Bangladesher Sahityer Sompurno Itibritto (বাংলাদেশের সাহিত্যের সম্পূর্ণ ইতিবৃত্ত) [PDF]

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evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë knx` BKevj



K_vcÖKvk evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë cÖ_g cÖKvk : †deªæqvwi 2014 ¯^Z¡ : ˆbwiZ BKevj cÖKvkK : Rwmg DwÏb †dvb : 01766590404 cÖavb Kvh©vjq 38/3 Kw¤úDUvi Kg‡cø· (3q Zjv), evsjvevRvi, XvKv †dvb 9584436, 9589852 weµq †K›`ª 37/1 evsjvevRvi, wc. †K. ivq †ivW, XvKv 1100 †dvb : 9581942, 01714666946 gy`ªK myeY© wcÖ›Uvm©, 3/K-L cvUzqvUzjx †jb, XvKv †dvb : 9533029, 01726462533 g~j¨ : cÖ”Q` :



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2 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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wKš‘ wba©vwiZ mvj-ZvwiL w`‡q †Zv mvwnZ¨ ïiæ nq bv| Z‡e mgqLÐB g~j KviY| Gi †fZ‡iB †PZbv M‡o I‡V| wbw`©ó K…wó, AvZ¥mËvi cÖKvk, RvZxq †PZbvi D‡ØvabKvh©Z Øvw›ØK Rxeb cwiµgviB GKwU ùwUK¯^”Qiƒc| †mwU wPivqZ b„-ms¯‹…wZi avivq ¯œœvZ Ges µgewa©ZI| Zv w¯’wZ cvq wm³ gvwUnvIqvi wbw`©ó f‚‡Mv‡j| ¯’vb Aw¯ÍZ¡kvwmZ c~e©-evsjv Z_v evsjv‡`k| e¯‘Z, w·kvËi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Abym„Z avivwUB GB evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i aviv| evOvwj gymjgv‡bi mvwnZ¨PP©vq G avivwUi ch©‡eÿY I AbymÜvb gm„b bq| KweZvi mve©‡fŠg kw³, K_vmvwn‡Z¨i ms¯‹vigy³ wPšÍv, bvU‡Ki wbixÿv I cwiPh©v mvwnwZ¨‡Ki Kíbv I †cÖiYvi cÖwZkÖæwZ AR©b K‡i| wKš‘ Zv †gv‡UB mnR wQj bv| wefv‡MvËi mg‡q KweZv-K_vmvwnZ¨-bvUK-cÖe‡Ü evOvwj gymjgvb‡`i fvlv-ms¯‹…wZPP©vq wØav I AvoóZvi cvkvcvwk ivóªxq cÖwZeÜKZvI Aby‡jøL¨ bq| G ch©v‡q 1952 mv‡j i³ÿqx fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ci fvlvi AwaKvi, fvlvwfwËK RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi AwaKvi, evOvwji ¯^vwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZvi g~j¨‡eva iwPZ nIqvi c_ ˆZwi nq| µgvMZ Av_©ivRbxwZK m‡PZbZvI ms¯‹…wZi g~j wfwˇK mgvR Mfx‡i †cÖvw_Z K‡i, wPwb‡q †`q AvZ¥mËvi wewPÎ AwfgyL| wecix‡Z iv‡óªi ¯^v_©-ZrciZv, †¯^”QvPvwi mvgwiK kvmb, e¨w³Zš¿ Kv‡qg cÖf„wZ be¨-Dcwb‡ek gb¯‹ (neocolonial mentality) wPšÍv AvMÖvmx ivRbxwZi Pv`‡i we¯Í…Z n‡Z _vK‡j, m`¨ M‡o IVv ga¨weË gymwjg evOvwj msNe× kw³‡Z Zvi cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡j| G kw³i AbyNUK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i ZrKvjxb cye©-evsjvi mvwnZ¨| hv evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ bv‡g G A‡ji ms¯‹…wZi m‡½ IZ‡cÖvZ mswkøó| cÖm½Z, G mswkøóZv Av‡ivwcZ bq, †jvKvqZ I mgwš^Z ag©-ms¯‹…wZ‡PZbvi †KjvwmZ iƒc| hvi cwiPq evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK f~L‡Ði K…wó I cÖevwnZ Øvw›ØK b„-Rxe‡bi †fZ‡i msw¯’Z| 1961 †Z iex›`ªRb¥kZel© D`&hvc‡bi Avo¤^i Av‡qvRb ev wkÿv I ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe‡Z ga¨we‡Ëi gyLwiZ Av‡›`vjb evOvwj gymjgv‡bi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i kw³‡K `„pZi K‡i| mvwnZ¨ G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ¯‘ZK…Z cwi‡ekwU MÖn‡Y mvg_©¨ nq| KweZvi †fZ‡i D‡V Av‡m Rxe‡bi cÖf~Z gš¿Yv| Avnmvb nvexe 1947 mv‡j ivwÎ †kl Kve¨MÖ‡š’ †h iv‡óªi ¯^cœPvwjZ n‡q Zvi †cÖiYvUzKz hy³ K‡ib K_v I KweZvq cieZ©x‡Z `xN© GK evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 3



hy‡MiI †ewk mg‡qi AwfÁZvq QvqvnwiY Kv‡e¨i †fZ‡i kvk¦Z I mgwš^Z †PZbvavivwU Awš^ó Ki‡Z mvg_© nb| cÖvq GKB mg‡q kvgmyi ivngvb cÖ_g Kv‡e¨ wÎk-AbyeZ©x evsjv KweZvi †PZbvavivq ¯^xq kw³i D‡Øvab †NvlYv K‡ib| ÔbZzb KweZvÕ msKj‡bi cwimªyZ †PZbviB wecyj we¯Ívi N‡U G Kv‡e¨| ¯§Z©e¨, eyׇ`e emyi kvj© †ev`‡jqvi PP©v wKsev †jvKbv_ fÆvPv‡h©i AuvZzi i¨v‡evi Abyev` G ch©v‡qi Kwe‡`i Aviva¨ n‡q I‡V| cÂv‡ki `k‡Ki evwm, cPv, KK©k k~b¨Zvi giæf~wg‡Z lv‡Ui `kK cÖvPzh©gqZv cvq| ïay KweZvq bq, K_vmvwn‡Z¨ Aveyj dRj, kvgmy`&`xb Aveyj Kvjvg, Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏxb, Avey BmnvK, kIKZ Imgvb cÖf~Z n‡q I‡Vb| bvU‡K gybxi †PŠayixi ci kxY© avivwU cÖ¯‘Z n‡Z _v‡K cvðvZ¨ fveaviv MÖn‡Yi A‡cÿvq| GKB m‡½ gbbkxjZvi DrKl©I NU‡Z _v‡K| lvU-DËi mgqL‡Ð hv wbw`©ó Aeqe cvq| K…Zx I KzkjZvq Zv †h gv‡biB †nvK, evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i iƒc‡iLvwU Rbgvb‡m ¯úó n‡q I‡V| i‡O-e‡Y©-iƒ‡c dz‡U I‡V Av¯’vkxj I c~Y©v½ Rxe‡bi Aat‡ÿc| cÖm½Z, wek¦hy‡×vËi ˆewk¦K ev¯ÍeZv †hgb `ywf©ÿ, wew”QbœZv, ˆbivk¨, ewngy©wL Uvb, AšÍ‡ii RwUjZv, ms‡ÿvf, †eKviZ¡ mvwn‡Z¨i welq‡K AwaKvi K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î w·kvËi cwðge‡½i †jLK‡`i AbyKiY ev kw³i Zzjbv bq, ¯^Zš¿ I ¯^`xwÿZ KíbvAwfÁZv‡KB Zviv Kv‡R jvMvb| c~e©-evsjvi XvKv Avjv`viƒ‡c Avjv`v ev¯ÍeZvq wPwýZ nq, GB evsjvi †jLK‡`i Kv‡Q| wefvMc~e© KjKvZv Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Kg©-AwfÁZv Avi cvðvZ¨-cÖfvweZ †jLKZx‡_©i ¯^cœ-Aby‡cÖiYv| wKš‘ wefvM-cieZ©xKv‡j ¯^Zš¿ ev¯ÍeZvq M‡o IVv XvKvi RxebmsMÖvg I ivRbxwZ Zv‡`i w`‡Z _v‡K ¯^wbqwš¿Z AvZ¥cwiP‡qi wbkvbv| cÂv‡ki `kK †_‡K µgk Avjv`v n‡Z _vKv Rxe‡bi cÖm~b, Ø›Ø-we‡ÿc Avi †jvKvqZ RxebvPvi‡Yi cÖwµqv fvlvq cÖwZwPwýZ nq| lvU-DËi A‡bK †jLK wbhy³ nb, wewPÎ wbixÿvq, b`x-bÿ‡Îi cÖwZÁvq| a¨v‡b I Abyiw³‡Z Rxebvb›`eyׇ`e-weòz-wef~wZ-Zvivk¼i-gvwbK _vK‡jI cÖZ¨qwU‡Z e¨vKzj n‡q I‡V G‡`‡ki evDj-exÿY †djv Avmv MÖvgxY wbmM© bxwjgv Avi e‡q hvIqv kvšÍ b`xi K~jyaŸwb wKsev cÖvwšÍK wK‡kvi-ˆK‡kvi| lv‡Ui Giƒc mvs¯‹…wZK cÖwZÁv †iŠ`ªQvqvq wg‡k ivR‰bwZK cÖev‡n EbmËi †cwi‡q GKvˇii gyw³hy‡× †cuŠQq| mvwn‡Z¨ ivRbxwZ hy³ nq, cwiYwZ I gxgvsmvq a„Z nq bvixi ¯^i, gvbeZvm¤ú„w³ msnwZ, †kªwY‡PZbvi Av`k© I cÖvwšÍK Kɯ^‡ii Acwi‡gqZvq| cÖvq `yB hy‡Mi AwfÁZv, cvVwPšÍv, KíbvKviæY¨ evsjv‡`k f~wg‡Z, evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨iƒ‡c ¯úó cÖZxqgvb nq| KjKvZvi wecixZ 4 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



cx‡V XvKv beiv‡óªi †K›`ª n‡Z PvB‡j mvwnZ¨avivwUI †hb Zvi A‡½ wen½ cvq| `yB. gyw³hy‡×i ci wefv‡MvËi mvwnZ¨aviv AbM©j Awew”Qbœiƒ‡c m¤§y‡L †a‡q P‡j| ¯^vaxb, MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª, mgvRZvwš¿K Av`‡k© Kwe-K_vKvi-bvU¨Kvi †c‡q hvq cÖf~Z cÖwZ‡ek| †cÖiYvi ¯§viKcy”QwU cÖMvp nq| 47-Gi c‡i †e‡o IVv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai wKbvivmg~n †cÖiYvi `c©‡Y AvfvwmZ nq| hy×-cÖR‡b¥i †jLKe„›` wbi¼zk n‡q I‡Vb fvlvq, fvebvi KíKzwV‡i| ¯^‡`‡ki f~‡g M‡o I‡V †ivg¨vw›UK cÖnivmg~n| GKB m‡½ mgvR e`‡ji wPšÍvI †PZbvkvwmZ n‡Z _v‡K| `yB †giæi we‡k¦ Zv‡`i Av¯’v I Abyiw³ †kªwYkvm‡bi wec‡ÿ| mvwn‡Z¨i welq-e¨w³ AvaywbK Mob cvq| †jLKM‡Yi Kíbv-ù~wZ©i cvkvcvwk beiv‡óªi †fZ‡i µgNbvqgvb `xN©k¦vm ev‡o| mv‡Zi `k‡Ki †klv‡aŸ© ¯^cœvwkªZ beivóª weÿZiƒ‡c cwi`„k¨gvb n‡j Aeÿq-wew”QbœZvi †fZ‡ii iƒc ¯^v_© I cyuwRi ej‡q AvU‡K hvq| ÿgZvi †gŠiwmcvÆvq e¨w³i Awb‡KZ mËv Zj LyuR‡Z e¨_© nq, Db¥~j-†kKonxb DÃe„wËi Aejyß Ae¨_© iƒc †gvUv `v‡M ¯úó n‡q c‡o| mvwn‡Z¨i †fZ‡i GKw`‡K ivóªxq ÿZ I †ÿ` RgvUe× nq Ab¨w`‡K AvšÍR©vwZK AeMvn‡b wel‡qi DcKi‡Y Av‡jvQvqvi wkí-AvZ¥v †Mvcb-mÜvbx n‡q I‡V| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ wbR¯^ c‡_ GwM‡q P‡j, cÖengvb cÖwZwµqvkxj mgv‡Ri AvZ¥v ¯^wPwÎZ K‡i| ch©‡eÿ‡Y gv‡b nq, cÖwZK~jZv muvZ‡i lv‡Ui DcK~‡j †h ¯^cœZix wf‡owQjÑ Zv Zzjbvq A‡bK cwiï×, ˆkwjwmw×MZ| Aciw`‡K, ¯^vaxb †`‡k mˇiAvwk-beŸyB-k~‡b¨ GK Mij-wew”Qbœ e¨w³ZvwcZ Rxeb GKcÖKvi wbixÿvq iƒcvwqZ nq| G c_UzKz µgvMZ m¤§yLMvwg| GKvËi-DËi wK‡kvi eqmx iv‡óª cyuwRi cÖmvi, gvby‡li m¤ú‡K©i eÜb wewPÎiƒc jvf K‡i‡Q, Avq-e¨‡qi mxgvbv ev mvgvwRK gh©v`v Kzk„•L‡j Av”Qbœ| mvwnZ¨-`c©‡Y wKQyB Abv‡jvwKZ _v‡K bvÑ wKš‘ wkí †Zv Zvi wPišÍb cvwicvwk¦©KZv‡K Qvwo‡q hvq, iPbv K‡i DËicÖR‡b¥i Awbt‡kl AevwiZ Awfmvi| ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k †m cwiPh©v †Zgb cwijwÿZ nq bv| lv‡UvËi †jLKe„›` we¯Íi AwfÁZvq mvwn‡Z¨i Avavi Av‡aqi PP©v K‡i‡Qb| we¯Íi mgq e¨eav‡b Zv GKcÖKvi DËxY©Aegy³ ejv hvq| †h Awfgy‡L c~e©-evsjvi mvwnZ¨KviM‡Yi nv‡Z m„wRZ n‡qwQj, †klvewa †m ¯^cœKíbv Z‡ZvwaK n‡q D‡VwQjÑ GB ¯^vaxb †`‡k| beŸyB I k~‡b¨i `kK †e‡q G‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ GLb Acwi‡gq| gy³ I g‡bv‡cvjvi wek¦, Z_¨-cÖhyw³i cÖevn, gvby‡l gvby‡li m¤úK©, f½yi mgvR evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 5



e¨e¯’vi wew”Qbœ Aemv`, M~p I in‡m¨i wewPÎ duv` mvwn‡Z¨i fvlv‡K cv‡ë w`‡q| †kÖwY-e¨e¯’vq K‡c©vivj ms¯‹…wZ gbyl¨‡PZbv‡K cÖejiƒ‡c kvmb Ki‡Q| KweZv KwVb, †QvUMí †bB, Dcb¨v‡mi e`‡j Dcb¨vwmKv, cÖeÜ msKzwPZ, bvUK weÁvc‡bi Qvqvq ew›` evRviPjwZ †`v‡l `yó| Giƒc AwfÁZvq fvlvmvwnZ¨ †bB Zv ejv hv‡e bv| fvlvi DrKl© N‡U‡Q, mvwn‡Z¨ wek¦-AwfÁZv hy³ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki cÂvk eQi †ciæ‡bv mvwnZ¨ c~e©-evsjvi †mB gymwjg ms¯‹vivwkÖZ mvwnZ¨‡K P¨v‡jÄ Ki‡Z Pvq| cwieZ©‡bi m~ÎUzKz Zv‡ZB aiv c‡o| wZb. wk‡í bvUK cÖvPxb I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gva¨g| fiZgywYi Kvj †_‡KB bvU‡Ki PP©v n‡q‡Q| bvUK I Awfbq gvby‡li RxebvPi‡Yi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z| cÖvPxbhy‡M Mrevav Rxe‡bi evB‡i GK-AvaUz wkí‡mŠ›`‡h©i PP©v n‡Zv| gnvfviZ, ivgvqY, Dcwbl` cieZ©x‡Z Kvwj`vm, †KŠwUj¨ iPbv meB cÖvPxb wb`k©b| Gme wb`k©‡bi ci‡Z bvUK wQj| bvU¨im wQj| cÖKvkfw½i Mo‡b-MV‡bI bvUKxqZv Kg wQj bv| c‡i BD‡ivcxq †i‡bmuv, G‡`kxq AvaywbK mgv‡Ri AwfgyL iwPZ n‡j bvUK GKv‡WwgK welqB ïay bq, mgvRcwieZ©‡bi Ges RxebvPi‡Yi wewPÎ ˆewk‡ó¨i m‡½ hy³ n‡q hvq| AvaywbK evsjv bvU‡K †k·cxqi cÖfvweZ bvU¨Kvi| evsjv bvU‡K Zuvi cÖfve D”P¯úk©x| e½xq A‡j bvU‡Ki exR †ivwcZ nq e¯‘Z M`¨iPbv I bMi-bvMwiK Rxe‡bi ¯ú‡k©| ZLb mvwn‡Z¨i fvlv me©Mvgx bq, cÖ‡qvMI me©‡kÖwY-AvwkÖZ bq| GKUv AvwfRvZ¨c~Y© fvlvq bvU‡Ki †hgb PP©v nq, †Zgwb mvaviY gvbylI cvIqv hvq wb †mLv‡b| G ch©v‡q ms¯‹vi wQj cÖPÐ iK‡gi| wKš‘ Dwbk kZ‡Ki ev¯ÍeZvi m‡½ m‡½ µgk HwZnvwmK PwiÎ c‡i Ø›ØgyLi †kÖwYPwiÎ bvU‡K D‡V Av‡m| cÖgvY wek kZ‡Ki Z…Zxq `k‡K ¯^vaxbZv-Db¥yL RvwZi m¤§y‡L bvU‡Ki PwiÎ I AwfbqixwZi gvwÎK D™¢vmb| wek¦hy×, gš^šÍi, ¯^vaxbZv mgš^‡q e¨w³i AvZ¥-RvMi‡Yi gy‡L bvUK we¯Í…Z cwimi cvq| wkwkiKzgvi fv`yox, k¤¢~ wgÎ, Drcj `Ë, Zzjwm jvwnox G ch©v‡q D‡jøLbxq bvU¨ I gÂ`ªóv| Gi evB‡iI A‡bK bvU¨Kvi Av‡Qb, evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ w·kvËi Nivbvi bvU¨KviMY †Zv wQ‡jbB| Z‡e mewKQzi E‡aŸ© GK weivU mvs¯‹…wZK cÖZxf‚ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi bvU‡Ki kvLvq wewPÎ cixÿv-wbixÿv wb‡q D™¢vwmZ nb| ïay m`¤¢ Dcw¯’wZB bq, ejqI m„wó K‡ib| d‡j evsjv bvUK we‡ki cÖ_gv‡a© A‡bK`~i m¤úªmvwiZ nq Ges ejv hvq AvšÍR©vwZK gvÎvI jvf



6 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



K‡i| cÖm½Z, ejv P‡j bvU‡K cÖwZ‡ivax we‡ePbv cÖKvk¨ n‡q DV‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e Zz½¯úkx© wkíaviYvI Zv‡Z e¨vnZ nq bv| G cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z gymwjg ev evOvwj gymjgvb bvU¨KviMY BwZnvmMZ wbqwZi wbe©‡Ü wcwQ‡q c‡ob| wkí-ms¯‹…wZ fvebv `ye©j I cðvr-AbyMvgx nIqvq bvU‡Ki g‡Zv Ab¨vb¨ wjLb‰kwji cÖMwZi evwnZ wPšÍvI Zv‡`i †fZ‡i †Zgb QvqvcvZ †d‡jwb| d‡j bvUK-PP©v †Zgb nq bv| n‡jI Zv ag©xq cÖPvi Avi ga¨hyMxq fw³i imbvq evqexq| wKš‘ MÖwš’gyL Ly‡j hvq fviZ ¯^vaxb n‡j| wefv‡MvËi c~e©-evsjvq A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ gybxi †PŠayix †ek mvd‡j¨i m‡½B c`PviYv ïiæ K‡ib| hw`I c~e©-cvwK¯Ív‡b evOvwj †jLK‡`i mvs¯‹…wZK cÖwZ‡iva gyL¨ wQj| wKš‘ m`¨-Mov ga¨weË evOvwj gymjgvb m„RbkxjZvq wbR¯^Zv AR©‡bi c_ Lyu‡R cvq| hv cÖf‚Z n‡q D‡V‡Q GKvËi-cieZ©x mg‡q ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k| evsjv‡`‡ki bvUK mvZPwjøk †_‡KB m„R¨gvb| KviY evqvbœi fvlv Av‡›`vjbI cieZ©x Av_©-ivRbxwZi ¯^vaxKvi g~jZ evsjv‡`k bvgK fvlvwfwËK RvwZiv‡óªiB R‡b¥i m~wZKvMvi| MÖš’wU 1947 †_‡K G ch©šÍ bvUK I bvU¨KviM‡Yi mvjZvgvwg| †Kv‡bv cÖeYZv aiv nqwb, bvU¨Kv‡ii †fZi w`‡qB cÖeYZv I ¯^iƒc Rvbv m¤¢e| GLv‡b Kvh©Z GKwU Lmov cÖwZwjwci cwiKíbv Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| Pvi. m„wRZ evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë MÖš’wU‡Z cÖeÜ-Abyev`wkïmvwnZ¨-AvZ¥Rxebx-¯§„wZK_v-ågYmvwn‡Z¨i Bw½ZUzKzI M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i lv‡UvaŸ© eqmx mvwn‡Z¨i PwKZ c`wPý G‡Z Aeqe †c‡q‡Q| aviYvwU ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bv n‡jI MwZwewa m¤ú‡K© aviYv †Zv wgj‡eB| ¯§Z©e¨, GwU c~e©eZ©x evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm MÖš’wUi m¤úªmvwiZ iƒc| mg‡qi m‡½ m‡½ Gi cwiea©b cwigvR©b Pj‡e| G mg‡qi A‡bK †jLKB G‡Z hy³ n‡q‡Qb| µgk AviI hy³ n‡eb| ˆmKZ nvwee I †gvnv¤§` Rwmg DwÏb‡K A‡kl K…ZÁZv| K_vcÖKv‡ki mvdj¨ Kvgbv Kwi| AvUB dvêyb \ 1421 knx` BKevj [email protected]



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 7



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KweZv evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvi avivwU exRZjv †c‡q‡Q Pwjø‡ki `k‡K| w·kvËi AvaywbKZv evsjv KweZvq †h wecyjZv AR©b K‡i, †c‡q hvq wekvj e¨w³‡Z¡i gvR©bv Zv KweZv‡K K‡i‡Q ˆewk¦K, A‡bKvs‡k AvaywbK I KvjvwZµgx| ej‡ZB nq, wek kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z weÁvb-cÖhyw³mn, Av_©-ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v I g~j¨‡ev‡ai iƒcvšÍi KweZvi †fZ‡i-evB‡i mvevjKZ¡ G‡b †`q| we‡kl K‡i iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii nv‡Z GwU wekvj e¨vwß AR©b K‡i| Gici wek¦hyׇK wN‡i Rxe‡bi AÜKvi c‡e©i AwaKvi fvlvq Avbevi †PóvwU ˆZwi nq| Gi †fZ‡i gymwjg AwaKvi‡PZbv, RvZxqZvev`x aviYv m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡Z _v‡K| Avgiv †`L‡Z _vwK ÔK‡jøvjÕ (1330) †h †PZbv ev cÖeYZvi Rb¥ w`j †mLvb †_‡KB AviI A‡b‡KB ÔBKviæ‡ki AvKvkÕ‡K †c‡q †M‡jb| µgk c~e©-evsjvi gymjgvbiv (RvwZ‡PZbvq evOvwj) wbR¯^ f~wgi `¯‘i ey‡S Kve¨PP©vq AvZ¥wb‡qvM Ki‡Z jvM‡jb| †mwU w·ki `k‡KiB m¤cÖmvwiZ iƒc| hw`I Zuv‡`i AvaywbKZv wb‡q cÖkœ Av‡Q| Z‡e G mg‡qB cÖZ¨qwU R‡g I‡V| hw`I gymwjg †PZbv wb‡q ˆmq` Gg`v` Avjx (1880-1957), †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv (1897-1964) cÖgyL Kwe GKwU e„‡ËB AvewZ©Z nb| †`vfvlx cyuw_ hvi Av`k©| mgqUv fvlv I ms¯‹…wZi AwefvR¨Zv wb‡q wØav ev †`vjvPjZvq, wKš‘ ag©wek¦vm-ms¯‹viv”QbœZv GK ch©v‡q †h cÖej n‡q DV‡Z _v‡KZv‡Z Avi m‡›`n wK? †hgb †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv wKsev Zvwjg †nv‡mb (1918-1999) GgZ Kwee„›` GKUv ch©v‡q G †_‡K Avi m‡i Avm‡Z cv‡ibwb| A‡bK AwfÁZv I Z_¨ cÖgvY _vK‡jI g~javivwU Avi Zuv‡`i Abyave‡b Av‡mwb| †m Kvi‡Y Kve¨j²xI A‡bKUv nvZQvov n‡q hvq Zuv‡`i wbKU| G ch©v‡q ejv hvq, evOvwj gymjgv‡bi g‡a¨ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg (1899-1976)B cÖ_g AvaywbK| Ab¨iv AvaywbKZvi bK&kv AuvKvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb gvÎ| Z‡e Pwjø‡ki g‡a¨I cÖK…wZ‡PZbv I †cÖ‡gi gg©i iƒcwU ˆZwi nq| †`Lv hvq beemšÍ (1940)i Kwe Aveyj †nv‡mb (1922-1914) †K iex›`ªbv_ ÔevOvwj gymjgvb AvaywbKÕ e‡j‡Qb, KweZvq †cÖg I cÖK…wZi iO‡K wbi¼zk eY©gvÎv `v‡bi Rb¨| wb‡gœv³ KweKzj Kwef~‡g †Póv iv‡Lb Ae¨vnZ :



8 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



gnxDwÏb (1906-1975) cÖwZev`x †PZbv, wbcxwoZ I wbh©vwZZ gvby‡li ¯^c‡ÿ KweZv wj‡L‡Qb| cÖavbZ, bRiæj †PZbvi Abymvix G Kwei AšÍcÖ©ev‡n i‡q‡Q gvbeZvi Abya¨vb| `xN© KwehvÎvq Zuvi Q‡›` D‡V Av‡m HKvwšÍK c‡_i Mvb (1336), ¯^cœ msNvZ hy× wecøe (1349), AÜKv‡i lohš¿ (1349), G‡mv wecøe (1349), Mix‡ei cuvPvjx (1962), w`M‡šÍi c‡_ GKv (1960), wkKv‡i P‡j‡Q cÖfy evk¨v Kj›`i (1966), gwjøKv (1978), MvwÜRx wbnZ n‡q‡Qb (1356) Kve¨Mªš’| Kwei g„Zz¨i ci †ei nq Mixe `ytLx Mjvq Mjvq wek¦mv‡_ Mvb †M‡q hvq (1982), †mvbvi †Mvjvc (1983) Kve¨| gvbeZvi cwiPq Zuvi Kweexÿ‡Y cÖMvp| gvngy`v LvZzb wmwÏKv (1910-1979) wefvM-c~e© Kwe n‡jI evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq AšÍgy©wL AvZ¥gMœZvq KweZvi PP©v Zvi| ÔRxe‡bi AwbZ¨Zv, e¨w³MZ ¯§„wZ, myL-`yt‡Li Abyf~wZ, RvZxq RvMiY I K`vwPr †ivgvw›UKZvi cÖkqª Av‡Q Kv‡e¨|Õ AvaywbK I cÖMwZgb¯‹ †jLK| c`©vcÖ_v I Awkÿvi weiæ‡× †mv”Pvi wQ‡jb| Qwe AuvKv Ges m½x‡Z cÖej †SuvK wQj| wZwbB cÖ_g gymwjg evOvwj gwnjv whwb M`¨Q‡›` KweZv wj‡L‡Qb Ges m‡bU iPbv K‡i‡Qb| ckvwiYx (1338), gb I g„wËKv (1367), Ai‡Y¨i myi (1963) Kv‡e¨ bvixi ¯^i wPwýZ| e‡›` Avjx wgqv (1906-1979) wjwiK Kwe, Jcb¨vwmK I wkïmvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e L¨vZ| gqbvgZxi Pi (1932) Zuvi weL¨vZ Kve¨| G Kv‡e¨ cwjø-cÖK…wZi Abycg A¼‡b †ek K…wZ‡Z¡i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb wZwb| GQvov AbyivM (1932), cÙvb`xi Pi (1953)mn †ek K‡qKwU Kve¨ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e wkïmvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡eB Zuvi L¨vwZ me©vwaK| Ave`yj Kvw`i (1906-1984) w`jiæev (1933), DËi emšÍ (1957) `y‡Uv Kve¨MÖ‡š’ KwecÖwZfvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| †cÖ‡gi iw³g Av‡eM Avi cÖK…wZi wenŸjZv Zuvi Kv‡e¨i Abycg ˆewkó¨| bRiæjxq Av‡eM Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡jI Kwe †gvwnZjv‡ji msMVb-kw³i Avfvm †g‡j Zuvi iPbvq| Kve¨gvj Kwe Ave`yj Kvw`‡ii Kve¨m¼jb| G c‡e©i me‡P‡q †gavex, cÖPÐ Kwg‡UW Ave`yj Kvw`i wQ‡jb KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g AbyivMxbRiæj iPbvejx m¤úv`bv I msiÿ‡Yi cwiPh©vqB †m cÖgvY †g‡j| mywdqv Kvgvj (1911-1999) cÖK…wZi cUf~wg‡Z †e`bvwea~i AvZ¥MZ †e`bvi wPÎiƒc muv‡Si gvqv (1938)| Gici wefv‡MvËi Kv‡e¨ c~e© †PZbviB µg-we¯Í…wZ N‡U‡Q| ¯^cœ-AvKv•ÿv Avkvev` we”QywiZ gvqv KvRj (1951) Kv‡e¨| gb I Rxeb (1957)G wel‡qi we¯Í…wZ`ytLKvZi, msMÖvgx gvbyl, cÖK…wZ eûe¨vß| gvbylgvbeZv; Rxebev`x welq-Avkq mywdqv Kvgvj wbivm³ I wbi¼zk K‡i †Zv‡jb| g~javivq I HwZn¨vbyM n‡q †jŠwKK Rxe‡bi †cÖiYv`vÎx mywdqv evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 9



Kvgvj| Kwefvlv wbg©j cÖK…wZ‡kvwfZ| KviY, mvgwóK I me©‡kl Aviva¨ BnRvMwZK Rxeb‡eva, cvw_©e gvbyl| cÂvk ch©šÍ Zuvi KwehvÎv Ae¨vnZ| D`vË c„w_ex (1964), `xIqvb (1966), cÖkw¯Í I cÖv_©bv (1968), AwfhvwÎK (1969), g„wËKvi NªvY (1970), †gvi hv`y‡`i mgvwa c‡i (1972) Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’| mywdqv Kvgv‡ji ¯^wbe©vwPZ KweZv msKjb (1976)| c~e©-evsjvq cÖK…wZ-wbf©i KweZvPP©vq Av. b. g. eRjyi ikx` (1911-1986) cÖwmw× AR©b K‡i‡Qb| cvš’exYv (1947), giæm~h© (1956), kx‡Z em‡šÍ (1963), †g‡niwbMvi (1962), iO I †iLv (1968), GK SuvK cvwL (1969) cÖf„wZ Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’| †PŠayix Imgvb (1920-1986) ÔbZzb KweZvÕ msKj‡bi G Kwe| Ô†PŠayix Imgvb MÖv‡g †_‡K‡Qb, gd¯^‡ji evB‡i c`PviYv K‡ibwb| Zuvi KweZvq me©Rbxb welq †_‡K‡Q, †hgb AvRvw`i w`b wKsev †kvlY Ges Amv‡g¨i weiæ‡× cÖwZev` wKsev †`k‡cÖg|Õ Zuvi iPbvmgMÖ (2007) †ewi‡q‡Q| ÔbZzb KweZvÕi cwiwPwZ GiKg, ÔmvwnZ¨ I ivRbxwZ‡K huviv A½v½x I gy‡LvgywL e‡j VvIwo‡q‡Qb †PŠayix Imgvb Zuv‡`i GKRb|Õ Zuvi Kve¨ †cÖg I c„w_ex| giæc_ iwPZ n‡q‡Q 1939-1946 ch©šÍ †jLv KweZv wb‡q Avi ¯^cœ‡kl-G Av‡Q 1947 †_‡K 1953 ch©šÍ KweZv| Kwei wkï‡Zvl Kve¨ : W‡bi †Nvov| Zuvi KweZvi †gŠj welq evOvwj gymjgv‡bi cvwK¯Ívb wb‡q ¯^cœ‡k‡li nZvkv-welv`| wKš‘ mvg¨-¯^vaxbZv, gvbeZvev`x †PZbvB †PŠayix Imgv‡bi Kv‡e¨ ùwUKvwqZ n‡q‡Q| Zuvi Kwefvlv GKw`‡K KjKvZvi wecix‡Z Ab¨w`‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi weiæ‡×, cÖMwZi c‡ÿc~e©-evsjvi ¯^Zš¿ mvwnZ¨avivi G‡Kev‡i †Mvovq RjwmÂb K‡i‡Qb †PŠayix Imgvb|



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10 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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Ninviv (1344), we`» w`‡bi cÖvšÍi (1954) Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’| AvRvwRj-bvgv (1956) e¨½ KweZv msKjb| GwUi HwZnvwmK g~j¨ Kg bq| Q`iæÏxb (R. 1910) cvwK¯Ívb ¯^‡cœ KvZi Kwe| Bmjvgx †PZbvavivq KweZv wjL‡jI GK mgq cÖK…wZ‡cÖg Zuvi KweZvq mg_©b AR©b K‡i| gvbyl (1346), GK dvwj Puv` (1357), cqMvg (1358), msMÖvg (1951), bqv Avmgvvb (1954), 14B AvM÷ (1956), Ajm fvebv (1968) cÖf„wZ Kve¨ wj‡L‡Qb| 1947 mv‡j †`kfv‡Mi m‡½ m‡½ mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ I fvlvi †ÿ‡ÎI GKUv fvM-wefvRb ïiæ n‡qwQj| c~e©-cvwK¯Ívb mvwnZ¨aviv m„wó; Ges Zvi iƒcvq‡YiI ù‚wZ© ZLb bvbvfv‡e Pj‡Z _v‡K| wZb. diiæL Avng` (1918-1974) wefvM-c~e©Kv‡jB mvZ-mvM‡ii gvwS (1944) wj‡L wb‡Ri cwiPq †NvlYv K‡ib| Zvici c~e©-evsjvq wd‡i Avmv; Avg„Zz¨ Kve¨PP©v| KweZvi welqe¯‘, Avw½K, fvlv mPwKZ| gb-gb¯^xZvq, Kíbvq Av`k©ev‡`i E‡aŸ© wZwb eo †ivg¨vw›UK Kwe wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K cÖwZcbœ K‡i‡Qb| mvZ-mvM‡ii gvwS‡Z i‡q‡Q cÖZxKx AwfhvÎv; Avi †m AwfhvÎvq wea„Z gvbexq m¤¢ve¨Zvi hveZxq Abyl½| d‡j cyivY-BwZnvm wbtm„Z A‡bKiKg k‡ã _v‡K nZvkv-AvKv•ÿvˆbivk¨-cybiæÌvb cwiPh©vi welqwU‡Z| †mLv‡b gymwjg evZ©v Kvjmv‡cÿ wbiƒwcZ n‡jI cÖavbZ KweKíbvi cwi‡cÖwÿZwU Zzgyj evZ©ven| ¯^cœ I Kíbvi gvÎvI eûMvwg| c~e©-evsjvi cÖv_wgK Kve¨f~wg‡Z M‡o w`‡q‡Qb exRv¼zi| diiæL Kv‡e¨i AšÍj©xb welq : (K) cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ HK¨cÖ‡Póv (L) e¨w³i mvg~wnK Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K wP‡b †bIqvi ZrciZv (M) wbR¯^Zv‡K bZzb cwie„‡Ë evavi AwR©Z kw³ (N) mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨‡K cÖwZ‡iv‡ai cybwbg©v‡Yi evnb Kiv (O) AwR©Z Aw¯Í‡Z¡ wk‡íi †fZ‡ii †iLv¸‡jv‡K ewY©j K‡i †Zvjv (P) Avgv‡`i RvZxq ¯^iƒ‡ci Aviva¨ cÖZ¨‡q wbwnZ hveZxq kw³‡K AvaywbKZvi evZvei‡Y gwÐZ Kiv (Q) Amv¤cÖ`vwqK g~j¨‡ev‡ai cwicywói cwiPh©v BZ¨vw`| Pwjø‡ki `k‡Ki KweZvPP©vi †fZ‡i †h Kwe¯^xK…wZ Zvi KviY e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨-†PZbv| hv AvewZ©Z ga¨we‡Ëi g‡a¨B| Bmjvgx HwZn¨ I cybiæÌvb, gvbweK g~j¨‡eva, AwfhvÎv mvZmvM‡ii gvwS diiæL Avng`‡K †ewk L¨vwZ G‡b †`q; GKB m‡½ Kwe wn‡m‡eI †`q cÖwZôv| GLvbKvi †cÖiYv I mwbœwnZ Av‡eM, KweZv‡cÖgx‡`i 12 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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AvwZ©wU cÖKvk K‡i : Ôcye w`M‡šÍ †R‡M‡Q Av‡jvi MvbÕ| hw`I Ôm~h© e›`x GLvb Auvav‡ii S‡ivKv‡ZÕ| GLv‡b ÔAuvav‡ii S‡ivKvÕ `y`©všÍ mxebKg©| Z‡e GK ai‡bi AšÍj©xb cÖ‡hvRbv GLv‡b eRvq _v‡K, †hLv‡b Awbevh©fv‡eB ùwUKvwqZ n‡q I‡V †jvKb›`‡bi ü`qv‡eM| Kwe¯§„wZi Ae‡PZb mËvq, HwZwn¨K cÖ¯Ívebv ˆZwi nq, mvgwóK kªg-Av‡eM I Drme †cÖiYv †_‡K| Kwei ÔWvûKÕ †Zgb Aby‡cÖiYviB m„wó| Avi Zv bB‡j, ewY©Z cÖwZgvi Av‡e`b G‡Zv Awf‡cÖZ †Kb? ÒWvûKÓ †klvewa AÜKvi †cwi‡q Av‡jvi hvÎvcw_K| wKš‘ Gi KweKg© Ômakes the words, their sound, rhythm, and imagery, do all the workÕ†hLv‡b ¯^vfvweK Rxeb DcKiY cwikxwjZ gvÎv cvq Ges cÖmv`¸‡Yi evOgq iƒcwU ¯^cœgyLi e¨w³‡K ¯^vZš¿¨ `vb K‡i| Zuvi AcÖavb iPbv AvRv` K‡iv cvwK¯Ívb (1946), wmivRvg gybxiv (1952)| †bŠ‡dj I nv‡Zg (1961) Kve¨bvUKwU m¤¢vebvgq Avi gyn~‡Z©i KweZv (1963) m‡bU msKjbI Abb¨ KwemËvi gvÎvevnx iPbv| nv‡Zg ZvÕqx (1966) Kwei KvwnbxKve¨; cvwLi evmv (1965), bZzb †jLv (1969) Zuvi wkï‡Zvl MÖš’| GQvov wj‡L‡Qb ni‡di Qov (1970), Qovi Avmi (1970), †n eb¨ ¯^‡cœiv (1976), nv‡e`v giæi Kvwnbx (1981)| Pvi. iIkb BR`vbx (1917-1967) Kwe I cÖvewÜK| m`¨-cvwK¯Ív‡b Ryjy‡gi weiæ‡× cÖwZev`, cvwK¯Ívb I gymwjg cybiæÌvb, Bmjvg‡K wfwË K‡i mvwnZ¨ I HwZn¨ wbg©vY Ggb avivq iIkb BR`vbx c~e©-evsjvi Kwe-cÖwZwbwa ej‡j fyj nq bv| Zuvi Ggb †PZbv¸Y Kwefvlv wbg©v‡Y evav n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q Avi Kve¨ DËi‡Yi cwi‡cÖwÿZwUI Zv‡Z `~ivnZ| eRªevYx (1947), ivnMxi (1949), wPbywewe (1951), iw½jv eÜz (1951) LvZvgyb bexCb (1960), cvwK¯Ív‡bi R½bvgv (1965), giæi Kv‡djv KweZvMÖ‡š’i iPwqZv wZwb| gydvL&Lviæj Bmjvg (R. 1921) evsjv‡`‡k KweZvq Bmjvgx †PZbv jvwjZ avivwU‡Z, Ôeyjeywj¯ÍvbÕ, ÔRvjvjx KeyZiÕ Kve¨fvlv cvq| Bmjvgx cyivY, Dcgv fw½‡Z cÖengvb| cvK‡mbv‡`i AkªvšÍMwZ cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib wZwb| GKgvÎ Kve¨ †n cvK dDR (1354) Gi g‡a¨ Bmjv‡gi RvMiY GKUv Kvwnwbg~jK cwimi cvq| †mLv‡b Dcgv-iƒcK wKsev kã-evK¨e¨envi DwÏó Ave‡n wPwÎZ nq| gwZDj Bmjvg (1914-1984) Bmjvgx fvev`‡k© KweZv wj‡L‡Qb| a‡g©i †fZ‡iB gvbeZv‡K ¯úk© Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Kv‡q‡` AvRg †Zvgvi Rb¨ (1950) Kve¨ †_‡KB Abygvb mZ¨ n‡q I‡V, Kxfv‡e cvwK¯Ívbx evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 15



†PZbv‡K wZwb MÖnY K‡ib| Z‡e G mg‡q A‡bK Kwe‡`i gvbeZvi kZ©wU wKš‘ Ggb †PZbvi g‡a¨B c~wRZ wQj| gwZDj Bmjvg †m c‡_iB AbyMvgx| Z‡e mgvR wecø‡ei †fZi w`‡q gvby‡li cwieZ©b wKsev Pxbcwš’ †PZbvI `~icivnZ g‡b nq bv Zuvi †jLvq| wcÖqv I c„w_ex (1955), mßKb¨v (1957) Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨| Gme Kv‡e¨ Bw›`ªqm‡PZb GK KweiI cwiPq †g‡j| gwZDj Bmjvg cÂv‡ki cÖksmbxq Kwe; GKwU we‡kl avivq wjL‡jI Zuvi PgwKZ wPÎK‡í c‡i A‡b‡KB cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Qb| Ave`yi ikx` Iqv‡mKcyix (R. 1926) †h‡nZz (1954) cvwK¯Ívb‡K †K›`ª K‡i †kølvZ¥K e¨½ KweZv| cvwK¯Ív‡bi wewfbœ mgm¨v, ivRbxwZ wKsev mgmvgwqK welq wb‡q e¨½ KweZv †jLv n‡q‡Q| G KweZv¸‡jv A‡bKvs‡k DbœZ wkíiæwPi cwiPvqK e‡jB g‡b nq| Zuvi Avwgi mI`vMi (1366) cvK-evsjvq mgv`„Z Kve¨| Gi cUf~wgKvq G‡`‡ki gvwU-cÖK…wZi ˆewkó¨ eqvb n‡q‡Q| Zvwjg †nv‡mb (1918-1999)-Gi KweZv Bmjvgx fveaviv jvwjZ| Bmjv‡gi mvg¨, †ZŠwn`, b¨vqwePvi, †Kviv‡bi w`kv Gme †PZbv m`¨Mov cvwK¯Ív‡b Ggb †jLK‡`i AviI Aby‡cÖiYvi e¯‘‡Z cwiYZ nq| Zvwjg †nv‡mb †divD‡bi aŸsm Kvgbv Avi Zvi e`‡j Lv‡j`, g~mv, Dgi, AveyeK‡ii b¨vq-mv‡g¨i ¯^cœ †`‡Lb| †mLv‡b nhiZ gyn¤§` w`kvix Ges cv‡_q| cÖvYešÍ Kwewek¦v‡m w`kvix (1956) iwPZ| c~Y© Av‡eM I wek¦v‡mi wkíiƒc G Kve¨wU| Z‡e wØZxq Kve¨ kvnxb (1962) wbgœMvgx| GLv‡b ¯^cœwbg©vY wkw_j Z‡e cÖKiY msnZ| Zvwjg †nv‡mb µgk cvwK¯Ívb-iv‡óª nZvk n‡q c‡ob; GK ch©v‡q KweZv iPbvq †`b B¯Ídv| AšÍ‡P©Zbvi DrmgyL Avi wek¦vm GKxK…Z bv n‡j wkí wegyL n‡Z eva¨| cvwK¯Ívb ev DwÏó Av`k© Acm„Z n‡j Kíbvi-e„ËI Acm„Z; GK ch©v‡q Zvwjg †nv‡m‡bi †m †ev‡av`q N‡UwQj| Bmjvgx KweZv (1981), b~‡ni RvnvR (1983) Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’| mydx RyjwdKvi nvq`vi (1899-1987) gymwjg †PZbvi avivq cvwK¯Ív‡bi Av`k©B KweZvi gyL¨ welq| †m iƒ‡cB Kwefvlv wbg©vY| †di evbvI gymjgvb (1959) Zuvi Kve¨| Zuvi KweZv msKjb ¯^cœ hvi Avb‡jv †h Mo‡jv hviv (1959) †Z BKevj †_‡K wRbœvn&AvBqy‡ei cÖkw¯Í Av‡Q| cvwK¯Ívb †PZbvq cwic~Y©iƒ‡c DØy× G Kwe| KweKíbv A‡bK D”Pgv‡ci, wKš‘ Av`k©evnx nIqvq cÖkwœ e×| †ebRxi Avng` (1903-1983) cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¯^‡cœ Dcwb‡ek gyw³i cÖ‡Yv`bvq KweZv wj‡L‡Qb| e›`xi euvkx, ˆekvLx (1369) Zuvi Kve¨| gymwjg RvMi‡Yi Kwe †ebRxi Avng`| fvecÖ‡Yv`bvq evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvi †Mvovq cÖwmw× wQj Zuvi| Kve¨fvlv †gavex Ges AvKl©Yxq| Ave`yj nvB gvk‡iKx (1919-1988) 16 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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g~javiv-AbyeZ©x Kwe I KweZvi aviv (1947-1971) wbixÿvq, evP‡b I cÖwZÁvq ïay KweZv bq, mvwn‡Z¨i Ab¨vb¨ kvLv‡ZI G cwieZ©b wZ‡ivwnZ _v‡K bv| wKš‘ cybe©vi wek¦hy× ZvÐe, jv‡nvi Awa‡ekb, †`kfv‡Mi D‡ËRbvq ivRbxwZ mswkøóZv cÖMvp nq| KweZvI ZLb AvK…wZ cvq bvbvfv‡e, bvbvR‡bi Kv‡Q| wefvM-cieZ©x c~e©-evsjvq µgk G Bw½ZwU ¯úó n‡Z _v‡K; ¯^Zš¿ †fŠ‡MvwjK cwigЇj| †mLv‡b Avnmvb nvexe (19171985), diiæL Avng` (1918-1974), Aveyj †nv‡mb (1922-1914) Zuv‡`i AvKv•ÿvi ¯^iƒ‡c Kwefvlv wbg©vY Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| †mRb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Kwe Ges Kwe‡`i wfwË mvZPwjø‡kvËi Kv‡j| †hUv evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ wba©vwiZ| wKš‘ G ev¯ÍeZvwU wbwY©Z eªvZ¨ evOvwji AvšÍi †PZbvq| GK ch©v‡q msL¨vMwiô evOvwj gymjgv‡bi Kg©ÿgZv I fvM¨wbqšÍv n‡q e‡m AevOvwj D`y©fvlx gymjgvbiv| evOvwj‡`i cyuwR K‡i ivóªxq kvmbh‡š¿i hveZxq my‡hvM I ¯^v_©myweav Zviv †fvM K‡i| †`kfvM-cieZ©x kvmb-Îvmb I cvÄvwekw³i AvwacZ¨ GK ch©v‡q c~e©-evsjv †hb bZzb ÔDcwb‡ek Z‡Ë¡Õi Rv‡j Ave× n‡q c‡o| evqvbœ‡Z fvlvi Rb¨ P~ovšÍ Av‡›`vjb Ges mvd‡j¨i †fZi w`‡q ïiæ nq evOvwji weiæ‡× AevOvwj kvmb-ÿgZv Ac‡bv`‡bi cÖv_wgK wfwË| Gici bvbvfv‡e Av_©-mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK eÂbvi Av‡›`vjb `„pZi nq| GK ch©v‡q Zv mvs¯‹…wZKfv‡eI wfwË AR©b K‡i| we‡klZ iex›`ª-we‡ivaxZv, bRiæj-ms¯‹vi cÖ‡Póv; Gm‡ei wecixZ cÖwZwµqv ˆZwi nq| µgk cvÄvwe kvmK‡`i a‡g©i ivRbxwZ, a‡g©i bv‡g †kvlY cÖwµqvi ¯^iƒcI `ªæZ wP‡b †d‡j c~e©-e‡½i e½fvlx RbZv| G †cÖÿvc‡U evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ k³ wfwË AR©b K‡i| KviY, wecbœ Aw¯Í‡Z¡i hveZxq ¯^cœmy‡Li Aej¤^b mvwnZ¨| Gi m‡½ cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZi Dci I †fZi KvVv‡gvi cÖfve I cÖwZwµqvq MwVZ e¨w³-gb¯ÍË¡ evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨‡K K‡i †Zv‡j wewPÎgywL| KLbI Zv Aw¯Í‡Z¡i K_v e‡j, KLbI ¯^vaxb-¯^vqËkvm‡bi †fZ‡i wb‡Ri gyw³igš¿wU cvV K‡i| h‡ZvB gyw³hy‡×i w`‡K G¸‡Z _v‡K Z‡ZvB c~e©-evsjv evOvwj ga¨we‡Ëi †fZ‡i bvMwiK †PZbv Ges GZ`&msµvšÍ mvwnZ¨ wewPÎ A‡š¦lvq cÖvÄj n‡q I‡V| djZ, wefv‡MvËi mvwnZ¨m~ÎwU wbwY©Z nq Aw¯ÍZ¡msKU I evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 17



AvZ¥cwiP‡qi wbixÿv-cwie„‡Ë| evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvi wfwËwU G ev¯ÍeZvi †fZi w`‡qB G¸‡Z _v‡K| ÔbZzb KweZvÕ (1356) msKjb cieZ©x‡Z nvmvb nvwdRyi ingv‡bi D‡`¨v‡M ÔGKz‡k †deªæqvixÕ (1953) msKjb †ei nq| ZiæYZi Kweiv Gme msKj‡b wb‡R‡`i cÖK…Z ¯’vbwU wP‡b wb‡Z cv‡ib| evsjv KweZvi HwZwn¨K cUwU Kx K‡i Zuv‡`i wbKU ¯úó n‡q †MjZv fve‡ZB †hb AevK jv‡M| wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx (1928-2014), kvgmyi ivngvb (1929-2006), †evinvbDwÏb Lvb Rvnv½xi (R. 1936)mn Ab¨iv Gme msKj‡b Zuv‡`i cÖK…Z ¯’vbwU wP‡b †dj‡jb| hw`I †m Wvgv‡Wv‡j A‡b‡KB Awbwð‡Zi g‡a¨ c‡ob| Kv‡qg K‡ib wØRvwZZ¡ ev gymwjg Nivbvi mvwnZ¨ wKsev †cÖiYvq `uvwo‡q hvb ÔKv‡q‡` AvhgÕ| †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv, Zvwjg †nv‡mb (1918-1999), gydvL&Lviæj Bmjvg, diiæL Avng` A‡bKUv SuywKnxb †_‡K hvb| ga¨hy‡Mi gymjgvb‡`i †`vfvlx cuyw_i Ave‡Z©B Zuv‡`i wek¦vm ¯’vwcZ nq| Bmjvgx ivóª cvwK¯Ív‡bi ch©ve„Ë Zuv‡`i Aemv` †hgb †`q †Zgwb †cÖiYvi DrmwU `Lj K‡i| †KDev msk‡q n‡q hvb bvMwiK Kwe, MYgvby‡li Kwe| lv‡Ui cÖvi‡¤¢ evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq GK iK‡gi Zvij¨, mvsevw`Kmyjf cwiPh©v wea„Z n‡Z _v‡K| ZviI KviY, Aw¯’iZv wKsev Kweeyw×i RMZwU Kv‡qg bv-nIqv| GLv‡bB H ÔbZzb KweZvÕi ¸iæZ¡| hw`I †mLv‡bI Bmjvgx †PZbv Ges Amv¤cÖ`vwqK gb¯‹ `yiK‡gi KweivB wQ‡jb; wKš‘ ÔGKz‡k †deªæqvixÕ msKj‡bi c‡i Avi wØav _v‡Kwb| hvi DËz½ RvMiY lv‡Ui wewPÎgywL A‡bK Kwe‡`i| †KD becÖwZwôZ XvKvi bvMwiKZv †KDev †e‡Q †bb MÖvgRxe‡bi kvk¦Z Rxebc_| Z‡e Bmjvgx ev ÔcvKÕfvev`‡k©i †jLKiv kxNÖB AewmZ nb| cÖPwjZ Av‡›`vjb-msMÖv‡gi avivq wKsev RvwZZ¡ †PZbvq Zuviv Avi GKvZ¥ †hgb nbwb †Zgwb A‰b‡K¨ Acm„Z n‡q c‡ob| wecix‡Zi cÖej De©i †gŠj avivq cvIqv hvq; wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi (1919-1975), mvbvDj nK (19241993), Ave`yj Mwb nvRvix (1925-1976), AvZvDi ingvb (1925-1999), Ave`yi ikx` Lvb (R. 1927), gvneye Dj Avjg †PŠayix (1927-2007), wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx, kvgmyi ivngvb, AvwRRyj nK (1930-2001), nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb (1932-1983), AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` (1932-2009), Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn (1934-2001), AveyeKi wmwÏK (R. 1934), ˆmq` kvgmyj nK (R. 1935), Avj gvngy` (R. 1936), †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb (19362008), †gvnv¤§` gvn&dzRDjøvn& (1936-2013), Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj (1936-1989), †ejvj †PŠayix (R. 1938), Igi Avjx (R. 1939), knx` 18 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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cqv‡i ˆekv‡L iwPZ csw³gvjv| A`¨vewa evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvi me‡P‡q cÖRb‡bv”Qj myw`b G mgqwU| cÖm½Z, wKQyKvj Av‡M g„Zz¨ n‡q‡Q Rxebvb›` `v‡ki (g„Zz¨ 1954), myax›`ªbv_ `‡Ëi (g„Zz¨ 1960); eyׇ`e emy RxweZ wZwb K‡i †d‡j‡Qb divwm Kwe kvj© †ev`‡jqv‡ii KweZvi Abyev`| weòz †` (wU. Gm. Gwjq‡Ui Abyev`K) wKsev Awgq PµeZ©x `y`©vg wj‡L P‡j‡Qb| lv‡Ui cÖvwšÍK G Kweiv Gme †_‡K cÖej ˆewk¦K n‡q co‡jb| Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq`, wmK`vi Avwgbyj nK myiwiqvwj÷, cvðvZ¨ AbyMZ; wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y cÖZ¨ÿ, wbiveiY, MYgvby‡li c‡ÿi c`vwZK| Avi gnv‡`e mvnv iæMœ †ivg¨vw›UK| iwdK AvRv` P~ovšÍ Aeÿ‡qi gg©`vn‡b wbY©xZ| Guiv GwM‡q‡Qb GKvˇii †fZi w`‡q, G ch©šÍ| `yB. Avkivd wmwÏKx (R. 1926) ÔQ›`, Zvj, jq I wg‡ji wfZi w`‡q †h A™¢yZ weKvk ïay gymjgvb †K‡bv, mgeqmx †Kvb wn›`y Kwei Rxe‡bI mvov †c‡q‡Q wKbv m‡›`n| hLbKvi ev ZLb Ges wVK †Zg&wb Avgv‡`i fve‡K cvB Kwei wewfbœ KweZvq| Avðh©¨ †ivgvw›UK Zuvi gb|ÕGfv‡e ÔbZzb KweZvÕq Zuvi cwiPqwU we`¨gvb| Avengvb HwZ‡n¨ wek¦vm, †kªwY‡PZbv, †ivg¨vw›UK m›`k©b Z_v gvbeZvev`x Rxebv`‡k© iwPZ Kve¨ Zv‡je gv÷vi I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1950), welKb¨v (1955), mvZ fvB P¤úv (1955), DËi AvKv‡k Zviv (1958)| Kwei 1945 †_‡K 1975 †cÖ‡gi KweZvi msKjb KuyPei‡Yi Kb¨v (1976)| Avkivd wmwÏKxi wK‡kvi KweZv KvM‡Ri †bŠKv (1962)| nvWmb I †g‡gi eªvB‡Wj µxcv‡ii exR µgk `Lj K‡i meyR-k¨vgj †`I`viæ‡K| ewY©Z cÖK…wZ, wn‡gj Ave‡n cybe©vi em‡šÍi AvMg‡bi Avkvev` e¨³ K‡i welKb¨v Kv‡e¨| wZwik em‡šÍi dzj (1975), e„ÿ `vI : Qvqv `vI (1984), So Zzdv‡b (cÖ_g LÐ 1981 I wØZxq L‡Ð 1990), `uvovI cw_Kei (1990) Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨| Ave`yi ikx` Lvb (R. 1927) cÂv‡ki Kwe, wefv‡MvËi cÖ_g Kve¨m¼jb ÔbZzb KweZvÕi Ab¨Zg m¤úv`K| evsjv KweZvi g~javivq Kve¨PP©v K‡i‡Qb; iex‡›`ªvËi Kve¨fw½i Qvc _vK‡jI c~e©-cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖv_wgK KweZvPP©vi c‡e© fvlvwfwËK RvwZmËvi gg©g~‡j RjwmÂb K‡i‡Qb Ave`yi ikx` Lvb| ÔZuvi iPbv cÖvY‡K †Q‡q Qvqv †d‡j c„w_exi ey‡K†m c„w_ex wbðzc, Mfxi| A‡Üi g‡Zv Luy‡R cvIqv bq, fvimvg¨ †`v`yj¨gvb Zuvi MwZ GKw`b Luy‡R †c‡q‡Q Rxeb‡KRxe‡bi e¨vwß-mvabvq Zuvi Agi mËv‡Khv Zuvi `k©b|Õ KweZvPP©vq wb‡Ri ms¯‹…wZ I †kKo‡K wPb‡Z 24 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



†c‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi KweZvq †cÖg-cÖK…wZ-AvZ¥‡PZbv ¯^Ztù~Z© evOgq n‡q D‡V‡Q| bÿÎ : gvbyl : gb (1358), e›`x gyn~Z© (1959), gûqv (1966), wew¤^Z cÖni (1968), wbišÍi ¯^i (1376), Awš^ó ¯^‡`k (1970) Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’| gvneye Dj Avjg †PŠayix (1927-2007) GKz‡ki cÖ_g KweZv ÔKuv`‡Z Avwmwb duvwmi `vwe wb‡q G‡mwQÕi †jLK| c~e©-cvwK¯Ív‡b cÖ_g gvwmK mvwnZ¨cwÎKv ÒmxgvšÍÓi m¤úv`KI wQ‡jb wZwb| Kuv`‡Z Avwmwb duvwmi `vwe wb‡q G‡mwQ (myeY© ms. XvKv 1988) Pvi `k‡Ki Kvjc‡e©i PwjøkwU KweZvi msKjb| ¯^‡`k DËv‡c RR©wiZ ¯^Kvjwe× G Kwe wbR¯^ BwZnvm I HwZ‡n¨i cÖwZ Zzgyj iK‡gi m‡PZb| Zuvi KweZvi eB Av‡eMaviv, B¯úvZ, A½xKvi, wecøe, Miv` fv½vi msMÖvgxiv Rv‡Mv I m~‡h©i †fvi, m~h©v‡¯Íi i³ivM| w`jIqvi (1937-2013) wfbœ cÖKi‡Yi Kwe| A‡b‡Ki Kv‡QB wZwb MYgvby‡li Kwe| Zuvi welqevZ©v Ab¨vb¨ Kwe‡`i †_‡K †Zgb ¯^vZš¿¨ bq| Z‡e †cÖgAšÍ‡j©v‡Ki evmbv, Rxe‡bi DÌvb-cZ‡bi aviYv cÖKi‡Y wbwe©Kvi `k©b Av‡ivc K‡i| †mLv‡b we”QywiZ mgqmsK‡Ui Zvrch© iwÿZ n‡jI Kve¨¸‡Yi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ kZ© _v‡K Agwjb| w`jIqv‡ii Kve¨PP©vq GKvav‡i mg‡qi cwiewZ©Z iƒc Ges A‡jŠwKK Avb›`cÖm~Z Kve¨e„‡Ëi b›`gvÎvI AÿzYœ| wRÁvmv (1953), c~evj nvIqv (1953), HKZvb (1964), Dw™¢bœ Djøvm (1969), ¯^wbô m‡bU (1977), i‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’ (1981), wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1987), w`jIqv‡ii GKz‡ki KweZv (1993), w`jIqv‡ii ¯^vaxbZvi KweZv (1993), w`jIqv‡ii iPbvmgMÖ cÖ_g LÐ (1999) I wØZxq LÐ (2000)| Zuvi Qovi eB w`jIqv‡ii kZ Qov (1989) Ges Qovq A Av K L (1994)| w`jIqv‡ii Bs‡iRx Kve¨MÖš’ †dwms `¨v wgDwRK (1975)| wZwb MxwZKweI e‡U| Zuvi Mv‡bi eB cyevj nvIqv (1965) Ges evsjv †Zvgvi Avgvi (1972)| †ejvj †gvnv¤§` (1936-2013) cÂv‡ki ivMx Kwei KweZvi avivq D¾¡j| Zuvi Kve¨ KweZv bq (1954), ch©vqµg †bB (1969), AKvj AcvÎ (1977), ïay wgÎvÿi (1981), mvg‡b Av‡Q gyw³hy× (1983)| gh&nviæj Bmjvg (1928-2003) Ô... Q›`e× cÖv‡Yi MwZ‡Z †`vj-LvIqv Avi †Uvj LvIqv GB Rxeb e‡q wb‡Z Pvq `~iA‡bK `~i, †hLv‡b Zvi g‡bi cÖZxwZ| wcÖqv‡K wZwb †`L‡Z †P‡q‡Qb mvi‡j¨i mnR myi w`‡qeySv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb GLv‡b, ILv‡b I †mLv‡b GUv wK IUv, bq †mUv...ÕÔbZzb KweZvÕi G Kwe gvwU gvby‡li fvl¨, gvbeZvev` I Amv¤cÖÖ`vwqK †PZbvq KweZv wj‡L‡Qb| gvwUi dmj (1955), wew”Qbœ cÖwZwjwc (1970), AvZ©bv‡` weeY© (1970), †hLv‡b ev‡Ni _vev (1979), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 25



Aciv‡ý wee¯¿ cÖvZivk (1979), `ytmg‡qi Qov (1988), DRv‡b †divi cÖwZaŸwb (1998), ivR eviv›`vi Zzwg (1998) Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’| gyw³hy‡×vËi KweZvMÖ‡š’ ivRbxwZ wKsev Av_©bxwZK gyw³ Zuvi KweZvi welq n‡q‡Q| ÔbZzb KweZvÕi msKjb †_‡K Zuvi cwiwPwZ, Ôc„w_ex, gvbyl, cÖK…wZ wb‡q huv‡`i †jLv nvexeyi ingvb Zuv‡`iB wewkó GKRb| Pg&‡K PvIqv, Avi _g&‡K hvIqvi g‡Zv Pjb, ejb I `y¨wZ Zuvi KweZvq cwic~Y©| G‡`i wKQy D‡cÿv Kivi g‡Zv bq, eis jÿYxq|Õ wefvM-cieZx© Kve¨v‡›`vj‡bi m~‡Î nvexeyi ingvb (1921-1976) weL¨vZ| g~jZ wkï mvwnwZ¨K| DcvË (1962)i iPbv‰kwj cwi”Qbœ| †kªwY‡PZbv cÖKUiƒ‡c weivRgvb Zuvi KweZvq| wKš‘ cy‡iv †PZbvB fi K‡i c~e©-evsjvi Abycg cÖK…wZ‡K wN‡i| AvZvDi ingvb (1925-1999) ÔGKz‡k †deªæqvixÕ (1953) msKj‡bi Ab¨Zg Kwe| AvZvDi ingvb wefv‡MvËi mg‡qi Ab¨Zg Kwe n‡jI Pwjø‡ki `k‡K Zuvi Kve¨v½‡b Awf‡lK| †PZbvq mvg¨`k©b, wecøex †cÖiYvRvZ mZ¨ cÖavbZ Zuvi Kve¨‡K AwaKvi K‡i iv‡L| GQvov e¨w³nZvkv, Møvwb, Ø›ØvZ¥K mËv Kwei cÖZxKcÖwZgv‡K wbišÍi GKvZ¥ K‡i| AvZvDi ingvb mr wek¦vm‡K aviY K‡i‡Qb KweZvq; Avi KweZvi g‡Zv wkí m¤ú‡K© wb‡RI Av`wk©K Uv‡b †_‡K‡Qb Awbevh©iƒ‡c wbgMœ| Rxe‡bi mZ¨ Dcjwä‡Z KLbI åvwšÍ bq; cy‡ivfv‡M †_‡K wPivqZ mvs¯‹…wZK HwZ‡n¨ g‡bvwbe× †_‡K‡Qb| Kwei `vk©wbKZv cwiYwZ‡Z `vbv euv‡aFRyZvq, †`ªv‡n, wbtkãZvq| Ggb Kwei ˆewkó¨wU DwjøwLZ auv‡P wbiƒwcZZ‡e cÖÁv, cwiï× Av‡eM, hveZxq ˆewiwebvkx i³v¤^i D”Pvi‡Yi †K‡›`ª _v‡K A‡jŠwKK Avb‡›`i fvi| Kwei Kve¨MÖš’¸‡jv n‡jv : `yB FZz (1956), GKw`b cÖwZw`b (1965), wblv`bM‡i AvwQ (1977), fv‡jvevmv wPikÎæ (1981), B`vbxs i½g (1992), fv‡jvevmv Ges Zvici (1993), mvivUv Rxeb aÕ‡i (1994)| `yB FZz Kv‡e¨ †kªwY‡PZbvi welqwU _vK‡jI GK ai‡bi AvZ¥‡PZbv, gMœZv I AvZ¥we‡kølY Av‡Q| cuv‡Pi `k‡Ki G KweZvq KwgDwbó †PZvbvB cÖavbZ cÖMvp| wKš‘ we`ªƒc-e¨½I Kg †bB| mgmvgwqK mgv‡R nxbZv, weK…wZ Gme welq‡K AMÖvn¨ K‡i‡Qb Kwe| cÖKiY A‡bKUv cÖZ¨ÿ, bRiæj ev myKvšÍ fve‡PZbv we`¨gvb Z‡e cÖKv‡k wbwe©‡ivax I A‰bivR¨ Kvh©Ki| AvZvDi ingvb gb‡b I eywׇZ cwiï×, ivR‰bwZK fvebvUv G‡m‡Q ZviB evZ©vevwn n‡q, †mRb¨ c~Y©v½iƒ‡c wZwb gvbeZvev`x| cÖ_g Kv‡e¨B Zuvi ¯^Zš¿ KwefvlvwU cÖksmvi †hvM¨| c‡ii Kv‡e¨I wZwb Giƒc †PZbv‡KB m¤§yLMvgx K‡i‡Qb| †gvnv¤§` gvgyb (R. 1927) ÔbZzb KweZvÕi Kwe| Ôgb wb‡qB Zuvi †Ljv Ges gb‡K Rq 26 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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Aveyj †nv‡mb (1922-2014) Pwjø‡ki †gavexcÖvPzh©gq Kwe Aveyj †nv‡mb| iex›`ª-bRiæj mvwbœa¨ab¨, evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvi cÖZz¨l-j‡Mœi Kwe wZwb| `xN©KweZv cwiµgvq wZwb wbR¯^ fvlvixwZ‡Z mgKvj‡K bevqb K‡i‡Qb, AZ¨šÍ `ÿZvi m‡½| cy‡iv`¯‘i bvMwiK| Ôdzmdz‡m mxj‡gvniÕ, Ô_¨vZjv‡bv _vgÕ, ÔUªvg-†gvUiÕ, Ô†cvov PvgovÕ, Ô†eq‡bUÕ Ggb PjwZkã w`‡q cÖ_g wecøe NUvb Kwe| wd«fv‡m©i mv_©K cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb wZwb| KweZv‡K bvwg‡q G‡b‡Qb ˆ`bw›`b e¨env‡h©i gy‡L| c~e©-cvwK¯Ívwb KweZvi cÖ¯‘wZ-wf‡Z, bZzb m„wó‡Z; Zviæ‡Y¨i †cÖiYv wb‡q Zuvi exRecbAZtci AMÖmi I DËiY| Abyf~wZi ¯Í‡i GKv‡ji ivRbxwZ, ev¯ÍeZv ¯^xKv‡i Av‡m : Ôhvq hvq, me hvq/ ag©, mZ¨, bxwZi K¼vj AvR ay‡jvq jy‡Uvq|/ gvby‡li †e‡k Ny‡i †eovq nv‡qbv mviv‡`‡kÕGiƒc fv‡l¨ wZwb mvejxj Ges gvwR©Z| iex›`ª cÖksmvab¨ beemšÍ (1940) KjKvZvq Qvcv nq, Gw›UK KvM‡R| Avey mqx` AvBqye, eyׇ`e emymn A‡b‡Ki mvnPh© Zuvi AvaywbK iæwP MV‡b mvnvqZv K‡i‡Q| KweZvPP©vq wZwb MZvbyMwZK bb, wb‡RB e‡j‡Qb : ÔAv‡eM n‡”Q KweZvi cÖ_g DcKiY| ü`‡q Av‡e‡Mi †Zvo bv _vK‡j KL‡bv KweZv nq bv| wKš‘ †mB Av‡eM hv‡Z Kwe‡K fvwm‡q wb‡q †h‡Z bv cv‡i †m m¤ú‡K© Kwe‡K memgq mveavb _vK‡Z nq| †mLv‡bB Zvi wkíKg©| Avwg ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e KweZv wjwL bv... Avwg †mw›U‡g‡›Ui we‡ivax bB, †mw›U‡g›UvwjwUi we‡ivax| Zv‡K mwZ¨B fxlY fq cvB|Õ DËxY© Ges ¯^Kvj Aejw¤^ Aveyj †nv‡mb m¤ú‡K© Kwe Ave`yj Kvw`i e‡j‡Qb : Aveyj †nv‡m‡bi KweZvq †h ¯^KxqZv †mUv †ewk cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zvi wØZxq Kve¨MÖš’ Ôweim msjv‡cÕ| Avcbviv GB eB-Gi A‡bK KweZv, †hgb Ôevsjvi evNÕ, dRjyj nK‡K wb‡q †jLv, Avgv‡`i kÖ‡×q eÜz kvnv`Z †nv‡mb gviv hvIqvi ci †jLv ÔR‰bK Kwe bvU¨Kv‡ii g„Zz¨‡ZÕ wKsev bRiæj Bmjv‡gi Qwe †`‡LÕ G me KweZv A‡b‡KB c‡o‡Qb| Kx PgrKvi Gme KweZv! GB eB‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv M`¨KweZvI Av‡Q| G¸‡jv‡Z wZwb Ggb GKUv fw½ w`‡q‡Qb, Ggb GKUv fv‡ei AvenvIqv m„wó K‡i‡Qb, hv Avgv‡`i mvwn‡Z¨ †`Lv hvq bv, Avgv‡`i KweZvq †`Lv hvq bv Ges cwðge‡½i A‡bK KweZvi †ÿ‡ÎI †`Lv hvq bv| Kwe Quy‡q‡Qb AvaywbK Kve¨ Avw½‡Ki e¨wZµgx wKQy| ej‡Z †M‡j, evOvwj gymjgv‡bi evsjv Kve¨PP©vi AvaywbKZvi ElvjMœwU `y`©všÍiƒ‡c ¯úk© K‡i‡Qb 32 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



wZwb| cÖK…wZ we”QywiZ †ivg¨vw›UK is Kwei wek¦vm I wk‡ívrK‡l©i m‡½ †hb GK i‡_ wg‡j‡Q| Zuvi kã I PiY FRy‡iL : my‡jgvb, wiPvW©, K¬z‡mW †RiæRv‡jg Nyg Nyg Nyg Zey‡Zv AvRI ¯^cœ †`wL Zey‡Zv ü`q K‡i AvnI Ub Ub Zey‡Zv †kvwY‡Z Rv‡M Awbiæ× `ye©vi cøveb ZeyI ZeyI| g~javiv-AbyeZ©x KweZvi g‡Zv Aveyj †nv‡mb Q›` ev Avw½‡Ki cÖ_vbyM cwiPh©v K‡ibwb, d‡j Zuvi KweZvi cvVK †ewk bqgy³Q›` e¨envi K‡ib, AšÍ¨wgj-ga¨wgj iv‡Lb, AbycÖvm e¨envi K‡ib| Avgiv Rvwb, mdj M`¨Kwe mgi †mb (1916-1987)| wKš‘ Zuvi g‡Zv †ec‡ivqv Q›` fv‡½bwb Aveyj †nv‡mb, cÖ_ve× Q‡›`i †fZ‡iB wbR¯^ KviæKvR m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb| weim msjvc (1969) (1940 †_‡K 1969 mg‡q †jLv), nvIqv, †Zvgvi wK `ytmvnm (1982), `yt¯^cœ †_‡K `yt¯^‡cœ (1985), Selected Poems of Abul Hussain (1986), GLbI mgq Av‡Q (1986), wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1997), ivR ivRov (1997), Avi wK‡mi A‡cÿv (2000), ivRKvwnbx (2004), hvevi Av‡M (2010) Aveyj †nv‡m‡bi Kve¨MÖš’| Zuvi Abyev` KweZv : BKev‡ji KweZv (1952), Avgvi Rb¥f~wg (1978), Ab¨ †ÿ‡Zi dmj (1990)| Aveyj †nvmv‡bi KweZvmgMÖ †ewi‡q‡Q 2010 mv‡j| 2. ‘Abul Hussain, like Ali Ahsan, is well-read in both Yeats and Frost. The former has translated some Yeats in to Bengali, but has not sought to capture the grandure and enchantment of Yeats imagery- an effect which the great Irish poet achieves so effortlessly...†m A‡_© evsjv‡`‡ki Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ Aveyj †nv‡mb cÖ_g



AvaywbK diiæL Avng`, ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb, Avnmvb nvex‡ei KweZvMÖ‡š’i Av‡MB be-emšÍ †ei nq, iex›`ªbv_‡K Zv DrmM©xZ, ÔwcÖq Kwei ZvwjKvq iex›`ªbv_ †bB, wKš‘ iex›`ª cÖfve Zuvi †jLvqÕ we‡kl K‡i be-em‡šÍ| w·kvËi KweMYB wcÖq I cÖfvweZ Zuvi †jLvq, cvðv‡Z¨i B‡qUm&-d«÷I| ¯§Z©e¨, c~e©-evsjvi G ga¨weË evOvwj gymwjg Kwe KweZv‡K Dr‡m †div‡jb, evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 33



c~Y©Zi AvaywbK K‡i| ÔAvaywbK Kvj wbtm‡›`‡n †ivgvw›UwmR‡gi cwicš’xÕ¯^‡cœ †Wvevi KvR GKv‡ji Kwe‡`i bq, KviY : Avgiv wK †eu‡P AvwQ? GB wK Rxeb| eÜ N‡i KvbvgvwQ G Rxeb wbiƒcvq †Ljv wbg©g AvNv‡Z ÿZweÿZ kixi| (Ò†kl hyw³Ó, weim msjvc) Zuvi KweZvq wN‡i _v‡K ¯^Kvj, mgvR| e¨w³gbb cÖMvp, e¨w³‡ZB we‡kølYfvevcbœ Aveyj †nv‡mb| cixÿv-wbixÿv we¯Íi, e¨w³‡Z¡ w¯’i, wm×všÍ ¯^Kvjwe×†cÖg-cÖYq wbØ©›Ø| AwfÁZv mxwgZ g‡b nq, exÿYI †m g‡ZB cÖwZwôZ| µgweKwkZ, w¯’Zax AvqË cwimi, wbtm‡›`‡n Avnmvb nvex‡ei g‡Zv Awµq ev kvk¦Z-cÖK…wZKvZi g„`ygMœ bb| e¨w³Z¡gwÐZ, g~j¨‡ev‡ai `y¨wZ‡Z fv¯^i, Avnmvb nvex‡ei ga¨weË eqvb †_‡K Zzgyj cv_©K¨ cÖKvwkZ| Aciw`‡K ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb †_‡K c~Y©vqZ c„_K| Aveyj †nv‡m‡bi G e¨w³Z¡wU w·ki Kwe‡`i PP©v ev B‡qUm-d«÷ cÖfv‡ewbišÍi hv Zuv‡K gb‡b Fw× w`‡q‡Qmy‡hvM K‡i w`‡q cixÿvi e¨vKi‡Y wbg¾‡b: AvRI w`‡bi iv‡Zi hZ †nuvPU Gwo‡q QywUi †gjvi wf‡o AuvPj Iov‡bv Qwe †`‡L ey‡Ki we‡Kj f‡i wm‡bgvi Mv‡b eD-Gi †Q‡ji Kvbœv fy‡j gv‡S gv‡S wmMv‡iU awi‡qwb Mwji †`vKv‡b Gi †P‡q Avðh© Kx Av‡Q? ÔmvivivZ †L‡U wPÎKí †Nu‡U/ Dcgvi Av‡jvR¡jv c‡_ †MwQ †nu‡UÕAj¼vi e¨env‡iI GKB iKg m‡PZbZvq csw³i wewbg©vY P‡j‡Q| Kvh©Z weim msjvcB Kwei cÖKiY-wbf©i MÖš’, c‡ii Kve¨MÖ‡š’ †eva Kwi ZviB AbyeZ©b cwijwÿZ : Avgvi Pvicv‡k giv, Avagiv, gvby‡li wK cvnvo, B‡jKwUªK KuvUv Zvi, Icov‡bv MvQ, aŸ‡m cov †`qvj, cvRi fvOv iv¯Ívq Qov‡bv wQUKv‡bv So, wKsev, nvIqv †Zvgvi wK `ytmvnm, ms¯‹v‡ii `wo wQu‡o ZzB Suvc w`‡qwQ‡j 34 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



bZzb c‡_ PvIwb wd‡i ... ... ... awi‡q w`‡j i‡³i †bkv †Zvgvi c_B c_ AvgviI cÖZxK, wPÎKí QvovI evK¨web¨v‡m, distortion, inversion-G Aveyj †nv‡mb e¨wZµgx, w·kvËi KweKz‡ji cwievnx| ÔwcivwgWÕ, ÔgwgÕ, Ôg~wlKÕ, ÔnvIqvÕ, Ô†NvomIqviÕ, Ô¯^MZÕcÖf~ZgvÎvq AvaywbK Aj¼v‡i f~wlZ I e¨wÄZ| c~Y©v½ m‡PZb A‡_©B Zv Kve¨csw³‡Z weivwRZ| KweZvi Q‡›`i cixÿv‡ZI GKB fvl¨ cÖ‡hvR¨| evOvwj gymjgv‡bi nv‡Z Ggb Kve¨-cwiPh©v GKw`‡K †hgb mvnmx Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb Awfbe| be-em‡šÍi †ivgvw›UK i‡O Kwe GLbI cÖxwZgq I ¯^Ztavi| 3. Aveyj †nv‡mb wek¦mvwn‡Z¨i Ávb AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| evsjv‡`‡ki KweZv m¤ú‡K© Zvi ¯^Kxq wPšÍv wQj| evsjv GKv‡Wwg †_‡K †ei nIqv Zvi Abyev` Ab¨ †ÿ‡Zi dmj m¤ú‡K© wKQz K_v ejv hvq| Ab¨iKg cwiPh©vi Pvc Av‡Q MÖš’wU‡Z| wZwb e‡j‡Qb : Ôwe‡`kx KweZv co‡Z wM‡q hLb †Kvb KweZv fv‡jv †j‡M‡Q Ges g‡b n‡q‡Q IUv ZR©gv K‡i †`Lv hvq, ZLb †m Kv‡R nvZ w`‡qwQ| GB eB‡qi Kwe I KweZv¸‡jv wbe©vP‡bi m~Î GUvB| †mR‡b¨B GB eB‡Z Bs‡iwR KweZvi m‡½ D`©y Ges Avfi fvlvi KweZv Xz‡K †M‡Q| cvðv‡Z¨i m‡½ cÖvP¨ Gm wg‡k‡Q| Bs‡iR, gvwK©bx, K‡Kkxq, cvwK¯Ívbx, mv`v-Kv‡jv I Zvgv‡U e‡m‡Qb GKB †Uwe‡j| Gu‡`i †`k, fvlv, cwi‡ek, ag©, ms¯‹…wZ, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v Ges e¨e¯’v wfbœ|Õ Lye PgrKvi GB MÖš’wU‡Z i‡q‡Qb DBwjqvg evUjvi B‡qUm, gyn¤§` BKevj, ievU© d«÷, GRiv cvDÛ, Ugvm ÷vb©m GwjqU, j¨vsm&Ub wnDR, Rb evwig¨vb, imyj nvgRwUd| GKwU mswÿß RxebK_vi ci wKQz KweZvi bv›`wbK Abyev` K‡i‡Qb Aveyj †nv‡mb| G Abyev‡` Kwei KweZ¡ wPwýZ| Kwefvlv wbe©vP‡b wbR¯^ixwZB cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb, B‡qUm G‡Z K‡i n‡q D‡V‡Qb G‡`kxq, cÖvP¨xqAvaywbK| GKUz cixÿv K‡i wbB, B‡qUm-Gi ÒFor Anne GregoryÓ †_‡K : Never shall a young man, Thrown into dispair By those great honey-coloured evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 35



Ramparts at your car, Love you for yourself alone And not your yellow hair.



