v a s s u aS ai g i r t .
15. A
vajj Sea gwSant.
16. B
b r a s , vajj yakk dw swnduk ant, ky a v a n i taha b a n u r a y pwSS, p a z v a r , vaSSbo, poSak, ow s i n g a r a y Si ant.
17. A
a r t i Sea gwSant.
18. B
vaja, a r t i [ h j a r o s a y a m a [hJarS ant, ky salunk vati v a s y r k a d a y a g i ynt.
a r t i a y taha
p a s ya gok, a R t , b y r y n j , b u r a g , Sa, rogyn, vad, t a m b a k , p i m a z , aw dyga v a r d y n a y Si ant. 19. A;
m a [ h j p a l Sea gwSyt.
2 0 . B,
vaja, salunkay vati b e r w m , r a z a n , aw dyga moDDia m a [ h j p a l gwSant.
anSw w S t y r a y
s a r a b a r k w r t a g e b e r w m w moDDi m a [ h j p a l gwSag b a n t , vale [ h j a r o s a y m a [ h ] p o l ow a m a m a [ h j p a l b a r o k e n w S t y r a geStyr zeba k a n a n t . 2 1 . A;
Synykki aw s a r g a r d Se ant.
22. B;
aga s y a l - w - k a m k a s s a m w b a r a k k i b y d a y a n t , aw s o r a e S a k a r SaT b y d a y a n t , to e doda Synykki gwSant.
ome Dowla, ogo s y a l - w - k a m a So, [hjor k o s s S i e - n o - S i e z o r r
b a n u r ya salunkoy s o r a b y g o r d e n o n t , ow a v a n i v a r y s a bydoyontyS, to ome z a r r a s a r g a r d gwsant. 23. A;
kadi baloS [ h j a r o s a y roSa tupakk j a n a n t .
24.B;
vaja, baloS vati [ h j a r o s a say b a r a tupakk j a n a n t . poSaka poSit aw d a r a kayt. ya [hjalka tupakk jana bant,
20. 505.
yakke a m a vaxt ky s a l u n k noke
d o m i a m a vaxt ky jann s a r g i r t , to t a n a b a n u r a y gysa s a y m i , [ h j a r o s a y d o m i roS yokk Donnea nySanag j a n a n t .
C o n v e r s a t i o n P r a c t i c e II.
l.A;
n a s i r xan p a r Se g y r a o but.
2. B :
n a s i r xanoy j y n m a d a r e b r a s a aS ai t w r s at.
d o m i eS ky n a s i r xanoy p y s s n a d y r
Sa[h]ay d o s t e ot, aw n a d y r Sa[h] l o T y t a t , ky aS ai za[h]ga y a k k e Sa[h]i d a r b a r a bybit
518
3. A:
n a d y r Sa[h] aw abdwlla xanoy d o s t i o y sobob Se otont.
4. B;
b r a s , o m a voxta ky n a d y r Sa[h] i r a n o y owgan badSa[h]a p r o S d a t , to owgan badSa[h] r o d r a t k i baloSystanay pallava jyst.
n a s i r xanoy p y s s , abdwlla x a n , go panS [ h j a z a r
b a l o S a n awgana j a l l y t , aw awganay badSa[h] kwSag but.
abdwlla xan s a r a y S pa
n a d y r Sa[h]a d e m d a t . 5. A;
r a n d a Se but.
6.B;
r a n d a abdwlla x a n synday owgan [ h j a k y m a y s a r a wrwSS k w r t , vale kwSag but.
nadyr
Sa[h] a i b e r a y g y r a g a p a , synday s a r a wrwSS k w r t , aw kaSSiay pyrafhje d o m o g a aS s y n d a y awgana pwlyt, aw abdwlla xanoy [ h j o n - b a h a a pa baloSa dat. 7. A:
n a s i r x a n p a r Se v a t i j y n m a d a r e b r a s a kwSaent.