Ggb csw³i `y`©všÍ Abyev` K‡i‡Qb Aveyj †nv‡mb| AvU‡cŠ‡i fvlvq, wbivfiY Q‡›` Zvi cÖKvkiƒc G Mfxi Ges gnr cÖYqevwÃZ : †Zvgvi Kv‡bi cv‡k H gay-i‡Oi wekvj †`qvj¸‡jvq nZvk hyeK K‡ÿv‡bv fv‡jvevm‡e bv †Zvgv‡KB, †Zvgvi nj‡` Pzj bq, †Kej †Zvgvi R‡b¨B| Ggwb Bs‡iwR KweZvq Gwjq‡Ui Abyev`I †ek AvKl©Yxq| ÒRvbvjvi av‡i mKvjÓ-KweZvi †kl ¯ÍeK †_‡K Zy‡j aiwQ : Kzqvkvi ev`vwg †XD¸‡jv mo‡Ki Zjv †_‡K fvOv‡Pviv gyL¸‡jv Qzu‡o w`‡”Q Avgvi w`‡K Avi wQu‡o Av‡b Kv`vfwZ© ¯‹vU©civ GK c_Pvixi AKviY nvwm, hv nvIqvq fvm‡Z fvm‡Z Qv‡`i KvQvKvwQ G‡m wgwj‡q hvq| g~‡ji fve KvQvKvwQ wKš‘ cy‡ivUvB Avgv‡`i HwZn¨ a‡i Dc‡fvM Kiv hvq| GK ¯^Zš¿ evKixwZ†hwU weim msjvc wKsev nvIqv †Zvgvi wK `ytmvn‡mi g‡a¨I †g‡j| 4. evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq Aveyj †nv‡mb Av`¨šÍ AvaywbK| †m ixwZwU GKcÖKvi wbixÿvi †fZi w`‡q wZwb AvqË K‡iwQ‡jb| KweZv‡K dg©vj bq, gvby‡li wbK‡U, cÖvZ¨wnKZvi Kwi‡Wv‡i †cuŠ‡Q w`‡q‡Qb| †mRb¨ kã n‡q‡Q Mfxi Ges evKcÖZxgvq ˆZwi n‡q‡Q evowZ gvÎv| ÔevOvwj gymwjg Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g AvaywbK †h ixwZwU beemšÍ w`‡q ïiæ n‡qwQj Z †Kv‡bvmgq msk‡q Av”Qbœ nqwb, wØavwš^ZI bq| nq‡Zv wZwb cÖfv‡ei `vcU Avb‡Z cv‡ibwb, c‡ii Kwe‡`i wPšÍvq; wKš‘ †kl ch©šÍ ˆ¯’h© wb‡q wb‡Ri wek¦v‡mB AUj wQ‡jb| `xN© Rxe‡bi †h Rvwb© Zv‡Z Zvi m¤§yL cÖZxÿv wQjG cÖR‡b¥i Kwe‡`i wb‡q| †m AwfÁZvUzKz Awfbe wKQz bq, cÖ‡Z¨K‡Ki PP©vi †fZ‡iB Zv Av‡Q†mwU A‡b‡KB GwM‡q wb‡q‡Qb| mvBwq` AvZxKzjøvn Ges Zvi cieZ©x A‡b‡KB| KweZv †Zv †cQ‡bi wRwbm bq, gb‡bi †fZi w`‡q



36 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



wPibex‡bi c_ Aegy³ Ki‡e, m¤§y‡L G¸‡ev| †mwU Zuvi †jLvqB Av‡Q, AbymiYxq n‡eb wZwb Gfv‡eB| ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb (1922-2002) ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb KweZvPP©vi cÖ_gw`‡K Bmjvwg Av`k©‡K aviY K‡ib wKš‘ c‡i †ivg¨vw›UK Av‡eM I eyw×i mgš^‡q KweZv †j‡Lb| Pvnvi `i‡ek I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1944) MÖ‡š’ cÖ_gw`‡Ki Av`k©wfwËK KweZv¸‡jv Aviwedviwm k‡ãi cÖPzh©gwÐZ| c‡i cvðvZ¨ Kwe‡`i gbb Zuvi KweZvq hy³ nq| k‡ãi Abyl‡½ hy³ K‡ib AvaywbK gvÎv| ÔwZwbB evsjv KweZvi AvaywbK wkÿKÕ [Avwe` Av‡bvqvi]| Kwe e‡jb ÔAvgvi AvaywbKZv Avgvi ag©PP©vq †Kvb e¨vNvZ Drcbœ K‡iwb, ei mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| wek¦vm web‡q Ges AšÍM©Z ˆPZ‡b¨i mvnv‡h¨ gvbyl AvaywbKZvi D‡b¥vPb NUvq| GKwU K_v Avwg wek¦vm Kwi †h, AvaywbKZv KL‡bv wek¦vm I cÖv_©bvi wecix‡Z wKQz bq|Õ cÖvPxb `y‡M©i K‡ÿi kxZj AÜKv‡ii g‡Zv, Avwg mg‡qi ¯^v` nvwi‡qwQ RvwZMZ Ae‡PZ‡bi (Phylogenic unconscious) ms‡kø‡l Kwe Gfv‡e cÖe„Ëxq Zvobv‡K cÖKvk K‡ib| †ivg¨vw›UK n‡q Kwe mgq‡K cybiærcbœ K‡ib: µgvš^‡q D‡ËvwjZ AÜKv‡i gyg~l©y †PZbvq Avgvi mgq Avw`g Rš‘ nÕj| GK ai‡bi G¨vwbgvi [cyiæ‡li bvixmËv] †fZi ÔAÜKviÕ‡K cÖZœ-gy`ªY K‡ib Kwe| Rxebvb›` `v‡ki avivwU G ch©v‡q Abyiæ× n‡jI ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb Zv‡K we`ªƒc I Dcnv‡mi †fZi w`‡q mgKvjxb K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| cÖkwœ e×I K‡i‡Qb| G ch©v‡q Zvi cÖKiYI h_vixwZ nq bv, Mreuvav _v‡K bv| cÖKvkfw½ Pi‡Y Ab¨Ziiƒ‡c D™¢vwmZ nq| Zv ch©ewmZ nq civ-Abyf‚wZi †fZ‡i : mnmv Nyg †f‡O mKvj †ejvq †h †eŠ`ª‡K cvB hv Rvbvjvi Kcv‡Uav°v †L‡q UzK‡iv n‡q Avgvi gkvix Qzu‡q hvq, ZvI †hb Zvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Av‡jvi KYv| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 37



Gfv‡e Kwe µgk cvëvb, AvaywbKZvi Awebvkx †iLvq| wPÎKíf‚‡g iwOb K‡i †Zv‡jb Abyf‚wZi ÔAvðh© DòZvÕmg~n| Kwei cÖRvwZMZ ¯§„wZ (Phylogenic memory) ev cÖZœ-Ae‡kl (archaic remnants)B Zvi gvbm-cwiµgY| Avgvi c~e©-evsjvi w¯œ» Abyf‡ei †fZiI c~‡e©v³ GB Kíbvi emwZ we`¨gvb| †hwU bvix‡K †K›`ª K‡iI n‡q D‡V‡Q eû¯Íixf‚Z, †mŠKh©gwÐZÑ ÔbZzb bvixi †ÿ‡Î Diæ cyó jvÃbv †P‡qwQ/ g~wQ©Z b`xi †¯ªv‡Z `vevbj K‡iwQ mÜvbÕ| wPÎK‡íi g‡a¨ Av‡jv-AÜKvi, mgy`ª-AvKvk, MvQ-cvwL †hgb AvengvbZ¡ cvq †Zgwb wRÁvmviI gvÎvew›` nq| mvaviYZ cÖK…wZB me©Á n‡q Av‡m Zuvi KweZvq| ˆmq` Avjx Avnmv‡bi c~e©-evsjvi KweZvq iƒcixwZi Av‡jL¨ wbwg©wZ cvq wmœ» I cÖkvwšÍgq Bw›`ªq‡PZbvi e¨vw߇Z| A‡bK AvKvk (1366), GKK mܨvq emšÍ (1369), mnmv mPwKZ (1373), D”PviY (1968), Avgvi cÖwZw`‡bi kã (1974), Kve¨ mgMÖ (1974), mgy‡`ªB hve (1987), iRbxMÜv (1988), wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1996) ˆmq` Avjx Avnmv‡bi Kve¨MÖš’| mvbvDj nK (1924-1993) cÖevmwein`ytLiwÄZ Kwe mvbvDj nK| ¯§„wZi c‡U wbe©vwPZ kã‰kwj| ˆewk¦K m~Î Zuvi c‡U hy³ n‡jI Av‡Q ˆ`wkK †`¨vZbv| Ô¯Íbv b`xÕ ÔcvUAuv‡k Rov‡bv hvqÕ, ÔD‡cvmx RbZvÕ B‡gR-MÖw_Z kãeÜ| Kwei m‡b‡U Av‡Q ¯^vaxb Abyf‡ei gMœ cÖKvk| cÖavbZ ga¨weË msivM ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK c‡U iwPZ b`x I gvby‡li KweZv (1956) : N~wY©‡¯ªv‡Z b`x †hgb cvnvo †f‡O, NyNyeb kni MÖvg †cwi‡q euv‡K †gv‡o K‡Zv KUvÿ Gwo‡q GwM‡q P‡j mxgvšÍ my`~i gvbyl I cªK…wZwfwËK †PZbvi cÖvavb¨ n‡jI µgk Kwe mgvR `yM©wZ, eÂbvi †PZbvi w`‡KI µgm¤úªmvwiZ nb KweZvq| mvbvDj n‡Ki ˆK‡kv‡ii b`x wZZvm, k¨vgj cÖK…wZ wbwe©‡ivax msnZ iƒc jvf K‡i Kv‡e¨| cÖevm Rxe‡b iwPZ m¤¢ev Abb¨v (1962), cÖK…wZ-†cÖg-c„w_exi †mŠ›`h©-msev` m~h© Ab¨Zi (1963) Kve¨| weP~Y© Avwk©‡Z (1968)i g‡a¨ Kwe a¨vbgMœ, †gŠb; ga¨weË K‚UKPv‡j Ave×| evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvi cÖMwZev`x aviv‡ZB wZwb KweZvPP©v 38 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



K‡i‡Qb| Qov N‡i N‡i (1972) ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k Zuvi cÖ_g MÖš’| GKwU B”Qv mnmª cv‡j (1973), cÖev‡m hLb (1981) Kv‡e¨ gyw³hy×, gvbevwaKvi, †`kvZ¥ fvebvi cwiPq wea„Z| GQvov ¯^vaxb †`‡k Kwe wj‡L‡Qb Kvj mgKvj (1975), cwÙbx kw•Lbx (1976), cÖev‡m hLb (1981), KZ iO KZ †gN (1981), weivwki KweZv (1983), DËxY© cÂv‡k (1984), weiwZnxb (1987) cÖf„wZ Kve¨| †gvnv¤§` gvn&dzRDjøvn& (1936-2013) cÂv‡ki bexb Kwe| GKvav‡i †`vfvlx cuyw_i m¤ú`‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q KweZv †jLvq D‡`¨vMx Ab¨w`‡K evsjv Kve¨avivqI eyw×-we‡eKx wek¦¯Z Í v AR©b| †gvnv¤§` gvn&dzRDjøvn& Kve¨Avw½‡K `ÿZvi Qvc †i‡L‡Qb| wbtm‡›`‡n wZwb Rxebvb›`xq| m‡bU, Aÿie„Ë, M`¨ Q‡›` wj‡L‡Qb| †cÖg‡K cwiï× K‡i GK ai‡bi aªæec‡`i Rb¥ w`‡q‡Qb wZwb| cÖ_g Kve¨ Ry‡jLvi gb (1959) †_‡K Kwe‡PZbv DËwiZ| AÜKv‡i GKv (1960), iw³g ü`q (1966), Avcb fyeb (1974), †gvnv¤§` gvn&dzRDjøvn&i Kve¨m¤¢vi (1980), ˆewiZvi nv‡Z e›`x (1996) cÖf„wZ| Ave`yj Mwb nvRvix (1925-1976) wefv‡MvËiKv‡j XvKv‡Kw›`ªK evsjv KweZvi ¯^Zš¿aviv ˆZwi‡Z Ave`yj Mwb nvRvix Ab¨Zg| lv‡Ui `k‡KB iPbv K‡i‡Qb wZwb wZbwU Kve¨MÖš’| mvgvb¨ ab (ZvwiLwenxb, m¤¢eZ 1959), m~‡h©i wmuwo (1965), RvMÖZ cÖ`x‡c (1970)| G Kve¨MÖš’¸‡jv Ave`yj MwY nvRvixi KwemËv‡K wbg©vY K‡i‡Q| Zuvi Kwe‰PZb¨ m¤ú‡K© ejv P‡j : Ave`yj MwY nvRvix †h Rxeb cUf~wgi D‡b¥vPb NwU‡q‡Qb KweZvq Zv KL‡bv ˆbiv‡k¨ AvKzj nq bv, c½y n‡q hvq bv †e`bvi Mnxb AZ‡jcÂvk-lv‡Ui `k‡Ki KwZcq AvZ¥f~K, AZxZPvix I e„nbœjviƒcx KweKgx©i g‡Zv|Õ MwY nvRvixi e¨w³ RxebvwfÁZv Kve¨PP©vi †ÿ‡Î cÖavb Aej¤^b| c~e©-cvwK¯Ívb miKv‡ii `gb-wbcxob Ges PÐbxwZi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i Kvj‡cPuvi Wv‡qix ig¨iPbv †j‡Lb| GQvov e›`x we‡eK bv‡g hyw³wbó GKwU MÖ‡š’ mgvR, †`k-ivRbxwZ, Kve¨ mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| Kwei Kve¨ mgv‡jvPbvq GK cwigvwR©Z DbœZ Kve¨‡ev‡ai mÜvb †g‡j| mvgvb¨ ab Ave`yj MwY nvRvixi cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’| G Kve¨MÖš’ m¤ú‡K© nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb wj‡‡Qb : Ômvgvb¨ ab-Gi Kwei g‡bvf½x AvaywbK Kve¨avivi AvIZvi evB‡i c‡o bv| Kwei GKwU we‡kølYcš’x ¯^fve eBwU‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 39



Qwo‡q Av‡Q| e³e¨ I iæwP I Zvi AvaywbK gvbwmKZviB cwiPq ¯úó K‡i|' mvgvb¨ ab Kwei ga¨weË gbba‡g©i ¯§viK, bMi Rxe‡bi emwZ, mvsevw`KZvi m~‡Î ivóª I Zvi cÖkvmb h‡š¿i wewPÎ Kvh©Kjvc Zvi AwfÁZvi AvKi : K¬ve †im †÷wWqvg ga¨weË g‡bi Avkªq cÖ‡Z¨K gv‡mB †Kvb AvšÍRv© wZK †gjv †`‡Lv ga¨weË g‡bi Avkªq wK? wm‡bgvi †eªvmvix, A‡iÄ, AvBmµxg, Kwd LvIqv wKsev igbvi kvjeb, †gnMbx †m¸‡bi e‡b mgq KvUv‡bvi B‡”Q| Kwei †kølvZ¥K D”PviY : ga¨weË Rxe‡bi myD”P Avkvi msKxY© Kvivi GB †bvbv-aiv cv¸i cÖvPx‡i w`‡bi iv‡Z gv_v †Luv‡o wb‡e©va evmbv| ... ... ... G KwVb Kviv †_‡K gyw³ †bB †Kvb gyw³ †bB ... ... ... †Zvgvi we¯ÍxY© gvV, meyR meyR †Zvgvi k‡m¨i †ÿ‡Z cjvZK evQy‡ii gZ D`vi AvKvk Avi, †ÿ‡Zi AvZ¥xq Nb iO Avnv, cvMj K‡i †Mv| Ave`yj Mwb nvRvixi G KweZvi Dw³ mij, ü`q‡e`¨| KweZvwUi Avw½K wkw_j bq, fvebvi †kl cÖv‡šÍ Kwe ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB e¨Äbv G‡b Zv‡Z Av_©mgv‡Ri †h A_©v‡ivc K‡i‡Qb Zv ˆelg¨ I K…wÎg mgv‡Ri Bw½Zevwn| m~‡h©i wmuwo Kve¨MÖ‡š’ Ave`yj Mwb nvRvix c~Y©gvÎvq D™¢vwmZ| G Kv‡e¨ Òwg‡mm wW‡qv‡ii gbÓ, Òwc-Avi-G‡mi ÷xgvi: †Mvqvj›`Ó, Ò†cÖm K¬v‡e †ZvgivÓ, Ò†dix Nv‡U ivwÎÓ, ÒMZ ivwÎi `yt¯^cœ, cÖ‡Z¨K ivwÎÓ, Òm~‡h©i wmuwoÓ, Ò†`qvwji Rb¨Ó, ÒRbbx Rb¥f~wgðÓ, Lye fv‡jv KweZv| mvgvb¨ ab-Gi Kwe G Kv‡e¨ AZ¨šÍ Zvrch©gyLi| ÒKwZcq Avgjvi ¯¿xÓ †_‡K: Avgiv KwZcq Avgjvi ¯¿x mKvj †_‡K mܨv †Kvb gnr wPšÍvi wKbv‡i Ges d¨vkvb cwÎKvi weeY© cvZv 40 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



ˆ`wbK KvM‡R wm‡bgvi B‡¯Ínvi ¯^v¯’¨ Ges †mŠ›`‡h©i Dj½ Qwe Ges GKwU cÖvß-cÖvq gn‡Ë¡i wkniY Òm~‡h©i wmuwoÓ, ÒwcivwgWÓ Ges ÒwbR©b hLb-1Ó I ÒwbR©b hLb-2Ó c‡e©i wKQy KweZvq Mwb nvRvix wd‡i †M‡Qb BwZnv‡m, cyiv‡Y| Gm‡ei ga¨ w`‡q Kwei Avkvev` I BwZevPK fvebvi c_ wKQyUv Db¥y³ n‡q‡Q| Ò¯^‡cœi exRvbyÓi g‡a¨ Kwei Avkvev`, Ògvwbcøv‡›Ui jZvqÓ, ÒWvwjqvUvqÓ Kwe Kvj‡K wbgš¿Y Rvwb‡q‡Qb evuPvi Rb¨, ¯^‡cœi D‡Øva‡b Rxe‡b RqMvb Kivi Rb¨ †K¬`v³ Rxeb †_‡K gyL wdwi‡q ¯§„wZPviYvq Kwei Avkvev` : m~‡h©i wmuwo †e‡q Avgiv eis c„w_ex‡Z bvg‡ev Ck¦i †_‡K †Kbbv c„w_exi cwj bxj b`xi wb‡lK Ges †djvwn‡bi cÖZ¨vkx K‡É Avgvi Rxeb Avgvi g„Zz¨ wbwnZ wcivwg‡Wi km¨Kbvi gZ g„Z gvby‡li De©i BwZnv‡m| km¨ †`eZv AvBwmm, wùsm BZ¨vw` GKUv Avkvev‡`iB †`¨vZK n‡q G‡m‡Q| ÒwcivwgWÓ KweZvq Kwe D”PviY K‡i‡Qb ÔAvgiv ¯^‡M© hvw”Qjvg †iŠ‡`ªi wmuwo †e‡q| wKš‘ cv Avgv‡`i bv ¯^M© bv biK|Õ cybRx©eb cÖvß Iwmwim †`eZv‡K ¯§iY K‡i Kwe GK ai‡bi g„Z¨wPšÍv‡KI †hb m½x K‡i †bb| Kwei ÔwbR©b hLb-Gi wKQy KweZv Rvg©vbx‡Z e‡m †jLv| mgmvgwqK Rxe‡bi nZvkv hLb Kwei †ivgvw›UK mËv‡K `Lj K‡i e‡m ZLb Avkvev`, g„Zy¨wPšÍv, cybRx©e‡bi AvKv•Lv BZ¨vw` AvaywbK Kve¨ ˆewkó¨ mnRwm× cÖKi‡YB Ab¨ Kwe‡`i g‡Zv Mwb nvRvix‡KI AwaKvi K‡i‡Q| MwY nvRvixi KwemËv ˆewPΨ AbymÜvbx| AwfÁZvi Rvi‡Y Av‡e‡Mi ¯^Ztù‚Z© cÖ‡qv‡M mvgvb¨ ab †_‡K hvÎv ïiæ Ki‡jI, m~‡h©i wmuwo Ges RvMÖZ cÖ`x‡c Kv‡e¨ wZwb KweZvi Avqya n‡q DV‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn (1934-2001) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 41



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46 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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cw_K (1998), A‡avMvgx w`‡bi cwÄKv (1998), KweZv msMÖn (1998), †Zvgvi bÿÎ GB i‡³i †jvwn‡Z (2010), fv‡jvevmvi c`vejx (2012) KweZvMÖš’| cuvP. kvgmyi ivngvb (1929-2006) evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb Kwe kvgmyi ivngvb| cÖvq Aa© kZvãxKvj KweZvi PP©v K‡i‡Qb| Ôwb‡RiB mËv w`‡q eyS‡Z n‡j Zuvi KweZv w`‡qB... wZwb kvgmyi ivngvb| Zuvi KweZv co‡j g‡b c‡o poetry of earth is never deadZey c„w_ex‡K Av‡iv fvjevm‡Z nqAveviIÕ| AZj¯úk©x GK Mfxi wek¦vm, Mvp AK…wÎg fv‡jvevmvq evOgq n‡q I‡V Zuvi iPbv| kvgmyi ivngv‡bi KweZvi welq : bvMwiK ga¨weË †PZbv, ivR‰bwZK Abyl½, ¯^‡`k fvebv cuv‡Pi `k‡Ki KweZv, †ewi‡qwQj lv‡U; cÖ_g Mvb, wØZxq g„Zz¨i Av‡M Kve¨fv‡e MÖš’fy³ mxgvbvq| Gici KweZvi eB †ei nq cÖ‡Z¨K `k‡K; Avg„Zz¨| kvgmyi ivngv‡bi KweZvq bMiRxeb, bvMwiKZv, evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx XvKv kni wewPÎ cÖqv‡m cÖeYZv-wbf©i n‡q Mfxi fv‡e (idea) `xwcZ n‡q I‡V| bvMwiK g‡bvRM‡Zi wewPÎ welq, m~²Zi myKzgvi Abyf~wZ, ga¨we‡Ëi †cÖg-ˆbivk¨-Møvwb-nZvkv, Zvi ivR‰bwZK kZ©mg~n, ivóªxq kvmb†kvlY e¨e¯’v mewKQy Ôaccumulation of detailÕ Ges Ôby the sharpness of selected detailÕ-Gi kãe‡Ü Zzj¨g~j¨ Ávb K‡i‡Qb kvgmyi ivngvb Kve¨b›`‡b µgvMZ n‡q‡Qb cwiewZ©Z| lv‡Ui AwfNvZ Zuv‡K Gw`‡K PvwjZ K‡i| cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K wZwb n‡q Pj‡jb cwiewZ©Z| Gevi ¯^‡`k mgq I mgvR AvQ‡o coj Zuvi KweZvq| 1964 †Z cÖKvwkZ †iŠ`ª K‡ivwU‡Z Kv‡e¨ cÖKUfv‡e wgjj mgvR I ¯^‡`k| Z‡e e¨½we`ªƒcvZ¥K n‡q DVj KweZv| KviY, ZLb AvBqy‡ei kvmb c~Y©v½iƒ‡c Kv‡qg n‡q‡Q| kvgmyi ivngv‡bi Avw½‡K w·kvËi Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ Rxebvb›` `vk (1899-1954) †ewk cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q| D‡Ui wc‡V P‡j‡Q ¯^‡`k, Kv‡jv AÜKvi, †mB †NvovUv Gme ms‡e`bkxj kãeÜ Rxebvb›` Øviv Av‡jvwKZ| kã wePv‡i gv‡S gv‡S myaxb `Ëxq cÖfveI bR‡i Av‡m| wKš‘ me‡P‡q e‡ov K_v, kvgmyi ivngv‡bi AvaywbKZv ev KweZvq Zuvi †h AvaywbKZvi gvÎv; †mUv eû`~iMvwg| ejv P‡j, w·kvËiKv‡ji cÖeYZvi Avav‡i †`kR †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgv †cwi‡q MÖxK-†ivgK-Aviweq BZ¨vw` cyivY-cÖm½‡K wbi¼zk evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 49



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Ôevsjv‡`k ¯^cœ `¨v‡LÕ wKsev Ô¯^vaxbZv ZzwgÕ KweZvi †fZ‡iI cybM©wVZ nq wgLvBj evLwZbKw_Z ÔKvwb©fvj †PZbvÕ| †kvlY ev KZ©„‡Z¡i wecix‡Z wb¤œeM©xq RbZvi †kÖwYwfwË cÖwZôvi Drm‡e M‡o I‡V msL¨vMwiô ms¯‹…wZi wfwË| kÖgRxexi †kÖwYgh©v`vi wePy¨wZi g‡Zv bvixiI N‡U ¯’vbPz¨wZ| m~h© cyiæl n‡j bvix Puv`, Av‡jv hw` nq cyiæl AÜKvi bvix, cyiæ‡li ¯’vb Dc‡i n‡j bvixi bx‡PGgb fvwlK hyM¥‰ecix‡Z¨ bvix Ae‡nwjZ| bvix cyiæ‡li mnRvZ n‡q I‡V cyiæl KZ©„Z¡ †_‡K| wmgb `¨ †ev‡fqvi (1908-1986) ev †KU wg‡jU (R. 1934) Z‡Ë¡ bvixi gb¯ÍvwË¡K g~j¨‡evawU e¨vcKfv‡e mvwn‡Z¨ Av‡m| Avi †mwU ivngv‡bi KweZv‡ZI hy³ K‡i ¯^Zš¿ ¯^i| bvixi wePy¨wZi, †kÖwYgh©v`vi cÖkwœ U ˆZwi nq, wewfbœ B‡g‡Ri cÖZxKvq‡b| evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK KweZvavivq kvgmyi ivngvb KweZvi †gŠwjK ˆewkó¨wU aviY K‡i‡Qb| G‡ÿ‡Î Zuvi cÖfve w`e¨`„wóm¤¢~Z| cÖvP¨-cvðvZ¨ †PZbv¯ú„ó Zuvi Kwe¨ivwR : †iŠ`ª K‡ivwU‡Z (1963), weaŸ¯Í bxwjgv (1967), wbiv‡jv‡K w`e¨i_ (1968), wbR evmf~‡g (1970), e›`x wkwei †_‡K (1972), `ytmg‡qi gy‡LvgywL (1973), wdwi‡q bvI NvZK KuvUv (1974), Avw`MšÍ bMœ c`aŸwb (1974), GK ai‡bi AnsKvi (1975), Avwg Abvnvix (1970), k~b¨Zvq Zzwg †kvKmfv (1977), evsjv‡`k ¯^cœ `¨v‡L (1977), cÖwZw`b Ninxb N‡i (1978), BKviæ‡ki AvKvk (1982), D™¢U D‡Ui wc‡V P‡j‡Q ¯^‡`k (1982), gvZvj FwZ¡K (1982), KweZvi m‡½ †Miv¯’wj (1983), bvq‡Ki Qvqv (1983), Avgvi †Kv‡bv Zvov †bB (1984), †h AÜ my›`ix Kuv‡` (1984), A‡¯¿ Avgvi wek¦vm †bB (1985), †nvgv‡ii ¯^cœgq nvZ (1985), B‡”Q nq GKUz `uvovB (1985), a~jvq Movq wki¯¿vY (1985), GK †duvUv †Kgb Abj (1986), †Uwe‡j Av‡cj¸‡jv †n‡m I‡V (1986), †`k‡`ªvnx n‡Z B‡”Q K‡i (1986), Aweij Rjåwg (1986), Avgvi KÕRb m½x (1986), SY©v Avgvi Av½y‡j (1987), Lye †ewk fvj _vK‡Z †bB (1987), ¯^‡cœiv WyK‡i I‡V evievi (1987), g‡Âi gvSLv‡b (1988), eyK Zvi evsjv‡`‡ki ü`q (1988), ü`‡q Avgvi c„w_exi Av‡jv (1989), †m GK ciev‡m (1990), M„nhy‡×i Av‡M (1990), LwÐZ †MŠie (1992), aŸs‡mi wKbv‡i eÕ‡m (1992), nwi‡Yi nvo (1993), AvKvk Avm‡e †b‡g (1994), DRvo evMvb (1995), G‡mv †KvwKj G‡mv ¯^Y©Puvcv (1995), gvbe ü`‡q ˆb‡e`¨ mvRvB (1996), ZzwgB wbtk¦vm ZzwgB ü`¯ú›`b (1996), †Zvgv‡KB †W‡K †W‡K i³Pÿz †KvwKj n‡qwQ (1997), †ngšÍ, mܨvq wKQyKvj (1997), QvqvM‡Yi m‡½ wKQyÿY (1997), †gN‡jv‡K g‡bvÁ wbevm (1998), †mŠ›`h© Avgvi N‡i 54 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



(1998), iƒcK cÖev‡j `» mܨvivZ (1999), UzK‡iv wKQy msjv‡ci muv‡Kv (1999), ¯^‡cœ I `yt¯^‡cœ †eu‡P AvwQ (2000), bÿÎ evRv‡Z evRv‡Z (2000), ïwb ü`‡qi aŸwb (2001), ü`c‡Ù †R¨vrmœv †`v‡j (2001), f¯§¯Í~‡c †Mvjv‡ci nvwm (2002), fvOv‡Pviv Puv`gyL Kv‡jv K‡i ayK‡Q (2003), MšÍe¨ bvBev _vKzK (2004), K…òc‡ÿ c~wY©gvi w`‡K (2004), †Mvi¯’v‡b †KvwK‡ji KiæY AvnŸvb (2005), wbe©vwPZ 100 KweZv (2005), bv ev¯Íe bv `yt¯^cœ (2006), †cÖg I fv‡jvevmvi KweZv (2006), AÜKvi †_‡K Av‡jvq (2006)| Kwei iPbv msKjb wb‡q iPbvejx 1 (2004), iPbvejx 2 (2006)



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Øxc n‡q fv‡m hv‡`i Rxeb, hy‡M hy‡M †mB knx‡`i bvg Gu‡KwQ †cÖ‡gi †dwbj wkjvq, †Zvgv‡`i bv‡g| ZvB Avgv‡`i nvRvi gywVi eRªwkL‡i m~‡h©i g‡Zv R¡‡j ïay GK kc‡_i fv¯‹i|| Kwei msMÖvgx gy‡L gvqv‡Kvfw¯‹ wKsev GKv‡j myKvšÍ, iæ`ªmn A‡b‡KB Av‡Qb| wek kZ‡K Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi Aemvb ev Zr-cieZ©x mg‡q evsjv‡`k R‡b¥i Mf©v¼zi GKzk‡K‡›`ª Dß n‡j KweKzj `vk©wbK eywׇZ AvZ¥cwiPq Ges cÖwZK‚jZv †cwi‡q RxerKv‡ji hveZxq ¯^cœ‡K mva¨vqË Kivi m‡PZbZv AR©b K‡ib| ÔPvi †KvwU cwieviÕ, ÔPvi †KvwU KvwiMiÕ| Avgv‡`i ms¯‹…wZi iƒc‡iLv KweAR©‡b ¯^Ztù‚Z©Zv cvq| GKvËi-c~e© KweZv Avi cieZ©x KweZvi g‡a¨ cÖKiYMZ cv_©K¨ A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| †mwU N‡U‡Q Zuvi cÖ¯‘wZ I cwiPh©vi Kvi‡Y| AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv‡`i Kve¨bevqb ¯^vaxbZv-DËi evsjv‡`‡k mij‰iwLK, wbixÿvcÖeY, AvšÍR©vwZK `xÿv`wc©Z| ev¯ÍeZvi †fZi w`‡qB Kwee¨w³Z¡ wbwg©Z| KwefvlvwUI AwR©Z nq †Zgb cÖwZkÖæwZ †_‡KB| ˆe‡`wkK ågY-AwfÁZvI Zvi Kv‡e¨ cÖhy³| Kve¨im Zv‡Z ˆ`wkK Av‡`kaŸwbZ| Q›`I Zv‡Z bvbv iƒ‡c ch©ewmZ| c`web¨vm A‡bKUv b÷vjwRK, Aembœ, ¯^cœZvwoZ| Z‡e H gvbexq cÖwZkÖæwZwU A‡gvNZvq wewkó : nvc‡ii dzrKv‡i MYMY m~h©Kzuwo wgwQ‡ji euv‡K euv‡K ARmª cjvk A‡bK †VvKiv‡jv cvwL GBevi Rbc‡_ ivRc‡_ cÖ‡gw_Dm †kKj †Quovi Sb&Sbv, DËj Av‡jvwoZ AwMœ‡KvY †Kki‡dvjv `~e©vi †g‡Ni Kz‡`v‡bv Kv‡jv‡Nvov QyU‡Q Do‡Q cZ& cZ& 56 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Zuvi m‡bUcÖhy³ KweZvmg~n, wbf©vi M`¨ fvm©b, cwi‡cÖwÿZ KvwnbxKweZv wbY©xZ| m‡b‡U M¤¢xi ev cÖPj-cwiwkó Dc‡fvM¨, A‡bK `~iwe¯Ívix, i‡mvc‡fv‡Mi `vqwU †mLv‡b cÖejfv‡e AvKzwjZ| m‡bUc‡e© AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` Giƒ‡cB Kve¨eywׇK AwZµg K‡i P‡jbÒGK¸”Q dzjÓ, ÒRjR evMvbÓ, Òmvgyw`ªKÓ, ÒcÖZxÿvqÓ, Ò†mvbvjx kirÓ cÖf„wZi †fZi w`‡q| Z‡e cÖ”Qbœ mvivÿY gvbeZvi Ôf~ZÕ! GKiƒc mim cÖwZÁvq Kuv‡a Av‡m lvU`kK I ZrcieZ©x Kve¨‡mªvZ| AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq A‡bK PovBDrivB‡qi ü`qms‡e`x Kwe-cÖwZK…wZ| aªæc`x D”Pvi‡Y Awbe©vY _v‡K Zuvi gvbeZv I gvbe‡Kw›`ªK wek¦vm| †fv‡ii b`xi †gvnbvq RvMiY (1962) Kve¨MÖ‡š’i GKwU KweZv ÔBDmyd-RyjvqLvÕi cÖYq Kve¨bvU¨ cÖqv‡m ewY©Z| Ab¨vb¨ KweZv¸‡jvI bv›`wbK| we‡klZ Zuvi m‡b‡Ui bZzb cwi‡ekbv; †hLv‡b wZwb cyivZb ixwZ‡K wbixÿvq G‡b `vb K‡i‡Qb mgKvjxbZvi ¯^vÿi| G‡Z K‡i ˆewPΨI G‡m‡Q| ZvQvov AvaywbK fve‡PZbv †hgb bM‡ii nZvkv, Aeÿq, kixix †cÖg, †ivg¨vw›UK ¯^cœKíbv, cÖK…wZi weewZ©Z iƒcGgb wewea welq Zuvi cÖKi‡Y wbišÍi wbixÿvq hy³ n‡q‡Q| `xN© Kve¨PP©vq evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq fv‡ei ¯^”QZvq cÖKi‡Yi Awbevh©Zvq wZwb `vb K‡i‡Qb bZzb msnwZ I msmw³| gvbwPÎ (1961), m~h©Rv¡ jvi †mvcvb (1965), †jwjnvb cvÐywjwc (1975), wb‡LuvR m‡bU¸”Q (1983), Avwg hLb Avm‡ev (1984), mvRNi (1990), †PvL (1996), Av¨v‡mm GÐ ¯úvK©vm (1984), †kªô KweZv (1987) cÖf„wZ Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’| †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb (1936-2008) †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb wj‡L‡Qb `yj©f w`b (1961), kw¼Z Av‡jvK (1968), wecbœ welv` (1968), cÖZby cÖZ¨vkv (1973), fvjevmvi nv‡Z (1976), f~wgnxb K…wlRxex B‡”QZvi (1984), Z…Zxq Zi‡½ (1984), †Kvjvn‡ji ci (1990), axi cÖev‡n (1993), fvlvgq cÖRvcwZ (1997)| †cÖg, †`kvZ¥‡eva, hyMhš¿Yv, ey‡R©vqv AvMÖvmb Gme welq KwewPšÍ‡b m½wZ-Am½wZi cÖkœ †Zv‡j| cÖwZwôZ g~j¨‡ev‡ai wejywß, mœvqy-AvNvZ, AÜKv‡ii Aemv‡b gyw³i Av‡jL¨ Zuvi KweZvi cÖwZcv`¨ : mvšÍ¡bvi K_v bq : Avgiv m~‡h©i Avqy †c‡qwQ µvwšÍi Rjav‡i; evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 57



cÖmvwaZ KviæKjv bMœ n‡e Rbvj‡q; wkwíZ g‡bi cvivcv‡i| Avgiv GKvMÖ n‡evÑ Zvi evYx GKxf‚Z hyMœZvi wf‡Z mÂvwiZ| wgÎvjx Mv‡bi gš¿ RxweZ †cÖ‡gi cwiwa‡Z| `yj©f w`b †_‡K cÖZby cÖZ¨vkv ch©šÍ Kwe cÖejiKg cÖK…wZKvZi| `yj©f Abyf‚wZi †fZ‡iB cÖZ¨vkv Lyu‡R‡Qb| M‡o wb‡q‡Qb wbR¯^ fvlvfw½gv| Ôwccvmvi gv‡VÕ, Ôga¨výÕ, ÔˆekvLxÕ †ivg¨vw›UK KweZv| MxZmyavi‡m c~Y© G c‡e©i KweZvMwj| c‡ii c‡e© kw¼Z mgvRI †cÖg-A‡cÖg wg‡j cÖKvwkZ| GK ai‡bi Zij †Uwjs-G cÖKiY f‚lYgq| c‡ii Kve¨mg~‡n Kwei cÖZ¨veZ©b, cybive„wËgq| AbwZµvšÍ| †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb cÖavbZ MxwZKwe| KweZvq ZvB cÖwZdwjZ| †ivgv I †ivg¨vw›UK cÖevn m`v ùzwiZ I mvejxj| MxZj im gyLwiZ| mgvR ev kw¼Z febv¸‡jv c‡ivÿiƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ| Zij I mvij¨gq| cÖK…wZfvebvq wZwb me©‡fŠg I Avw¯ÍK, cyY¨evb| GBwUB †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgv‡bi ˆewkó¨| Z‡e †kl c‡e©i KweZvmg~n Aby¾¡j| †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb kãe¨env‡i wbwe©‡ivax Z‡e wZwb Zxÿèax ms‡e`bkxj; Mfxi, †Kvgj I MxwZgq| cÖvP¨-cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹…wZi MÖnY-eR©b wRÁvmvq ZiæY mgvRZvi Db¥vM©iƒc, Db¥~jZv, ˆecixZ¨ wewea welq bv›`wbK-exÿvq e¨½vZ¥K Ges MvpZi cwim‡i eqv‡bi cÖqvm `yj©ÿ¨ bq| wmœ» cÖK…wZ I †`kvZ¥`k©b Zuvi KweZvi cwiPh©vi c_ : D`¨Z MnŸ‡i Lv‡` Wz‡e †Zvi n‡e wK D×vi Z‡e †mLv‡bB `ªæZ b‡L hv †i hv wQu‡o mg¯Í Eiæ Avg~j cøvweZ kix‡i ¯^‡M© †KkR Nªv‡Y I e‡Y© AvR‡b¥i ZxÿèZvq we× jxb wejxb m`y»vavi Rbbx, RbK DwÌZ bxZ Avmbœ †ivcb †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb Gwgwj wWwKbm‡bi (1830-1886) KweZvi mdj Abyev` K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb : Ôevsjv KweZvq Avw½K iƒcvšÍ‡ii Kv‡j Gwgwj



58 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



wWwKbm‡bi gigxwPšÍv I w¯œ» D”PviY Avwg mZK©fv‡e msiÿ‡Yi †Póv K‡iwQ|Õ wWwKbm‡bi fvewkl¨ gwbiæ¾vgvb, Abyev‡`i †ÿ‡ÎI †m cÖeYZv jÿYxq n‡q I‡V| †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgv‡bi KweZvmsMÖn (1976-1998) †ewi‡q‡Q 1998 mv‡j| nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb (1932-1983) Kwe I KweZvi msMVK, KweZvq AvaywbK ixwZi wbixÿK, ˆewk¦K Kve¨v‡›`vj‡bi hvÎvi AMÖcw_K nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb| KweZvq AvZ¥wb‡ew`Z, mv_©K KwecÖvY| G Kg©‡hvMxi Kve¨ Avivabv wefv‡MvËi c~e©evsjvq| wegyL cÖvšÍi (1963) Zuvi Abe`¨ Kve¨MÖš’| GLv‡b ¯^‡`k¯^vRvZ¨‡eva gvZ…g~wZ©i †PZbvq we”QywiZ| ZvQvov e¨w³ I mgvRgyw³i cÖm½, DËwiZ Rxeb‡PZbv, Ôe„‡Ëi msmviÕ †_‡K gvby‡li gyw³ Kve¨wU‡Z Abycg wkígvÎv †c‡q‡Q : Avnv †gjvB bv eyK mv`v I mnR ey‡K K‡Zvw`b Aeva ¯^fv‡e; Kv‡Ri `uv‡Zi fx‡o Avwg †hb mg‡qi Lv`¨KYv GK| ÔAvwgÕ-mËvi ¯^iƒcwU gvbm-cÖZx‡K ch©ewmZ| †mLv‡b eû¯Íixf‚Z †PZbv cwi¯ªyZ| Kwei ewnivkÖq ms‡kølY c×wZ‡Z hy³ AwfÁZv Zvi Avwg‡K wØZxq mËvq Avgiv K‡i †Zv‡j| evB‡ii AwfÁZvUzKz gbbRvZ| AvZ© kãvejx (1968), AwšÍg k‡ii g‡Zv (1968), hLb D`¨Z m½xb (1972), e‡Rª †Piv Auvavi Avgvi (1976), †kvKvZ© Zievix (1982), Avgvi †fZ‡ii evN (1983), fweZ‡e¨i evwYR¨ Zix (1983) Kve¨MÖ‡š’i G cwiµgvq k‡ãi AvZ©iƒc, wPÎjZv, DcgvbwPÎiwÄZ| Kvh©Z, weòz †`-DËi Kg©cÖYvjx nvmvb Zvi Kv‡ji AwfÁZvq m¤ú„³ K‡i †d‡jb| GwU mÁvb ev wbÁ©vb †jv‡Ki †SuvK, †mwU Kv‡qg nq, Ávb I wPšÍvZvwcZ DòZvq| kvgmyi ivngv‡bi `xN©vqZ f~wgKv m¤^wjZ nvmvb nvwdRyi ingv‡bi AcÖKvwkZ KweZv †ei nq 1986 †Z| nvmvb nvwdRyi ingv‡bi KweZvq AvZ¥`‡»i ev hš¿Yvi welqwU we‡kl cÖKiY cvq Zv wKQz D×…wZ‡Z jÿ Kwi : †K †hb †Kv‡bvw`b Avgvi bvg a‡i †W‡KwQj GBLv‡bB, gyn~g©yû A‡Uv‡gvevB‡ji n‡Y© Wz‡e †M‡Q †mB AvnŸvb! wKsev, AZwK©Z Avgvi kni, AvMš‘‡Ki †gjvq evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 59



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I evsjv‡`k cÖZ¨ÿ mvwbœa¨ cvq; Rxeb I KweZv‡K Zwš^ô cv‡V GK K‡i †d‡jb| AveyeKi wmwχKi Ô†`kR fvlvMZ Av‡eM ev e¨w³MZ Av‡jvQvqv meB mg‡qi †PZbvq Av‡›`vwjZ|Õ Zuvi KweZv gvbweKZvi, †cª‡gi, fv‡jvevmvi| KweZvPP©vi cÖjw¤^Z c‡_ Zuvi µgk N‡U‡Q DËiY| cÖ_gw`‡Ki KweZvq †g‡j GKai‡bi KznKx-gwiPxKvgq Av”QbœZv| AvZ¥g‡Mœ jxb Zuvi evZ©v| `ye©vi ev AkvšÍ †e‡M G †gvn AwePj Ges c~Y©vqZ gvbyl †Zvgvi weÿZ w`‡b Kve¨ ch©šÍ| Gici jÿ¨wbf©i †PZbRM‡Zi E‡aŸ© Kwe‡Z hy³ nq `vk©wbK e¨vwß I e¨Äbv| `„pwfwˇZ †cÖvw_Z mvg~wnK Av‡eM| gbbI †hb cybR©xebcÖvß| Kwe c~Y©Zvq cwiï×| Zv `„k¨gvb, †ng‡šÍi †mvbvjZv †_‡K gvbenv‡oi wng I we`y¨‡Z ch©šÍ| Gi g‡a¨ KweZvq AvL¨vb G‡m‡Q, hy³ n‡q‡Q bvUKxqZv I `ywe©ln-hš¿YvKvZi Awfe¨w³| gbce‡b mvg¨ev` mshyw³ wecyjfv‡e; Gici EbmËi-GKvËiKwei †cÖqmxmËv cwic~Y© Awfbœ, wØZxqmËvq gvÕi Awf‡lK Ges ZvI µgk iƒcvšÍwiZ cÖ_gmËvq| Ggb Db¥v`bvi AuvPo †n †jvKmf¨Zv (1984), Kv‡jv Kv‡jv †gnbZx cvwL (1995) wKsev k¨vgj hvhve‡i (1998)| N„Yvi, cÖwZev‡`i-cÖZ¨vNv‡Zi-cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Kwefvlv wbwg©Z mgqhš¿Yv, ˆbtk㨠AÜKvi I ¯^cœf½RwbZ Awbt‡kl Kó †_‡K| gb¥q fv‡e †gŠb Avk¼vi aŸwbmg~n `yišÍ gvÎvq DrKxY©| wPÎK‡í mvR‡Z _v‡K duvcv gvbyl, `ywe©ln mgq cÖjq; Gici wØZxq Kv‡e¨ wewb`ª Kv‡ji †fjvq (1976) mgq‡K AvZ¥`n‡bi msiv‡M K¬všÍ K‡i †Zvjv| KweZvi †fZ‡i †cÖvw_Z mgq| Avi †mLv‡b N‡U Ôe¨w³Õi i³cvZ| wØav-Ø›Ø, †kªwY‡f` Kwei A‡jŠwKK Avb›`‡K `vb K‡i wfbœ-exÿv| †mRb¨ Kv‡e¨i bvgfv‡l¨ hy³ nq Ôwewb`ªÕ, ÔweÿZÕ mKj kã| Zv‡Z D‡V Av‡m NvZK, MwYKv, bcyskK wbi¯¿xKiY, iæM&Y MYZš¿ BZ¨vw` kãeÜ| GKB m‡½ Gi wecix‡Z †cÖiYvq aŸwYZ nq Avkvev`| †`k-f~wg-gvwU Kwei Awfbœ mËvi mvwË¡K D”PviY| cÖwZwU k‡ãi wbi¼zk mvivrmvi gvbeZvi eÜb-m~·K K‡i †Zv‡j mve©Rbxb| GRb¨ Pviæwbf©xK ÔMYbvqKÕ ˆZwi nq Zvi †jLvq| MYbvqK wbišÍi e¨wÄZ, cÖKiYgw_Z| Kwei ¯^cœ‡mŠa wbQK †Kv‡bv wbwg©wZ bq; cÖ‡Z¨KwU kãe‡Ü Zvi Kvh©KvwiZv, Kg©ÿgZv cÖKvwkZ n‡q I‡V| †mRb¨ Ô†cv‡qwUK cviwdDgÕ Zuvi GKUzKz webó nq bv| m¤cÖwZ cÖKvwkZ e„wói K_v ewj ex‡Ri K_v ewj (2006)i D”PviY A‡bK †ÿ‡Î ÿvÎkw³i w`‡K D”PwKZ †k¨Y msjvc n‡jI wKQy‡ZB KweKxwZ© civfe gv‡b bv| GUvB AveyeKi wmwχKi K…wZZ¡| cÖPÐZv KLbIB Kwe¸Y‡K Qvwo‡q hvq bv| cÖK…ZA‡_©, †h Kwe aej `y‡ai ¯^iMÖvg †j‡Lb Zv‡KB †Kb ÔweÿZ w`‡bÕi 66 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Kvwnwb †kvbv‡Z nq †m cÖkœ ¯^vaxbZv-cieZx© evsjv‡`‡ki iv‡óªi †kªwYPwi‡Îi g‡a¨B wba©vwiZ| Kv‡RB Kwei evZ©v wbiæËi _vKvi Aemi †Kv_vq! Giƒ‡c Av‡jvP¨ Kwei Q›`I µg-cwiewZ©Z c‡_ cv‡ë †h‡Z eva¨| AveyeKi wmwÏK wd«-fv‡m© wj‡L‡Qb, Aÿie„ˇK wb‡q †L‡j‡QbAvi †mLv‡bB aiv c‡o‡Q KweZvi engvb avivi A½xKvi Avi ¯^vZ‡š¿¨i PwKZ iƒcwU| Z‡e wP‡b †bIqv hvq Zuvi KweZv, Zzgyj B”QvcøvweZ Abyl½cÖK…wZ-mgvR-msmvi-ms¯‹…wZi iƒcv‡j‡L¨i †fZ‡i| kãB Awš^ó†mLv‡b hy³ cwiï× wk‡íi Awbe©vY AuvPo| †n †jvKmf¨Zv (1984), †ng‡šÍi †mvbvjZv (1395), gvbyl †Zvgvi weÿZ w`b (1986), Kv‡jv Kv‡jv †gnbZx cvwL (1995), KsKv‡j AjsKvi w`‡qv (1996), k¨vgj hvhvei (1998), gvbenv‡oi wng I we`y¨r (2001), gbxlv‡K †W‡K †W‡K (2002), Avgvi hZ i³‡duvUv (2002), ivfx (2008), nvI‡ii nvnvKvi (2010) cÖf„wZ Zuvi Kve¨| A‡jvKiÄb `vk¸‡ßi mn‡hv‡M Kwei wbR¯^ GB gvZ…fvlvq (1397) Kve¨wU `yB evsjvi wbwkRvMi P›`ªcÖjvc, bó¯^‡cœi welv`Mv_vi weiPb| ¯^‡`k, ¯§„wZ, b÷¨vjwRqv ÔAvwgÕ †_‡K ÔAvgivÕq ch©ewmZ| wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx (1928-2014) ÔbZzb KweZvÕi Kwe wn‡m‡e Zuvi cwiPq, ÔKeats-Gi g‡Zv †cÖg I †mRMZ‡K wd‡i cvB Zuvi KweZvq, Zey Keats bq, Wordsworth-Gi g‡Zv fvjevm&‡Z wM‡q wb‡Ri g‡ZvB fv‡jv‡e‡m‡Qb wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx| mgy`ª, c„w_ex I eb gvby‡li fv‡jvevmvi wPišÍb-†ÿÎZey ÒGreat loverÓ Gi g‡Zv ÒSay that I lovedÓ †Zgwb K‡i ejv| ïay ZvB bq, Zuvi m‡½ m‡½ AvgivI fv‡jv‡e‡m †dwj, †m-†cÖ‡g G c„w_ex ˆewPΨgq| Avi `kR‡bi g‡Zv bq, A_P GKUv ¯’vqx Avmb †i‡L †h‡Z Pvq †m †cÖg c„w_ex‡Z| c„w_exi ay‡jv gvwUi Mov gvwUi Kb¨v‡K fv‡jvevm‡Z wM‡q Zuvi e¯‘wbPq‡K wZwb ev` †`bwb†m †cÖg Qvqv †d‡j c„w_exi ey‡K I g‡bi Mfx‡i|Õ ZvQvov mgmvgwqK `ye©n mgq ev ¯§„wZKvZi `ytmn D”PviY wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKxi KweZv| c~Y©v½ cÖK…wZKvZi I cwiï× Kwe| wZwb BwZevPK, Avkvev`x cÖ‡Yv`bv Qov‡Z Pvb m‡b‡U; Bw½Z wbwnZ †`kvZ¥ cwiµgvq| ü`‡q Rbc‡` (1975), Puv` Wy‡e †M‡j (1984), Avmbœ evw¯Íj I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1988) Zuvi Kve¨| mgmvgwqK `ye©n mgq ev ¯§„wZKvZi `ytmn D”PviY wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKxi KweZv| c~Y©v½ cÖK…wZKvZi I cwiï× Kwe| wZwb BwZevPK, Avkvev`x cÖ‡Yv`bv Qov‡Z Pvb m‡b‡U; Bw½Z wbwnZ †`kvZ¥ cwiµgvq| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 67



wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKxi Ab~w`Z †kKmcxq‡ii m‡bU cÖKvwkZ nq 1977 mv‡j| evsjv KweZvi cvVK‡`i Rb¨ G Abyev` GKwU Abe`¨ MÖš’, m‡›`n †bB| Igi Avjx (R. 1939) gvwUMwÜ gvby‡li cÖwZ wbi¼zk AvbyMZ¨ G Kwei| ¯§iY‡hvM¨ Av‡jL¨ wbg©vZv| †jvKvqZ cwiKvVv‡gv‡K bZzb b›`‡bi m„RbKZ©v| Zuvi G‡`‡k k¨vgj iO igYxi mybvg ï‡bwQ (1960) †ivg¨vw›UK cÖYqgvLv Av‡eM¯úw›`Z Kve¨| Kve¨wU 1957 †_‡K 1960 Kvjcwim‡i iwPZ| Kwei cÖ_g KweZv 1957 mv‡j Ôˆ`wbK wgjøvZÕ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq| mvaviY welqe¯‘ Z_v MÖvgxY Rxebwbf©i Dcv`v‡b G‡`‡k k¨vgj iO igYxi mybvg ï‡bwQ wbwg©Z n‡jI GwU m‡e©vZfv‡e AvaywbK| Rmxg D`&`xb (1903-76) I e‡›` Avjx wgqvi (190679) Kve¨avivq Igi Avjx KweZvi B‡g‡R hy³ K‡i‡Qb MÖvgxY-ms¯‹…wZ I HwZ‡n¨i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© iƒcjveY¨| GK Ôk¨vgv½x bvixÕi cÖwZK…wZ AvU‡cŠ‡i Ges Pigiƒ‡c D™¢vmb NwU‡q‡Qb Zuvi Kv‡e¨| GB GKwU Kve¨MÖš’B Zuv‡K w`‡q‡Q cÖK…Z Kwei gh©v`v| Kve¨wU‡Z †gvU KweZvi msL¨v cÂvkwU| KweZv¸‡jvi †gŠj †K›`ª ÔbvixÕ| GKwÎkwU KweZvq Av‡Q †cÖg| ÔnvwmbvÕ, Ôwg‡gvmvÕ, ÔbxjydviÕ, Ry‡bv (MÖxK cyiv‡Y RywcUv‡ii ¯¿x), wkixY dinv`, †mwjgAvbviKwjGme bvix KweZvi †ivg¨vw›UK †cÖg DÏxcbvq †`k-Kv‡ji mxgv gv‡bwb| KweiwPZ Ô†Zvgv‡KÕ, Ô†hŠe‡bi cÖv_©bv GBÕ, ÔigbvÕ, ÔGKw`b ZzwgÕ, ÔGKw`b GKwU †jvKÕ, Ôcv_iÕ, ÔZzwg my›`ixÕ, Ôe„wói wec‡` GK Po–BÕ, ÔcUf~wgKvÕ, Ômymw¾ZvÕ KweZvq AvaywbK Kve¨iæwPi cÖwZdjb i‡q‡Q| w·kvËi AvaywbK ˆewkó¨wU G‡Z PgrKviiƒ‡c D™¢vwmZ : mh‡Zœ Qvqvi bx‡P XvKv _v‡K †g‡q‡`i ¯Íb Ges †`‡ni wmœ» †mŠ›`‡h©i cÖPzi m¤¢vi| †`‡L‡Qv †Zvgvi bvg GBevi c‡o †Mj g‡b, hLb †Vuv‡Ui c‡i †VuvU †i‡L ej‡j Pz¤^‡b| wKsev, †Pv‡L †`wL R¡‡j I‡V bxie Djøv‡m, †`‡n †`wL myiwfZ †mŠ›`‡h©i †jvfbxq †mvbv, G wb®‹vg †cÖg bq, Bw›`ªqNb †cÖg| Avw`imwbf©i wiismve„wËRvZ (erotic tendency)| cÂv‡ki †k‡l G welq-Aviva¨ mgvR-Abykvmb cÖ‡ivwPZ bq, iÿYkxjZvi wecix‡Z GK wfbœ I AvaywbK Kve¨iæwP, m‡›`n †bB| 68 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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Kwei Aeÿq I K…wÎg-K¬všÍ im‡køl IB mg‡q AuvZzi i¨v‡ev ev kvj© †ev`‡jqv‡ii AÜKvi Av‡aq cÖfvevµvšÍ n‡jI Rwo‡q wb‡qwQj m`¨-ga¨weË ey‡R©vqvi Awb‡KZ cÖe„wˇZd¨vKv‡k cwZZvi †`niƒc, †hLv‡b gvZ…Rivqyi AÜKviI n‡q I‡V Awbivc`ZvB KzuK‡o hvq ˆPZb¨ I `„wócv‡Zi `xcnxbZv : R‡b¥B KzK‡o †MwQ gvZ…RivqY †_‡K †b‡g †mvbvjx wcw”Qj †cU Avgv‡K DM‡i w`j †hb `xcnxb j¨v‡¤úv‡÷i wb‡P, mš¿¯Í kn‡i wbgw¾Z mewKQz, i³Pÿz †mB _vK AvDU Auvav‡i| gvÎ cuwPk eQi eq‡mB †eiæ‡bv cÖ_g Kv‡e¨i bvgKweZvq Ggb wfbœK_‡bi ¯^i, wPimvÿ¨ wb‡q `uvovq, mvg‡bi Rb¨| c‡ii Kve¨avivq Zv kwgZ, cwicK¡ Ges MwZgq cÖvYešÍ| KweZvavivq wPwýZ GB bZzb gyLwU mvnmx; †gavex †Zv wbðqB : hy×, nZ¨v, gvix, goK, Uz_eªvk, gvRbGiv me Rxe‡bi RwUj K‡jøvj n‡q I‡V kvgmyi ivngvb cÖ_gw`‡K G ¯^iUzKz ˆZwi K‡i wb‡qwQ‡jb Zvi Ô`ytLÕ KweZvi ˆbwgwËK e¨envh© e¯‘mvgMÖx‡Z| †mwU AviI e¨cKZvq GLv‡b GB wfbœ cÖwZcv‡`¨ LwPZ| Ae‡PZ‡b ÔwcÖqZgvÕi ¯^i (¯^‡`k A‡_©) M‡o I‡V, e„wUk Kwe AvwWªqvb †nbwii (1932-2000) cÖfveI Kg g‡b nq bv| Av‡Qb †eªLUI| civ‡PZbvi Abyl½I `vbv euv‡a| IB mg‡qB Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq` Ges cieZ©x‡Z wmK`vi Avwgbyj nK‡K ¯§i‡Y Avbv hvq| knx` Kv`ix 1978-Gi ci †`kZ¨vM K‡ib| `xN© weiwZi c‡i Kwei †ei nq Avgvi Pz¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vI (2009), †cÖ‡gi KweZv, †Zvgvi R‡b¨ (2010) Kve¨| 36wU KweZv wb‡q cÖKvwkZ Avgvi Pz¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q `vI-i cÖ_g KweZv Ô¯^Zš¿ kZ‡Ki w`‡KÕ : kZel© cigvqy bq †h Avgvi Avwg Zv Rvwb| Zey Avgvi wbR¯^ kZ‡Ki †Mva~wji w`‡K †Zvgvi gZb AMÖmigvb AvwgI, Ges †mB m‡½ †`‡L hvB A¯ÍivM gvbweKZvi| Avgv‡`i g‡a¨ hviv, ¯^cœK‡iv¾¡j †Pv‡L, †cuŠ‡Q hv‡e bexb kZ‡K, Zviv wK Nwbô AvZ¥xq Avgvi? f_ev Avwg wK m‡nv`i Zv‡`i? Rvwb bv| wKš‘ AbeiZ



70 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



we`y¨‡Z we`y¨‡Z ¯^‡cœ ¯^‡cœ Sj‡m DV‡Q djcÖm~nxb Avgvi AvKvk| cÖk-œ cieZ©x mskqnxbZvq ÔAvwgÕ-djcÖm~nxb| m½nxbZvi †ÿ`, GK‡Z¡i k~b¨Zv GB kZ‡KI ev g„Zz¨ch©šÍ hw` we¯Ívi cvq Z‡e Av‡Mi †mB g` Avi Avwdg‡mex‡`i †h wek„•LjvZv‡Z g›` Kx‡m? G KweZvq mvg¨, †mvwf‡qZ wech©q, wek¦hy×, M„nhy× KÆi AwfÁvZv wb‡R‡K wbtkã k~b¨Zvi †fZ‡i †V‡j w`‡q‡Q| †m Kvi‡YB Zuvi wdwi‡q †bIqv Pz¤^b¸‡jv Ges cÖRb¥všÍ‡i Zv †cuŠ‡Q †`Iqvi G Kzkjx WvK| ¯^Zš¿ fvlvi knx` Kv`ix cieZ©x Kve¨avivi A‡bK‡KB cÖfv‡ei kw³ †hvMvb| Zuvi kã h‡ZvUv Av‡e‡Mi Zvi †P‡q †ewk e„wׯœvZ| e„w×UzKz Ae‡PZb-†PZb-Aa©‡PZb †_‡K DrmvwiZ| ÔwcÖqZgvÕ I Ô¯^‡`kÕ ¯^cœRvZ wg_cÖeY ej‡q cÖwZfvwmZ| GwU DËi-Dcwb‡ekx (post-colonial) wPšÍv‡¯ªv‡Z cwigvc¨| mgvRm‡PZb G Kwe, AciZvi e„‡Ë AvNvZ K‡i‡Qb AvZ¥webwói KviY AbymÜv‡b, †mLv‡b cyuwRi `¤¢ I Dcwb‡ek-AvwacZ¨ GK †féx, ZvB Zuvi kã n‡q D‡V‡Q K‡Vvi AvµvšÍcÖeYÔgvsmwkKvix GK`j nvqbvi `uv‡Zi g‡Zv aviv‡jv evZv‡m AvµvšÍ AvwgÕ| GB Kve¨fv‡l¨ knx` Kv`ix AZzjbxq| Ges KweZvavivi bZzb AwfgyL, ejvBevûj¨| Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq` (1943-2010) lv‡Ui myiwiqvwj÷ Kwe Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq`| ˆe`y¨wZK `y¨wZgq cÖZx‡K, wKbœiKÉx wkíx| gyw³hy‡×i evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g civev¯Íe d‡g©; AvZ¥gMœ Ae‡PZb ˆef‡e hwZwPýnxb Kve¨fvlv wbg©vY; Rb¥vÜ KweZv¸”Q (1967) †_‡K I ms‡e`b I RjZi½ (1974) DËwiZ I cÖewZ©Z| Rb¥vÜ KweZv¸‡”Qi M`¨KweZv (prose poem) Kwei lv‡Ui Zxeª mvnmx D”PviY; cieZ©x AvZ¥gMœZvq Zv K‡qKavc GwM‡q †R¨vrmœv-†iŠ‡`ªi wPwKrmv (1969) n‡q mvg‡b G¸‡bv| Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq` KweAwfÁZvq cÖPwjZ b›`bZvwË¡K web¨vm‡K †f‡O‡Qb Awfbe DcgvcÖwZgvq| lv‡Ui †klw`‡K KweZvq bvU¨‡gŠûwZ©K ÿY‡K Dc‡fv‡Mi ci AwgZ mvnm Avi evKfw½‡K fi K‡i ÔNy‡gi †fZi wb`ªvnxbÕ AšÍtcÖev‡n Ô¯^Áv I Ae‡PZ‡bi, ˆPZb¨ I wbwn‡Zi, AvKw¯§K I hyw³nxbZvi, Av‡e‡Mi I AvšÍi cÖ¯‘wZi, Kíbv I S‡o-Iov wkK‡ji mgevqx djvdjÕ‡K g¾vi‡m weiPb K‡ib| †mLv‡b wZwb GK iƒcKcÖZx‡Ki mywbðq ¯^cœ`ªóv : KwUi Z‡j bZzb-RvMv cvZv evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 71



K„ZÁZvi bKwk-AuvKv cvwV‡qwQ‡j K‡e, AvR †m Kuv‡` ¯§„wZi nv‡Z KiæY-DbœZ Rb¥vÜ KweZv¸”Qi Ggb cÖKi‡Yi ci I ms‡e`b I RjZi‡½ Kwe †j‡Lb : Lye ga¨iv‡Z ev¯Í‡ei `‡ivRv Ly‡j Avwm ¯^‡cœi eviv›`vq AbšÍ bÿ‡Îi wb‡P †PvL R‡j f‡i Av‡m Avgvi Lye ga¨iv‡Z `yB gvbweK Zvivi g‡Zv Rj-fiv †Pv‡L hveZxq M`¨-Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wb‡Ri Kv‡Q gvc PvB Avwg `~iZg bÿ‡Îi †_‡K GKwU Zij Zxi Qz‡U G‡m weu‡a hvq Avgvi AvZ¥vq Ae‡PZb civev¯Íe †KŠkj †_‡K GK ch©v‡q m‡PZb eyw×i cÖ‡qv‡M KweZvq Pvÿzl †ivg¨vw›UK RM‡Z Xz‡K c‡ob| ZLb Zuvi Kve¨jÿx `ye©xwbZ bq, cieZ©x ¯Í‡ii c~Y©vqZ mvwbœ‡a¨i cÖZ¨vkx| G ch©v‡q Kwei civev¯Íe KweZv c~Y© gvÎvi D`vniY, †hLv‡b Kwei ¯^Zš¿ †ÿÎwU wP‡b †djv m¤¢e nq : Q›` wb‡q cÖeÜ wjL‡Z wM‡q bq| †Zvgv‡K †`Lvi c‡i wbwðZ ey‡SwQ : M`¨Q‡›` e‡ov-†ewk †jLv‡jwL nÕ‡jv, Gevi wdi‡Z n‡e| Ges AviI c‡i, KweZvi nvZ, cv, gv_v, ao wkkœ, †hvbx, Pzj, bL, †PvL, gyL, bvK, Kvb, nv‡Zi AvOzj, cv‡qi AvOzj mewKQz gIRy` Av‡Q Avgv‡`i GLv‡b| KweZvi d‡g© iex›`ªbv_ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i bgm¨ Kwe‡`i kãv_© ¯^iƒc, Q›` Avi wb‡Ri wbixÿvi †fZ‡i wb‡R‡K †muwa‡q †bb Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq`| G ch©v‡q Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq` cvðvZ¨ AvaywbKZvi welq¸‡jv aviY K‡i evsjv KweZv‡K wewkó K‡i †Zv‡jb| Z‡e wZwiwk AvaywbKZv bq eis AvZ¥‡ev‡ai m‡PZbZvq GK ai‡bi Awbevh©-gb¯‹ZviB gy‡LvgywL `uvovb Kwe| G‡ÿ‡Î Kwei gb¯Í‡Ë¡ wek¦hy×-cieZ©x wPšÍv‡mªvZ, beMwVZ bMi‡PZbv, b÷¨vjwRqvi 72 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



KvZ‡ivw³ BZ¨vw` AšÍgyw© L evZveiY ˆZwi K‡i| †hLv‡b gvbœvb ixwZg‡Zv kiY †bb civev¯Íeev`x cÖKi‡Y| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^cœKíbvi gvbyl †gv‡UB Zuvi Kv‡e¨ wZ‡ivwnZ bq| DËi‡Yi cwiµgv‡ZI Kwe mvgwMÖK nIqvi c‡_B G¸‡Z _v‡Kb| d‡j Zuvi ˆkwjI GKiKg _v‡Kwb| Zuvi gvZvj gvbwPÎ (1970) wewfbœ fvlvi c‡bi Rb Kwei Abyev`| KweZv †Kv¤úvbx cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW (1982), civev¯Íe KweZv (1982), cvK©w÷ª‡U GK ivwÎ (1983), gvQ wmwiR (1984), cÂki (1987), †kªôKweZv (1987), Avgvi m‡bU (1990), mKj cÖksmv Zuvi (1993), bxieZv MfxiZv `yB †evb K_v e‡j (1997) Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq‡`i Kve¨MÖš’| Avgvi m‡bU Zuvi e¨wZµgx M`¨ m‡bU| wel‡qi ˆewPΨ Av‡Q ¯^cœ Avb‡›`i ewY©j D”Pvi‡Y| AvwRRyj nK (1930-2001) AvwRRyj nK e¨w³Rxe‡bi mxgvq gnvKvj‡K Ae‡jvKb K‡ib| †mLv‡b hš¿Yv-AÜKvi-g„Zy¨ mvgwMÖK †`¨vZbvq cÖKwUZ n‡q I‡V| wewfbœ iƒc‡K, KUvÿZvq; Kwe Gme †_‡K gyw³ Pvb| wZwb Pvb wew”QbœZvi Aemvb| cÖ_g Kve¨ wSbyK gyn~Z© m~h©‡K (1969)-i ci web‡ói wPrKvi (1976)-G Kwe †ewk msnZ| †eva I eyw×i ms‡kl AviI cÖMvp| wSbyK-¯^fve‡K mg‡qi Ave‡Z© wÿcÖMwZ‡Z ewng©ywL, me©vZ¥K K‡i †Zv‡jb| G ch©v‡q cÖwZev`, BwZnvm‡PZbv, AvZ¥D¾xeb ¯úó m¤¢vebvq DÏxß| webwó Zuv‡K KvZi K‡i wKš‘ Zv wbi¼zk cÖLiZvq cÖR‡b¥i ïf‡ev‡ai cÖZ¨q‡K mg_©b Rvbvq| Nyg I †mvbvjx CMj (1989)-G Kwei Avkvev` I hš¿Yvgyw³ A‡bKUv ˆ¯’h© †`q| evsjv‡`‡ki welv`‡K †hb Ôm~h©¯úk©xÕ ¯^‡cœ †div‡Z Pvb| AvwRRyj nK c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡b mvgwiK kvmb, evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× Ges Zvi c‡ii ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k‡K gb¥q gy¨iv‡j, cÖ”Qbœ cÖZx‡K cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Acvcwe× me bw›`Z †kvK Kwei Kv‡Q †hb w`e¨vweó| Kwe hš¿Yvgy³ nbwb AšÍi‡½, Kwefvlvq Zv wbwg©Z; wKš‘ ïfwek¦vm Zuvi ¯^`xwÿZ| †gvnv¤§` iwdK (R. 1943) †gvnv¤§` iwdK KweZvq Kí‡jv‡Ki evB‡i mZ¨ I ev¯Í‡ei ewntcÖKvk ZxeªZi| cÖPÐ mshZ I e¨Äbv¯úk©x G KweZvq AeMvnb Ki‡j ¯úó n‡q I‡V Zuvi AvaywbK AvKwl©Z FRy‡iL iƒcwU| ÔeBwUi bvg ˆekvLx c~wY©gv †ewi‡qwQj 1970-G, 1962 †_‡K 68 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †jLv| A_©vr cÖvq †MvUv lv‡Ui `kK Ry‡o|Õ D×…wZ : evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 73



AvR iv‡Z †`wL Avwg Z›`ªvq week m‡e, cvwL‡`i †Kvjvnj e„‡ÿi gg©i wK GK ˆe‡`nx my‡i wefvwmZ Puv` Avi Zvivi cÖY‡q Ô†KD nVvr K‡i ïay AKviY Drmv‡nI wRÁvmv K‡i em‡Z cv‡ib, Kve¨MÖš’wUi †Kb bvg w`‡qwQjvg ÔˆekvLx c~wY©gvÕ| Avwg ˆK‡kvi-†hŠe‡bi †mB UvjgvUvj w`b¸‡jv‡Z †MŠZg ey‡×i fxlY Abyi³ n‡q cwo| Avwg wek¦vmx bB, Awek¦vmxI bB| GgbB Avgvi ˆPZ‡b¨i aviv †mB Kvj †_‡K|Õ Gici Ôme© A‡_©Õ Kwe hv †j‡Lb ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k Zv Zuv‡K ¯^Zš¿Zvq wPwýZ K‡i| Z‡e GK `~i cwie¨vß cÖZxgv wbg©vY K‡ib KweZvq : AvR iv‡Z †`wL Avwg Z›`ªvi week m‡e, cvwL‡`i †Kvjvnj e„‡ÿi gg©i wK GK ˆe‡`nx my‡i wefvwmZ PivPi Puv` Avi Zvivi cÖY‡q; ÔcvwLÕ, Ôe„ÿÕ gigxa¨vb cvq| c~e©-AwfÁZv cÖZœgq n‡q I‡V| Kwei KxwZ©bvkv (1979)i c‡i MvIw`qv (1986) RbwcÖq Ges eûcwVZ Kve¨MÖš’| Kwei KweZvq Kí‡jv‡Ki evB‡i mZ¨ I ev¯Í‡ei ewntcÖKvk ZxeªZi, wbivm³| cÖPÐ mshZ I e¨Äbv¯úk©x G KweZvq AeMvnb Ki‡j ¯úó n‡q I‡V Zuvi AvaywbK AvKwl©Z FRy‡iL iƒcwU : ïaygvÎ ey‡K wb‡q e‡jk¦i-cïi †gvnbv fvm‡Z fvm‡Z D‡V Avm‡Q Zxi Luy‡o GKwU ivZ; nuvUz‡Z gvwUi `vM, gvQ-k¨vIjv Auvk‡U Ki‡iLv! Kwei Kve¨-wb‡e`b eû`~ie¨vß †PZbvq wKš‘ AšÍM©v‡Î weivRgvb ¯^vfvweK B”QvKvZi I `nb`y¯’ †cÖg| G †cªg cÖKv‡k KweAvwkªZ cÖK…wZ GK iK‡gi cÖvYvwqZ (anthropomorphic) mgMÖZvq Dcw¯’Z| †hLv‡b cÖK…wZ I bvix GKxK…Z| Kwe-wba©vwiZ cÖK…wZ †PZbvq GKw`‡K wea„Z Zvi wmœ» iƒc‰ewPΨ Ab¨w`‡K webvk-ˆebvwkKZv| Avevi GKBiƒ‡c cÖwZwµqvkxj cuywRev‡`i †kvlY, †¯^”QvPvwiZv †hgb Av‡Q †Zgwb wPivqZ ¯ú›`¨gvb RxebI Av‡Q| Ggb Av`k©MZ Dcv`v‡bi m‡½ mgvšÍivj mgvR AwfÁZv †gvnv¤§` iwd‡Ki KweZvi welq n‡q I‡V| Kwei cÖZ¨ÿ I mvg~wnK AwfÁZvi m‡½ hy³ nq cV‡bi DrKxY© gbbkw³| d‡j Avw½KwU cvq AvaywbK Aegy³ gvÎv| Kwe e‡jb : cv‡K-cv‡K AÜKvi †cuwP‡q †cuwP‡q ARMi 74 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



wM‡j †d‡j mvivUv AvKvk `yÕGKUv fxZ Zviv `wÿ‡Yi cyKziNvUvq Zxi †Nu‡Y †ZRx fvg Zxÿè nq Lvov bL, bv‡K †ivwn‡Z Auvk‡U NªvY ev, wjKwj‡K Kvj mvc, myPZzi, KzwUj mÜvbx, Xz‡K c‡o cÖwZwU A›`‡i, weevwnZ weQvbvq ÔARMiÕ cÖZx‡K cwiYZ| GKBfv‡e wjKwj‡K KvjmvcI| cÖwZwµqvkxj cyuwRi, gv‡K©›UvBj evwYR¨e¨e¯’vi mv¤ªvR¨-KvVv‡gvwU Giƒ‡c cÖvYešÍ| ÔfxZ ZvivÕq cÖvwšÍK RbZv cÖwZg~Z©| GLv‡b `y‡Uv KvR jÿ¨wbw`©ó : GK. eZ©gvb ev¯ÍeZvi KvVv‡gvwU ch©‡eÿY `yB. G‡`kxq HwZ‡n¨i Av‡jv‡K Zvi cÖZœiƒc wba©viY| Kwei G mgvšÍivj eqvb gbbkvwmZ Ges AšÍt‡mªvZviƒcx| kvmbÎvm‡bi iƒcwU‡K cÖKiY-Awfó K‡i †Zv‡jb wZwb wbw›`Z cÖvYx‡K (ARMi, Bu`yi, kKzb) PwiÎ evwb‡q| G‡ÿ‡Î RvwZK, AvšÍR©vwZK `ych©v‡qi †kvl‡Yi iƒcB Zvi KweZvq DrKxY©: wbZ¨w`b RvZxq msev‡` Qzu‡Pv Bu`y‡ii gyL jKj‡K Zxÿè †Muvd, jvj bvmv, PKP‡K †PvL Ges, kKz‡bi bL †_‡K Rb¥vj Bu`yi Acnvix mvgwiK kvmb, Zvi †¯^”QvPvwiZv, me©MÖvmx ZrciZv ÔWvBwbÕ, ÔivÿzmxÕi †jvKcÖZœiƒ‡c cwi‡ewkZ| Ggb mgKvjjMœZvq gyw³hy× Kwei Kv‡Q bevbœ Drmeiƒ‡c MY¨| †gvnv¤§` iwdK †jŠwKK Av‡g‡R hy³ K‡ib AvaywbK Dcv`vb ZLb ÔA‡k¦i ÿziaŸwbÕ Avi Ôg„Z ev‡Ni cuvRiÕ GK ¯§„wZ‡iLvq †cuŠ‡Q †`q wKš‘ mgqL‡Ði wZh©KavivwU envj _v‡K| †gvnv¤§` iwdK cvëvb, weewZ©Z nb, Zuvi ¯^Zš¿ c_wU Lyu‡R †bb| wewfbœ ixwZ‡Z Zv cixÿYxq iƒcI AR©b K‡i| †hgb AvšÍicvVg~jK ixwZ‡Z (intertexuality) ÔKwcjvÕ ev ÔMvIw`qvÕ evOgq n‡q I‡V| GiK‡g `ytL-`vwi`ª¨, Avb›`-D”Q¡vm Zuvi KweZvq cÖK…Z cÖqv‡m AšÍe©wqZ nq| evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq GgbwU mPivPi †g‡j bvAvi eûPwP©Z nIqvi †Zv cÖkBœ I‡V bv| Kwcjv (1983) cvVKwcÖq Kve¨| G cÖm‡½ Kwe e‡jb : ÔGKwU †Nv‡ii g‡a¨ ˆZwi n‡qwQj Kwcjv| 1983i 10 Rvbyqvwi †_‡K 25 Rvbyqvwi GB c‡b‡iv w`b, Avwg Rvwb bv Kxfv‡e †K‡U‡Q Avgvi| ¯^”Q‡›` ejv hvq f‚‡Z †c‡qwQj Avgv‡K|Õ Avwki ˆ¯^ikvm‡bi †fZ‡i ˆZwi n‡Z _v‡K Gi KvVv‡gv| cÖwZ‡ivax mg‡q ÔKwcjv Kv`vq R‡j, evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 75



Nv‡gkÖ‡g Abœ`v ¯^‡`k|Õ AviI `xN© ¯úóZv Ô†gv‡Qv i³, cBVvi Ic‡i Kvjwm‡U, GB/ jovB Pj‡eB|Õ G‡°ev‡i Awfbe| Kwei welLvjx mܨv (2003)I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kve¨| Kwei Kve¨ wb‡e`b eû`~ie¨vß †PZbvq wKš‘ AšÍM©v‡Î weivRgvb ¯^vfvweK B”QvKvZi I `nb`y¯’ †cÖg| G †cªg cÖKv‡k KweAvwkªZ cÖK…wZ GK iK‡gi cÖvYvwqZ mgMÖZvq mgycw¯’Z| †hLv‡b cÖK…wZ I gvbyl GKxK…Z| Kwewba©vwiZ cÖK…wZ †PZbvq GKw`‡K wea„Z Zvi wmœ» iƒc‰ewPΨ Ab¨w`‡K webvkˆebvwkKZv| Avevi GKBiƒ‡c cÖwZwµqvkxj cuywRev‡`i †kvlY, †¯^”QvPvwiZv †hgb Av‡Q †Zgwb wPivqZ ¯ú›`¨gvb RxebI Av‡Q| Ggb mgvšÍivj mgvR AwfÁZv †gvnv¤§` iwd‡Ki KweZvi welq| GLv‡b Kwei cÖZ¨ÿ mvg~wnK AwfÁZvi m‡½ hy³ nq cV‡bi DrKxY© gbbkw³| d‡j Avw½KwU cvq AvaywbK Aegy³ gvÎv| †gvnv¤§` iwdK Avevj¨ MÖvgjvwjZ| †m Kvi‡Y †jŠwKK myiwUI wewfbœ ixwZ‡Z cixÿYxq iƒc AR©b K‡i| †hgb AvšÍicvVg~jK ixwZ‡Z (intertexuality) ÔKwcjvÕ ev ÔMvIw`qvÕ evOgq n‡q I‡V| GiK‡g `ytL-`vwi`ª¨, Avb›`-D”Q¡vm Zuvi KweZvq cÖK…Z cÖqv‡m AšÍe©wqZ nq| Zuvi Kve¨ ˆekvLx c~wY©gv (1970), ay‡jvi msmv‡i GB gvwU (1976), KxwZ©bvkv (1979), Kwcjv (1983), †Lvjv KweZv (1983), DcK_v (1985), MvIw`qv (1987), ¯^‡`kx wbtk¦vm-Zzwggq (1988), †g‡N Ges Kv`vq (1991), †gvnv¤§` iwd‡Ki wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1993), iƒcK_v wKse`šÍx (1998), grm¨MÜv (1999), gvwZ wKmKz (2000), ¯§„wZ-we¯§„wZi AšÍiv‡j (2002), fv‡jvevmvi Rxebvb›` (2003), welLvjx mܨv (2003), Kvjvcvwb (2006), wbe©wPZ 100 KweZv (2006), †`v-gvwUi gyL (2010) cÖf„wZ| wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y (R. 1945) mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q wbg©‡j›`y ¸‡Yi KweZvq KvgB wkí| Av‡Q Zvi eûZi e›`bv| cÖZ¨ÿ I wbiveiY n‡jI KweZv Zxÿèax DB‡U iƒcgq gvÎv †c‡q hvq| Aek¨ G‡ÿ‡Î Kwei K¨vwiRgvcvV‡Ki imMÖvnx mg_©b‡K mvejxj †i‡LB wkí‡K ¯úk©© Ki‡Z cviv| wbg©‡j›`y ¸‡Yi KweZv AgxgvswmZ igYx (1973), evrmvqb (2000)i Kvg ¯’~j bq, †cø‡UvwbK fv‡e ch©ewmZ| AvUvbœwU †cÖ‡gi KweZv wb‡q APj c`vejx (1982) iwPZ| Ômsmv‡ii LyuwUbvwU Abyl‡½ wgjbvZ¥K †cÖ‡gi wewPÎiƒc GLv‡b ev•gq|... KweZv¸‡jv wgjbvZ¥K n‡jI wKQy wKQy KweZv wgj‡bi Z…wßmyL-e›`bvq D¾¡j, Avi GK ai‡bi KweZvi wgjb myL `xN© bv nIqvi Avk¼vq e¨w_Z|Õ Zuvi Ab¨ †cÖ‡gi KweZv `xN© 76 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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me©v½xY Kj¨vYKvgbvq AvaywbK wPšÍ‡b Zuvi Kwefvlv `ywe©bxZ| GgbwU lv‡Ui cÖvq me KweiB ˆewkó¨ ejv hvq| Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq` †h Kvi‡Y wbwj©ß, iwdK AvRv` †ec‡ivqv, Aveyj nvmvb ¯^vwcœK †mfv‡eB wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y AKcUAj¾-AvµgYvZ¥K| mwZ¨B Ô†kl lvU †_‡K Zuv‡`i D‡V Avmv, weKvk c~Y©Zv gyw³hy‡×i c‡i|Õ lvU`kKxq cvðvZ¨ KweKz‡ji (AvwWªqvb †nbix ev iRvi g¨vKMvd) cÖfve A‡b‡Ki g‡Zv (kvgmyi ivngvb, iwdK AvRv`) wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y‡KI Av‡jvwoZ K‡i _vK‡e| MxZj wjwiK, PUzj †cÖg, ¯’~j Av‡eM, ÔjvRyK wjwiKÕ †ek mdj Avw½K †c‡q‡Q : GBLv‡b G‡j g‡b nq Zzwg me‡P‡q †ewk †bB| †Zvgv‡K ÿwYK cvevi R‡b¨ GBLv‡bB Zey Avwm, gy» civY hZ`~i Pvq ZZ`~i fvjevwm| ¸‡Yi KweZvi AMfxiZ¡ A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q †cuŠQvq wKš‘ AvZ¥me©¯^ n‡q GKvav‡i †cÖg I wecø‡ei †h b›`bKvbb wZwb wbi¼zkfv‡e iPbv K‡ib Zv evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq mnRjf¨ bq| mgvRm‡PZb Av‡e‡M Kwe cÖjyä| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨ : I eÜz Avgvi (1975), Avb›` Kzmyg (1976), evsjvi gvwU evsjvi Rj (1978), Zvi Av‡M PvB mgvRZš¿ (1979), Pvlvfylvi Kve¨ (1981), c„w_ex‡Rvov Mvb (1982), `~i n `ytkvmb (1983), kvwšÍi wWwµ (1984), Bm&µv (1984), cÖ_g w`‡bi m~h© (1984), Avevi GKevi duy w`‡q `vI (1984), †bB †Kb †mB cvwL (1985), wbićbi c„w_ex (1986), wPiKv‡ji euvwk (1986), `ytL K‡iv bv euv‡Pv (1987), 1987 (1988), hLb Avwg ey‡Ki cuvRi Ly‡j `uvovB (1989), avegvb nwi‡Yi `y¨wZ (1992), AbšÍ eidexw_ (1993), Avb›`D`¨vb (1995), wcÖq bvix, nviv‡bv KweZv (1996), wkq‡i evsjv‡`k (1998), BqvwnqvKvj (1998), Avwg mgq‡K Rb¥v‡Z †`‡LwQ (2000), gy‡Vv‡dv‡bi Kve¨ (2001), wbwkKve¨ (2002), wPiAbve„Zv †n bMœZgv (2005), gy‡Vv‡dv‡bi Kve¨mgMÖ (2005), Kve¨mgMÖ-1, Kve¨mgMÖ-2, Kve¨mgMÖ-3 (2005) cÖf„wZ| mvh&hv` Kvw`i (R. 1947) mvh&hv` Kvw`i Kwg‡UW, †ivg¨vw›UK| lv‡Ui cÖvšÍc‡e©i Kwe| h‡_”Q aªæc` †e‡ivq 1970-G| Gici cÖKi‡Y wbixÿvi c_ a‡i AMÖmi| mgq‡K Avq‡Ë 78 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Avbevi †Póv| †mLv‡bB Rxeb‡K ch©‡eÿY| †iŠ‡`ª cÖwZaŸwb (1976), `~iZgvi Kv‡Q (1985), `iRvi Kv‡Q b`x (1992), Avgvi wcÖq (1995) Gme Kv‡e¨ mvh&hv` Kvw`i mg‡qi c_ a‡iB GwM‡q‡Qb| gnv‡`e mvnv (R. 1944) gnv‡`e mvnv gwe©W †ivg¨vw›UK KweZv wj‡L cvV‡Ki KvZv‡i `uvovb| wbwe©‡ivax; wKš‘ KweZvq Zuvi c_ Awbiæ×| wewPÎ iK‡gi KweZv wj‡L‡Qb; A‡bK welq G‡m‡Q Zuvi KweZvq| DËiY A‡bK fv‡e, A‡bK iK‡g| Av_©mgvR ivRbxwZi welq¸‡jv cÖ”Qbœ weiwPZ n‡jI gg©`vn jÿYxq| GKvšÍ AvZ¥køvNv †hgb Av‡Q †Zgwb Av‡Q †cÖg; g~jZ wkíK…wZ iÿvq Kwe w¯’i, mshZ, `„p| AvKÉ AbyivM ev Rxe‡bi cÖgË R½gZv Kvw•ÿZ bq gnv‡`e mvnvq; wbwe©Kvi cÖwZgvq mnRvZ Q›` g~Z;© aŸwbcÖevnI Aweivg, wmœ»ZvgwÐZ†hgbUv gvnv‡`e mvnvi PvwiΨ, GgbUvB AvZ¥g~wZ©| mgvRivRbxwZ Zuvi KweZvq _vK‡jI cÖavbZ Awµq AvZ¥K_‡bB mvg~wnK we‡ePbv wbY©xZ| †mfv‡eB wbiewa Zuvi Kve¨PP©v| gnv‡`e mvnvi cÖ_g Kve¨ GB M„n, GB mbœ¨vm (1972) Gici gvbe G‡mwQ Kv‡Q (1973), PvB wel AgiZv (1975), Kx my›`i AÜ (1978), †Zvgvi cv‡qi kã (1982), ay‡jvgvwUi gvbyl (1982), dzj KB, ïay A‡¯¿i Djøvm (1984), jvRyK wjwiK (1984), Avwg wQbœwfbœ (1986), gvbyl e‡ov µ›`b Rv‡b bv (1989), wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1989), cÖ_g cqvi (1990), †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1991), ivR‰bwZK KweZv (1991), †Kv_v †mB †cÖg, †Kv_v †m we‡`ªvn (1990), A¯ÍwgZ Kv‡ji †MŠie (1992), Avg~j e`‡j `vI Avgvi Rxeb (1993), GKv n‡q hvI (1993), h`yesk aŸs‡mi Av‡M (1994), †Kv_vq hvB, Kvi Kv‡Q hvB (1994), my›`‡ii nv‡Z AvR nvZKov †Mvjv‡ci weiæ‡× ûwjqv (1995), G‡mv Zywg cyiv‡Yi cvwL (1995), †eu‡P AvwQ ¯^cœgvbyl (1995), welv` Quy‡q‡Q AvR, gb fv‡jv †bB (1996), AvKv‡ki Av‡`¨vcvšÍ (1996), †Zvgvi Rb¨ AšÍ¨wgj (1996), fywj bvB †Zvgv‡K iægvj (1996), ZzwgB AbšÍ Drm (1996), †KD fv‡jvev‡m bv (1997), Kv‡K GB g‡bi K_v ewj (1997), AšÍ¨nxb b„‡Z¨i gnov (1997), GKevi wb‡Ri Kv‡Q hvB (1997), cvZvi †NvgUv-civ evwo (1997), fv‡jvevmv †Kb G‡Zv Av‡jvAÜKvigq (2005), †cÖg I fv‡jvevmvi KweZv (2005), jvRyK wjwiK-1, jvRyK wjwiK-2 (2006) cÖf„wZ Kve¨|



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 79



dinv` gRnvi (R. 1947) Kwei wek¦v‡m cÖavbZ weivRgvb cÖ”Qbœ ivRbxwZ| wKš‘ kixie„wËq RM‡Zi m~²Zi KwYKv Ges Zvi ˆeÁvwbK wfwË wKsev Kvh©KviY cÖwµqv dinv` gRnv‡ii gg©‡cÖvw_Z| ÔwbDibÕ wRÁvmv †LvKb I Zvi cÖwZ cyiæl (1972) Kv‡e¨ we`¨gvb| Z‡e †hgbUv ejv P‡j, ivRbxwZ†hLv‡b †kªwY‡PZbv, ˆelg¨-kvmb-Îvmb weivRgvb †mLv‡b wecøexi ¯^cœ I mvnm; wKsev Avkvev` Zuvi Kwef~‡g cÖej GK RvqMv m„wó K‡i †bq| wKš‘ dinv` gRnvi wecø‡ei Acicx‡V Aa¨vZ¥ †PZbv‡ZI Kg hvb bv| m¤cÖwZ Zuvi `k©bMZ w`KwU weZ‡K©i gvÎv †c‡q‡Q| wbišÍi Kve¨PP©vq cªviw¤¢K c‡e© wZwb wj‡L‡Qb M`¨fw½‡Z Ges ¯^ie„‡Ëi `ªæZ j‡q; c‡i †mwU Avi `uvovqwb| Avwki wØZxq cv‡` wKsev c‡i jÿ Kiv hvq Aÿie„Ë I gvÎve„‡Ëi ¯^‡i wZwb RvMiƒK| D`vni‡Y aiv hvq, †gN †gwk‡bi m½xZ; cy‡ivwUB AvU‡K Av‡Q gvÎve„‡Ëi Pv‡j| µg-cwieZ©gvb, †gavex, weÁvb‡PZbvm¤¢~Z Avavi I Av‡aq Zuvi KweZv| cÖKi‡Y †h Kwe RxweZ, ¯ú›`¨gvb wZwb dinv` gRnvi| ÔGKUz `xN©k¦vm wb‡q dzu `vI ZvÕn‡j/ wLowK w`‡q AmsL¨ ey`ey` †`L‡e D‡o hv‡e Po–B‡qi g‡ZvÕ, ÔAvR‡K †fv‡i e‡bi g‡a¨/ GKwU ey‡bv dz‡ji ¯^v‡`/ wK‡kvi fvjyK gvZvj n‡q/ no‡K c‡o A_B Lv‡`ÕGm‡e Kwei GKUv iƒcvšÍi Av‡Q| Dcgvb, Dc‡gqi cÖ_ve× wPšÍv‡K evwZj K‡i †`b, we‡klY e¨env‡i mgKvj‡K A_©v‡ivc K‡ib Ab¨gvÎvq, Kvgbv‡K Zz‡j a‡ib mshZ e¨Äbvq, ˆewk¦K Z_v e¯‘wek¦ cÖwZwôZ nq fv‡ei Zzjbvq| KL‡bv ag©xq wek¦vm‡K Ab¨gvÎvq cÖkqª †`b Kwe| KvVweovwj‡K ÔGn‡ZKv‡dÕ †`Lv wKsev fvjy‡Ki †hŠeb Djøvm csw³gvjvq PgrKvi cwi‡ek Qovq| Gev`bvgvq Aviwe-dviwm†jvKvqZ kãweb¨vm ˆZwi K‡ib| Gfv‡e Zuvi KweZv-wbg©vYwU `„k¨gvb nq| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b Zuvi A‡bK welq AgxgvswmZ g‡b nq| wÎf‡½i wZbwU R¨vwgwZ (1977), Avgv‡K Zzwg `uvo Kwi‡q w`‡q‡Qv wecø‡ei mvg‡b (1983), e„ÿ (1985), myfvKzmyg `yB dg©v (1985), AK¯§vr ißvbxgyLx bvix †gwkb (1985), Lmov M`¨ (1987), †gN †gwk‡bi m½xZ (1988), Gev`Zbvgv (1990), Amg‡qi †bvUeB (1994), `i`x eKzj (1994), ¸e‡i †cvKvi k¦ïi (2000), KweZvi †ev‡bi m‡½ Avevi (2003) Kv‡e¨i †fZ‡i evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvf~‡g wZwb D¾¡jiƒ‡c AwawôZ| gyn¤§` b~iæj û`v (R. 1949)



80 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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wb welv`ÕGfv‡e KweZv-wbg©vY I DËiY cwijwÿZ| cÖ_g DׄwZ h‡ZvUv cÖK…wZMwÜ c‡i Z‡ZvUvB ¯^Kvj-AvwkªZ †PZbvq wea„Z| Z‡e Zuvi KweZvq cÖvšÍ¯úkx© cÖZ¨q †h †bB Zv bq†jvKvqZ †d«g †Zv Av‡QB m‡e©vcwi Zuvi ¸iæZ¡ wbg©vYKjvi †fZ‡i| MxZj, Q‡›`ve×, cÖZxKcÖwZgv, DcgvbwPÎ AvwkªZ ûgvqyb Kwei| †evSv hvq, Zuvi †fZ‡i w·kvËi †PZbv KvR Ki‡jI Zv Kxfv‡e †mLvb †_‡K m‡i G‡m evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^Kv‡j kiY wb‡q‡Q| GKwU Kve¨B Zvi `„óvšÍ| ûgvqyb AvRv` (1947-2004) A_©nxb ¯^vaxbZvi †`‡k Agi csw³gvjv iPbv K‡i ûgvqyb AvRv` we‡`ªv‡ni evZ©v †NvlYv K‡ib| G we‡`ªvn fv‡jvevmvi, AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi, wek¦v‡mi| Zuvi KweZvq G welq¸‡jv we‡gvwnZ, gg©cøveb m„wóKvix, †NviMÖ¯Í K‡i †Zv‡j cvVK‡K| ûgvqyb AvRv` KweZvq kã‡K wbg©vY K‡ib, mg¯Í iƒc-im-M܇K B‡g‡R fvwm‡q wb‡g©` AšÍtmvi‡K †hb †Q‡b †Zv‡jb| †cÖg-cÖK…wZ-bvix wbi¼zk n‡q I‡VwKš‘ †fZ‡i _v‡K Zxeª †µva Avi webwói msev`| Aÿie„Ë, Z‡e Zv wecyjfv‡e M`¨vwkªZ, MwZgq, KL‡bv hwZnxb Zuvi KweZv| KweZvi ÔevK&cÖwZgvÕ kãwU ûgvqyb AvRv‡`i Rb¨ h_v_©; Awbevh©ZviI e‡U| Ô†hw`‡K B‡”Q cvjvI `yÕcv‡q, GBUzKz _vK Rvbv/ Pviw`‡K Avwg KuvUvZv‡i wN‡i/ mvš¿x ewm‡q †c‡Z AvwQ †RjLvbvÕ GKUz me©MÖvmx g‡b n‡jI Avw½KcwiPh©v `ye©j bq| wPÎiƒcgqZvq Avengvb evsjv‡`‡ki FZzi mg¯Í iO‡K; Kx bMi Kx MÖvg mewKQy‡K Abyf‡ei ¯ú‡k© Kvw•ÿZ K‡i †Zv‡jb| civev¯Íe Abyf~wZ wKsev A¨vemvW© weg~Z‡© jvKI Abyfe‡e`¨ iƒc cvq Zuvi KweZvq| Dc¯’vcbvi Giƒc ms‡K‡Z Kwe evOgq K‡i †Zv‡jb wb‡Ri wcÖq ¯^‡`k‡K| wecixZ cÖv‡šÍ Avevi `ytL`xY© webó ¯^‡`‡ki cªwZ µy×ZvI †hb KweKj‡g wkígvÎv AR©b K‡i †d‡j| ûgvqy‡bi Av‡eM †m Kvi‡Y ïay †ivg¨vw›UK bq; Lye `„pfv‡e †cÖvw_Z _v‡K eyw×i kvmb| Avi †miƒ‡cB Zvi kã ˆZwi nq| A‡jŠwKK ÷xgvi (1973), R¡‡jv wPZvevN (1980), mewKQy bó‡`i AwaKv‡i hv‡e (1985), h‡ZvB Mfx‡i hvB gay h‡ZvB Ic‡i hvB bxj (1987), Avwg †eu‡P wQjvg Ab¨‡`i mg‡q (1990), ûgvqyb AvRv‡`i †kÖô KweZv (1993), Kvd‡b †gvov AkÖæwe›`y (1998), Kve¨msMÖn (1998), †c‡iv‡bvi wKQy †bB (2004) Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’| iwdK AvRv` (R. 1943) 82 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



lv‡Ui Aeÿq‡PZbv g‡g© AeMvnb K‡i welv`-ˆbivk¨-†ÿvf-†µva wb‡q 1964 †_‡K 1972 mg‡q iwdK AvRv` wj‡L‡Qb Am¤¢e cv‡q (1973) Kve¨MÖš’| Zvui bT_©K fveUv A‡bKUv divwm Kwe †ev`‡jqv‡ii Avw½‡Ki| KweK…wZ‡Z weivRgvb GK ai‡bi mvnm, `„pZv, A½xKvi Ab¨w`‡K e¨w³i e¨_v‡e`bvi AvKywZ : Pÿz®§v‡bi c‡ÿ †PvL ey‡R _vKvi g‡Zv Avb›`gq Avi Kx-Bev n‡Z cv‡i? nq‡Zv Gfv‡eB Avgvi evwK Rxeb PÕ‡j †h‡Zv wKš‘ nVvr KÕ‡i †Zvgv‡K †`‡L †d‡j Avb‡›` wenŸj GB Avwg Kx †h wec‡` cojvg, Zzwg †Zv †Kv‡bvw`bB eyS‡e bv| Avevi `k eQi mgq †ciæ‡bv Kwei wfbœ Avw½KRgv K‡qKwU jvBb : †Zv, evj‡Ki D_vjcvZvj ey‡K bvbv †XD G‡m AvQ‡o c‡o†Kv‡bv-GK wK‡kvixi PÂj †Pv‡Li PvDwb, Kviæ wcV‡Q‡q †b‡g Avmv NbK…ò KzšÍj`vg, Kviæ nvwmi Sibvaviv, Kviæev †`n‡mŠôe, Mv‡ji wZj, IôcÖvšÍ! GKK GKvKx wbw`©ó †KD bq, evjK mevi Kv‡Q †_‡K wZj-wZj †mŠ›`h© AvniY KÕ‡i M‡o †Zv‡j GK gvbwmK ÔwZ‡jvËgvÕ wK‡kvix†mB wK‡kvixB ax‡i ax‡i eqtcÖvß n‡”Q GL‡bvg„Zz¨i Av‡M nq‡Zv GK cwic~Y© ÔbvixÕ G‡m Avmb cvZ‡e Zvi KweZvq| †mB cÖZxÿvq my`~‡ii wcqvmx GK wenŸj evjK GL‡bv b`xZx‡i `uvwo‡q Av‡Q| AviI wKQy c‡i †jLv Kwei KweZv : Avgiv Av¸bgy‡Lv b`xi Zj‡`k †_‡K muvZ‡i D‡V G‡mwQjvg Avgv‡`i GB DÌvb ZLb Aek¨ Awbevh© wQ‡jv; `ytmg‡q D‡V G‡m Avgv‡`i H cv‡qi wb‡Pi gvwU Lye fv‡jv‡e‡mwQjvg ... ... ... wKš‘ eb¨v, SÅvev‡Z, weÿyä MwK©‡Z, R‡jv”Q¡v‡m, gvix I go‡K, AwMœS‡o, g½vq cxwoZRb `„pcv‡q `uvov‡bvi †Kv‡bv VuvB-B †Zv †cjvg bv! evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 83



Zv-n‡j wK Rb¥vewa cÖvYvšÍKi `ytLRqx H cÖ‡PóvwU Avgv‡`i wcÖq ¯§„wZfvÐv‡iB Rgv _vK‡jv? [ZLb ¯^cœ wQ‡jv `yÕ‡Pv‡L A‡bK] iwdK AvRv` Gfv‡e cÖKi‡YB Avjv`v| wbe©vwPZ KweZvq Zuvi Dw³ ÔLÐ, wew”Qbœ, ¯^vaxb wKQy c`¨-cÖe‡Üi GKwÎZ mgv‡ek NwU‡q GB mvgvb¨ cuyw_i webxZ cÖKvkÕ, Avevi e‡jb ÔcvV‡Ki Rb¨ Avgvi †Kv‡bv M`¨-msev` †bB e‡jB AMZ¨v, c`¨-cÖe܇K AvZ¥cÖKv‡ki gva¨g wn‡m‡e †e‡Q wb‡qwQÕˆbivk¨ev`, ÔgvwQÕ, gvby‡li cÖZxKvqb KweDcgvq G‡Kev‡i w`e¨`„wó| mgq, e¨e¯’v, mvgwiK kvm‡bi g‡a¨ Kwei gg©cxob, AvZ¥xKiYAewÿYœ I weKviZvwoZ| ZLb c`¨-cÖeÜB Q‡›`i gvÎv †c‡q hvq| Kwe †k¨Y`„wó †mLv‡b wkíK…wZ AR©b K‡i| iwdK AvRv‡`i DËwiZ c_wUI evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq G cÖengvb mg‡qiB wbkvbv n‡q hvq| `xN© KweZvPP©vq wk‡íi KviæKvh©gq `‡ivRv AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi m‡½ A‡š¦lY K‡i‡Qb| GRb¨ cÖKiY KL‡bv cÖædKmyjf, KL‡bv m¨vgmbxq, KL‡bv Kb‡dkbvj| n«¯^ KweZv †cwi‡q `xN© KweZvi cwiKxY© cvbkvjvq| Z‡e GK mgq D‡V Av‡m Pzwbqvi wb®úvc BwZnvm| Kwei Kv‡Q lv‡Ui Ôm¨vWÕ n‡q I‡V `k©b| †cÖg †cŠiæl¯úw›`Z, eªxovnxb, jv¤úU¨ jxjvjv‡m¨ ficyi| Avi mgq Ae‡mkbwcÖq| Z‡e cÖvwšÍ‡K Kwe w¯’Z, g„Zz¨‡PZbvKvZi, †mœnavivRjwm³| ÿgv K‡iv †n engvb D`vi A‡gq evZvm-G cÖK…wZ cÖPÐ `vwqZ¡kxj| cjøxi cjjf~‡g mw¾Z| cvwL, KxU, cZ½, jZvi †kvfvgMœ AvZ¥vi Aegyw³| iwdK AvRv` cÖK…Z Kwe wKš‘ ÔMfxi Avi ¯^‡cœ ev¯Í‡eÕi i‡_ wZwb ÎæwUgy³ bb| k‡ãi evMvo¤^i, ZvrÿwYK ¯’~j Av‡eM, ivR‰bwZK `vX©¨, cÖvZ¨wnK AwfÁZv A‡bK mgq Zuvi KweZvq †hb RbwcÖqZvi Pvc m„wó K‡i‡Q| Zuvi KweZv : mxgve× R‡j mxwgZ mey‡R (1974), wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1975), Pzwbqv Avgvi Av‡K©wWqv (1977), †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1981), mk¯¿ my›`i (1982), GKRxe‡b (1983), fv‡jvevmvi KweZv (1983), A½xKv‡ii KweZv (1983), wcÖq kvwo¸wj (1983), nvZzwoi wb‡P Rxeb (1984), cwiKxY© cvbkvjv Avgvi ¯^‡`k (1985), iwdK AvRv‡`i †kªô KweZv (1987), M‡`¨i Mnb Ai‡Y¨ nvwi‡q hvIqv Avwg GK w`M&åvšÍ cw_K (1987), Aci Ai‡Y¨ (1987), Lye †ewk `~‡i bq (1989), ÿgv Ki engvb †n D`vi A‡gq evZvm (1992), K‡iv AkÖæcvZ (1994), cvMjv Mvi` †_‡K †cÖwgKvi wPwV (1995), †cÖg I wei‡ni KweZv (1994), KweZvmgMÖ (1996), K‡É Zz‡j Avb‡Z PvB (1996), †cÖ‡gi



84 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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cÖK…wZ Kve¨-cÖKiY aviY Ki‡j Aveyj nvmvb wb‡Ri †fZ‡i wbg©vY-cyj‡K ev bevwqZ m„wó‡Z †cuŠQz‡j Zvi cÖZvcUzKz we¯§qKi e‡j ¯^xKvi Kivi wKQz _v‡K bv| KviY, G c‡_i euv‡K Gevi Zvi be-cÖwZfvi ¯Íi Kv‡qg n‡q‡Q, Zvi cÖKvk Dw`ó c„_K cvj¼| G Kv‡e¨i cÖeYZv AvZ¥-DrmviY| †ivMkh¨v, ¯§„wZwPý, AmyL, bi‡Ki Av¸b, iæMœZv, nvmcvZvj, g„Zz¨, GwcUvd-Gi †fZi †_‡K cyiv‡Yi cvwLi g‡Zv †R‡M IVv| AvZ¥vi G RvMi-AvL¨vb wPiRqx, g„Zz¨Äqx, RqkÖx| ÔAvgvi Ab‡j AvR Rv‡Mv Z‡e †n Rxeb, RqkÖx Rxeb!Õ, Ôga¨iv‡Z SvDKvbœv †Ku‡` e‡j, kvwšÍ †nvK, I‡i kvwšÍ †nvK!Õ, Ômg¯Í kvwšÍ †f‡½ Xz‡K hv‡”Q gvby‡li gbxlvi †kl ˆebvwk‡K!ÕGfv‡e AvZ¥v‡K Ab‡j cywo‡q, ÔkvwšÍÕ-i wPiRxweZ wkíKvVv‡gv iPbv K‡ib| G‡Z cÖKiY‰ewkó¨I wbiƒwcZ nq| cybiæ×vi ev wifvBf A‡bKUv hxï-cyiv‡Y-Dcwbl‡` cÖRw¡ jZ| G cÖRj ¡ ‡bi c_ RvMwZK mKj cÖvYxi ïf‡cÖiYvq| wKš‘ †mwU D¾xweZ nIqvi miYx mgvR-wea„Z Afve, `ytL, †e`bv, Møvwbi †fZi w`‡q| Kwe `ytL†e`bviI Kve¨gq cÖwmw× wbg©vY K‡ib| ¯§„wZ‡mŠ‡a ev D×Z-fxwZKi cÖvYxevPK we‡klvq‡Y Zvi wkwíZ iƒc-KvVv‡gv iPbv K‡ib| evsjvi cÖK…wZ‡Z wKsev wea„Z weewZ©Z mgvR I Rxeb‡PZbvq Zvi cybe©qb jvf N‡U| mgv‡Ri DciKvVv‡gvq cÖKvwkZ †h ¯Íi Zvi KviY wn‡m‡e †fZ‡ii KvVv‡gv I Kvh©KviY m¤úK©, K‡c©v‡iU ev gv‡K©›UvBj evwY‡R¨i kvm‡b wbcwZZ e¨w³, †h R‡b¥B KzuK‡o †M‡Q, e¨_v`xY© ÿwqòz gb I gbb, †cªgwebvkx I `ywe©bxZ ؇›Ø m„ó ÿZ Avi `ytLwPwýZ cÖn‡ii Mij wb‡q ZeyI Rqx Rxwe‡Zi kvšÍ-mÜvb cÖ‡Póvq iZ Kwei Dcjä cÖKiY| Q›`I †m j‡ÿ¨B m‡Pó| G kvwšÍi B‡gR iƒp-we`ªƒcvZ¥K-weK…Z-K‡Vvi wKš‘ †klvewa DcbxZ kvwšÍ cvivev‡i| Z…Zxq G Kve¨wU‡Z c~‡e©i Kve¨wPšÍ‡bi miYx †e‡q Kwe †cuŠ‡Q‡Qb `yj©f kvwšÍ cvivev‡i| †hLv‡b wbR¯^ iƒc-aviYvwU c~Y© I RxebRqx gvby‡li mvivrmviiƒ‡c wPwýZ| wefv‡MvËi Kve¨fvebvq Gi ¯^iƒc cvw_©eZvi †fZi w`‡q †jv‡KvËi we‡klZ¡ jvf Ki‡Z mÿg nq| Ôg„ZÕ gvby‡li cybiæÌv‡b †h beRb¥ Zv e„wó, b`x, mgy`ª, †iŠ`ª wKsev †Mvjvc, †Kvgj nwiY iƒc‡K cÖKvwkZ| G iƒcKv_© Kwe-Dw³‡Z †jv‡KvËiiƒ‡c cwiMwYZ wb‡¤œv³ `„óv‡šÍ : (K) Avgv‡K †kvbv‡Z n‡e †mB K‡eKvi GK mZ¨gv_yi : cÖevn b`xi cÖvY, bvwe‡Ki `j wd‡i G‡mv, Avgvi `yÕcv‡k AvR giv †XD, Awff‚Z Ab¨ e›`i! (L) G e„wó wK beRb¥?



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wKQzB Rvwbbv ïay AK&wm‡R‡bi bj bv‡K wb‡q e‡m _vwK RvMvZzi! Avi k‡ã †Ui cvB : GKjÿ wRivd, njy` mvc, wms‡ni meyR `j mg¯Í Rxeb †f‡½ Xz‡K hv‡”Q Avgvi wfZ‡i! (M) †`ix n‡q †M‡Q e„ÿ : cv‡q awi : e‡jv Avgvi ÿwqòz Rwg, †Kvb gnv‡`‡k †M‡j wd‡i cv‡e my‡ijv meyR? Dch©y³ `„óv‡šÍ cybiæ¾xeb †NvwlZ nq †Kvb& g~j¨‡ev‡a? mZ¨gv_yi Aveyj nvmvb cvc I cweÎZv‡K ˆRweK mZ¨m‡Ü cÖwZôv w`‡Z wM‡q cyiv-BwZnvmcyivY wg_w¯Œqvq mvgwMÖK welq‡K iƒcgq †mŠ›`‡h© f‚wlZ K‡ib| †mLv‡b †mŠ›`h© KvgMÜfvivZzi, jwjZ‡jvfbKvwšÍ : m„wó GZ †mŠ›`h©cÖavb! †mŠ›`h© Ggb fxiæ Ggb KzrwmZ! mvc, †Ljbv, bZ©Kx, b`x I bvix Acvcwe×Zvq ¯^M©-bi‡Ki †cŠivwYK wek¦vm wKsev mgvRmv‡cÿ †ek¨vjq, †Nvjvg`, AkøxjZv ÿ¨vcv `~e©vkvi †ÿ‡` cywo‡q †d‡jb| ˆbe©¨w³K wPšÍ‡b RM‡Zi ˆefe‡K GK ai‡bi cvw_©eZv †`b, Zvi †fZ‡iB Zzgyj n‡q I‡V Acvw_©e AvKzjZv| †hwU mgq I mgvR-wbi‡cÿ n‡qB wPišÍbZv jvf K‡i| gigx ev Ava¨vwZ¥K Awebvkx iƒ‡c hveZxq KzrwmZ-KÈK‡K niY K‡i| iPbv K‡i †mB gg©Ávbhv GKgvÎ I Awbt‡kliƒ‡c gvby‡lB me©‡kliƒ‡c cwiMwYZ| ivRv hvq ivRv Av‡m (1972), †h Zzwg niY K‡iv (1974), Avgvi †cÖg Avgvi cÖwZwbwa (1974), c„_K cvj¼ (1975) Zuvi iwPZ Kve¨MÖš’| Aveyj nvmv‡bi KweZvq ivRbxwZ †bB; wKš‘ _v‡K `yg©i N„Yvi Av‡køl Rov‡bv wbwe©Kvi †ÿvf| Avi †ÿv‡fi weKí wn‡m‡e wb‡Ri AšÍM©Z †PZbv‡jv‡K wbe©vwmZ nb wZwb| †mLv‡b KxwZ©Z nb Ô†fRv gvwUi e„wó‡ZÕ wKsev Ôcvi`gvLv kh¨vÕq| Gm‡ei †fZ‡iB Rxeb-g„Zz¨i wecixZvZ¥K cÖvšÍ‡K wgwj‡q‡Qb Kwe| cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kv‡e¨ wewea welq ˆewP‡Î¨i †fZi w`‡q Zuvi DËiY N‡U‡Q| Kve¨mgMÖi g‡a¨ c~Y©v½ GK Rxe‡bi gg©‡f`x D”PviY wegl© KiæYv`©ªZvq gyw`ªZ| cwikªgx Kwe Aveyj nvmvb ¯^ívqy wQ‡jb| Dch©y³ Kve¨MÖš’ Qvov Zuvi g„Zz¨i `k eQi ci cÖKvwkZ nq Aveyj nvmv‡bi AMÖwš’Z KweZv (1985)| AMÖwš’Z KweZvi g‡a¨ Aveyj nvmv‡bi kãvbymÜvbx, Q›`‰ewPΨwcqvmx GK mvgwMÖK KwemËv‡K Luy‡R cvIqv hvq| GQvov Aveyj nvmv‡bi Iiv K‡qKRb evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 91



(1975) bv‡g GKwU Kve¨bvU¨I g„Zz¨i ci mvßvwnK ÔwewPÎvÕq cÖKvwkZ



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Wvbvi gvbyl †_‡K (1991), mycÖfvZ †n eviv›`v (1993), KvdKvi Rvgv (1994), myjZv Avgvi Gjmv (1994), iægv‡ji Av‡jv I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1995), †jvK©v‡K †hw`b Iiv wb‡q †M‡jv (1997) Ggb Kwei wPÎKí BD‡ivcxq Ges ¯^‡`kx HwZ‡n¨ kxwjZ| kvgmyj Bmjvg (1942-2007) lv‡Ui Ab¨Zg Kwe| †ivg¨vw›UK cÖeYZvq †jvKRxe‡bi Dcv`vb‡K AvZ¥¯’ K‡i mgKvj‡K cybM©V‡b cÖqvmx nb| loFZzi †mvbvi evsjvi cÖK…wZ Aciƒciƒ‡c e¨wÄZ Zuvi Kv‡e¨| cÖZœ`„wói gwngvI AvKl©Yxq| †`kxq HwZn¨ wecyjZv cvq Q‡›`; DcgvbwPÎI cvi¤úwiK| R‡jŠKv †n bxjhgybvi (1975) wPiwewiwÂi Ziæ (1982), †jvnj bywjqv (1985), Kvj‡bwgKvj (1987), bóP›`ªvi Puv` (1989), K‡bmy›`ix Av‡jv (1992), wnPnvBKvi I Ab¨vb¨ c`¨ (1996), kvgmyj Bmjv‡gi KweZv msMÖn (1996), GK‡cÖwg‡Z Avj‡Kwg‡Z (2000) cÖf„wZ Zuvi Kve¨| Avmv` †PŠayix (R. 1943) KweZvq bvMwiKZvi m‡½ hy³ nq †jvKR weË-†emvZ| wbinsKvix Avmv` †PŠayixi KweZvq c‡`¨i jvwjZ¨ Av‡Q| Qovi eywj‡Z, MR‡ji MxZjZvq Avi PviY ˆewk‡ó¨ mgKv‡ji †K¬`-nZvkv‡K civf~Z K‡ib wZwb| Abvo¤^i Zuvi Av‡qvRb| Lye wbg©j cÖ¯Ívebv; mvaviY k‡ã wKsev AvU‡cŠ‡i Dcgvq `y¨wZgq fvl¨ iPbv K‡ib| cÖ_g Kve¨ ZeK †`Iqv cvb (1975)-G Kwei webgª Dcw¯’wZ mcÖwZf| weË bvB †emvZ bvB (1976), cÖkœ †bB, Dˇi cvnvo (1979), R‡ji g‡a¨ †jLv‡RvLv (1982), †h cv‡i cviæK (1983), ga¨gvV †_‡K (1984), †g‡Ni Ryjyg cvwLi Ryjyg (1985), fv‡jvevmvi KweZv (1985), †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1985), `ytLxivI Mí K‡i (1987), b`xI wee¯¿ nq (1992), evZvm †hgb cwiwPZ (1998), e„wói msmv‡i Avwg †KD bB (1998), †h‡Z †h‡Z ga¨hyM Ny‡i `uvwo‡q‡Q (2012) Kwee¨w³‡Z¡i Ab¨Zg Kve¨MÖš’| Kv‡e¨ Avmv` †PŠayixi AwfÁZvjä I gbbRvZ mËvwU †jvKms¯‹…wZi Dcv`v‡b cwicywó AR©b K‡i| d‡j cÖev`-cÖePb-Qov-avav Gme Q‡›`vhy³ nq ¯’vbvšÍi (inversion) ev wech©vm (distortion) cÖwµqvqcybwb©gv© ‡Yi †fZi w`‡q| Zuvi Kve¨ cwiPh©vq AvaywbKZvi kZ©mg~n Av‡ivwcZ bq eis †jvKRxe‡bi cÖK…Z Ø›ØvZ¥K cÖqvmwU AšÍ`©„wó wb‡q ˆewPΨgq D™¢vwmZ nq| evsjv‡`‡ki Kve¨v½‡bi Zuvi GwU wbixwÿZ I e¨wZµgx Abyl½| Avmv` 94 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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_v‡K mgvR-m¤¢~Z †PZbv| cÖMwZfvebv Kwei AvZ¥vi Av¯^v‡` jvwjZ| e¨½we`ªƒc Av‡Q, †L‡`vw³I Av‡QwKš‘ b÷¨vjwRqv I Avevj¨jvwjZ MÖvg †_‡K hvq AvRb¥-Avgi‡Yi cUf~wg‡Z| RyjwdKvi gwZb KweZvq iv‡óªi †kªwYPwi‡Îi weK…Z, ¯^v_©v‡š^lx I K`h© iƒcwU Zz‡j a‡ib| Zz‡j Av‡bb Drcv`b-m¤úK©m~‡Îi cwiKvVv‡gvwU| G‡ÿ‡Î Kwefvlvq wbwg©Z nq weewZ©Z mgvR I `wc©Z ¯^‡`k| Zuvi BwZnvm I HwZn¨I _v‡K hveZxq mZ¨`k©x wPšÍ‡b| Kwei Q›` cwiï×, wPÎKí ¯^cœ‡g`yi, ivR‰bwZK i³v¤^i KzkjZv A‡jŠwKK Avb‡›`i gvÎvq AvcøyZ| KweZvPP©vi m¤¢ve¨ w`Kw`M‡šÍi D™¢vebvq wZwb mvnmx cÖe³vI e‡U| mg‡qi cÖwZwU ewj‡iLv cÖKiYwPwýZ nq †kªq‡ev‡ai †cÖiYvq| RyjwdKvi gwZ‡bi KwecÖwZôvq eyw× I cÖÁvi AskwU A`¨vewa m¤§yLMvwg| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ KweZvMÖš’ †Kvb j‡ÿ¨ †n wblv` (1989), bxwjgv‡K Puv` †`‡ev e‡j (2000), ZvB‡Zv msev` †bB (1999), Nv‡gi IRb KZ fvix (2001), `ytL †fvjvi `xN©k¦vm (2005), GB msev` GB GKz‡k (2007)| ˆekvL Drme DËxY© Kve¨ : ˆekv‡L So Rj †iv‡`i KweZv (2000)| gvneye mvw`K (R. 1947) mgikvmK †cÖZ I Av_©-ivRbxwZi Pv‡c Db¥~j mËv; Rxe‡bi A‡bK m~²‡eva KweZvq D”PgvÎv cvq| Aj¼vi wbe©vP‡b Awfbe‡Z¡i d‡j Zvi welq Dc¯’vcbvq Av‡m AvaywbK I me©Á `„wó| gvneye mvw`K Q‡›` ¯^Ztù‚Z©| Zuvi Kve¨ DËi‡Yi cÖqvmwU mgKvjxb AwfÁZvcÖm~Z| cvðvZ¨ Kwe‡`i cÖfve I Bw½Z AvZ¥¯’ Zuvi KweZvq| A‡bK mgq K¨vRyqvj k㸇jvI †ek ¯^cœKvZi K‡i †Zv‡j cvVK‡K| cÖ_g w`‡K gvneye mvw`K wj‡L‡Qb, Ô†hb †`Lv hvq Puv`R¡jv ebf~wg/ †mLv‡b AvwgB wPZj nwiY LuywRÕ; c‡i †j‡Lb Ôgwjb Kuv_vq ï‡q †Lvjv‡Pv‡L †P‡q Av‡Q/ Aweg„k¨ bvix, dzUcvZ Ry‡o Zvi/ †e`bvi †bkv-Kiv Dj½ msmviÕ cwieZ©bwU Gfv‡e cvëvq| Kxiƒ‡c ¯^`xwÿZ n‡q DV‡jb| Zuvi KweZvi wkícÖqvm AvaywbK, KweZvi wkí‡K h‡_vwPZ †i‡L Rxe‡b ivR‰bwZK mZ¨‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`b wZwb| GgbUv G evsjv‡`‡k wbðqB `~ivqZ bq| cÖ_g Kve¨ mܨvi ¯^fve (1976) †_‡K µgk Kwe DËiY cwijwÿZ| ¯^cœ‰PZ‡b¨i Wvjcvjv (1983), my›`i †Zvgvi wbR©‡b (1985), hvq Kív‡šÍi Kvj (1986), Avw`MšÍ †iv‡`i wZwg‡i (1995), AbšÍ bÿÎ †PvL (1999), AZ…ß Ck¦i (2000), wbiv‡jv‡K RjSY©vi aŸwb (2006) cÖf„wZ Zuvi ¯^vfvweK Q‡›`i Kve¨cÖqvm|



98 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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Nv‡m-Nv‡m wbtkã PvKwPK¨ Siv‡bv ¸”Q ¸”Q wcw”Qj AvjwRf GBfv‡e Avgvi i³cÖni ïiæ n‡qwQj (ÒRb¥¯§iÓ, Nv‡mi NUbv) Nv‡mi NUbv Kwei G fw½ Avjv`v Ges ¯^vZš¿¨wPwýZ| †Kbbv knx` Kv`ix ev Aveyj nvmvb wKsev †m mg‡qi DjwçZ Kweiv †hfv‡e wj‡L‡Qb Avwe` †mfv‡e †j‡Lbwb KviY, AšÍZ Zuvi mvg‡b bZzb ¯^cœvcøyZ Av‡e‡Mi GKwU †`k wQj| Ges †m †`‡k Kweiv ivRavbx XvKv‡K kni †f‡e Zv‡`i ev¯‘emwZ gh©v`v cÖwZôvq GK K‡i †gvUvgywU bvMwiK ev wmwfj MYZvwš¿K †f‡e †d‡jwQ‡jb| ZLb Zuv‡`i †Pv‡L Dch©y³ fvebv we‡kl gh©v`v cvIqvB ïay bq gg©i ˆPZ‡b¨ m„wó K‡iwQj K‚jcøvex fv‡jvjvMv Avi fv‡jvevmvi †cÖiYv| GLv‡b Avwe` AvRv` wjL‡ZB cv‡ib : †ivÏy‡i †`v‡j †ivÏy‡i †`v‡j/ gwiP Mv‡Qi cvZvq/ `yÕwU jvj †W‡qvwcuc‡oi fv¯‹h©/... †Pv‡Li wQjvq w`b QjKvq †ejv hvq †ejv hvq..., wKsev R¡iZß mviv evwo, gbgiv Ny‡gi R½jÑ/ DVv‡b wK e„wó G‡jv..., Lvjv¤§v, †Zvgvi M‡Ü Nyg Av‡m bv †h!/ GLb Icv‡k †d‡iv, Ab¨w`‡K gyL K‡i †kvI| †Zvgvi wfZ‡i Kx †h nvIqv Kx †h †R¨vrøv Kx †h †bvbv ev`v‡oi NÖvY!... BZ¨vw`| Avgvi gb †Kgb K‡i (1980) wKsev ebZiæ‡`i gg© (1982) Kv‡e¨ Kwei wPË DËwiZ| µgvMZ Kwe ¯^cœgy»Zvi †Niv‡Uvc †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m‡Qb| G Kve¨ `ywU‡Z Kwe Zvi mgmvgwqK mgq‡KB ew›` K‡i‡Qb| Nv‡mi NUbv †_‡K ebZiæ‡`i gg© cV‡bB Abygvb nq Kwei kã I fve e`‡ji †ÿθ‡jv| µgk Nv‡mi NUbvi welq †_‡K m‡i Av‡mb Kwe : AvR g‡b c‡o †mBme gy‡Vvew›` †RvbvK †cvKvi `ytL nvIqvi nvI‡i QB‡bŠKvi g‡Zv GKiwË cvwL Mjvi wb‡Pi w`‡K A™¢yZ big bxj †iuvqv D‡VvbgwYi gyL, †fvi‡ejvKvi wng‡fRv Kvi †PvL AvMWyg evMWyg Pvwiw`K, evK w`‡”Q my›`i †gviM| Avwe` AvRv‡`i KweZvi `xN©vqZ cwiµgvq ebZiæ‡`i gg©-Gi g‡a¨ ÒµvBg wi‡cvU©Ó, ÒcwÎKvq evj‡Ki KiæY g„Zz¨msev` covi ciÓ, Ò†`Lv n‡eÓ, ÒAvwg ejwQ wK”Qy n‡e bvÓ, Ò†h kn‡i Avwg †bB Avwg _vKe bvÓ KweZv¸‡jv A‡bKUv bMiÑga¨we‡Ëi wPšÍvRvZhvi g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK cÖm½ †hgb †kªwYnxb gvby‡li Qwe, wbibœ-wbcxwoZ gvbyl, MYZš¿, ivRc_, ¯^vaxbZv, cvj©v‡g›U, AwZw_feb BZ¨vw` DrKxY©| Z‡e Ggb †ev‡a Kwe wKQzUv `ye©j| Õ76 †_‡K Õ82 Avwe` Af¨¯Í XvKvq ga¨weË Abyfe‡K e¨³ K‡ib : ÔGB mv`v 106 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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Avkvev` e¨³ nq| fxlY ¯^cœwcÖq Kwe| mgvR-ivRbxwZi D‡Ïk¨ev` Av‡bb bv KweZvq| B‡gRvwkªZ cÖKi‡Y Kwe iPbv K‡ib `vI e„ÿ `vI w`b (1975), †gvgwk‡íi ÿqÿwZ (1977), ga¨iv‡Z `y‡j I‡V Møvm (1981), nvIqv K‡j †Rvov Mvwo (1982), †bvbv R‡j ey‡bv msmvi (1983), ¯^cœnxbZvi c‡ÿ (1984), Avgvi GKRbB eÜz (1987), †cvkv‡Ki e`‡j cvjv (1988), K…ò K…cvY I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1990), wmsn`iRv (1990), †e`bvi Pwjøk AvOyj (1991), ¤øvbwgªqgvb bq (1992) cÖf„wZ| AiæYvf miKvi (R. 1941) bM‡i evDj (1976), †KD wKQy Rv‡b bv (1980) Kve¨MÖ‡š’ Lye kw³kvjx| Rxebev`x †PZbv`k© wbi¼zk Av‡ivwcZ nq kãaŸwb‡Z| †cÖg‡K Abve„Z K‡ibmg¯Í evmbvi AbyeZ©x K‡i; d‡j kã Kzjcøvex A‡_© †Q‡q hvq AšÍcÖ©‡`‡k| M`¨Q›` bM‡i evDj Kv‡e¨ AšÍi¯úk©x nq mPj aŸwbgvay‡h©, e¨wZµgx cÖ‡j‡c| KvgyK `„wó I kixix †cÖg b›`b Aven cvqQ›`e„‡Ë Zv hLb aŸwbm~Î AR©b K‡i; Hk¦h©gqZvq ÔA‡jŠwKK Avb›`ÕI Qwo‡q c‡o me©Î| e¯‘Z G Kwe c~Y©gq †ivg¨vw›UK| `xN© weiwZi ci Zuvi Ab¨ Kve¨MÖš’ bvixiv †d‡i bv (2006)| Pvi. †gvnb ivqnvb (R. 1956)-Gi KweZvq evsjv KweZvi `yj©ÿY ev bgbxqZv‡K cÖejfv‡e A¯^xKvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avcvgi RbZvi n‡q †hb Rxe‡bi Møvwb, Aeÿq, webwó, A‰bwZKZvi weiæ‡× wZwb M‡o †Zv‡jb `ye©vi wecøex me †mŠKh©gq kãgvjv| Z‡e mewKQyB Zuvi KweZvq AwfÁZvi evZ©vevwn bq| wKš‘ KweZvq Zuvi kÎæ-wgÎ ¯úó| GgbUv Awbevh©, ivR‰bwZK †PZbviB Awbe©vY cÖwZg~wZ© †gvnb ivqnv‡bi KweZv| wecø‡ei ¯^cœ †`Lv‡bvq Zuvi Avcm †bB| Qwo‡q w`‡Z Pvb G gš¿| cÖRb¥všÍ‡i| weivgnxb Zuvi G c_| KweZv‡K msMÖv‡gi I cÖwZ‡iv‡ai nvwZqvi K‡i †Zv‡jb wZwb| Z‡e †gvnb ivqnvb GKvav‡i †cÖ‡gi KweI e‡U| Zuvi cÖKiY wbwg©Z nq mvgwiK kvm‡Ki weiæ‡× wKsev †gŠjev‡`i gyÐycv‡Z| †mLv‡b wZwb †µva-†ÿ`-Møvwb‡Z R¡j‡Z _v‡Kb, cÖwZkÖæZ aŸwb‡Z Sj‡m I‡Vb| Ggb cÖeZ©bvq Zuvi KweZviI bvgv¼b| iwPZ KweZvMÖš’ R¡‡j DwV mvnmx gvbyl (1979), Avgv‡`i HK¨ Avgv‡`i Rq (1980), mvgwiK Av`vj‡Z AwffvlY (1984), Avi n‡jv bv evwo †div (1985), wd‡i `vI †mB †÷bMvb (1986), kKyb mgq (1987), †MvjvcRv‡bi c‡KU cwÄKv (1987), †gvnb ivqnv‡bi msMÖvgx KweZv (1989), †gvnb ivqnv‡bi †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1989), NvZK bv †cÖwgK (1995), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 113



meyR Puv`‡i XvKv i³v³ Qywi (1998) cÖf„wZ| ga¨weË †cÖg, bvix mvbvDj nK Lvb (R. 1947)-Gi KweZvi Awš^ó| Zuvi AvaywbKZvi gvÎv ˆewPΨgq, cÖLi Rxeb¯úk©x| AvZ¥KvZi, †cÖg`xY©, ¯^cœPz¨Z emwZi cÖ”Qbœ Kwe ejv hvq Zuv‡K| Zuvi cÖK…wZi iƒc cÖZx‡K ch©ewmZ| †m cÖZx‡K wea„Z e¨w³ wecbœZv, Amvi Avb›`, Z…lvZzi Av‡eM Avw½‡K g~Z© nq| G‡Z †MvjvcZzj¨ †cÖwgKvI †hb KjywlZ i‡³i cÖZxwZ cvq| AwfÁ G Kwei †cÖg ÔZeyÕ jve‡Y¨ gvqvg‡š¿ D¾xweZ| Zuvi Kve¨ AÜ KiZvwj (1980), Rb¥MÖnY P›`ªMÖnY (1984), `ytL bq `xN© cwiYvg (1985), jyä cÖv_©bv (1986), `ytLx evsjvi †e‡_j‡n‡g (1989), †Zvgvi wbqg Avgvi wbqwZ (1997) cÖf„wZ| Kvgvj †PŠayix (R. 1957)i wgwQ‡ji mgvb eqmx (1981) Kve¨ w`‡q hvÎv ïiæ| AwfÁZvcyÄ Av‡e‡M Zuvi KweZvq ivRbxwZ †PZbv, mgKvj gb¯‹Zv I †cÖg welq n‡q‡Q| KweZvq K‚U‡KŠkjx| cÖZœ-BwZnvm wRÁvmv wbiƒwcZ KweZvq| Q›`, Aj¼vi I cÖZxK Av‡e‡Mi ùyi‡Y eûgvwÎK e¨Äbv ˆZwi K‡i| µgk KweZvi †fZ‡i wZwb PwP©Z, iƒcvšÍwiZ| Kve¨f~‡gI GK ai‡bi DËiY cÖ‡Póv cwijwÿZ| Uvbv‡cvo‡bi w`b (1990), GB c_ GB †Kvjvnj (1993), G‡mwQ wb‡Ri †fv‡i (1995), GB †gN we`y¨‡Z fiv (1997), wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1998), a~wj I mvMi `„k¨ (2000), †iv` e„wó AšÍ¨wgj (2003), †n gvwU c„w_excyÎ (2006) Ggbme KweZvi †fZi w`‡q Kvgvj †PŠayix GK ai‡bi mgvRmZ¨‡K cÖwZôv w`‡Z Pvb| wKš‘ welq I cÖKi‡Yi mw܇Z m¤¢ve¨ Rxebxkw³ AR©‡b wZwb cwicK¡ bb| †ek KwU Kv‡e¨i cwi‡ekbv _vK‡jI †jv‡Kvˇii cÖ‡qvRbwU kø_ch©v‡qB wbwg©Z ejv hvq| mvBdzjøvn gvngy` `yjv‡ji (R. 1958) †PŠÏwU Kve¨MÖš’ wb‡q KweZvmgMÖ †ei nq 2006 mv‡j| wPivqZ ms¯‹…wZ, cÖengvb mgvR-evZ©v †ivg¨vw›UK i³v¤^i aviY K‡i Zuvi KweZvq : RbZvi M‡f© RbZvi djb-dmj Drcv`b evo‡Q, †e‡oB P‡j‡Q weÁvcb, gvbyl avivcvZ †_‡K mg¯Í kZwKqv w¯’i ¯’wei gvbwPÎ †m‡ÿ‡Î we”QywiZ DËv‡c ¯^ie„‡Ëi `ªæZZv _v‡K, KweZv KL‡bv n‡q c‡o wÎc`x; KL‡bv Zv engvb _v‡K kvwbZ M`¨fw½‡Z| †`kfvM Uª¨v‡RwW, welv`gq c~e©¯§„wZ, AvZ¥køvNvi AbyeZ©b BZ¨vKvi Nbxf~Z Aejxj cÖm½ Kweev܇e cwiYZ| c‡ivÿ ivR‰bwZK †PZbvavivq D”PwKZ mvBdyjøvn gvngy` `yjv‡ji KweZv : Gwjd¨v›U †ivW †_‡K kxZ P‡j hv‡”Q 114 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Zey Zzwg B÷vb© cøvRv †_‡K wK‡b wb‡q hv‡”Q wKQz †iv`, wKQz e„wó| G Kwei Z…òvZ© Rjcix (1982), Zey †KD Kv‡iv bB (1985), A‡cÿvq AvwQ cÖZxÿvq †_‡Kv (1987), NvZ‡Ki nv‡Z msweavb (1990), kn‡ii †kl evwo (1991), GwK KvÐ cvZv †bB (1995), `ªexf~Z M`¨c`¨ (1999), H‡K¨i wec‡ÿ GKv (2000), G‡jv‡g‡jv †g‡Ni gb (2001), wbR©‡b †Kb G‡Zv †Kvjvnj (2003), c‡ii RvqMv c‡ii Rwgb (2004), wb`ªvi †fZi †R‡M _vKv (2004), N„wYZ †MŠie (2005), bx‡o wbiæ‡Ïk (2007)| nvmvb nvwd‡Ri (R. 1955) KweZvi g~j myi †divix emšÍ evZv‡m mw›`nvb, kw¼Z I wØavMÖ¯Í ev¯ÍeZvÔAv‡¯Í Av‡¯Í n‡q DVwQ wec¾bK/ AkvšÍ I Db¥vZvj AR©ybÕ| µgk MÖvm Kiv bó-åó mgq †hfv‡e ˆZwi K‡i ÔAwbwðZ wecbœ emwZÕ; †mLv‡b KwecÖZxÿv ¯^‡cœ †duvUv w`‡bi| msnZ I mij D”PviY| Q›`eybwb ˆewPΨgq| cyivYcÖm½ e¨½KvZi| GLb †hŠeb hvi (1982), fv‡jvevm, Zvi fvlv (1986), Aeva¨ AR©yb (1986), Zzwg ea~ Aweev‡ni (1987), nq‡Zv wKQy n‡e (1987), nvmvb nvwe‡ei †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1994), `~‡i cvnv‡oi Nyg (1995), mKj Wyeywi bq mgvb mwÜrmy (1995), Z…òvi Zvbcyiv (1996), fv‡jvevmvi AwMœPzgyK (1997), ü`q e‡ov Kuv`‡Q (1997), bv I‡o bv †cv‡o †cÖg (1997), †h gayg` †Zvgvi dz‡j (1998) cÖf„wZ Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’| nvqvr mvBd (R. 1942) †cÖ‡gi Kwe| bvixi kixi k„½vi i‡mi Bw½‡Z wm³| bv›`wbK cwiµgvq bvixi Abyf‡e †cÖgwPË Mfxi g‡g© w¯’Z n‡jI Aeÿq wZ‡ivwnZ bq| Zuvi †cÖ‡gi KweZv †ei nq 1996 mv‡j| Kve¨MÖš’¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q mš¿v‡m mnevm (1983), me †d‡j w`‡q (1984), cÖavbZ gvwU I gvbyl (1989), GwcV IwcV (1989), nvqvr mvB‡di KweZv (1993)| mg¯Í ms¯‹v‡ii E‡aŸ© †cÖ‡g wbi¼zk nIqvq nvqvr mvBd †ek cwigvwR©Z I Avb›``vqx| Z‡e bMi Rxe‡bi Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½¸‡jvI Zuvi KweZvq wZ‡ivwnZ bq| mˇii A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ AMÖR ˆmq` nvq`vi (19502010)| Zuvi Kv‡e¨ †cÖg, cªK…wZ I Kvgbvi †fZ‡i Avb›`-welYœZvi cÖevn iwPZ| ˆmq` nvq`vi A‡jŠwKK Avb›`‡K cÖKiYew›` K‡ib wbQK †cÖgcÖwZgvi Av”QbœZvq| msnZ fvebvq Kwe Rxebev`‡K cÖwZôv †`b†mLv‡b evÂvj K‡ib hveZxq cÖ_v-wek¦vm I ms¯‹vi‡K| †iLvw¼Z cÖK…wZ hveZxq `v‡q †hb nq Awfwl³| wb‡Ri Dcjwä‡Z †Uv‡Ug K‡i †Zv‡jb e„ÿwPšÍv‡K| wPÎj welq cwiwa‡Z ˆmq` nvq`vi cÖK…wZ‡K wecyjvqZb K‡i †Zv‡jb| KweAvZ¥v ˆZwi K‡i, Bw½Zgq iƒcK I Dcgv, †hLv‡b RM‡Zi evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 115



hveZxq welq cwiï×Zvq RvwiZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î RwUj RxebMÖwš’‡K mijxKiY K‡i cÖKvk K‡ib wZwb| Zuvi Kve¨ : †Kv‡bv myLei †bB (1983), fyj¸‡jv bvov †`q (1985), aŸs‡mi Kv‡Q AvwQ (1986), fvO‡j gvwUi g‡Zv (1986), cvZv †_‡K cvwL (1991), Kv‡Q †_‡K cÖevwmbx (1992), cÖwZc‡` mxgvšÍ (1994), DËie½ (1995), eqm hLb w`‡”Q Zvov (1995), Awi÷ `yÕRb `yÕRb‡K (1996) cÖf„wZ| bvwmgv myjZvbv (1957-1997) Pwjøk eQ‡iB g„Zz¨Zvici cÖKvwkZ iPbvmgMÖ (2000); cvIqv hvq ˆewkó¨m~PK, bv›`wbK wKQy KweZv| ïiæ g„Mqvq hy‡×i †Nvov (1985) Kve¨MÖš’ w`‡q| c‡i Kwe mvBdzjøvn gvngy` `yjvj mn‡hv‡M wj‡LwQ‡jb KiZ‡j ivR`Ð PvB (1985); Avi bxj gvwQwU GLb Avgvi i‡³ †eiæ‡bvi Av‡MB g„Zz¨| KweZvi RM‡Z bvwmgv myjZvbvi GB Ae`vb| †cÖg-cÖwZev`-†`ªvn Ab¨ Kwe‡`i g‡Zv Zuvi KweZvqI Av‡Q wKš‘ cÖKi‡Yi cv_©‡K¨ we‡kl w`KwU nj, ¯^m„ó kã‡K GKvZ¥ K‡i bv›`wbK ¯^‡i Zvi e›`bv Kiv| bvwmgv myjZvbv cÖK…wZ I †cÖg‡K Avcb †gavi m~P¨‡MÖ AvZ¥mvr K‡i wb‡q‡Qb : wns¯ª bL‡i Zviv dvwj dvwj K‡i wQu‡o †`‡e e¨_©Zv welqK kãvejx Avi GBfv‡e Zv‡`i ey‡Ki Kv‡Q ax‡i ax‡i †R‡M DV‡e †mvbvgyLx avb †cŠl-bevbœ, Bwjk gv‡Qi NªvY, KvgivOv myL †R‡M DV‡e kxZj cvwU‡Z e‡m RyuB dz‡ji g‡Zv myMÜ A‡bœi iæwU| gg©‡cÖvw_Z Av‡jvo‡b cÖYqcÖeb mËvB `xwcZ n‡q I‡V Zuvi KweZvq| c~Y© †ivg¨vw›UK cÖZœ-`vc‡Ui Kwe| †`kR Dcgvi †fZ‡i ey‡b †`b †PZbvi A‡jŠwKK DrmviY| bvwmgvi KweZv cÖejiKg Rxebev`x Dc‡fvM I R½gx †hŠbZvi AwfÁv‡b gyLwiZ| i³gvs‡mi Avµg‡Y DjøwmZ| †mLv‡b wZwb c~Y©vqZ D”Q¡wmZ| AKv‡j g„Zz¨B Zuvi KweZv‡K w`j ÔK¬vwšÍÕ| bvwmi Avn‡g` (R. 1952) evKmsnwZ, cwiwgwZ‡eva I Q›`Áv‡b mg„×Zvi KweZv| Aw¯Íev`x, ewjô nvw`©K cÖ‡Yv`bvq Kwe g~jZ cÖK…wZ I bvix‡KB Zuvi KweZvq cÖZxKx K‡i †Zv‡jb| Kwei †fZ‡i Av‡Q Zxeª AšÍ`©vn I †e`bv‡eva| cÖK…ZA‡_©, AvaywbK Kweiv AwfÁZvi Av‡e‡M jvjb K‡ib ev¯Íe mZ¨‡K†mLv‡b †K¬`v³Zvi iƒc, †e`bv, nZvkv, Aeÿq †PZbv meB gg©‡cÖvw_Z| Avi Ggb †PZbvB Kwei KweZvq cÖwZdwjZ| e„ÿg½j (1991)



116 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Kv‡e¨ weÿZ bMigvby‡li msev` Av‡Q| MxZj †PZbvq Zuvi g‡a¨ bvix‡cÖg I ¯^‡`kfvebv mgwš^Z ï×Zvi ¯^i †Zv‡j : RvbZvg my›`i †m‡Zv w¯œ»Zvi bvg dz‡ji Dcgv wKsev kvšÍ ki‡Zi D`vi bxwjgvÑgMœ wb‡g©N AvKvk| bvwmi Avn‡g` ewY©j K¨vbfv‡m AvaywbK mg‡qi bvMwiK gg©`vnb‡K cÖKvk K‡ib| Ggb Abylw½ iƒcKí, Aj¼vicÖwZgv Zvi Avq‡Ë| Kwei Av‡e‡Mi †iLv¼‡b wbwg©Z Kvwnwb A‡bKUv Rxe‡bi mgMÖZvq cÖKvwkZ, †mLv‡b mˇii Aemv`, ÿq, ¯^Kvj mvivrmv‡i cwi‡ewkZ : g‡b wK c‡o bv GKeviI `yM©g KÈKvKxY© c‡_i Icvi †_‡K Zzwg WvK w`‡j Kx mn‡R nvwmgy‡L †cuŠ‡Q †MwQ g„Zz¨i mvwbœa¨ GKw`b| Z‡e Zuvi KweZvq Av‡e‡Mi Zvij¨‡`vl AewmZ bq| A‡bK‡ÿ‡Î DËi‡Yi gvÎv AevwiZ bq, Ave×| bvMwiK RwUj mg‡qi †fZ‡i Kve¨ïw×i c_wUI `ye©j g‡b nq| Zuvi KweZvMÖš’ AvKzjZv ïåZvi R‡b¨ (1985), cv_i¸‡jv `ytL¸‡jv (1986), †Zvgv‡KB AvkvjZv (1987), Avgvi ¯^cœ Zzwg ivwÎ (1997), fv‡jvevmvi GB c‡_ (1997), †Zvgvi R‡b¨ Awbw›`Zv (1998), weaŸ¯Í kni †Q‡o †h‡Z †h‡Z (1999) cÖf„wZ| ÔGLb †hŠeb hvi wgwQ‡j hvevi Zvi †kªô mgqÕ; Òwbwl× m¤úv`KxqÓ KweZvi Ggb AvBKbZzj¨ csw³ w`‡q †njvj nvwdR (R. 1948)i cÖwZôv| Zuvi KvjRqx Kve¨ †h R‡j Av¸b R¡‡j (1986)| cÖPÐ GK D™¢v‡m †hb †njvj nvwdR Avgv‡`i cv‡qi Zjvq gvwU I MšÍ‡e¨i w`kv †`b| evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvi mwVK PvwiΨwU awi‡q †`b| cÖLi D‡ËRbvq, cÖwZev‡`i cÖMj&fZvq; i³v¤^i aviY K‡i Zuvi KweZv| Avi †njvj nvwdR cwiYZ nb mvnmx †hŠekw³i cÖwZwbwa‡Z| Z‡e Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Mfxi D‡b¥vPb Zuvi KweZvq wZ‡ivwnZ| †hŠeb msi³ DMÖZv, AveiYnxb Db¥v`bv Avi cÖZ¨ÿ wµqv Zuv‡K `xcÖ KÉ †`q wKš‘ inm¨gq †Mvcb GKvšÍ Bw½Z Zv‡Z wKQy †bB| †mRb¨ DËiYI e„‡Ë ch©ewmZ| Av‡`¨vcvšÍ AvaywbK, ÔKv‡ji K¨vbfv‡m KvjvšÍ‡ii fv‡l¨Õi mvnmx cÖe³v Avey nvmvb kvnwiqvi (R. 1959)| wfbœ¯^‡i, †gavq K¨vRyqvj I Rxebev`x| †cÖg‡K wbi¼zk K‡i †Zv‡jb; †`k-gvbyl-mgq‡K GKvZ¥ K‡i| ¯^Kxq n‡q I‡Vb eyw&×i m~P¨‡MÖ| wZwb Avcvgi mewKQy PiYew›` K‡ib| Mij I K‚‰Ulv, P›`ªcÖjvc, bó¯^‡cœi welv`Mv_v, b÷¨vjwRqv, Ae¨ew¯’Z AšÍh©š¿Yv Ggb welq I welqvšÍi Zuvi Aviva¨| ZLb Zvi KwecÖKiY Avjv`v n‡q hvq; cÖ”Qbœ M‡`¨ cqv‡ii evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 117



aŸwbZi½ m„wó nq, Avevi Ab¨ixwZ‡Zjyß cqvi †c‡q hvq M‡`¨i K_¨iƒc| AšÍnxb gvqvex ågY (1986), Ae¨_© AvOyj (1990), †Zvgvi Kv‡Q hvB bv Z‡e hv‡ev (1996), GKj‡e¨i cybiæÌvb, wbišÍ‡ii lôc`x, G eQi cvwLeb¨v n‡e, wd‡i Av‡m niàvi Puv` (2001), †kªô KweZv (2003), nv‡U †M‡Q Roe¯‘ev` (2003), evwjKvAvkªg (2005) cÖf„wZ Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’| G mg‡q wZwbB me‡P‡q ¯^vZš¿¨ I m¤§yLeZx©| Zmwjgv bvmwib (R. 1962) bvixev`x Kwe| wKš‘ †Mvovi w`‡Ki KweZvq †Kv‡bv BRg ev ZË¡ wQj bv| wbQK KweZv, DbœZ gvÎvi, fv‡jv gv‡bi KweZv| Zmwjgv bvmwi‡bi KweZvi kã I Dcgv GK cÖejZi KvgyK, my›`i Aby‡cÖiYv ˆZwi K‡i| wKš‘ µgk GwM‡q‡Qb wZwb Zuvi Av`k© ev e„‡Ëi w`‡K| †hUv Zuvi KweZvi Rb¨ ÿwZB g‡b nq| Kjvg ev K_vmvwnZ¨ wj‡L ÔweZwK©ZÕ n‡jI, cÖavbZ KweG wel‡q m‡›`n †bB| Zuvi Kve¨ : wkK‡o wecyj ÿzav (1986), wbe©vwmZ evwn‡i AšÍ‡i (1989), Avgvi wKQy hvq Av‡m bv (1990), AZ‡j AšÍixY (1991), evwjKvi †MvjøvQyU (1992), wbe©vwPZ bvix (1992), †eûjv GKv fvwm‡qwQj †fjv (1993), wbe©vwPZ KweZv| gvneye evix (R. 1952) n¨v½vi (1986) Kv‡e¨ aiv c‡o e¨w³-wew”QbœZv, K¬vwšÍKi Z…Zxq c„w_ex| wKQy D¾¡j KweZv _vK‡jI fvebvwenv‡i cybive„wË Av‡Q Zvi| †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î Zv `xN©vqZI| Avgvi Ôn¨v½vi †_‡K D‡V G‡m/ Avgvi †cvlvK¸‡jv| N‡ii †fZi Ny‡i †eov‡”Q ïay Ny‡i/ †eov‡”QÕGgb PiYweb¨vm AšÍtmvik~b¨, exZkªä mgq‡KB Zz‡j a‡i| cÖZxKcÖwZgvi Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ iƒcwUi †fZi w`‡q gvneye evix ¯^vZš¿¨ n‡q I‡Vb| Ab¨ Kve¨ : Ck¦‡ii Qwei Ici (1991), Aaiv (1997)| iex›`ª †Mvc (R. 1951) A½xKv‡i F×; Kvi‡Y ejv hvq, ¯^Kv‡ji hveZxq Abvm„wó I webwó †_‡K Rxeb‡K cybiæ×vi cÖ‡Póv| iex›`ª †Mv‡ci gvbecÖZ¨q `„pb›`bf~‡g cÖwZK‚j mg‡qiB ÿzä evZ©v iwPZ| AvaywbKZvi evZ©vevwn G Kwe‡Z †cÖgAemv` I Abv¯’vi hvÎvq gvbegyw³i ¯ú›`b _v‡K RvMiƒK| KL‡bv m‡b‡U, KL‡bv `ªæZ ev wejw¤^Z j‡q A`g¨Zvi cÖKvk| Z‡e †mLv‡b _v‡K ¯^‡`k HwZn¨ I Zvi cwiï× weRq Mvb mgxK…Z DÌvcb| mvaviY bMi ga¨we‡Ëi ¯^i I ï×ZvB iex›`ª †Mv‡ci KweZvi DcRxe¨| cZvKvq i‡³i `vM (1987), cvjv‡jv Kzgvix mvc (1989), AiwÿZ mf¨Zv (1981), `uvovI AvmwQ (1983), gvbyl Ges gvbyl (1984), R‡ji evwo gvS DVv‡b (1990), KvjivwÎ (1997) Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’| cuvP. 118 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



†Lv›`Kvi Avkivd †nv‡mb (1950-2013) eq‡mi w`K †_‡K GKUz Av‡Mi n‡jI KweZvq cÖKvwkZ nb Avwki Kwe| w·kvËi evsjv KweZvi †gŠj †PZbv‡K lv‡Ui `kK Ges cieZx©‡Z Avwki `k‡K mywPwýZ AbyeZ©x †f‡e beiƒcixwZ‡Z AviI D¾¡j K‡i‡Qb †h Kweiv Zv‡`i Ab¨Zg †Lv›`Kvi Avkivd †nv‡mb| mgKvjxbZvi m‡½ wg‡k n‡q I‡Vb ˆewk¦K| Aciƒc aŸwbgqZvq, AbymÜvbx I AvZ¥m‡PZb †ev‡a Zz‡j Av‡bb wPivqZ me kãcÖwZgvhvi wbwg©wZ‡Z †`kvZ¥‡eva, m~²Zi cÖe„wËmsev`, MxwZKv-Mv_vi †jvKvqZ Abyl½, †cÖg-ˆeivM¨-mgvR-msMÖvg mvg~wnK ms‡e`b m~θwj mywcb× I kxwjZ n‡q I‡V : Avgv‡K cv‡e bv `yt‡L, GKwU nZvk ïay †`‡n Qzwii djvq Rgv GK †duvUv cÖvK…wZK †¯^‡`i g‡Zvb Zx² K‡iv, g~Z© K‡iv cv‡e| KweZvi wmœ»Zv, cÖZxKgqZv ¯^KxqgvÎvq DrKxY©| Zuvi wZb igbxi K¡vwm`v (1984) iƒcgq Kve¨ : ˆkk‡ei nv‡Ui †Kv‡Y `uvo Kwi‡q †h‡Zb evev Avbv‡Ri `i`vg, Avwg‡li, A¤øZvi †Luv‡R| g‡b n‡Zv K‡ZvKvj GLv‡b `uvwo‡q AvwQ, evev Avm‡Qb bv, Avm‡Qb bv g‡b n‡Zv wK A‡Pbv cÖwZwU †jv‡Ki gyL, wK ARvbv †¯œnnxb cÖwZwU gvbyl b÷vjwRK Ges Ae‡PZb ¯§„wZi Agwjb wPivqZ AvL¨vb| ˆbwgwËK Rxe‡bi Av”QbœZvi †fZ‡i evevi †cÖg, ÿwYK wew”QbœZvi fq, Avi †jvKvj‡qi Îvm cÖZxKx n‡q I‡V| bvMwiK †Kvjvn‡j †m †gvn Avi fq GLb `~i civ¯Í| c‡ii KweZvq AviI cwicK¡| ¯§„wZi evB‡i e¨w³i cÖ‡Kvc, Av”QbœZv, †jvfvZzi gb M~pZvq Av”Qbœ| wØZxq Kve¨ cv_© †Zvgvi Zxeª Zxi (1986)-G AvwgZ¡ I AvZ¥iÿvi msMÖvg AevwiZiƒ‡c ùwUKvwqZ : Ôgvbyl‡K †KD aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv/ bv wbmM© bv Ck¦i bv †cÖg bv N„YvÕGgb aviYv-AwfÁZv eûwe¯Ívix gvÎv cvq †Lv›`Kvi Avkivd †nv‡m‡bi KweZvq| Rxe‡bi mgvb PzgyK (1989), my›`ix I N„Yvi NyOyi (1992), wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1995), hgybvce© (1998), Rb¥evDj (2001), KweZv msMÖn (2005), †Zvgvi bv‡g e„wó bv‡g (2008), Avq (bv) †`‡L AÜ gvbyl (2010), Kzqvkvi gykv‡qiv (2013) BZ¨vw` Kve¨MÖ‡š’ Avkivd †nv‡mb µgk cvk wd‡i‡Qb| civev¯Íe aviYv wewPÎfv‡e Zuvi fvemËv‡K `Lj K‡i‡Q : Avwg †`Š‡o cvjv‡Z hve, Ggb mgq nVvr evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 119



†fvRevwRi g‡Zv `„k¨cU cv‡ë †Mj, †hb ÷ªxÛev‡M©i bvUK| eywׇZ civ‡PZbvi ms‡køl ¯úó| Ô÷ªxÛev‡M©i bvUKÕ Dr‡cÖÿvq RgvU euva‡j, ¯ÍeK¸”Q wfbœ A_©‡`¨vZK n‡q I‡V| GKBfv‡e Zuvi KweZvq ¯^‡`k¯^vRvZ¨ †eva †cwi‡q Rxeb-g„Zz¨i Aa¨vZ¥ †cÖÿvcU wKsev mgvR-ivRbxwZi cÖm½ ¯^Ztù‚Z© KivqË n‡q I‡V KweZvq| GRb¨ B‡gR-cwiKíbvi iƒcvšÍiI N‡U‡Q| Z‡e †Kv‡bv DwÏó welqK evZ©v bq; Kve¨b›`‡bi cÖK…Z cUwP‡Î wZwb DËwiZ| †mRb¨ cÖengvb KweZvPP©vq A`¨vewa wZwb ï×wkíxi wPšÍvq w¯’Z| wÎw`e `w¯Í`vi (1952-2004) ¯^ívqy; gvÎ QqwU Kve¨MÖš’wPiKvj wQbœg~j, †kKonxb Kg©Kv¬ šÍ gvby‡li c‡ÿ wj‡L‡Qb| N„Yvi gš¿ D”PviY †kvwlZ mgvR‡K wN‡i| GKvËi, gyw³hy× RvMiæK| KweZvq AviI Av‡Q ga¨we‡Ëi Uvbv‡cv‡ob, d¨vKv‡k †cÖg, †cvkvKx †cÖgnxb gvbyl BZ¨vw` me welq : GKwU wW‡gi Ici Zv w`‡”Q mš¿vm Af¨šÍ‡iI Wvbvi K¤úb c„w_exi Kv‡Q, Rxe‡bi Kv‡Q †hb cï‡Z¡i weivgnxb Awfm¤úvZ| cwiï× ev¯ÍeZv‡K dg©vj cÖKi‡Yb ÔAcwiwPZZ‡Ë¡Õ ¯úóZvi Avfv‡m Av‡bb; fw½‡Z cyivY Av‡Q, Av‡Q A-†ivg¨vw›UK kãmg~n hv †`ªvn m„wó K‡i| KweevYxiƒ‡c gbyl¨mgv‡Ri ev ¯^fv‡ei Abvm„ó mewKQy `ye©vi ¯^i †Zv‡j, ¯úw›`Z mvgwóK ïfmg~n cÖPvi K‡i| wÎw`e Agvb¨ Ki‡Z Pvb; N„wYZ Abvm„wói mewKQy‡K : _y_y ÿzav, _y_y ÿzav _y_y evZvmv, _y_y evZvmv gvwU‡Z nwii jyU evZvmvi _y_y nwIqv‡Z _y_yi jyU, _y_y evZvmv, _y_y evZvmv Gfv‡eB Zuvi Q›` ˆZwi nq; Aj¼v‡iI Av‡m hveZxq HwZwn¨K-cÖxwZ`vqKgaygq cÖZxwZmg~n| wÎw`‡ei KweZvq mgKvjxb cÖm½I Av‡m, †`kwPšÍvI cÖwZcv`¨ nq : Ô†Luv‡R †`n-gvbwPÎ †kL gywRe e‡jÕ, Ôhyׇÿ‡Î GKwU KweZv‡K Avwg/ kÎæi ev¼vi †_‡K D×vi K‡iwQjvgÕ| Zuvi Kve¨ : M„ncvwjZ c‡`¨iv (1996), A‡½ Avgvi eûe‡Y©i `vM (1998), fv‡jv evm‡Z evm‡Z



120 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



dZzi K‡i †`e (1999), Avw` A‡šÍ †Zvgv‡K PvB (2000) fv‡jvevmvi kv`v Qwo (2001), †cvov‡ev ZvRgnj (2003)| gywReyj nK Kexi (R. 1952) AvšÍi AvKzwZ‡Z KweZviPP©v| mˇii †PZbvq AMÖmigvb| cwikÖgx Ges wbe©vwPZ fvebvi Abymvix : wc½j cv_i, ˆkjR-ü`q, wMwik„½ Zzlvi-Ave„Z eb¨e„ÿ, fq¼i k¦vc‡`iv wT‡i Av‡Q| †hLv‡b c‡owb ¸nv-gvb‡ei c`”Qvc †mLv‡bB c`-Awfhvb, AbšÍ c‡_i ïiæ Qwo‡q wQwU‡q _vKv gvb‡ei hvÎv AiY¨-kvmb †f‡O wKsev, we`f© ivRvi †g‡q †jvcvgy`ªv †hb †cÖg RvMvwbqv cvwL, gm„Y †g‡Sq bv‡P †m aªæc`x bvP, wPZj †Kvgi euv‡K †bkvi wSwjK Gfv‡e Avw`‰Reeyw×i †fZ‡i Ae‡Pbvi cybM©Vb P‡j| HwZ‡n¨iI cÖZœcÖvwß N‡U| gbtmgxÿvq aiv c‡o Ae‡PZb mËvi Rb¥ I weKwkZ Abykvmb| mvg~wnK Ae‡PZb mËvq, me©Á AvbyK‚‡j¨ iwPZ csw³¸”Q| ˆbmwM©K Dcv`vb, †jvKRxebvbyl½, RjgvwUnvIqvi gvbyl KvÐÁvb‡PZbvq `xwcZ nq Kv‡e¨| †mLv‡b Zuvi wbg©v‡Yi cÖqvmwU KL‡bv cvVwPšÍv-AvüZ KL‡bv †PZbmËvRvZ, Z‡e c~Y©gvÎvq Zv n‡q D‡V‡Q ¯^Kxq I ¯^Zš¿| †c‡q‡Q Avjv`v AwfgyL| Z‡e ¯^cœf‡½i evsjv‡`‡k Kwe gywReyj nK nq‡Zv B”QvK…Z Ggb cÖKiY †e‡Q †bb| gyw³hy‡×vËi ev¯ÍeZvwU wbÁ©vb-mËvqI wbðqB Abycw¯’Z bq| †mLv‡b AeÿqwK¬ó Avav‡i gyw`ªZ : Ôwij‡Ki †Mvjv‡c †`wL mf¨Zvi KxU/ Avwek¦ eªþvÐ Ry‡oÕ| wKš‘ Zuvi Avkvev`I wZ‡ivwnZ bq| cv †h Avgvi Abo cv_i (1987), †jvcvgy`ªv I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1991), Avwg I Avgvi cÖwZwe¤^ (2000), iv‡Zi wkq‡i Av¸b (2001) Zuvi Kve¨| KvP‡cvKvi N~wY©`„k¨ (1985), wcÖqZgvi †bŠKvNvU (1999) Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’| gvmy` Lvb (R. 1959) ïay bv›`wbK Kve¨fvlv bq, gb¥qwPË Qwo‡q †`b A‡bKvšÍ Ave‡n| evOvwjevsjvi wPivqZ I †jvKvqZ aviv wKsev HwZn¨ †Kv‡bvUvB Zvi Kv‡e¨ wbQK bq; †PZb-Ae‡PZ‡bi m½‡g cwikxwjZ Ges cÖZœiƒ‡c `„ß cwi‡ekbvq evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 121



DËß| Agwjb AgiZvq c_ Pj‡Z _v‡K| Gi cÖavb KviYwU wbwnZ; †Kv‡bv wbqg, e„Ë ev Av‡ivc Kiv †Kv‡bv kZ© G‡Kev‡iB Zuvi iƒcRMZ‡K ¯úk© Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GK ai‡bi cÖPÐZvq (m¨vUvqvi, wnDgvi, DBU wKsev bvUKxq cÖevn) AvaywbK-Zv‡K wZwb †Mu‡_ †d‡jb HwZwn¨K aŸwbwP‡ýi g~jwe›`y‡Z : †h Uvb Uvb Av‡e‡M, AvKl©‡Y mgy‡`ªi †KvwU-†KvwU Ub cvwb AvKv‡k Dwo‡q wb‡q P‡jv Zzwg †g‡Ni evn‡b, wKQzUv wkw_j KÕ‡i Zvi, IB gnvRjfvi hvevi c‡_B hvI Swi‡q LvwbK Ae‡PZb †cÖg-¯§„wZwe× †gN Kvwj`vm¨ n‡q DV‡j GKv‡ji †cÖwgK e‡j I‡V Ô†b‡g G‡mv †gw`bxgЇj, Aaxbvi fvOv wU‡bi KzwU‡iÕ| c‡ii csw³ AviI `yg©i : Ô Kv‡jv mZ¨ µ‡g e`‡j w`‡q GK m‡d` wg_¨vqÕ| G wech©vm Zxeª msh‡g AviI kÖ‡×q e‡j MY¨ nq| †kl Kve¨wU‡Z gvmy` Lvb eyw×`xwcZ I kvwYZ| cÖvZ¨wnK RxebcÖev‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY¸‡jv M‡o I‡V Z‡ZvwaK A_©vqb n‡q, Z‡e Zv mv`vwm‡` bq `vk©wbK `„wó‡Z| Ô†e`g bvKvj Pvicvk, bv‡Rnvj †jvKvjq/ Av‡ivnb hZUv mnR, Ae‡ivnb ZZUv bqÕ kã‡K Nl©‡Yi `c©‡Y Zxÿè K‡i Ab¨ A_© iPbv K‡ib| wKš‘ me©Î Zuvi mvdj¨ ¯^”Q›` n‡e GgbUv bq| AwaK wKQz Av‡iv‡ci NUbvI †Pv‡L c‡o GB axi KgjvcÖeY mܨvq Kv‡e¨i ÔWvwjgÕ KweZvi †kl Pi‡Y| gyL¨Z cvwLZx_©w`‡bi KzwoMÖvg AvKl©Yxq| Zuvi Ômve‡÷k‡b GKv GKRb †jvKÕ I ÔBwZnvmÕ wPi¯§iYxq KweZv| G KweZv `y‡Uv Avjv`v A_© enb K‡i| mve‡÷kb Avi cÖ‡dU-Gi Abe`¨ wmwgwUª [ÔbZzb mve‡÷k‡bi Av‡jv/ cÖ‡d‡Ui g‡Zv R¡‡jÕ] Zxÿè eyw×i Av‡jvq D”PwKZ| BwZnv‡mi cÖK…Z BwZnv‡m m¨ejUvb© wPšÍvq Av‡šÍwbq MÖvgwm †_‡K iYwRr `vk, †MŠZg f`ªi wPšÍvm„wRZ KvVv‡gvÑ gvmy` Lvb KweZvq wfbœ Drmvi NUv‡Z mÿg nq| GwU Zuvi kã`ÿZvq Avjv`v KvR| D×…wZ : Kx K‡i m¤¢e c„w_exi mwVK BwZnvm? KviY, whwb wj‡L‡Qb, wZwb †K Ges †Kv_vq? †Kvb mg‡q, †Kvb Ae¯’v‡b `uvwo‡q Kx D‡Ï‡k¨ wjL‡Qb, †m-m‡ei Dci wbf©i Zvi BwZnvm| Avi Zv Qvov welqwU welqxMZ, mve‡RKwUf| Z‡e wK mwZ¨B Am¤¢e mwVK BwZnvm?