8. B ;
n a s i r x a n a v a t i b r a s aS Swrua p a s a n d na at, aw baloSani r a j i , s y a s i , ow dyga k a r s a k k [ h j a r a b atant.
tanky n a d y r Sa[h] a s t a t , n a s i r xan [hJySSi k w r t n o k w r t , vale
n a d y r Sa[h]ay m o r k a r a n d , a [ h ] m a d Sa[hj badSafh] but. n a s i r x a n o y jvane s a n g a t t e at. [ h j o m s o l o butont.
afhjmad Sa[h]ay s o r v o z i r
a m e d o w r a n a , boloSani s o r d a r om go n o s i r xana
n o s i r xanoy j y n m a d o r e b r a s yokk jongea rond v o t a r a owganani
d o s t a d a t , ow a[h]mod Sa[h] kwStyS. 9. A;
Se, n o s i r x a n d r w s t boloS t w m o n a n i m o r d w m S w m a r i k o n a e n t ?
10. B ;
n o s i r x a n tonia oma t w m o n a n i m o r d w m S w m a r i konaent, ky a m a l i n b d a t o n t , bolky sypai datont.
oS eSi b e d , jonen ow za[hjg ome m o r d w m S w m a r i a m a n no otont.
onSw
synd, posajab, ow i r a n i b o l o S y s t a n o y boloS om baz b o r a n o s i r xanoy loSkora ovar b u t o n t , vole d o p t o r i powja S w m a r nobutont. 11. A:
n a s i r x a n gon awgana p o r Se m y R y t .
12. B :
n a s i r x a n l o T y t , ky r o k a p t i baloSan a m vati b a y r a k k a y S e r a bykant. v o t i pawja m a k r a n aw i r a n i b a l o S y s t a n Swt.
p a m e S a a go
aS e [ h j a b a r a , awganani badSa[hJ bad
b w r t , aw n a s i r xana sakk daRko dat. 13. A
a w g a n a n i badSafh] Se d a R k o d a t e .
14. B
a w g a n a n i b a d S a [ h ] , a[h]mod Sa[hJ, T a p a l k w r t , ky n a s i r xan as v a t i s i m a m a g v a z i t . n a s i r x a n p o s s o v d a t , ky t a n a [hjadda baloS ant, a ai s i m ynt.
15. A 16. B
p a d a a [ h ] m a d Sa[h] Se k w r t . a [ h ] m a d Sa[hJ sakk z a r gypt, aw go m a z a n e l a S k a r e a a[h]t.
a[h]mod Sa[h]ay s o r v o z i r
ow owli pawj m a s t w n g a y kwtwbi [hjadda proS v a r t , vale r a n d a awgana b a z k w m a k k rast.
d o m i ow s a y m i jang m a s t w n g S a [ h ] r a y j a n d w m i [hjanda m a n a[h]tant, aw
baloS pad k y n z y t a n t . w-aSka mant.
S a r m i jang tana yakk m a [ h ] k a l a t a y kuSag aw ko[hJani e S k a -
n e T awganay b a d S a [ h ] , a[h]mod Sa[h], sala k w r t , aw baloSa SaT
azati rast. 17. A;
owgan ow boloSani solooy m a z a n e S a r t Se atant.
18. B :
a w g a n a y badSa[h] e [ h j a b a r a m o n n y t , ky tana [hjadda baloS ant, a n a s i r xanoy boyrokkoy Sera bybant.
owgan aw baloS v a t i v a t i m w l k a y t a h a y k a r a vat Son bydayant,
baloS ow owgan yokk d y g o r o y badSa[h]ani ko[h]oloy y a g i e m a r d w m a k w m a k k n a d a y a n t . b a l o S ow owgan yakk d y g a r a m a l i ya s y p a i n a d a y a n t , vale Danni b a d i g a pad j a n a g a pa, yakk dygara kwmakk dayant. 19. A: 20. B;
s a l a a r a n d Se but. a [ h ] m o d Sa[h]ay baSS n a s i r xanoy b r a s a y jynykka [ h j a r o s k w r t , aw b a l o S - w - a w g a n
519
d o l - w - S a p , divan ow d o m - d o m k w r t a n t .
p a d a s y n d - w - [ h ] y n d aw i r a n a y j a n g a yakk
dygara kwmakk datant. 2 1 . A;
n a s i r x a n v a t i l a S k a r a Son Son d a t a g a t .