122 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



DËi-Dcwb‡ekx gb g~‡ji AvbyM‡Z¨ e‡j I‡V ÔZvn‡j wK Kv‡jv Zvgv‡U gvbyl‡`i BwZnvm wbišÍi SvcmvB †_‡K hvq!? c„w_ex‡Z!? Ges cÖK…wZ‡Z!?Õ m¨ejUvb© †U·U| GLv‡b evBbvwi-A‡cvwRUZ‡Ë¡ mv`v/Kv‡jv, bvix/cyiæl, abx/`wi`ªi wecixZ fvebvwUi †kÖwYPy¨wZ NwU‡q Zv‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I gh©v`vevb K‡i †Zvjvi cÖqvm| †m‡ÿ‡Î KwefvlvI wPicÖPwjZ A_©wU cv‡ë ˆZwi K‡i R¨vK †`wi`vKw_Z fvwlK Ôgy³ GjvKvÕ| Kwe ej‡Z mÿg nb : Z‡e †mI †Zv mwVK BwZnvm? †Kbbv †mBme Aa¨vq, †h¸‡jv Kv‡jv I AÜKvi? me Av‡jv ï‡l wb‡q wb‡q †h¸‡jv Kv‡jv I Kjw¼Z n‡q c‡o Av‡Q? †h¸‡jv †_‡K †Kv‡bvKv‡jB Avi †ei nqwb Ges n‡”Q bv †Kv‡bv Av‡jv? †mB me? GLv‡b Ô†mB meÕ D”Pvi‡Y KweZvi fi‡K›`ª myVvg n‡Z mÿg nq| m¤^Ühy³ Ab¨ csw³i D¾¡j-D×vi †hb Ô†mB meÕ cÖkwœ U| Gfv‡e mËi-DËi mgqMÖwš’ wbwg©Z nq, wbQK Av‡e‡Mi Avav‡i bq, ewnivkÖqx wewea Dcv`v‡bi ms‡kø‡l, cÖkI œ †mLv‡b A‡bK K_vi DËi†hgb ÔKv‡jv mZ¨Õ Avi Ôm‡d` wg_¨vÕi PwKZ B‡gRevwnZ kãwU| wecix‡Z ˆZwi K‡i e¨½-cÖjvc| DB‡U ¸iæZ¡ evovq| gvmy` Lv‡bi m¤§yLMvgx ¯^Zš¿ `xcvejxi ¯^i GgbB ¯^q¤¢~| Gme e¨vL¨vq‡b Kwe‡K A‡b‡Ki †_‡K ¯^vZš¿¨ e‡j cwiMY¨ Kiv m¤¢e nq| Kwei Kve¨MÖš’ : cvwLZx_©w`‡b (1993), b`xK‚‡j Kwi evm (2001), mivBLvbv I nviv‡bv gvbyl (2006), AuvaviZgv Av‡jvKiƒ‡c †Zvgvq Avwg Rvwb (2011), GB axi KgjvcÖeY mܨvq (2014)| Qq. gvneye nvmvb (R. 1954) Kve¨AwfÁZv †cÖ‡gi, †miƒ‡cB cÖZxK-cÖZ¨vkx; wKš‘ gbb †mLv‡b `xwß Qovq| ïfwPšÍKiƒ‡cB myKwe n‡q I‡Vb| eo Kwei cÖZ¨qwU‡Z gvneye nvmv‡bi AviI msnZ I wbZ¨cÖqvmx nIqvi cÖ‡qvRb †kl nqwb| Z›`ªvi †Kv‡j nwiY (1984), †Zvgvi cÖZxK (1986), wbm‡M©i byb (1990), ZvRv †MÖ‡bW wKsev w`ev¯^cœ (1993), Avgvi AvKvk (1998) cÖf„wZ| dwi` Kwei (R. 1959) w¯’i †gRv‡Ri cwicK¡ Kve¨i_x| cwikªgx I weï× K_K| Rxe‡bi m~²Zi Afxávi is I †iLv‡K mgq wb‡q AvZ¥¯’ K‡ib| cwieZ©b I weeZ©b‡K wbweo ch©‡eÿY K‡ib| AwgZ m¤¢vebvi Rxeb‡K AbšÍ K‡i Zzj‡Z Pvb e„ÿ-cvnvo-cvwL-dj-dzj Gm‡ei †fZi w`‡q| hš¿mf¨Zv A‡bK wKQy‡K K…wÎg evbv‡jI gvbyl †Zv Zvi g~j¨‡eva wb‡q g~‡jB wdi‡Z Pvq| Q›`‡K wbixÿvq G‡b Rxeb‡K Giƒ‡c MÖnY wKsev Zvi m¤¢ve¨ m~ÎwUi evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 123



ch©‡eÿYB K‡ib Kwe| dwi` Kwei †mŠ›`h©‡K †ev‡bb; Q›` †mRb¨ bvbviKg, B‡gRI Puv`-†R¨vrmœvi cwiPh©vq cwi‡ewkZ| Zuvi Kve¨ : ürwc‡Ð i³cvZ (1985), I‡o Nyg, I‡o MvOwPj (1998), AbšÍ `‡ivRv¸”Q (1991), gš¿ (1999)| m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb : cÂvk eQ‡ii †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1986), Kwe‡`i †jLv †cÖ‡gi Mí (1987), `yB evsjvi KweZv (1987), GKy‡ki Mí (1991), GKz‡ki KweZv (1991), `yB evsjvi †kªô Mí (1994), ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i ¯§„wZ (1994), ü`‡q Avgvi evsjv‡`k (1994) cÖf„wZ| miKvi gvmy` (R. 1961)i Kve¨MÖš’| MZvbyMwZK wein welv` bq, Lye wbweóZvq I wbixÿvq Zuvi KweZv eûMvwg| ej‡Z nq bvMwiK ga¨we‡Ëi hveZxq K¬vwšÍ-wK¬bœZv wKsev `xN© hš¿Yv mvg~wnK we‡ePbvq eY©bvi Dcv`vb ˆZwi K‡i KweZv kix‡i, Avwki ˆewkó¨ I Qvc ¯úó: Kvi kv‡c †h kvbvB GLb ïwK‡q †M‡Q, b`xi evZvm cvwj‡q †M‡Q! Kvi kv‡c-†h Mí n‡jv cvwLi Ijvb `y‡ai ev_vb, †KD wK Rv‡b? †KD Rv‡b bv! c‡ii Kv‡e¨ †cQb †div ¯§„wZ Awf‡cÖZ I g‡bvgy»Ki : †e`bvq, A¤øgayi me ¯§„wZfvebvq Nb meyR Av‡iv by‡q c‡o‡Q Nb AÜKv‡ii Dci| A_ev, A`~‡i bxj Av‡jv †dv‡U †eovi Dci GLv‡b iv¯Ívi cv‡k mv`v †`qvj Kv‡jv a~mi cÖvšÍi Ry‡o †gvUv GK †cvP AvjKvZivi eªvk G gyn~‡Z© Pz‡bi is Kv‡jv G‡ÿ‡Î Avw½‡Ki `ye©jZvUzKz cvIqv hvq DcwiKvVv‡gv‡Z `„k¨gvb RxebvPv‡ii AcwicK¡ ch©‡eÿ‡Y| Kwe‡PZbvq mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎwU ev¯Íe AwfÁZvq ch©ewmZ nq bv| d‡j cwiPh©vq †Zgb AvKl©YI R‡b¥ bv| ZeyI miKvi gvmy` KweZvq D¾¡j evZ©vwUB Qovb| Avengvb DjyaŸwb (1987), wbf…wZPP©v (1991), KvP‡cvKvi N~wY©`„k¨ (1996), wcÖqZgvi †bŠKvNvU (1999) miKvi gvmy‡`i Kve¨MÖš’| KvRj kvn‡bIqvR (R. 1961) bZzbiƒ‡c Av‡mb| iƒcK I cÖZx‡K wZwb Avwki cÖeYZv aviY K‡i †j‡Lb : Ôkn‡ii †fZi A‡bK¸‡jv MÖvg Av‡Q/ MÖv‡gi wfZi i‡q‡Q A‡bK¸‡jv kni/ †h GKBmv‡_ GB `y‡Uv †`L‡Z cv‡i/ Zv‡KB Avgiv ewj AvaywbK|Õ ˆeÁvwbK †PZbvF× AwfÁv‡b ÔKv‡jv I‡qwìs MøvmÕ, ey‡Ui kãÕ, ÔKivZ KjÕ bvMwiK w¯’Zax wKš‘ 124 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



m¤§yLMwg| Zuvi KweZv RjgMœ cvVkvjv (1989), inm¨ †Lvjvi †i (1992)| †gvnv¤§` Kvgvj (R. 1956) GLv‡b AiY¨fq I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1999) Kve¨wU‡Z Kwe e‡jb Ô†K †`‡e, Av‡ivM¨ †`‡e/ Afq c„w_ex †`‡e, †K †`‡e, †`‡e bvÕcwiï× cÖ‡Yv`bvKvZi D”PviY| cÖwZwµqvkxj kw³i weiæ‡× c~Y©wP‡Ë Zuvi mvnwmK A½xKvi| †kªq‡evaUzKz Awbevh© n‡q I‡V KweZvq| mg¯Í Am½wZi we‡ivaxZvq mvg~wnK Rxe‡bi Kj¨vY-AKj¨vY Z_v Rxeb m¤¢ve¨Zvi m~Î iwPZ nq KweZvq| cÖZxK-wPÎK‡íi g‡a¨ Kvgvj ˆbivk¨‡K MÖnY K‡ib bv| eis ˆbiv‡k¨i Icv‡i e¨vwßi mylgvi AvKl©Y‡K †`b Zz‡½ Zz‡j| G †hb AšÍi-evB‡ii hveZxq †kvab¯^iƒc c~Y©Zi cwiYwZi wbwñ`ª cigwe›`y| Kwe Rxebvb›` `v‡ki cÖfve G‡ÿ‡Î Zuv‡K †hb AviI wbR¯^Zv `vb K‡i‡Q| Avgv‡`i KweZv½‡b Zuvi AvZ¥wb‡e`‡bi myiwU wbtm‡›`‡n AgiZvq DrKxY©| weòz wek¦vm (R. 1962) Av‡Ui `k‡Ki Amy¯’ Kwe weòz wek¦v‡mi Kve¨ †fv‡ii gw›`i| Rxebvb›`i c‡i Aveyj nvmvb †PZbvq wZwb cøvweZ| †evwn‡gq, welYœZvi Kwe| KvVv‡gvew›` g„Zz¨wPšÍvi Øviv; KL‡bv nZvkv wb`ªvPz¨wZ| ¯^`xwÿZ Kwe‡PZbvq wbi¼zk wbgw¾Z| weg~Z©‡K g~Z© K‡i †Zv‡jb; Avi wWm‡Kv‡m© _v‡K Acvcwe× iƒc‡PZbv| in‡m¨i †eovRv‡j Av‡`k _v‡K Zxÿèax ¯^‡cœ euvPevi AvKzjZv| GRb¨ KweKzkjZvq wg_iƒ‡c we¯Í…wZ cvq Ô†NvovÕ, ÔkeÕ, ÔAÜKviÕ, Ômgy`ªÕ BZ¨vKvi me cÖm½| Aÿie„‡Ëi wbixÿvq wZwb KL‡bv cÖwZwôZ KL‡bv †emvgvjZeyI ¯^vZ‡š¿¨ n‡q IVv me csw³gvjv ÔZvivi Auvav‡i AvcvZZ _v‡Kv, iv‡Lv Ae¸Éb/ jvj Kgj bxj Kgj SjgjÕ wKsev gvwUi Mfxi †_‡K mgjq b„‡Z¨, Av‡m/ evwji Avov‡j aŸwb/ gyw³, mvabv, kw³Õ| iƒcK_vi A‡jŠwKK Avb›`wU †hb †jŠwKKZvq ch©ewmZ| `y`©všÍ G Kwe wKQy KweZvq m‡Z¨i w`kvix| wKš‘ c~Y© cÖKvwkZ nIqvi Av‡MB wejxb| †kv‡qe kv`ve (R. 1964) cÖ_vq AvUKvb bv| bZzb c_ Lyu‡R †bb Ôbó `ªvwNgvÕ eP‡b| kã-wbixÿvq cÖZœKviægqZv iPbv K‡i mvg~wnK Ae‡PZ‡bi †`¨Zbvq| †`¨vwZZ kã ÔcÖ‰MwZnvwmK FwlÕcÖwZg : i‡³i Mfx‡i †hb NvB gv‡i welai wks! Diæi Av¸‡b †P‡c †hŠeb ejøg †Ku‡c DwV ga¨iv‡Z ¯^‡cœi Wvbvi g‡Zv †b‡g Av‡m msL¨vnxb wm‡éi evwjk| Zvrch©gq csw³| civ‡PZbvq Ae‡PZb gb A¨vwbgvcÖeY, wkw_j gb ¯§„wZexR ˆZwi K‡i, †ivcb K‡i GK Akixix mvgwóK BwZnvm| Kwi †gŠwjK cÖe„wË iPbv K‡i AvwK©UvBc ev Avw`Kí iƒc| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 125



†hLv‡b †Zvgvi cv †mLv‡b g„wËKv †bB Av`¨všÍ Rj ˆeZvwj giæf‚wg| Av‡Mœq cv_i KwZ©Z gv_vi g‡Zv weQvbv| ÔAv‡Mœq cv_iÕ, ÔˆeZvwj giæf‚wgÕ cÖRvwZwPšÍb, †divi cÖZ¨vkv †PZbvi †Mvcb ¯Íi †_‡K web¨¯Í| B”Qvi G cÖZxKx AwfcÖvq d‡qWRvZ| A‡kl cÖ¯ÍihyM (1998) Kwei m„RbxKve¨| myeªZ AMvw÷b †Mv‡gR (R. 1965) Avwki `k‡Ki KweZv-KvVv‡gv‡Z FRy, cwikªgx, hZœevb : ÔG ïay †iv‡`i †jv‡f evwb‡qwQ Ni/ G ïay Rvbvjv wKb‡Z K‡Zv †e‡P w`‡qwQ bMi|Õ gvbweKZvi AnsKviwU ïay myKwe ev m¤¢ve¨ Kwe wn‡m‡e bq, eo Kwe wn‡m‡e| Kve¨fiv G Kwei hvÎv A‡bKvšÍ, A‡bKw`‡K| Avgv‡`i cÖZ¨vkvq wZwb A‡bK `~‡ii hvÎxwe‡klZ D‡Ø‡Mi cÖve‡j¨i wPwýZ gvÎvwU hvPvBmv‡c‡ÿ| G mZK©wU‡Z Zuvi KweZvMÖš’ : Zbyga¨v (1990), cywj‡cvjvI, KweZvmsMÖn (2006), gwbs †Møvwi (2010)| Kvgiæj nvmvb (R. 1961) mnmª †KvwK‡ji MÖxev (1991), cÖvšÍmxgv AbšÍ`~i (1992), Qy‡j we`y¨jøZv, bv Qy‡j cv_i (1993), cvwL bB Avðh© gvbyl (1994), `kw`‡K Drme (1997), e„ÿ‡`i †kvfv †`‡L hve (2000), iƒc‰P‡Îi AiY¨wUjvq (2004)Kv‡e¨ Kíbvi wek¦vm ˆZwi nq ÔAvKvkM½vÕ, ÔZvgªwjß ivRvi cÖvmv`Õ, Ô¯^cœVvmv †`ehvbx †`nÕ wKsev ÔemšÍ`ywnZvÕi fvlvwP‡ý| hw`I KweZvq Zv Avi ïay fvlvwP‡ý eZ©vq bvn‡q I‡V wek¦exÿvi †R¨wZg©q cybg©y`ªY| bÿÎR¡jR¡j cUwP‡Î Gme Rxeb‡Quvqv GK ï×Zvi Abya¨vb| Abycg Aviva¨ Áv‡b fvebvi mylgv‡K K‡i cÖmvwiZ| Z‡e Kwei wkímËvi D‡b¥vP‡b aiv c‡o AšÍi½Zvi bvbv w`K&wPý| hv cvV‡Ki AšÍ‡j©v‡K m„wó K‡i we‡kl AvKzwZ| mv¾v` kixd (R. 1962) Lye Kg wj‡L Kve¨b›`‡b cÖevwnZ, eywׇK Av‡e‡M Av‡ivc K‡i ˆewk¦K ev¯ÍeZvi myjyKmÜvb K‡ib mv¾v` kixd| evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvi A½‡b †h kª×vwU‡Z wZwb Avmxb, Zvi cÖavb KviY, UªvÝwgD‡Ukvb Z_v iƒcvšÍ‡ii gvÎvwU wPwýZ Kiv| †hLv‡b ïay ¯^‡`k ev mgq bq, wek¦‡PZbvi mshyw³ cwijwÿZ| Zz‡j Avbv Q›`, Avi csw³‡`¨vZbvq QywiwPwKrmv (1985) ï× KweZvi mgvnvi| gnxeyj AvwRR (R. 1962) cvV-AwfÁZvq gnxeyj AvwR‡Ri KweZv mvwšÍqv‡MvÕi gvQ (1988), †iŠ`ªQvqvi cÖevm (1997), niàvi PvKv (1998), c„w_exi mg¯Í mKvj (2001), wbiv›`cyi (2002), ˆek¨ we‡k¦ GK k~`ª (2003), Amy¯Z ’ v †_‡K GB gvÎ (2003), GB bvI w`jvg mb` 126 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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AvMgb-cÖZ¨vMgb K‡i| dvw`©bv›` †m¨vmyiKw_Z fvlvi cÖZxKk~b¨Zvq Kwei ÔwWRvq¨viÕ Awbqš¿‡Y cybM©wVZ nq Ggb K_‡b : gy»Zvi AZj `iRv Ly‡j hvq †Pv‡Li Ici, †mvenvbvjøvn, Lye myir, myirK_v| c•Lxb„Z¨ mvMi nvIqv; nvIqveÜz jvwM ü‡` R‡g †cÖgK_v, ü`K_v, cÿxwe‡KjK_v| fvlv wPývwqZ wek„•Ljv KvíwbK RMZ †cwi‡q Ae`wgZ wgii RM‡Z wePz¨wZ Ges cÖk‡Ö qi †Luv‡R k~b¨gvb n‡j AmjMœ Ae‡PZ‡b Kwefvlv G cÖZxKx k„•Ljvq ch©ewmZ nq| wkgyj beŸyB‡qi cÖ_gw`‡Ki Kwe, cwieZ©b n‡q‡Qb AwfÁZvi †fZ‡i wKš‘ Ô÷v›UÕ `ye©j| †gKvwbR‡gi †fZ‡i A‡bK KweZv Zvi webó n‡jI wKQz fv‡jv KweZv cÖYq‡b Zvi mÿgZv, Ab¨‡`i †P‡q Avjv`v| Kwei Kve¨ : gw¯Í‡®‹ w`bivwÎ (1990), mv`v †Nvovi †mªvZ (1998), cÖvK…Z Ck¦i (2000), RxevZ‡e bv g„Z¨‡e (2001), Kb¨vKgjmswnZv (2007), Awawe`¨v‡K bv ejyb (2009), AvenvIqvwe`MY Rv‡bb (2012)| mßn¯Í mgy`ªmsjvc bv‡gi KweZvmsMÖn †ewi‡q‡Q 2014 mv‡j| evqZzjøvn& Kv‡`ix (R. 1968) KweZvi cÖ‡Yv`bv _vK‡jI, cÖ”Qbœ _v‡Kb ms¸ß kãcÖwZgvi cÖ‡ÿc‡Y| Ru¨vK j¨vKvKw_Z wkïi cÖwZwew¤^Z Avqbvq ÔAciÕ †PZbvi †h wef³ I weP‚wY©Z iƒc †g‡j evqZzjøvn& †mB P‚Yx©K…Z wefw³Z iƒc eûewY©j Avfvq `xwcZ K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| cÖK…wZ-†cÖg-ˆRweKZv `yg©i Zvi Kwe-weeiYx| w`e¨evYx _v‡K ÔigYxÕ, ÔjvjbÕ, Ôeb‡gviMÕ, Ô†R¨vrmœvÕ, ÔnwiYfxwZÕi AšÍjx©b B‡g‡R| AvaywbK cÖeZ©bvwU Av‡m Zvi g‡a¨ kni-mw›`» RxebvPv‡ii bvbvwea Dcv`vb¸‡”Q| Rxebhy³ hš¿Yv AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi i‡O jvf K‡i be¨b›`bgvÎv| †mRb¨ e¨¯Í-cwiµgvq Zuvi Q›`wU n‡q I‡V MwZ‡mŠ›`‡h©i †`¨vZK n‡q| cÖÁvi-cwiKvVv‡gv‡Z evqZzjøvn&i mvg~wnK KwemËvwU wea„Zkx‡Zi m‡bU¸”Q I Ab¨vb¨ †_‡K : kxZ-B Avgvi me, Avgvi A‡gvN ¸iæ, em, Avwg Zvi Aa¯Íb Kg©Pvix, kxZ G‡j wVK Kg©Lvwj weÁvc‡b Avgvi †Pnviv fv‡m, am bvgv eÜ nq ü`‡qi, †V‡K m‡Z¨i kvwjK kxZ cvkvcvwk el©v c‡i µgk w¯’Z gvbyl| fv‡ei †fZ‡i m‡bUI †hb Aegy³, ewm‡q †`b gvÎve„‡Ëi Zxÿè Pvj| m‡bU AvKl©Y eû¯Íixf‚Z AviI c‡ii Kve¨wU‡Z, Z‡e euvK cwieZ©b N‡U hvq wK¤¢~Z nevi K_v wQj †_‡K| 132 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



ÔGK¸”Q mv`v eKÕ a‡i Kwe c_ gvovb| Ô†NvovÕi AvwK©UvBc ˆZwi, ˆewk¦K Awfmvi hy³, Zv‡Z msiwÿZ gvbyl| G welq¸‡jv c‡ii Kv‡e¨ AviI msnZ| mnR PUzj k‡ã n‡q I‡Vb †KŠZzKcÖeY, msL¨vevPKZvq LÐ n‡jI ALÐm~Î ˆZwi| Kwei wÎYvwP‡KZvi bvP Avjv`v wef‡½i| b„Z¨iZv igYxi weeiYag©x ejq, Dcjwä‡Z †g‡j GK Avjv`v A‡gvN Aviva¨ : bvwo‡q i‡mi gb mܨv bv‡g AwZ A‡ejvq Kgjvmy›`ix e‡ov †_‡K hvq eyw×i ¸nvq imMÖvnx gb †ivR m~² ˆRe AvwZ¥K myavq b„Z¨ K‡i K‡i †g‡l Kgjvq A‰ØZ RvMvq GLv‡b bvP bq, b„Z¨B Kwe‡K cÖwZgve›`x K‡i, gvby‡li RxebexR ms¸ß _v‡K Zv‡Z| cÖRvwZ‡PZbv Abyiæ× nq ÔwcÖR‡gi †Pv‡LÕ KweZvq| Ae‡PZb mËvi weùvwiZ cvÐzwjwci †¯ªv‡Z Kwei AšÍe©qb cÖMvp iƒc‰ef‡e AšÍj©xb| Ôm¤¢eZ wZwbB beŸB‡qi GKgvÎ Kwe whwb †ek wKQz mdj `xN© KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb, †mB m‡½ PZz`©kc`xÕ (gvmy`y¾vgvb)| ¯^cœ-iPbvi duv‡` D™¢vwmZ nq evLwZ‡bi eû¯^wiZ Kvwb©fvj †gvwUf : wKQzB †`‡L bv H ev‡qv‡¯‹vcAjv, AvR ïay Avgvi †Pv‡LB †`Lv hvq Zvi hZ ev‡qv‡¯‹vc PZz`©kc`xi Avw½‡K cwieZ©bgq Zuvi B‡gR¸”Q [Ô†NvovÕ c‡i ÔevNÕ] : G-†Kgb evN †`Lv n‡jv! †bB nvjyg-nvjyg, `veovwb †bB, ÔevN Av‡m evN Av‡mÕ †bB fxwZ, Ô†hLv‡b ev‡Ni fqÕ †mLv‡bI †bB mܨv-w¯’wZ evqZzjøvn †h‡nZz bv›`wbK kZ© †g‡b †j‡Lb, †mLv‡b Ae‡PZb-Aa©‡PZb†PZb fvebvq Zvi AwaMZ RMZ wbwg©Z nq| KweZv cwiPP©vi c_wU‡Z wZwb GLbI m¤§yLMvgx| Zuvi Kve¨ `yt‡Li AvOyj b‡o P‡o (1988), evZvm †Zvgvi i³ cvb Ki (1991), kxZvf m‡bU¸”Q I Ab¨vb¨ (1996), wÎYvwP‡K‡Zi bvP (2002), wK¤¢~Z nevi K_v wQj (2005) , cÖRb¥ †jvwnZ (2007), wewZwKw”Qwi jvBd hv‡”Q (2008), Avo¤^i (2008), wcÖq ga¨weË Avwg wKš‘ WvKwQ Avmyb (2010)| Kwei Kve¨mgMÖ †ei nq 2009 mv‡j| PÂj Avkivd (R. 1969) m„wókxj Ae‡PZb mËvq ¯^cœ-DwÌZ cÖZxKx evZ©vi iƒcvqY P‡j| Kwe M‡o †Zv‡jb †cÖgcÖwZgv| _v‡K MíK_b| G‡ÿ‡Î Ave‡n hy³ nq Kv‡gi H›`ªRvwjK Av¯^v`| Kwei iƒcvšÍwiZ Av‡eMmËvq †cÖg‡ev‡ai P~ovšÍ gvÎv ¯úk© Ki‡j h_vixwZ Zv ˆbe©¨w³K-wb¯ú„nZv jvf K‡i| PÂj evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 133



Avkivd Kv‡e¨ †cÖg‡K ¯^xKvi K‡ib Ggb AvKi‡Y| GQvov Zuvi g„wËKv-e„ÿcvZvq cÖZœ-Aw¯Í‡Z¡i †kKowe›`yi ch©‡eÿYI DrmvwiZ AvšÍi †PZbv †_‡K : Avi †Zvgvi kvwoi cu¨vP Lyj‡Z-Lyj‡Z †gN AviI Nb n‡q Av‡m, †e‡o hvq evZv‡mi MwZ| †Ui cvB ¯§„wZi †kKj †cuwP‡q a‡i‡Q GB †`n, k„½v‡ii M‡Ü Rwo‡q... Gm‡e Kwe cÖvYvwqZ I cwikxwjZ c_wU Avwe®‹vi K‡ib K_KZvi ixwZ‡Z| e¯‘fvebv ev gbbgvÎvwU ZxÿèZi; wKš‘ m„wói ms¸ß e¨Äbv wKQy‡ZB wZ‡ivwnZ nq bv| d‡j Kve¨ AvKl©Y _v‡K AUzU| PÂj Avkivd †m Kvi‡YB m¤§yLMvgx| Zuvi Kve¨ : †PvL †bB `„k¨ †bB (1993), Amgvß wki`uvov (1996), I-gy`ªv in‡m¨ †g‡k (2002), †MvcbZvKvgx Av¸‡bi cÖKvk¨ †iLv¸‡jv (2008)| †UvKb VvKzi (R. 1969) K‡qKwU Kv‡e¨ †UvKb VvKzi wb‡R‡K hy³ K‡i‡Qb; Ô†NvovÕ, Ôc_ÕGgbme †ev‡ai P~ovšÍ ch©v‡q| djkÖæwZ‡Z Zuvi mËvwU cwiYZ n‡q‡Q ˆkwíK wb¯ú„nZvq| Ggb cÖK…Z mËvi †fZ‡i ùywiZ ms¸ß e¨Äbvq cÖvY cvq AšÍi AvKi‡Yi hveZxq Dcv`vb¸”Q| Ô†iŠ`ªÕ, Ô†e‡jnuvmÕ, ÔavbÕ, ÔAvKvkÕ, Ôe„ÿÕ cÖvYvqb AR©b K‡i| aŸwb Drm †_‡K we¯Í…wZ cvqGgb me Ave‡n| †UvK‡bi Q›` D‡V Av‡m K¨vRyqvwj, bvbv c‡e© Avi HwZwn¨K ¯^iwU Ae‡PZbvq ¯^cœ-DwÌZ; Avw`g cÖK…wZi Dcjwä‡Z evOgq| beŸyB‡qi Ab¨Zg G Kwe Zvi b›`bf~‡g BwZg‡a¨B wek¦¯Í Ges Dchy³ k‡Z© †c‡q‡Qb w¯’iZv| Z‡e cÖK…Z Q‡›` Zuvi gigx a¨vb n‡q I‡V gvqvex; `~imÂvix| Kwei Kve¨ AšÍibMi †Uªb I Ab¨vb¨ hvÎx (1997), `~im¤ú‡K©i †gN (1999), Avqyi wmsnvmb (2000), KweZv KzwUiwkí (2001), Suv Suv wSu wSu (2003) cÖf„wZ| ingvb †nbix (R. 1970) cwikªgx Kwe| ¯^í mg‡qi e¨eav‡b cÖPzi wj‡L‡Qb| f~wg-gvwU-gvby‡li †kKo msev` wkwíZ cÖKvwkZ Zuvi KweZvq| MwZ‡mŠ›`h© iwÿZ nq Q‡›`| kvgmyi ivngv‡bi Ô†ev‡Zv †NvovÕi g‡Zv Zuvi AviI AwaK Kívwfmvix, AwaK BwZnvmMÖvn¨ Ô`yakv`v †NvovÕ mgKvjwPwýZ n‡q I‡V| †Nvovi KícÖwZgvq M‡o I‡V Zxeª Abyf‚wZi †cLg †gjv Drme| †mLv‡b mvgšÍ (feudal) wPšÍvmKj AeÿwqZ n‡q Kíbvq cvwo †`q Ae`wgZ †hŠbiwZi P‚Y©xK…Z c‡_| Zv‡Z Kvw•LZ †cÖg by‡q c‡o ÔkÖxPÐxi gv‡VÕ| Zv‡Z KwecÖ¯‘wZI A‡bKKv‡ji c`wPwýZ gvb‡ewZnv‡mi †fZi w`‡q : mKvj, `ycyi, ivwÎKvj†f‡O hv‡”Q cvwL‡`i wbf…Z msmvi... NyNy‡`i, eyjeywji, Wvû‡Ki MÖv‡g



134 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



†j‡Þhv‡”Q Luv Luv k~b¨Zvi †gvg†Nvovi Ly‡ii k‡ã ¯^cœe‡b AvRb¥vi MÖvm; wKsev, Avi AvRRyqvi evwR‡Z †n‡i, cvbcvÎ †f‡O, Uj‡Z Uj‡Z †nu‡U hvw”Q msKxY© Mwji †mB Kvdb-†gvov‡bv AÜKvi A_P Avðh© †h, †Zgb †Nvovi wRb Avwg wKš‘ eûevi ¯^‡cœ bqev¯Í‡e Qzu‡qwQ| hveZxq Hk¦h© wb‡q †cÖg-bvix-†cŠiæl AvZ¥v Kvg¨ RMr †c‡q hvq| gbmv, †eûjv, Mvfx, De©i f~wg myLRvMvwbqv-¯^cœRvMvwbqv Abyf~wZ m„wó K‡i, Ae‡PZ‡b Zv †cuŠQvq iwZ`n‡b| cÖZœ-wPšÍvq evmbvi ¯^‡i Ae`g‡bi Dcjÿ¨gw›`i, KzgKzg †VuvU, AuvPj, gvVfiv el©v, dm©v DiæÑ cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi †fZi w`‡q Rxe‡bi cÖRvwZ‡PZbvq (phylogenic) †divi AvKzwZ cÖKvwkZ| ingvb †nbixi Dch©y³ Ô†NvovÕI †hŠbZvi Av‡e‡k gy»KvZi| mgKvjxb cÖm½I G‡m‡Q Zuvi †jLvq| ÔPv-Lvbvi MYZš¿Õ, †cÖm‡bvUÕ, ÔBDwbqb miKvi mgx‡clyÕ cÖf…wZ| we`ªƒcwefvq Gme KweZv `y¨wZgq| Z‡e ¯^fv‡e †nbix HwZn¨cÖeY Ges cÖZœ-Abymvix| cvVF× AwfÁZvq Kwei Kve¨ mgKvj Qzu‡q cvwo †`q eû`~icÖvšÍ| `~ic‡_ Kwe `ªæZ M‡o †bb B‡”Q-AbyeZ©x †cÖgAwfÁvb| Rxebvb›` `v‡ki AvbyK‚j¨ wb‡qI wZwb mgKvj¸‡Y ¯^vZš¿¨ n‡q I‡Vb| GKB m‡½ kw³kvjxI| Kwei Kve¨MÖš’ : welv‡`i P›`ªeb (1998), eb‡fvR‡bi g‡Zv AÜKvi (1999), Avw` I Avmj, Qwn †f`K_v (1999), cÖK…Z mvim D‡o hvq (2000), mvK©vmgyLwiZ MÖvg (2001), MxZAbvh© (2002), AÜKvi‡ejv (2000), LybSiv b`x (2005), †Zvgv‡K evmbv Kwi (2005), †MvÎf~wgKvnxb (2008), †kªô KweZv (2008)| gRby kvn (R. 1970) gRby kvni cÖKi‡Yi ch©‡eÿ‡Y `y¨wZgqZv cwijwÿZ| m‡b‡Ui cybwbg©v‡Y KweZvM‡Üi ¯^v` _v‡K AUzU| evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvq G cÖeYZvwU‡Z gRby kvn †ek ¯^v”Q›`¨ n‡q D‡V‡Qb| Z‡e cÖeYZv †hgbwUB †nvK cyuwRi cÖ‡Kv‡c `ywe©ln I Aj•Nbxq ew›` Rxeb Zuvi D”Pvi‡Y w¯’wZ cvq| Zzgyjfv‡e M`¨Q‡›`i e¨enviI †mLv‡b cwijwÿZ| e¯‘Z Rxe‡bi cÖ‡Yv`bv‡K eyw×i Zx²Zvq wZwb w`‡q‡Qb `xwß| ÔAvgv‡`i hveZxq wkÿv †Nvovi wj‡½i g‡Zv Kvj‡P jvj, `xN© I Aby‡kvPbvnxb| GB Av¯Íve‡ji whwb cÖfy, Zvi mgvwawPý AvR gy‡Q †M‡Q eû¯Íi cvZvi Avov‡j|Õ cÖZœ`„wówU GKw`‡K †hgb evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 135



mvgwqK mgMÖZvi mvwbœa¨ cvq Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb n‡q I‡V iƒp I KK©kmZ¨| c¨v‡m‡R Ômgq †bB, mgq †bB cv PvjvI nuv`v †Kv_vKviÕ Z_¨cÖhyw³i wek¦cÖev‡n weK…Z e¨w³me©¯^ gvbylwUi wPrKv‡i n‡q I‡V hveZxq| GLv‡b cÖKiY bvU¨K_b I PwiÎwbf©i| beŸyB‡q A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ GgbwU _vK‡jI gRby kvn cwiï× Ges D‡`¨v‡Mi cw_K| Zuvi KweZvMÖš’ : AvbKv †g‡Ni Rxebx (1999), jxjvP~Y© (2005), gay I gmjvi e‡b| Lwjj gwR` (R. 1970) cvjKvc¨ (2000) Lwjj gwR‡`i Kve¨MÖš’| cyivY‡K MÖw_Z K‡ib cÖwkwÿZ Áv‡b| G Kv‡e¨ wKQy `xN©KweZv Av‡Q; †hb gnvKv‡e¨i cÖKiYwUi cÖ‡qvRb g‡b n‡q‡Q, Zuvi wbKU| Z‡e Kwei cÖZœ‡Pv‡Li cÖksmv bv K‡i cviv hvq bv| mf¨Zv weKv‡k, evwYR¨ en‡i nw¯Íi cÖ‡qvRb †Zv GKKv‡j wQ‡jvB| myZivs ÔcvjKvc¨ evOjvi †mB gywb whwb nw¯Í‡K cÖ_g ek gvwb‡qwQ‡jbÕ Zvi cybwb©gv© Y Kwe`„wó‡Z evOgq †Zv n‡ZB cv‡i| wKš‘ GKUz evowZ G Kv‡e¨ †h †evaUzKz ÔMR`šÍ wgbviÕ ˆZwi K‡iwb| n‡q‡Q GKwU B‡gR; hv Kv‡e¨ cÖf~Ziƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ| G‡ÿ‡Î wZwb wbðqB cÖfvweZ; Z‡e Zv †hb wbR¯^Zv bv nvivq, †m mZK©ZvUzKz _vKv PvB| Avj‡d«W †LvKb (R. 1971) Avj‡d«W †LvKb `vk©wbK Kwei cÖZ¨‡q wb‡R‡K cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| cwi‡ekbvi fw½wUI ¯^Zš¿| Zuvi KweevYx Ôc¨v‡mRÕ n‡q I‡V| cÖavbZ ˆewk¦K ev¯ÍeZvi A‡bKiKg ZvЇe we”QywiZ aŸwb‡mªv‡Z ˆZwi nq †e`bv-wein-APwiZv_©Zv| Zuvi wk‡ivbvgnxb ¯’vcbv ˆZwi K‡i wbiew”QbœZv| †cÖ‡gi APwiZv_©Zvi Mv‡b bZzb Rxe‡bi Avfv‡mi Bw½Z †g‡j : GB †h GLv‡b ewmAv‡jvob †_‡K †ivR GKv, †Kej †Zvgv‡K Qvov †cŠi‡R¨vr¯œvq Awfgvb †jLv| GK ch©v‡q AvaywbK aviYvmg~n ˆbtm½¨ I wew”QbœZv w`‡qB Pjgvb Rxe‡bi DcmM© ˆZwi K‡i| wek kZKx AvZ¥gMœZvi mgvR-wbi‡cÿ wk‡í G cÖeYZvq i¨v‡ev wKsev K¨vgy-KvdKv wZ‡ivwnZ bb| GLv‡bI cÖYqKvZiZv wKsev Awfgv‡bi iƒcwU Avj‡d«W †LvKb Kv‡ji gvÎvq `y¨wZgq K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb : eis `~iZ¡‡K fv‡jv‡e‡m AviI AvaNÈv _vwK wbKU AvZ¥xq e‡j †KD †bB, mܨviv cÖZxKx Gi g‡a¨B Kwei ˆbe©w³K myiwU Zb¥q K…Zv_©Zvq D”PviY K‡ib| Z‡e Kwe‰PZ‡b¨i Ggb cÖev‡n G¸‡”Q| Avj‡d«W †LvKb G ch©vqwU PP©vi ga¨ w`‡q GwM‡q P‡j‡Qb| Zuvi Kve¨ : †eu‡a hvB ci¯úi †Mu‡_ hvB ci¯úi (1997), D‡o hv”Q †gN (1999), m¤¢ve¨ †ivÏy‡i (2002), dvêy‡bi NUbvejx (2006), gay e„ÿ cÖZviYv wel (2007), †m †Kv_vI †bB (2008)| kvgxg 136 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



†iRv (R. 1971) beŸB‡qi Ab¨‡`i †P‡q Avjv`v Pi‡Y web¨¯Í| fvlvq wZwb c„_K| AwcwbwnwZi aŸwb‡Z KweZvi cÖvPzh©Zv Kve¨wefvq cyjwKZ| `yg©ifv‡e fvlv‡K A_©‡`¨vZK K‡i Zzj‡Z mvg_©¨ wZwb| Z‡e fvlvwU †h fvebvq cybM©wVZ Zv Am¤¢e ¯§„wZMÜv| g‡bv‡PZbvq †cÖg †ek mvieËvm¤úbœ| Rxe‡bi eû cÖvšÍ Zv ¯úk© K‡i| ˆmq` kvgmyj n‡Ki KweZv I Kve¨bv‡U¨ †h cÖZœwg_wU wkwíZfv‡e aiv c‡o †m avivwU wZwb wfbœ I begvÎvq mw¾Z K‡ib KweZvq : Avnv‡i! †`v‡qjv, ivwËi Avgvi, GKjv civY! Kvi wfWvq Kv‡›`v bigKÉx cvwL, Kvi cÖk‡Ö q wfRvI gb, Kvi †Vuv‡U Kuv‡c Abyf‚wZi cÖ_g Pz¤^b, †Kv_vq †Zvi evDwoqv Muv, LvWv‡ji wQU wQU †R¨vr¯œv-†iŠ‡`ª Kxing †Zvi Pjv‡div g‡b c‡o, g‡b c‡o bv? Ggb ixwZ AviI cÖMvp Ges µgcwigvwR©Z n‡q wbwg©Z n‡Z †`Lv hvq ü`qwjwc‡Z| c‡_i euv‡K AwfÁZvi Szwj‡Z mÂq, †PZbvi ¯^AwfgyLx mÂiY G ch©v‡qi KweZvi c_ Ly‡j w`‡q Dch©y³ Dc¯’vcbvq K‡i †Zv‡jb jwjZ‡kvfb : †e‡nkZ †`vR‡Li gvS mxgv‡šÍ †h a~-a~ c_ Kí GB c‡_ Zzwg †`ehvbx, Luy‡R †di Qwo Qvqvc‡_ ivZw`b, †XD Zz‡j ü`‡qi n«` n«‡`, bxj‡fvi bv‡g, cv‡k Zzwg GKvwKbx bvix| cwieZ©bwU †Pv‡L c‡o, fvlvi †ÿÎwU mg‡qi AbyeZ©‡b euvav, †cÖgI c~‡e©v³ wg_-cÖZœ cwimxgv †_‡K †ewi‡q n‡q D‡V‡Q AvaywbKcÖeY, wg_mg~nI iO cvwë‡q‡Q, fvlvq G‡m‡Q eyw×i ms‡køl| kvgxg †iRv gyL¨Z †cÖgcÖeY| wKš‘ †m †cÖg bvMwiK h‡ZvUv Zvi †P‡q AwaK cyivY-HwZn¨vwfmvwi| †jvKAbym„ZI cÖf‚ZgvÎvq| †mLv‡b Ae‡PZb gbtmgxÿvq †Uv‡Ug-U¨vey ev cÖvP¨-cvðvZ¨ Dcv`vb wg_w¯ŒqBK cvVAwfÁZvq mËvRvZ| Zuvi G ch©šÍ cÖKvwkZ Kve¨ : cv_iwP‡Î b`xK_v (2001), bvj›`v `~iwe‡k¦i †g‡q (2004), hLb ivwËi bvBgv Av‡m myeY© bM‡i (2005), eªþv‡Ði BmKzj (2009), ü`qwjwc (2014)| KvRj Kvbb (R. 1971) ¯^vwcœK Kwe wKš‘ Zv‡Z w`e¨`„wói Z…wß Kg| KviY, cwiPh©v I AwfÁZvi cybive„wË nIqvq m¤¢ve¨Zvi Av‡qvRbwU n‡q c‡o Abvn~Z| Z‡e Dß Dcjwäi evZ©v Awb›`¨my›`i| KweAwfÁZvq Rxe‡bi wecbœZv ev civRq wbm‡M©i cwie„‡Ë m¤§yLMvgx n‡j †c‡q e‡m ga¨weË KvZiZv| wKQy web¨vmMZ ¯’~jZ¡ e¨wZ‡i‡K HwZn¨ ev evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 137



BwZnvmMZ w¯’wZ KweZvq †ek AvKl©Yxq| fv‡jv jv‡M ÔARmª cvwLÕ, ÔB”Qvg„Zz¨i b›`bÕ Gm‡ei wee„wZ| KweZvq Kwe wb‡Ri g‡ZvB wbi¼zk| †mRb¨ Zuvi cÖkœ †hgb Av‡Q †Zgwb DËiI| Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’ gvwUi gogo (2001), cBL D‡o hvI (2007)| ˆmKZ nvwee (R. 1972) kni †hŠeb I ivwÎ (2004) wb‡q cÖPzi ¯§„wZi gy»Zvq DrKY©| cÖMj&f Abyf‚wZ, KuvPv K‡Éi KwP Abyfe Zuvi| A‡bKUv ÔB‡gvwUfÕ cÖeYZvq K‡ívw³i cÖmvi| †mLv‡bB eûgywL cÖvPz‡h©i mgvnvi| M‡o †Zv‡j B‡gRmg~n Rxe‡bi Zz”Q Dc‡fvM Avi ¯^cœcÖwZgvi `‡ivRvq Ae‡PZb Av‡jvi NyjNywj| D×…wZ : ÔcÖMvpZv †`q GB ivwÎ, †`q/ cÖMvp wccvmv/ cÖMvp k~b¨Zv/ ¯^‡cœi `‡ivRvÕ| GB ¯^cœfyK gbtmgxÿvi †fZ‡ii ÔB‡MvÕ‡Z Pvwn`vgvwdK e„nr gv‡qi cÖZœgyL m„wRZ nq, Kj¨vY Avi g½‡ji we¯Í…wZ‡Z| Z‡e cÖavbZ b÷¨vjwRK cyivYe„wËB Zvi ciZK_v| Zuvi Ab¨ Kve¨ : Avgiv †KejB Pv‡qi †Uwe‡j So (2007), hš¿‡n«lv (2013)| µgiƒcvšÍi I wPibZz‡bi nvIqvi Zvi Abyfe AviI Mfxi wKš‘ Zvi Nbv‡bv iƒc GLbI AbwZµvšÍ| Iev‡q` AvKvk (R. 1973) ÔevwjKvi cÖvPxb AmyLÕ wKsev ÔcÖ‡kœvËi ce©ÕwU‡Z wb‡R‡K mvg~wnK mËvi †PZb-Ae‡PZ‡b Ôi‡³i iOaby‡KÕ msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib Q‡›`i Abycg ˆkwj‡Z| Zuvi wPÎKí ˆewPΨgq, Mfxi†hLv‡b †kªwYPwi‡Îi †kvlY ev Zvi Øvw›ØK iƒcwU c‡ivÿ cÖZv‡c iƒcvwqZ| ÔRvwZmsNÕ e¨½ I we`ªƒc Qovq wkíK‡g©| Iev‡q` AvKvk †hgb mgvR-AwfÁZvq KK©k wPÎiƒc A¼b K‡ib †Zgwb mgvRwbi‡cÿ Ae‡PZ‡bi Av`k©‡K Awš^Z K‡ib| wKš‘ KweZvi A‡jŠwKK Avb›` `~ivqZ _v‡K bv : cvwLi †Pv‡L †PvL †i‡L we¯Í…Z nvI‡oi K_v fv‡ev e¨vcK el©vq wKsev Afve¨ LiZvq Zviv KZUv hvhvei n‡q hvq| ÔkxZÕ wewfbœiƒ‡c KweZvq G‡m‡Q| bvbv Zvrch© Zvi| GLv‡b Ôkx‡Zi cvwLÕ gy³ cÖv‡Yi evZ©v enb Ki‡jI ¯§„wZgy»Zvi eû¯Íixf‚Z Ae‡PZb Aviv‡a¨ GK AšÍðwiÎ (inner figure) ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| GiKg KweZvfvebvi wPÎiƒ‡c Iev‡q` AvKvk ¯^íZg e¨eav‡b iPbv K‡ib cZb ¸Ä‡b fv‡m Li‡mªvZv Puv` (2001), bvkZvi †Uwe‡j cÖRvcwZMY (2003), `~iv‡ivM¨ evwo (2004), Kzqvkv Dov‡jv hviv (2005), Zvic‡i, ZviKvi nvwm (2007), kx‡Zi cÖKvi (2008), hv wKQz meyR ms‡KZgq (2010), wcÖq Kwe‡`i iÜbkvjvq (2011), iO Kiv `yt‡Li Zuvey (2012) Kve¨MÖš’| Zuvi wbe©vwPZ KweZv : D×viK…Z 138 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 139



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evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨vm I Jcb¨vwmK (1947-1970) c~e©-evsjvq wefv‡MvËi Jcb¨wmKMY wewfbœ Pvwi‡Î¨i Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡i‡Qb| wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb wkí-wba©vwiZ fvlvwPÎI| evsjv fvlv I K…wói cwiPh©vq Zv IB ch©v‡q wQj mvnmx I bZzb w`KmÂvix| GKvˇii c‡i hv eB‡q †`q bZzb wPšÍvi cÖmªeb| Aek¨B wefvM-cieZ©x g~jxf~Z AwfÁZvi G Dcb¨vmmg~n evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡mi †kKomËv †_‡K cwimªyZ| Aveyj dRj (1903-1983) Aveyj dRj †PŠwPi (1927) Dcb¨vm wb‡q hvÎv ïiæ K‡ib| Zvici cÖ`xc I cZ½ (1940), mvnwmKv (1946)| gymwjg mgvR Rxeb, †cÖg-†ivgvÝ-cÖYq wea„Z| Z‡e ms¯‹vi Avo÷, kixinxb †cÖg| ZeyI Ô†RvnivÕ, ÔRvdiÕ AvaywbKZvi Elvj‡Mœ m¤£všÍ gymwjg cwiev‡ii ¯§viK| †jL‡Ki Rxeb c‡_i hvÎx (1948) e³e¨-wbf©i Dcb¨vm| fvlv e¨w³Z¡wbf©i; ga¨weË fvev‡eM Av”Qbœ| m`¨ c~e©-cvwK¯Ív‡b †nbv I gvgy‡bi †cÖg, e¨w³Z¡, Ans †ek gbbF×| evOvwj gymwjg mgv‡R c`©vcÖ_v, ms¯‹vi‡PZbvi gyw³i m‡½, Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ GKUv eyw×i J¾¡j¨I †ek AvKl©Yxq| ivOv cÖfvZ (1957) Dcb¨v‡m mvZPwjøk-c~e© I cieZ©x NUbvcÖevn bR‡i Av‡m| Ggb cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z cÖavbZ Av`k©ev‡`i cÖKvk _vK‡e Dcb¨v‡m Zv bZzb g‡b nq bv| a‡g©i E‡aŸ© gvbweKZv, Amv¤úª`vwqKZv G welq¸‡jv Av‡Q| e¯‘Z ej‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 143



nq, gvbeZvev`x Aveyj dR‡ji gvbeZvev`x Dcb¨vm GwU| civeZ©b (1980) Zuvi Ab¨ Dcb¨vm| kIKZ Imgvb (1917-1998) evsj‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡m kIKZ Imgvb Avw½K¸‡YB Avjv`v| wewPÎag©x Dcb¨vm wj‡L‡Qb, Aviwe-dviwm k‡ã, gymwjg wg_‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q, iƒcKcÖZx‡Ki †fZi w`‡q| Z‡e Pwi‡Îi AšÍ¯Íj ¯úk©, mvgwMÖK ¯^iƒc wb‡`©k Zuvi Kvwnwb‡Z `ye©j, mgZjI g‡b nq| wKš‘ A‡bK Dcb¨v‡mi †fZi w`‡q †Mvov †_‡KB wZwb cÖwZôvi RvqMvq †cuŠQvb| kIKZ Imgv‡bi Rbbx (1961) Dcb¨v‡m Rbbx `wiqvwewei me©smnv gvZ…g~wZ©i ¯^iƒc Av‡Q| msmvi-cjvZK, wbiæ‡Ïk ¯^vgx AvRnvi Luvi ¯’v‡b `vwi`ª¨-ˆ`b¨Zvi my‡hv‡M AbvûZ AwaKvi K‡i abvX¨ BqvKze| d‡j öwjZ Rbbx gh©v`v nvivq, Zv‡K †Q‡o P‡j hvq mšÍvb †gvbv`xi Avi AbvMZ wb®úvc mšÍvb‡K Pig civKvôvq Rb¥ w`‡q gv wn‡m‡e †m AvZ¥nZ¨vi c_ †e‡Q †bq| Dcb¨v‡m gvZ…Z¡‡K gnxqvb Kivi cvkvcvwk evOvwj gymwjg mgvR-ms¯‹…wZi Avengvb iƒc I cuywRev`x A_©bxwZi cÖ‡Kvc‡K Mfxi Zvrc‡h© evOgq K‡i †Zvjv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m GwU GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcb¨vm| Rbbxi Av‡M †jLv nq ebxAv`g (1943)| Av`g mšÍv‡bi `ytL-`vwi`ª¨, nv‡i‡mi ¯^xKv‡ivw³ I msMÖv‡g ewY©Z| KvwnwbMÖwš’ wkw_j; PwiÎvbyM bq Aven| ZeyI Dcb¨v‡mi Av_©-mvgvwRK ev¯ÍeZvi wPÎ cÖksmbxq| µxZ`v‡mi nvwm (1962) cÖZxKx Dcb¨vm| AvBqy‡ei ew›``kv †_‡K c~e©-evsjvi RbZvi gyw³; cÖZxK Lwjdv nviæbi ikx` Ges Zvi wecix‡Z ZvZvixi gyw³| gyw³i †fZi w`‡q ZvZvixi †cÖg, gh©v`v, gbyl¨Z¡, g~j¨‡eva mewKQyiB cÖKvk N‡U‡Q| cvwK¯Ívbx kvmbvg‡j c~e©evsjvi evOvwj RbZvi gyw³i m‡½ G welq¸‡jvB RwoZ wQj| kvmK nviæbi ikx` cÖ_‡g Agh©v`v Zvw”Qj¨ K‡iwQj Zvici A‡bK myweav w`‡q Zvi Revb‡K wKb‡Z †P‡qwQj; Zvi †cÖwgKv‡K fy‡j †h‡Z e‡jwQj wKš‘ †Kv‡bvwKQyi wewbg‡q ev AbyivM-wei‡n ekeZx© n‡q †m wKQyB K‡iwb| kIKZ Imgv‡bi G Dcb¨v‡mi †g‡mRwUB Riæwi| Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwb GKUv j‡ÿ¨i AbyeZ©x; †mRb¨ msjvc, fvlv, HwZwn¨K welq Av‡Q wKš‘ †klvewa wPËgyw³i cÖeYZvwUB gyL¨ n‡q D‡V‡Q| Dcb¨vmwU RbwcÖqZvi KviYI †mLv‡bB wbwnZ| kIKZ Imgv‡bi †PŠimwÜ (1375)i ¸iæZ¡ Kvjøy Pwi‡Îi Rb¨| wi·vIqvjv †_‡K †PvimgªvU nIqvi msev` _vK‡jI MÖvg I bMi ev¯ÍeZvi wP·b Dcb¨v‡mi Avw½K Zvrch©enB e‡U| kIKZ Imgv‡bi gyw³hy×wfwËK 144 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Dcb¨vm PviwU| Rvnvbœg nB‡Z we`vq (1971), †bK‡o AiY¨ (1973), `yB ˆmwbK (1973), Rjv½x (1974)| Rvnvbœg nB‡Z we`vq Dcb¨v‡m MvRx ingvb 1971-Gi cÖZ¨ÿ AwfÁZvi mgq‡K e‡jb; Kvwnwb GKvËi-Gi g‡a¨| cÖZ¨ÿ GKvËiB Kvwnwb n‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b gyw³‡h×v‡`i ZrciZv, ivRvKvi wbab; fq-AvZ¼gq cwi‡ek R¡jšÍ I ev¯Íe n‡q I‡V| †bK‡o AiY¨ cvK nvbv`vi evwnwbi nv‡Z bvix-wbh©vZb I al©‡Yi wPÎ| a‡g©i bv‡g wKsev ag©‡K e¨envi K‡i bvix wbh©vZ‡bi wPÎ GKvˇi wbg©g `„óvšÍ ¯’vcb K‡iwQj| Dcb¨v‡m Zwbgv, mwLbv, Av‡gvw`bxi gbtKó ˆZwi n‡q‡Q G cÖm‡½| `yB ˆmwb‡Ki Kvwnwb gL`yg g„avi cwiev‡ii| †hLv‡b `yB cvK-†gRi cwiev‡ii mg¯Í AvwZ_¨ wb‡jI `yB †g‡qi Acni‡Yi ev al©‡Yi evmbv cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| cvwK¯Ív‡b Bmjv‡gi bv‡g MYnZ¨v, AcniY, wbh©vZ‡bi `ywe©ln Qwe `yB ˆmwbK| †QvÆ cwim‡i †jLK cvK‰mb¨‡`i cÖe„wË I jvjmvi ¯^iƒc‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| †hLv‡b ag©vPvi ev gvbweKZv ïayB nvm¨Ki GKwU welq gvÎ| Rjv½x euvKv‡Rvj MÖv‡gi Rwgivwj; Zvi gyw³hy‡× hvÎv, kÎægyw³i ¯^cœ, ivRvKvi‡`i weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva, cÖwZ‡kva cÖ‡Póv wb‡q Dcb¨v‡mi cøU wbwg©Z| gyw³‡hv×v wn‡m‡e Rwgivwji c~Y©v½ iƒcwU GLv‡b A¼‡bi †Póv K‡i‡Qb †jLK| cZ½ wcÄi (1983) mgvR msMÖvgx, cÖwZ‡ivavZ¥K, Rxebfvebvg~jK Dcb¨vm| c½cv‡ji weiæ‡× A`g¨ Mdzi| myweavev` ev ag©xq Kzms¯‹v‡ii weiæ‡× cwikªgx K…wl Rxeb‡KB Dcb¨v‡m cÖZxKx K‡i †Zvjv n‡q‡Q| ivRv DcvL¨vb (1970) iƒc‡Ki Av`‡j †kvlK I ÿgZvwjáy RvûK Avi †hvMmvRk ev `vjv‡ji cÖZxK wn‡m‡e `vwiqym, RvwR©m‡K Dcb¨v‡m wPÎvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| kvnbvgv‡K g~j Kvwnwb a‡i KvíwbK Qvqve„‡Ë ivRv Rvû‡Ki DcvL¨vb iwPZ| mgvMg (1967) kIKZ Imgv‡bi e³e¨cÖavb Dcb¨vm| AvZ©bv` (1985)-Gi c~e©K_vq kIKZ Imgvb e‡j‡Qb, Ôfvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wgKvq iwPZ AvZ©bv` Dcb¨v‡m e¨vKiY A‡bK mgq Ae‡nwjZ|Õ KviY, Kvwnwbi MZvbyMwZK wefw³-wefvRb-D‡Ïk¨ †bB| †`kfvM, `v½v, fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi Kvh©KviY g~j¨vqb Av‡Q Dcb¨v‡m| ivRmvÿx (1985) ivR‰bwZK †PZbvag©x Dcb¨vm| meyibB ivRmvÿx| GKw`‡K †m wb‡Ri msMÖvgx Rxe‡bi mvÿx Ab¨w`‡K Av`vj‡Z KzPwiÎ KvRx Avjvwg‡bi gy‡Lvk D‡b¥vPbKvix ivRmvÿx| Dcb¨vwU‡Z kIKZ Imgv‡bi gywÝqvbv †ek imMÖvnx| wcZ…cyiæ‡li cvc (1986) wcZv ReŸvi nvIjv`vi †g‡q jvjevby‡K cuywR K‡i wb‡Ri ¯^v_© PwiZv_© Kivi Awfbe Kvwnwb| †g‡qi cÖwZ wcZvi nVKvwiZv, wek¦mNvZKZv evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 145



cÖKvk n‡j Zv †Zv wcZ…cyiæ‡liB cvc; m‡›`n wK! wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm Zviv `yBRb (1958), cÂm½x (1975), RyRMMv (1988)| Avey iæk&` (1919-2010) G‡jv‡g‡jv (1353)i mv¾v` cÖm‡½ e‡jb KvwnwbKvi Ômv¾v` GKw`b we‡K‡j GKv †eov‡Z †ei nq, M‡oi gv‡Vi w`‡K, †nu‡UÕ, Ômywdqv P‡j †M‡j mv¾v` wb‡Ri Kvgivq `iRv eÜ K‡i weQvbvq Mv Gwj‡q †`q| Ávb nIqvi ci †_‡K mv¾v` G-ch©šÍ KLbI Kuv‡`wbÕGiKgfv‡e bMi cwie„‡Ë ga¨weË c~Y©v½ cÖeYZvq, AvaywbK ¯^”QixwZ‡Z Avey iæk&`-Gi Dcb¨vm †_‡KB G‡jv| H †Mvovq, †K‡›`ª wefvM-cieZ©xKv‡j, wbi¼zkiƒ‡c| Zuvi mvg‡b b~Zb w`b (1956); wefv‡MvËi mg‡qi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ¸iæZ¡ AR©b K‡imijfv‡e iwPZ Kvwnwb I wbe©vwPZ fvlv‰kwj m„wói ¸‡Y| nvq`vi ˆK‡kvi †_‡K (Dcb¨v‡mi ïiæ 1919 †_‡K wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i(?) †kl Aewa) †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y ch©šÍ c~Y©v½ `vwqZ¡kxj PwiÎ wn‡m‡e cÖwZôvi †Póv jÿYxq| 1919 Kvjcwim‡i Dcb¨vm kyiæ n‡jI wbQK GKwU cwiev‡ii mswkøóZvq m¤ú~Y© NUbvwU cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| †jLK K_bfw½‡Z kwdKzi ingvb mv‡n‡ei cwiev‡ii †fZi w`‡q wb‡RiB ¯§„wZ-b÷¨vjwRqvi cybive„wË NwU‡q‡Qb| KjKvZv, jvjgwbinvU, Kuvw_, Lyjbv, bvivqYMÄ PvKwim~‡Î e`wj cwiµgvq c~Y©v½ evsjv‡`‡ki PvjwPÎ iwPZ n‡q‡Q| ga¨weË bMi Rxe‡bi fvl¨Kvi wn‡m‡eB Avey iæk`Gi cÖwZôv| Zuvi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm mvg‡b b~Zb w`b Ggb welq‡K Aej¤^b K‡iB hvÎv K‡i‡Q| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mvdj¨ Zuvi G Dcb¨v‡m Av‡mwb| ga¨weË cwiev‡ii cÖavb PwiÎ AvjZvd, AvjZv‡di evev AemicÖvß †nWgv÷vi, †QvU fvB dwi` Abvm© cvViZ, Aóg †kªYxi QvÎx †evb kwdKv Ges M„wnbx gvÕ†K wb‡q †Wvev nj `xwNi Kvwnwbi myÎcvZ| †Wvev nj `xwN (1960) Dcb¨v‡m cÖavb PwiÎ wn‡m‡e AvjZvd‡K Zz‡j G‡b †jLK mvZPwjøk †_‡K DbcÂvk mg‡q c~e©-evsjvi ga¨weË bvMwiK Rxe‡bi ms¯’vb, AvKv•ÿv, cÖe„wË RwUjZv Gme wee„Z Kievi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| AwbwðZ ivwMYx (1969) Dcb¨v‡m †Kv‡bv Aa¨vq wefvRb †bB, GKwU GKvbœeZ©x cwiev‡ii wbišÍi e‡q Pjv Gi Kvwnwb, Kvwnwbi †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z Av‡Qb Kwdj mv‡ne| Kwdj mv‡n‡ei wPšÍv-ˆPZb¨, Avkv-AvKv•ÿv, ¯^cœ-¯^cœf½, Avkvf½ Kvwnwb‡K wbwg©wZ w`‡q‡Q| Kwdj mv‡n‡ei cÖe„wË-cÖeYZv Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z wM‡qB Dcb¨vmwU‡Z Ab¨vb¨ Pwi‡Îi cÖ‡qvRb n‡q c‡o‡Q| gymwjg ga¨weË PwiÎ wn‡m‡e c~e© evsjvq Zvi Avkv-AvKv•ÿv, cvIqv-bv-cvIqv, Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Uvbvc‡ob, ü`‡qi 146 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



k~b¨Zv D”Q¡vm cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¨vcviB Kwdj mv‡n‡ei Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖeYZv †_‡K ewY©Z| mvg‡b bZzb w`b †_‡K Avey iæk`-Gi µg-DËi‡Yi ce©wUi cwiPqI G‡ÿ‡Î A¯úó _v‡K bv| †bvOi (1963) wefv‡MvËi mg‡qi c‡U †jLv g~j¨evb Dcb¨vm| cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¯^cœf½, evOvwj gymwjg ga¨weË Aw¯ÍZ¡gyLi; Aeÿq MÖvm K‡i‡Q G ga¨weˇKg~jPwiÎ Kvgv‡ji †PZbvq `„k¨gvb mewKQy| ÔcyÄxf~Z Ab¨vq AZ¨vPv‡ii weiæ‡× †`‡ki †KvwU †KvwU ewÂZ †jvK gnv‡µv‡a †R‡M DV‡eÕ Ggb Avkvev`I cÖZ¨q cvq Kvgv‡ji g‡b| Avey iæk‡`i †bvOi g~jZ m`¨-cvwK¯Ív‡bi evOvwj gymwjg-gvb‡mi Avkv-AvKv•ÿv Avi ¯^cœf‡½i evZ©vevwn iƒc| wefv‡MvËi c~e©-evsjvi ga¨weË gymjgv‡bi cvwK¯Ív‡bi †gvnf‡½i ¯^iƒcwU GLv‡b wPwÎZ| ga¨we‡Ëi PwiÎ-ˆewkó¨ wba©vi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡mi cÖKiY-wba©vi‡Yi cÖqvmwU cÖavbZ Zuv‡`i nv‡ZB iwPZ nq| ¯’wMZ Øxc (1974) ga¨weË mgv‡Ri Av¯’v-wbf©iZvi cÖm½mg~‡ni cÖZxKx wPÎiƒc| wefvM-DËi Kvjc‡e© Avey iæk` bMiwfwËK AwfÁZvq Rxebev`x avivwUi G‡Kev‡i †Mvovq RjwmÂb K‡ib| †hUv Zuvi AwR©Z ˆkwj‡Z cÖwZwôZ| wefv‡MvËi mg‡q evOvwj gymjgvb †jLK‡`i Ab¨Zgiƒ‡c †h Rqi_ wZwb Pvjbv K‡ib Zv evsjv‡`‡ki K_vmvwn‡Z¨i w`KwPý¯^iƒc, m‡›`n †bB| Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`xb (1911-1988) Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`xb cwiZ¨³ ¯^vgx (1947), gyw³ (1948), cÖc (1980), †`qvj (1986) Dcb¨vm wj‡L‡Qb| Zuvi Îqx (trilogy) Dcb¨vm fvIqvjM‡oi DcvL¨vb (1963), cÙv †gNbv hgybv (1974), msKi msKxZ©b (1980)| fvIqvjM‡oi DcvL¨v‡bi Kvwnwb‡Z b~i eL&k Iqvnvex †PZbvq GKw`‡K gymwjg BwZnvm I HwZ‡n¨i cybM©Vb Ab¨w`‡K Bs‡iR Aay¨wlZ fviZxq f~L‡Ði gyw³i Rb¨ †Rnv` cÖRb¥všÍ‡i Qov‡bvi K_v e‡j| Ggb BwZnvm-hy³ NUbvi Ici wfwË K‡i fvIqvjM‡oi DcvL¨v‡bi Kvwnwb wbwg©Z| iƒcvšÍwiZ mgvR-KvVv‡gvi Ø›ØB †mLv‡b cÖavb| cÙv †gNbv hgybv evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡m G hver e„nr K‡je‡ii Dcb¨vm| Îqxi wØZxq Ask n‡jI c~‡ev©³ PwiÎmg~n GLv‡b Abycw¯’Z| Kvwnwbi we¯Íw…Z mvZPwjøk ch©šÍ| wek kZ‡Ki wØZxq `kK †_‡K fviZe‡l©i ivR‰bwZK DËvc, AwaKvi Av`vq, cÖwZwôZ gymwjg e¨w³Z¡, ivR‰bwZK †bZ…Z¡ Kvwnwb‡Z D‡V G‡m‡Q| bMi cËb Ges †mLv‡b MÖvg †_‡K D‡V Avmv PwiÎmg~n, wkÿ-`xÿv, AvPvig~j¨‡ev‡ai cybM©Vb GKB m‡½ RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi RvMiY; Ab¨w`‡K f½yi evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 147



MÖvgxY e¨e¯’v, Rwg`vixi Aemvb, Kg©ms¯’vb k~b¨ZvGgb cybM©V‡bi Ave‡Z© cÙv †gNbv hgybv Dcb¨v‡mi NUbvcÖevn| fvIqvjM‡oi DcvL¨v‡b †h ag©xq †PZbvi BwZe„Ë Kvwnwb‡Z wQj †mUv G Dcb¨v‡m MwZkxj mgq †PZbvi Kvi‡YB AviI RwUj Ges wfbœZi ev¯ÍeZvq ag©vPv‡ii cybg©~j¨vqb| KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, myfvm emy, gvb‡e›`ª ivq Gme Kvwnwb‡iLvq D¾xweZ; MÖvg †_‡K mbvZb ag©xq g~j¨‡ev‡ai gvgyb kn‡i G‡m‡Q| G PwiÎ cÖZ¨ÿ K‡i bM‡ii AvaywbK wkÿv-ms¯‹…wZ| Zvi iæwP‡eva cvëv‡Z _v‡K| ag©xq wek¦v‡mi wfwË `ye©j n‡q c‡o| cuvP c‡e© wef³ Dcb¨v‡m D‡V Av‡m PiKv, ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vjb, wek¦hy×, wecøex ZrciZv, mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv BZ¨vw` cÖm½| mvgwMÖK cwim‡i Dcb¨v‡m Avjx Avng`, ggZvR †eMg, †iev, gwiqg, gbmyi G‡`i ga¨weË cÖe„wˇZ †cÖg-`v¤úZ¨-¯§„wZ-b÷¨vjwRqvi gb¯ÍË¡ iwPZ nq| Dcb¨v‡mi Avw½K FRy, M`¨ BwZnvm-AbyeZ©x| ï× gbbkxjZv I mgvRmw›`» ¯^”Q †PZbvq Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`xb evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡mi iæwP I w`MšÍ‡K M‡o w`‡q‡Qb| †mUv wbQK RbwcÖqZvi Rb¨ bq; ¯’vqx I `xN©vqZ HwZ‡n¨i Av‡jvKewZ©Kv wn‡m‡e| `yB. ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn& (1922-1971) evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨vmwk‡í ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn& kw³kvjx I cÖfve`xß †jLK| wefv‡MvËi mvwn‡Z¨ evOvwj gymwjg †jLK‡`i g‡a¨ wZwbB cÖ_g wk‡íi †Mvovq cÖK…ZA‡_© RjwmÂb Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi jvjmvjy (1948) Abe`¨ Dcb¨vm| Ab¨ `ywU Puv‡`i Agvem¨v (1964), Kuv‡`v b`x Kuv‡`v (1968)| jvjmvjy Qvov Ab¨ `ywU Dcb¨v‡m †jLK e½xq HwZn¨ I AvL¨vb‡K BD‡ivcxq ixwZ I `k©‡bi cÖfv‡e Zvrch©gq Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| jvjmvjy Dcb¨v‡mi ïiæ AfveZvwoZ cÖK…wZi eY©bvq; ˆbik¨KvZi, Rxebv‡š^lx gwR‡`i g~j (root) †LuvRvi ZrciZvq| gwR` Dcb¨v‡mi †K›`ªxq PwiÎ| G Pwi·K wN‡i Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwb MwVZ nq| gneŸZbMi MÖv‡g †gv`v‡”Qi cx‡ii gvRvi‡K †K›`ª K‡i gwR` AvZ¥cÖwZôv cvq| kw³kvjx Lv‡jK e¨vcvix †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i mevB‡K †m KivqË K‡i| Am¤¢e mshZ I msnZ kw³‡Z gwR` cÖf~Z m¤úwËi AwaKvix nq| ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn& AvL¨v‡bi wbwg©wZ‡Z †hfv‡e gwR`‡K m„wó K‡ib, Pwi‡Îi AšÍkw© ³i Awbevh©Zv †hfv‡e ˆZwi nq Zv Dcb¨v‡m evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ weij NUbv| gwR` Pwi·K m„wó Ki‡Z wM‡q †jLK evOvwji MÖvgxY ms¯‹…wZ, agxq AvPvi-ixwZi cÖ‡qvM I e¨envi, 148 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡m avivq kvgmy`&`xb Aveyj Kvjvg Dcb¨vm iPbvq cÖwmw× AR©b K‡ib †gŠj wKQy ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y : GK. Dcb¨v‡mi mgvRev¯ÍeZvi gg©we›`yi ¯úk©Zvq, `yB. evOvwj gymjgvb mgv‡Ri HwZn¨ ev DcK_vi m‡½ BwZnv‡mi A‡gvN †gjeÜb Kvwnwb‡Z MÖw_Z Kivq, wZb. cÖengvb mgvRRxeb‡K behy‡Mi Bw½‡Z cyYg©~j¨vq‡bi cÖqvmx nIqvqGm‡ei ¯^vZš¿¨ w`K¸wj wefv‡MvËi Dcb¨v‡mi avivi my`„p c_wbg©vYB ïay ˆZwi K‡i bv; wkíxi wkí‰ewkó¨‡K cÖRb¥všÍ‡i cÖevwnZ Kivi Zvrch©I enb K‡i P‡j| Kvke‡bi Kb¨v (1954) wj‡L Zuvi ïiæ, Ges RbwcÖq nb| Dcb¨vmwUi cUf~wg `wÿY evsjvi mgy‡`ªvcK~jeZ©x RbRxeb| Dcb¨v‡mi PwiÎ †h msMÖv‡gi c‡U wea„Z Zv e„nËi Rxeb Abymvix Ges mgq cÖwZ‡ekmÂvix| AÂwjK Dcb¨vm iPbvq kvgmy`&`xb Aveyj Kvjv‡gi wfbœZv cwijwÿZ| Kvke‡bi Kb¨v Dcb¨v‡m g~j PwiÎ Kvby wkK`vi; g~jZ Kvby wkK`viB cvV‡Ki g‡bvms‡h‡Mi †K›`ªwe›`y| Kweqvj Kvby wkK`vi| †m fvewe”QywiZ †PZbvq RMr-Rxe‡bi we‡kølY Pvq; †cÖwgK †Rv‡e`v Zv‡K eskxev`b Qvov ˆelwqK K‡i Zzj‡Z Pvq| †Rv‡e`v c~e©‡cÖ‡gi m~‡Î ¯^vgx AvmMiDjøvi msmvi Qv‡o, Kwe Kvby wkK`v‡ii Mv‡bi my‡ii g‡g© `v`v Kigvwji wbi¼zk cÖfve _vK‡jI NiQvov †Rv‡e`v Zv‡K msmvi-Amsmv‡ii †`vjvPjZvq wbcwZZ K‡i| G ch©vqwU Kvke‡bi Kb¨v Dcb¨v‡mi DrKl©ce©| Kvwnwb G ¯Í‡i RgvUe× Ges AvKl©Y-¯úk©x| wKš‘ Dcb¨vmKvi `ªæZ k¦vïox wbh©vwZZ I cxob-wcó †Rv‡e`v‡K cybivq ¯^vgxi N‡i wd‡i Av‡bb| cxob I mgvR j¾vi PvB‡Z †Rv‡e`vi AvKl©‡Yi jÿ¨we›`y †h Kweqvj Zv †eva Kwi w¯’i bv nIqvq h_v_© wkígvÎv ¯úk© Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Dcb¨vm| †Rv‡e`v AvmMiDjøvi cwiev‡i wd‡i hvevi ci Avi cÖm½ n‡q Av‡m bv| GKBfv‡e mgvšÍiv‡j cvk¦©PwiÎ †nv‡m‡bi KvwnwbI †kl`v‡M †cuŠQvq| AvjgbM‡ii DcK_v kvgmy`&`xb Aveyj Kvjv‡gi gbbF× iPbv| KviY Ôÿximvqi ev AvjgbM‡ii DcvL¨vb GKB m‡½ DcK_v I BwZnvmÕ n‡jI ÔJcwb‡ewkK mvgªvR¨ev‡`i cÖfve AvjgbM‡ii me©Î ¯^vfvweK wbq‡gB QovBqv cwoqv‡Q| mvgšÍZš¿ cuywRev`-Gi †jv‡fi Awfhv‡b `ywbqvi mvaviY gvbyl‡`i Ni cwievi eywS Bnv‡`iB g‡a¨ `yt‡Li AÜKv‡i QvBqv wMqv‡QÕG ev¯ÍeZvi Dcjwä Av‡Q cwieZ©bkxj mgvRwPšÍvi AvaywbK cÖRb¥-cÖZxKcÖwZf~ bevecyÎ AvjgMx‡ii g‡a¨| Dcb¨v‡mi †k‡l †m Kvi‡YB AvjgMxi mvgšÍev‡`i f¯§¯Í‚‡c `uvwo‡q cybtwbwðšÍZvq †cÖwgK †ivkbevB‡K bZzb ÔgnjÕ-Gi msev` w`‡q‡Q| Avi `weiLuvi †envjvi iv‡M Rwg`vi cy‡Îi 154 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



mvaviY e¨w³gvby‡l iƒcvšÍ‡ii †hŠw³K D”PviY Ki‡Z †Kv‡bvv hvq : ÔGBevi Zvnvi †eûjvi my‡i †Kej H Av¸‡bi aeskiƒcB b‡n, H ivOvfvOv m~h©`‡q Zvnvi g‡bi msKí I D‡Ï¨k¨I †hb evYxjvf nBqv‡Q|Õ Avi †jLK e‡jb ÔAZtci ÿximvq‡i †bvZzb Rxebv‡›`vjb `vbv euvwaqv‡QDcvL¨vb hy‡Mi †k‡l †bvZzb K‡g© I wPšÍvq Zvnvi †PnvivPvwiΨI cwiewZ©Z nBqv Pwjqv‡Q! Aek¨ gvbyl †Kej LuywR‡Z‡Q gyw³Zvnvi Rxeb weKv‡ki AwaKvi†m mÜvb AwZ ZxeªAwZ K‡Vvi Zvnvi c_µgY| Zey ÿximvq‡ii Rxeb AMÖmi nB‡Z‡Q †mBme `ytL Aemv‡bi ¯^Y© cÖfv‡Zi cv‡b| Dcb¨vm iPbvq Ggb Avkvev` Ges wb‡g©` D”PviY Dcb¨vmKv‡ii `vqe×Zvi wbwiL¸‡jv †hgb wPwýZ K‡i †Zgwb Dc‡iv³ cÖm½¸‡jvi mZ¨Zv cÖwZôv †`q| welq‰ewP‡Î¨i wewPÎiƒc AbymÜv‡b kvgmy`&`xb Aveyj Kvjvg MÖvg evsjvi hvhvei ms¯‹…wZi cÖvPxb Rxebiƒc‡K iƒcvwqZ K‡ib KvÂbgvjv Dcb¨v‡m| G Dcb¨v‡m †jLK Rxeb-msMÖv‡gi wfbœ iƒc‡K †`‡L‡Qb†e‡` m¤úª`v‡qi Rxebv‡jL¨| g½j gvwS, gqbv wewe, g`b Giv eskvbyµwgK †e‡`| G‡`i weKvkc‡e© †jLK bv›`wbKiƒ‡c ms¯‹vi-ms¯‹…wZi Aeqe‡K Zz‡j G‡b‡Qb| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ¯ÍvweZ wkí‡KŠk‡j †jLK m„wó K‡i‡Qb Dcb¨v‡mi GK GKwU PwiÎ| g‡bi g‡Zv VuvB GKwU ÿz`ªKvq Dcb¨vm| kvgmy`&`xb Aveyj Kvjv‡gi `xN©Rxe‡bi wewÿß g‡bi cÖKvk G Dcb¨vmwU| †jL‡Ki †fwbm ¯§„wZi †cÖÿvc‡U g‡bi g‡Zv VuvB Dcb¨vmwU iwPZ| †jL‡Ki hvi mv‡_ hvi (1986) MÖvgxY cUf~wg I †cÖÿvc‡U iwPZ| wbgy nvIjv`vi bv‡gi GK K…l‡Ki gv, ¯¿x Rwibv, †g‡q Av‡qkv, `yB †Q‡ji GKwU wkï I gjyqv‡K wb‡q Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwbi wfwË iwPZ| Dcb¨vmwUi Kvwnwb MZvbyMwZK| RvqR½‡ji (1978) cUf~wg `wÿ‡Yi my›`ieb| G Dcb¨v‡m Rqbvj †kL bvqKiƒ‡c msMÖvgx| my›`ie‡bi c‡U Rqbvj †k‡Li msMÖvg I Aw¯Í‡Z¡i K_KZv wea„Z G Dcb¨v‡m| mgy`ª evmi (1986) kvgmy`&`xb Aveyj Kvjv‡gi Av‡Ui `k‡K cÖKvwkZ Dcb¨vm n‡jI Gi iPbvKvj Pv‡ii `kK| `wÿY evsjvi ewikvj A‡ji mgy`ª DcK‚jeZ©x RxebwPÎ G Dcb¨v‡mi cÖavb DcRxe¨| b`x-mvMi mw¤§wjZ G A‡ji gvby‡li kªg-msMÖvg, eÂbv I wbM„nxZ nIqv, cÖwZw`‡bi Avnvi †hvMv‡oi cÖ‡Póvmn †jLK cÖvwšÍK gvby‡li msMªvgB GLv‡b wea„Z| cÖvq PwjøkwUiI AwaK Pwi‡Îi mgv‡ek Av‡Q G Dcb¨v‡m| msMÖvg K‡i wU‡K _vKvi cÖeYZv, B”Qvkw³ ev¯Íevq‡b `„pZv I evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 155



mÿgZv; Dcb¨vmwU‡K weKwkZ K‡i‡Q| G Dcb¨v‡mi bvqK myRvZ Avjx| Zvi cÖwZ‡iva GKw`‡K †MvôxcÖavb †RvZ`vi gyRd&di Ab¨w`‡K `y`©všÍ cÖK…wZ| GB cÖK…wZ I cÖwZwµqvkxj kw³i weiæ‡× msMÖv‡gi Kvwnwb mgy`ª evmi| kvgmy`&`xb Aveyj Kvjv‡gi DbœZ I wkímdj iPbv mgy`ª evmi| ïay Ø›ØvZ¥K cÖK…wZ wbY©qB bq GLv‡b †cÖg I †ivgv‡Ýi Dc¯’vcbI Rxeb Abylw½| †mvbv, Kwigb iZb, iwZKvšÍ †`ebv_, kªxnwi wbZvB, ˆPZb¨, ivgy, wbgvB, wMwik A‡bK PwiÎ Dcb¨vmwUi Aj¼viB e‡U| bevbœ (1987) kvgmyÏxb Aveyj Kvjv‡gi cÖ_g gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm| Z‡e GUv‡K cy‡ivcywi gyw³hy‡×i Dcb¨vm ejv hvq bv| gyw³hy‡×i GKUv Avfv Av‡Q gvÎ| bvqK gv‡j‡Ki hy‡× AvnZ nIqv, hy× †_‡K wd‡i Avmv, hy×cieZ©x ¯^v_©vÜ Rxeb †e‡Q bv †bqvi cÖeYZvB G‡K gyw³hy‡×i cÖfv‡e cÖfvevwš^Z K‡i‡Q| Bs‡iR kvmb, Rwg`vwi cÖ_vq bv‡q‡ei cÖfve, wn›`y-gymwjg `v½v, wØZxq wek¦hy×, `ywf©ÿ cÖf„wZi ¯§„wZPviY ewY©Z nq `qvj †PŠwK`v‡ii gva¨‡g| Dcb¨v‡m `qvj e¨vc„Z cÖ_g gnvmgi †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`q ch©šÍ| bevbœi evZ©v `qvj‡K wN‡iB| bevbœ evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×vËi mg‡qiB PvjwPÎ| KvÂbMÖvg (1998) Avengvb MÖvgxY mgvR AeKvVv‡gvi cÖZxK| wKš‘ G mgvR e¨e¯’vcbv, Zvi wbqš¿Y, wewbg©vY, weeZ©b BZ¨vw` cÖm½¸‡jv `xN©vqZ Dcb¨v‡m cwikxwjZ I c‡ivÿ fvebv †_‡K wea„Z| Rvjvj wgTv, Ave`yj gv÷vi, †n`v‡qZDjøvn, Rbv`©b Kg©Kvi, Rqbvj †kL, gKeyj Lv‡`g, K`fvby, BmnvK, bmy, byiæÏxb, Kvjyi gv, P¤úv BZ¨vw` QvovI Av‡iv A‡bK gvby‡li cwiPq †g‡j Dcb¨v‡m| cÖ‡Z¨KwU gvbyl mgvR Abylw½ Ges Zv‡`i Drcv`b-m¤úK© Øvw›ØK msMÖvg I mnbkxjZvq cwiPvwjZ| Dcb¨v‡m NUbvi AveZ©b P‡j gyw³hyׇK wN‡i| hy‡×i Db¥v`bv-AvZ¼ Ges D‡ËRbv Kvwnwbi g~j cÖwZcv`¨| D‡ËRbvgyLi G mgq-cÖm½‡K wN‡i mgvR Awš^ó gvby‡li iƒcvqY Pj‡Z _v‡K ¯§„wZ I kÖæwZi `k©‡b, BwZnvm, b„ZË¡ Ges ivRbxwZi wbwi‡L| Rvjvj wgTv cÖej e¨w³‡Z¡ D¾xweZ| Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z evOvwj mgv‡R mvgšÍev‡`i AcwiYZ fvO‡bi d‡j m„ó Avav-mvgšÍ I Avav-cyuwRev`x mgvR e¨e¯’vq †h cyuwRi msµgY I weKvk N‡U †mLv‡b evOvwj iƒcvšÍwiZ gb¯ÍË¡ MÖvg‡K cÖPÐ ÿwqòz I fyuB‡duvo K‡i †Zv‡j| wewfbœ e„wË I †ckvi avivevwnKZvi m~Î wewNœZ nq, eskci¤úivi Rxeb-RxweKv, cv‡ë hvq, MÖv‡g m„wó nq ga¨¯^Z¡, Dc¯^Z¡‡fvMx bvbv gv‡ci PwiÎ| gyw³hy× PjvKvjxb †h mgq‡K Dcb¨v‡m Zz‡j Avbv n‡q‡Q †mLv‡b cÖwZwµqvkxj P‡µi †`vmi I cÖwZf~ wn‡m‡e ïiæ †_‡KB Rqbvj †kL wbwg©wZ cvq| Rvjvj, †n`v‡qZ, 156 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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Avey BmnvK (1926-2003) Avey Bmnv‡Ki m~h©-`xNj evwo (1955) Dcb¨vm Rxeb ev¯ÍeÍ Zv wewfbœ LÐwP‡Îi Avav‡i wPÎvwqZ| MÖvg Rxe‡bi engvb cÖ”Qbœ mvgšÍev`x mgv‡Ri mv_©K iƒcvqY G Dcb¨vmwU| Dcb¨v‡m nq‡Zv Pwi‡Îi eûgywL we‡kølY †bB, ¯ú›`bkxj Rxe‡bi cÖPÐZv †bB, †bB ewni½ NUbvi MwZkxj wPÎvc©YÑZey m~h©-`xNj evox Zzjbvg~jK wePv‡i evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡m GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ms‡hvRb| `xN© K‡je‡ii Dcb¨vm bq m~h©-`xNj evox| Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwb Rq¸‡bi| Rq¸b euv‡P jovB K‡i, cÖK…wZi m‡½ msMÖvg K‡i| Rq¸‡bi mšÍvb gvqgybv, nvmy, Kvmy Avi Zv‡`i †eu‡P _vKv Rxe‡b Rwo‡q Av‡Q m~h©`xNj evoxi Kzms¯‹vi; M`y cÖavb Avi Kwig eK‡mi g‡Zv iMPUv ¯^vgx| Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwbi cwimi cÂv‡ki gš^šÍi †_‡K †`kfvM| Dcb¨vm Ry‡o gš^šÍ‡ii cÖPÐZv Av‡Q, mg‡qi cwim‡i ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^‡cœ Avkvi evwZ R¡vjv‡bv Rxe‡bi cÖ‡Yv`Zv Av‡Q, Av‡Q cÖwZK~jZvi m‡½ †eu‡P _vKv GKwU bvix Pwi‡Îi Rxebev¯ÍÍeZv| Avey Bmnv‡Ki Dcb¨v‡m NUbvi NbNUv Kvwnwbi ewniv½‡b mÂiY NUvq Kg, ms¯‹vi I wek¦vm †h MÖvgxY mgv‡Ri g~‡j †cÖvw_Z Rq¸b †mLv‡b †Zgb mPj bq| Dcb¨v‡m nvmyi g‡Zv GKwU ÔKuvPv nv‡ZÕi †ivRMv‡i msmvi Pj‡Q, gvqgybvi we‡q n‡”Q eqm nevi Av‡MB, Rq¸b wb‡R‡K N‡ii g‡a¨ wRw¤§ K‡i Kb¨v`vq †_‡K iÿv cvq BZ¨vw` NUbv DËvcgyLi| wKš‘ ewni‡½ Zvi we¯Í…wZ †bB; Dcb¨v‡mi cøU‡K my`~i K‡i bv| A‡bK wew”Qbœ NUbv N‡U Dcb¨v‡m, cÖMwZi c_ a‡i Zv Av‡jv Qovq Dcb¨v‡mi bvbv Pwi‡Îi gv‡S wKš‘ ZeyI Zv wbQK `„k¨c‡Ui NUbv‡KB wPwýZ K‡i| †Kv‡bv MwZ `vb K‡i bv| Dcb¨v‡mi Rq¸b ZeyI mvnmx Ges D‡ËRK PwiÎ| m~h©-`xNj evwoi ci `xN©vqZ hZœ I cwiPh©vi dmj †jL‡Ki cÙvi cwjØxc (1986) Dcb¨m| GK ermivwaK Kvj cwim‡i wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgq-AvIZvq Dcb¨v‡mi gyL¨ PwiÎ dR‡ji AšÍt¯Í‡j Rxeb-msMÖvg hy‡× euvPvi Awbevh©Zv ˆZwi nq| KviY, hy‡×i g‡a¨ ˆbwgwËK cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨ Pvj, †K‡ivwmb BZ¨vw`i `vg AvKvkPz¤^x‡Z cwiYZ n‡q P‡j‡Q| Ô`vg A‡bK evBo¨v †M‡Q| †mvqv `yB U¨vnv g‡bi av‡bi `vg PvBi U¨vnv| GB eQi euvPb Kó Av‡Q|Õ Gidvb gvZe‡ii †Q‡j dRj gvZe‡ii †KvjkixK K`g wkKvixi m‡½ †g‡ni gyÝx, aby wkK`vi, Avnv`vjx mK‡jB ÔKvwZ gv‡mi GB Kqw`bÕ MZ Kivi wPšÍvq kw¼Z| e„wUk miKv‡ii hy× R‡qi †KŠkj, ÔfviZ 158 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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cÖwZK…wZ Auv‡Kb| †h bvix †cÖ‡g-¯^‡cœ-†gv‡n KvZi A_P mgvR ev kv¯¿vPvi D‡cÿv K‡i bv| MÖvgxY bvixi ms¯‹vi, Abykvmb, wbh©vZb Avi wecix‡Z cyiælZ‡š¿i `vcU Dcb¨v‡m cwijwÿZ| KvwnwbcÖavb Dcb¨vmwUi e¨vcKZv ˆewPΨ Kg; wKš‘ fvlvi wmœ»Zv AvKl©Y m„wó K‡i| Av‡iK dvêyb (1375 e.) Dcb¨v‡m cÖZ¨ÿ Av‡Q ivRbxwZ| gybxg Dcb¨v‡mi cÖavb PwiÎ; ivRbxwZ‡Z Zvi Dcw¯’wZ cÖZ¨ÿ| evqvbœi c‡i fvlv Av‡›`vjb µgk cwiYZ n‡q‡Q c~e©evsjvi me©‡kªwYi RbZvi GKwU ivR‰bwZK-A_©‰bwZK-mvgvwRK AwaKvi Av`v‡qi †cÖiYvkw³‡Z| eRjy, gvngy`, Avmv`, Kwe im~j, mvjgv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GKz‡k D`&hvcb‡K wN‡iB `uvwo‡q GK c¨vUd‡g©| †QvU K‡je‡ii Dcb¨v‡m Av‡iK dvêyb evOvwji Ggb †PZbvi cÖwZB w`Kwb‡`©k K‡i| GK kû‡i wbgœga¨weË cwiev‡ii Kvwnwb eid Mjv b`x (1376 e.)| †K›`ªxq PwiÎ gvngy`, Zvi †fZi w`‡qB ga¨weË mgv‡Ri †kªwY¯Í‡ii †ÿ`-†µva, Am½wZ D‡V Av‡m| †mLv‡b PvIqv-cvIqv, nZvkv-ˆbivk¨, DËiY cÖ‡Póv Av‡Q| Rwni ivqnv‡bi Kvwnwb Pjw”PÎvbyM| Zuvi Ab¨ Dcb¨vm Z…òv (1962), Avi KZw`b (1970), K‡qKwU g„Zz¨ (1970)| AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` (1932-2009) AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv‡`i weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm †ZBk b¤^i ˆZjwPÎ (1960)| G Dcb¨v‡mi K_K Rv‡n` Ges †mB bvq‡Ki f~wgKvq AeZxY©| †jL‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡Ki †jLv G Dcb¨v‡m ga¨weË bvMwiK Rxe‡bi K¬vwšÍ-cÖmbœZv, nZvkv†ÿvf, ˆbivk¨-Møvwb meB cÖwZiƒwcZ| wKšÍy we‡kl Zvrch©gq n‡q D‡V‡Q †cÖg I †hŠbZvi A½xf~Z Rxeb| hvi g~‡j Av‡Q e¨w³Pwi‡Îi g‡bvRM‡Zi PvwiΨ‡K we‡køl‡Yi cÖqvm| †ZBk b¤^i ˆZjwPÎ Ôgv`vi Av_©Õ ev emyÜiv cÖZx‡K †h L¨vwZ Qovq Zvi `ªóv Rv‡n`†h Zvi me weL¨vZ Aeqe ev †iLvi Uvb‡K Aby‡cÖiYvi ¯’j wn‡m‡e cvq G Qwe‡K; bvixi G g~Z©-weg~Z© iƒc Zv‡K cÖvwYZ K‡i, AwaKvi K‡iÔQwe KLb wbtkã-c‡` Avgvi †¯‹‡P, Avgvi Wªwqs-G Ajm gyn~‡Z©i wnwRwewR AuvwKeywKi g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q, †mI eûw`b AÁvZ wQj|Õ wKš‘ bZzb GK Kvwnwb e‡j Qwe, ¯^vgx-wPÎKi-†ZBk b¤^i ˆZjwP‡Îi `ªóv hLb Avwe®‹vi K‡i Giƒc fvl¨ : ÔmwZ¨ ejwQ, Zzwg mšÍv‡bi Rbbx! Avgvi m‡½ cwiPq nIqvi gvm QÕ‡qK Av‡M †Zvgvi GKUv †Q‡j n‡qwQj|Õ G Kvwnwb‡mªvZ Rv‡n‡`i ˆPZ‡b¨ AšÍtkxj Pj‡Z _v‡K| †jL‡Ki K_bfw½i AwfbeZ¡, cwiwgwZ‡eva, msnZ eY©b †h wbg©vY-KvVv‡gv ˆZwi K‡i Zv ¯^”Q I cwicK¡ wkí`„wói cwiPvqK| †jL‡Ki KY©dzjx (1962) A‡cÿvK…Z 166 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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†Zgb A_©en K‡i †Zv‡jwb| G‡ÿ‡Î †jLK‡K †ekx AšÍgyL© x g‡b nq| ZeyI ÿyav `vwi`ª¨wK¬ó Rxe‡b ev¯ÍeZvi cÖwZ BwZevPK `„wó‡Z †jL‡Ki †g‡mR : Ô`yywbqv‡Z RvqMv †KD †`q bv, RvqMv K‡i wb‡Z nq Ges †m KvRUv hZ PZzifv‡e †h Ki‡Z cv‡i †mB †Zv eo Ges kw³gvb|Õ Zuvi kx‡Zi †kl ivZ em‡šÍi cÖ_g w`b (1962), cyiæ`ªæR (1984), Lmov KvMR (1986), cvUivYx (1986), k¨vgj Qvqvi msev` (1986), †R¨vrmœvi ARvbv Rxeb (1986), †hLv‡b `uvwo‡q AvwQ (1986), Aci †hv×viv (1991), ¯^vMZg fvjevmv (1991), K¨v‡gwjqv (1991), Ab~w`Z AÜKvi (1991), avbgwÐ DcvL¨vb (1991), gvwUi mšÍvb (1991), Aci †hv×viv (1992), cyivbv cëb (1992), AšÍixÿ e„ÿivRx (1992), wcÖq wcÖÝ (1995), ¯^cœwkjv (1992), K¨v¤úvm (1994), Kv‡jv †R¨vrmœvq P›`ªgwjøKv (1996), wek„•Ljv (1997), wVKvbv wQ‡jv bv (1998), †Zvgv‡K hw` bv cvB (1998), njy` cvZvi NÖvY (1999), Kvqvnxb Qvqvnxb (1999), †kªô Dcb¨vm (1999), Rb¥`vZv 1g ce© cÖf…wZ| ikx` Kixg (1925-2011) ikx` Kix‡gi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm DËg cyiæl (1961) AZ¨šÍ h‡Zœi iPbv| KviY, Dcb¨vmwUi cÖKiY cwiPh©v g~j¨ evsjv‡`‡ki mgq I BwZnv‡mi cwi‡eó‡b; Ab¨vb¨ Dcb¨vmKvi‡`i †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ Ges D”Pgv‡bi Bw½Zevwn| DËg cyiælGi MVb cwiKwíZ, AvZ¥cwiP‡qi c~e©‡jL As‡k D”PviY ÔGKRb DËg cyiæl cÖ_g eP‡b GB Kvwnbx wj‡L‡Qb|Õ GKwÎk L‡Ð wefvwRZ Dcb¨vmwUi g~j PwiÎ kv‡K‡ii AvZ¥K_b, kv‡Ki‡K †K›`ª K‡iB Dcb¨v‡mi cwie„Ë iwPZ| ikx` Kix‡gi Dcb¨v‡mi cwiKvVv‡gv‡Z G Mí ïay KjKvZvi mgvR Aven wewbg©v‡Yi Mí bq Zv kv‡Ki-bv‡mi mv‡n‡ei cwiev‡ii MíI e‡U| †h mg‡qi cUf~wg‡Z kv‡Ki wPÎvwqZ †m ÔmgqÕ Dcb¨v‡mi Av‡iKwU PwiÎ| DËg cyiæ‡l Ôkv‡KiÕ wee„Z, †m †jLK wb‡RB, wb‡Ri ¯^cœ I Zvi AbymÜvb| †jLK DËg cyiæl MÖš’wU DrmM© K‡i‡Qb K_vwkíx Avey iæk&` I Kwe Aveyj †nv‡mb‡K| evwjM‡Äi dzUej g¨vP, ÔAvwg wQjvg †iBb‡ev K¬v‡ei Ô†jdU BbÕ`‡ji GKgvÎ gymjgvb †L‡jvqvoÕ| †m †Ljvi gv‡V `yB †Mvj Kiv gykZvK Ges gykZv‡Ki cwiPq I Zvi cwievi, †mLv‡b kv‡K‡ii hvZvqvZ ïiæ cig wbf©iZvq| cwievi-cwiRb, `yB cwievi kv‡Ki-gykZvK, Zvi †fZ‡i †mwjbv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V µgk| Lye wKQz cig ggZvi †¯œ‡ni welqI `uvovq, HwZwn¨K ev Hg‡Zv mgvR-KvVv‡gvwU aivi Rb¨| cvIqv hvq, Awbiæ× 168 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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ga¨weË Gidvb‡K Kvwnwb-†K‡›`ª †i‡L Zv cjøweZ nIqvi cÖqvm cvq| Pjgvb hy×, †kL gywRe, Rqevsjv, MYcwil`, Bqvwnqv, wgwQj-RbZv-¸Re BZ¨vw` Ggb cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z bMiga¨weË Kx Ki‡Z cv‡i? GKw`‡K cwievi-fq-AvZ¼ Ab¨w`‡K hy‡× gyw³i AvKv•ÿv| Avgvi hZ Møvwb‡Z GKvˇii gvP© cÖwZwew¤^Z| †cÖg GKwU jvj †Mvjvc (1978), mvaviY †jv‡Ki Kvwnbx (1981), GKv‡ji iƒcK_v (1981), k¨vgv (1984), eoB wbtm½ (1985), gv‡qi Kv‡Q hvw”Q (1989), wPwb bv (1990), c`Z‡j i³ (1990), jvÂe· (1993)|



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ivRbxwZ †PZbv ivey, gvjy, Rv‡n`, †mKv›`i gvóvi‡K wN‡i| G‡`i cvkvcvwk e¨w³me©¯^ PwiÎ ûigwZ, †jKz GivI hy×-msÿz× Afve-AvnvRvixi †`‡k wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb †_‡KB gvbexq cÖe„wˇK cÖvavb¨ w`‡q ivR‰bwZK †PZbv‡K jvjb K‡i; ivRbxwZi Ask n‡q hvq| ûigwZ, cÖK…wZi m‡½ msMÖvg K‡i †eu‡P _v‡K; †djy wgTv, igRvb wKsev wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgq †Mviv †mcvB-i iwÿZv n‡jI †kl ch©šÍ Ôeû avivi cÖevwnZ gvby‡li Rxe‡biÕ c‡_ Zv mv_©KZvq gwÐZ nq| f~wgnxb †jKzi m‡½ Zvi msmvi ïiæ n‡q‡Q Ø›Øg~jK e¯‘MwZavivi Rxe‡b †h `k©‡bi Avwef©ve N‡U †jLK Rxebev`x †PZbvq Zv‡KB jvjb K‡ib ÔmskßKÕ ûigwZ Rxe‡b hZ cw¼jZvi c‡_B wbgw¾Z †nvK Dcb¨v‡mi GK ch©v‡q ¯^vfvweK `v¤úZ¨ I Pvlx Rxe‡b †m wd‡i Avm‡Z †c‡i‡Q| mskßK Dcb¨v‡m wdDWvj mgv‡Ri †h wPÎvqb †`Lvb n‡q‡Q; MÖvgxY A_©bxwZi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Zi †h weewZ©Z aviv D‡V G‡m‡Q evKzwjqvqZvjZwji †g‡Vv c_ a‡i †mLv‡b Jcb¨vwmK Pwiθ‡jvi ga¨ w`‡q GKUv evK¨ cÖgv‡Yi †Póv K‡i‡Qb Zv njÔAvgv‡`i gvbwmKZvUv GLv‡bv ga¨hyMxq, GUv Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡e Ges G‡K `~i Ki‡ZB n‡e|Õ ˆmq` kvgmyj nK (R. 1935) me¨mvPx †jLK e‡j cwiwPZ n‡jI cÖavbZ Kwe ˆmq` kvgmyj nK| Kwefvlv Av‡ivwcZ nq Kvwnwb‡Z| Z‡e K_vKv‡ii A¼b‡iLv wKQy‡ZB wePz¨Z nq bv| wk‡íi kZ©wU wU‡K _v‡K ZvÐegyLi Kvwnwb‡Z| †mLv‡b cÖ‡qvRbgvwdK cÖevn ˆZwi nq, m„wói A‡cÿvi Rb¨ Awbevh©Zv¸wj Awbe©Pbxq n‡q I‡V| ZLb Kwe ˆmq` nK M`¨Kv‡ii cvVwU AvqË K‡i e‡mb| wb‡Ri mshyw³ N‡U bvMwiKZvi bvbv †kªwY¯Í‡ii KvVv‡gv‡Z| G‡ZB Ggb ¸‡Yi Rb¨ Ôme¨mvPxÕi RqwZjK †_‡K hvq| Abycg w`b (1962) Dcb¨v‡mi eY©bvq AvaywbKZv cwijwÿZ| ÔcvLv nVvr `yišÍ MwZ †cj| Zvi evZv‡m †hb So DVj wejwK‡mi kvox‡Z, Pz‡j| cvLvi †K›`ª †_‡K m‡i Avm‡ZB Avevi kvšÍ n‡q †Mj me| wejwKm‡K nVvr i‡³i g‡a¨ Avcb K‡i Abyfe K‡i Avey| g‡b nq Zvi gv_vi †fZi _v‡K GKUv kw³ †d‡U Suvwc‡q c‡o fvwm‡q †`‡e mewKQy|Õ Aveyi G gb¯ÍË¡ga¨weË cÖeYZvi, GgbUvi iƒcvq‡Y GKUv Møvwb, †K¬` I AeÿqwPšÍvq GK ai‡bi Aw¯ÍË¡ Db¥~jZvi cÖfve bR‡i Av‡m| ga¨weË cwiev‡ii Av‡eM, DbœvwmKZv, †ivgvw›UKZvi weiƒc emwZ Ges Ø›Øm¼zjwP‡Ëi wPÎbvU¨ Abycg w`b-Gi Kvwnwb| bxj`skb (1981) G†jL‡Ki gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm| Ôbxj`sk‡b bxjKÉ hš¿Yvi †h njvnj evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 171



aviY Ki‡Z n‡jv bRiæj‡K, Zvi KviY †m evOvwjÕ; evev KvRx mvBdzj Bmjvg, †Q‡j KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg| hy× ïiæ n‡j RvdiM‡Ä hIqvi c‡_ a„Z nq| Zvici bRiæj weZK©; Ô†Zviv me RqaŸwb KiÕ †cÖiYv n‡j†m ÔRqevsjvÕi †jvK, fvi‡Zi AbyPi| bRiæj ÔbRiæjÕ‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i bv; `ytmn wbh©Z‡bI †PZbv AewmZ nq bv, gbtcxo‡b ¯¿x-cyÎ-cwievi Qvqv †dj‡jI †PZbv`k© KvRx mvBdz‡ji †Q‡j bRiæ‡ji Agwjb| GLv‡b `vq‡ev‡ai welqwUB Zvi bxjKÉ-hš¿Yv| †QvÆ cwim‡i, †QvU GKwU welq‡K ˆmq` kvgmyj nK Lye kw³kvjx ˆkwj‡Z ev‡ab| d‡j Zv n‡q D‡V‡Q gyw³hy‡×i Zvrch©gq ZË¡| Av‡iKwU Dcb¨vm ˆmq` kvgmyj n‡Ki wbwl× †jvevb (1981)| XvKv †Q‡o wejwK‡mi MÖv‡g †divi c‡_ AwbðqZv, Aeiæ×Zv, wbivcËvnxbZvi PvjwPÎ Dcb¨vmwU| gyw³hy×-ewY©Z nq Zxeª †kølvZ¥K Bw½‡Z g„Mqvq Kvj‡ÿc (1986) A‡_© huviv gyw³hy‡×i mgq we‡`‡k wejvmx Rxe‡b; evsjv‡`‡ki NUbv‡K cÖZ¨ÿ K‡i‡Q; So Zz‡j‡Q Pv‡qi Kv‡c Zv‡`i cÖwZ Bw½Z K‡i wjwLZ| fyuB‡duvo ga¨we‡Ëi-Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avi cÖZviKcÖeÂK; my‡hv‡M Avevi GB hy× wb‡qB dvq`v †jv‡UAve`yj nv`x; †jLK e‡jb, Ôgyw³i Rb¨ Kó Ki‡Z fq cvq... †m †h Avkv K‡i , A_P cÖKv‡k¨ wb‡Ri Kv‡Q ch©šÍ ¯^xKvi K‡i bv...|Õ wKš‘ wbwðZ R‡qi c‡e© mevB (†hgb evnvDwχbi cwievi, nvBKwgk‡bi K‚UbxwZK, evsjv‡`k G¨vKkb KwgwUi †bZ…e„›`) mg_©‡bi Rb¨ AvKzj| ˆmq` kvgmyj nK Gfv‡eB Dcb¨vm‡K ev¯ÍewP‡Îi m‡½ Kvh©Kwi K‡i †Zv‡jb| †mLv‡b wbwg©Z ˆkwjB Zvi A½xKvi| mxgvbv Qvwo‡q (gvIjv eªv`vm© ms. 1973) c~e©-evsjvi Av_©-mvgvwRKivRbxwZi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z iwPZ| Rwibv c~Y©v½ PwiÎ| Dcb¨v‡m kvgmyj nK mvejxj, mshgx, wPšÍvwbô| Avqbv wewei cvjv (1986)q MxwZKvi KvVv‡gv‡Z Kvwnwb eqvb K‡ib †jLK| ¯^vaxbZv-DËi evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li MÖvg †Q‡o kn‡i †QvUv, we‡`k cvwo †`Iqvi cÖ‡Póv cwijwÿZ| †Zgwb K‡i kn‡iI ew¯Ícwj, cwZZvcwjmn bvbv Aciv‡ai †gvKv‡g cwiYZ| ZLb Avqbviv cÖ_ve× bvixi hveZxq ms¯‹vi I wek¦vm wb‡q kn‡i Av‡m| gûqv cvjvi Abym„wZ‡Z KvwnwbwU iPbv K‡ib †jLK| e„wó I we‡`ªvnxMY GKwU AvKl©Yxq Dcb¨m| KweZv wKsev †jvKR †PZbv ev BwZnvm GLv‡b ewY©Z| gwnDwχbi †bZ…‡Z¡ R‡jk¦ix Rbc‡`i †Mwijv Kvwnwb G‡Z _vK‡jI hy³ n‡q‡Q mvgwMÖK Rb‡PZbvi K_v| Dc¯’vcbfw½‡I ˆmq` nK GLv‡b ¯^Zš¿| GK gwnjvi Qwe (1959), †`qv‡ji †`k (1959), A‡Pbv (1962), AwPšÍ¨ c~wY©gv (1962), RbK I Kv‡jvKwd (1962), mxgvbv Qvwo‡q (1964), †Ljvivg †L‡j hv (1973), 172 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



`~iZ¡ (1981), Îvwn (1982), Ab¨ GK Avwj½b (1982), wØZxq w`‡bi Kvwnbx (1984), ¯§„wZ‡ga (1986), ¯ÍäZvi Abyev` (1986), GK hye‡Ki Qvqvc_ (1987), wbe©vwmZv (1987), K‡qKwU gvby‡li †mvbvjx †hŠeb (1989), ¯^cœ msµvšÍ (1989), bv, †hIbv (1989), e„wó I we‡`ªvnxMY (1g LÐ-1989, 2q LÐ-1990), ev‡iv w`‡bi wkï (1989), ebevjv wKQy UvKv avi wb‡qwQj (1989), Îvwn (1989), Zzwg †mB Zievwi (1989), K‡qKwU gvby‡li †mvbvjx †hŠeb (1989), †kªô Dcb¨vm (1990), wbe©vwmZv (1990), †gN I †gwkb (1991), Bnv gvbyl (1991), Kvjag© (1992), Avwg evwm Zzwg ev‡mv‡Zv (1993), gnvk~‡b¨ civY gv÷vi (1990), wØZxq w`‡bi Kvwnbx (1990), evwjKvi P›`ªhvb (1990), †Rmwgb †ivW (1992), †PvLevRx (1994), UvbUvb (1994), AšÍM©Z (1995), Av‡jvi Rb¨ (1995), eyKwSg GK fv‡jvevmv (1996), GKgy‡Vv Rb¥f~wg (1997), e„wó I we`ªvnxMY (1997), †hŠeb (1997), k•LjvMv hyeZx I Puv` (1998), bvixiv (1999), ev¯ÍeZvi `uvZ I KivZ (1999), D‡o hvq gvjZx cix (2005), cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ (2013), †KivYxI †`Š‡o wQj (2013) cÖavbZ evOvwj ga¨we‡Ëi µg-DËiY I iƒcvšÍ‡ii ce©wU A¼b K‡ib ˆmq` kvgmyj nK| G‡ÿ‡Î kni wKsev MÖvg `yBÕB Zuvi welqew›` n‡q‡Q| ¯^vaxbZv-c~e© Ges cieZ©x mg‡q µgweKwkZ ga¨we‡Ëi g‡bvRMZ, weKviMÖ¯ÍZv, †hŠbZv, APwiZv_©Zv, AvZ¥K‚Ðjvqb, ¯^we‡ivaxZv wewPÎfv‡e wbixwÿZ n‡q‡Q Zuvi Dcb¨v‡m| K‡qK `k‡Ki AwfÁZvq †kªwYPwi‡Îi msNvZ I msMÖv‡gi iƒc‡iLv wKsev engvb †jvKvqZ RxebvPi‡Yi ms¯‹…wZi cybwb©gv© Y-cÖwZôv n‡q‡Q Dcb¨v‡m| Z‡e cÖavbZ Pwi‡Îi ¯^iƒcvbymÜv‡bi cÖZ¨qwUB wkíew›` Zuvi †jLvq| 2006 mvj ch©šÍ ˆmq` kvgmyj n‡Ki Dcb¨vm mgMÖ-i mvZwU LÐ †ewi‡q‡Q| kIKZ Avjx (R. 1936) evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡m kIKZ Avjx L¨vwZgvb| Zuvi `„wó‡PZbvi cÖavb Aej¤^b bMi‡Kw›`ªK ga¨weË| AwaKvsk Dcb¨v‡mB eY©bv‡KŠk‡j Avkªq cvq G ga¨weË| Z‡e ga¨we‡Ëi e¨e‡”Q` GKUv ch©v‡q †_‡g hvq Zuvi †jLvq| KviY, e¨w³PwiÎ wbg©vY cÖwµqvq †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK NUbv wKsev HwZnvwmK †cÖÿvcU _vK‡jI Aej¤^x PwiÎ nIqv PvB hveZxq m¤¢vebvi wbwi‡L| kIKZ Avjx Pwi‡Î m¤¢vebv‡K Avb‡jI hveZxq Kvh©Kvi‡Y c~Y©v½ n‡q DV‡Z DV‡Z wM‡q AvoóZv †c‡q e‡m| Avi †kªwY‡PZbv ev †kvlY-wbh©vZb A‡bKUv cUwPÎ ˆZwi Ki‡jI AKvi‡Y DuwK w`‡q I‡V gvbeZvev`x ev RvwZZ¡ we¯Ívix evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 173



Zrci aviYv| †m Kvi‡Y †mwUswU ch©vß im cvq bv| Zuvi Îqx Dcb¨vm Ggb ev‡K¨i DrK…ó D`vniY| †jLvB ïay bq, Zuvi K…wZZ¡; ixwZ‡Z ev Avw½‡K wZwb †hvM K‡i‡Qb bZzb gvÎv| wc½j AvKvk (1963) c~e©-evsjvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcb¨vm| ga¨weË PwiÎ iÄyi m¤§vb I Av`k© wb‡q euvPv Am¤¢e n‡q `uvovq KL‡bv gnvRb, KL‡bv Kv‡mg Lvb| be-DwÌZ ga¨weË †kªwYi nv‡Z A_©vM‡g weK…Z jvjmv, †fvMev`, Aeÿq gbyl¨kw³‡K MÖvm K‡i| GgbUvi wkKvi iÄy| wc½j AvKv‡k wefv‡MvËi lv‡Ui ga¨we‡Ëi weK…Z †hŠbZv‡K wN‡i Rxe‡bi Ab¨vb¨ cÖe„wË I ¯^v_©mswkøó welq¸‡jvI ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| ga¨weË Rxeb‡PZbv-wfwËK M`¨ixwZiB PP©v K‡i‡Qb kIKZ Avjx| †jL‡Ki `wÿYvq‡bi w`b (1985), Kzjvq Kvj‡mªvZ (1986), c~e©ivwÎ c~e©w`b (1986) Îqx Dcb¨vm| lv‡Ui `k‡Ki ivRbxwZ‡Z DËvj c~e©-cvwK¯Ívb, Zv‡Z ga¨weË Pwi‡Îi m¤ú„w³, ivRbxwZi gZcv_©K¨ BZ¨vw` G Dcb¨v‡mi g~j cÖwZcv`¨| †mRvb ivRbxwZ‡Z wkwÿZ, Z…Yg~j ch©v‡q †m msMwVZ K‡i Kg©x‡`i, cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvgwiK miKv‡ii weiæ‡× HK¨e× K‡i| Dcb¨v‡m ga¨we‡Ëi ivR‰bwZK †PZbv ˆZwi n‡q‡Q cvwievwiK g~j¨‡eva I HwZn¨ †_‡K| †mLv‡b iv‡k` Avn‡g` mvÿxhvi cyÎ gwY nvwi‡q †M‡Q ivRc‡_| gwYi eÜz †mRvb evgcš’v ivRbxwZK, ZvwË¡K| Zvi g‡Z, ÔmwZ¨Kvi A‡_© hw` †KD cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ †_‡K _v‡K †Zv †m n‡jv G‡`‡ki wKlvYG‡`i msMwVZ hw` Kvi bv nq, Iiv hw` †bZ…‡Z¡ GwM‡q bv Av‡m Zvn‡j †Kvb wecøex Av‡›`vjbB mdj n‡e bvÕ†mRvb Giƒ‡cB Zvi †PZbv‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒc w`‡Z Pvq| G †PZbvi ùzi‡Yi †fZ‡iB Dcb¨v‡m cwievi, †cÖg, `v¤úZ¨m¤úK© wbiewa h_vwbq‡g Pj‡Z _v‡K| Dcb¨v‡mi welq-Abylw½ fvlv my›`i I wkíF×| Z‡e ga¨we‡Ëi ivR‰bwZK †PZbvi web¨vm G Dcb¨v‡m Kvw•ÿZ wkígvÎv AR©b K‡iwb| hvÎv (1976) kIKZ Avjxi †QvÆ cwim‡ii Dcb¨vm| MÖv‡g msNwUZ gyw³hy× Gi cÖavb welq| ivqnvb ga¨weË, cwievi‡Kw›`ªK, wbwe©‡ivax PwiÎ| Dcb¨vmwU GKvˇii gv‡P©i †kl mßvn †_‡K GwcÖ‡ji cÖ_g mßvn ch©šÍ GKwU ÿz`ª cwim‡ii hy×Kvjxb BwZe„Ë| gyw³hy×-cieZ©xKvjxb ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki ga¨we‡Ëi ¯^cœf½ ev Avkvf‡½i ev¯ÍeZvq †jLv n‡q‡Q A‡cÿv (1985) Dcb¨vm| kIKZ Avjx cÖavbZ ga¨we‡Ëi iƒcKvi| cÖvq Dcb¨v‡mB ga¨we‡Ëi ¯^iƒc wbY©‡q cÖZ¨qx wZwb| `xN©vqZ mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡b ga¨we‡Ëi Ae¯’vb I cÖK…wZ †hgb wba©viY K‡ib wZwb †Zgwb GKB m‡½ Zvi Aeÿqx ev g~j¨‡evanxb ¯^iƒcI cÖKvk K‡ib Zvi †jLvq| A‡cÿv G cÖeZ©bviB Av‡jL¨| kIKZ Avjxi cÖKiY wbixÿvi me‡P‡q mdj 174 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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gh©v`vi †cQ‡b Zviv Lye HwZn¨vbyM; BwZnvm‡K›`ªxK| Kvj‡mªv‡Z †ckvi weeZ©b cwieZ©b N‡U, ev¯ÍeZvI GKiKg _v‡K bv wKš‘ wP‡Ë AZxZKvZi GKUv myL _v‡K mevi g‡b| eY©bvq hyw³wbôv, †fZi c‡Ui AšÍ`©vn wbY©q, Avi f½yi mvgšÍev‡`i c`aŸwb ¯úó gaygZx Dcb¨v‡m| ivRvievM kvwjgvievM (1969) `ywU As‡k wef³ Dcb¨vm| ÔivRvievM mwZ¨ mniZjx †_‡K kni n‡Z P‡j‡Q| wKš‘ Zv‡`i g‡Zv mvaviY gvby‡li m‡½ Zvi m¤úK© ZLb _vK‡e wK Avðh©¨ cwinv‡miÕ DVwZ ga¨weË wd‡ivR wKsev iæwni gvbm‡jvK, kvwjgvievMI G †kªwYi m¤cÖmvwiZ iƒc| †divix m~h© (1975), †g‡ni Avjx (1985), AbšÍ A‡š¦lv (1967), B fiv fv`i gvn fv`i (2q ms. 1995), mv‡ne evRvi (1969), gb GK †k¦Z K‡cvZx (1965), A‡bKR‡bi GKRb (1976), Rxe‡bi Avi GK bvg w`em iRbx (1980), bxj wbkx_, cvwL me K‡i ie, evqvbœ Mwji GK Mwj (1984), bxj cvnv‡oi KvQvKvwQ (1985), evMv‡bi bvg gvjwbQov, GB weinKvj (1995), iv‡eqv LvZz‡bi wbe©vwPZ †cÖ‡gi Dcb¨vm (1995), wcÖq ¸jkvbv (1997), k•L mKvj cÖK…wZ (2005), Dcb¨vm mgMÖ-1 (2005), ¯^‡cœ msµvwgZ (2006) cÖf„wZ Zuvi Dcb¨vm| m‡Z¨b †mb (1907-1981) cÖK…ZA‡_© ivR‰bwZK e¨w³Z¡, cÂv‡kvaŸ© e‡q‡m †jLv ïiæ| ARmª wj‡L‡Qb, cÖavbZ Dcb¨vm| BwZnvm, mgvR I ivRbxwZ Avkªqx Dcb¨vm| wKš‘ jÿ¨ †`k‡cÖg| m‡Z¨b †m‡bi ivR‰bwZK `k©‡b gvbegyw³i Bw½Z _v‡K; ZvB Kvwnwb‡K PvwjZ K‡i| Awfkß bMix (1967) cÖ_vi weiæ‡×, cÖPwjZ e¨e¯’vi weiæ‡× cÖMwZi Ø›Ø I cÖwZôv cÖqvm| hw`I †hwiwgqv-wRjøv, †M`vwjqv-mvivi †cÖg Dcb¨v‡m ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vk©wbK gvÎv| Dcb¨v‡m Kvwnwb ïiæ †hwiwgqvi weiæ‡× ivR‡`ªvnx, ag©‡`ªvnx, †`k‡`ªvnxi Awf‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g| cÖRv‡kvl‡Ki wb®úwËi `iKvi| cÖRb¥-ci¤úivq †M`vwjqvi †bZ…Z¡ D‡V Av‡m| K¨vwj`xq kvm‡bi Aemv‡bi cÖ¯Ívebv Av‡m| Gme ivR‰bwZK Z‡Ë¡i evB‡i †hwiwgqvi †cÖwgKv ÔAwfkßÕ wRjøvi †cÖ‡gi cwiïw×i c_wU AvKl©Yxq n‡q I‡V| †m e‡j, ÔAvgvi mvwbœ‡a¨ Awfkvc, Avgvi wbtk¦v‡m Awfkvc Avgvi ms¯ú‡k© Awfkvc| †mB R‡b¨B Avwg Avgvi GKvšÍ wcÖqRb †_‡K eû`~‡i m‡i _vK‡Z PvB|Õ Awfkß bMixi g~jK_v, Ôwqû`x mgv‡Ri avivevwnK Uª¨‡RwWi wcQ‡b mgv‡Ri †Kvb †Kvb kw³ wKfv‡e KvR K‡i‡Q; ivRZš¿ I cy‡ivwnZZ‡š¿i g‡a¨ ÿgZvi Ø›Ø; a‡g©i AvPvi Abyôvbme©¯^ AšÍtmvinxbZvi weiæ‡× 176 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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msMVb `„pZv KvwnwbM‡`¨ wea„Z| eivn¯^vgxi wecix‡Z ˆKeZ©-cÖwZ‡iva; Zv‡`i Av_©bxwZK wb®úwË Dcb¨vmwU‡Z †MŠwoq-ms¯‹…wZi cwiKvVv‡gvq gvÎv †c‡q‡Q| Dcb¨vmwU‡Z ïay w`‡eŸv‡Ki cÖwZôv-cÖwµqv †`Lv‡bv bq; w`‡eŸv‡Ki g„Zz¨i ci †m AwR©Z, Kvw•ÿZ iv‡R¨i wbkvbwU †cuŠ‡Q †`Iqv n‡q‡Q cify I AvK‡bi wbKU| Gfv‡e GKUv AvKv•ÿvi Rq iwPZ nq Jcb¨vwm‡Ki iPbvq| G K‚j fv‡O I K‚j M‡o (1971) Kvjx b`xi ZxieZ©x gvby‡li fvOv Movi Kvwnwb Z‡e hy³ Av‡Q K…wlwfwËK-MÖvgRxe‡bi wRÁvmvI| cÖavb PwiÎ ev”Pz| ev”Pz‡Kw›`ªK G Dcb¨v‡mi mg¯Í fvOv-Mov| Rb¥-g„Zz¨ AwfÁZv, †kvlYwbh©vZb, wn›`y-gymwjg m¼U hveZxq AwfÁZvq Dcb¨v‡mi G PwiÎ †Zi cwi‡”Q‡`i c‡iB cwicK¡ n‡q I‡V| Zvici h_vixwZ `v½v, `Lj, †gvKÏgv `yB Zx‡ii Rb‡Mvôx‡Z Ø›ØvZ¥K n‡q I‡V| m‡Z¨b †mb fvOv-Movi ¯^iƒc‡K e¨ÄbvwqZ K‡bi mvg~wnK e¨vcKZvq| Zuvi cÖKi‡Y †h Av`k©vqb Zv G Dcb¨v‡m wZ‡ivwnZ nq bv| Avj‡eiæbx (1376 e.) iPbvq h_vixwZ m‡Z¨b †m‡bi KwgU‡g›UB †ewk KvR K‡i‡Q| †`k-ag©-RvwZ‡Z¡i E‡aŸ© Kvg¨ gvbegyw³i cÖm½wUB G‡Z eo| hw`I wbLv` GK PwiZ Dcb¨vmB GwU nIqvi K_v| Avi‡eiæbx‡K ïay cvwÐZ¨ w`‡q euv‡abwb m‡Z¨b †mb Z¨vMx-mZ¨v‡š^lxcÖMwZi c‡ÿ hyw³wbô K‡i wkwíZ K‡i Zzj‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| G‡ÿ‡Î MRbx, jIqvni, LvwiRg HwZnvwmK mZ¨ n‡q Av‡m| †mLv‡b †e‡o IVv †eiæbx, Zvi cÖwZeÜKZv, cÖ_vMZ g~j¨‡ev‡a Abv¯’v, Abykvm‡bi weiæ‡× hyw³wbôv, gvbweKZvGiƒ‡c Avj‡eiæbx iwPZ| KzgviRxe (1969) I Zuvi PwiZ Dcb¨vm| cyiæl‡ga (1969) m‡Z¨b †m‡bi BwZnvm-wbf©i n‡jI †kªwY‡PZbv I gvbweK g~j¨‡ev‡ai welqwU c~Y©v½ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q cÖKvwkZ nq †cŠivwYK PwiÎ Djycxi ga¨ w`‡q| DwÏó Av`k©ev` cÖwZôv I cªPvi m‡Z¨b †m‡bi Dcb¨v‡mi eo ÎæwU| GRb¨ A‡bK Dcb¨vm wjL‡jI evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡m Zvi Ae¯’vb `„p nq bv| †mqvbv (1375), †fv‡ii wen½x (1366 e.), iæ×Øvi gy³cÖvY (1373 e.), mvZ b¤^i IqvW© (1376 e.), gv (1377 e.), Aciv‡Rq (1377 e.)| Av‡bvqvi cvkv (1928-1971) Av‡bvqvi cvkvi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm bxo mÜvbx (1968)| cvwK¯Ívb Rb¥-cieZ©x bq eQi G Dcb¨v‡mi NUbvµg| nvmvb ga¨weË PwiÎ| AvZ¥Møvwb, nZvkv G Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ weivRgvb| mv¤cÖ`vwqK-gb¯ÍË¡ fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki Av_©mgvR-ivRbxwZ‡Z wKiƒ‡c we”QywiZ Zvi cÖwZdjb bxonviv nvmv‡bi Møvwb‡Z 178 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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Avng` Qdv (1943-2001) m~h© Zzwg mv_x (evsjv‡`k ms-1375) †kªwY‡PZbv I Amv¤cÖ`vwqK fvev`‡k©i `„p Avw½K wbf©i Dcb¨vm| GKw`‡K Ljy gvZei, Rv‡n` eKmy, Kvw`i wgqv, Aai evey Ab¨w`‡K nvwmg, wngvsmy, P›`ªKvšÍ| †kªwY‡PZbvq nvwmg wb‡Ri cwiPq †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wb‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡ wb‡qI m¼‡U c‡o| nvwm‡gi ¯¿x mywdqvi g„Zz¨i ci beRvZ‡Ki jvj‡bi fvi †bq nwi‡gvn‡bi gv| A‡bK cÖwZK‚jZvq GK mgq Avevi †m n‡q hvq wbtmšÍvb gybx‡ii cyÎ| ag©xq cÖm½wUi cÖwZ `„wó Av‡Q †jL‡KicvwK¯Ív‡b †hUv APj| Gw`‡K K…lK mwgwZi m`m¨ I Kg©KvÐ GK jvB‡b kvwgj K‡i kªgRxex mvaviY RbZv‡KivR‰bwZK †PZbvi cÖmvi N‡U Dcb¨v‡m| Ljy gvZei, nvwmg ¯^vZ‡š¿¨ D¾¡j| †kªwY‡kvlY I m¤cÖ`vqMZ †f`-we‡f`‡K PwiÎMv‡Î wbcyY wkímZK©Zvq cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| Avng` Qdv e¨wZµwg I Kwg‡UW †jLK| cwðge‡½i gyw³hy×, kiYv_©xwkwei, KjKvZv w_‡qUvi †ivW, wn›`y-gymjgvb †PZbv, fviZxq †mbvevwnwbi Ae¯’vb, gyw³hy‡×i cÿ-wecÿ kw³i †fZi evB‡i ZrciZv AjvZPµ (1990) Dcb¨v‡mi welq| Dcb¨v‡m Kvwnwbi m‡½ Rwo‡q Av‡Q gyw³hy‡×i GKwU mg‡qi Rxeb ev¯ÍeZv| AZ¨šÍ mPwKZfv‡e Qdvi Dcb¨v‡mi bvqK `vwb‡qj Ae‡jvKb K‡i KjKvZvi w_‡qUvi †iv‡Wi Rxeb wPÎ, wcÖ‡Ýc w÷ª‡Ui Awd‡mi Ae¯’v| bR‡i Av‡m Zvi gyw³hy× wb‡q wn›`y gymjgv‡bi ¯^v_© mswkøó weZK©, †kLmv‡ne wKsev ZvRDÏxb m¤ú‡K© gšÍe¨; KL‡bv K~U‰bwZK mvdj¨-ˆed‡j¨i ZvwK©K D‡ËRbv| Dcb¨v‡mi cy‡iv cwimi KjKvZv kni; Avi Pjgvb gyw³hy‡×i ZvÐe| A‡bK mgm¨v I mvd‡j¨i msev` †hgb Av‡Q `vwb‡q‡ji gy‡L, †Zgwb mgm¨vq AvKxY© RxebhvÎv †hLv‡b nZvkv I ˆbiv‡k¨i Kivj Qvqvq Zvi wgªqgvb ˆPZ‡b¨i AefvmI my¯úó| Dcb¨v‡m `vwb‡qj wb‡R VuvB wb‡q‡Q †eŠevRv‡i, PvKwi K‡i‡Q cwÎKv Awd‡m| KjKvZv G‡m cyi‡bv eÜz Zv‡qevi mvwbœ‡a¨ Av‡m; nvmcvZv‡ji †Kwe‡b †h Wv. gvBwZi Kv‡Q wPwKrmviZ| b‡ik`v, Wv. gvBwZ, gvmyg, AvRnvi, †Wviv, Rvwn`yj, mygvšÍ, iwk` BZ¨vw` bvbvwea PwiÎ Dcb¨v‡m Lye ¯^í cwim‡i wKQz NUbvi PvjwPÎ wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vwcZ nq| hy×Kvjxb GKwU ev¯ÍeZv‡K wk‡íi †d«‡g AvuUv‡bvi Rb¨B †jL‡Ki G cÖqvm| Avng` Qdvi Dcb¨v‡m Av‡Q cwðg evsjvi gyw³hy‡×i PvjwP‡Îi Abyc•L weeiY| wbi‡cÿ `„wó‡Z †jLK gyw³hy‡×i mg‡qi NUbvUvB Dcb¨v‡mi cÖavb DcRxe¨ K‡i‡Qb| GKUv Aw¯’i mg‡qi ¯úk©KvZi wKQz ivR‰bwZK PwiÎ I NUbvi Zvrch© eqvb K‡i †g‡mR cÖ`vb K‡ib †jLK| 180 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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mvweÎx Ai‡Y¨i djg~j I Pvlvev‡` ev wkKvi a‡i †eu‡P _v‡K| wKš‘ KL‡bv cvMjv nvwZi AvµgY, KL‡bv cÖK…wZ Zv‡`i evav n‡q Av‡m| Avevi Zviv bZzb Avkªq †Luv‡R| †KŠg Rb‡Mvôxi BwZnv‡m G msMÖvg bZzb bq| wKš‘ ARq iv‡qi Dcb¨v‡mi g~j welq, ewnivMZ Avwac‡Z¨ †KŠg-wbev‡mi wejqweZvob Ges msMÖvgxkw³‡Z gyw³i †ÿÎwU wPwýZKiY| GK mgq eva¨ n‡q Dcb¨v‡mi bvqK j²Y miKvwi ebgnv‡j Avkªq †bq| Zvici µgk j²‡Yi Rxeb-hvcb cvëv‡Z _v‡K| mv‡ne-†g‡gi Avkª‡q-ûKz‡g c~‡e©i †Kvgj AiY¨-`„wó Avi _v‡K bv| Dcb¨v‡m mij, †Kvgj †KŠg ÔûKz‡gi `vmÕ j²Y kn‡i †M‡j; wbiciva nvRZevm, AZtci cjvqb| Zvici cywjkebiÿx‡`i †eMvi cjøx‡Z nvgjv, weZvob| ARq ivq wÎcyi b„-†Mvôxi j²Y Ges mvwewÎi m‡½ †cŠivwYK PwiÎ †hgb ivg, `ki_ cÖgyL‡K wb‡q Av‡mb| cÖvK…ZR‡bi KvZv‡i Avh©Pwi‡Îi mshyw³; Abvh©KiY Qvov Avi wK? †klvewa msNe× wÎcyi †KŠ‡gi gyw³B cÖavb¨ cvq †jL‡Ki Kv‡Q| Dcb¨v‡mi fvlveY©‡b AviY¨K cwi‡ek Avi A‡šÍevmxi cÖwZ‡iva-kw³ Lye `„pgvÎv, m‡›`n †bB| ¯’vb-Kvjmxgvi evB‡i wÎcyi Rb‡Mvôxi gva¨‡g Avwac‡Z¨i evB‡i AwaKvi cÖwZôv Z_v cÖK…Z gvbegyw³i RqMv_vB iwPZ nq| Pvi. Dch©y³ avivq AcÖavb Jcb¨vwmKM‡Yi bvg Ab¯^xKvh©| ûgvqyb Kwei (19061969)i Dcb¨vm b`x I bvix (1945)| bRywgqv, AvmMi, byiæ I gv‡jK GB wZbLÐ wb‡q iwPZ b`x I bvix Dcb¨vmwU| GwUB Zuv‡K weL¨vZ K‡i‡Q| PgrKvi weï× M`¨ ûgvqyb Kwe‡ii| Rxe‡bi wewPÎ w`‡Ki AbymÜvb Av‡Q cÖvwšÍK Pwi‡Îi †fZ‡i| Ggb fvlvixwZI M‡o‡Qb †jLK Dcb¨vwU‡Z| b`x I bvix GLv‡b GKvKvihveZxq wPšÍ‡b Rxe‡b I msMÖv‡g, fvlvi R½gZvq †jL‡Ki G Dcb¨vm n‡q D‡V‡Q cÖvYcÖvPzh©gq| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AbyKiYxq G †jLK Mfxi Rxeb‡PZbvq Zuvi fve-Hk¦h©‡K K‡i‡Qb cÖwZwôZ| Avkivd DR Rvgvb (R. 1911)i gb&wRj (1948) †`kfv‡Mi NUbv wb‡q iwPZ| KjKvZv `v½vi fqven iƒc Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q †jL‡Ki cÖZ¨ÿ AwfÁZvq| evOvwj gymjgv‡bi cyuw_cwiev‡ii RxebKvwnwb wb‡q iwPZ kv‡qibvgv (1958)| evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡m Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQy bv n‡jI gymwjg RxebvMÖ‡ni ev¯ÍeZvwUB g~jZ Zuvi Dcb¨v‡m wea„Z| AvKei †nv‡mb (19151981) wefvM-c~e© Kv‡ji wkíx n‡jI; Zuvi meKwU Dcb¨vmB †ewi‡qwQj wefv‡MvËi Kv‡j| Zuvi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm AevwÃZ †ewi‡qwQj 1950-G| Zuvi 182 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



me©‡kl Dcb¨vm `yóÿZ (1989)| AevwÃZ GK cÖYqewÂZ bvixi AwaKvi wb‡q iwPZ| Zuvi wK cvBwb (1952) Av_©-mvgvwRK c‡U iwPZ Ø›Øm¼zj GK Rxe‡bi Kvwnwb| G Dcb¨v‡m wbQK †cÖg bq †kªwY-†kvl‡Yi gvÎv‡K †jLK wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb wØZxq wek¦hy×-cieZ©x ev¯ÍeZvi wbwi‡L| †gvngyw³ (1953), †XD Rv‡M (1961), `yÕw`‡bi †LjvN‡i (1965), †gN-weRjx ev`j (1968), bZzb c„w_ex (1974), Avfv I Zvi cÖ_g cyiæl (1988) Zvi Dcb¨vm| Gme Dcb¨v‡m cÖPwjZ cyiælZš¿, bvixi Ae‡nwjZ Rxeb`„wó, ˆjw½K Amv‡g¨ wba©vwiZ †kvlY BZ¨vw` cÖKiYew›` n‡q‡Q| †jL‡Ki gbbag© †mLv‡b GK my`~icÖmvix AwfÁv‡b wPwýZ| my‡eva jvwnox (1917-2001)i GKgvÎ Dcb¨vm f¯Ívi wej (1376)| ¯^ívqZ‡bi Dcb¨vm GwU| Rvj-Rjvi aªyc`x ¯’vc‡Z¨ M‡o D‡V‡Q wb¤œeM©xq RbZvi gh©v`vi ¯’vbPz¨wZi msMÖvggyLi Kvwnwb| wej‡K›`ªxK iYexievjv, mvjdv, myejxi Rbc‡`i BwZe„Ë| Nb‡j‡Ýi wk‡íi wbLyuZ ˆkwjGB f¯Ívi wej| wgiRv Ave`yj nvB (1919-1984)i wd‡i P‡jv (1981) Dcb¨vm A‡bKUv mvsevw`Kmyjf| Kvwnwb‡Z GKvËi I Zvi cieZ©x mg‡q evOvwj mvgwiK-†emgvwiK Kg©KZ©v‡`i ew›``kv I gyw³i AvKzwZ, Avkv-AvKv•ÿv, nZvkvi wPÎ wek¦¯Íiƒ‡c eY©bvi cÖqvm Av‡Q| Z‡e †jL‡Ki eY©bvq GKwU cvwK¯Ívbx I evOvwj cwiev‡ii mnve¯’vb, mnvbyf~wZi cÖm½wUI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V| wd‡i P‡jv we‡kl mg‡qi c‡U iwPZ| †Zvgvi cZvKv (1984) mvgvwRK Dcb¨vm| gyw³hy‡×i welqwUI G‡m‡Q| wKš‘ hy‡×i evB‡iI mvgvwRK `vq gb¯Í‡Z¡i Uvbvc‡ob Dcb¨v‡mi NUbv‡K MwZ †`q| GKw`‡K wjwj-†mKv›`‡ii cyi‡bv AZxZ †Q‡o wbweo wVKvbvq cÖZ¨vkx n‡Z Pvq Ab¨w`‡K mnvqnx‡bi AvwZ© Avi ee©i‡`i nv‡Z wbnZ myej Wv³v‡ii mvÿ¨ Av‡ivM¨KzwUi Zv‡`i nvZQvwb w`‡q Wv‡K†Kvb&Uv Qvo‡e ev †b‡e Zviv? hgwbm msev` (1984) GKUz wfbœ cÖK…wZi Dcb¨vm| Aw¯’i RxebwP‡Îi e¨½vZ¥K cÖKvk Dcb¨vmwU| wkÿvRxe‡bi e¨_©Zv, fvewejvwmZv, ivR‰bwZK cU cwieZ©‡bi m~‡Î we‡`k Mgb, cwiewZ©Z g‡b †`‡k wd‡i Avmvq bvq‡Ki Miwgj, †egvbvb RxebvPvi‡K ˆkwj‡Z mvÿ¨ K‡i †Zv‡jb wgiRv Ave`yj nvB| gnvevû myjZvb (1980), weRqxi civRq Zuvi Ab¨ Dcb¨vm| †jL‡Ki AMÖwš’Z Dcb¨vm Db¥v`vkªg I EY©bvf| KvwR Avdmvi D`&w`b Avng` (19211975) wefv‡MvËi c~e©-evsjvi gvwUg~j¯úk©x msMÖvgx gvbyl‡K G‡b‡Qb| G‡ÿ‡Î ga¨weË cjvqbx g‡bve„wË wKsev GKai‡bi wØavRwoZ Avo÷Zv _vK‡jI Îqx Dcb¨v‡m Pi-fvOv Pi (1951), evZvmx (1958), †bvbv cvwbi †XD (1950)-G wZwb A‡bKUv cÖvYešÍ| we‡klZ Pi-fvOv Pi Dcb¨v‡m evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 183



a‡jk¦ix I mßMÖv‡gi gvby‡li Kvwnwb, msMÖvgx-e„Ëv‡šÍ Zvrch©gq iwPZ| GwU Zuvi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm| †RvZ`vi †kªYxi Pi `Lj, `v½v, cvi¯úwiK gh©v`vi welqwU Dcb¨v‡m Dc¯’vwcZ| bI`vi bCgyÏxZuvwZ, bdicvovi †gvRvnvi †gvjøv, bIjKvw›`i we‡`ªvnx PvlxKzj Avi G‡`i wecix‡Z `ya©l©, PZzi wbRvgZDjøv, Rvnv½xi myjZvb, BqvRs MvRxi Ø›Ø I cÖwZ‡iva| Z‡e GLv‡b cÖK…wZI h_vixwZ †`ªvn I Awfgv‡bi gvÎv †c‡q‡Q| KvwR Avdmvi D`&w`‡bi Dcb¨v‡mi eY©bv Kvwe¨K-my›`i wKš‘ cøU `ye©j| Dcb¨vmwUi cuvP ce© GKmy‡Zvq euvav c‡owb| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ Dcb¨vm B‡W‡bi †g‡q mvqjv, KjveZx Kb¨v (1952), Kexi j¯‹i (1954), Agi †hŠebv, my‡ii Av¸b (1960), bxo fvOv So (1961)| fviZ fv‡Mi c‡i c~e©-evsjvi evOvwj gymjgvb ms¯‹…wZi weKvk I ¯^vZ‡š¿¨i ¯^”QwPšÍvB Zuvi KvwnwbM‡`¨i wfwËwU ˆZwi K‡i †`q| Avwbm †PŠayix (1929-1990) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †jLK| KviY, K‡qK `k‡Ki mvwnZ¨PP©vq evOvwj gymjgv‡bi g~j¨‡eva I wPšÍv‡PZbvi aviv‡K wZwb mvwn‡Z¨i g‡a¨ cÖwZ¯’vwcZ K‡i‡Qb| cÖavbZ ga¨weË fvl¨Kvi n‡jI wZwb mgvRw¯’Z †fZi AbymÜvb Pvwj‡q‡Qb Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwb-Pwi·K wN‡i| wewPίúkx© K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb ga¨weË Pwi·K| `xN© mg‡qi mvwn‡Z¨ ga¨we‡Ëi Ggb e¨e‡”Q` weijB e‡U| G‡ÿ‡Î Zuvi Avw½K-mvdj¨I cÖkvœ ZxZ| Avwbm †PŠayixi Dcb¨v‡mi welq evOvwj gymwjg ga¨we‡Ëi ¯^iƒc D‡b¥vPb Kiv| Zuvi cÖkœ Rv‡M (1951) Dcb¨vmwUi G·‡cvwRkvb : Ôbvwmg evbyi nv‡Z ˆZRmcÎ fv‡½wb GKUvI, GUv mvZPwjøk eQi Pvi gvm m‡Z‡iv w`‡bi GKUv Pµe„w×i AnwgKv|Õ bvwmg evby G Dcb¨v‡mi g~j| Zv‡K wN‡iB Kvwnwb AvewZ©Z, weewa©Z| BdwZLvi I bvwmg evbyi Kvwnwb‡Z Z…Zxq e¨w³ wbRvg| wbRvg Avwgb I jywmi gva¨‡g wP‡b †d‡j BdwZLv‡ii ¯^iƒc| gbIqvix †eM‡gi Kvwnwb, jywm cÖm½, bvwmg evbyi wew”QbœZv M~p GK Aven m„wó K‡i Dcb¨vm Ry‡o| Dcb¨v‡m cwiewZ©Z bvwmgevby hLb f~Zc~e© ZLb ejv nq, Ô†mw`bKvi K_v †mw`b †kl n‡q †M‡Q|Õ k‡Li cyZzj (1961) mvsevw`K myavKi f`ª ga¨weË cÖeYZvi GKUz wfbœ †Mv‡Qi gvbyl; g~j PwiÎ Kvgvj GLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K NUbvi m‡½ m¤ú„³| Avwbm †PŠayixi PwiÎiv GKB †kªwY¯Í‡ii cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡jI Zv‡`i cÖeYZv I Rxebexÿv bvbvgywL| A‡bK RvqMvq PgK †hgb Av‡Q †Zgwb Rxe‡bi M~p A_© `vk©wbK gvÎvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q c‡o| m‡ivei Dcb¨v‡m kvnvbkvi K_v wee„Z K‡i K_K| kvnvbkvn Dcb¨v‡m Awfbe I e¨wZµgx iƒ‡cB cwVZ†Kbbv Zvi Ae¯’vb cwikxwjZ, `ye©vi| `y‡Uv cwiev‡ii msev` Av‡Q Dcb¨v‡m GKwU gwY-P¤úv‡`i cwievi 184 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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cÖviw¤¢K c‡e©i myiwU Mvd&dvi †PŠayixi †ivg¨vw›UK gb‡b cÖwZwôZ| Mvn©¯’¨ Rxe‡bi AvL¨vb †kl iRbxi Puv` (1368)| Dcb¨v‡mi Pwi‡Î DVwZ ga¨we‡Ëi kû‡i PvKwi, Zuv‡`i †e‡o IVv, cyuwRi msjMœ nIqv, MÖv‡gi nvZQvwb-wmœ»ZvggZvi wcQyUvb, ¯§„wZKvZiZv BZ¨vKvi wel‡qi AvL¨vb G Dcb¨vm| Zuvi Ab¨ Dcb¨vm bxj hgybv (1964)| †Mvjvg KzÏym ( g„. 2006) gvK©mev`x wPšÍvavivi Kwg‡UW †jLK| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i G avivi AMÖcw_K wZwb| ¯^v_©eyw× I ag©eyw×i evB‡i Zuvi mvwnZ¨PP©v| kªwgK AwaKvi, kªgNÈvi ¯^xK…wZ Gme welq gvbweK g~j¨‡eva †_‡K gwiqg Dcb¨v‡m M„nxZ| †Mvjvg KzÏym mgvR `vq‡K Kuv‡a wb‡qwQ‡jb| gvbegyw³i Z¨v‡Mi Av`k©wU Zuvi Dcb¨v‡m Kv‡qg nq| Kvwnwbfvlv Av`wk©K Ges AwR©Z| cÖPviwegyL, Bnev`x, ¯^íevK †Mvjvg KzÏym evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ ¯^gwngvq cÖwZwôZ| gwiqg (1954), euv`x (2q ms. 1362) Zuvi Dcb¨vm| BmnvK PvLvix (R. 1922) civRq (1954), gv‡qi Kj¼ (1962) wefv‡MvËi c~e©-evsjvi ms¯‹…wZ, bMi I MÖvgxY c‡U e¨vL¨vi cÖqvm Av‡Q Dcb¨v‡m| BmnvK PvLvixi †gNeiY †Kk (1955) Dcb¨v‡m iweDÏxb m`¨ Gg. G. cvk K‡i MÖv‡g wdi‡Q; Zv‡K ÷xgviNv‡U we`vq Rvbvq bMievmx †cÖwgKv Bivbx| †jL‡Ki fvlv ¯^Ztù‚Z©; `ªæZ Kvwnwb‡Z AeMvnb m¤¢e| wKš‘ iwe-Bivbxi we‡qi ci `v¤úZ¨Rxe‡bi cwic~Y© ¯^cœ †ewkw`b ¯’vqx nq bv| iwei MYZš¿gbv e¨w³Z¡, µgk MÖv‡gi A‡bK Kg©Kv‡Ð Rwo‡q cov; Aciw`‡K Bivbxi MÖvgxY cwi‡e‡ki Agvb¨ gb, Ans‡PZbv `yR‡bi g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ iPbv K‡i| Dcb¨v‡m Ggb g~j NUbv Qvov, MÖvg¨ cÖwZcv‡k¦i© wPÎwjwc Abe`¨| KvwnwbM‡`¨ cvIqv hvq cuv‡Pi `k‡Ki ¯’wei MÖvg-AeKvVv‡gv Avi kni-AvKl©Y AvcøyZ MÖvgxY PwiÎ| wVK GKBfv‡e Bivbxi cywjk Awdmvi evevi cwiev‡ii bMigb¯‹ wPšÍv‡PZbv| Jcb¨vwm‡Ki †klch©v‡qi wUªU‡g›U cÖ_vMZ, A_©nxb g‡b nq| Av. b. g. eRjyi ikx` (1911-1986) cÖavbZ bvU¨Kvi| GK ai‡bi †ivg¨vw›UKZv wKsev Kve¨gq cÖ‡jc we”QywiZ Zuvi KweZvq| G‡Z K‡i M~p inm¨gq cwi‡ek ˆZwi nq, GK ai‡bi †ivg¨vÝ m„wó nq wKš‘ mgvR¯úk©x wKQy nq bv| Z‡e wefvM-cieZ©x mg‡q evOvwj gymjgv‡bi †h Dcb¨vmPP©vi aviv †mLv‡b AšÍivj, g‡b gbvšÍ‡i, c‡_i WvK (1956), bxj w`MšÍ (1374) Ggb iPbvi AeKvk wQj| Ges GBwUB Avgv‡`i c_ ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| †cÖg-cwimªyZ cÖqvmwUB Zuvi Dcb¨v‡m gyL¨| AvZvnvi Avn‡g` c~e©-evsjvq Dcb¨vm wj‡L‡Qb| ga¨weË Rxebm~Î I Avkvev` D‡b¥vPb (1956), m~‡h©i bx‡P (1958), wccvmv (1958) Dcb¨v‡mi welq| Lye cwiwPwZ bv †c‡jI Jcb¨vwmK-fvlvwU AR©b K‡ib 186 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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Dcb¨vm| fvlv Av‡eMZvwoZ, wUªU‡g›U `ye©j| m¤¢vebvi exR _vK‡jI Jcb¨vwm‡Ki g‡bv‡hv‡Mi Afv‡e cÖKiY-web¨vm wkw_j| A‡šÍ¨evmx‡`i Aw¯ÍZ-¡ wbf©i Dcb¨vm †jLv n‡q‡Q Kg| wKš‘ BwZnv‡m ev mgvR Rxe‡b Gi ¸iæZ¡ AwaK| e`iæÏxb Avng` †m Kv‡R D‡`¨vgx n‡q‡Qb; GKUv mg‡q, BwZnv‡m Zvi ¸iæZ¡ Kg bq| e`iæ‡bœmv Ave`yjøvn (R. 1934)i KvRj `xwNi DcK_v (1962), wZb Pvik eQ‡ii K‡qKwU cÖR‡b¥i BwZe„Ë| gymwjg cwiev‡ii ¯^cœv I wMqv‡mi e„ËvšÍ †kl n‡q‡Q wi³v I Kvgv‡ji nZ¨vAvZ¥nZ¨vi ga¨ w`‡q| Gi gv‡S mvÿvr †g‡j K‡qKwU cÖR‡b¥i| †mLv‡b we‡q-`v¤úZ¨-m¤úwË m¼UB i³avivq cÖevwnZ| Rxe‡bi †hgb †Kv‡bv gvwÎKZv ev ˆewPΨ †bB †Zgwb Pwi‡Îi m¤¢vebvi m~ÎI Abycw¯’Z| KvRj `xwNi MÖv‡gi G DcvL¨vb †klvewa MíK_vq ch©ewmZ| cÖZ¨veZ©b (1960), ebPw›`ªKv (1963), ei ewY©bx (1963), b~cyi wbK¡b (1969), AvR‡Ki c„w_ex (1970), mgy‡`ªi †XD (1973), wbiæËi (1974), gv_y‡ii cv‡i (1984) cÖf„wZ| evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡m †`ŠjZz‡bœmv LvZzb (1922-1997) †Zgb L¨vwZ bv †c‡jI wj‡L‡Qb c‡_i cik (1373), eayi jvwMqv (1962), Kgicy‡ii †QvU †eŠ (1988), wee¯¿ aiYx (1989)| c‡_i cikB ¯§iYxq K‡i‡Q Zuv‡K| G Dcb¨v‡m cuvP L‡Ði eo K‡je‡ii Dcb¨vmwU‡Z nwee AvwfRv‡Z¨-we‡Ëe¨w³‡Z¡ D™¢vwmZ n‡jI Zvi Kg©web¨vm, Kvh©KviY-KZ…Z © ¡ wKsev msMÖvgx ZrciZvq †m wbw¯Œq PwiÎ| bvq‡KvwPZ ¸Y GKw`‡K †hgb †bB Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb †fZ‡ii cÖ‡Yv`bv-kw³I †ek `ye©j| Dcb¨v‡m AvKw¯§K nwe‡ei m‡½ wbbvi mvÿvr AZtci cw_g‡a¨i GKwU Ly‡bi `v‡q nwee Ges wbbvi AvZ¥‡Mvcb| Gici wbbvi Avkª‡qB nwe‡ei w`bvwZcvZ, GKch©v‡q nwe‡ei wRÁvmvm~‡Î wbbvi AZxZ, †e‡o IVv, Aw¯Í‡Ë¡i msMÖvg BZ¨vw` wee„Z| e„nr cwim‡i nwe‡ei Dcw¯’wZ Dcb¨v‡m bZzb †Kv‡bv gvÎv m„wó K‡i bv| †`ŠjZz‡bœmv LvZzb wkíixwZi KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ mvwn‡Z¨i bvix-cyiæ‡li A‡nZzK †f`‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| Kvwnwb-KvVv‡gv wkw_j| †Zgb †Kv‡bv `vk©wbK fvebv †iLvcvZ m„wó K‡i bv| ZeyI wefv‡MvËi Kvjcwim‡i evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡mi Rxeb`„wó m„wó‡Z Dcb¨vmwUi ¸iæZ¡ Kg bq| Zuvi Ab¨ Dcb¨vm ea~i jvwMqv (1962)| Rmxg D`&`xb (1904-1974) cwjøKwei Dcb¨vm †evev Kvwnbx (1964)| Rmxg D`&`xb Kwe n‡jI eo gv‡ci M`¨Kvi, m‡›`n †bB| G Dcb¨v‡mi NUbvcÖevn I eqbweb¨vm PgrKvi| GQvov Zuvi Ab¨ Dcb¨vm eDUzevbxi dzj (1990)| evsjv‡`‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© K_vmvwnwZ¨K knx` AvL›` (R. 1935)| ga¨weË cÖeYZvq Dcb¨vm wjL‡jI wZwb ˆZwi Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 191



¯^Zš¿ iƒc‰kwj| RxebmZ¨‡K Mfxi A‡š¦lvq, `„wó‡PZbvq K‡i‡Qb cÖjyä| Abycg Zuvi cøUweb¨vm I wbg©vY-KvVv‡gv| eY©bvq e¨w³ cÖvavb¨, msjvcag©x cÖwZwµqvwU wba©vwiZ| ga¨we‡Ëi ewngy©wL (extrovart) Kvwnwb‡Z weivRgvb| Zuvi Dcb¨vm cvbœv n‡jv meyR (1964), cvwLi Mvb e‡bi Qvqv (1970), `y`Ð kvwšÍ (1983), GK`v GK em‡šÍ (1984), †mB cvwL (1986), Avcb †mŠif (1986), fv‡jvevmvq emevm (1987), bivag (1984), GBLv‡b KL‡bv (1985), Avevi Avwme (1988), KLb †K Rv‡b (1995) cÖf„wZ| gnxDwÏb (1906-1975) cÖavbZ Kwe| gnvgvb‡ei gnvRvMiY, Av‡jvi wccvmv, wbh©vwZZ gvbeZvi bv‡g, kv`x †gveviK, b~Zb m~h©, wkíxi ¯^cœ, ewki, KvwgbxKvÂb gnxDwχbi Dcb¨vm| Dcb¨v‡mi †fZ‡i gvbeZvi gyw³i welqB cÖwZdwjZ| bi-bvix m¤úK© I RxebvMÖn we‡kl gvÎvq cÖwZdwjZ| 1964 †Z AkøxjZvi `v‡q Kvwgbx KvÂb Dcb¨vmwU ev‡Rqvß nq| w`jviv nv‡kg (R. 1936)i cÖ_g Dcb¨vm Ni gb Rvbvjv (1965)| GwU wj‡L wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡m ¯^Zš¿ ¯’vb K‡i wb‡q‡Qb| BwZnv‡m Zuvi ¸iæZ¡GKRb bvixi †Pv‡L m`¨MwVZ c~e©-evsjv Z_v evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi wbiƒcY cÖqvm, wbgœ-ga¨weË cwiev‡ii wbZ¨ RxebvMÖ‡ni PvjwPÎ eqb Avi bvixi Pwi·K Kg©ÿgZvi cv`cx‡V Dc¯’vcb-ixwZi eY©bvi Kvi‡Y| Ni gb Rvbvjv Dcb¨v‡mi wel‡qi we¯Í…wZ Lye bq-G Kvi‡YBgvÎ GKwU cwiev‡ii Kvwnwb wN‡iB Gi cwie„Ë| wZb L‡Ði Dcb¨vmGKwU cwievi‡K wN‡iB mg¯Í Aven I cÖwZcvk¦© ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| wkí nIqvi Rb¨ †h cÖKiY cÖ‡qvRbhv e¨w³‡K Qvwo‡q mgwói gvÎv ¯úk© K‡i Zv Zuvi cÖ_g Dcb¨vmwU‡ZB wba©vwiZ| AvgjKxi †gŠ (1978) Dcb¨v‡m bvixi AwaKvi, msMÖv‡gi Av‡jL¨ wbY©xZ| ga¨weË Rxeb‡Kw›`ªK cÖvZ¨wnKZv, m~²Zi Uvbvc‡ob, Ø›Ø wb‡q G Dcb¨vm| Z‡e w`jviv nv‡k‡gi AwaKvsk Dcb¨v‡mB GKB NUbvi AveZ©b jÿYxq| M`¨wUI †m Bw½‡ZB wbwg©Z| Zuvi Ab¨ Dcb¨vm GK`v I AbšÍ (1975), ¯ÍäZvi Kv‡b Kv‡b (1977), ev`vgx we‡K‡ji Mí (1983), KvKZvjxq (1985), wgDi¨vj (1986), k•LKivZ (1995), Aby³ c`vejx (1998), m`i A›`i (1998), †mZz (2000) Ggb Dcb¨vm wj‡LI wZwb GKB Ave‡Z© we`¨gvb| †evinvbDwÏb Lvb Rvnv½xi (R. 1936) i me©bvk PZzw`©‡K (1381) `y`©všÍ MíwfwˇZ cÖwZwôZ| cÖKiY Zxÿèax, ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ÔAvjx AvKe‡ii g‡bi g‡a¨ wKQy GKUv wQu‡o †M‡Q, nVvr B”Qv Ki‡Q †PuPv‡Z, †K cvËv †`q, †K| ivM Amn¨ n‡q D‡V‡Q, †jvKwU K¬vmiæg †c‡q‡Q eywS... N„Yvq ewg Av‡m Avi Avmgv‡K †`L‡j Kvbœv 192 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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fvlvq `uvwo‡q‡Qb| msMÖv‡g-Aw¯Í‡Z¡, fvlvwfwËK evOvwj RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvq Zuviv `„pZiiƒ‡c g~wZ©gvb| Aciw`‡K A‡cÿvK…Z ZiæY, huviv Ôhy×cÖRb¥Õ e‡j L¨vZ Zuviv ¯^‡`kwcÖq n‡q, Zvi BwZnvm-HwZn¨ †cÖiYv wb‡q, gyw³hyׇK cybwb©gv© Y K‡i Dcb¨vm wjL‡Z PvB‡jb| Zuv‡`i AwfÁZv, H c~‡e©v³ Jcb¨vwmKMY; huviv mvZPwjøk †_‡K iPbv K‡i P‡j‡Qb evsjv‡`‡ki f~wg-gvwU-gvbyl-cÖK…wZi msMÖvgx I mvejxj b›`bwPÎiƒc Ges gyw³hy‡×i c‡iI RxweZ I mwµqZuv‡`i †cÖiYvq, wKš‘ bexb‡`i `„wó‡KvY (point of view) ZeyI cvëvq, ¯^vZš¿¨iƒ‡c, `vq‡ev‡a, cÖvP¨-cvðvZ¨ wgkª‡Y, cyivYcybM©V‡b, Av_©-mgvR e¨e¯’vi weeZ©‡b| gyw³hy‡×i c‡i Avkvf½, ¯^cœf½I N‡U| Dw`©kvmb Av‡m, ÿvÎkw³i `vcU MY-gvbyl‡K weiƒc K‡i †Zv‡j| bexb-cÖexY Dfq †jLKivB G AwfÁZvi gy‡L c‡ob| Z‡e wbðqB ˆkwjMZ Zdvr ˆZwi nq, A‡bK wel‡q wØgZ-wfbœZv Av‡m| Rb‡Mvôxi m‡½ cvjøv w`‡q Avnvi-wbivcËv wecwËi gy‡L c‡o| †kªwY ˆZwi nq| ˆelg¨ cÖ‡Z¨K †ÿ‡ÎB cÖejZi nq| gyw³hy‡×i H‡K¨i Av‡`k ev Avkxe©v` µgk d¨vKv‡k n‡q c‡o| Gi d‡j ¯^‡`k‡cÖg, KwgU‡g›U, ¯^‡cœi HK¨ GK _v‡K bv| Avov‡j †fvMev`, ¯^v_©wjáv, ag©ÜZv, †kvlY BZ¨Kvi †bwZevPK Kg©Kv‡Ð wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡ob mevB| mvwnZ¨ we‡kl K‡i Dcb¨vm G mgv‡Ri cÖK…wZ Kxiƒ‡c wba©viY Ki‡e, Jcb¨vwmK‡`i `„wó‡KvY ˆZwi n‡e †Kvb& exÿ‡Y, wek¦ev¯ÍeZvi mÜvbm~ÎI G mg‡q Kxfv‡e †mLv‡b cÖweó n‡eGme cÖ‡kœ gyw³hy×-cieZ©x evsjv‡`‡ki Jcb¨vwmKMY ˆZwi n‡q‡Qb, wRÁvmvm~·K cÖKiYew›` K‡i‡Qb| G ch©v‡q ZiæY cÖRb¥ GwM‡q‡Q cvV-AwfÁZvq, AvšÍtcvV (inter-text)-i †fZi w`‡q| mËi-Avwk-beŸyB †cwi‡q‡Q, m„ó g‡bv‡cvjvi we‡k¦ wech©¯Í ¯^vaxbZv, ûgwKi gy‡L mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Gme †`‡L‡Q| bvbvgywL ivR‰bwZK cÖwZwµqvq ÿzä cÖvšÍeZ©x gvby‡li wbõj ˆn‰P †`‡L Avkvev`UzKz n‡q‡Q AewmZ| Giƒ‡c wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q cÖKiY| Avw½K KK©k, wØavKvZi| cÖexY †jLKivI GKBiƒ‡c mgq I mgvR‡K cÖkwœ e× K‡i Dcb¨vm †j‡Lb| KviY, cÖK…Z ev¯ÍeZv †KDB A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| ¯^vaxbZv-cieZ©x Av‡eM w_Zz n‡q Av‡m, cÖKiY n‡q I‡V ev¯ÍegywL, mZZv, ¯^‡`kgywLZv, g~j¨‡ev‡ai cwiPh©v Pj‡Z _v‡K| `yB. †mwjbv †nv‡mb (R. 1947)