22. B ;
n a s i r xanoy l o S k a r a y say b a r a t a n t , aw [h]ar b a r a y v a t i b a y r a k k e at. b a r e n y a m a , yakke Sappa, aw yakke r a s t a oStat. n a m [hjer k w r t a g a t .
a [h]ar b a r a y aw k o s a n e b a r a n i
a m e d r w s t pawjay s a r l a S k a r n a s i r xan vat at.
23. A
baloS y a m i m i r a s Sea gwSant.
2 4 . B.
y a m i m i r a s y a k k Dawlay j a g i r atant. ky s a r k a r a sypai d a t a n t .
25. A
pyRa yakk
s a r k a r a m a t w m a n a y a m i m i r a s ya j a g i r dat,
ame yami m i r a s a n i mali ame twmana r a s t .
a m i r i m e R o v o y y a k k b a s k e s a n e - l a S k a r a pa Synka sypai dat. a m i r i m e R o v o y [hjor b a s k oS voti twmonoy sod s o n n - r o s t o g e m o r d a So, yokke po
26. B
s a n e - l o S k o r a d e m dat. 27. A
s a n e - l a S k a r a y s y p a i a n i k a r Se atant.
28. B
s a n e - l a S k a r a y sypai m w d a m bwnja[h]a saDi atant.
a m e sypai s a r k a r a y a p s a r a n i
p a r m a n a m a n n y t a n t , aw m w l k a y [hjar kwnDoy a m n a y n y g a d a r i k w r t a n t .
aS eSi
b e d , j a n g - w - j e R a a pad d a r a g , r a d k a r , d w z z , aw Dwnga g y r a g , aw s a w d a g y r a n i badrakka butant.
a m e sypai T a p a l a n am s a r k w r t a n t .
a m e sypai badSafh] aw a m i r i
m e R o v o y b a s k a n aS m w l k a y [hjar [hjanday [hjalan a m s a i k w r t a n t . 29. A;
j a m d w r r o k Sone S a y r e at.
30. B;
j a m d w r r o k yokk b e m o T T e s a y r e ot. ant, vale ai geStyr d a p t a r g a r ant.
ai s a y r tonynga m a n baloS w s t w m a n a t a l a n a sa[hji d a r b a r a y S a y r e at, vale a i S a y r a n i
taha badSa[h] aw d a r b a r a y m a r d w m a n i poke syta n e s t , t a v a r , joS, aw p a s a n d a y Sayr ant.
ai s a y r w s t w m a n a y dylay
anSw gwSant, ky j a m d w r r o k a badSa[hjay m a R i a y
y a k k j a n e d o s t ot, aw a m e s a b a b a kwSag but. 3 1 . A;
n u r m a [ h ] m a d kay at.
32. B;
n u r m a [ h j m a d n a s i r xanoy d a r b a r a y s a r k a z i at, aw yakk n y m y S t k a r ; S a y r , aw v a n t k a r e m a r d e at.
a m a n vati p a r s i S a y r a n i dw kytaba b a l o S a n i s o r b w n a k a n t , aw
n a s i r xanoy sytaa kont.
n u r ma[hJmodoy p i r w k [hjoStmi saddiay Swrua aS i r a n a
a[hjtant, aw m o k r a n o y [hjanda yakk j a g i r e r a s t y S .
[hjazdami saddia nur ma[hjmaday
p y s s a s y n d - w - k a S S i a y [hjakym m a n v a t i d a r b a r a loTyt, aw k a z i joR k w r t y S . n u r m a [ h j m a d payda but, aw p y s s y S S a r r v a n e n t e .
n a s i r xanoy d o w r a , n u r m a [ h j m a d
a i s a r k a z i joR but, ow gon ai s y n d - w - [ h j y n d a y janga Swt. b a b a t t a yakk kytabe a m nymySta k w r t .
amyda
nur ma[hjmad e jangani
nur ma[hjmad baz sala rand m a n vati
[hjanda z a v a l but.
20. 600.
Vocabulary.
a r t i [or / a R t i / J
s u p p l i e s , a n i m a l s , e t c . sent by the g r o o m to h i s f a t h e r - i n - l a w for the m a r r i a g e f e a s t
' ,c o[h]val
n e w s , r e c e n t h a p p e n i n g s , e v e n t s (of a p e r s o n , family, e t c . ); s t a t e s , c o n d i t i o n s
ofhjval g y r o g omiri
to a s k for o n e ' s r e c e n t p e r s o n a l n e w s noble (adj. )
520
'"bar
share, portion bar gyrag
to t a k e p a r t
bakkal
Hindu, Hindu m e r c h a n t
bemaTT
unequalled,
berag
to t u r n ( s o m e t h i n g ) b a c k t o w a r d ; to b r i n g t o g e t h e r u n d e r o n e ' s c o n t r o l , get c o n t r o l of, t a k e p o s s e s s i o n of
I-I
byjjar b
matchless
c o n t r i b u t i o n s ] c o l l e c t e d by a g r o o m to pay the e x p e n s e s of h i s m a r r i a g e
YJJar gyrag
to t a k e , a c c e p t c o n t r i b u t i o n ^ ] t o w a r d s a marriage
byjjar kanag
to c o l l e c t c o n t r i b u t i o n [ s] t o w a r d s a m a r r i a g e
Sadar
sheet, mantle
"Sa-w-Sylym
tea-and-pipe:
S a - w - S y l y m kanag Sakan
refreshments
to s e r v e , offer
refreshments
embroidery
Sakan j a n a g
to e m b r o i d e r
Seda[g]
monument,
'"daptar
epic p o e m ;
cairn record
daptar buag
to be r e c o r d e d
daptar kanag
to r e c o r d
daptari
recorded,
official
dorbar
c o u r t (of a king)
dorbar buag
to be a c o u r t , c o u r t to be held
d a r b a r kanag
to hold c o u r t
dem-[hjoni
s a c r i f i c e of a s h e e p , e t c . p e r f o r m e d at a marriage
d e m - [ h J o n i buag
to be a / d e m - [ h j o n i /
sacrifice
d e m - [ h j o n i konog
to p e r f o r m the / d e m - [ h j o n i / s a c r i f i c e
dem-po-dem
face-to-face,
directly
dini
religious
d u r g y n d [or / d i r g y n d / J
far sighted
DaDor
D a d a r , a city in P a k i s t a n i B a l u c h i s t a n
goSS
small group,
gathering
goSS buog
to be divided into s m a l l g r o u p s
goSS konog
to divide into s m a l l g r o u p s
goSS-goSSa
in s m a l l g r o u p s
giS-w-givar
untangling-and-parting: setting straight
ordering,
arranging,
g i S - w - g i v a r buog
to be put in o r d e r , a r r a n g e d ,
g i s - w - g i v a r konog
to put in o r d e r , a r r a n g e , set s t r a i g h t
gva[h]
witness
gva[h] buog
to be a w i t n e s s
gva[h] konog
to m a k e ( s o m e o n e ) a w i t n e s s
gva[h]i
witness, evidence, testimony
521
set s t r a i g h t
gva[h]i doyog
to b e a r w i t n e s s , give e v i d e n c e
gva[h]i g y r o g
to t a k e , r e c o r d e v i d e n c e
gynd-w-Sar
see-and-look;
deliberation,
g y n d - w - S a r buog
to be d e l i b e r a t e d ,
g y n d - w - S a r konog
to d e l i b e r a t e ,
gyrao
hostage,
consideration
considered
consider
security
g y r a o buag
to b e , b e c o m e s e c u r i t y
gyrao darag
to k e e p a s s e c u r i t y
gyrao dayag
to give a s s e c u r i t y
gyrao gyrag
to t a k e , a c c e p t a s s e c u r i t y
gyrao kanag
to m a k e ( s o m e t h i n g o n e ' s ) s e c u r i t y
yami m i r a s