198 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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kw³, cÖavb PwiÎ eywoi gvZ…Z¡; hv AwZµg K‡i †m †evevmšÍvb iB‡mi nv‡Z hy‡×i Rb¨ Gj.Gg.wR Zz‡j w`‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b Zvi Ab¨ `yB mšÍvb (eywo wegvZv n‡jI)I Rxe‡bi gvqv †Q‡o hy‡× †M‡Q| nj`x Muv‡qi eywoi cwiev‡ii G Z¨vM GKwU ¯^vaxb †`‡ki ¯^cœ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨| bxj gq~‡ii †hŠeb (1983) evOvwji msMÖvg I †PZbv`xwcZ GKwU Dcb¨vm| Kvwnwb‡Z Kvýcv I keixi RxebwPÎ ewY©Z| †kªwY‡PZbvi ¯^iƒcwUI aiv c‡o Dcb¨v‡m| eªvþY-PÐv‡ji †kªwYØ›Ø| eªvþ‡Yi ¯’vbPz¨wZi wb‡g©vn web¨vm ÔAvwR fymyKz e½vjx fBjxÕfymyKzi G AvZ¥cwiP‡qi ¯^xKv‡ivw³ mg¯Í msMÖvg-Av‡›`vjb I AwaKv‡ii †fZi w`‡q| eªvþY cÖwZ‡iv‡a †`ej f`ª, †`kvL, †Wv¤^xi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i msMÖvg evOvwj Rxeb‡PZbviB ¯^xK…wZ| Dcb¨vmwU †kl n‡q‡Q ¯^vaxb iv‡óªi Bw½‡Z| Puv`‡e‡b (1984)i Puv` †kvwlZ †kªwYi cÖwZwbwa, msMÖv‡g wU‡K _vKvi cÖZxK| ga¨hy‡Mi RbwcÖq Kve¨ gbmvg½‡ji Puv`m`vM‡ii †PZbvq iwPZ Puv`‡e‡bi Puv` PwiÎwU| wecix‡Z AvRy g„av, cÖwZwµqvkxj PwiÎ| P¤úvBM‡Äi gvbyl †kvlY-wbcxo‡bi †fZi cÖwZ‡ivax n‡q I‡V| †mwjbv †nv‡mb Kwnwb-Ave‡Z© Puv‡`i e¨w³Z¡, A`g¨ mvnmx iƒc‡K cÖZœ`„wó‡Z iƒcvqY K‡ib| mgy`ªØx‡c evmK…Z gv‡jK-mvwdqvi wSbyK msMÖn Ges gy³v AvniY, kw³ai †Zvive Avjx-MwY wgqvi DÌvb I wbqvgK kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nIqv, gv‡j‡Ki mgy`ªRqx msMÖvg, ¯^v_©mswkó †cÖg-cÖe„wË BZ¨vw`i wkíAven †cvKvgvK‡oi NiemwZ (1986) Dcb¨vm| gv‡jK cÖwZÁvq nvOi wkKv‡ii mg¯Í DcKiY wb‡q Rxebhy‡× Rqx | gv‡jK QvovI mv‡jK, ewmi Avjx, myRv cÖvYešÍ PwiÎ| LjPwiÎ †Zvivc I mn‡hvMx MwYi A_©AvbyK‚‡j¨ A‡b‡KB Zv‡`i AbyPi n‡jI kvncwi Øx‡c g~jZ mr gvby‡li msMÖvg I e„wËAbyl½B Rqx nq| †ZfvMv‡bÎx Bjv wg·K Aej¤^b K‡i †jLv †mwjbv †nv‡m‡bi KuvUvZv‡i cÖRvcwZ (1989)| PwiÎ n‡q Av‡m Bjv wgÎ (19252002)| bv‡Pv‡j w¯’wZ, †kvlYgyw³i msMÖv‡g GKvZ¥Zv| Iqv‡R` †gvojiv †ec`©vi K_v ej‡jI K…lK Kv‡qm gÐjiv ey‡S †d‡j †kªwY‡PZbvi ¯^i| †ZfvMvi msev` G‡j Kwnwbi †bÎx c~Y©v½ n‡q I‡Vb| RvZcvZwbwe©‡k‡l mevB Bjv wg‡Îi cÖ‡kœ HK¨e×| Zv‡`i ÔivbxgvÕ ew›`| AK_¨ wbh©vZb| †mwjbv †nv‡mb c~Y©v½ mZ¨ I mr mnvbyf~wZ‡K wPwÎZ K‡ib, †hb cÖRvcwZi KuvUvZv‡i Ae¯’vb; A_©‡`¨vZK gvÎv cvq| †jL‡Ki Ab¨ Dcb¨vm Kvj‡KZz I dzjøiv (1992)| ˆ¯^ivPvix kvm‡bi iv‡óª RbZvi ¯^vaxbZv wbe©vwmZ| ¯^vaxb bM‡ii cÖZ¨vkv Kvj‡KZzi; ¯^cœ †`‡L kvmKkw³i mg¯Í †¯^”QvPvwiZvi Aemv‡bi| dzjøivI bvix AwaKv‡i, ˆjw½K ˆel‡g¨i Aemv‡b, RbKj¨YKi 200 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



iv‡óªi cÖZ¨vkv K‡i| ¯^vaxbZv-DËi evsjv‡`‡k ˆ¯^ikvm‡bi Aegyw³i cÖZ¨vkvB Kvj‡KZz I dzjøivi †g‡mR| wKš‘ †mwjbv †nv‡mb ga¨hy‡Mi G `ywU Pwi·K mgmvgwqK ivóªxq cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z †hfv‡e cÖwZ¯’vwcZ ev cybg~©j¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb †mUv cÖksmvi †hvM¨| c`kã (1983) R‡jv”Q¡vm (1972), gMœ ˆPZ‡b¨ wkm (1979), ÿiY (1988), Lyb I fv‡jvevmv (1990), DËi mvi_x (1g Dcb¨vm), hy× (1998), fv‡jvevmv cÖxwZjZv (1992), Uvbvc‡ob (1994), `xcvwš^Zv (1997), jviv (2000), †gvwnbxi we‡q (2002), AvbweK AvÜvi (2003), NygKvZz‡i Ck¦i (2004), g‡M©i bxj cvwL (2005), A‡cÿv (2007), c~Y© Qwei gMœZv (2008), f‚wg I Kzmyg (2010), hgybv b`xi gykvqiv (2010), MvQwUi Qvqv bvB (2012), †mvbvjx Wzgyi (2012) cÖf„wZ Zuvi Dcb¨vm| ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (1948-2012) RbwcÖq Jcb¨vwmK ûgvq~b Avn‡g`| A‡bK Dcb¨vm wj‡L‡Qb| bw›`Z bi‡K (1973) wj‡L Jcb¨vwmK wn‡m‡e L¨vwZ †c‡q hvb| wbgœ ga¨weË cwiev‡ii `ytL-myL-nvwm-Kvbœvi cwigÐj‡K m~²Zi I ü`qe„wËK K‡i †Zv‡jb wZwb| Dcb¨v‡m ûgvq~b, iv‡eqv, g›Uzi AvšÍtm¤úK©, cvi¯úwiK wµqv-cÖwZwµqv, m¤§vb-gh©v`vi welq¸‡jv kw³kvjx M‡`¨ ¯úk©KvZi K‡i †Zv‡jb| †hgb iv‡eqvi wbwe©Kvi‡Z¡i KviY, g›Uzi duvwm nIqv, gv-evevi cÖwZwµqv Mfxi fvev_© ˆZwi K‡i| Zuvi 1971 (1986) †QvÆ cwim‡ii Dcb¨vm| NUbv gyw³hy×| †gRi GRvR Av‡m bxjMÄ MÖv‡g| MÖv‡gi mg¯Í msev` †hgb ivRvKvi, gyw³‡hv×v, wn›`y, †Uªwbs †m›Uvi BZ¨vw`i Lei †bb| wgwjUvwi I ivRvKvi mw¤§wjZfv‡e AvµgY wbh©vZb ïiæ nq| Dcb¨v‡mi Kwe AvwRR wbh©vZ‡b wbnZ| iwdK Dcb¨v‡m cÖvYevb PwiÎ| k•Lbxj KvivMvi (1973), k¨vgj Qvqv (1974), wbe©vmb (1974), Ab¨w`b (1974), †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ fvjevmv, AwPbcyi, †mŠif (1982), mevB †M‡Q e‡b (1984), †Zvgv‡K (1984), GKv GKv (1985), Agvbyl (1985), Avgvi Av‡Q Rj (1985), m~‡h©i w`b (1985), cÖ_g cÖni (1985), †`ex (1985), †div (1986), Av¸‡bi cikgwb (1986), GBme w`bivwÎ (1986), bÿ‡Îi ivZ (1987), AiY¨ (1987), bÿ‡Îi ivZ (1987), `~‡i †Kv_vq (1987), AvKvk †Rvov †gN (1988), Acivnè (1988), evmi (1989), ˆØi_ (1989), iRbx (1989), AÜKv‡ii Mvb (1989), mvRNi (1989), mgy`ª wejvm (1991), Rbg Rbg (1990), gq~ivÿx (1990), †MŠixcyi Rskb (1990), A‡qvgq (1990), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 201



†Kv_vI †KD †bB (1990), `viywPwb Øxc (1991), cvwL Avgvi GKjv cvwL (1992), wgwmi Avjxi AgxgvswmZ inm¨ (1992), wngy (1993), Rj‡RvQbv (1993), kªveY †g‡Ni w`b (1994), †cw݇j AuvKv cix (1995), ïå (2000), †RvQbv I Rbbxi Mí (2004), jxjveZx (2005), wjjyqv evZvm (2006), gvZvj nvIqv (2010), ïå †M‡Q e‡b (2010), wWwRUvj wngy (2010), me msMxZ †M‡Q BswM‡Z _vwgqv (2010), †g‡Ni Icv‡i AvKvk (2012), †`qvj (2012) cÖf„wZ| jxjveZx we`ylx jxjveZxi Kvwnwb| wmwÏKzi ingvb‡K wN‡iB G Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwb AvewZ©Z| Z‡e jxjveZxi Kvwnwb Ab¨ ÔmveavbZv m‡Ë¡I weev‡ni c‡iB jxjveZx weaev nb| fv¯‹ivPvh© Kb¨v‡K hZœmnKv‡i we`¨vwkÿv †`b| fv¯‹ivPvh© cÖYxZ weL¨vZMÖš’ wm×všÍ-wk‡ivgwY-Gi Z…Zxq LÐ jxjveZx KZ…K © iwPZ nq| Ggb Z_¨wfwËi evB‡i, Kíbvq Ab¨ jxjveZx‡K evwb‡q‡Qb †jLK| MÖvgxY cUwP‡Î Zv Aw¼Z| kw³kvjx Dcb¨v‡mi ¯^xK…wZ GwU| jxjveZxi evev m¤ú‡K© g~j¨vqb : ÔwZwb ïiæ‡Z Avgvi Kv‡Q wQ‡jb AwZ `yóz GKRb gvbyl| †h Zuvi ¯¿x Kb¨v‡K `~‡i †V‡j †`qAv‡iKwU weevn K‡i| my‡L †h Ni-msmvi K‡i Zv bv| ¯¿x‡K Zvjv AvU‡K e›`x K‡i iv‡L|... e`ivM, An¼viGBme welq Zuvi Kv‡Q Pwi‡Îi An¼vi...Õ| ûgvq~b Avn‡g‡`i e„nr K‡je‡ii gyw³hy‡×i Dcb¨vm †RvQbv I Rbbxi Mí| Av¸‡bi cikgwY (1986) Ab¨ gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm| GwU XvKvi `ytmvnwmK †Mwijv Awfhv‡bi Kvwnwb| Abycg M`¨‰kwji Kvi‡Y GwU myLcvV¨ iPbvI e‡U| †Mwijv †hv×v Avjg gwZb mv‡n‡ei evwo‡Z Avkªq †bq, G‡Z Zvi cwiev‡ii cÖ_‡g AvcwË, c‡i mevB hy‡×i c‡ÿi †hv×v Avj‡gi Aby‡cÖiYvi kw³‡Z cwiYZ nq| ¯^vaxbZvi cÿ-wecÿ kw³i K_vI GLv‡b Av‡Q| ûgvq~b Avn‡g` Mí‡KŠk‡j AcÖwZØ›Øx| wiwRqv ingvb (R. 1939) PÆMÖv‡gi wdwiw½evRv‡i cZy©MxR es‡kv™¢~Z cwievi A¨v›Uwb wWµz‡Ri DËi cyiæl ewb wWµz‡Ri Ø›Ø; cÖm½Z G Ø›Ø bexb-cÖexY Ø›ØB e‡U| DËi cyiæl (1977) Ggb Ø›ØvZ¥K cÖRb¥e„ËvšÍ| †cÖŠp A¨v›Uwb fv‡jvev‡m cZ©zMxR BwZnvm-ms¯‹…wZ Ges Zvi AZxZ¯§„wZ| wKš‘ cyÎ ewb G‡Kev‡i wecixZ| †m e½‡`‡ki †cÖ‡g Avm³| ewbi evev wWµz‡Ri D‡ëv gvbwmKZv Ges Ae¯’v‡bi cwi‡cÖwÿZ ewY©Z n‡q k¨vgj-my›`i cÖK…wZi cÖwZ Zvi Awb‡gl fv‡jvjvMv| ewb fv‡jvev‡m evOvwj Kwe iex›`ªbv_‡K| Dcb¨v‡m Gme wel‡qi m‡½ hy³ nq †evb wjwmi D×Z Pjv‡div GK ch©v‡q †Rwi dvw`©bv‡›`i m‡½ 202 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



m¤úK© Ges weiƒc cwiYwZ| ewbi cwi”Qbœ I hyw³wm× gb mewKQy Gwo‡q P‡j Ges gscyi RwUj e¨emvwqK PvZzwi †_‡KI †m †ewi‡q Av‡m| Gici g~jZ wg‡mm wWµz‡Ri nv‡ZB c‡o Kvwnwbi hveZxq gxgvsmvi fvi| wiwRqv ingvb wkíxi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡‡K `y`©všÍiƒ‡c ¯‹‡Ü aviY K‡ib| Z‡e G Dcb¨v‡m Kvwnwbi Drm I cwiYwZ‡Z wKQyUv AmZK© I cwiPh©vi Afve i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki RvwZZ¡ I b„Z‡Ë¡i Aw¯’‡K Aej¤^b K‡i wkíKíbvi †g`g¾vq es †_‡K evsjv (1978) Dcb¨vm wj‡L‡Qb wiwRqv ingvb| es Ges Gjv bv‡gi PwiÎ †mB Abvh© hyM †_‡K cÖwZ‡iv‡a Kxiƒ‡c wbR¯^Zv †c‡q‡Q Ges ¯^vaxbZv †c‡jv Zvi BwZe„Ë Dcb¨vmwU| cÖvPxb, ga¨ I AvaywbK hy‡Mi BwZnvm, ivRb¨ ivRZ¡Kvj, f½yi mvgšÍev`, DwÌZ cyuwRev`, Bs‡iR kw³, ¯^‡`kx‡`i Av‡›`vjb, RvZxqZvev`x kw³i DÌvb, wefv‡MvËi cvwK¯Ívbx Ackvmb Ges gyw³hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q AwR©Z ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I b„Z‡Z¡i e„ËvšÍ Dcb¨vmwU| G‡ÿ‡Î es Ges Gjvi eskai, cÖRb¥všÍi ˆZwi nq Dcb¨v‡m| ZvivB g~jZ Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwb‡K GwM‡q wb‡q P‡j| `k Aa¨v‡q wef³ Dcb¨v‡m e½v‡ji msMÖvg I cÖwZ‡iva, ms¯‹vi, ag©xq ixwZ, †Kvgj cÖK…wZi wenŸjZv Kvwnwbe„ˇK ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| Abvh© ev eªvZ¨Kzj Avh©cÖwZ‡iv‡a evB`¨v, cvBK&Kx, ˆKqviZ wbišÍi msMÖvg K‡i| µgk Zv †MvÎ, mgvR †cwi‡q w`bv‡šÍ cwicK¡ gvÎv cvq| Abvh© cÖwZwbwaiv Dcb¨v‡m wewfbœ L‡Ð wewPÎ bv‡g Avwef~Z © nq| ZviB avivq evOvwj mËvi weKvk, Ges c~Y©vqZ ¯^vaxbZv| Zuvi fvlv cÖZ¨qwbô| Z‡e cUweb¨vm GKUz wkw_j| GKvj wPiKvj (1978) Avw`evmx Rxeb‡PZbvi ¯^iƒcwPý| mvIZvj Rb‡Mvôxi ag©xqms¯‹vi, HwZn¨, msMÖvg, gyw³‡PZbv wea„Z G Dcb¨v‡m| †nvcbv m‡ib, PzeKv m‡ib, myiKv †mv‡ib‡K wb‡q PweŸk cwi‡”Q‡`i Dcb¨v‡m cÖRb¥všÍ‡ii aviv e‡q P‡j; Zv‡`i †kvlY-eÂbv-cxobI †Zgwb engvb| GKvj wPiKvj Dcb¨v‡m GK ch©v‡q muvIZvj Am‡šÍv‡li †fZi w`‡q †ZfvMvi welqwU Kvwnwb‡Z ˆa‡h©i m‡½ cÖweó K‡ib| ÿz`ª RvwZmËv-†K›`ªxK Abv‡jvwKZ welqwU Kvwnwbe× Kivq GKw`‡K †hgb evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡m wb‡®úwlZ I wejyßcÖvq ms¯‹…wZi wkíMZ mg_©b †g‡j Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb kw³kvjx Jcb¨vwmK wn‡m‡eI Gi gva¨‡g Zuvi `„p Ae¯’vb ˆZwi nq| gsjvQwo PvevMv‡bi Kvwnwb m~h©-meyR i³ (1981)| wiwRqv ingvb e¨w³i m‡½ BwZnvm wba©vwiZ mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ I †kªwY-†kvlYwPÎ Ae‡jvKb K‡ib| G cÖZ¨‡qB `vqwbf©i fvlv iwPZ nq Dcb¨v‡m| fvlvi †fZ‡iB cÖwZKvi-cÖwZ‡iv‡ai cÖKvk ewY©Z nq| †Pbv hvq nwiqv, AR©yb, jQwg‡`i| aej †Rvrmœv (1981)i evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 203



cUf~wg K·evRvi, ivevi evMvb, mgy`ª DcK‚j| †K›`ªxq PwiÎ gKeyj| gKeyj‡K wN‡iB Kvwnwb ˆZwi| GKvMªZv, msMÖvg-msÿzäZv GKw`‡K Ab¨w`‡K †cÖg-†ivgvÝ-†ivg¨vw›UK mËvq gKeyj w¯’i-PÂj| ÔgKeyj †hb IB mvMiUvi gZ| Zvi DÏvgZvi †kl †bB| Av‡µv‡ki AšÍ †bB|Õ wiwRqv ingvb cÖK…wZi cÖZxKvq‡b c~Y©v½ K‡i †Zv‡jb PwiÎ| †mLv‡b RxweKv Avi †ckvi m‡½ Dc‡fvM¨ Rxeb-AvZ¥v †hb GKvKvi| cvwK¯Ív‡bi weiæ‡× †ejywP¯Ívb we‡`ªv‡ni cUf~wg Ges KvjvZ hy× wb‡q †jLv Dcb¨vm wkjvq wkjvq Av¸b (1980)| e½xq f~L‡Ði evB‡ii NUbv n‡jI †`k‡cÖg I ¯^vRvZ¨ †PZbv †Zv †Kv‡bv e„‡ËB Ave× bq ˆewK| wiwRqv ingvb G Dcb¨v‡mI h_vixwZ mZ¨wbô I `vwqZ¡kxj| AwjwLZ DcvL¨vb (1980) Dcb¨vmwUi PwiÎ gaym~`b `Ë, ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq| mgqKvj Dwbk kZ‡Ki wØZxqva©| cvIqv hvq wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi cwiYwZ, mivjxqvi Rwg`vi wg‡mm gvM©v‡iU †gv‡i‡ji AZ¨vPvi, †Q‡j †nbix †gv‡ij, g¨v‡bRvi †nBjx, bxj e¨emvqx DBwjqvg nv›U-Gi †kvlY-wb‡®úlY wPÎ| wecix‡Z †g‡j cÖwZ‡ivax gvbyl iwngDjøv, †nv‡mb Avjx, †Rvniv cÖgyL| f~wg we¯Ívi, `v`b MÖnY, bxj Pvl BZ¨vw`i m‡½ K…lK‡`i fvM¨ RwoZ; me©¯^všÍ nq Zviv| †bwUf I Bs‡iR Ø›Ø AwaKv‡ii, Avwac‡Z¨i| †bwUf‡`i c‡ÿ `uvwo‡q gaym~`b Kx Ki‡eb; `xbeÜzi bxj`c©‡Yi Abyev‡`B wK Zvi `vwqZ¡ †kl? Avi ew¼g †bwUf‡`i c‡ÿ AvBbx jovB K‡i‡Qb wKš‘ mvRvi e`‡j AvB‡bi duvK Mwj‡q †ewi‡q G‡m e‡j‡Q Ôfy‡j †hI bv Zzwg GKRb †bwUf| Ges Avwg GKRb Bs‡iR|Õ cÖwZev`x iwngDjøv Bs‡iR‡`i ¸wj‡Z wbnZ, Z‡e AZ¨vPvix †gv‡ij‡`i wePvi †K Ki‡e| AwjwLZ DcvL¨v‡b †k‡l Amnvq Ô†WcywUÕ ew¼‡gi AvZ¥Møvwb †jLv nq| Z‡e Zv Ki‡Z wM‡q †Kv‡bv PwiÎB ˆZwi nqbvwbQK mg‡qi cÖwZ‡e`bB †jLv nq| Ggb Dcb¨v‡m PwiÎ m„wói Rb¨ †h mRvM mnvbyf~wZ I ˆah© `iKvi Zv G Dcb¨vmKv‡ii wQj bv| i‡³i Aÿi (1978) Dcb¨v‡m †MvjvcxcwÆi Qwe Aw¼Z| †hŠbKg©x RvnvbAvivi †hŠbRxeb AZ¨šÍ mvn‡mi m‡½ wbg©vYB ïay bq mgvR-ivóª e¨e¯’vi †fZ‡i Av‡iKwU Z_vKw_Z Aciva iv‡óªi Qwe ˆZwi K‡ib †jLK| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ GwU GKwU Abe`¨ Dcb¨vm| †jL‡Ki Ni fvOv Ni (1974) I Zgmve„Z ewÂZ gvby‡li wPÎvc©b| Ab¨ Dcb¨vm †cÖg Avgvi †cÖg (1985), Ai‡Y¨i Kv‡Q (1980), S‡oi gy‡LvgywL (1986), GKwU dz‡ji Rb¨ (1986), ïay †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ (1988), †n gvbe gvbex (1989), nviæb †d‡iwb (1994)|



204 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



gvngy`yj nK (1941-2008) gvngy`yj nK Avgv‡`i Dcb¨v‡m wfbœZi I wRÁvmy RxebiwmKiƒ‡c cwiMwYZ| Zuvi AwaKvsk Dcb¨vmB lv‡Ui †klv‡aŸ© iwPZ, `y‡Uv MíMÖš’ (cÖwZw`b GKwU iægvj I wbe©vwPZ Mí) †e‡ivq 1994 I 1999 G| AMÖwš’Z Mí (cÖ_g LÐ) †iwe‡q‡Q, g„Zz¨i c‡i 2010 mv‡j| †Zvjcvo †Zvjvi KvRwU gvngy`yj nK K‡ibwb, hvbIwb †mw`‡K, wbf„ZPvwi-cÖPviwegyL ¯^fv‡e wbg©j wbg©vZvavix I ï×Pvix iƒ‡cB †jLK-A½‡Y cwiwPZ| Rxeb Avgvi †evb ga¨we‡Ëi cvÐywjwc| ga¨weË †LvKv †K›`ªxq PwiÎ| †LvKv‡K wN‡iB GK NUbvcÖevn ewY©Z| GK ai‡bi cÖKvkfw½‡Z †m NUbvcÖevn mPj, me©v½xb| K_K cÖweó msjv‡c D‡¯‹ †`q wnDgvi, m¨vUvqvi, cwinvm| cwi‡ekwU †mDrm‡e n‡q I‡V wmwiqvm| Zvi g‡a¨ ms¯‹…wZÁvb wKsev †ciæ‡bvi †Póv Aviva¨, m~²Zi, Zx²ax| GKB welqe¨vcvi wewPÎ AvL¨vq cÖwZwew¤^Z| cÖwZRb‡K ¯^vZš¿¨ K‡i cÖKvk‡hvM¨ n‡q I‡V me©w`K-mewKQy, †fZ‡ii †K¬`gyw³, `yg©i ˆbtm½¨, ewntcÖKv‡k †c‡q hvIqv m¤¢e e¨w³i (†LvKv-gyiv`) mZZvi w`K, †m mZZv Kx‡m AvUKv‡bv? ÔRqevsjvÕ wek¦v‡m Avevi AwbwðZ wØav‡ZI| kã-AvqËwU myej Ges D¾¡j cigvqy iwÄZ| eû`~‡i cwie¨vß| kvwYZ, †k¨Y I `wÐZ| †LvKvi wbwgË AviI ejv hvq ga¨weË cÖwZwbwaiƒ‡c wbY©‡qi wbwgË| †mwUi †ÿÎ cÖ¯Z ‘ K‡i, Av_©-mgv‡Ri JwP‡Z¨| G Av_©mgvR mvZPwj‡kvËi bvMwiK-exÿv Z_v f½yi mvgšÍev‡`i †fZ‡i M‡o IVv cyuwR e¨e¯’v| cÖ_g kû‡i cÖRb¥| Avi †m cÖR‡b¥i †c‡q hvIqv wewPÎ ¯^we‡ivax-Awe‡ivax-Av‡eMx-A‡ivgvw›UK-†ivgvw›UK-A™¢yZ`-d¨v›Uvmxm‡gZ mvwe©K ÔAb¨ÕwKQy! Zvi Rb¨ G wbwg©Z AvL¨vb I wbY©xZ cÖKiY| GgbwUB Rxeb Avgvi †ev‡bi AvL¨v I D™¢~Z mZ¨| Rxeb Avgvi †evb (1976) Dcb¨vmwU Zuvi wkíxmËvi cÖavb †ÿÎ| gyw³hy‡×i NUbvcÖevn G‡Z _vK‡jI ga¨we‡Ëi cÖeYZv wbY©‡qB Zuvi †ekx g‡bv‡hvM| †LvKv †K›`ªxq PwiÎ| †LvKv‡K wN‡i Kvwnwb AvewZ©Z| gyw³hy‡×i g‡a¨ †i‡·i AvÇvq fq, k¼v, ¸Re, D”Q¡v‡m e¨vc„Z †LvKv, byiæÏxb, gyiv`, Bqvwmb, ivRxe| XvKvi ivRc_, wgwQj, we‡ùviY c‡ivÿ Ae‡jvKb K‡i †LvKv| Ôe¨w³Õ †LvKv wew”Qbœ, n‡q-DV‡Z Pvq| Ggb g~jwelq‡K a‡i Dcb¨v‡m †kªwY¯^v_©, †kªwY‡PZbv, eÂbv, ˆbtm½¨, †ZBk eQ‡ii cvK kvm‡bi BwZnvm, mvs¯‹…wZK Aven, †cÖg, cÖwZôv BZ¨vw` D‡V Av‡m| ga¨weË Abylw½ Av‡e‡M gvngy`yj n‡Ki fvlvI cÖvYešÍ Ges my›`i| Abyi cvVkvjv 1970-G †ei nq †hLv‡b LÄbv cvwL bv‡g, Ômgx‡clyÕi 1g el© 3q msL¨vq| cÖ_g evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 205



MÖš’vKv‡i gy`ª‡Y nq 1973-G| c‡i bvgKiY nq Abyi cvVkvjv| GwUi iPbvKvj 1967| Dcb¨vmwU Abyi Aby n‡q-IVvi, cÖwZwµqvi Kvwnwb; AvZ¥K‚ÐjvwqZ AweKwkZ Aby, †m †kªwYPz¨Z-wØavwš^Z-Ø›Ø-†Ø‡l AvµvšÍ| cwic~Y© e¨w³ nIqvi hveZxq Dcv`vb †_‡K †m ewÂZ| gvbweK ¸Y _vK‡jI cwievi †_‡K mgv‡Ri mg_©b bv _vKvq †m e¨w³ n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i bv| Dcb¨v‡m f½yi, cjvqbci mgvR‡K Ggb welq Aejw¤^ K‡i †Zv‡jb Jcb¨vwmK| Kv‡jv eid Dcb¨v‡mI Ave`yj Lv‡jK bvwm©wmw÷K| KviY, Zvi cwievi, PvKwi, mgvR me©‡ÿ‡Î †m AmsjMœ; bvbvwea m¼‡U cwiky× nIqvi c_ Aeiæ×| Kvwnwbi K_K I m¼Uvcbœ Pwi‡Îi mgvšÍivj fvl¨ GK n‡q hvq; K_‡Ki cÖPwjZ fyuB‡dvo mgvRm¤¢~Z ev¯ÍeZv Avi Pwi‡Îi AmsjMœ iƒcixwZ †hLv‡b AvkªqB nq ˆK‡kv‡ii dwos kvwjK| Gfv‡e e¨w³wePy¨Z e¨w³ ˆZwi K‡ib gvngy`yj nK| cy‡Y©›`y cÎxi cÖ”Q` AuvKv wbivc` Z›`ªv (1974) Dcb¨v‡m NiQvov †g‡q wni‡Yi `y`©všÍ Mí| wniYB g~j PwiÎ n‡q I‡V†h wK-bv fv‡jvevmvq cÖZvwiZ, n¯ÍvšÍwiZ| ew¯Í‡Z G †g‡qi Mí ïb‡Z wM‡q Ôwbivc` Z›`ªvÕi wew”Qbœ e¨w³ K_K ÔAvwgÕI jÿ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| hw`I †g‡qi MíB Dcb¨v‡mi g~j D‡Ïk¨| Dcb¨v‡mi †kl AskwU weivU, AZyjbxq, Amvgvb¨, weiwZnxb, nvRvi i‡Oi A‡gvPbxq K_v, ÔI‡Mv fq, `qv K‡iv, `qv K‡iv, g‡b nw”Q‡jv nq‡Zv Avi †Kv‡bvw`b †Zvgvi m‡½ †`Lv n‡e bv, Zywg †hb †mvbvi Nov AvM‡j b`xi Zjvq e‡m Av‡Qv, G‡Zv Mfxi †mLv‡b Avwg †h‡Z cvwi bv, a‡iv mwZ¨B hw` ZvB n‡Zv, Ggb †Zv K‡Zv N‡UI...Õ R‡jk¦i gvwS Avi Rqcvovi e„ËvšÍ mve©Rbxb m‡Z¨-Dcjwä| †kl †LjvNi (1978)-G gyw³hy‡×i Zi½msÿzä Kvjmxgvi eY©bv _vK‡jI Lye AšÍ‡f©`x n‡q I‡V Avw`bv‡_i wf‡Ui BwZnvmhvi m‡½ cÖwZZzjbv P‡j GKvˇi wKWb¨vc nIqv wcZ…gvZ…nxb †invbvi aŸsm¯Z‚ca…Z kix‡ii| Dcb¨v‡m gyw³hy× _vK‡jI cÖK…Z n‡q I‡V AšÍRx© e‡bi Aa¨vq| gvngy`yj nK AšÍ`„wói AuvP‡o †Zgb wkímZK© fvlvI evwb‡q‡Qb| gvwUi RvnvR (1996) ¯^vaxbZv-cieZ©x AeÿwqZ weiƒc e¨w³i cÖwZ”Qwe| iÿxevwnbxi AcZrciZv wb‡q Dcb¨vmwU iwPZ| Kvwnwb‡Z †g‡j Rqbvj I g‡bvni h_vµ‡g GKRb bvix e¨emvqx Ab¨Rb bvix mieivnKvix| Acivax ev Awe‡eKx cw¼j PwiÎ n‡jI †fZ‡ii Abv‡jvwKZ AskwU wbf©yj evOgq K‡i Zyj‡Z †fv‡jb bv †jLK| we‡klZ Rqbvj Avi Zvi mw½ AvjgvwQwewei m¤úK© wKsev Kzmygg‡bvni GK Rxe‡b Muv_v| Gme wPÎ A¼‡b †jLK mgKvjxb Av_©-ivRbxwZK ev¯ÍeZvi †hgb cÖwZdjb NUvb †Zgwb Pwi‡Îi AšÍKv© Vv‡gvi mgMÖZv‡K 206 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Av‡jvwKZ K‡ib| gvngy`yj n‡K cÖavb Awš^óB Pwi‡Îi †fZic‡Ui D‡b¥vPbwbQK m¯Ív †jLK wZwb bb| †hLv‡b LÄbv cvLx (1973) m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q : Ô†jL‡Ki Kíbv kw³i we¯Ívi ixwZg‡Zv AmvaviY... †hLv‡b LÄbv cvLx GB `k‡Ki Ab¨Zg Dcb¨vm|Õ Kv‡jv eid (1992), Akixix (2004) Zuvi Ab¨ Dcb¨vm| gvngy`yj nK lv‡Ui †klv‡aŸ©i †jLK| cÖvq me Dcb¨vmB iPbvi K‡qK eQi c‡i MÖš’vKv‡i †ei n‡q‡Q| nvmbvZ Ave`yj nvB (R. 1939) nvmbvZ Ave`yj nvB‡qi Dcb¨vm wZwg (1981)| KvRjcyi BDwbq‡bi bIqv‡Rk †Pqvig¨vb ÔwZwgÕ cÖZxKvqb cvq Dcb¨v‡m| cÖK…ZA‡_©, ey‡R©vqv mgvR-e¨e¯’vi cÖwZ †k¨Y Bw½Z K‡i Zv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai cÖZ¨q †_‡K †jLK Dcb¨vm †j‡Lb| †ZfvMvi m~Î †cÖiYvi gš¿| gyw³hy‡×vËi evsjv‡`‡k ivR‰bwZK wØavwefw³, ¯^cœf½-Avkvf½ ˆZwi; mvB‡K¬vb-R‡jv”Q¡vm †mLv‡b kv‡n‡`i ZrciZv, gvby‡li gyw³wPšÍv, HK¨e× nIqv Gme Av‡Q Dcb¨v‡m| Avgvi AvZZvqx (1980) Dcb¨v‡m iwdK bv‡gi ga¨weË Pwi‡Îi wPwýZ ÔAvZZvqxÕ Ges Zvi ¯^iƒc‡K g‡bvRvMwZK AvL¨vq Zz‡j aievi †Póv P‡j| GK A‡_© g~jPwiÎ iwdKB wb‡Ri †kªwYAe¯’vb, AvwZ¥K msKU, †`vjvPjZv, GKvwaK bvix-cyiæl m¤úK©-mvwbœ‡a¨ weKviMÖ¯Í; Aw¯’i n‡q c‡o| ÔnqZ evey bq, nqZ bv‡mi †PŠayix A_ev Zvi fvov Kiv AvZZvqxB wQj †Uwj‡dv‡bi Icv‡k|Õiwd‡Ki Ggb fvebvq †m nqZ wb‡R‡K wek¦vm Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| RwUj gbtcxovq †m AvµvšÍ n‡q c‡o| Ggb PwiÎ nvmbvZ Ave`yj nvB‡qi Dcb¨v‡m cwiYwZ cvq| Zuvi wk‡íi gb¯Í‡Ë¡i myi I m~Î ga¨weˇK›`ªxK n‡jI me‡P‡q cÖksmv cvb wZwb Rxebx Dcb¨vm myjZvb (1991) iPbvi Rb¨| e‡iY¨ wkíx Gm. Gg. myjZv‡bi (g„. 1994) cÖwZK…wZ G Dcb¨vm| eY©bvi Mv‡Î wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi mÜvbm~Î iwPZ n‡j †jL‡Ki myjZvb, wkwíZ myjZvb n‡q I‡Vb Ab¨iK‡g| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ GKRb wkíxi Rxeb wb‡q Ggb Dcb¨vm weijB e‡U| Z‡e †jLK Kvwnwb‡K ïay myjZv‡bi ˆewPΨgq Rxe‡bB AvUwK‡q iv‡Lbwb mgq Ges mgv‡Ri gvby‡li m¤¢ve¨ iƒc‡KI wbweo ch©‡eÿ‡Y †Mu‡_ Zz‡j‡Qb| Dcb¨v‡mi cøUweb¨vm, eY©bvZ¥K ixwZi Kvwnwb, cÖvwšÍK RxebwPÎ Amvgvb¨ Zuvi G iPbvq| wmKw¯Í (1997) Dcb¨vmwU‡Z f~wgi wmKw¯Í I cqw¯Íi Zzjbvq Rxe‡bi DÌvb-cZb-wech©‡qi iƒc‡K Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| bMi-MÖvg Dfq cUwP‡ÎB Rxe‡bi wewPÎ iƒ‡ci evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 207



AbymÜvb Kiv P‡j| nvmbvZ Ave`yj nvB Dcb¨v‡mi b›`b‡K cwi‡ekb K‡ib †kvlK-†kvwl‡Zi Ø›ØvZ¥K cÖeYZv †_‡K| wmwiqvm fw½‡Z Zuvi RxebB cÖwZôv cvq b›`bf~wgi AvaywbK gvwÎKZvq| mycÖfvZ fv‡jvevmv (1977), gnvcyiæl (1982), †gv‡ijMÄ msev` (1995), eveyB (1997), hyeivR (1980), mvdvwi (1399), mvZRb (1999), cÖfy (1986), mgq (1991), GKRb AviR Avjx (1995), b‡fiv (1995), evB‡i GKRb (1995), nvmvb B`vbxs (1995), †mvqv‡jv (1996), B›UviwfD (1997), eveyB mybxwZ (1997), cv‡bQvi evbyi bKkxKuv_v (2010), jovKz cUzqv (2012)| Bg`v`yj nK wgjb (R. 1955) Bg`v`yj nK wgjb mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q eûcÖR I Av‡jvwPZ Jcb¨vwmK| evsjv‡`‡ki K_vmvwn‡Z¨ wZwb wewPÎiKg gvbyl‡K Kvwnwb‡Z G‡b‡Qb| MÖvg Ges bMi RxebvPvi Mfxi `„wó‡PZbvq †cÖvw_Z Zuvi iPbvq| Dcb¨v‡m †kvlY-wbcxob, ms¯‹vi-Kzms¯‹vi, mgvR ¯Íivb¨v‡mi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wbY©xZ| †jL‡Ki Mífvlv AvKl©Yxq| †ek wKQy Dcb¨v‡m wZwb wkíFw×i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| Z‡e bMi ga¨weË †cŠbtcywbK eqvb Zuvi Dcb¨v‡m Av‡m, †hLv‡b wbQK DcwiZj (surface structure) wPwÎZ, AšÍM©V‡bi ¯^iƒc †g‡j bv| `ytL Kó (1982), I ivav I K…ò (1982), GK †`k (1983), wcÖq bvix RvwZ (1984), my›`ix Kgjv (1985), fv‡jvevmvi cv‡kB (1989), Kv‡jv‡Nvov (1983), DcbvqK (1990), b`x DcvL¨vb (1985), f~wgcyÎ (1985), KvjvKvj (1985), Awfgvb ce© (1986), w`b¸wj (1986), cievm (1987), wbe©vwPZ †cÖ‡gi Dcb¨vm (1987), bvqK (1988), †g‡q gvbyl (1988), cÖwZbvwqKv (1988), wØZxq †cÖg (1988), `yR‡b (1988), fv‡jvevmvi wbe©vwPZ Dcb¨vm (1989), evj‡Ki Awfgvb (1989), m¤úK© (1989), mviv‡ejv (1988), †hŠebKvj (1988), f~wgKv (1988), iƒcbMi (1988), K_vwQ‡jv (1988), ebgvbyl (1989), ciKxqv (1989), mLv Zzwg (1989), AvR‡Ki †`e`vm (1989), †n eÜz †n wcÖq (1989), wcÖq ev wcÖqZg (1989), ¯^vgx¯¿x (1989), †QvU †QvU `xN©k¦vm (1989), †cÖ‡g wei‡n (1989), gnvhy× (1989), fvjevmv fv‡jv bq (1989), Zzwg †Kgb Av‡Qv (1989), †`Lv n‡e (1989), ¯^cœ (1989), GK †evb cviæj (1989), ivR‰bwZK Dcb¨vm (1989), wØZxq c‡e©i ïiæ (1989), Avgvi †g‡qi msmvi (1989), hZ`~‡i hvB (1989), †Kvb Kvb‡bi dyj (1990), hve¾xeb (1990), †m Avgvi (1990), wcÖqRb (1990), AwØZxqv (1991), †Q‡jgvbywl (1990), e‡jv Zv‡i (1990), eû`~‡i 208 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



(1990), ivRvKviZš¿ (1990), wcÄi (1991), AcniY (1991), †kªô Dcb¨vm (1991), jvBjx (1991), my`~iZgv (1991), gvqvwebx (1991), hvI Zzwg wd‡i (1991), we‡`wkbx (1991), wcÖq`wk©bx (1991), GKRb (1991), mRbx (1991), weinx (1991), we‡”Q` (1991), iƒc (1991) gyw³hy‡×i Dcb¨vm (1989), b~iRvnvb (1g ce© : 1995), gvwU I gvby‡li DcvL¨vb, ZzwgB (2005), GKv (2005), ci (2006), kÖveY mܨvUzKz (2010), Avqbv †Kgb Av‡Q (2010), wjwjqvb Dcb¨vm (2010), eÜzevÜe (2010), hve¾xeb (2010), PvB (2010), †ZuZzj cvZvq bqRb (2012) cÖf„wZ| b`xfvOb



KewjZ f~wgwbf©i gvby‡li MÖvgxY DcK_v b`x DcvL¨vb| Bg`v`yj nK wgj‡bi f~wgcyÎI f~wgwbf©i gvby‡li msMÖvg ¯^‡cœi iƒcvq‡Yi PvjwPÎ| MÖvgxY †cÖÿvc‡U f~wg Ges K‡g©i mshyw³i ce©wU‡Z gvby‡li Awbevh©Zvi ¯^iƒcwU wbY©xZ| Giƒ‡c †jL‡Ki fv‡l¨ Rxebev` cÖwZwôZ nq| euvPvi wbðqZvi Ôew³Õi ¯^cœMv_vI Pwi‡Îi †fZ‡i g~jxf~Z nq| b~iRvnvbI (1g ce© : 1995) Zuvi Av‡jvwPZ Dcb¨vm | G Dcb¨v‡m bvixi iƒcvšÍwiZ we‡`ªvnxmËv KvVv‡gvew›` n‡q‡Q| gÄy miKvi (R. 1953) bMœ AvMš‘K (1984)-G a‡g©i bv‡g †kªwY‡kvl‡Yi welqwU _vK‡jI †mLv‡b bqv AvMš‘K Ôj¨vsUv RxeÕ‡K wb‡q mgvRmZ¨wbf©i PwiÎ evbv‡bv GK iK‡gi `vq‡ev‡ai Ges Rxeb-Awš^ó wkífvebvi cwiPqI e‡U| G AvMš‘‡Ki d‡j ing‡Zi P‡i, mgv‡R-msmv‡i ZrciZv evo‡Z _v‡K| wekv gÐj `uvwo‡q hvq| mvjgv, nvwbd, gbmyiiv †kvl‡Ki weiæ‡× msMwVZ nq| Dcb¨v‡m A‡bK g„Zz¨ N‡U| KviY H †RvZ`vi wekv gÐj| AvÂwjK fvlvq MÖvgxY c‡Ui GK mvgwMÖK cUwPÎ D‡V Av‡m| Zgm (1984) Dcb¨v‡m gÄy miKvi MÖvgxY cUwP·K wbg©vY K‡ib Jcwb‡ewkK-DËi ev¯ÍeZvi e¨w³-†kvl‡Yi ch©vq‡K wewea cwie„‡Ë wPwýZKi‡Yi cÖZ¨q †_‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨w³PwiÎ dRyi †Pvi mve¨¯Í nIqv, AZwK©Z Avµg‡Y WvKv‡Zi nv‡Z Zvi g„Zz¨, gC‡bi Ly‡bi `vq Ges Lv‡jK †Pqvig¨v‡bi civg‡k© MÖvg Z¨vMGme NUbv wb‡q Zgm iwPZ| cÖKiY Zxÿèax, AvÂwjK msjv‡ci †fZi w`‡q cÖZ¨šÍ A‡ji gvby‡li cÖwZ‡iva I kvmb-†kvlY ZrciZvi †iLvwPÎwU wbwg©Z| cieZ©x‡Z †jL‡Ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcb¨vm cÖwZgv DcvL¨vb (1990)| GwU cÖwZgvi Kvwnwb| †fvjvinvU MÖv‡gi NUbv evsjv‡`‡ki AvUlwÆ nvRvi MÖvg‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| iYwRr cÖwZ‡iv‡a bvq‡Ki f~wgKvq AeZxY©| wKš‘ †Pqvig¨v‡bi `vc‡U evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 209



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Dcb¨v‡m Dcw¯’Z| wecÖ`vk eo–qv cÖK…wZ‡cÖgx; cÖK…wZwelqK cwi‡ekwU Zuvi iPbvi AvKl©Yxq w`K| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Kvwnwb‡K Zv K‡i cÖfvweZ| kvnwiqvi Kexi (R. 1950) b·vjevox †PZbvi Ici kvnwiqvi Kex‡ii I‡`i Rvwb‡q `vI (1985) Dcb¨vm| Dcb¨v‡m ga¨weË PwiÎ `xcy, c~iex, Rvdi Pviæ gRyg`vi Av`‡k© †kªwYkÎæ LZ‡gi cÖZ¨‡q `xß| Z‡e Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ Ø›Ø Av‡Q| nvj`vi nv‡Ui mv‡nevjx LZ‡gi `vwqZ¡ c‡o bZzb m`m¨ `xcyi Ici| wKš‘ †m wØavwš^Z| Gw`‡K `‡ji †KD †KD wek¦vmNvZK wn‡m‡e cÖwZcbœ nq| †kªwYkÎæ m¤ú‡K© ivRy MYAv`vj‡Z wePv‡ii K_v †Zv‡j| ¯^vaxbZv-DËi evsjv‡`‡k mgvRgyw³i cÖm½wU AvIqvgx I iÿxevwnwbi wecix‡Z evgcwš’‡`i g‡a¨ †h jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q msNe× n‡Z _v‡K Zvi GKUv iƒc Av‡Q G Dcb¨v‡m| GKB m‡½ bKkvj Av‡›`vj‡bi m`m¨‡`i wØav, wcQyUvb, AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªKZv I m¼‡Ui gb¯ÍË¡I wjwce× n‡q‡Q| Zuvi wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm Ab¨iKg AvUw`b (1993), GKvˇii hxï (1985), c~‡ei m~h© (1972), bywjqvQwoi †mvbvi cvnvo (1976), nvwi‡q hvIqv wVKvbv (1976), mxgv‡šÍ msNvZ (1988), nvbvevwoi inm¨ (1989), wb‡Kvjvm †ivRvwiIi †Q‡jiv (1989), cv_vwiqvi Lwb inm¨ (1989), evP© e‡b So (1991), eûiƒcx (1991), ivRcÖvmv‡` lohš¿ (1993), Kvwc©w_qv‡bi Kv‡jv †Mvjvc (1994), Ab¨iKg AvU w`b (1993), Abx‡Ki Rb¨ fv‡jvevmv (1993), GKvˇii c‡_i av‡i (1994), jymvB cvnv‡oi kqZvb (1994), evfvwiqvi inm¨gq `~M© (1994), Av‡jvi cvwLiv (1995), NvZ‡Ki mÜv‡b (1995), giæi kqZvb (1995), i‡Zœki¦ xi Kv‡jv Qvqv (1996), fq¼‡ii gy‡LvgywL (1996) cÖf„wZ| AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm (1943-1997) evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡m Awbevh© Jcb¨vwmK AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm| wP‡j‡KvVvi †mcvB (1986) Ges †Lvqvebvgv (1996) Dcb¨vm wj‡L wZwb DuPzgv‡ci wkí`ÿZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| Ebmˇii MY-Afy¨Ìv‡bi cUf~wg‡Z †jLv Zvi wP‡j‡KvVvi †mcvB Dcb¨vm| G Dcb¨v‡m Kvwnwbi ïiæ, MYAfy¨Ìv‡b wbnZ Avey Zv‡j‡ei jvk wb‡q ivR‰bwZK weZÐvi †fZi w`‡q| Gici jÿ Kiv hvq, AvZ¥‡cÖg-gMœ (narsistic) Imgv‡bi wµqv-cÖwZwµqv| Dcb¨v‡m ivR‰bwZK DËvc _vK‡jI evOvwj gymwjg ga¨weË †kªwYPwi‡Îi KvUv‡Quov Ges mgv‡Ri †kvlK-†kvwl‡Zi ؇›Øi ¯^iƒcwUg~j wkíwfwË| bMi 212 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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ZvnB‡j evwY‡R¨i bvI gvBi Lvq, dm‡j †cvKv nuv‡U, AvÜv‡i †cuPv WvBK¨v I‡V, Av‡m `yw`©b; Z‡e m~iæ‡hi ivRZ¡ hyw` eo _v‡K ZvnB‡j mvnm _v‡K KBjRv †Rvov, Avi ZvnB‡j kwb Kvey nq¨v _v‡K; Avi g½j hyw` ivnv nq ZvB‡j me fv‡jv; wKš‘ Puv‡›`i ivRZ¡ hyw` eo nq ZvB‡j wK nq I¯Ív`? Avwg wRÁvm Kwi, Avgvi I¯Ív` Kq, G¨vi †Kv‡bv fv‡jv-g›` bvB, wK¤^v GBUv fv‡jv-g›` `yB-B; Pv‡›`i Av‡jv hnb †d‡ikZviv c„w_ex‡Z XvBj¨v †`q, ZLb e„ÿ Avi cïcvwLi civb wbSSzg nq¨v Av‡m, ZLb Pv‡›`i ivR‡Z¡ †h hvq †m eB‡Z cv‡i bv, †m RvBM¨v bv Nygvqv Av‡Q, †m h¨vb Lvwj GK †bkvi †fZi w`q¨v nvBU¨v hvq... mynvwmbxi wbqwZ Ggb Puv`-AvL¨vq AvUKvq, mynvwmbx wbSzg nq¨v hvq, mynvwmbx ¯^cœ †`‡L, euv‡P gwdRywχK †K›`ª K‡i, †h gwdRywÏ G mynvwmbx‡Z K‡i‡Q Rxeb Avi †Z‡Ri Avev`| Avi gwdRywχK 111 eQi euvPvi wbðqZv w`‡q‡Q Ab¨Rb, P›`ªfvb| mynvwmbx G P›`ªfv‡bi K‡Q †hgb Rxeb †c‡q‡Q, †Zgwb gwdRywÏ P›`ªfv‡bi Kv‡Q †c‡q‡Q kZvqyi Avkxe©v`| gwdRywÏi Rxeb‡K cv‡ë w`‡q‡Q P›`ªfvb, gwdRywÏi BwZK_vq P›`ªfvb bvix-f~wg-gvwUgv-†cÖqmx wcÖq P›`ªnvi| wcw`g R¡vjvbx ˆeòex, GK `y`©všÍiv‡Z g„Zz¨wkKvix P›`ªfvb, QjvqKjvq ev‡a gwdRywχK Avevi GKB QjvqKjvq euvPvq gwdRywχK WvKvZ`j †bZv †iŠnv Plv‡bv `ya©l© nvjvKzi K~U‡KŠkj †_‡K| nvjvKz †bŠwenv‡i bvix‡fvM, A_©‡fvM, Pv›`ª‡fvM Dc‡fvM K‡i| hgybvq, fiivZ| jwM‡Z, Zvi cvUvZ‡b Avi cvwbm½‡g| Zocvq, cvwb‡Z, fivel©vq, †g‡N-AvKv‡ki AvZkevwR‡Z| Luy‡R cvq bvix, P›`ªfvb| Zvici M‡Ü-m½‡gig‡b-Dch©ycwi Kvgbvi Abjel©‡b, Zvi bvixmËv cvq mg¯Í ¯^Z¡| ZLb bvixiƒ‡ci cq`v nIqv AwaKv‡i euv‡P, D_‡j IVv Acvw_©e †cÖ‡g euv‡P gwdRywÏ| ZLb Zvi AwaKv‡i mynvwmbx me cvq, ïay cvIqv bq meŸvB‡K Rvwb‡q †`q Kx K‡i‡Q †m GB mynvwmbxi R‡b¨| †hLv‡b c~wY©gvi Puv‡`B AvKvjyi Kzwo‡q cvIqv †evev ¯¿xi N‡i gwdRywÏi Rb¥| kvbkIK‡Zi cÖkœ †bB| c„_xwei cÖv‡Y Avi 10 cÖvYxi g‡Zv †m R‡b¥| Dcb¨v‡mi AvMÖn, Rxe‡bi cÖwZ| Dcwb‡ek-DËi mg‡q †Zv †m `vwe AviI †ewk Kvh©Ki| mgv‡Ri g¨vwRK wµqvKg© hv`y, Zvgvkv, †fŠwZK Kvievwi, fxwZcÖ` A‡hŠw³K hš¿Yv, AvR¸we cwi‡ekbv, AbvûZ AvKv•ÿv, wek¦v‡mi wf‡Z ms¯‹viKzms¯‹vi-KzrwmZ K~cgÐ~KZv mewKQ wg‡j mynvwmbxi cvk‡divi Mí| †m



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BwZe„‡Ë RxebK_vi †fZ‡i cwimªyZ ˆ`bw›`b Kg©Kv‡Ði cÖvšÍ-AbyeZ©x RbRxe‡bi MíK_v| eY©bvfw½‡Z MíiƒcwU we‡kl gy»Zvq Av”Qbœ K‡i| Rxeb I ivR‰bwZK ev¯ÍeZv (1988), gy‡Li w`‡K †`wL (2006), Avey Beªvnx‡gi g„Zz¨ (2009) Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ Dcb¨vm| †kl Dcb¨v‡mi †fZ‡i Zuvi GKUv bxie cvjve`j jÿYxq| Avjv`viK‡gi MfxiZvq Rxe‡bi Av‡jv-AÜKv‡ii w`K¸‡jv Rv`ywe¯Ívix (magical) fvlvq w`e¨Zzj¨ n‡q D‡V‡Q| †jL‡Ki fvlv AwZwi³ kw³ AR©b K‡i, Zxÿè ms‡e`bkxjZvq Pwiθ‡jv n‡q I‡V KznKv”Qbœ GK cwieªvRK| gBbyj Avnmvb mv‡ei (R. 1958) cv_i mgq (1989) Dcb¨v‡m Ô†mÕ-PwiÎwU gyw³hy‡× bvix mieiv‡ni KvR K‡iwQj, Zvi mn‡hvMx wQj wewW| ¯^vaxbZvi ci Giv Mv-XvKv w`‡jI Lye ZvovZvwo Giv iv‡óªi me©¯Í‡i cybe©vwmZ nq| Ggb PwiÎ I Av_©-ev¯ÍeZv wb‡q AviI †jLv gvgyjx e¨vcvi (1984), Av`‡gi Rb¨ A‡cÿv (1986), civRq (1990), †KD Rv‡b bv (1990), gvbyl †hLv‡b hvq bv (1990), m‡Zi eQi ci (1991), Fwl I bvix (2005) Dcb¨vm¸‡jv| †`Lv hvq PvKwi-wkÿvcÖkvmb, A_©-cÖwZcwË me©Î Zv‡`i AvwacZ¨| wecix‡Z †`‡ki Rb¨ m‡e©v”P Z¨vMx gyw³‡hv×viv weeY©, d¨vKv‡k, A_e© Rxebhvcb Ki‡Q| gBbyj Avnmvb mv‡e‡ii fvlv ¯^”Q, mij| ¯^vaxbZv-cieZ©x mg‡qi ga¨weË DbœvwmKZv, `v¤úZ¨Kjn; ci¯úi we‡”Q` wKsev Av‡eM-wbf©i AvbyMZ¨ Dcb¨v‡m D‡V G‡m‡Q| cÖavbZ AeÿwqZ bvMwiK-cwiKvVv‡gvwUi AšÍe©qb iPbv K‡ib Jcb¨vwmK| G‡ÿ‡Î fvlvi cÖZxKvq‡bi †fZi w`‡q wkwÿZ-gb¯Í‡Ë¡i cwinvmwUB ¸iæZ¡ cvq| KvUv‡Quov cÖvYbvq ÿwqòz e¨w³-gvbylB Zuvi g~j DwÏó| †m Abylw½ KvwnwbM`¨I iwPZ nq Zvi fv‡l¨| Z‡e Kvwnwb‡Z ˆewPΨ †bBA‡bKvs‡k d¬¨vU| ZeyI m¤¢vebv A‡bKvs‡k cÖRj ¡ | †jL‡Ki K‡eR †j‡Vj (1992) Dcb¨v‡m gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvi welqwU _vK‡jI †mLv‡b Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q †kªwY‡PZbv, †kvlY, eÂbvi wPÎiƒc| K‡eR Dcb¨v‡m `„p I cÖwZ‡ivaxiƒ‡c wbwg©Z| †jL‡Ki Ab¨vb¨ MÖš’ : gvgywj e¨vcvi (1984), AvMvgx w`‡bi Mí (1987), Gme wKQyB bv (1991), GK ivZ (1991), †Kv‡bv GKw`b (1991), A‡Pbv RvqMv (1991), G Rxeb (1991), mxgve× (1991), AcivwRZv (1991), VvÆv (2012), evmbv (2013)| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 217



bvmixb Rvnvb (R. 1964) bvmixb Rvnvb iwPZ cÖ_g Dcb¨vm Do–°z (1993)| GwU cvVK‡K AvKl©‡Yi KviY : wbixÿvcÖeY dg©web¨vm| cÖPwjZ K_bfw½‡Z bq, cøU-web¨v‡m Aa¨vq wefvR‡bi e¨vcvi †bBDËß-Dli ev¯ÍeZv‡K M‡`¨i Muv_ywb‡Z wbg©gZvq †e‡au‡Qb; wewKwiZ DËvc bxbv bv‡gi †g‡qwUi n‡q-IVv ce©‡K ¯Íivb¨vm K‡i| Kvwnwb-wbe©vPb cÖPwjZ wKsev cÖ_vMZ wKš‘ KvwnwbKv‡ii `„wófw½ (point of view), DwÏó †g‡mR cÖLi `vqwbôv †_‡K D”PvwiZ| GLv‡b †K›`ªxq PwiÎ bxbv, †m msMÖvg K‡i‡Q cÖPwjZ mgv‡Ri weiæ‡×, weK…Z-webó e¨ve¯’vi weiæ‡×| c~Y©vqZ ev ¯^vfvweK Rxe‡bi cÖvwß †m Kvgbv K‡i| B”QvKvwg ev ¯^”Qj Rxe‡bi AbyeZ©x n‡Z Pvq bxbvGB PvIqvi gv‡SB Kvwnwb-KvVv‡gv‡Z P‡j Av‡m ˆkke ˆK‡kv‡ii-Mí| bxbvi G Mí ïay wb‡Ri Mí bq; A‡bK cÖkm œ ¼zj, DÌvb-cZ‡bi iv¯Ívq evev-gv, fvB-†evb Ges Zv‡`i mevi Rxe‡bi K_v D‡V Av‡m| MwVZ nq cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki m¤ú„³Zv, Zvi KviY, m¤úK© Ges ¯^Zš¿ Aw¯Í‡Ë¡i msKUÑwbg©vY cÖm½| bvmixb Rvnvb me©Á `„wó e¨envi K‡i bvixi gb¯ÍË¡‡K A_©v‡ivc K‡ib| †m Kvi‡Y AvaywbK iƒcixwZ †hgbcivev¯Íeev`x `„wó, AšÍe©v¯ÍeZvi wPÎiƒc ˆZwi nq| Do–°z Dcb¨vmwU wbw`©ó mgq-wRÁvmvq wPwÎZ| †mRb¨ †`kxq AeÿwqZ ivRbxwZi wPÎcU, eyk-mvÏvg hy×, gvwK©bx‡`i Kz‡qZ `Lj, QvÎ n‡j mš¿vm, e‡L hvIqv hye‡Ki cÖm½ BZ¨vw` cÖengvb mg‡qi Ask wn‡m‡e wbY©xZ| GLv‡b bvmixb Rvnvb Do–°iz g‡a¨ GKUvbv D‡ËRbvq Kvwnwb‡K KvVv‡gv‡Z Ave× Kievi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| †mvbvjx gy‡Lvk (1996) Dcb¨v‡m †jLK ga¨we‡Ëi wbwe©Pvi wg_¨vPvi Kivi m¤¢vebv I mxgve×Zvi m~ÎwU Luy‡R‡Qb| wbwk-Rvwn`AvdRvj-mvwR`yj-¯^vZx‡K wb‡q eûgvwÎK gb¯ÍË¡ m~Î D‡V Av‡m Kvwnwbweb¨v‡m| wbwk-AvdRv‡ji `v¤úZ¨Rxeb evavMÖ¯Í wbwki AZx‡Zi g‡a¨| †hLv‡b mvwR`yj A‡bK eo I eûe¨vß n‡q I‡V| gb¯Í‡Ë¡i Uvbvc‡o‡b wg_¨vi †mvbvjx gy‡Lv‡k evav c‡o mevB| ¯^vaxbZv-DËi evsjv‡`‡k MÖvg‡Kw›`ªK GKvbœeZ©x cwiev‡ii fvO‡bi †fZ‡i †h wcQyUvb b÷¨vjwRqvi †fZi w`‡q kû‡i bvMwiK ga¨we‡Ëi m„wó nq †mLv‡b ew³i webwó ev ÿwqòz iƒc wbwg©Z n‡Z eva¨| †mvbvjx gy‡Lvk †m m‡Z¨i cÖ”Q`cU‡K D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i| Ggb M`¨MV‡b bvmixb Abe`¨ Zuvi iPbvq| D‡o hvq wbwkcÿx (1999) †ZI ewjô bvixi wPÎB D‡V Av‡m| †e‡` bvix P›`ªvYxi eY©bv : Ôdbd‡b mv‡ci g‡Zvb jZv‡bv P›`ªvYxi cÖeYZvi g~j RvqMvUvB ANU‡b fiv|ÕGiƒ‡c P›`ªvYx cyiæ‡li cyiælZ‡š¿i ZvÐe¸‡jvi cÖwZ‡iva bR‡i Av‡m| cÖvwšÍK bvixi 218 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



AciZv (otherness)I GLv‡b cwijwÿZ| Z‡e cÖKi‡Y gb¯ÍvwË¡K we”QyiY, KvwnwbcÖev‡n MwZgqZv, wPÎj eY©bv `ywe©bxZB e‡U| ÔiÄyb hLb Zvi mvg‡b G‡m e‡m †`ehvbx Ggb †Nv‡i Av”Qbœ n‡q c‡o, Zvi Pvicvk †_‡K c„w_ex Qvqv n‡q hvq...Õ cuywRev`x evRvi KvVv‡gv cÖevwnZ ga¨we‡Ëi ÿq, welYœZv wbôzi m‡Z¨ KK©kiƒ‡c wPwýZ nq| Z‡e bvmixb Rvnvb cybiveZ©b NUv‡jI GLbI Zuvi cÖKiY cvVK‡`i weiƒc K‡i bv, AvMÖnB m„wó K‡i| Zuvi Dcb¨vm P‡›`ªi cÖ_g Kjv (1994), hLb Pvicv‡ki iv¯Ívi evwZ¸‡jv wb‡f Avm‡Q (1995), wj (1997), ˆe‡`nx (1997), P›`ª‡jLvi Rv`ywe¯Ívi, Ab¨Zgv Ab¨w`‡K hvq, AvKv‡k A‡bK ivZ (2004), `~i c„w_exi M‡Ü (2004), mvgvšÍv (2005), g„Zz¨mLxMY (2006), Ck¦‡ii evgnvZ (2007), †mB mvc R¨všÍ (2010) Zuvi cÖKvwkZ Dcb¨vm| wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm : cvMjv‡U GK MvQey‡ov, AvRe Wvbvi gvbyl, inm¨gq evev, ˆ`Z¨ Avi mvnmx †Q‡ji Mí| cvMjv‡U GK MvQey‡ov bvmixb Rvnv‡bi RbwcÖq wK‡kvi Mí| wZb. AvgRv` †nv‡mb (R. 1942)i gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm A‡ejvq Amgq (1975)| wbiÿi ¯^‡M© (1978), Aw¯’i cvwLiv (1983), Av¸b jvMv mܨv (1988), †kl iRbx (1989), gvaexi gvae (1989), gvaex msev` (1990), gvaex I wngvbx (1990), gvaex mgMÖ (1990), †KD †Kvbw`b (1990), †Mvjvcx GLb †Uª‡b (1991) cÖf„wZ Dcb¨v‡m AvgRv` †nv‡mb evsjv‡`‡ki mgvRev¯ÍeZv‡K iƒcvqY Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| †cÖg-†ivg¨vÝ, weivM-mšÍvc, ivMAbyivM Kvwnwb‡Z GKwU Pj”Qwe `vb Ki‡jI mgqLЇK ¯úó Kievi Av‡`k Av‡Q Dcb¨v‡m| ¯^vaxbZv-DËi KvjL‡Ð DVwZ ga¨weË, †fvMev`, ˆelg¨, Kv‡qgx ¯^v_©ev` cwimªyZ n‡Z _v‡K mgv‡R| †jL‡Ki Dcb¨vmmg~‡ni fvlv‰kwj †mfv‡eB wbe©vwPZ nq| Z‡e AvgRv` †nv‡m‡bi Kvwnwb msnZ bq, cøU-wbg©vY GKB iK‡gi, wfbœZv Avbqb ev DËiY cÖ‡Póv Acm„Z| ZeyI ¯úk©vZxZ Abyfe †g‡j A‡ejvq Amgq Dcb¨v‡m| ikx` nvq`vi (R. 1941)i LuvPvq (1975) Dcb¨vmwU gyw³hy×Kvjxb Aeiæ× XvKv kn‡ii †cÖÿvc‡U iwPZ| GKwU ga¨weË cwiev‡ii hy‡×i g‡a¨ emwZi d‡j Zvi DrKÉv, A‡cÿv Avi ¯^w¯Í †LuvRvi RvqMvi AbymÜvb wPÎ Dcb¨vmwU| ÔLuvPvÕ †_‡K gyw³ KLb, K‡e, †Kv_vq? Aeiæ× cwiev‡ii DrKÉv hv hy‡×i cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z cÖKv‡ki †Póv| gyw³hy‡×i g‡Zv e¨vcK welq GLv‡b †bB| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 219



ÔLuvPvÕi cÖZxKx iƒcwU GLv‡b †evSv m¤¢e| AÜK_vgvjv (1982)I Zuvi gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm| †ejUzi gyw³hy‡× hvÎvi Kvwnwb wb‡q G Dcb¨vm| Z‡e gyw³hy× g~j welq n‡jI Rbc`, gvbyl, †cÖg, g„Zz¨, we‡q mewKQy Abe`¨ n‡q I‡V Dcb¨v‡m| †`kgyw³i AvKv•ÿvI G‡Z ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| G Dcb¨v‡m ikx` nq`vi †ek mvejxj| Zuvi Ab¨ Dcb¨vm : Amg e„ÿ (1982), bó †RvQbvq G †Kvb AiY¨ (1982), mva Avn¬v` (1985), Amge„ÿ (1987)| Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq` (1943-2010) cÖZxKx fveweb¨vm cwijwÿZ| cÖwZwµqvkxj ey‡R©vqv AwfÁZvq AšÍgyw© L PwiÎ ˆZwi K‡ib| Zuvi M`¨ †fZ‡ii Qvqv‡iLv‡K ¯úk© K‡i| myL-AmyL, e¨_v-†e`bv, nl©-Avb›` mgKv‡ji †e`bv-e¨vL¨v‡b cwimªyZ n‡jI cwi‡cÖwÿZ `vm`vmx (1974), †cvovgvwUi KvR (1982), A-†Z ARMi (1982), †n msmvi †n jZv (1982), Mfxi MfxiZi AmyL (1983) Gme Dcb¨v‡m gvbePwi‡Îi †hb GKUv cÖZxKx cwiPh©v P‡j| MfxiZi Amy‡Li msev` cÖKvk K‡ib †jLK| AZtci Rxe‡bi mgm¨v‡K evB‡ii mgvRg‡b wb‡ÿc K‡ib| GRb¨ gvbœv‡bi msjvc FRy, Kvwnwb eY©bvB cÖavb cÖeYZv| MígqZv Kvh©Ki wKš‘ †mLv‡b Kv‡qg nq e¯‘wbó I ev¯Íe Rxeb| evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡m G ixwZwU wbðqB AvKl©Yxq, n‡Z cv‡i A‡b‡Ki cÖfvweZ, AbyKiY‡hvM¨| ekxi Avj †njvj (R. 1936) ¯^vaxbZv-DËi evsjv‡`‡ki ev¯ÍeZv‡K Zz‡j G‡b‡Qb Zuvi iPbvq| †kl cvbcvÎ (1986) Dcb¨v‡m Kvwnwbi MwZ gv‡S gv‡S kø_ g‡b n‡jI b`xi Gcvi-Icvi Rbc‡`i †h evZ©v D‡V G‡m‡Q Zv wkí¸‡Y mg„×| ekxi Avj †njvj cÖengvb mgvR I mgq‡K wPwýZ K‡ib GK we‡kl `„wó †_‡K| cuywRi cÖev‡n MÖvg e`‡j hvqm‡½ m‡½ MÖvgRxeb e¨e¯’vq iƒcvšÍi Av‡m; g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm, ms¯‹vi, gb¯ÍË¡ Avi GKiKg _v‡K bv| msL¨vjNy bvix Dgvi Rxeb, wgVvw›` MÖv‡gi cwieZ©‡bi KviY, wesk kZvãxi ga¨fv‡Mi wek¦hy×-cieZx© ev¯ÍeZv, fviZ fv‡Mi ivR‰bwZK wm×všÍ Ges G Abylw½ A‡bK iK‡gi cÖfve I cÖwZwµqv| Kv‡jv Bwjk (1979), N„ZKzgvix (1984), b~iRvnvb‡`i gaygvm (1988) cÖf„wZ Zuvi Dcb¨vm| Zuvi wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm : wkwk‡ii †`‡k Awfhvb (1990)| ivnvZ Lvb (R. 1940) ¯^vaxbZvi c‡i ga¨weË †kªwYPwiÎ ˆZwi nIqv, Zv‡`i Djøçb, A‰bwZK cÖmvi ivnvZ Lv‡bi Dcb¨v‡mi welq n‡q Av‡m| Agj aej PvKwi (1982), GK wcÖq`wk©bx (1983), Qvqv`¤úwZ (1984), †n k~b¨Zv (1984), msNl© (1984), †n Ab‡šÍi cvwL (1989), ga¨gv‡Vi †L‡jvqvo (1991), AvKv•ÿv, K‡qKRb, AwMœ`vn, MšÍ‡e¨ (2005) Gme Dcb¨v‡mi welq cÖvq GKB| Agj aej PvKwi Dcb¨v‡mi g~j PwiÎ 220 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



iwdK, PvKwiPz¨Z nIqvi msev` w`‡q Dcb¨vm ïiæ| G Ziæ‡Yi cÖeYZv ¯^vaxbZv-DËi evsjv‡`‡kiB cÖwZ”Qwe, Gici dvIwRqv, dinv`, †Kqv Zv‡`i DÌvb-cZb, AZxZ-eZ©gvb wb‡q Kvwnwbi m¤cÖmviY| GKUv ˆ`bw›`b RxebcÖevn‡K Dcb¨v‡m Zz‡j Av‡bb Jcb¨vwmK| G‡Z †jL‡Ki iPbvfw½i ˆewkó¨ _vK‡jI R½g Rxebv‡eM Abycw¯’Z| Z‡e wb¯Íi½ Rxe‡bi cybive„wËi `xN© cwiPh©vq Zuvi Dcb¨vm GKwU ¯^Zš¿ M`¨fvlv ˆZwi K‡i‡Q, GUzKz ejv hvq| nviæb nvexe (R. 1948) wcÖq‡hv×v, wcÖqZg (1982) wj‡L L¨vwZgvb n‡q‡Qb| Zuvi Ab¨ Dcb¨vm AšÍtkxjv, cuvPcyiæl| nviæb nvex‡ei Dcb¨vm‰kwj ms‡e`bkxj| Rxeb‡K wee„Z Ki‡Z †h‡q ivRbxwZ‡K Db¥y³ K‡ib wZwb| gvbe‡Kw›`ªK cÖZ¨qwU Zuvi mgKvjxb ev¯ÍeZv‡K AbymiY K‡i| RyevB`v ¸jkvb Aviv (R. 1942) K_vmvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ| Zuvi Dcb¨vm AkÖæb`xi Icv‡i (1989), welv` bM‡i hvÎv (1992), ajcn‡ii Av‡jv (1982), †`I`vb‡ei gvwjKvbv (1985), cÖwgw_D‡mi Av¸b (1987), †Quveywoi †`Šo, N„Yvi RV‡i Rb¥ (1988), ElvivM (1990), Nv‡mi Dc‡i gyL †i‡L (1991), Awebvkx Rjaviv (1991), `yt‡Li nvZ ai (1991)| ¯^vaxbZvcieZ©x evsjv‡`‡ki ev¯ÍeZvq wewPÎ wel‡q I cÖeYZvq Dcb¨vm wj‡L‡Qb RyevB`v ¸jkvb Aviv| wbR¯^ fvlvixwZ‡Z ¯^Kvj I mgqL‡Ði wg_w¯Œqvq iPbv K‡i‡Qb DwjøwLZ Dcb¨vm| Zuvi Dcb¨v‡mi e³e¨ cÖMwZev‡` cwimªyZ| Kwe kvgmyi ivngvb (1929-2006)i Dcb¨v‡m AšÍRM© ‡Zi msev` Av‡Q| A‡±vcvm (1983) wecbœ Pwi‡Îi D™¢vmb| bvqK BkwZqvK-Gi AvZ¥D‡b¥vPb| mvsmvwiK `y`©kv, Uvbvc‡ob, †eKviZ¡ Zv‡K wecbœ K‡i iv‡L; ¯¿x Bqvmwg‡bi ¯^cœ, gvZ…Z¡ wKQyB †Zv mdj nIqvi bq| mg¯Í ¯^cœ‡KB †hb MÖvm K‡i ÔA‡±vcvmÕ| ïay BkwZqvK bq, ¯^‡cœi kni‡KI †m Rwo‡q a‡i‡Q| †jL‡Ki wb‡Ri cÖwZK…wZiB ¯^iƒc Dcb¨vmwU| KwewP‡Ëi m‡½ hy³ e¨w³i GKK kZ©mg~n| Aciw`‡K A™¢yZ Auvavi GK (1985) bvw`g-bvgœx kvgmyi ivngvb ewngy©wL mg~n-m¼‡Ui Askx`vi| gyw³hy‡×i c‡U cvwj‡q †eov‡bv, kvwKjvi Kv‡Q †cÖg cÖZ¨vLvZ bvw`g, we‡e‡Ki mg_©bnxb mvsevw`KZv, evevi ¯§„wZ BZ¨vw` wb‡q PwiÎ-wbf©i Dcb¨vm A™¢yZ Auvavi GK| GwU kvgmyi ivngv‡bi wek` AvZ¥Rxebx| Kwefvlvq wjwLZ Dcb¨vm| GKK Pwi‡Îi †fZ‡ii Avk¦v‡m evYxe×, eûgvwÎKZv cvqwb| GQvov Zuvi Dcb¨vmMÖš’ wbqZ gšÍvR (1985) I G‡jv †m A‡ejvq (1994)| Aveyj Lv‡qi gym‡jnDwÏb (R. 1934)i evZvmxi †cÖgK_v (1984), `yt¯^‡cœi Rjcvqiv (1984), evM`Ëv (1986), UvKvi MvQ (1986), †ievi †cÖgK_v (1986), Sb©v S‡i‡i (1986), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 221



dzjevby (1987), †divix (1987), hyMje›`x (1987), GLv‡b †bv½i (1988), isgnj (1989), AmZx (1990), bxjv¤^ix (1993), †KwbKviI †gwÛm (1994), Nvmdzj (1995), Kv‡jv Kwdb (1995), †gavex †g‡q (1996) Ggb A‡bK Dcb¨vm wj‡L‡Qb| wKš‘ AveZ©b GKB, cÖZ¨qïb¨, mgvRwfZ A¯úó Zuvi †jLvq| cÖvšÍ¯úkx© evZ©v cwVZ bv n‡j GKB Ave‡Z©i cybc©v‡V ¯^xK…wZ †g‡j bv| evRvix, ev¯Íek~b¨, †gwK, KíbvcÖm~Z; ÔA‡bKÕ Dcb¨v‡mi GKwU fvlv iwPZ n‡q‡Q| GwUi h_vh_ e¨envi Aveyj Lv‡qi gym‡jnDwχbi Dcb¨v‡m cÖ‡qvRb g‡b nq| K_vmvwnwZ¨K AbvwgKv nK wjwj (R. 1948) ga¨weË †ivg¨vw›UK `„wó‡PZbvq Dcb¨vm wj‡L‡Qb| M‡íi †fZ‡i PwiÎ-wbg©vY cªeYZvq ¯^cœ-Avkv-AvKv•ÿvi m¤¢vebv‡K iƒcvqY K‡ib| Zuvi fvlvfw½i ¯^vZš¿¨ cwijwÿZ| gyw³hy×-cieZ©x evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK ev¯ÍeZvq, ga¨we‡Ëi Abv¯’v-nZvkv-¯^cœf‡½i m~Îmg~n cwiwPwýZ nq hv Dcb¨v‡m AvšÍtm¤ú‡K©i cwi‡ekwU A_©v‡ivwcZ K‡i| cÖavbZ ga¨weË Av‡e‡Mi mËvmÜvb GLv‡b cwimªyZ| Zuvi Dcb¨vm AbyLb (1985), Qvqvi Av”Qv`‡b (1989), AwMœ I R‡ji †fZi (1990) cÖf„wZ| myeªZ eo–qv (R. 1945)i Dcb¨vm MÖn‡Yi w`b (1986), w`b¸wj nvq †mvbvi LuvPvq (1987)| cwikªgx, nvw`©K Uvb †_‡KB wZwb Dcb¨vm †j‡Lb| PgrKvi GKUv M`¨‰kwj AR©b K‡ib myeªZ eo–qv| wewPίúk©x Rxeb‡KB wZwb †e‡Q †bb Dcb¨v‡m| GRb¨ Zuvi M`¨I ev¯ÍevbyM| DcwgZ, Dcgvq wZwb cÖwZcvk¦©gyLi| Z‡e myeªZ eo–qv GKUz MZvbyMwZK, AwR©Z ˆkwjwU‡Z Av‡Q cybiveZ©b| AvZv miKvi (R. 1952) wj‡L‡Qb wZZzi †j‡Vj (1987), Avcb jovB (1988), GK`v Ab½ †eŠ (1990), Pviw`K e„wó (1990), †mvbvB mi`v‡ii XvKv Awfhvb (2003) Ges evwjKv welqK cvc Dcb¨vm| †mvbvB mi`v‡ii XvKv Awfhvb-G †mvbvB Lye ZvÐegyLievsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ MZ kZvãxi Avwk Ges beŸyB‡qi `k‡K Dcb¨v‡mi Zvrch©c~Y© Fw× N‡U‡Q| we‡klZ Avwk-cieZx© mg‡q ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv Aeÿq-nZvkv-ˆbivk¨-†K¬`-Møvwb Lye †e‡o‡Q| BwZnvm‡K cybwb©gv©Y I ZrciZv-e¨vKzj| Avi Giƒc Pwi‡Îi Rb¨ †jL‡Ki ˆkwj Kvh©Ki `vc‡U wm³| Lye cwicK¡ wPšÍ‡b, weiƒc mgq`nbR¡vjv ey‡K wb‡q wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb Dcb¨v‡mi cU| ÔGgwb GK †Mvj‡hvMc~Y© w`‡b XvKvq cÖ_g cv †d‡jwQj †mvbvB mi`vi| ZLbKvi †mvbvB‡qi mv‡_ GLbKvi †mvbvB‡K †KD Avi †gjv‡Z cvi‡e bv| †Mvjvg KvRx‡K g‡b co‡Q| AvR‡Ki GB cªwZôvi iv¯ÍvUv Zv‡K †`wL‡q‡Q †Mvjvg KvRx| ax‡i ax‡i XvKv‡K Rq K‡i‡Q †mvbvB mi`vi|Õ †mvbvB‡qi c~Y©v½ BwZnvm, mgMÖ Rxebiƒc Dcb¨v‡m Av‡Q| 222 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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Pwi·K AšÍ`©„wó w`‡q we‡klY K‡ib Avey iæk&`| ga¨we‡Ëi †ivg¨vw›UK mËv Ges mgvR-gb¯‹Zv; Kvh©KviY m¤ú‡K©i †fZi w`‡q Kvwnwb‡Z eyb‡Z _v‡Kb| G‡ÿ‡Î gb¯ÍË¡, AšÍtmvik~b¨Zv, mskq, m‡›`n, Mvwb, kvNv meB we¯Í…Z nq Mí-Ave‡n| Zuvi Avw½K kw³kvjx, FRy, msnZ; fvlvfw½ Zxÿè Ges bvUKxqZv RwoZ| Ggb cÖ¯Ívebvq Avey iæk&‡`i MíMÖš’ ivRavbx‡Z So (1938), cÖ_g †hŠeb (1948), kvox evox Mvox (1961), g‡n›`ª wgóvbœ fvÐvi (1985), ¯^wbe©vwPZ Mí (1979), w`b Agwjb (1985), we‡qvM e¨_v (1996), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1990), MímgMÖ (2000)| ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn& (1922-1971) ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn& evsjv‡`‡ki µg-AvaywbK M‡íi ¸i毒vbxq, we`» e¨w³Z¡| Zxÿè ch©‡eÿYkw³, Nwbô Rxeb‡eva Zuvi M‡íi Avw½K‡K ˆZwi K‡i| gvbexq m~² Abyf~wZ Mfxi e¨Äbv G‡b †`q Ô†KivqvÕ, Ô¯ÍbÕ, ÔZzjmx Mv‡Qi AvZ¥KvwnbxÕ-Ggbme M‡í| M‡íi cwiYwZ `~ivqZ Av‡gR Av‡b, `vb K‡i `vk©wbK-exÿv| Zuvi M‡íi kw³ HwZn¨-mgvR-gvwU-g~j Abylw½ fvlvq| Jcwb‡ekK kvmb cieZ©x ivóª KvVv‡gv‡Z †kvlK-kw³i Avwac‡Z¨i †PZbvi †fZ‡i e¨w³gvby‡li ÿq, webvk, wew”QbœZvi ¯^iƒcwU wbg©vY K‡ib ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn&| GRb¨ Zuvi M‡í wbgœ-ga¨we‡Ëi AšÍg©yLx Rxeb ˆewkó¨ I Zvi gb¯Í‡Ë¡i wbLyuZ weeiYwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V| GwUi PwiÎ-gb¯ÍË¡ wbg©v‡Y ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn&i `ÿZv jÿYxq| Rxe‡bi m~²Zi w`K¸‡jv kw³kvjx M‡`¨ Zuvi M‡í ev¯ÍevbyM n‡q I‡V| G‡ÿ‡Î ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn& A‡bK †ÿ‡Î cvðvZ¨ixwZiI cÖ‡qvM NwU‡q‡Qb| †PZbvi cÖevnixwZ (stream of consciosness) wKsev Aw¯ÍZ¡ev`x (existentialism) `k©b Zuvi M‡íi c‡U f~wgKv ivL‡jI cÖvP¨ixwZi cÖ‡qvM I ù‚wZ© Abe`¨| evB‡ii †Kv‡bv ZË¡ ev `k©b A‡nZzK Av‡ivc Kivi ZrciZv Zuvi M‡í †bB| `k©b‡K Rxe‡bi m‡½ mswkøó K‡i m~²Zi mvwbœa¨ †hgb †cÖg-†ivgvÝ-†ivg¨vw›UKZv e¨w³Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ D‡V Av‡m| G‡ÿ‡Î Zuvi fvlv Abe`¨| fvlvB Zuvi Pwi·K ˆZwi K‡i; Pwi‡Îi AšÍRM© ‡Zi wbwg©wZ †`q| M‡í Dcw¯’Z _v‡K cÖ”Qbœ mvgvwRKivR‰bwZK KUvÿ Avi e¨w³i cÖ_vMZ ms¯‹vi I wek¦v‡mi g~‡j AvNvZ| G‡ÿ‡Î fvlv I cÖKiY Df‡qi †gje܇b ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn&i fvlvI AvaywbK| Zuvi bqbPviv (1945) MíMÖ‡š’ ÔbqbPvivÕ, ÔRvnvRxÕ, ÔcivRqÕ, Ôg„Zz¨-hvÎvÕ, ÔLybxÕ, Ôi³Õ, ÔLÐ Puv‡`i eµZvqÕ, Ô†mB c„w_exÕ msKwjZ| Aci MíMÖš’ `yB Zxi I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1965)-G Av‡Q Ô`yB ZxiÕ, ÔGKwU Zzjmx evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 231