l a n d s given in r e t u r n for m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e
[h]arS
costs, expense,
[hjarS buag
spending
[h]arS g y r a g
to be spent to t a k e , a c c e p t the c o s t s , e x p e n s e s (of something)
[hjarS k a n a g
to spend
[hjwlkav
district
[hjynnam
henna
[hjynnam j a n a g
to apply henna
[hjynnam k a n a g
to apply henna
jann
wedding p r o c e s s i o n
jazia
tax on n o n - M u s l i m s j a z i a dayag
to pay the / j a z i a /
jazia gyrag
to t a k e , a c c e p t the / j o z i o /
jira-w-jaga
ration-and-place: lodging
j i r a - w - j a g a dayag
c o m m i s s a r i a t , b o a r d and
to p r o v i d e b o a r d and lodging
jynmadar
half- ( h a l f - b r o t h e r ;
"jyta
apart, jyta-jyta
separately
s e p a r a t e l y , a p a r t f r o m one a n o t h e r
kanudi
legal
kabul
acceptable,
agreeable
k a b u l buag
to be a c c e p t a b l e ,
kabul kanag
to a c c e p t ,
kawl
half-sister)
agreeable
agree
p r o m i s e , oath kawl d a y a g
to p r o m i s e
kawl g y r a g
to t a k e , a c c e p t a p r o m i s e
kawl kanag
to take an oath
koS
i n n e r s h o u l d e r (the p l a c e w h e r e the n e c k and the t r u n k m e e t ) koSa buag
to be slung o v e r the s h o u l d e r (as a b a n d o l i e r , s w o r d , gun)
koSa konag
to sling o v e r the s h o u l d e r (as a b a n d o l i e r , s w o r d , gun)
522
koS k a n a g
to m a r c h
kysbgyr
a r t i s a n , skilled w o r k e r
langav
L a n g a v , a t r i b e of s o m e w h a t l o w e r s o c i a l s t a t u s
labb
wedding e x p e n s e s paid by the g r o o m (or the g r o o m ' s people) to the b r i d e ' s family labb d a y a g
to pay the / l a b b /
labb g y r a g
to t a k e , a c c e p t the / l a b b /
loRenog
i-11
ma[h]pol
to r o l l , m i x up, c a u s e to wallow load (of household g o o d s , bedding, e t c . )
m a [ h ] p a l buag
to be loaded, be a load (of household goods)
ma[h]pal kanag
to load (household g o o d s , e t c . onto an animal)
mali
land tax m a l i dayag
to pay land tax
mali gyrag
to t a k e , c o l l e c t land tax
m a p [or / m a f / ]
forgiving, p a r d o n i n g , waiving
m a p buag
to be forgiven, p a r d o n e d , waived
m a p kanag
to f o r g i v e , p a r d o n , waive
morden
man, male
mardwmSwmari
census
m a r d w m S w m a r i buag
to be a c e n s u s , c e n s u s to be taken
m a r d w m S w m a r i kanag
to take a c e n s u s
me[h]r
p a y m e n t to be m a d e to the b r i d e by the g r o o m in the event of a d i v o r c e
me[hjr dayag
to pay the / m e [ h ] r /
me[h]r gyrag
to t a k e , a c c e p t the / m e [ h j r /
mwbarakki
congratulations to offer c o n g r a t u l a t i o n s
m w b a r a k k i dayag mwdam
forever;
mwrad
goal, aim,
'"nam
name
objective
to gain f a m e , b e c o m e famous
n a m kaSSag nwmayndo[g]
always
representative
n w m a y n d o [ g ] buag
to b e , b e c o m e a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
nwmayndofg] kanag
to m a k e ( s o m e o n e o n e ' s ) r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
nyka[h]
wedding, m a r r i a g e ceremony
nyka[h] bandag
to p e r f o r m a m a r r i a g e c e r e m o n y
n y k a [ h ] vanog
to p e r f o r m (i. e. r e a d the A r a b i c f o r m s of) a marriage ceremony
nyndjafh]
s e a t (in p a r l i a m e n t , e t c . )
nynd-w-nyad
sitting-and-meeting: contacts, company
environment,
surroundings,
nynd-w-nyad buag
to be in ( s o m e o n e ' s ) c o m p a n y , be in (a certain) society
nynd-w-nyad kanag
to k e e p c o m p a n y , m a k e ( s o m e g r o u p , e t c .