Mv‡Qi KvwnbxÕ, ÔcvMoxÕ, Ô†KivqvÕ, Ôwbõj Rxeb wbõj hvÎvÕ, ÔMÖx‡®§i QywU‡ZÕ, Ôgv‡jKvÕ, Ô¯ÍbÕ, ÔgwZbDwχbi †cÖgÕ Mí| kvgmy`&`xb Aveyj Kvjvg (1926-1997) †`kxq †PZbvq Z¨vMx I `vqe× K_vKvi kvgmy`&`xb Aveyj Kvjvg| wefvMc~e© mg‡q Zuvi weL¨vZ Mí kv‡nievby (1945) †hLv‡b weËnxb gvbyl‡K Zz‡j Avbv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki gymwjg †jLK‡`i cÖviw¤¢K ce©wU kvgmy`&`xb Aveyj Kvjv‡gi Avw½‡K weivRgvb| †jL‡Ki wel‡q `wi`ª RxebvMÖn Ges Zv‡`i msMÖvgB cÖvavb¨| eY©bvi wP‡Î †g‡j b`xwe‡aŠZ evsjvi wPivqZ cÖK…wZ| Abycg cÖK…wZi m‡½ †hb wg‡j Av‡Q `ye©n I msMÖvgx gvby‡li Aw¯Í‡Z¡i msMÖvg| †jL‡Ki c_ Rvbv †bB (1948) MÖ‡š’i M‡í `wÿY evsjvi gvby‡li mij RxebwPÎ Aw¼Z| GKw`‡K gvbyl I cÖK…wZi mgwfe¨nvi Ab¨w`‡K Zvi ˆewiiƒc e¯‘wbô wea„Z| Z‡e kvgmy`&`xb Aveyj Kvjv‡gi †jLvq †klvewa RxebB Rqx nq| A‡bK w`‡bi Avkv (1949), †XD (1953), `yB ü`‡qi Zxi (1955), cuyB Wvwj‡gi Kve¨ (1953) Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ MíMÖš’| AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` (1932-2009) wefv‡MvËi evsjv‡`‡k, G‡Kev‡i †Mvovi †jLK AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv`| mgvR m‡PZb `„wó weivRgvb _vK‡jI mÜvb K‡i‡Qb wewPÎ gvby‡li ˆewPΨgq g‡bvRMr| G‡ÿ‡Î `xN© mgq †h AwfÁZvi ga¨ w`‡q wZwb GwM‡q‡Qb†mLv‡b µg-DËiY N‡U‡Q Zuvi M‡íi cÖKi‡Yi| cv‡ë‡Q fvlvixwZ; hy³ n‡q‡Q ˆewk¦K gvÎv| Z‡e cÖ_g cÖeYZvi M‡íB Zuvi wkíwmw× I cÖwZôv †ewk| AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv‡`ii cÖ_g gyw`ªZ iPbv Ôwbgš¿YÕ 1943 mv‡j, hyMvšÍi cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq| cÖ_g mvwnwZ¨K iPbv ÔAv‡eMÕ 1946 mv‡j Ges cÖ_g Mí ÔRv‡bvqviÕ gvN 1353 gvwmK mIMv‡Z cÖKvwkZ| Mífye‡bi cÖ`k©‡Ki f~wgKv †nvK wKsev wkí¸‡Yi Awbevh©ZvB †nvK AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` †h fvlvixwZ cÖ_g K‡qKwU M‡í †hfv‡e Kv‡qg K‡i‡QbZv Avi gy‡Q hvqwb| GLbKvi A‡bK M‡íI MíKvi GKB †KŠk‡j cyY¨vZ¥v| ÒavbKb¨vÓq wbQK ga¨weË Av‡e‡Mi Mí n‡jI †cÖgvZ¥vi wkniY, `vqe×Zv, we‡eK`nb avbKb¨vi †`uv‡n weivRgvb| cÖ_ve×Zv GKUv ch©v‡q _vK‡jI wkíkw³Uv †Pbv hvq fvlvi KviæKv‡h©| †MvôxMZ kã, †kªwYMZ †PZbv I AvPvi, ag©vbyl½, †cÖg cÖf„wZ welq mgvR †ÿÎ ch©‡eÿ‡Y PvwjZ| Gi †fZ‡iB Mí‰kwj‡Z evav c‡o hveZxq evÃbv| Z‡e Zuvi G 232 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



wkífvlvwbg©vY Avgv‡`i mgvR I mgq‡K K‡i †Zv‡j we‡kl Awbevh©Zvq Av”Qbœ| ÔÑZzB Lvwj i³ evi KiwQ‡j, Lyb Ki‡Z cvim bvB| GKUv gvb&‡m‡i Lyb Kiv wK LyeB k³|Õ avbKb¨vi g‡Zv Ab¨vb¨ M‡íI Ggb cÖ‡Yv`bv RwoZ| †R‡M AvwQ (1950), avbKb¨v (1951), g„Mbvwf (1953), AÜKvi wmuwo (1958), DRvb Zi‡½ (1962), hLb ˆmKZ (1967), Avgvi i³ ¯^cœ Avgvi (1972), Rxeb Rwgb (1988), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1985), g‡bvbxZ Mí (1987), †kªô Mí (1987), †kªô †QvUMí (1999) Gme M‡íi wewPÎ kªgx gvbyl mgvR-cwimi‡K eyS‡Z †hgb mnvqZv K‡i †Zgwb n‡q I‡V wicyi wb›`v-cÖksmvi KxwZ©‡Z c~Y©v½ gvbyl| ZeyI ej‡Z nq `xN© Rxe‡b AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` Av`¨šÍ mvwn‡Z¨ _vK‡jI gyw³hy‡×vËi evsjv‡`‡k Lye †ewk fv‡jv Mí †j‡Lbbwb| Z‡e cÖavbZ MÖvgxY c‡Ui A‡bK M‡íB wZwb weivRgvb| †m Abylw½ AvÂwjK fvlvI Zuvi M‡í `ªæZZv cvq| kIKZ Imgvb (1917-1998) mvwn‡Z¨i bvbv A½‡b kIKZ Imgv‡bi mie Dcw¯’wZ weivRgvb| M‡íi Pwi‡Îi bvbvgywL wbixÿv Av‡Q; Av_©-mvgvwRK c‡U ewY©Z Kvwnwb‡Z ag©xq fÐvgx, †Muvovgx, Kzms¯‹vi, K‚cgÐ~KZv we`ªƒcvZ¥K ¯^‡i wPwýZ| evOvwj gymwjg cwievi RxebvMÖn; †mLvbKvi Uvbv‡cv‡o‡bi ms¯‹…wZ M‡íi †cÖÿvcU ˆZwi K‡i| Zuvi gyw³hy×wfwËK MíMÖš’ Rb¥ hw` Ze e‡½ (1975) Ges Ck¦‡ii cÖwZØ›Øx (1990)| gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvMZ cwiPh©v Gme M‡í †hgb Av‡Q †Zgwb ev¯Íe AwfÁZvi weeiYI ewY©Z| gyw³hyׇK RvwZi mvgwMÖK gyw³i c_ e‡jB g‡b K‡ib †jLK| G‡ÿ‡Î Mí Dc¯’vc‡b cÖZxK I iƒc‡Ki †KŠkj, mgvRwfwËK eY©bvi gywÝqvbv †ek Zvrch©c~Y©| evsjv‡`‡k A‡bK Mí wj‡L wZwb `„pwfwËi Ici cÖwZwôZ| kIKZ Imgv‡bi MíMÖš’ : Dcjÿ¨ (1968), Dfk„½ (1968), Ryby Avcv I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1951), †bÎc_ (1968), wcuRiv‡cvj (1951), cÖ¯ÍidjK (1964), mv‡eK Kvwnbx (1953), Ges wZb wgR©v (1986), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1984), gwbe I Zvnvi KzKzi (1986), weMZ Kv‡ji Mí (1987), †kªô Mí (1974), cyivZb LÄi (1987), nšÍviK (1991), ivRcyiæl (1994) cÖf„wZ| ˆmq` kvgmyj nK (R. 1935) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ ˆmq` kvgmyj nK `ÿ I w¯’Zax MíKvi| Zuvi i‡q‡Q K‡qK `k‡Ki MíPP©vi cÖev`cÖZxg AwfÁZv| iPbvq wZwb wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 233



wewPÎ welq| cvwievwiK, AvÂwjK Mí; Av‡Q bvMwiK Rxebm¤¢~Z Mí, Av‡Q †cÖg-gb¯Í‡Ë¡i RwUjZi Mí| Kwefvlv Zuvi M‡í KLbI cwimi ˆZwi Ki‡jI cÖKi‡Y Zv AvNvZcÖvß ev Av‡ivwcZ nq bv| ˆmq` nK †miƒ‡cB me¨mvPx wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ cÖwZôv cvb| Mvn©¯’¨ cwigЇj ¯^vgx-¯¿x, mšÍvb cwi‡ewóZ gv‡qi kvk¦Z g~wZ© wPwýZ ÒZvmÓ M‡í| GKvwaK fvlvq Ab~w`Z G MíMÖ‡š’i ˆewPΨgq Kvwnwb bvbv NUbvi cÖ‡ÿc‡Y AvaywbK gvÎv jvf K‡iwe‡kl K‡i weaev gvi ¯§„wZKvZiZv, hš¿Yv, AšÍ`©vnb Ges mšÍvb‡`i †mœn-ggZv cÖLi AšÍ`©„wó‡Z Zv cÖZxKx evZ©vq ch©ewmZ| †hLv‡b mewKQyi m‡½ ÔZvmÕ evowZ gvÎv †hvM K‡i| ÒAvb‡›`i g„Zz¨Ó ˆmq` n‡Ki Av‡iKwU Abe`¨ Mí| PgrKvi `„k¨cwiKí‡b wZwb g~jZ DVwZ bvMwiK ga¨we‡Ëi Amvi, fyuB‡duvo Rxeb‡K Zz‡j a‡ib G M‡í| †cÖg I g‡bvweKjbag©x M‡íI ˆmq` nK †ek cvi½gZv †`wL‡q‡Qb| GQvov MÖvgxY RxebcU wKsev gyw³hyׇK †K›`ª K‡iI Mí wj‡L‡Qb wZwb| mgv‡Ri †kvlY-Kzms¯‹vims¯‹vi-agx©q wek¦vm-wKse`šÍx wb‡q MíKv‡ii wbixÿvagx© Mí R‡jk¦ixi Mí¸‡jv (1990)| G‡Z cÖavbZ ¤^vaxbZv-cieZx© evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvg‡Kw›`ªK †kªwYPwi‡Îi †kvlY-wbh©vZ‡bi PvjwPÎwUB iwPZ| MícwiPh©vi `xN©vqZ c_cwiµgvq ˆmq` kvgmyj nK GwM‡q‡Qb, ZvwM‡` G‡m‡Q wbi‡cÿ-wbðqZv Avi GKB m‡½ Avw½‡KI G‡m‡Q cÖf~Z cwieZ©b| cÖZxK wbg©vY, M`¨fw½i FRyZv, ev¯ÍevbyM mgq mwÜrmv, B‡g‡R ewY©j Av‡e‡Mi we”QyiYMí‡K cÖLi Rxebev`x K‡i †Zv‡j| A`¨vewa wZwb G c‡_ `y¨wZgq Ges `~iMvgx| ˆmq` n‡Ki MíMÖš’ : Zvm (1954), kxZwe‡Kj (1959), Avb‡›`i g„Zy¨ (1967), cÖvPxb es‡ki wbt¯^ mšÍvb (1981), GK m‡½ ˆmq` kvgmyj nK (Mí msKjb) (1986), †cÖ‡gi Mí (1990), †kªô Mí (1990), Mí mgMÖ (2001) cÖf„wZ| knx` mv‡ei (1930-1971) Zuvi Mí msKjb GK UzK‡iv †gN (1955)| G‡Z mwbœe× Av‡Q ÒGK UzK‡iv †gNÓ, ÒcÖv‡Yi †P‡q wcÖqÓ, ÒRmyfvexi Rb¨Ó, Ò†`qvjÓ, Ò†h Mí †KD e‡jwbÓ, Ò†hŠebÓ, ÒPvjPz‡jvÓ, Ò†Q‡jUvÓ, Ò†kl msev`Ó, ÒwelKb¨vÓ Mí| †QvU‡`i Rb¨ wjwLZ Mí msKjb ÿz‡` †Mv‡q›`vi Awfhvb (1958)| mv‡ei cÖMwZkxj I eyw×gb¯‹ †jLK-mvsevw`K| Zuvi M‡í g~jZ cÂv‡ki †QvUM‡íi avivwU engvb| GK UzK‡iv †gN-Gi g‡a¨ cjvqbci, `ytL-AfveZvwoZ, ˆbivk¨gyLi Pwi‡Îi Qwe Gu‡K‡Qb| e¯‘Z ga¨weË cwiev‡ii ¯^cœf½, wbwj©ßZv



234 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Zuvi M‡íi welq| mv‡e‡ii PwiÎiv Rxe‡bi gy‡LvgywL `uvwo‡q msÿzäZv‡K †gvKv‡ejv K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Zuvi fvlvfw½I cÖPÐiƒ‡c ev¯ÍevbyM| Avey BmnvK (1926-2003) kw³kvjx MíKvi| mvgšÍ-cÖfzZ¡ I mvgwRK-ag©xq Kzms¯‹vi wPwÎZ Avey Bmnv‡Ki †jLvq| Mífvlvq Zxÿèax Aven ˆZwi nq; cÖ_vMZ a‡g©i fÐvgx, cxicÖ_v, Kómwnòz kªgx gvby‡li †kvlY wb‡®úlY †`v`©Ð gvÎv cvq| ÔKvbvfzjvÕ, ÔNycwP Mwji myLÕ, Ô`v`xi Ôb`x`k©bÕ, ÔcÐkÖgÕ, ÔwccvmvÕ, ÔcÖwZ‡laKÕ, ÔebgvbylÕ, Ô†ev¤^vB nvRxÕ, ÔkqZv‡i Svo–Õ, Ônv‡igÕ Mímg~n AšÍf©y³ nv‡ig (1962) MÖ‡š’| MÖš’wU m¤ú‡K© †jLK e‡jb : ÔG msKj‡bi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ †jLv¸‡jv 1352 †_‡K 1369 mv‡ji g‡a¨ iwPZ|Õ Avey Bmnv‡Ki wkí-b›`‡b AÜKviv”Qbœ mgvR Av‡jvwKZ n‡q I‡V Rxebev`x †PZbv`‡k©| Avw½K wbg©v‡Y wfbœ `„wói aviK, f~-msjMœ gvby‡li AšÍwP©Î Abyl½‡K hveZxq ؇›Ø cwiï× m¤¢vebvi w`‡K wb‡Z Pvb : Ônv‡i‡gi e¨vcvi| evB‡i RvbvRvwb n‡j wecbœ n‡e gvb-m¤£g| ZvB Avgxi wb‡RB Z`‡šÍ †ewi‡qwQ‡jb|Õ Gfv‡e M‡íi †ÿÎ D‡b¥vPb| gymwjg mvgšÍZ‡š¿i f½yi wPÎ Ges AšÍtmvik~b¨ `xN©k¦vm kw³kvjx fvlvq cybM©wVZ : nv‡i‡gi mg¯Í wnR‡o¸‡jv‡K GKevi cixÿv K‡i †`Lv `iKviÑwm×všÍ †bb Avgxi| wKš‘ †Kgb K‡i Zv †`Lv m¤¢e? Wv³vi ev evB‡ii †Kvb †jvK‡KB G Kv‡Ri fvi †`qv hvq bv| evB‡ii RvbvRvwbi fq Av‡Q, gvb-B¾‡Zi cÖkœ Av‡Q| bv, g„Zz¨`‡Ði Avmvgx m`©vi w`jevnvi‡K w`‡q nvwmj Ki‡Z n‡e G KvR| GUvB n‡e DËg e¨e¯’v| nv‡i‡gi NUbvi cÖavb mvÿx w`jevnvi| Zvi Rvb Ke‡Pi m‡½ Pvcv c‡o hv‡e G †K‡j¼vix| Abe`¨ mgvRwPwýZ Mí| n‡i‡gi cwiYwZi wZjKUzKz Lye ¯^í cwim‡i wKš‘ weivU †Zvi‡b Awfe¨³ nq| evsjv‡`‡ki †QvUM‡í G MíwU Abb¨ ms‡hvRb| Zuvi Av‡iKwU MíMÖš’ gnvcZ½ (1963)| GwUI Zxÿè we`ªƒcvZ¥K Mí| fvlv e¨env‡i cÖPzi Aviwe-dviwm-D`©y kã‡K gymwjg RxebvPiY m~‡Î ms‡MÖvw_Z K‡ib MíKvi| nvmvb AvwRRyj nK (R. 1939) evsjv‡`‡ki wewkó MíKvi nvmvb AvwRRyj nK| Zuvi M‡í ivpe½-cÖK…wZ PgrKvi †iLvwP‡Î cwi‡ewkZ| cÖ_g MÖš’ mgy‡`ªi ¯^cœ I kx‡Zi AiY¨ evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 235



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mycwiwPZ wZbwU ce© †gvni&ig, C`yjwdZi Avi †Kvievbxi C`| GBme c‡e© gymjgv‡bi mgvR gvb‡m †h DÏxcbv I Avb‡›`i mÂvi nq mn‡RB Zvi myi I Zvj g‡b iwYZ n‡q‡Q|Õ gweb D`&`xb Avng` (1912-1978) MÖvg Av‡jL¨i iƒcKvi| f½yi mvgšÍ mgvR, bi-bvix m¤úK©, ag©xq wek¦vm, †hŠbZv, bvix AwaKvi Gew¤^a welq Zuvi Míc‡U ¯’vb K‡i †bq| gwebD`&`x‡bi †jLvq cyiælZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri `vcU, KZ…Z¡, †¯^”QvPvwiZvi cÖm½wU wkwíZ iƒc cvq| wkwÿZ ga¨weË gymwjg cwiev‡ii ¯^iƒcwUI Zuvi M‡í wea©Z| Zuvi MíMÖš’ Kj¼ (1946), †nv‡mb evoxi †eŠ (1952), fvOve›`i (1954) cÖf„wZ| KvwR Avdmvi D`&w`b Avng` (1921-1975) `y`©všÍ I Kwg‡UW MíKvi| R½gZv, wbôzi, msMÖvgx Rxe‡bi Av‡jL¨ iwPZ nq Zuvi M‡í| wel‡qi ¸iæ‡Z¡i †P‡q Zuvi Mív‡jvPbvq cÖavb w`K mgvR-Nwbô fvlvixwZ| Ôa balance of interest between external action and characterÕB Zuvi cUwPÎ| †Kvjvnj (1947), KvjbvwMbx (1952), R¡vjvI Av‡jv (1954), hy‡×i fq¼i Mí (1954), b~Zb †cÖg (1955) gymwjg RxebvPv‡ii Kvwnwb-wbf©i MíMÖš’| Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏxb (1911-1988)i †kªô Mí †ewi‡qwQj 1962 †Z| wefv‡MvËi ev¯ÍeZvq M‡`¨B P‡j‡Q DVwZ ga¨weˇK Zz‡j Avbvi cÖ‡Póv| XvKv-†K›`ªxK evOvwj gymjgv‡bi AvZ¥cwiP‡qi ¯^iƒcwU wbY©‡q P‡j bvbviK‡gi cÖqvm| Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`x‡bi Rxeb (1948), †kl ivwÎi Zviv (1966), GK †Rvov c¨v›U I Ab¨vb¨ (1967), iv‡Rb VvKz‡ii Zx_©hvÎv (1978), j¨vsox (1984), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1988) †ewi‡q‡Q| wKš‘ lv‡Ui `k‡Ki M‡íB wZwb †ewk mdj| M‡íi †g‡mR cÖMwZF×, D`vi I gy³`„wómÄvZ| ga¨weË RxebB Zuvi Awš^ó| c~e©-evsjvi kvk¦Z MÖvg HwZn¨-ms¯‹vi I g~j¨‡eva †hgb Av‡Q Zuvi M‡í †Zgwb bMi Rxe‡bi †K¬k I nZvkvI ewY©Z| G‡ÿ‡Î evOvwj gymjgv‡bi ÔM‡o-IVvÕ mgvR I Rxe‡bi wPÎwU Avgv‡`i wbKU †ewk cwiwPwZ AR©b K‡i| Aveyj dRj (1903-1983)i mIMv‡Z ÔBmjvg Kx RqÕ w`‡q ïiæ| Avgv‡`i †QvUM‡í Aveyj dRj gvwUi c„w_ex (1940)i mgvR m‡PZb Mí wb‡q k³ wf‡Z cÖwZwôZ| Gici Avqlv (1951), †kªô Mí (1964), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1978), g„‡Zi AvZ¥nZ¨v (1978)| cÖavbZ mgvR m‡PZb MíB wj‡L‡Qb Aveyj dRj| gvwUi c„w_exi Mí¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ag©xq fÐvgx, gymjgvb‡`i DÌvb-cZbwPÎ, Avw¯ÍKZv ev bvw¯ÍKZv, wek¦vm-g~j¨‡eva wea„Z| GQvov we¯Í…Z Rxebc‡U m~² gvbexq e„wËi PvjwPÎI Av‡Q| Aveyj dR‡ji M‡íi Pwi‡Îi AvšÍtm¤úK© wbiƒwcZ nq cÖavbZ mgvR fvebv‡K wN‡i| Avkivd DR Rvgvb (R. 1911) evsjv‡`‡ki Míavivq AiY¨ ce©Z b`x I mgy`ª (1949), †Lqv 240 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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wb‡qvwRZ †_‡K cvV‡Ki cÖksmv`„wó cvb| Zuvi M‡íi Mfx‡i †g‡j mgvR I e¨w³‡K Ae‡jvK‡bi Zxÿè AšÍ`©„wó| cÖm½Z, fviZ wefv‡Mi c‡ii cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¯^cœ-myL ev †m AbyeZ©x Av‡eM I †PZbv Zuv‡K cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| AcvO‡³q, AevwÃZ gvbyl; cZ‡bvb¥yL Rwg`v‡ii Ans, wbh©vZb, i³‡kvlY wKsev D™¢~Z ga¨we‡Ëi eûew¼g g‡bve„wË Zuvi wk‡íi ixwZ†KŠkjwU ˆZwi K‡i w`‡qwQj| Qvqv-cÖ”Qvqv (1976), we‡ùviY (1978), wd‡i P‡jv (1981) wgiRv Ave`yj nvB‡qi MíMÖš’| ga¨we‡Ëi ¯^iƒc D‡b¥vP‡b Zuvi G mg¯Í M‡í g‡bvwe‡kølY I AvZ¥K_bixwZi PgrKvi cÖ‡qvM jÿYxq| GQvov M‡íi welq-we¯Í…wZ‡ZI bR‡i Av‡m bvbv iK‡gi Pwi‡Îi ms‡køl, g‡bv‡jv‡Ki inm¨gq AwÜ-mwÜi msev` Avi mgvR ¯Í‡ii wewea AvPvi-ixwZi wZh©K cÖkwœ RÁvmv| Rxeb‡ev‡ai wbweoZvq iwPZ mr wkí`„wói Pqb K‡ib wW‡U‡ji †fZi w`‡q| †hUv wgiRv Ave`yj nvB‡qi iPbvi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| kv‡n` Avjx (1925-2001)i eY©bvZ¥K msnZ Uv‡bi Mí wRivB‡ji Wvbv (1953)| GB GKwU MíMÖ‡š’i Rb¨ wZwb mywew`Z| G MíMÖ‡š’ ÒIB †h bxj AvKvkÓ, Òdmj †Zvgvi Kvwnbx Ó, Òbvbxi Bb&‡ZKvj Ó, ÒwReivB‡ji WvbvÓ, ÒG‡jv‡g‡jvÓ, Ò†cvov gvwUi MÜ AZmxÓ Mí weivRgvb| wefvM c‡e© evOvwj gymjgvb mgv‡Ri cwievi wbMÖn, hvwcZ Rxeb wKsev e¨w³i cvi¯úwiK wek¦vm I g~j¨‡eva wkwíZ n‡q D‡V Av‡m| hveZxq ms¯‹v‡ii E‡aŸ© D‡V Bnev`x wek¦v‡m †cÖg-AbyivM ev gymwjg cvwievwiK wek¦v‡mi †ÿÎwU cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib †jLK| GRb¨ evOvwj gymwjg mgvR Rxe‡bi fvlvwU mvg~wnK m‡PZbZvq †hgb `„pZv cvq †Zgwb mgKvj wea„Z wPivqZ ms¯‹…wZi avivwUI wbf©iZvq c~Y© n‡q I‡V| G‡ÿ‡Î kv‡n` Avjx wbi¼zk gvbeZvev`B cÖwZôv K‡ib Zuvi †jLvq| Zuvi Ab¨ MíMÖš’ GKB mgZ‡j (1963), kvÕbhi (1986), AZxZ iv‡Zi Kvwnbx (1986), Agi Kvwnbx (1987)| Ave`yj nvB gvk‡iKx (1919-1988) cÖavbZ Kwe n‡jI Mí wj‡L‡Qb| Kzjmyg (1954), evDj g‡bi bKkv (1971) Zuvi MíMÖš’| MÖvgevsjvi gvby‡li `y`©kv Ges `vwi`ª¨ Zuvi M‡íi cÖwZ‡ek ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| GK cÖKvi AvjsKvwiK kãweb¨v‡mi Ave‡n Mí-wbwg©wZ cvq| Z‡e MíKvi wn‡m‡e Zuvi M‡í †Zgb ¯^vZš¿¨wPwýZ wKQy †g‡j bv| Avkivd wmwÏKx (R. 1926) Mwji av‡ii †Q‡jwU †j‡Lb| cÖavbZ mgv‡Ri Aeÿq, ¤øvb-g~j¨‡eva Ges ga¨weˇK welq K‡i Mí †j‡Lb Avkivd wmwÏKx| Zuvi MíMÖš’ : iv‡eqv Avcv (1955), c¨vwim my›`ix (1975), †kl bvwjk (1992)| MRbdi Avjx (R. 1932) c~e©-cvwK¯Ív‡bi MíKvi| fvewejvm (1957) ga¨weË †kªwY‡PZbv 242 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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Mí ejv| mgvRfv½‡bi myi Av‡Q, e¨w³‡K †K›`ª K‡i, †m e¨w³ ga¨weË, ÿwqòz-¯úw›`Z-`ywe©ln cÖwZwµqvq Av”Qbœ| Mvd&dvi †PŠayix f½yi mvgšÍmgv‡Ri cÖwZwPÎ A¼b K‡ib, GRb¨ Zuvi fvlv †ivg¨vw›UK Z‡e Aev¯Íe bq| gv‡S gv‡S Zv cÖZxKxI n‡q I‡V| Z‡e M‡íi cvV ïay Rxe‡bi PvjwPÎB bq, †fZ‡ii kw³ I m¤¢vebviI D‡b¥vPb| Ave`yj Mvd&dvi †PŠayix cøU-wbg©v‡Y mvg_© wKš‘ wW‡UB‡j MZvbyMwZK, h_vh_ bb| wkíwek¦vm‡K h_vh_ cwi‡ek‡b `ye©jZv jÿYxq g‡b nq| Zuvi K…òcÿ (1336), mgªv‡Ui Qwe (1959), my›`i †n my›`i (1960) lv‡Ui RbwcÖq Mí| Ave`yi ikx` Iqv‡mKcyix (R. 1926) wefvM-cieZ©x MíKvi| m`¨ Mov bMi Dcjwä Avi bvMwiK cÖZ¨q cwi¯ªyZ Zuvi †jLvq| cøU-wbg©vY cwiKíbvq bq KvwnwbwfwËK Mí AwjMwj KZc_ (1959)| †ewk`~i G‡Mvbwb| mvwnZ¨ gb¯‹Zvi cÖevnwU Pvjy wQj Gme iPbvq, wkíwPwýZ cwigvR©bv G MíKvi AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| ghnviæj Bmjvg (1928-2003) MÖvgxY c‡U †jLv ghnviæj Bmjv‡gi GKgvÎ MíMÖš’ Zvj Zgvj (1959)| cÖK…wZi AvenwU Kve¨MZiƒ‡c wPwý Zuvi iPbvq| MÖvgxY wPÎ Av‡Q| ewngy©wL ev¯ÍeZviB GKvwacZ¨ I cÖ‡qvM| Kwei K_vwPÎ cwiewa©Z, mgm¨vi †P‡q eY©bvB †hb †ewk Dc‡fvM¨| Beivnxg Luv (1894-1978)i Mí Avjy †evLiv (1960), D¯Ív` (1967), `v`yi Avmi (1971), gvbyl | Gme MÖ‡š’ GK ai‡bi ˆkwj wPwýZ Av‡Q| wewPÎ I eY©vX¨ AwfÁZvi wPÎ G‡Z cÖwZdwjZ| iæwPkxj †jL‡Ki cÖgvY i‡q‡Q| mymvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ iPbvi g‡Zv M‡íI †PZbvMZ GKUv ù‚wZ© bR‡i Av‡m| Kíbv‡K ev¯ÍewfwˇZ cÖwZôv Kivi mvg_©¨ wQj Zuvi| Avjy †evLiv I D¯Ív` Zuv‡K MíKvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Q| †PŠayix kvgmyi ingvb (R. 1902) lv‡Ui L¨vwZgvb MíKvi| dzUcvZ (1960) Zuvi RbwcÖq Mí| Zuvi Mí †Kv‡bv Av`k©vwqZ †PZbvi ey`ey` bq| ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi DjøçbB Zuvi M‡í cÖKvwkZ| wefvM-cieZx© Rxe‡bi cÖevn‡K wZwb ai‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Zuvi †jLvq| †evinvbDwÏb Lvb Rvnv½xi (R. 1936)i M‡í K_K-†kªvZvi wkífw½wU AvKl©Yxq| bvbv welq wb‡q wZwb Mí wj‡L‡Qb| Awew”Qbœ (1960), `~i `~ivšÍ (1968), Kɯ^i (1374), wekvj †µva (1376), gyÐnxb gnvivR (1974), GK ai‡bi hy× (1984), MYZ‡š¿i cÖ_g w`b I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1992), wecøe `xN©Rxex †_‡K (1997) Gme M‡í mgvR-ivRbxwZ-e¨w³i Ø›ØvZ¥K w`K cÖwZdwjZ| bibvix m¤úK©, †cÖg Rxebev`x †PZbvq cÖwZwew¤^Z Zuvi iPbvq| Avw`-b„‡Mvôxi Rxeb wb‡qI Zuvi Mí Av‡Q| Aw¯ÍZ¡‡PZbvi w`KwU †jL‡Ki Mífv‡l¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V| Ave`yk kvKzi (1941-2013) cwicK¡ †gRv‡R 244 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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nqwb Zuvi| Avng` gxi (1925-1979)i cÖK„Z bvg gwnDwÏb Avng`| gvwR©Z I iæwPkxj; wfbœ ¯^v‡`i MvwíK| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ w·kvËi MíKvi‡`i iæwP‡Z ˆZwi| GKgvÎ MíMÖš’ jvj‡gvwZqv (1965)| mnRfv‡l¨, †ivg¨vw›UK †cjeZvq, we`y¨rPgwKZ DBU m„wó Kiv m‡e©vcwi ga¨we‡Ëi Kg©cÖev‡ni wewea Av‡eM-Abyfe wgwj‡q Zuvi Míkw³i cÖKvk| G¨vjvb †cvÕi Mí Abyev` K‡iI Avn‡g` gxi K…wZZ¡ †`wL‡q‡Qb| Z‡e Zuvi Mí‰kwj evsjv‡`‡k †Kv‡bv aviv m„wó Ki‡Z mÿg nqwb| dwi`v †nv‡mb (R. 1945) A‡bK mgq wb‡q A‡bK Mí wj‡L‡Qb| ARšÍv (1965), Nyg (1985), kvox (1987), GKwU kxZj g„Zz¨ (1987), wngvj‡qi †`‡k (1994), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1994), KÕRbvi K_v (1994)Ggb A‡bK M‡íi Rb¥`vZv n‡jI Abycw¯’Z wZwb Míavivq| wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv Mífvlv iPbv Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| Avw½K `ye©j, cøU wbg©v‡Y `„pZv †bB| evsjv‡`‡ki f~wg-gvwU I gvby‡li ¯^i Abycw¯’Z Zuvi †jLvq| GK ai‡bi †ivg¨vw›UK Av‡eM, K…wÎg Rxe‡bi †gvnv”QbœZv‡K Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| wefv‡MvËi Kv‡ji MíKvi AvwRRyi ingvb| †ivg¨vw›UK cÖeYZvq Mí wj‡L‡Qb| Gme M‡íi †Zgb wkí¸Y cwijwÿZ nq bv| ZeyI lv‡Ui Kvwnwb wewbg©v‡Y Kv‡jv wdZv (1965), †`kx dyj (1965) `vwqZ¡kxj f~wgKvi Mí| bvRgyj Avjg (R. 1927) Zz‡Lvo MíKvi, wKš‘ Dcb¨vm bvUKI wj‡L‡Qb| g‡bvgy»Ki Mífvlv| GK ai‡bi wnZev` cÖwZwôZ Zuvi M‡í| cÖZviK, we‡eKewR©Z, K…ZNœ Ggb wewPÎ Pwi·K Zz‡j Av‡bb| GRb¨ ev¯Íeeyw×i K¨vbfv‡m civev¯Íe ev G·‡cÖkwb÷ Avw½‡Ki cÖ‡qvM NUvb †jLK| f~wggvwUi gvby‡li R½gZv, ev¯ÍeZv, msMÖvg-msÿzäZv‡K w`e¨‡PZbvq D‡V Av‡m| evOvwj gymjgv‡bi g‡a¨ Ggb ev¯Íeev`x MíKvi weij ejv hvq| M‡íi cwi‡ek Avi Pwi‡Îi ûsKvi †hb †Kvg‡j-K‡Vv‡i wfbœ GK Rxe‡bi exYv †kvbvq| ÒevwRÓ M‡íi wgbnvR Zvi †eŠ AvwZqv‡K Ry‡qvq evwR ai‡j †n‡i hvq, ZLb †ÿvf-Awfgvb-e¨_©Zvq M‡íi cwimgvwß GiK‡gi : ÔwgbnvR aiv Mjvq e‡j, GB fi muvS‡ejvq KB hvm AvZy? †mvbvKw›`i R½‡j A‡bK mvc‡Lvc, Rš‘-Rv‡bvqvi|Õ AvwZqv AùzU ¯^‡i e‡j, Zviv gvby‡li †P‡q A‡bK fvjv, †eBgvwb K‡i bv| e‡j gvwU‡Z Avevi GK`jv _y_y †d‡j cvbyi nvZ a‡i †mvbvKvw›`i R½‡ji w`‡K cv evovq|Õ bvRgyj n‡Ki M‡íi wUªU‡g›U GiKgB| Mífvlvi eybwb c„_K †gRv‡Ri, †hLv‡b Rxeb Avi ev¯Í‡ei meUvB wbg©gZv w`‡q †Niv| Zuvi MÖš’ : GKwU APj Avwb (1966), Dcw¯’Z myaxgÐjx (1978), cvÐywjwc I Mqbvi ev· (1970), ¯^wbe©vwPZ Mí (1978), ey‡bve„wó (1984), wb‡Ri evwo (1988) cÖf„wZ| bxwjgv Beªvnxg 246 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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Rxe‡bi mg¯Í kw³‡K cixwÿZ K‡i Mfxi cÖZ¨‡q iwÄZ K‡ib| d‡j †Nvi jvMv GK Aven ˆZwi nq Zuvi †jLvq| welqeyw×i evB‡i A‡jŠwKK Avb›` fi K‡i e‡m, wKš‘ Zv wKQy‡ZB ev¯ÍevbyM bq| Avgv‡`i †QvUM‡í Awe¯§iYxq Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq`| m‡Z¨i g‡Zv e`gvk (1968), g„Zz¨i AwaK jvj ÿzav (1977), P‡jv hvB c‡iv‡ÿ (1973), Mí 1964 (1970), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1987), gvQ gvsm gvrm‡h©i iƒcK_v, mgq cyiæl, Drme I Ab¨vb¨ Mí, GK Agvby‡li Mí cÖf„wZ Zuvi Mí| Avng` Qdv (1943-2001)i cÖ_g eB †`vjv Avgvi KbKPuvcv (1968)| GQvov wbnZ bÿÎ (1969) AvZ¥K_‡b ewY©Z cÖkF œ × MíMÖš’| Rxe‡bi wewPÎiƒc mvaviYZ M‡í _vK‡jI †cÖg-ˆRweKZv, ga¨weË Av‡eM, Avng` Qdvi M‡í `ywb©ixÿ bq| Lye AvKl©Yxq PwiÎ wbg©vY K‡ib Qdv| KwgU‡g›U Av‡Q; e¨w³ÿq, wØav-Ø›Ø wbY©xZ Pwi·K wN‡i| G fvlvq Dcb¨vm wjL‡jI cÖavbZ wZwb MíKviB e‡U| Rxe‡bi †g‡mR H cwiï×ZvqZ‡e Zv cÖ”Qbœ, cwiewZ©Z mgvR-KvVv‡gvi AvIZvq : Ô†Zvlvg‡`i RM‡Zi m‡½ Avgvi mg¯Í euvab †K‡U †M‡jv| †m mgqB †`Ljyg gybZvmx‡ii wkgyj eiY gyLLvwb| Agwb Avgvi mvg‡b †R‡M DV‡jv Ng©wm³ nvRvi nvRvi Kv‡jv gvby‡li mvi| I‡`i Rxe‡bi Kv‡jv †ivgv Avgv‡K Uvb‡Z jvM‡jv| Uvb‡Z jvM‡iv Pz¤^‡Ki g‡Zv| Kíbvq AvwgI GKRb kÖwgK n‡q †MwQ|Õ Avng` QdvB K_K I `vk©wbK| ÒMšÍe¨Ó, Òc`vNv‡Zi cUf‚wgÓ, ÒAv¯^v`Ó cÖf…wZ Zuvi Amvgvb¨ Mí| eyjeyj †PŠayix (R. 1947) AKvjcÖqvZ MíKvi Kv‡qm Avn‡g‡`i Aby‡cÖiYvq eyjeyj †PŠayixi Mífye‡b AvMgb| mËi `k‡Ki †Mvovq Zuvi Avwef©ve| ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb ÒUzKv KvwnbxÓ w`‡q| ÔUzKvÕ Rxeb-gy»Zv Avi †eu‡P _vKvi Kvwnwb| ev¯Íeev`x G †jL‡Ki †jLvq cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK wbôziZvi †iLv¼b `„pwfwˇZ cÖwZwôZ| Zuvi M‡í cÖK…wZ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| †cÖg-we‡”Q`-fv‡jvevmvmn Rxe‡bi hveZxq cÖZ¨q G‡Kev‡i †fZi †_‡K Zz‡j Av‡bb †jLK| G‡ÿ‡Î wmœ» cÖK…wZ mg¯ÍwKQyi Mfxi Abyl½iƒ‡cb`x wKsev Auvav‡ii cÖZx‡K e¨vc„Z n‡q c‡o| mRxe I cÖvYc~Y© Rxeb‡KB wZwb M‡íi welq K‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î m„wRZ Mífvlv c~Y©v½ I Abe`¨| ÔMnb `i` Avi A-PxrK…Z cÖwZev` MíKvi eyjeyj †PŠayix‡K Ô†jLKÕ †_‡K ÔAvwU©÷Õ evwb‡q‡Q|ÕGgbUv mZZ mZ¨, m‡›`n †bB| UzKv Kvwnbx (1968), cigvbyl (1997), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1997) Zuvi MíMÖš’| ga¨weË Av‡eM, AšÍRM© ‡Zi m‡›`n, mZK© Avkvev`, mij cÖ¯Ívebvq D‡V Av‡m nv‡Riv bRiæj (R. 1942)i M‡í| cwicK¡ †gRv‡R, `„p e¨w³‡Z¡ Míeqb P‡j| M‡íi Avw½K FRy, `„pcÖhZœ| nv‡Riv bRiæj †RvbvKxi Av‡jv 250 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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cvëvqwb, e„ËwU †cŠbtcywbK| Z‡e A‡bK M‡íi g‡a¨ PwKZ ¯^i Av‡Q wKš‘ ˆewPΨI ch©vß| ûgvqyb Avng‡`i Míavivq cÖfve m„wóKvix Mí _vK‡jI Dcb¨v‡mi Av`‡jB Zv jÿYxq cwiYwZ †c‡q‡Q| Zuvi A‡bK MíB bvU¨iƒc †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| ÒLv`KÓ, Ò†PvLÓ †jL‡Ki A‡bK kw³kvjx Mí| msjvcgqZvq cwi‡ek m„Rb Zuvi M‡íi m¤§yLMvgx MwZ iPbv K‡i| ûgvqyb Avng‡`i MímgMÖ †ei nq 1991 mv‡j| GKwU bxj †evZvg, Rxebhvcb, †Ljv, AmyL, †div cÖf…wZ Zuvi Mí| Avj gvngy` (R. 1936) Avj gvngy‡`i cÖ_g †QvUMí msKjb cvb‡KŠwoi i³ (1975)| e¨w³i †fZ‡i cÖZxKx Míeqvb, Am¤¢e gvqvex G Mí| Gici †mŠi‡fi Kv‡Q civwRZ (1983), MÜewYK (1986), †cÖ‡gi Mí (1991), gq~ixi gyL (1994), Avj gvngy‡`i Mí (1991), MímgMÖ (1997) cÖf„wZ MíMÖš’| Avgv‡`i Rxeb I ms¯‹…wZi wewPÎ iƒc †hgb Ae‡jvKb Kiv hvq Zuvi M‡í †Zgwb AšÍt‡mªv‡Zi ev¯ÍeZvI wPwýZ nq m¤¢ve¨ cÖ‡ivPbvq| Avj gvngy` cve©Z¨ A‡ji AwfÁZv‡KI M‡í ey‡b‡Qb| ÒDËi cvnv‡oi SibvÓ GiKg GKwU Mí| ÔAvR Avgv‡`i exR †evbvi ivwÎ| AvR †_‡K cvnvo cywo‡q Ryg eyb‡ev Avgiv| Zzwg eyb‡e Avgvi kix‡i mšÍv‡bi exRÕ Avgv‡`i Mímvwn‡Z¨ Avj gvngy` Gfv‡eB Rxe‡bi exR ey‡b P‡jb| Zuvi fvlv Kvwe¨K, †hŠbZvAvwkªZ, †cÖgcøvweZ| Kwei avivfvl¨ †hb GK ai‡bi msKU I k„•Ljvi cybwb©wg©wZ †`q Zuvi G mg‡qi M‡í| ivnvZ Lvb (R. 1939) AšÍnxb hvÎv (1975)q ivnvZ Lv‡bi mvZwU Mí msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| G MÖ‡š’i ÒD‡Øj wccvmvÓ M‡í Amy¯’ ¯^vgx‡K †i‡L ¯¿x A‡b¨i wbKU mgwc©Z n‡q‡Q| wb‡Ri †hŠeb I mgq‡K †m A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Z cv‡iwb| Avi bvgM‡í K_‡Ki eqv‡b Rxe‡bi wewPÎ welq ewY©Z nq| †m †hb AšÍnxb hvÎviB cÖevn| mvaviY gvby‡li wewPÎ welq wb‡q ivnvZ Lv‡bi Mí| Zuvi Ab¨ Mí : AwbwðZ †jvKvjq (1380), fv‡jv g‡›`i UvKv (1981), Av‡cj msev` (1983) cÖf„wZ| AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm (1943-1997)



256 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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†gRvR ivMx, Ab¨v‡`i †_‡K c„_K-`„ß-aviv‡jv Ges cÖLi ms‡e`bkxj| AÜ Zxi›`vR MíMÖ‡š’ †gvU AvUwU Mí i‡q‡Q| G Mí¸‡jv 1973 †_‡K 1978 mv‡ji g‡a¨ iwPZ| G `xN© mg‡qi cvjve`j, wech©¯Í Rxeb, Lyb, nZ¨v, Kv‡jvevRvwi BZ¨vw` AÜKvi Rxe‡bi †ÿ·K wPwýZ K‡ib wZwb| evsjv‡`‡ki †QvUM‡íi cÖK…Z c_wU wZwb wP‡b wb‡Z cv‡ibGKUv mgvRgb‡K Avq‡Ë G‡b| Dcb¨vm wjL‡jI Kv‡qm Avn‡g` M‡íB ¯^vej¤^x Ges cÖLi Rxeb`„wói cÖ‡qv‡M cwic~Y©| gCbyj Avnmvb mv‡ei (R. 1958) cÖ_g MíMÖš’ civ¯Í mwnm (1982)| GiKgB (1990), wf‡oi gvbyl (1396), AiwÿZ Rbc` (1983), AvMgb msev` (1984), Pviw`K †Lvjv (1985), ¯^cœhvÎv (1984) cÖf„wZ| ÒnšÍviKÓ, ÒMÖvmÓ, Ògy‡LvkÓ, Ò`yB †evbÓ, ÒcÖvK…wZKÓ, Òe„ËÓ, ÒRxeb hvcbÓ Gme Mí wb‡q civ¯Í mwnm iwPZ| bvMwiK ga¨weË mgvR I mgq cÖZxKxiƒ‡c M‡í MÖw_Z _v‡K| wKš‘ Uvbvc‡ob, ˆbwZKZv, gvbexq cÖe„wË Ggb GšÍvi welq Pwi·K wN‡i RwUjZi cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i| †mLv‡b M‡íi wbg©vYI _v‡K AZz¨”P gvÎvi| bvMwiK Rxe‡bi RwUj Ave‡Z©i gyLmg~n †hb M‡í KzÉvnxb cwiKxY© n‡q I‡V| Z‡e GKiK‡gi †PbvRvbv RMZB Ab¨gvÎv AR©b K‡i wKš‘ †mLv‡b _v‡K Mfxi g~j¨‡eva| wbe©vwPZ Mí †ei nq 1999 mv‡j| gÄy miKvi (R. 1953) cÖvwšÍK gvbylB Zuvi M‡í DcRxe¨| G mg‡qi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© MíKvi| mgvR `v‡q Zuvi Mí cwiPvwjZ| fvlv ev¯ÍevbyM, mgvRNwbô| MÖv‡gi gvby‡li ms¯‹…wZ, †kvlY-wbh©vZb, `vcU, AnsKvi mewKQy `ye©vi MwZ‡Z wkífvl¨ `vb K‡ib gÄy miKvi| Awebvkx Av‡qvRb (1982), g„Zz¨evY (1985), cyivZb †cÖg I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1986), D‡”Q` D‡”Q` †Ljv (1990), Avb›` hvÎv (1995), Acv‡ikb Rq evsjv (1997), g½vKv‡ji gvbyl Mí¸‡jv G‡Kev‡i gvwUeZ©x| Dci-KvVv‡gv bq, †fZ‡ii ¯^w¯Í-nvnvKvi‡K Øvw›ØK ev¯ÍeZvq D‡V Av‡m| M‡íi cÖKiY kw³kvjx| AwfÁZv eqvb ïay bq, cÖvwšÍK ch©v‡qi gvby‡li gh©v`v I euvPvi cÖZ¨qwU Awbevh© K‡i †Zv‡jb| GRb¨ GK ai‡bi mgMÖZv cwie¨vß Zuvi †jLvq| mykvšÍ gRyg`vi (R. 1954) 258 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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wZb. gvngy`yj nK (1941-2008)i gvÎ `ywU MíMÖš’ cÖwZw`b GKwU iægvj (1994) I wbe©vwPZ Mí| 1999-G †e‡ivq wbe©vwPZ Mí| c‡i 2010-G Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Gbv‡gi m¤úv`bvq †ei nq AMÖwš’Z Mí| evsjv‡`‡ki M‡í me‡P‡q kw³kvjx I AvaywbK MíKvi gvngy`yj nK| ga¨we‡Ëi Rxeb Zuvi M‡í Aviva¨| wfbœ evKcÖwZgvq wZwb meï× wkíF×| e¨w³Pwi‡Îi wewPÎgywL KuvUv‡Quov Avi Zv m¤¢ve¨Zvi mg‡MÖ wb‡q hvIqvB Zuvi wkíi_| Zz”Q wRwbm‡K weiv‡U †cuŠQvb, Awb‡KZ ¯^fve, cvi¯úwiK ¯^v_©vÜ iƒc, wØav-†`vjvPjZv Ac~e© fvl¨ cvq| GwU Avgv‡`i mvwn‡Z¨ weij welq| Z‡e M‡íi †P‡q Dcb¨v‡mi d‡g© wZwb †ewk AvMÖn-DÏxcK| wbe©vwPZ M‡íi cÖwZwUB eY©bvfv‡l¨ D¾¡j| ga¨we‡Ëi AvZ¥gywL, AvZ¥jxb PwiÎ cwiPh©vi Rb¨ gvngy`yj n‡Ki †h Av‡qvRb Zv cÖksmbxq Ges ¯^vZ‡š¿¨ mgy¾j| K‡qK `k‡Ki MíPP©vq RyjwdKvi gwZb (R. 1946) mgvR `vq‡ev‡ai A½xKv‡i Míkix‡i hy³ K‡ib mgKvj‡K; mgKv‡ji ivRbxwZ‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î Zuvi M‡í Av‡Q we`ªƒ‡ci KlvNvZ; cwinvmwcÖq Rxe‡bi we¯§q e¨vKzjZv Avi Rxebiwm‡Ki gMœ g~j¨vqb| Z‡e Zuvi K_‡b Rxe‡bi `yg©i AvKzwZ †_‡g _v‡K bv †Kv_vI| gyw³hy×, ¯§„wZ-b÷¨vjwRqv, †cÖg wPiKvjxb m¤úK©m~‡Îi g‡Zv †Mu‡_ hvq M‡íi Q‡Î Q‡Î| `yišÍ MwZgq Kvwnwbfv‡l¨ Rxe‡bi hveZxq evKweZÐvq GK iK‡gi D‡ËRbv‡ZB MícvV †kl nq| mywbcyY G fvl¨Kv‡ii †jLvq cÖvwšÍK gvby‡li ce©wUI Aby”P bq| Rvb‡Z nq cÖe„wËi †LjvqI wZwb AKzÉ| mgvRRxe‡bi AÜKvi w`K¸‡jvq Av‡jv c‡o Zuvi M‡í| A‡bKwKQy n‡q I‡V inm¨gq, cÖkwœ e×| Z‡e †kl ch©šÍ Rxeb GKUv †kª‡qv‡ev‡aB D”PwKZ Zuvi fv‡l¨| RyjwdKvi gwZ‡bi MíMÖš’ : ivL †Zvgvi D`¨Z evû (1999), cvMj nevi iƒcK_v (1999), AvKvk evmi (1999), Ab¨iKg (2000), gyw³hy‡×i Mí (2001), AÜKv‡ii Rš‘iv (2007)| Ave`vi ikx` (R. 1928) cÖ_g cyiæ‡l e¨½ I i½i‡mi Avq‡Ë Zuvi Mí bvbvb i½ (1973) I i½ †lvokx (1975)| M‡í wfbœ ixwZi cÖeZ©K| †gavex, `„pcÖhZœ MíKvi| wewPÎ AwfÁZvi m~Î Zuvi MíMv‡Î wbwnZ| e¨w³Z¡¯úk©x Mí¸‡jv‡Z mgvRØ›Ø, m½-Am½wZ, wnDgvi mgvbfv‡e Dcw¯’Z| Z‡e Lye Kg wj‡L‡Qb wZwb| G avivwU GLb iæMœ, AewmZcÖvq| mvBwq` AvZxKzjøvn& (1933-1998) cÖavbZ Kwe| wKš‘ Mí w`‡q ïiæ| GKgvÎ MíMÖš’ eyaevi iv‡Z (1973)i g‡a¨ `kwU Mí i‡q‡Q| Mí¸‡jv lv‡Ui †cªÿvc‡U iwPZ| hw`I MÖš’ cÖKvk ¯^vaxbZvDËi Kv‡j| Mí¸‡jv mvgwMÖK wePv‡i GK ai‡bi Aeiæ×, Ackvmb, 264 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



AcweKwkZ ga¨we‡Ëi K…k †PZbv, AmnvqZ¡, A¯^vfvweK, k„•Ljvnxb ci¤úivwemª¯Í Kv‡ji Qwe D‡V Av‡m| Ôwi·vi †cQb a‡i †jvKUv †hfv‡e Uvb w`‡qwQ‡jv Zv‡Z wQU‡K coevi K_v| wi·vIqvjvI †eKze AvwgI †eKzeÕGfv‡e Òeyaev‡ii iv‡ZÓ ïiæ| Gici AvZ¥K_‡b M‡íi AMÖhvÎv| fw½wU AvaywbK| bMi ga¨we‡Ëi g‡bvRM‡Zi †KvY¸‡jv ¯úk K‡i| Zuvi cÖvq M‡íB †h AÜKvi ivwÎi cwi‡cÖwÿZ cvIqv hvq†mLv‡b AeÿwqZ, AcÖK…wZ¯’ , weK…Z Pwiθ‡jv †hb mgvR-ivóª-ivRbxwZi cÖK…Z wP·KB Zz‡j a‡i| M‡í we`¨gvb †kl, we`ªƒc-e¨½ I wbg©g-`yiƒn gšÍe¨ cwijwÿZ| cÖPÐ D‡ËRbvgq Gme Mí g~jZ Ae¨ew¯’Z AšÍh©š¿Yv‡KB Zz‡j a‡i| †eMg gykZvix kdx (R. 1938) ˆewPΨ I mvg_©‡K cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb Zuvi †jLvq| Mífvlv FRy, R½gx| welq-AwfÁZv Kg n‡jI Mífvl¨ `ye©j bq| `ywU bvix GKwU hy× (1973), k•LwP‡ji Kvbœv (1983), Rxe‡bi iƒcK_v (1984), GgbI nq (1985) Gme M‡í RxebcÖev‡ni GKUv ¯^iƒc‡K wZwb wPwýZ K‡ib| knx` AvL›` (R. 1935) RxebiwmK MíKvi| evsjv‡`‡ki M‡í hy³ K‡i‡Qb beZi Avw½K I avivi| RbZvq wbR©b (1380 evs), Awbevh© evÜe (1979), hLb cvwi bv (1982), nvév nvwmi Mí (1996) MíMÖ‡š’ Rxe‡bi wewPÎ Abyl½‡K cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| AvZ¥wPšÍvi ¯^iƒcB Zuvi M‡í aiv c‡o‡Q †ewk| ZeyI M„nxZ cvÎ-cvÎx AvKl©Yxq| GQvov knx` AvL‡›`i mim Mí (1986) †ewi‡qwQj| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© G MíKv‡ii wbR¯^ ˆkwjI ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| `xN©w`‡bi Mí-cwiPh©vq Lv‡j`v Gw`e †PŠayix (1939-2008)i M‡íi †g‡mR Rxe‡bi ˆewPΨ †_‡KB iwPZ| Z‡e wK‡kvi M‡íB Zuvi cÖvPzh© I mvdj¨ †ewk| Ab¨ GK wbe©vmb (1976), Rb gwbwl¨i Mí (1982), †cvovgvwUi MÜ (1985) cÖf„wZ Zuvi Mí| †eva I we‡ePbvi GKUv iƒc cwiMªn K‡i‡Q Zuvi M‡í| Zuvi wK‡kvi Mí : Aš‘i eÜz (1981), eyeyi Rb¨ mviv `ycyi (1983), kx‡Zi w`bivwÎ (1987) cÖf„wZ| gvdiænv †PŠayix (R. 1934) A‡bK AbyivMx MíKvi, `xN©w`b Mí wj‡L P‡j‡Qb wKš‘ A‡bK Mí wjL‡jI e„Ë fvO‡Z cv‡ibwb| cybive„wË Av‡Q, Mífvlv `„p bq| Zuvi MíMÖš’ : AiY¨Mv_v I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1976), †Kv_vI So (1980), öwjZ bÿÎ (1981), weg~Z© e„‡Ë (1984), we`xY© cÖni (1983), wbtkZ© KiZvwj (1984), gvdiænv †PŠayixi †cÖ‡gi Mí (1986), ke wb‡q emevm (1987), Qvqv c‡_i gvbwPÎ (1988), gvdiænv †PŠayixi wbe©vwPZ Mí (1990) cÖf„wZ| Bg`v`yj nK wgjb (R. 1955) Dcb¨vm wj‡LB mdj n‡q‡Qb| Zuvi M‡í Dcb¨v‡mi Rxe‡biB cybive„wË| ga¨weË bvMwiK Rxe‡bi †ivg¨vw›UK †cÖg I †ivg¨vÝ Zuvi †jLvq evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 265



cÖwZdwjZ| Zuvi fvlvq Av‡Q Míejvi ÿgZv| MíKvVv‡gv‡Z AwfÁZvi cÖvPzh© Kg, †m Kvi‡Y Rxeb ˆewPΨgqiƒ‡c cwi‡ewkZ nq bv| Bg`v`yj nK wgj‡bi MíMÖš’ : fv‡jvevmvi Mí (1977), wbi‡bœi Kvj (1979), †cÖ‡gi Mí (1983), †n †cÖg (1983), dz‡ji evMv‡b mvc (1983), evwjKviv (1983), Avnvix (1984), †Zvgv‡K fv‡jvevwm (1985), wbe©vwPZ †cÖ‡gi Mí (1985), evQvB Mí (1986), Zvnviv (1986), gg©‡e`bv (1988), †cÖg b`x (1988), †cÖwgK †cÖwgKv (1988), ev‡iv iKg gvbyl (1988), fv‡jvevmvi wbe©vwPZ Mí (1989), hw` Rvb‡Z (1990), †cÖg fv‡jvevmv (1990), fv‡jvevmv (1990), †kªô Mí (1990), †Mvcb `yqvi cÖf„wZ| nvmbvZ Ave`yj nvB (R. 1939) K_bfw½ `„p I FRy| nvmbvZ Ave`yj nvB ga¨weË †kªwYi mgvR m¤úK©m~Î eqvb K‡ib| e¨w³Pwi‡Îi Av‡eM, Abyf~wZ, †ÿ`, mskq wewPÎiƒ‡c m¤¢ve¨ K‡i †Zv‡jb Zuvi iPbvq| AvaywbK Rxebfv‡l¨ nvmbvZ Ave`yj nvB evsjv‡`‡ki Mí‰kwj‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gvÎv †hvM K‡ib| Zuvi MíMÖš’ : GKv Ges GKm‡½ (1977), hLb emšÍ (1977), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1989), †kªô Mí (1994)| A‡bK `xN© mgq Mí wj‡L P‡j‡Qb RyevB`v ¸jkvb Aviv (R. 1942)| Zuvi Mí Kvqvnxb KvivMvi (1977), evZv‡m eviæ` i‡³ wbiæ× Djøvm (1986), ü`‡q emwZ (1989)| ev¯Íe cÖwZK…wZ `ye©j Zuvi M‡í| eZ©gv‡b cÖvq AšÍwn©Z| Zey ¯^vaxbZv-DËi M‡í ga¨weË Rxeb, Zuvi ¯^cœ I m¤¢vebvi ¯^iƒcwU wZwb Zz‡j a‡ib| Zuvi Mí Avkvwš^Z mg‡qi ¯^iƒc‡KB wPwýZ K‡i| gKeyjv gbRyi (R. 1938) kw³kvjx MíKvi| MíK_‡b wZwb wbi¼zk| cÖavbZ ga¨weË Rxe‡bi wewPÎ Dcv`vb Zuvi M‡í _vK‡jI KvwnwbcÖev‡n GK iK‡gi Av‡eM‡K wZwb aviY K‡ib hv mZZv Ges msh‡gi †fZi w`‡q cwimªyZ nq| ¯§vU© Zuvi K_bfw½| `xN© cwiPh©vq wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki M‡í GKwU ˆkwj AR©b K‡i †d‡j‡Qb| †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv K…wÎgZvi welq †bB, n‡q D‡V‡Qb ¯^Ztù‚Z© Ges ¯^vfvweK| gKeyjv gbRy‡ii wK‡kvi Mí¸‡jvI AvKl©Yxq| mvqvý h~w_Kv (1978), kKz‡biv meLv‡b (1989), bÿ‡Îi Z‡j (1989), gKeyjv gbRy‡ii †cÖ‡gi Mí (1989), GKzk I gyw³hy‡×i Mí (1991), w`biRbx (1993) cÖf„wZ Zuvi Mí| gKeyjv gbRy‡ii evQvB Mí †ei nq 1999 mv‡j| Zuvi †QvU‡`i wK‡kvi Mí : iwOb gvQ (1982), Ac~e© Dcnvi (1982), b`xi Icv‡i †gjv (1986), wK‡kvi gnvfviZ (1987), m~h© wK‡kvi (1988), wbe©vwPZ wK‡kvi Mí (1989), †QvU †QvU iƒcK_v (1989) cÖf„wZ| mv‡`Kv kwdDjøvn (R. 1936) `xN© K‡qK `k‡Ki MíPP©vq wZwb ¯^¸‡Y gwngvwš^Z| cÖavbZ ga¨weË I bvMwiK fvl¨Kvi mv‡`Kv kwdDjøvn| 266 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



AwfÁZvi Av‡Q †cŠbtcywbK AveZ©b| mxgve×Zv _vK‡jI Zuvi M‡íi AvKl©Yxq w`K nvjKvPv‡j weeiY ˆZwi Kiv| †mLv‡b Rxe‡bi Dcv`vb Abycw¯’Z bq| Zuvi MíMÖš’ : wbwl× my‡Li hš¿Yv (1978), hy× Ae‡k‡l (1980), kZ©nxb wbtk‡ã (1981), Abyf~wZi is (1982), Kj‡¼i myMÜ (1984), Aÿg ˆeVvq (1985), Pqb (1987), hš¿Yvi mÂq (1990), Zvi Z‡i (1991) cÖf„wZ| Rwni ivqnvb (1935-1972) wewfbœ cÎ-cwÎKvq Rwni ivqnv‡bi Mí cÖKvwkZ n‡jI Rwni ivqnv‡bi MímgMÖ cÖKvwkZ nq 1979 mv‡j| G‡Z DwbkwU Mí i‡q‡Q| Zuvi M‡íi cÖavb w`K ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vjb; cvkvcvwk ag©xq I mvgvwRK †kvl‡Yi cÖwZwµqv| ÒAcivaÓ, ÒB”Qv Awb”QvÓ, ÒGKz‡k †deªæqvixÓ, ÒGKz‡ki MíÓ, Ò†cv÷viÓ, ÒbqvcËbÓ BZ¨vw` Míbv‡gB Gi cÖK…wZ †Pbv hvq| ivR‰bwZK KwgU‡g›U _vK‡jI ga¨weË Av‡eM I m~²Zi Abyf~wZ AvKl©Yxq| †jL‡Ki eY©bv mij, M`¨fw½ FRy| †mwUB Zuvi M‡íi PgK| wKš‘ A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB Rwni ivqnvb wm‡bgvwUK| `ªæZ Pj”Qwe ˆZwi K‡i Zuvi Mí| †hwU Kvwnwb‡K A‡bKvs‡k K‡i †Zv‡j `ye©j I nvj&Kv| iex›`ª †Mvc (R. 1951) Kwei Mí eRvq _v‡K Kvwe¨K M‡`¨| iex›`ª †Mvc Gi evB‡i bb| AšÍRM© ‡Zi AvkªqwU Zuvi M‡í cÖej| gyw³hy‡×i cÖwZ Kwg‡UW, ¯^vRvZ¨‡cÖg D¾¡j, Rxeb‡K Rqx †`L‡Z Pvb| msMÖvg I ˆeixZv‡K AwZµg K‡i †cuŠQv‡Z Pvb Kj¨v‡Yi cÖwZkÖæwZ‡Z| Rxebev` cÖwZwôZ Zuvi M‡í| Mí n‡q IVvi Rb¨ cU-fvlveybb-wPwÎZ cwi‡ek mewKQy GK ai‡bi ù‚wZ©‡Z cÖKvkgvb| Zuvi MíMÖš’ : †iv`nxb emwZ (1980), civ‡Yi ¯^vaxbZv (1986), ¯^cœ I Puv‡`i K¼vj (1990), gyw³hy‡×i Mí (1997), hy×R‡qi Mí (1997) cÖf„wZ| Aveyj Lv‡qi gym‡jnDwÏb (R. 1934) wewPÎ iK‡gi Mí wj‡L‡Qb Aveyj Lv‡qi gym‡jnDwÏb| ga¨weˆKw›`ªK bvbv welq‡K wZwb ¯úk© K‡i‡Qb| wPiKzU (1981), †bc_¨ bvUK (1982), Ig kvwšÍ (1983), kvje‡bi ivRv (1983), bjLvMovi mvc (1983), gyw³hy‡×i Mí (1996), Avb›` fyeb (1997), g‡bvbxZ Mí (1993), †mvbvi kixi (1990), K‡jR Mvj© (1991), bxj Qwei bvwqKv (1990), wbe©vwPZ †cÖ‡gi Mí (1988) cÖf„wZ Zuvi Mí| e¯‘Z ga¨weË Rxe‡bi fvebvweb¨vm, ¯^cœAvL¨vb GKwU cwie„Ë iPbv K‡i‡Q Aveyj Lv‡qi gym‡jnDwχbi M‡í| †cÖg-†ivg¨vw›UKZv, wØav-†`vjvPjZv, e¨w³-mgvR Ø›Ø BZ¨vKvi welqe¯‘ Zuvi M‡íi cÖwZcv`¨| Av‡jvP¨ M‡í GKUv Mífvlv †jL‡Ki AwR©Z, Z‡e †mLv‡b PwP©Z mgv‡Ri Qwe `ye©j| wkí Kvw•ÿZ cwie„Ë AR©b K‡iwb| ga¨weË kû‡i Rxe‡bi GKUv wbwe©ev`x PvjwPÎ A¼b K‡i‡Qb evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 267



†jLK| AbvwgKv nK wjwj (R. 1948) wbj¤^b (1983), e¨Äbv (1984), hvZbv (1988), AócÖni (1990), Kz‡i Kz‡i (1991), Avwg †Zvgv‡`iB †jvK (2002), Kjg ZzwgB e‡jv (2003)Gme M‡í GK ai‡bi ga¨weË †ivg¨vw›UKZv weivRgvb| Zuvi fvlvfw½ wbR¯^, wb‡Ri cwicvk¦©B Zuvi Mí‡K wN‡i _v‡K| bvMwiK I cvwievwiK welqweb¨vmB aiv c‡o G MíKv‡ii M‡í| Avb&Iqvi Avng` (1941-2003) mshZ I axij‡qi RxebvbyivMx MíKvi| cwikªgx fvebvq M‡í Zz‡j Av‡bb mgKvj, wea„Z mgvR-†cÖÿvcU, µz× Rxeb †PZbv| Zuvi Mífvlv `„p n‡jI, cøUweb¨vm `ye©j| mZK© cÖniv (1983) Zuvi MíMÖš’| ûgvqyb AvRv` (1947-2004) cÖ_vwe‡ivax mvnmx †jLK ûgvhyb AvRv‡`i MíMÖš’ hv`yK‡ii g„Zz¨ (1996)| cÖZxKx G M‡í mgvR-iv‡óªi iƒcwU Zz‡j a‡ib †jLK| ûgvqyb AvRv` M‡í Lye †ewk Zuvi wkí‡gav‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡ibwb| Z‡e wkíb›`‡bi †P‡q ivóª-mgvR †ewk wKsev Riæwi n‡q c‡o Zuvi K_‡b| d‡j wPÎj eY©bv¸‡jv n‡q c‡o `ye©j, AwfmwÜhy³| wZwb †gavex, m„Rbkxj wKš‘ Dc‡hvwMZvi Øviv n‡q c‡ob Amshgx, hv Zuvi wkí‡K K‡i evavMÖ¯Í| wecÖ`vk eo–qv (R. 1942)i ïiæ n‡qwQj AvUwU M‡íi mgš^‡q iwPZ mv`v Kwdb (1984) bvgK MíMÖš’ w`‡q| GQvov hy×R‡qi Mí (1985), MvOwPj (1987), b`xi bvg MYZš¿ (1987), exiv½bvi †cÖg (1987), Dwé GKwU †cÖ‡gi Mí (1988), ¯^cœwgwQj (1989), AvKv‡k †cÖ‡gi ev`j (1989), ¯^cœ mgy‡`ª eb‡`exiv Av‡Q (1990), wbe©vwPZ †cÖ‡gi Mí (1990), Avwg gyw³hy× mg_©b Kwi (1991), ¯^cœmy›`ix (1994), A‡jŠwKK Pz¤^b (1995), Avwg GKwU ¯^cœ wK‡bwQjvg (1996), wd‡i ZvKv‡ZB †`wL e½eÜz (1997) cÖf„wZ MíMÖ‡š’ †`k-gvwU-gvbyl Avi wbmM© wPivqZ e¨Äbvq wPwÎZ| cvnvoce©Z AvwkªZ gvby‡li Rxeb GK ai‡bi gy»Zvq cÖwZdwjZ Zuvi M‡í| ¯^cœmsMÖv‡gi cÖwZiƒc Av‡Q AiY¨vbxi Avov‡j| Avgv‡`i †QvUM‡í wZwb Ab¨ai‡bi †jLK| mvaviY gvby‡li AmvaviY RxebmsMÖvg, we‡eK I g~j¨‡ev‡ai iƒcvšÍi, civwRZ I Rqx gvbyl ˆewPΨgq Awfav jvf K‡i Zuvi M‡í| Zuvi gyw³hy‡×i Mí¸‡jv‡Z Av‡Q wfbœgvÎv I Dcjwä| MÖv‡gi c‡U †jLv M‡íi †cÖÿvcUI bZzb †gRv‡Ri| wecÖ`vk eo–qvi eY©bvfw½ wb‡Uvj, KíbviwÄZ Ges eûfw½g| B‡Zvg‡a¨B evsjv‡`‡ki Míavivq wZwb hy³ K‡i‡Qb bZzb fveixwZi†hLv‡b gvbyl‡K cÖK…wZcÖev‡n Awaôvb K‡i Zvi e¯‘wbô ev iƒcgq RMZ‡K Kvw•ÿZ K‡i †Zvjv n‡q‡Q| Abe`¨ MíKvi fv¯‹i †PŠayix (R. 1952)| Zuvi i³cv‡Zi e¨vKiY (1984), evlwÆ weNv b`x (1986), †Kv_vq wbevm (1986), cZ‡bi mgq (1987) Gme M‡í GK ai‡bi 268 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Kvwe¨KZv cwi¯ªyZ n‡jI Rxe‡bi Aviva¨ jy°vwqZ| fv¯‹i †PŠayixi cwiPh©v `ye©j, `„p cÖhZœ bb wZwb| †m Kvi‡Y Zuvi fvebv cÖwZôvi Rb¨ †h `vk©wbK eyw×i `iKvi Zv M‡í cÖwZôv cvq bv| gÄykªx †PŠayix (R. 1923) `„pcÖhZœ MíKvi| Z‡e Gme M‡íi Avw½K †Zgb mdj bq| RvMÖZ †h fv‡jv (1984), welKb¨v (1989), †mvbvi LuvPv (1989) MíMÖ‡š’i mgKvj mwÜrmy iƒcwU we”QywiZ| wbQK Rxe‡bi wewPÎ iƒcwPÎ Gme Mí| m¤¢ve¨Zvi mgMÖZv Av‡Q| gÄykªx †PŠayix ¯^vaxbZv-DËiKv‡ji ga¨weË fvewPšÍv‡KB M‡í cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| gywbiv †PŠayix (R. 1954) †gN I AZjv‡šÍ (1984), ey‡bvNªvY (1984), m~h© g„wËKv (1985), wbR©b (1986) Gme Mí A‡bKUv †ivg¨vw›UK, gaweË †PZbvwkªZ| mgvRev¯ÍeZvi wPÎ `ye©j, wbg©vY cwiKvVv‡gv mej bq| gy¯Ívdv cvbœv ¯^vaxbZv-cieZ©x MíKvi| Zuvi MíMÖš’ †jvKmKj (1984), K…òc‡ÿi cÖwZev` (1989)| cÖ_ve× aviv‡Z Mí wjL‡jI fvlv‰kwj ¯^Zš¿| Zuvi ev¯ÍevbyM M‡í Av‡Q wb‡g©vn Rxe‡bi ¯^xK…wZ| D¾¡j PwiÎ m„wó nq bv Zuvi M‡í| KviY, Míkw³ Zuvi AwR©Z nq e³e¨‡K Avkªq K‡i| bvmixb bCg (R. 1952) GLv‡b wcÄi (1984), Avi †h cvwi bv wgjvcy (1990), mnmv `ycy‡i `nb (1991), AcZ¨ †mœ‡ni Wvjcvjv (1999) cÖf„wZ MíMÖ‡š’ ga¨weË Rxe‡bi AvZ¥køvNv ev K¬vwšÍ-ˆbivk¨‡K wPÎvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi Mífvlv AvKl©Yxq| GKUv †ivg¨vw›UK Av‡g‡R ch©ewmZ n‡jI wbcyY ev¯ÍeZv‡KB wZwb gyL¨ DcRxe¨ K‡i †Zv‡jb M‡í| wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y (R. 1945) msL¨vjNy I †`kfvM Uª¨v‡RwW wb‡q Avcb `‡ji gvbyl (1985)| Kwefvl¨, wKš‘ mycvV¨ G MÖš’| B`vbxs MíM‡`¨ Zuvi cÖwZôv jÿYxq| bvMwiK Rxe‡bi µ›`b A¼‡bi Rb¨, Rxe‡bi wbôziZvi cÖKv‡ki Rb¨, M‡íB ¯^v”Q›` A‡b‡KiB| Ges GgbUvB M‡íi ev¯ÍeZvI| wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y mgq‡K A¯^xKvi K‡ib bv| ZviB cÖgvY Gme iPbv| bvRgv †Rmwgb †PŠayix (1940-1989)i Mí ga¨weË cÖeYZv cÖm~Z| Mífw½ Av‡Q| hZœI cwijwÿZ| Ab¨ bvqK (1985), †gN †K‡U †Mj (1988) Ggb M‡íi †fZi w`‡q Rxe‡bi m¤¢ve¨Zvi m~·K wZwb cixÿvq G‡b‡Qb| wkíKvVv‡gvwU `ye©j bq G MíKv‡ii| wKš‘ c~Y©v½ weKwkZ nIqvi Av‡MB wZ‡ivwnZ| †nvm‡b Aviv kv‡n` A‡bK Mí wj‡L‡Qb, wKš‘ Mífvlv AR©‡b †Zgb mÿg nbwb| Míwkí cwi‡cÖwÿZ AR©‡b A‡bKUvB `ye©j Zuvi Mí| †Kbbv cÖvq GKB D”PviY Zuvi M‡í Ny‡i wd‡i Av‡m| RbwcÖqZv _vK‡jI mgvRwfwËi cÖK…Z ¯^iwU Abycw¯’Z Zuvi †jLvq| Mí-Avw½KI †QvU †QvU, Dc‡fv‡Mi gvÎv Kg| Zuvi MíMÖš’ wMbœxi Wv‡qix (1986), Rxeb †_‡K (1986), wZh©K (1992), Rxebvb›`‡bi Rvwgb (1990), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 269



Eò Pv kxZj ü`q (2001), †Kb G `yqviUzKz (1983) cÖf„wZ| Gnmvb †PŠayix GKvˇii Mí (1986) wj‡L‡Qb| wZwb hy‡×i cÖwZK…wZ Auv‡Kb| Kwg‡UW †jLK| Rxeb`„wó A¼‡b mwµq Zuvi cÖ¯Ívebv| gyw³hy×-cieZ©x mg‡q Ggb Mí A‡b‡KB wjL‡jI Gnmvb †PŠayix ¯^vZš¿¨ dg©web¨v‡m wkíD”PZv‡K ¯úk© Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| M‡íi ÔGwbK‡WŠUÕ wPšÍvcÖm~Z n‡q GK ai‡bi mvgwMÖKZvq Ask †bq| †iRvDi ingvb (R. 1944)i MíMÖš’ AfqviY¨ (1986), ev·e›`x me (1987), we¯§„Z GK fyeb (1988), Iiv †Kv_vq †h hvq (1989), †mB Kjm †c‡q hv‡eB (1994), ¯§„wZi gvbwP‡Î Zvivi duv` (1995)| M‡íi cwiPh©vq Kwg‡UW| Mí-wbg©vY †ÿ‡Î mgMÖZvi Bw½Z envj iv‡Lb| wewPÎ iK‡gi Mí Zuvi| cÖPwjZ mgv‡Ri †fZ‡ii cÖkœ I Ø›Ø, ms¯‹vi‡PZbv Ggb wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ ïay bq `vk©wbK †g‡mR cÖ`vb Ki‡Z Pvb| cwigÐj Zuvi ga¨we‡Ëi| Z‡e wZwb me©Á n‡q I‡Vb bv| eqv‡b gywÝqvbv Av‡Q, ixwZ‡ZI ¯^vZš¿¨ cwijwÿZ| M‡íi m¨vUvqvi ˆZwi nq, wKš‘ Zuvi Aven †hb wVK †mfv‡e Zv Aby‡gv`b †`q bv| Ôbvbv ¯Í‡ii kvmbhš¿, wbivcËvKg©x, AvBbk„•Ljv evwnbx `jMZfv‡e ¯^ ¯^ †ÿ‡Î wb‡qvwRZ wQj| d‡j mvaviY gvby‡li Rb¨ e¨vcviUv Ae‡iva ev iY‡ÿ‡Î cwiYZ nIqviB K_v...ÕGfv‡e Mí ïiæ n‡j µgk Zv kvgxg †PŠayix n‡q wejwKm, iv‡eqv P‡j Avm‡j Zvi cwiYwZ wfbœ †cÖÿvc‡U Movq| fw½wUI cv‡ë hvq| welqvšÍiI N‡U| †jLK GLv‡b Ggb D‡ËRbvi AvnŸvb ev aŸwbi HK¨ eRv‡q `ye©jB g‡b nq| ˆmq` BKevj (R. 1953) Mí wj‡L‡Qb| MíK_b Av‡Q wKš‘ Zuvi fvlvi DËiY-cÖqvmwU `ye©j| ˆmq` BKev‡ji nv‡Z Mí Av‡Q wKš‘ †cÖ‡R‡›Ukvb GK Ave‡Z©i, A‡b¨Zi nb bv wZwb| Avgiv huvi K_K Zuv‡`i Avw½‡Ki AcPq PvB bv| GKw`b e½eÜz I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1986), fv‡jvevmvi cuvP cv (1987) Zuvi MíMÖš’| KvRx dRjyi ingvb (R. 1932) ga¨weË bvMwiK cÖeZ©bvq Mí †j‡Lb, AwfÁZvq _v‡K cÖevm Rxeb, ch©Ub cÖwZwµqv cÖf„wZ| `c©‡Y cÖwZwe¤^ (1987) Zuvi Giƒ‡ciB Mí| KvRx dRjyi ingv‡bi fvlv Aj¼vigq bq, Z‡e `„pZv Av‡Q| gyw³hy× I gvyw³hy×-cieZ©x ev¯ÍeZvB Zuvi M‡íi welq| †mLv‡b ÔB‡gRvwiÕ wKQy iwPZ nq bv| GK ai‡bi d¬¨vU avivfvl¨, hv Kvje„‡Ë wbcwZZ| GQvov wj‡L‡Qb hvÎx (1987), gyw³hy‡×i Mí (1988), wek¦vmNvZK (1991)| gvwjnv LvZzb (R. 1928) `xN©w`b Mí wj‡L P‡j‡Qb| g‡bi is jvj (1987), gb fv‡jv †bB (1990), ¯§„wZ Zzwg †e`bv (1993) Gme M‡í GKB cÖm‡½i cybive„wË cwijwÿZ| Mífvlv AwR©Z| wKš‘ Kvwnwb AwfÁZvc~Y© bq| Dc¯’vcbvi ixwZ Ges wØavnxb evPb‰kwj gnxeyj AvwRR 270 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