523
one's) society target, mark,
nySano[g]
aim
nySano[g] jonog
to shoot at a t a r g e t , hold t a r g e t p r a c t i c e
nySanofg] konog
to a i m a t , m a k e ( s o m e t h i n g o n e ' s ) t a r g e t
nyzam
system,
organisation
par si
P e r s i a n (language) to s p e a k P e r s i a n
parsi konog pas
p e r i o d of t h r e e h o u r s
pagar
stipend
pagar dayag
to g i v e , pay a s t i p e n d
pagar gyrag
to t a k e , a c c e p t a s t i p e n d
panDatt
P a n d i t , Hindu r e l i g i o u s s c h o l a r
pasand
c h o i c e , s o m e t h i n g which i s liked
pasand buag
to be p l e a s i n g , a g r e e a b l e , l i k e d , approved
pasand kanag
to l i k e , c h o o s e , a p p r o v e born, produced,
payda
found
p a y d a buag
to be b o r n , p r o d u c e d ,
p a y d a kanag
to b e a r , p r o d u c e , find
found
early afternoon
peSim poSaenog
I-II
to c a u s e to w e a r , c a u s e to put on
poSak
garments,
puro
completed,
dress fulfilled
p u r o buog
to b e , b e c o m e c o m p l e t e d ,
p u r o konog
to c o m p l e t e ,
pwjjog
chosen,
I-I
pwrr-Son
fulfilled
fulfill
to b e a r , stand, e n d u r e , have the c a p a b i l i t y of well-organised
p w r r - S o n buog
to b e , b e c o m e w e l l - o r g a n i s e d
p w r r - S o n konog
to m a k e w e l l - o r g a n i s e d
pylan
a c e r t a i n - - , s o - a n d - s o (an u n n a m e d or anonymous person)
ra[h]gir
h i g h w a y m a n , bandit
raj
rule, society, subjects, tribe, r a j buog
to be r u l e d
raj konog
to r u l e
raji
social, ruling,
saSag I-I
to suit
saDi [or /saRi/]
p r e s e n t (adj. )
community
communal
saDi buog
to b e , b e c o m e p r e s e n t
s a D i konog
to c a u s e to be p r e s e n t
sane-loSkor
p o l i c e , s e c u r i t y f o r c e (in N a s i r K h a n ' s t i m e )
sangi
engaged, betrothed
sonn-rosto[gJ
adult (adj. )
524
sebi
Sibi, a town in P a k i s t a n i B a l u c h i s t a n
'" s o r
head, upper portion to send off
sar dayag
c o n g r a t u l a t o r y gift of m o n e y
sargard sargard dayag
to give m o n e y (as a c o n g r a t u l a t o r y gift)
sargard gyrag
to t a k e , a c c e p t / s a r g a r d / governmental,
sarkari
official
sarkari buag
to b e , b e c o m e g o v e r n m e n t a l , to be n a t i o n a l i s e d
sarkari kanag
to m a k e g o v e r n m e n t a l , to n a t i o n a l i s e
sar ka z i
s u p r e m e r e l i g i o u s j u d g e , head Qazi
sarpanS
c a b i n e t , council of m i n i s t e r s ;
sarSayr
m a s t e r poet, poet l a u r e a t e
singar
cosmetics,
representative
make-up
singar buag
to be m a d e - u p , have c o s m e t i c s a p p l i e d
singar kanag
to apply, u s e c o s m e t i c s
srwSag
I-II
to m i x into a p a s t e skin, hide
syl
to skin
syl kanag
Sa[h]i
royal
Sakar [or /sakkal/J
s w e e t m e a t s , candy b r i d a l gift or p a y m e n t m a d e by the g r o o m to his prospective m o t h e r - i n - l a w
Sirbeli
S i r b e l i dayag
to pay the / S i r b e l i /
sirbeli gyrag
to t a k e , a c c e p t the / S i r b e l i /
Synykki
t h r o w i n g of s w e e t m e a t s o v e r s o m e o n e (a congratulatory custom)
synykki kanag
to t h r o w s w e e t m e a t s (as a way of c o n g r a t u l a t i n g someone)
tarixdan
historian
tahi
internal
twmondar
chief of a t r i b e ( / t w m a n / )
Takkar
sub-tribe
Takkari
sub-chief, chief of a / T a k k a r /
Tappo
seal to affix a s e a l
Tappo janag v9Jj
wedding gifts sent by the g r o o m to the b r i d e to send, offer the / v a j j /
vajj d a y a g v9Jj gyrag vakil
to t a k e , a c c e p t the / v a j j / a g e n t , deputy, a d v o c a t e ,
lawyer
to h i r e , e m p l o y a l a w y e r , e t c .
vakil kanag vali
saint
vantkar
educated,
vasyrk
father-in-law
vaSSbo
perfume
525
literate
vaSSi
h a p p i n e s s , joy,
rejoicing
vaSSi b u a g
to be h a p p i n e s s , joy,
vaSSi k a n a g
to r e j o i c e , be happy
vat an
homeland
vat-vajai
self-determination
wstwman-raj
democracy
yatgiri
memorial,
y n s a p [or
/ynsaf/j
zaval
zynd
memory
justice
y n s a p buag y n s a p kanag yntyzami
rejoicing
to be j u s t i c e to a c t j u s t l y administrative d e a t h (honorific); generously)
spending ( l a v i s h l y ,
wastefully,
z a v a l buag
to die (honorific); to be spent ( l a v i s h l y , wastefully, generously)
zaval kanag
to spend ( l a v i s h l y , w a s t e f u l l y ,
generously)
life
fc U. S. Government Printing Office
526
963-096
w~y»
-Vfrn-immm '*&*•• irJ*A * 4 3 »
* *>v fj* j*HZ "f' fjy
Jw"^
**W
f V\j .rail ft? ^ f V v m f
f -1 JV
rflJ t $ J *• f t
:
*
*
MJf
Y i
r
*
* V If 4 ^
VY s V
*
r r r r
^ X*
\
>
;v:ltf;l :
Ij
E >
f f
' > .
i! 4
X
V
*
!*?/#•:.] A A V
^r
•
•% * * « .
WkIS ?
i I i
i
* ^
P.
V
-
S
S*U 'Si -JU H fit /j fw •
v A y »yy»«nr,f»t»y»|»
^ ij
«&. •%.«> *** tft! -*** # V "
rf^
#v^
** ' fy*f • y%fy*
! : /.-.« * %v..
»%]»^,"*%«, :
P~
:A- fth
Jf> 7%*
.A^y^^jyf^'mA'
v5
^ !•*'»* r •* mt m* r .
r^-1 *JAm
|
*^i
3 -»»*->-^*-»^K*.*»»» I N f c A K t .
**KVKh-kK
r
j
*•
4
•i 1 **"
**> -
f
W t , K W M » > ^ ^k-W.K**'"*'
-\i
I [•«
J
••*' 3!
r
A | */j
i r
r
ft: v/} r
- Ir r 1
, 4 . » , . .»«*•«»•»
•
»