(R. 1962)i K_b¸Y| Zuvi Mí we¯Í…Z nq Avf¨šÍixY AšÍixY m~²Zi cÖe„wË m¤¢vebvi m~ÎvbymÜv‡bi cÖqvm †_‡K| cÖengvb mgq web¨¯Í Zuvi M‡í| Av‡Q DBU Ges cÖZxKx cwiPh©v| MÖvg Dbœqb Kg‡c· I bweZz‡bi fvM¨Puv` (1988), `y»MÄ (1997), grm¨cyivY (2000), Avqbvcov (2006) Gme M‡íi †fZi w`‡q ¯^Kv‡ji e¨w³gvbyl I mgv‡Ri m½wZ-Am½wZi m~·K wb‡`©k K‡ib| BddvZ Aviv (R. 1939) bvixi †ivg¨vw›UK fve wea„Z BddvZ Avivi Mí †iv`bfiv emšÍ (1989), †bvbv¯^v‡`i Rxeb (1990), GKvKx AÜKv‡i (1994) cÖf„wZ| DËwiZ bq Zuvi AwfÁZv| Rxe‡bi wewPÎevZ©vB Zuvi M‡í Av‡Q wKš‘ ˆkwj Kvwgqve bq| Aven RgvUe× bq, GK ai‡bi mijxKiY Av‡Q| PwiÎI cvb‡m| gvneye ZvjyK`vi (R. 1941) AšÍgyw© L ga¨weË Pwi‡Îi fvl¨Kvi| Zuvi Mí myeY© RqšÍx| Rxe‡bi cÖZxKxiƒc Aejw¤^Z nq Zuvi M‡í| Dcb¨v‡mi `ÿZvq wZwb wkímvwaZ| †m cÖKiYB ¯^í mgqL‡Ð wbY©xZ nq Zuvi M‡í| we¯§„Z †PZbv, ¯^cœ ev `yt¯^cœ, †Øl-wØav wb‡q †h ga¨weË AvaywbK mgv‡R weewa©Z ZviB we`y¨r”QUv D™¢vmb Zuvi Mí| Mí‰kwj kw³kvjx Ges mvg_©¨evb| AvZv miKvi (R. 1952) cÖavbZ MíKvi| Zuvi A‡bK Dcb¨vm‡K eoMí ejv hvq| †jL‡Ki MíMÖš’ : wec¾bK †Ljv m¤ú‡K© wi‡cvU©, wbwl× ivRbxwZi Mí, my›`i Zzwg cweÎZg, †eªKnxb evm Pj‡Q Pj‡Q (1997), mvnmx gvby‡li Mí, wbe©vwPZ Mí, †i ¯^cœ †i `ye„Ë| Òj¨v¤ú‡cv‡÷i †kqvjÓ Mí †_‡K wb‡j †`Lv hvq ÔwbSzg wbkx_ iv‡Z †QvU eD Pvcv Mjvq †MwO‡q †MvwO‡q Kuv‡`| gvS-iv‡Zi wn‡gj evZvm eywo Qwgi‡bi †PvL †j‡M G‡mwQj| GK jngvq Nyg‡Nvi †K‡U hvq| †PvL Lyj‡ZB `c K‡i jvwd‡q I‡V Avmgvb-fiv Pvb-Zviv| cvk wd‡i †kvqÕGici NUbvi mxgvbv a‡i P‡j Av‡m Ab¨ NUbv| †h PwiÎiv G‡m †M‡Q Zv‡`i d¬vke¨vK, euvPvi msMÖvg, KvZiZv-†cÖg-¯^cœ-Avkv| Lye FRy G·‡cÖkvb, cÖvwšÍK gvby‡li †fZ‡iB Rxeb‡K, Zvi mZ¨‡K, wek¦vm‡K cÖwZôvi †Póv; MícU †hb †mLv‡bB wbwg©Z nq| mij fvlvfw½, cÖ”Qbœ †gRvR, Dw³‡K †cuŠwQ‡q †`b Kvw•ÿZ cÖev‡n| AvZv miKvi `xN©w`‡b MíPP©vq GwM‡q‡Qb, wKš‘ cÖKiY mgKvj-¯úk©x nqwb| w¯’iZv ev Avjm¨ B`vwbsKvi M‡í cwijwÿZ| DËi‡Yi c_wUi Rb¨ Zuvi wbixÿv `iKvi| Rvdi ZvjyK`vi (R. 1952) ÔPviw`‡K GZ †h gvby‡li †kvi‡Mvj, †Kvjvn‡ji †XD†mw`‡K †Kvb 僇ÿc †bB †gv‡UI| †gjv †`Lvi g‡Zv wfoUv ax‡i ax‡i Rbvi‡Y¨ cwiYZ n‡q hvIqvi ci Zvi a¨vb †hb wQbœ n‡jv nVvr| cÖPÐ bMœ Kvjxi g‡Zv D‡V `uvovj `xcÖ fw½‡Z| Zvici nVvr KvVk³ evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 271



wkïwU‡K ey‡K †U‡b Zz‡j w`kvnvivi g‡Zv Qy‡U Pjj mi`vievwoi w`‡K|Õ Rvdi ZvjyK`vi Ggb `„wó‡Kv‡Y †j‡Lb Abœ`vm (1990), gvby‡li MÜ (1990), †cÖ‡gi Mí (1991), wbe©vwPZ Mí (2004)| ev¯ÍevbyM cÖK…wZwU Zuvi aiv c‡o K_bcÖqv‡m| cÖK…wZ Avi ev¯ÍeZv ci¤úiv m„wói ci, Rxe‡bi ev¯ÍeZv †mLv‡b wbg©g `ytmnZvq cÖKi‡Y ch©ewmZ nq| MíKv‡ii KÉ cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv aŸwb‡Z AvUKvq, KL‡bv axi Avevi Aw¯’i wKsev `ªæZ; AvÂwjK msjv‡c AweK…Z cÖjvc, Øvw›ØKZv K‡Vvi†mKvi‡YB Zv D”PwKZ bq, cÖ”QbœGiKg mewgwj‡q Rvdi ZvjyK`v‡ii Mí| mgvRev¯ÍeZvB Zuvi Avw½K, †mwU G mg‡q AviI cÖLi, DËiY Av‡Q, ˆewPΨI ¯^vfvweK; Z‡e †klvewa RxebB Rqx Zuvi M‡í| c~iex emyi (R. 1949) bvixev`x †PZbv Av‡ivwcZ bv n‡jI bvixi Avkv-AvKv•ÿv I Rxeb Abycw¯’Z bq M‡í| eis Zv cÖwZwôZ nq bvbv †hŠw³KZvq Ges ev¯ÍeZvq| c~iex emyi fvlv kw³kvjx, †PZbvi ¯^”QZv Av‡Q| Rxe‡bi wek¦vm‡K wZwb ˆewPΨgq K‡i †Zv‡jb, ¯^`xwÿZ †PZbvq| ïay AwfÁZv bq, wPšÍ‡b eyw×i `xwßI cwijwÿZ Zuvi †jLvq| c~iex emyi Mí, AvRb¥ cievmx, †m bwn bwn, wbiæ× mgxiY cÖf„wZ Zuvi M‡íi eB| ˆmq` gbRyiæj Bmjvg (R. 1951) cÖej e¨w³‡Z¡ ˆkwji eybwb Pvjvb| cvV-AwfÁZv Zuvi A‡bKgywL, wewPÎ Rxeb Zuvi Avq‡Ë| mvaviYZ mgv‡Ri ¯Íivb¨vm Zuvi `„wówe›`y iPbv K‡i| ÔDevB`yj gvey‡`i Avmj †ckv ZvweR wewµ bq, Zvi Avmj †ckv nvW©Iqvi e¨emv|... ZvweR wewµUv Zvi GKUv kL, A_ev ejv hvq ¯^cœvw`ó eva¨evaKZvÕ ZvweRIqvjvi Kvwnwb Gici bvbvw`‡K Qovq, cwie¨vß nq mgv‡R, Avkv-AvKv•ÿv I ev¯ÍeZvi †fZ‡i| mgv‡Ri †kªwY¯Íi‡K wPwýZ K‡ib †jLK| ms¯‹viKzms¯‹vi, ¯^w¯Í-mv‡a¨i cÖk¸ œ ‡jvi Kvh©KiY iƒc cÖKvk Ki‡Z wM‡q GKUv cwi”Qbœ ˆkwj MÖnY K‡ib MíKvi| Zuvi MÖš’ : ¯^wbe©vwPZ †kªô Mí (1994), _vKv bv _vKvi Mí (1995), †cÖg I cÖv_©bvi Mí (2005) cÖf„wZ| cvi‡fR †nv‡mb (R. 1964) mv¤cÖwZK †jLvq e¨w³ev¯ÍeZvi ¯^iƒcwU cÖwZwôZ| A‡bKUv D”Q¡vm Av‡Q, Av‡Q cwi‡ek eqv‡bi mwnòzZv| ÿwqZ i³cyZzj (1990), e„wð‡Ki Rvj I Ab¨vb¨ (1993) Gme M‡í Dcwb‡ek-DËi Aw¯ÍZ¡, msKU, gb¯Í‡Ë¡i GKUv ¯^iƒc cwijwÿZ| Zuvi Mí cÖej ev¯ÍevbyM| GK ai‡bi MwZI Av‡Q| mgKv‡ji cÖwZwµqvkxj ev¯ÍeZvq †kªwYPwi‡Îi iƒc A¼b Ges Zvi wecix‡Z ÿwqòz PwiÎ m„wó‡Z cvi‡fR †nv‡m‡bi cÖKiY mwVK c‡_B cÖevwnZ| GLb Zuvi weKwkZ iƒcwUi Rb¨ cvV‡Ki AvKv•ÿv|



272 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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M‡íi cÖ_g w`KUvq Zv ¯úó| c‡i cÖengvb A‡bKvšÍ Dcv`v‡b A‡b¨Zi NUbv ch©vß I myôziƒ‡c ch©ewmZ nq bv| we”QywiZ we`y¨r”QUv n‡q c‡o Awbqwš¿Z| G Rb¨ AviI mshZ wmw×i Zcm¨v `iKvi nq| ZeyI G mg‡qi me‡P‡q mgvR m‡PZb I AvaywbKgb¯‹ MíKvi wZwb| KviY, GwbK‡WŠ‡U wKQyB Zuvi wew”Qbœ bq| cwiw¯’wZi †hŠw³KZv Zuvi M‡í mwVK| m¤¢vebvi m~Î wKQyB Ag~jK bq| Zuvi Giƒc cwiw¯’wZi dmj : gvwUcyivY cvjv (1999), RjWv½vi ev‡qv‡¯‹vc (2001), ay‡jvgvwUi Rb¥m~Î (2004), K_vgbyl¨cyivY (2007)| mv` Kvgvjx (R. 1962) Kv‡ji gvÎv‡K ai‡Z Pvb M‡í| mgv‡Ri nvwÇmvi gvbyl‡K Zz‡j Av‡bb AvaywbK cÖKi‡Y| ms¯‹vi-Kzms¯‹vi, ¯^cœ`yt¯^cœ, AvwZ©-fq, wØav-†`vUvbv BZ¨vKvi me welq Kxfv‡e Rxe‡b MÖvm K‡i; A‡šÍevmx gvbyl‡K cwinvmwcÖq K‡i †Zv‡jZviB msev` Av‡Q Zuvi M‡í| ÒAv¸‡bi MÖnYÓ DׄZ Ki‡j Zvi ¯^iƒcwU †Pbv hvq : ÔAveyj dRj wbwðZ nq Av¸bB Zvi ¯¿x| Av¸‡bi ggZvgq ¯ú‡k© Zvi `„wó VvÐv Ges ü`q nq Dò| kixi †eva K‡i wejvm ˆefe| Av¸‡bi †Quvqvq KwY©qv AviI eo n‡j PZzc©v‡k¦© iO UjUj K‡i, `„wó nq cÖLi| mK‡ji Bw›`ªq †m mgq `„wói mœvqy‡Z AwZwi³ kw³ I ÿgZvi †hvMvb †`q|...Õ G ˆkwj‡Z AšÍRM© ‡Zi msev` GK iK‡gi wbweoZvq †hgb Av”Qbœ nq †Zgwb ˆZwi K‡i cwimªyZ ev¯ÍeZvi cUwPÎ| iPbvq Ôg¨vwRK wiqvwjwUÕi cÖKiY, GK ev¯ÍweK k‡Z© cvV Kiv hvq| mgmvgwqK ivRbxwZ Avi MÖvg _v‡K M‡íi †K‡›`ª| eY©bvi cÖZxKx cÖqvm†hLv‡b ¯^we‡iva, g‡bvc„‡ôi RwUjZv, Bw›`ªq Av”QbœZv PvjwP‡Îi M‡`¨ wbwg©wZ cvq| Z‡e cÖ_g w`‡Ki M‡í Av‡Q †jvKRxeb I cyivY cÖm½| AviR dwKi, Avjdz Mv‡qb wKsev Pv›`y I ewmi eqvwZ aviY K‡i GK mnwRqv †jvKvqZ Rxeb| mvaviYZ wb¤œe‡M©i gvbyl †cÖg-cÖK…wZ ˆ`b¨Zv wb‡q nvwRi nq Zuvi M‡í| mv` Kvgvjxi `k©b AvZ¥exÿvi, RMr Rxeb‡K ˆeÁvwbK Z_v wek¦exÿvq ch©‡eÿY| Avi Zv Ki‡Z wM‡qB bvbv wbixÿvq Rxe‡bi Zj‡`k ch©šÍ hvÎv| AvZ¥mgxÿvi †fZ‡i GKiK‡gi Rxebev`‡KB cÖwZwôZ K‡ib wZwb M‡í| Ae‡k‡l wbtkã AwšÍ‡g (1992), Awfe¨w³ev`x Mí (1996), DcK_vi Av‡cj (1996), Av¸‡bi MÖnY (2000) Gme M‡í †jL‡Ki cwikªg wemwR©Z AvZ¥-Abyf~wZi Zv‡c wKsev gb¯Í‡Ë¡i weeiY`ÿZvq| mv` Kvgvjx cÖ_g MÖ‡š’ wb‡R‡K cÖmvwiZ Kivi ci Awfe¨w³ev`x M‡í Pwi‡Îi AvZ¥-Abyf~wZi cÖKvk Gici Av¸‡bi Mªn‡Y mvg~wnK AwfÁZv †PZbvi AšÍgyw© L ms‡e`x cÖev‡n Kve¨eqb| Z‡e Zuvi Kve¨gq eY©bv AvKl©Yxq| evsjv‡`‡ki †QvUM‡í wZwb GKcÖKv‡ii mvg_©¨ AR©b K‡i 274 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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ûmvBb (R. 1962)i Mí kvšÍ mš¿v‡mi Puv`gvwi (1995)| Gici †j‡Lb gvby‡li g„Zz¨ n‡j (2000), Avgvi Rvbv wQj wKQz (2000), evjK †ejvi †KŠkj (2002), wbiæ‡Ïk cÖK‡íi cÖwZfv (2002), K‡qKRb mvgvb¨ gvbyl (2003), GKwU ¯§viKMÖ‡š’i RxebcªYvjx, ivóªh‡š¿i †Ljvayjv, hy×vciva I f‚wge¨e¯’vi A¯úó weeiY (2011), AÜR‡bi RvZKK_v (2014)| gvgyb ûmvB‡bi Mí `xN©vqZ| ga¨weË AwfÁZvi Rvi‡Y mgvR-ivRbxwZi cvV Zxÿè m¨Uvqv‡i Av‡eMgq cÖKí iPbv K‡i| DB‡Ui AvkÖq Pwi‡Îi Avwe®‹v‡i, hv cwiKíbvq wQj Zv‡KB Ávb wbwg‡Ë eywb‡q †Zv‡jb| PwiÎ Avwe®‹v‡i Zvi cÖwZcv`¨ cvV-AwfÁZv, KL‡bv e¨w³ AwfÁZv| AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqv‡mi Abyiæ× bv n‡jI, wKQz KÉaŸwbi Av‡e‡M Zv A¯úó _v‡K bv| m¤§y‡Li `„k¨gvb e¯‘‡K cÖLi K‡i †Zv‡jb Zuvi mywRZ A‡gvN ch©‡eÿ‡YÑ ÔAvgiv `wÐZ n‡q Rxe‡bi †kvfv †`‡L hvB|Õ †Pv‡Li cvZv gv‡S gv‡SB Lye Kuv‡c| Avgvi †Pv‡Li Wv³vi cÖavbgš¿xi Dc‡`óv n‡q G‡Zv `~‡i †cuŠ‡Q †M‡Q †h, `~‡ii cvIqviUvI Avi KvR K‡i bv| Kvj iv‡Z ¯^cœ †`‡LwQ gv‡K| mvivw`bivZ N‡i e‡m e‡m †evi n‡q hvw”Q|Õ Gfv‡e weei‡Yi we¯Í…wZ‡Z e¨cKZv, MfxiZv, mRxeZv I gbxlvi cÖe„wË cÖMvp n‡q I‡V| gvgyb DBUF×, cÖPj‡K AvNvZ K‡ib eY©bvi Pjrkw³‡Z| MR`šÍwgbvi bq, Kvj¯ú„ó n‡qB wZwb Avwe®‹v‡ii cwiµgv cybM©Vb K‡ib| BgwZqvi kvgxg (R. 1965) ivRbxwZm‡PZb, cÖLi DËvcZvwoZ| cÖjw¤^Z Zuvi Mí| wW‡U‡ji †fZ‡i _v‡K Rxeb I mgv‡Ri AvšÍtcvV| cyuwRev‡`i cÖwZwµqvkxj iƒc, ÿwqòz e¨w³me©¯^ PwiÎ ˆZwi nq Zuvi M‡í| AZtci µgk hveZxq †kvlY I cÖwZ‡iv‡ai kw³‡Z cwiYZ nq Zvi PwiÎiv| cÖvY-DÏxcK fvlvq, M‡íi Uv‡b, we`ªƒc wKsev i½im ev` hvq bv| wbivfiY; ZvB fvlv wb‡q cixÿvwbixÿv bq, eis Kvw•ÿZ Pwi‡Îi cÖe„wË I m¤¢vebv‡K A‡š¦l‡Yi K‡g© wjß nb kvgxg| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_g †_‡K G ch©šÍ wZwb m‡PZb| D`vni‡Y Avbv hvq ÒAPwiZv_© c~e©Rb¥Ó Ges †klw`‡Ki iPbv ÒRjvf~wgÓ| †K¬`v³ PwiÎ wbwg©wZ cvq kni ev MÖvg Dfq cUf~wg‡Z| Zuvi cÖ_g M‡íi eB kxZNy‡g GKRxeb (1996) Gici MÖvgvq‡bi BwZK_v (2000), K‡qKwU g„Z gywbqv (2002), gvrmb¨v‡qi evKcÖwZgv (2005) BZ¨vw`| Avngv` †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj (R. 1969) cÖ‡Z¨K M‡íB †hgb †g‡mR _v‡K †Zgwb GK cÖKvi wØZxq gvbyl (1998), Avgiv GKwU M‡íi Rb¨ A‡cÿv KiwQ (2000), AÜKv‡i wKQyB †`Lv hv‡”Q bv e‡j (2004), NifwZ© gvbyl A_ev ˆbtk㨠(2007)Gme MíMÖ‡š’I †g‡mR Av‡Q| Z‡e ïay †g‡mR bq `vk©wbKZv A‡bK hyw³ cvq Avngv` 276 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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ÒgvbylÓ(iPbv 1947, cÖ_g cÖKvk 1950), fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖÿvc‡U †jLv ÒKeiÓ(iPbv 1953, 1966, evsjv‡`‡k cÖ. A. 1972), cvðvZ¨ Av¨emvW© ixwZ‡Z †cŠivwYK cybwb©gvY Ò`ÐKviY¨Ó (1966) Zxÿèax msjv‡c D¾¡j I RxešÍ| cÖwZev`x bvwUKv Kei gybxi †PŠayixi mv_©K iPbv| wefv‡MvËi mg‡q iv‡óªi †kªwYPwi‡Îi †kvlY, wbcxob‡K cÖZxKx Bw½‡Z GLv‡b ïay Zz‡j Avbv bq; kvmK Pwi‡Îi ¯^iƒc I mvgwóK cÖwZ‡iv‡ai kw³‡KI bvU‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgv‡ji g‡Z : ÔGB mgqmxgvi wfZ‡i ivR‰bwZK fv½vMov Ges A_©‰bwZK cyiwe©b¨v‡mi d‡j evsiv‡`‡k †h bZzb ga¨weË †kÖYxi D™¢e I weKvk N‡U gybxi †PŠayixi bvUK cÖavbZ ZviB cÖwZK…wZ|Õ nvwdR, †bZv, gy`©v dwKi Ggb Pwi·K evqvbœi i³v³ c‡U ¯’vcb K‡i Pig DrKÉvi cwi‡e‡k †jLK cÖLi ؛؇K Zz‡j G‡b‡Qb| G‡ÿ‡Î gybxi †PŠayixi mdjZv mshZ msjv‡c AwaKZi e¨Äbvq ev¯ÍeZv‡K my`~icÖmvix K‡i †Zvjvq| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ †gŠwjK GKv¼ bvUK bI‡Rvqvb KweZv gRwjk (1943), msNvZ (1943), ¸Ðv (1944), GKwU gkv (1982), †bZv (1982), XvKv (1982), MZKvj C` wQj (1982), GKvw¼Kv (1945), ivRvi Rb¥w`b (1946), †ekwiqwZ (1947), cjvkx e¨vivK (1948), wdUKjvg (1948), Avcwb †K (iPbv 1948, cÖ_g cÖKvk 1955), bó †Q‡j (1950), wgwjUvix (1950), `Ð (1966), `Ðai (1966), GKZjv †`vZjv (1965), Kz‡cvKvr (1966), gg©vwšÍK (1967), eskai (1967)| bó †Q‡j bvU‡Ki g~j Ø›Ø M‡o D‡V‡Q ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ jovB‡q mwµq iv‡k`v I cvwK¯Ívbx aŸRvavwi evev GiZvRy‡ji Av`k© I ؛؇K †K›`ª K‡i| GKRb bvixi msMÖvgx-ivR‰bwZK Kg©x n‡q IVvi NUbvB bvU‡Ki g~j cÖwZcv`¨| bvU¨Kvi bexb-cÖexb Ø›Ø †`wL‡q‡Qb, cÖMwZkxj wPšÍvi ewntcÖKvk bó †Q‡j| †jL‡Ki gvbyl bvUKwU †jLv n‡q‡Q `v½v wb‡q : Ôcwi®‹vi †`L‡Z cvw”Q, kixi †_‡K Mjv †K‡U gv_vUv Avjv`v K‡i †d‡j‡Q| †gv‡k©‡`i Kv‡jv †KuvKov PzjPvKeuvav i‡³i `jvi m‡½ †j‡Þ Ii Mvp giv †PvL †X‡K †i‡L‡Q|Õ Kei gybxi †PŠayixi bvU¨‡gavi mdj iƒcvqY| Ôi‡Yk `vk †Mvc‡b wPwV wj‡LwQ‡jb Avgv‡K| mvg‡b GKz‡k †deªæqvix| GKUv bvUK wj‡L w`‡Z n‡e| †RjLvbv‡Z AwfbxZ n‡e| i‡Yk`vi ûKzg, Avgv‡K wjL‡ZB n‡jv bvUK| †mwU Kei|Õ (Kei cÖm‡½ gybxi †PŠayixi mvÿvrKvi)| Kei wbtm‡›`‡n AvaywbK bvUK| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cwi‡cÖwÿZ _vK‡jI Kvh©Z ivóª ebvg RbZv, †bZvi wecix‡Z gy`©v dwK‡ii we`ªƒcvZ¥K cÖwZwµqv, nvbv †`Iqv 286 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Zxÿè DBU †ek Dc‡fvM¨| msjvc kw³kvjx, ey‡bvU bvU¨fvlv, mewKQz Qvwc‡q d‡g© AvaywbK `„wófw½i mvejxj cÖ‡qvMwbwðZA‡_©B evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡Ki BwZnv‡m Av‡jvKmÂvix c`‡ÿc| Vvmv M‡`¨ GKUzI Ag‡bv‡hvM nIqvi my‡hvM †bB, gÂ-cwiKíbvwUI be-AwfhvÎvi w`KcÖm~b| cvðvZ¨ bvU‡Ki cÖfve (Bury The Dead) Gi K_v Dwo‡q w`‡q‡Qb bvU¨Kvi ¯^qs, GwU Zuvi ¯^m„óÑ †hLv‡b A¨vemvW© d‡g©i cÖ‡qvM Av‡Q| D`vniY : †bZv : (PgwKqv) †K? GUv wK Avevi? nvwdR : (†`wLqv) BwWqU! GUv wK †Zvgvi c¨v‡iW MÖvDÛ bvwK? e›`y‡Ki ¸wji g‡Zv m¨vjyU Ki‡Z wk‡LQ †`LwQ| wK PvI? MvW© : Mvox‡Z DBV¨v nM‡j Avcbv‡Mv jBMv G‡šÍRvi KiZv‡Q| me Kvg LZg| KviwdD †kl nB‡ZI Avi †`ix bvB| nvwdR : (cÖ_g jÿ¨ Kwij †h, g Lvwj! fvj K‡i K‡qKevi †PvL KPjvq) ¸W&| me KvR LZg †Zv? ¸W& me KvR LZg l¨vi| bxU Re| wek¦vm n‡”Q bv eywS m¨vi| fvj K‡i †`Lyb bv wb‡RB| †bZv : ax‡i ax‡i †PvL NyivBqv †`‡L, Zvici mvg‡bi w`‡K A_©nxb welYœ `„wó †gwjqv Pzc Kwiqv _v‡K) ûg! MvW© : wKQz Zvjvk Ki‡Z‡Qb ûRyi? LyBRv †`Lyb? †bZv : bv P‡jv? nvwdR : wKQz bv m¨vi! Gme wKQz bv| †Mvi¯Ív‡b GiKg K‡Zv wKQz nq| Zvi Ici Avevi m¨vi... gv‡b... †bZv : ûg| P‡jv! Avi `¨v‡Lv gy`©v dwiiUv‡K m‡½ wb‡Z n‡e| wKQzw`b _vKzK| (ey‡K nvZ Pvwcqv a‡i) Dch©y³ As‡ki cÖavb †dvKvm gy`©v dwKi| †bZvi fq-AvZ¼-A¯^w¯Íi AKz¯’j gy`©v dwKi| wKš‘ †mwU msjv‡c µg-wµqviZ, cwi‡ek Ges Avenms‡KZgqZvi †fZi w`‡q| iv‡óªi Abw¯ÍZ¡ e¨w³ Z_v †bZvi wØavwš^Z mËvq wPwýZ| †bZv GLv‡b fzuB‡dvo, duvcv, Møvwbhy³, †K¬`v³ I nZvkvKvZi| †m welqwU we‡kl d‡g© AbyfeMÖvn¨ n‡q I‡V bvU‡K| GKvw¼Kvi †fZ‡i mg¯Í †Ubkb †hb Vvmv, cwic~Y©| gybxi †PŠayixi c~Y©v½ iƒcvšÍwiZ bvUK : RR© evb©vW kÕi You never can tell-Gi iƒcvšÍi †KD wKQy ej‡Z cv‡i bv (1967), Rb Mjm&Iqv`©xi The silver box-Gi iƒcvšÍi iƒcvi †KŠUv (1969), †Rvnvb AMv÷ w÷ªÐev‡M©i The father-Gi iƒcvšÍi RbK (1970)| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 287



icvšÍwiZ GKv¼ bvUK : ¯^vgx mv‡n‡ei AbkbeªZ (1946), Rgv LiP I BRv (1968), gnvivR (1968), ¸M©b Luvi nxiv (1968), jjvU wjLb (1969)



Ab~w`Z c~Y©v½ bvUK : DBwjqvg †kKm&cxqvi Aej¤^‡b Ô†Uwgs Ae& w` kÖyÕi Aej¤^‡b gyLiv igYx ekxKiY (1970)| G bvU‡K Abyev`‡Ki `ÿZvi cwiPq †g‡j| h‡_ó ¯^vaxbZv wb‡q gybxi †PŠayix cÖK…Z bvUKxq Aven m„wó, `ÿ msjvc ˆZwi Ges im‡ev‡ai Zxÿè cwigvR©bv G‡b Bw›`ªqMÖv‡g h‡_ó cÖvY m„wó K‡ib| bvUKwUi Abyev`K wn‡m‡e gybxi †PŠayix GKwU `„óvšÍ| Ab~w`Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Amgvß bvUK : †kKmcxq‡ii I‡_‡jv, †U‡bmx DBwjqvgm-Gi G ÷ªxUKvi †bg&W& wWRvqvi Aej¤^‡b Mvoxi bvg evmbvcyi, †ivwgI-Rywj‡qU, †kKm&cxq‡ii gvP G¨vWy G¨vevDU bvw_©s-Gi Abyev` AKviY Wvgv‡Wvj, RR© evb©vW© kÕi g¨vb G¨Û mycvig¨vb, BDRxb IÕbxj gwb©s weKv&m& B‡jKUªvi Abyev` B‡jKUªvi Rb¨ †kvK, †kwiWv‡bi w` ¯‹zj di ¯‹¨vÐvj| Aveyj dRj (1903-1983) evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡Ki BwZnv‡m Aveyj dR‡ji Ae`vb †Zgb Zvrch©c~Y© bq| bvbv iK‡gi bvUK wZwb iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Aveyj dR‡ji GKvw¼Kv GKwU mKvj (1936), Av‡jvKjZv (1936), ¯^q¤^iv (1966)| Gme GKvw¼Kvq w·ki mvwnZ¨v‡›`vjb I ZrKvjxb g‡bvfw½i Qvc weivRgvb| Kv‡q‡` AvRg (1946) Zuvi RxebxwfwËK iPbv| cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbK G †bZvi Rxebv`k© wb‡q G bvUK| bvU¨Kvi wj‡L‡Qb : ÔKv‡q‡` AvRg wQ‡jb ¯^fve wbqgZvwš¿K, Ñ mv_©K bvUK iPbvi Rb¨ q¨vKkb& (NUbvi) `iKvi, Zuvi Rxe‡b bvUKxq NUbvi wQj GKvšÍB Afve| Kv‡q‡` AvRg †h ai‡bi bvUK, Zv‡Z Kv‡ji ci¤úiv iÿv Kiv m¤¢e bq| KviY, PwiÎB GLv‡b gyL¨, NUbv †bnv‡qr †MŠY|Õ GwU BwZnvm-Avw`ó PwiÎ n‡jI bvUKxq ¸Y iÿvi Rb¨ wKqr cwigv‡Y wZwb Kíbvi Avkªq wb‡q‡Qb| †Mv‡Mv‡ji Mí Aej¤^‡b Aveyj dR‡ji iƒcvšÍwiZ bvUK QÙ‡ekx (1970)| GKvw¼Kv bvU‡K Zuvi bvU¨cÖwZfvi Qvc dz‡U DV‡jI e¯‘Z cÖeÜ Ges K_vmvwn‡Z¨B wZwb mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i‡Qb| cÖMwZ (1948) Aveyj dR‡ji Ab¨ bvUK| Av. b. g. eRjyi ikx` (1911-1986) Av.b.g. eRjyi ikx‡`i wecyj iPbvm¤¢v‡i Kwe I bvU¨Kvi wn‡m‡eB Zuvi we‡kl L¨vwZ| evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡Ki ˆ`b¨`kv †_‡K gyw³i cÖqv‡m Av.b.g. 288 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



eRjyi ikx‡`i Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©| gybxi †PŠayix Zuvi DËi-dvêybx (1964) m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb, Ômsjvc me©Î gayi Ges gvwR©Z| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ¯’‡j Aj¼vigwÐZ inm¨vjv‡ci †KŠkjgq e¨env‡i byiæj‡gv‡gbx mv_©KZv AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb|Õ Ggb gšÍ‡e¨ wefv‡MvËi mg‡qi ÿYRb¥v bvU¨Kvi‡`i Abymvwi‡Z `uvwo‡q hvb Av. b. g. eRjyi ikx`| Avgv‡`i RvZxq Rxebavivi Mfx‡i bvUK Av`„Z nqwb; Awfbq‡hvM¨ bvUK †Zv AviI `~icivnZ wQj| G ev¯ÍeZvq bvU¨Kv‡ii iƒcvšÍi (1970); wesk kZvãxi cwieZ©b, weÁvb-exÿv, mg-AwaKvi m‡e©vcwi cuywRev‡`i AvMÖvmx ZrciZv Zxÿè ch©‡eÿ‡Y bvUKxqZv cvq| GLv‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq, i½g I ev¯Íe Rxeb‡K GK mgxKi‡Y Dc¯’vwcZ Kiv| Gi Rb¨ bvU¨Kv‡ii `„k¨wbg©vY, msjvc eqb, Ø›Øgq ci¤úiv ˆZwi Awbevh©| Av. b. g. eRjyi ikx` G‡ÿ‡Î mv_©K ejv P‡j| Zuvi Ab¨ bvUK S‡oi cvwL (1959), mshy³v (1965), DËiY (1969), wkjv I ˆkwj (1967), myi I Q›` (1967), hv n‡Z cv‡i (1962), G‡K G‡K GK (1969), avbKgj (1969), DËiY (1969)| Av. b. g. eRjyi ikx‡`i abyqv Mv‡Oi Zx‡i, †Kvb GK `xcK mܨvq Ges †g‡ni †Zvgvi bvg-Gi msKjb wÎgvwÎK (1373) Kve¨bvU¨| Zuvi me bvUKB wk‡ívËxY© bqZ‡e bvU‡K wkí wewbg©v‡bi c_wU ˆZwi n‡q‡Q Zuvi nv‡Z| mgv‡Ri cÖkwœ e× ˆbwZKZv, g~j¨‡ev‡ai wech©q, bZzb-cyivZ‡bi Ø›Ø-we‡iva, Avkvev` Zuvi bvU‡K Av‡Q| †fvMme©¯^ cyuwRev`x mgv‡Ri Djøçb, wg_¨v AnsKvi, beMwVZ gymwjg ga¨weË †kªwYi gb¯ÍË¡ bvU‡K PwiÎ m„wó K‡i‡Q| ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ i³Kgj| GQvov wZwb wKQy Kve¨-bvwUKv wj‡L‡Qb| kIKZ Imgvb (1917-1998) K_vwkíx kIKZ Imgvb bvU¨Kvi wn‡m‡eI cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i‡Qb| A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bvUK Abyev`I K‡i‡Qb| Rvg©vwbi bvU¨Kvi gwj‡qi bvU‡Ki Abyev` K‡i‡Qb gwj‡qi cuvPwU bvUK (1965) wk‡ivbv‡g| GQvov Z¯‹i I j¯‹i (1945) Zuvi `yA‡¼ mgvß mvgvwRK bvUK| gvbweK g~j¨‡eva, Rxe‡bi cÖwZ‡ivax ch©vq wPwýZ kIKZ Imgv‡bi bvU‡K| wek¦hy‡×vËi ev¯ÍeZvq G bvU‡Ki g~jPwiÎ gvngy` Avjxi Ô†gwdm‡UvwdwjmÕiƒ‡c cwiYwZ Kvwnwb‡Z M„nxZ| Zuvi cÂv¼ cÖnmb KuvKigwY (1949)| G bvU‡K AwfRvZ †kªwYi ¯^iƒc‡K †kølvZ¥K K‡i cwi‡ekb K‡i‡Qb bvU¨Kvi| NUbvi ¸iæZ¡ fvlvbylw½d‡j cÖnmb wn‡m‡e Zv mdjB ejv P‡j| Jcwb‡ewkK Pwi‡Îi weiæ‡× †kv‡n‡ii cÖwZwµqvq iwPZ Avgjvi gvgjv (1949)| GQvov evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 289



HwZnvwmK c‡U iwPZ iƒcK bvUK evM`v‡`i Kwe (1952)| ÔBwZnvm weL¨vZ nviæbi ikx‡`i ivRZ¡Kv‡ji GKwU we‡kl w`K, Zvi e¨w³ Rxeb, †cÖg BZ¨vw`‡Z †K›`ª K‡i bvU‡Ki Kvwnbx AvewZ©Z n‡jI bvU‡K bvU¨Kvi Zuvi mgKvjxb †`kKvj †PZbv †_‡K wew”Qbœ _vK‡Z cv‡ib wb|Õ bvU‡Ki Kvwnwb‡Z †kvlYnxb mgvR MV‡bi ¯^cœ Av‡Q| Kvwnwb, Pwi‡Îi AvwZ¥K Ø›Ø I mdj msjv‡ci cÖ‡qv‡M bvUKwU mvdj¨gwÐZ ejv P‡j| bvUKwUi Ab¨Zg PwiÎ Kwe BmnvK| MYZvš¿K AwaKvi msMÖvg bvU¨Kv‡ii gvbm cÖwZcv`¨, Zv-B iƒc‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb : gyjyK aŸsm †nv‡q hv‡”Q, Bmjv‡gi AvbRvg †bB, auy‡K auy‡K wZ‡j wZ‡j g‡i‡Q †`nvZx gvbylkn‡ii Mwj‡Z wfÿzKGw`‡K Bmjv‡gi †MŠie djv‡”Qb hZ `vMvevR kqZvb wLÄx‡ii `j| nviæbi ikx`‡K AvR Bmjv‡gi ÔmeKÕ w`‡q Avm‡Z n‡e wKix‡P m½x‡b| j¾v K‡i bvgymjgvb fvB fvB Z‡e kvn& myjZvb kvnRv‡`i GZ †ivqve †Kb? †Kvb Bmjvgx †RŠj‡l? Zv‡`i kv`x †gvevi‡K GZ bRivbvi fos †Kb? Bmjvg...| kIKZ Imgvb I iv‡g›`y gRyg`vi (R. 1942)-Gi †hŠ_ bvU¨cÖqvm µxZ`v‡mi nvwm (1968)| Gi bqwU `„k¨; A¼ wefvRb Abycw¯’Z| kIKZ Imgv‡bi iƒcKvkªqx Dcb¨vm wn‡m‡e GwU †ewi‡qwQj 1963 †Z| µxZ`vm ZvZvixi Ô`yg©~j¨ nvwmÕ †¯^”QvPvwi kvmK ev`kvn nviæbi ikx` cvbwb| KviY Ô`xinvg †`ŠjZ w`‡q µxZ`vm, †Mvjvg †Kbv P‡j| euv`x †Kbv m¤¢e| wKš‘ µxZ`v‡mi nvwm †Kbv hvq bv|Õ ZvZvixi wbKU †_‡K †cÖwgKv †g‡niRvb‡K ev`kvn wew”Qbœ Ki‡j Zvi nvwm †h †Kv‡bv wKQyi †jv‡fI mwZ¨B `yg~©j¨ _v‡K| Zuvi Ab~w`Z bvUK Wv³vi Ave`yjøvi KviLvbv (1973)| kIKZ Imgv‡bi bvU¨Kvi wn‡m‡e BwZnv‡mi HwZnvwmK Pwi‡Îi e`‡j wKsev †Kv‡bv Av`k©ev` cÖwZôvi †P‡q Zuvi bvU‡K mvgvwRK Kvwnwb-Pwi‡Îi AwaKgvÎvq cÖwZdjb jÿYxq| wbZ¨ RxebvMÖ‡ni msMÖvgx Øvw›ØK PwiÎ wech©‡q-msK‡UAvb‡›` Zuvi bvU‡K cÖwZôv †c‡Z Pvq| evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K Ggb ga¨weË PwiÎ m„wó‡Z G‡Kev‡i †Mvovi ch©vqwU‡Z Ae‡jvKb Kiv hvq kIKZ Imgvb‡K| wZbwU †QvU bvUK (1989), c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv P~Y© ¯^vaxbZv (1990) kIKZ Imgv‡bi Ab¨ bvUK | AvmKvi Be‡b kvBL (1925-2009) AvmKvi Be‡b kvBL evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg bvU¨Kvi| Zuvi bvU‡KB cÖ_g wewPÎ welq ˆewPΨgq gvÎv †c‡q‡Q| evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖewZ©Z, bvU‡K cÖ_g 290 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



cyi¯‹vi Zuv‡KB cÖ`vb K‡i 1960 mv‡j| ga¨weË gymwjg cwievi RxebvMÖn, gymwjg HwZn¨, cvwK¯Ívwb †kvlY, †kªwY‡kvlY Ggb cÖf~Z welq Zuvi bvUKxq Ave‡n ew›` n‡q‡Q| e¯‘Z mgvR Rxeb I BwZnvm Aej¤^x bvUKB wj‡L‡Qb AvmKvi Be‡b kvBL| `ye©j Kwnwb‡Z mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK we‡iva, wg_¨v An¼vi AvwfRvZ¨ we‡iva (1947) bvU‡K bvU¨iƒc jvf K‡i‡Q| GQvov Zuvi wbgœ-ga¨weË Rxeb wb‡q iwPZ mvgvwRK bvUK c`‡ÿc (1948)| GwU‡Z wn›`y-gymwjg ms¯‹vi-Kzms¯‹vi †PZbv weweagvÎvq `vbv †eu‡a I‡V| AwMœwMwi (1957), AbyeZ©b (1959) wbgœ-ga¨weË cwiev‡ii Rxebv‡jL¨| AwMœwMwi HwZnvwmK NUbvi †cÖÿvc‡U iwPZ| wQqvˇii gš^šÍ‡i hLb `ywf©‡ÿ n‡Zv`¨g RbZv ZLb Bs‡iR cÖwZwbwa †`exwms‡ni nv‡Z LvRbv Av`v‡qi Lo&M †b‡g G‡j RbZvi AwMœù‚wZ© †R‡M I‡V| RbZvi m‡½ hy³ nb dwKi gRby kvn, fevbx cvVK, ivYx fevwb cÖgyL| GBwUB e„wU‡ki weiæ‡× ¯^vaxbZv hy× : gRby : cÖ‡qvR‡b Rvwjg †g‡i †dj‡Z n‡e| †Zvgv‡`i B¾Z, gv †evb‡`i B¾Z euvPv‡Z AvR †Zvgiv eyK dzwj‡q `uvovI| †Zvgiv Avgvi c~Y© AwaKvi| G †`‡ki gvwU‡Z †m AwaKvi nvwi‡q AvR Avgiv gi‡Z e‡mwQ| bvUKwUi †klvs‡k e„wUk‡`i weiæ‡× gRby kvni wecøex KÉ Zz‡j Avbv n‡q‡Q| wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡ni cybwb©g©vY n‡q‡Q mgmvgwqK gyw³i Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½| 1857 G‡m‡Q gyw³we‡`ªv‡ni †cÖiYv wn‡m‡e| Ggb AbyeZ©x †PZbv`‡k© Z¨vM I Aby‡cÖiYvi Bw½Z A‡bK Zvivi nvZQvwb (1965) bvU‡KI| bvU¨Kvi wZb cÖR‡b¥i (`v`y-evev-cyÎ nvmvb=dwKi gRby kvn-wZZzgxi-wecøex) we‡`ªv‡ni ùzwj½ wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb : `v`y : nvmvb! †Zvi †`‡ni wkivq wkivq eB‡Q Ggb i³, †Zvi Lv›`v‡b Ggb HwZn¨, `yt‡Li mvM‡i cvwo Rgv‡Z hviv fq cvq bv| Ryjy‡gi cÖwZev‡` g„Zz¨i m‡½ hviv cvÄv a‡i wcÖqR‡bi †Pv‡Li cvwb gy‡Q w`‡q hviv Pjvi c_‡K GwM‡q †`q| †m i³ †m HwZn¨ †Zvgvi, nvmvb †Zvgvi| GB †PZbvwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wQj, ÔBwZnvm †PZbvi cybiæ‡jø‡Li ga¨ w`‡q bvU¨Kvi G‡`‡ki ZiæY mgvR‡K DØy× Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Ab¨vq AwePvi wbcxob Avi eÂbvi weiæ‡× cÖwZev`x n‡Z|Õ (evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨PP©v I bvU‡Ki aviv : myKzgvi wek¦vm) bvU¨Kv‡ii bvU‡Ki welq¯^vZš¿¨ cwijwÿZ bv n‡jI cÖ‡hvRbvq Pwi‡Îi we¯Í…wZi †KŠkj †ek jÿYxq| ÔcvMjv‡U †jvKÕ Aa¨vcK, Zvi Revwb‡ZB KvjLÐ wPwýZ n‡q‡Q bvU‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 291



cÖ”Q`cU (1958); i³cÙ (1961) bvU‡K AZx‡Zi ivóªiƒ‡ci aviYv I eZ©gv‡bi msMÖvgx †PZbv‡K aviY K‡i‡Qb bvU¨Kvi| i³c‡Ù wmcvnx RbZvi AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi e³e¨ Giƒc : AvVvik mvZvbœi gyw³msMÖvg Avgv‡`i AZxZ‡K ¯§iYxq K‡i‡Q| †mB msMÖv‡gi AvnŸvb wQj Ggwb we¯Í…Z, Ggwb gb gvZv‡bv †h, Zv‡Z mvov w`‡qwQj Avwgi, ewYK, †mcvnx-kÖwgK, †QvU-eo mKj †kÖYxi †jvK| GgbwK AvwRR‡bi gZ mvaviY bZ©KxI| i³c‡Ù ïay ¯^‡`k †PZbv bq, †ivg¨vw›UK †cÖg`„k¨I Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| bZ©Kx AvwRRb Avi my‡e`vi kvgmywχbi †cÖg †`ªv‡ni cv‡k †cÖ‡gi euvkwi| bvix PwiÎ wP·Y bvU¨Kv‡ii mvdj¨ Av‡Q| bvUKwU wmcvnx wecøe †_‡K wUcy myjZv‡bi gnxïi hy‡×i bvbv Abyl‡½ Zvrch©c~Y©fv‡e mgKvj¯úk©x| †jL‡Ki ivR¨-ivRv-ivRavbx (1g I 2q ch©vq) (1982) †Z 14wU wUwf bvU‡Ki wmwiR wb‡q BwZnv‡mi cybwbg©vYK…Z bvUK| `y‡h©vM (1953) fvlv Av‡›`vjb cÖm‡½ wRbœvi Pvwc‡q †`Iqv wm×v‡šÍi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z cÖwZev`¯^iƒc wjwLZ| Zuvi RxebxwfwËK bvUK jvjb dwKi (1959)| Ava¨vwZ¥K mvaK jvjb‡K ev¯Íe Rxebc‡U Zz‡j G‡b‡Qb bvU¨Kvi| we‡`ªvnx cÙv (1949) AvmKvi Be‡b kvB‡Li mdj mvgvwRK bvUK| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ cÙvcv‡ii gvby‡li msMÖv‡gi Qwe GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi kvmb †kvl‡Yi iƒcwUI bvU‡K iƒcvwqZ| Zuvi Ab¨ bvUK `yišÍ †XD (1951) evqvbœi cUf~wgKvq iwPZ| `y‡h©vM, AvIqvR, hvÎx, `yišÍ †XD wb‡q `yišÍ †XD bvUK| GQvov †kl Aa¨vq (1952), cÖZxÿv (1957), wej evI‡oi †XD (1955), Gcvi Icvi (1955), ZxZygxi (1957), K‡W©vfvq Av‡M (1980), ivRcyÎ (1980), †gNjv iv‡Zi Zviv (1981), Kb¨v Rvqv Rbbx (1987) Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bvUK| AvmKvi Be‡b kvBL evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡ib BwZnv‡mi cybwbg©vY, Pwi·K mgKvjxb Zvrc‡h© DbœxZKiY, `vk©wbK fvebvq gvbegyw³i †PZbv‡K AvaywbK k‡Z© A_©v‡ivwcZ K‡i †Zvjvi cUf~wg‡Z| bvU‡K mgKvjxb mgvR‡K †hgb wZwb Zz‡j a‡ib †Zgwb bvU¨-Avw½‡KI Av‡bb AvaywbKZvi ¯úk©| Zuvi wK‡kvi Kve¨bvU¨ : `ywU dyj, Kb¨v Wvwjg dzwj, ev`yi, gyw³ Awfbe cÖf„wZ| _bUb IqvBì-Gi w` w¯‹b Ae AvIqvi wU_ Aej¤^‡b Ab~w`Z bvUK hš¿YvPvc|



292 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 293



wkï‡Zvl bvU¨MÖš’ : fvB fvB mevB I weovj I cvwbi fvM cÖKvwkZ 1982†Z| AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` (1932-2009) bvU‡K bewbixÿv wb‡q AeZxY© AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv`| Kve¨bvU¨ †jLvq cÖqvm Pvwj‡q‡Qb| Bû`xi †g‡q (1962), iwOb gy`ªvivÿm (1994)†Z GKw`‡K bvUKxq msNvZ Ab¨w`‡K Kve¨-Dw³i h~_eÜb wbY©q cÖ‡Póv| †hLv‡b e¨w³i A‡š¦l‡Yi ¯^iƒc Kvwnwb‡iLvq iƒcvwqZ| Z‡e bvU¨Kvi GLv‡b wU. Gm. GwjqU D™¢vweZ Kve¨bvU¨ Avw½K ˆZwi K‡ibwb| evOvwji HwZn¨MZ ms¯‹…wZi avivevwnKZvq wZwb Kve¨bvUK iPbvi cÖqvm Pvwj‡q‡Qb| be-DwÌZ XvKv‡Kw›`ªK mvwn‡Z¨ Kve¨bvU‡Ki Ggb aviv eiveiB engvb wQj| cvðvZ¨ †hv‡M †hUv Ab¨ gvÎv cvq| AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` G‡ÿ‡Î Z‡ZvUv mdj bb| Z‡e Kve¨bvUK †jLvi cÖqvm wefvM-cieZx© wewfbœ `k‡K be-wbixÿvq Awš^Z n‡q‡Q| AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv‡`i gi‡°vi hv`yNi (1959) iƒcKbvUK| Avie¨ cyivYK_v Avjv`xb I Zvi Avðh© cÖ`xc cybwe©b¨¯Í n‡q‡Q G bvU‡K| bvU¨Kv‡ii wZbA¼ wewkó mvgvwRK bvUK ab¨ev` (1951)| ¯^vaxbZvhy‡×i cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ wbtkã hvÎv (1972), bi‡K jvj †Mvjvc (1974)| bvU¨Kv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ bvUK gvqvex cÖni (1963), †Rvqvi †_‡K ejwQ (1974), msev‡`i †klvsk (1975) BZ¨vw`| Ae¨vnZ bvU¨PP©vi cÖ‡Yv`bvq †g‡Vv dz‡ji wVKvbv (1975), msev` †klvsk (1975), wnRj Kv‡Vi †bŠKv (1976), †n my›`i †n Rvnvbœvg (1988) Zuvi mxwgZ I mxgve× wkíkw³i cÖqvmgvÎ| Avj gbmyi (R. 1925) Avj gbmyi wefv‡MvËi c~e©-evsjvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bvU¨Kvi| bvU‡Ki Aby‡cÖiYv‡K wZwb Avcv`g¯ÍK MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| bvUK wb‡q Zuvi cixÿv-wbixÿv AvRxeb engvb| wewPÎ wel‡q wZwb bvUK wjL‡jI †cvovevox (1955), †evev gvbyl (1956) Zuvi mvgvwRK bvUK| bvU¨Kvi Gme bvU‡Ki Kvwnwb‡Z wb‡Ri Rxebv`‡k©iB cÖwZdjb †`L‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Z‡e bvU¨-DrKÉv m„wó, msjvc ˆZwi Gm‡e bvU¨Kv‡ii †ek mvdj¨ Av‡Q| †n RbZv Av‡iK evi (1974), †ivjvi I wbnZ Gj Gg wR (1972), we`vq †gvbvwjmv (1974), †ify¨wjDkb I L„óvã mÜvb (1972)-Gme bvU‡Ki iPbv‰kwj †ek g‡bvgy»Ki| Avj gbmyi bvU¨fvlv m„Rb Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| GQvov Avw½‡KI wZwb h‡_ó 294 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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`¨ wg_ Ae wmwmdvm (1942) †_‡K G aviYvi DrcwË n‡jI cieZ©x‡Z Zvi ÔG‡bv‡fkvbÕ ˆZwi nq| ZLb cvðv‡Z¨i †jLKMwÐ †cwi‡q Zv †cuŠQvq †`‡k †`‡k| cÖevmx ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn& G‡`kxq cUf~wg‡Z bvU‡K Ggb ixwZi cÖ‡qvM NUvb| Zi½f½ bvU‡K RR mv‡n‡ei g‡bvRMZ A¨vemvW© ˆewk‡ó¨i Awfe¨w³-c~Y©| †evaKwi Ggb wkí-D‡Ï‡kB bvUKwU iwPZ| KviY, G‡Z KvwnwbcÖKvk hrmvgvb¨| Z‡e ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn&B evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K Ggb ixwZi cÖ_g I mdj cÖ‡qvMKvix ejv P‡j| cieZ©x‡Z mvC` Avng`(R. 1931)I Zuvi Kvj‡ejv (iPbvKvj 1961, cÖKvkKvj (1976) bvU‡K Gi cÖ‡qvM NwU‡q‡Qb| Ave`yj nK (1918-1997) Ave`yj nK gbbkxj I cÖMwZkxj †jLK| †ek wKQy bvUK wj‡L wZwb L¨vwZgvb| Ab~w`Z bvUKI Av‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k AvaywbK G bvU¨Kv‡ii bvU¨‡PZbv ïay ¯^‡`‡kB bB, evB‡iI we¯Í…Z| AwØZxqv (1956) Zuvi cÖ_g mvgvwRK bvUK| gymwjg mgv‡R eûweev‡ni msKU Ges msmv‡ii cÖwZwµqv wb‡q G bvUKwU iwPZ| †di‡`Šwmi Rxeb Kvwnwb wb‡q †jLv Zuvi bvUK †di‡`Šmx (1371)| GLv‡b BwZnvm I Kíbvi we¯Ívi Av‡Q| GKRb wkíxi mvabv I msMÖv‡gi Av‡jL¨ G bvUKwU| RxebiwmK G bvU¨Kv‡ii †PZbv GLv‡b wecyj gvÎvq wea„Z| Ave`yj n‡Ki cuvPwU bvwUKvi GKÎ MÖš’iƒc †mvbvi wWg I Ab¨vb¨ bvwUKv (1976)| G MÖ‡š’i GKvw¼Kv¸‡jv †mvbvi wWg (1976), evev‡K wdwi‡q `vI, †Rvevq`vi †cÖg, †`Iqvj I myjZv‡bi wePvi| mgvRNwbô †PZbv _vK‡jI wZwb MZvbyMwZK mvgvwRK bvUK †j‡Lbwb| gymwjg mgv‡Ri †fZ‡ii msK‡U AvNvZ K‡i‡Qb wZwb| ms¯‹vi؇›Øi E‡aŸ© Bn‡jŠwKKZv, ag©wbi‡cÿZv I AvaywbKZvi cwiPh©v K‡i‡Qb wZwb| Ave`yj nK Rxe‡bi wek¦vm‡K cwi¯ªyZ K‡i‡Qb bvU‡K| Abyev` bvU‡KI wZwb mgvbfv‡e mdj| mgvRwfwËi gg©g~‡j Zuvi `„wó; Ges †mwU mg¯Í ms¯‹vi I Kzms¯‹v‡ii E‡aŸ© hy‡Mvc‡hvMx wPšÍv †_‡K M„nxZ| Ave`yj n‡Ki Ab~w`Z bvUK wbe©vPbI, Zuvi cÖMwZev`x wPšÍvi mg_©‡bB wbwg©Z| Abyev` bvUK : cyZz‡ji msmvi (1966), †cÖZvZ¥v (1966), gnv¯’cwZ (1966), iggvM© †nvg (1967), †nÇv Mvejvi (1967), Bwjb‡q Ae wj¼b (1967), Rb M¨vweª‡qj eK©g¨vb (1968), MYkÎæ (1992)|



296 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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Ggb ˆbwZKZvi cÖkœ I gxgvsmvB bvUKwUi welq| G‡ÿ‡Î fvlvwbg©v‡Y diiæL Avng‡`i Kweg~wZ©i `„óvšÍB cÖwZwôZ| bvUKwUi Ø›ØwU Pig gvÎvi bq; GKgywL I evB‡ii ZrciZvB †mLv‡b `„k¨gvb| d‡j Gm‡ei wecix‡Zi Kve¨bv‡U¨i kZ© GLv‡b Abycw¯’Z| ZeyI Kve¨bv‡U¨i cÖv_wgK cÖqv‡m †bŠ‡dj I nv‡Zg BwZnv‡m ¸iæZ¡en Ges gvb¨| mvC` Avng` (R. 1931) A¨vemvW© bvUK Kvj‡ejv (1976, Bs‡iwR †_‡K fvlvšÍwiZ n‡q cÖ_g cÖKvk 1963), †jvKKvwnwb-wfwËK iƒcK bvUK Z…òvq (1969-G cÖ_g cÖKvk, iPbvKvj 1964-66); `ywf©‡ÿi cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ gvBj-†cv÷ (1976, Bs‡iwR †_‡K fvlvšÍwiZ n‡q cÖ_g cÖKvk 1376)| mvC` Avng‡`i Gme bvUK e¨wZµwgB ejv hvq| wZwbB cÖ_g evsjv‡`‡k A¨vemvW© `„wófw½i bvUK iPbv K‡ib| wek¦hy‡×vËi mg‡q c~e©-evsjvi Av_©bxwZK †cÖÿvc‡U e¨w³‡K cÖZxKx Dc¯’vcb, wPwýZ eûgvwÎK mgm¨vq RR©wiZ PwiÎ iƒcvqY, g‡bvRM‡Z Zvi cÖwZ¯’vwcZ ¯^iƒc Awbevh© n‡q I‡V| wek¦ev¯ÍeZvi m‡½ m‡½ µgk evOvwj Rxeb e¨e¯’vcbvq µgk cwiYwZi ¯^iƒcwU G‡`kxq cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z iƒc`v‡bi cÖ‡Póvq e¨vc„Z nb bvU¨Kvi mvC` Avng`| Awfbe G welq-cÖKí cÖwYav‡b evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K wZwb n‡q I‡Vb Bw½Zevwn| bvU‡K †hvM K‡ib msÿzä welq Abylw½ cÖKi‡Yi| msjv‡cI wZwb e¨Äbvi Aven iPbv K‡ib| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ AvšÍRv© wZK bvU¨ cÖKiYwU Avgv‡`i bR‡i Av‡m mvC` Avng‡`i †KŠkjx we‡ePbvi ¸‡Y| Zuvi Ab¨bvUK cÖwZw`b GKw`b (1978), Three plays of Sayeed Ahmed (1979), †kl beve (1989)| †kl beve mgKvjxb evsjv‡`‡ki cUwP‡Î wbwg©Z| cÖm½Z ejv P‡j, mvC` Avng` cÖvP¨ I cvðvZ¨ †PZbvi ïay mgš^qB bq; GKv‡ji Av_©-mvgvwRK c‡U AvaywbK †PZbv‡K Avgv‡`i bvU‡K ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| divwm bvU¨Kvi BDwRb Av‡q‡b¯‹vi bvU‡Ki Abyev` `¨ †Pqvim| Avwbm †PŠayix (1929-1990) ga¨weË RxebMv_v-ü‡Zv”Q¡vm Zuvi bvU‡Ki welq| Avw½‡KI Avwbm †PŠayix Kwg‡UW| N‡ivqv I cvwievwiK cwiKvVv‡gvq evOvwj gymwjg ga¨weË Rxeb wPÎvq‡Y wZwb wba©vwiZ msjvc iPbvq wkíwmw×i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| ga¨weË cwiev‡ii Uvbvc‡ob, AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªKZv, AvZ¥Møvwb, køvNv, ¯^v_©ciZv DrmvwiZ Zuvi bvU‡K| wecix‡Z mnvbyf~wZ, AvZ¥Z¨vM, we‡eKkZ© Kvwnwb‡Z `„pZvq evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 299



D™¢vwmZ| GK ai‡bi g~j¨‡eva I Rxeb¯úa©x evZ©v Zuvi bvU‡K weivRgvb| Ggb Abylw½ wel‡qi Rb¨ bvU¨Kvi h_vh_ Avw½KI wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb| gvbwPÎ (1963), G¨vjevg (1965), †Pnviv (1979), †hLv‡b m~h© (1974), ZeyI Abb¨v, nvBR¨vKvi cÖf„wZ Zuvi bvUK| gvbwPÎB Zuvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bvUK| G bvU‡K ga¨weË RxebcÖev‡ni m~²vwZm~² welq Ges cvwievwiK Av‡jL¨ wewPÎ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K bvU¨iƒc †c‡q‡Q| Avwbm †PŠayixi fvlv mvejxj, `„p| cøUMVbI kw³kvjx| wRqv nvq`vi (1936-2008) cÖZxKag©x bvUK ïåv my›`i Kj¨vYx Avb›` (1970)-G kvwšÍ wK Ôwg_Õ? Acvcwe× bv n‡j ÔïfªvÕ, Ômy›`iÕ, ÔKj¨vYxÕ, ÔAvb›`Õ †KD-B ïay bv‡gi Awfavq kvwšÍcÖZ¨vkx kvwšÍM‡oi j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡i bvbvUKwUi G `vk©wbK gg©wU †ek Avb›``vqK| GKwU `„‡k¨B Gi `vk©wbK cwiKíbv| wRqv nvq`vi evsjv‡`‡ki bvUK‡K AevwiZ K‡i; cvðv‡Z¨i AvaywbK †PZbvi m‡½ hy³ K‡i‡Qb| bvU‡K GKB wel‡qi AbyeZ©b bq; cÖf~ZgvÎvq AvšÍR©vwZKxKi‡Y cÖqvmx n‡q‡Qb| Øviiæ× (AvZvDi ingv‡bi m‡½ hyM¥fv‡e Ab~w`Z, 1970), cÖRvcwZ wbe©Ü (AvZvDi ingv‡bi m‡½ hyM¥fv‡e Ab~w`Z, 1970), G‡j‡e‡j (1981), W±i d÷vm (Abyev`, 1981), `ywU bvwUKv (Db¥v` mvÿvrKvi I gyw³ gyw³ 1982), A¨vw›U‡Mv‡b (Abyev`, 1990), gvwK©b bvU¨Kvi Ug †Rvb&m-Gi w` d¨vbUvmwU· Aej¤^‡b †jLv ZvB‡i bvB‡i bv (1992) Zuvi wkwíZ cÖ‡Póvi D`vniY| wRqv nvq`v‡ii gyw³hy‡×i bvUK mv`v †Mvjv‡c Av¸b I csKR wefvm (1982)| G `y‡Uv bvUK msnZ I wkí¸Yvwš^Z| G‡Z gyw³hy‡× bvixi Aeiæ× ew›``kv Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| `yB. Rmxg D`&`xb (1904-1976) Kwe n‡jI bvUK wj‡L‡Qb| evsjv †jvKbv‡U¨i aviv wKsev Kvwnwb wKse`šÍx‡Z wea„Z †jvKvqZ Kve¨myi Zuvi iPbvixwZi AvKl©Yxq †ÿÎ| evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡KI Ggb avivwUi cwiPh©v wZwb Ae¨vnZ †i‡LwQ‡jb| cÙvcvi (1950) Zuvi cÖ_g bvUK| GwU cÖvPxb hvÎvixwZ‡Z iwPZ| †K›`ªxq PwiÎ †gvbvB-G †jvKbv‡U¨i ixwZwU cwijwÿZ| Gi Mvb¸wj †Kv‡bvwU †jLK weiwPZ; †Kv‡bvwU msM„nxZ| Kwei wØZxq †jvKbvU¨ gaygvjv (1951)| Ôgaygvjv g`bKzgviÕ †jvKKvwnwb Aej¤^‡b GwU iwPZ| Rmxg D`&`x‡bi †e‡`i †g‡q (1951) c~‡e©v³ `y‡Uv †jvKbvU¨ †_‡K GKUz wfbœ 300 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



iK‡gi| gymwjg Pwi‡Îi c~e©e½xq ˆewkó¨ wb‡q bvU‡Ki ev¯ÍeZv‡K ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G bvU‡Ki Ø›Ø P¤úv I †gvo‡ji, ev¯ÍeZv †ckvwfwËK Rxe‡bi; Gi m‡½ hy³ n‡q‡Q m¤£g-gh©v`v Ges Aw¯ÍZ¡| bvUKwUi msjvc PwjZixwZi, AvÂwjK Xs‡qi; bvU‡Ki e„‡Ë KweZv my›`ifv‡e †cÖvw_Z| cjøxea~ (1956) cjøxKwei nv‡Z iwPZ cjøxi K_KZv| GwU 1956 †Z cÖKvwkZ n‡jI †jLv n‡qwQj 1930 mv‡j| †m mg‡qi bvUK, ZviæY¨, Ôb·xKuv_vi gv‡VÕi RbwcÖqZv G bvU‡Ki c_‡iLvq w¯’Z| bvU‡Ki msjv‡c †m wPýwU Av‡Q| ev`jeuvkx (1956) bvU¨Kv‡ii Qq `„‡k¨i GKvw¼Kv| Kwig Luvi evwo (1956), MÖv‡gi gvqv, Rxe‡bi cY¨, MvRbP‡ii KvBRv Rmxg D`&`x‡bi Ab¨vb¨ bvUK| I‡Mv cy®úaby (1968) Zuvi Kve¨bvU¨| ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb (1922-2002) D‡jøLbxq bvUK gykZix (1350), †Kvievbx (1350), †Rvniv| ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb †Zgb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Avw½K wbg©vY Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb wefvM-cieZ©x bvU‡K| Zuvi bvU¨fvlv Kve¨¸Ymg„×| bvU‡K wZwb gymwjg g~j¨‡eva I HwZn¨‡KB cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Z‡e bvUK iPbvi `ÿZv I mvg_©¨ ˆmq` Avjx Avnmv‡bi _vK‡jI cvwK¯Ív‡bi Av`k© I †PZbvMZ `ye©jZvq wk‡íi †ÿÎwU wZwb ¯úó Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| GKUv we‡kl j‡ÿ¨ Suy‡K co‡j h_vixwZ wkí evavMÖ¯Í n‡Z eva¨| Z‡e Ab~w`Z bvUK BwWcvm (1952) Zuvi mdj bvU¨Kg©| GwU evsjv bvU‡K GKwU Abe`¨ ms‡hvRb| mgv‡Ri Am½wZ‡K e¨½ K‡i Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb Iev‡q`-Dj-nK (1911-2007)| w`wM¦Rqx, †PvivevRvi, †bZv G‡jv †`‡k, †fvU wfLvix Ges Rvj †fRvj mgš^‡q Zuvi GKvw¼Kv msKjb w`wM¦Rqx-†PvivevRvi (1950)| Zuvi Rxebev`x †PZbvi cÖK…ó cÖqvm GB cv‡K© (1963) bvUKwU| †eKvi bvqK Avwj‡gi Uª¨v‡RwW G bvU‡Ki gyL¨ welq| wØZxq gnvhy‡×i cieZ©x mg‡qi †cÖÿvc‡U iwPZ †jL‡Ki Ab¨ mvgvwRK bvUK iæMœv c„w_ex (1968)| Uwg Avi cywm (1343) Zuvi Ab¨ bvUK| mvwnZ¨iwmK, bvU¨wccvmy Iev‡q`-Dj-nK Rxe‡bi wewPÎ wel‡q AwfÁ Ges bvU‡K ZviB cÖwZdjb NUv‡bvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| Kg©‡hvMx G bvU¨Kv‡ii ig¨ÁvbI wQj D”PgvÎvi| evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨fvlvi †m iƒcwU GKwU evowZ gvÎv| †gvnv¤§` Aveyj nv‡kg gh©v`v I AwaKv‡ii Ave‡Z© Mix‡ei †ÿZ (1951) iwPZ| ¯’~j Av‡eM, m‡PZb `„wó‡PZbv, gvbexqZv Gme bvU‡K Av‡ivwcZ| †m A‡_© bvUK bq wKš‘ bem„ó †PZbvi avivwU‡Z G bvU‡Ki ¸iæZ¡ Av‡Q| Avhxg DÏxb Avng` (1904-1973) wefv‡MvËi evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg bvU¨Kvi| bvU‡K Kvwnwb I msjv‡c HwZn¨MZ cÖm½Abyl‡½iB PP©v K‡i‡Qb wZwb| Zuvi †jvKKvwnbxwfwËK bvUK gûqv (1952), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 301



KvÂb (1962)| gv (1960), An¼vi (1960) Zuvi mvgvwRK bvUK| evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ aviv‡ZB wZwb bvUK wj‡L‡Qb| bvU‡K wbR¯^ fvlv m„wó Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| ÿwqòz evOvwj mgv‡Ri wfwË Ges Aw¯’i RxebwP‡Îi GKUv ¯^iƒc Zuvi Gme bvU‡K weivRgvb| mvaviYZ evsjv‡`‡k‡i bvU¨HwZn¨‡K AbymiY K‡iB wZwb bvUK wjL‡Z eªZx n‡q‡Qb| wefvMcieZ©x mg‡q Zuvi bvU‡Ki cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ I Aby‡cÖiYv cÖksmbxq| c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡b bvUK wj‡L‡Qb Gg. †Mvjvg ingvb| Zuvi cjvkx (1954), Biv‡bi `ywnZv (1955) D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bvUK| cÖ_‡g cvÐywjwc wgiKvwkg bv‡g iwPZ nq, c‡i bvg nq D`qbvjv (1952)| G bvUK m¤ú‡K© †jLK e‡jb ÔD`qbvjvi hy‡× †eBgv‡bi cÖK…Z ¯^iƒc D`&NvU‡bi D‡Ï‡k I AvR cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvMwi‡Ki g‡b åvšÍ aviYv `~ixf~Z Kwievi gvb‡mÕGi AeZviYv| Ab¨ bvUK wd‡ivR kvn (1953) I Bivb `ywnZv (1955)| Bivb `ywnZv ÔAvbviKwjÕi Rxebe„ËvšÍ wfwËK bvUK| Z‡e Gme bvU‡K wkígvb †Zgb DËxY© bq| Zuvi Ab¨ bvUK fyj hLb fvO‡jv (1961), †PŠayix jR (1966), Rvnv½xi (1966)| †Mvjvg ingv‡bi BwZnvm-AvbyMZ¨ Ges Rxebim `y‡UviB mdj mgš^q NwU‡q‡Qb bvU‡K| cÖK…Z A‡_©, evsjv bvU‡Ki HwZnvwmK wfwËwUiB PP©v K‡i‡Qb wZwb| cÖavbZ, gymwjg PwiÎ I BwZnvm Zuvi bvU‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q D‡V‡Q| dKxi †jvKgvb nvwK‡gi hy‡Mi WvK bvU‡Ki cÖ_g Awfbq nq 1952 mv‡j| mgv‡Ri mgmvgwqK mgm¨v G bvU‡Ki g~j cÖwZcv`¨| MZvbyMwZK aviv‡ZB wZwb bvUK wj‡L‡Qb| c~e©-cvwK¯Ív‡b bvU‡Ki hvÎvi‡_ Ab¨‡`i g‡Zv wZwbI HK¨ I RvZxq fvebv‡K bvU‡K G‡b‡Qb| †evinvb DwÏb Avng` bvUK wj‡L‡Qb wUcy myjZvb (1952) I gxi Kvwkg (1952)| Gme bvU‡Ki fvlv I cøU `ye©j| AvaywbK `„wófw½i cÖKvk Abycw¯’Z| G mg‡q GKB welq wb‡q A‡b‡KB bvUK wj‡L‡Qb, †m aviv‡ZB †evinvb DwÏb bvU¨PP©vq D‡`¨vMx n‡q‡Qb| cÖavbZ RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv, wKsev HK¨eyw×i RvMi‡Y gymwjg PwiÎ Aej¤^‡b weRqMv_v cÖPvi Kiv nq; G bvUKmg~‡ni D‡Ïk¨I ZvB| Bmjvgx fveavivi †jLK gydvL&Lviæj Bmjvg (R. 1921) Zuvi HwZnvwmK bvUK AvDjv` (1958)| Avi cvim¨ Kwe nwd‡Ri Rxe‡bi GKwU NUbvi iƒcvqY gyiw& k` (1952)| bvUK iPbvq Zuvi mvdj¨ D‡jL‡hvM¨ gv‡bi bq| gymwjg HwZn¨ I ms¯‹…wZi m¤¢ve¨ Av‡jL¨ m¤cÖPvievYx wea„Z n‡q‡Q Gme bvU‡K| wefvM-cieZ©x gymwjg †PZbv`‡k©, Ggb we‡ePbvB wQj Zuv‡`i fveRM‡Zi Ab¨Zg welq| †m Kvi‡Y mvwn‡Z¨ ZviB cÖwZdjb jÿYxq| gydvL&Lviæj Bmjvg bvU‡K †m KvRwUB m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb| Ave`yi iD‡di 302 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



GivI gvbyl (1952) wefvM-cieZ©x iwPZ bvUK| Rxeb`k©b Av‡Q, Kvw•ÿZ cUwPÎI ¸iæZ¡en| mgvR-Abylw½ G bvU‡K AwaKvi †PZbvi ¯^iƒcwPwýZ n‡q‡Q| bvU¨fvlv cÖksmbxq bq| bvUK c~Y©vqZ jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨-wbf©i| Gm. Gg. nvweeyi ingvbi gvwUi gvbyl (1952) c~e©-cvwK¯Ív‡bi fvejvwjZ¨ I ga¨weË †PZbv †_‡K M„nxZ| G cÖeYZvq A‡bK bvU¨KviB bvUK wj‡L‡Qb| ewng©ywL Ave‡Z©i, PvjwP‡Îi Kvwnwb‡Z G bvU‡Ki wkí¸Y e¨nZ| GK ai‡bi `„k¨gvb RM‡Zi Av‡qvRb wKQy cvÎcvÎxi †fZi w`‡q cwiPvwjZ| bvU¨im wkw_j, MZvbyMwZK| Zey Av‡qvRbwU cÖksmvbxq| kvwn`v LvZz‡bi ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^cœ I Av‡eM-AbyeZ©x bvUK AvRv`x (1952)| m`¨ cvwK¯Í‡b mgvR †kªwY‡Z M„nxZ ga¨weË AvRv`xi †PZbv Qwo‡q w`‡Z Pvq mgv‡R| Gi fvlv `ye©j, KvVv‡gv AcwicKZ¡, PwiÎ m„wó‡Z Amse×Zv Av‡Q| bvU‡Ki DrKl©we›`ywU †Zgb AvMÖ-DÏxcK bq| †gvnv¤§` †bRvgDjøvn bvUK knx` †mivR (1952)| GwU Av‡eMag©x bvUK| G bvU‡Ki †Kv‡bv mvwnZ¨¸iæZ¡ cvIqv hvq bv| eM©xi AZ¨vPv‡ii hyM †kl n‡jI G hy‡Mi `yb©xwZevR, †kvlKiƒwc Ô†RuvKÕiv Av‡Q mgv‡R| Giƒ‡c diiæL wkq‡ii bvUK e¨vKgv‡K©U (1953), gÂmdj Ges Kv‡jvËxY© bvUK| mvg‡bi c„w_ex (1960) diiæL wkq‡ii Ab¨ bvUK| mgv‡Ri A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq wZwb bvU‡K G‡b‡Qb| GRb¨ mgvRgb¯‹ I AvaywbK `„wó‡PZbvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb wZwb| my‡i›`ªbv_ cÂZx_© e½ †MŠie (1953), †nv‡mb kvn bvUK wj‡L‡Qb| e½xq BwZnvm‡K bvU‡K wb‡Ri `„wó‡Kv‡Y Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb my‡i›`ªbv_ cÂZx_©| Zuvi bvU‡K e½xq †MŠie I mvs¯‹…wZi iƒc cÖwZdwjZ| Z‡e bvU¨fvlv `ye©j, Avw½K cÖ_ve×| ZeyI evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨hvÎvi †ÿÎwU‡Z wZwb Abe`¨ Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| MÖvgRxeb I mgvRwmœ» ¯^cœ‡g`yi cÖmbœ bvU¨Kvi Wv³vi kvnv`Z Avjx Lvb (R. 1917)| †QvUgv (1953), fyj (1955), gvwUi ey‡K (1960), cÖwZ‡kva (1968), cÖfvi we‡q (1968), msNvZ, weåvU, wPiKzgvix mfv Zuvi bvUK| mgmvgwqK mgm¨v, msMÖvgx iƒc, †cÖg-ggZv, `ytL-`y`©kv weivRgvb Gme bvU‡K| bvU¨Kv‡ii GKgvÎ HwZnvwmK bvUK gbme`vi (1969)| Ckv Luv I gvbwms‡ni hy× G bvU‡Ki †gŠj cÖwZcv`¨| Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`xb (1911-1988)i bvUK kwbMÖn I c„w_ex (1953)| GKUz wfbœ cÖeZ©bvi bvUK wj‡L‡Qb wZwb| AvaywbK gb¯‹Zvq bvUK wjL‡jI G ch©v‡q Zuvi †Zgb DËiY N‡Uwb| we‡kl †Kv‡bv cÖKiYI m„Rb Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb | wefvM-DËi mgqKv‡j mgvRm¤¢~Z wel‡qi `„wó‡PZbvq Zuvi bvUKxq AvenwU Aek¨B AwKwÂrKi bq| wefv‡MvËi mg‡q bvUK wj‡L‡Qb G GBP Gg ewmiDÏxb| RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv cÖvavb¨ †c‡jI evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 303



bvU‡K gvbexq fvewPšÍvi weKvk cwijwÿZ| Zuvi bvUK †gvnv¤§`x †eM (1954), ms‡kvab (1954), †mvnive iæ¯Íg (1954)| evOvwj gymjgvb †PZbvi bvU¨ AvenwU Gfv‡eB wea„Z n‡q‡Q| Z‡e HwZnvwmK cybwb©gv© ‡Y bvU¨Kvi h‡_ó ¯^vaxbZv wb‡q‡Qb| A‡b‡KB Giƒ‡c bvUK wjL‡jI ewmiDÏxb †Zgb mvdj¨ †`Lv‡Z cv‡iwb| Avey †hvnv b~i Avng` (R. 1907) BwZnvmwfwËK bvUK AvbviKwj (1954)| G wel‡q A‡bK bvUK †jLv n‡jI Gi cÖ‡qvRb gvbexq cwiKvVv‡gv‡Z| ÔAvbviKwjÕ bvbv †jL‡Ki wbKU bvbvfv‡e M„nxZ| G ai‡bi bvU‡K bvU¨fvlv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| bvU‡Ki †mwUsmmn PwiÎ-wbg©vY I Kvwnwb eqv‡b n‡Z nq m‡PZb| BwZnv‡mi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨I Riæwi| AvbviKwj GLv‡b c~Y©v½ my›`i bq| m¤¢ve¨ Rxe‡bi iƒcI ˆewPΨgq bq| ZeyI GwU Av¯^v`b‡hvM¨ bvUK| †jL‡Ki Ab¨vb¨ bvUK : ¯^vwcœK kvRvnvb, Zvgvmv, Avgv‡`i †eZvi bvUK| KvRx †gvnv¤§` Bwjqvm ¯§vMjvi (1361) c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡bi †Mvovi wjwLZ| bvU‡Ki wUªU‡g›U m¤ú‡K© cÖvq GKB gšÍe¨ Kiv hvq| `ye©j, cwiPh©vnxb, AKvh©Ki| msjvc, eY©bv, PwiÎvbyM K_KZv Kv‡qg nq bv| KvRx †gvnv¤§` Bwjqvm cÖPÐ mgvR-AbyeZ©x, ev¯ÍevbyM wKš‘ wkígv‡bi †ÿÎwU Avq‡Ë Av‡bb bv| †mwU cwiï×I bq| bvU¨wµqvi Rb¨ wKsev mgq cÖev‡n AwR©Z mvd‡j¨i Rb¨ ¯§vMjvi‡K †Kv‡bv bvUK bq| ¯§Z©e¨, welq¸‡Y bq Avw½‡Ki FRyZvq m„wRZ cwi‡e‡ki wbg©v‡Y envj _v‡K bvU¨wµqv| †mwU KvRx Bwjqv‡mi bvU‡K civnZ| ivwRqv Lvb (1936-2011) `xN© mvwnZ¨PP©vq bvUK wj‡L‡Qb| wKš‘ bvU‡K Zuvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mvdj¨ Av‡mwb| wefvM-cieZ©x mg‡qi bvUK AveZ© (1955) Gici ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k wj‡L‡Qb wZbwU GKvw¼Kv (1986)| GKvswKKvi bvUK¸‡jv : †bvsiv bvUK, wccvmv, bÿ‡Îi Mvb| AvaywbK gb¯‹Zvi Qvc Gme bvU‡K _vK‡jI Rxe‡bi ˆewPΨgq iƒc G‡Z Abycw¯’Z| ZeyI ivwRqv Lvb bvU‡Ki MZvbyMwZK aviv †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m‡Qb, `xN© e¨eav‡b †m DcjwäUzKz wZwb Avgv‡`i bvU‡K cª`vb K‡i‡Qb| wefvM-cieZ©x Ab¨Zg bvU¨Kvi †K. Gg. kg‡mi Avjx| Zuvi bvUK †mvbvi Kjg (1955)| cÖZxKx wPšÍv jy°vwqZ G bvU‡K| GKUz wfbœ avivi bvU¨Kvi| Rxeb msMÖvg (1955) kwdKzj Kwe‡ii bvUK| MZvbyMwZK ixwZ‡ZB iwPZ| DVwZ ga¨we‡Ëi †e‡o IVvi wKsev cÖwZwµqvi m~Î a‡i Zuvi G bvUK| bvU¨fvlv `ye©j, UvBc cÖ‡hvRbv| g„Zz¨ I ÿzav (1955), mxgv (1955) wek¦vwg‡Îi bvUK| cÖeYZvq mgvRNwbô †PZbv cÖwZdwjZ| bvU¨Kv‡ii bvU¨DrKl© imv¯^vw`Z bq| D‡Ïk¨wbf©i bvU‡K Zv cvIqvI weij e¨vcvi| ZeyI †PZbvMZ cwigv‡c wek¦vwgÎ A‡bK D”Pgv‡ci 304 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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cÖwZdwjZ| Gme bvUK wj‡L RbwcÖq nb cÖmv` wek¦vm| †cÖg I ms¯‹vi Ø›ØI Gme bvU‡Ki Ab¨Zg DcRxe¨| msjvc I fvlvfw½ mvejxj| ˆmq` gKmy` Avjxi bvUK BD‡iKv (1959)| G bvU‡K wZwb cÖ_v I ixwZ‡K A¯^xKvi K‡ibwb| RvZxq †PZbv †ev‡aiB N‡U‡Q cybive„wË| bvU‡Ki G ch©vqwU Zuvi nv‡Z †Zgb mdjZv Av‡mwb| †kL kvgmyj nK mgvRNwbô bvUK wj‡L‡Qb| Zuvi bvUK Pvlxi fvM¨ (1366-2q ms.), `vIqvj (1960)| bvU¨Kv‡ii iwPZ †jvKbvU¨ eiY-Wvjv (1968)| bvU¨HwZn¨‡K aviY K‡i bvUK iPbv K‡i‡Qb †kL kvgmyj nK| Zuvi ixwZwU hvÎv Xs‡qi| G bvU‡K AvaywbK `„wó‡PZbv cwijwÿZ nq bv| cÖvP¨-ixwZwU Kv‡qg n‡jI Zv cÖ_ve× I mxgve×| d‡qR Avn&g` mvgvwRK bvUK wj‡L‡Qb| gy³vnvi (1960), †kl dj (1966), nviv‡bv gvwbK (1968) bvU‡K Rxe‡bi mZ¨Zv‡K cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡Vb G bvU¨Kvi mgvRag©x welq‡K wfbœ cÖ¯Ívebvq bvU‡K cwi‡ekbvi ¸‡Y| Rxe‡bi mÜvbm~ÎI GLv‡b cwijwÿZ| G bvU¨cÖeYZv cieZ©x mg‡q MÖnYxq n‡q I‡V| wgwni jvj `Ë (R. 1935)i bvUK GB c„w_ex‡Z (1960), AÜMwj (1960), Giv Kviv (1968), mgªvU kvn&Rvnvb (1969), mevB ivRv (1969), mgªvÁx b~iRvnvb (1969)| Gme bvU‡K BwZnvm _vK‡jI gvbexq †PZbvq Zv wewPÎfv‡e cwijwÿZ| ¯’vb-Kvj I NUbvi HK¨ Gme bvU‡K h_vh_fv‡e wbiƒwcZ n‡jI wkígv‡b `ye©j| bvU¨Ave‡n DrKl© †Zgb AvKl©Yxq bq| ZeyI HwZnvwmK cwi‡cÖwÿZwU bvU¨Kv‡ii iPbvq cÖmv`¸Y ˆZwi K‡i| Z‡e Zuvi bvU‡K AwZbvUK (melodrama) Av‡Q e‡jB g‡b nq| ivwRqv gn&eye (R. 1928) wkí gb I G welqK bxwZwkÿvi †PZbvq †jLv mvMi Kb¨v (1960)| G wfbœ ai‡bi bvU‡K ¯’vb-Kvj-cwi‡ek AÿyYœ n‡jI bvU¨DrKl© `ye©j| wk‡íi †P‡q bxwZi w`‡KB bvU¨Kv‡ii `„wó AZxe g‡b n‡q‡Q| jvqjv mvgv` (1928-1989) mvwn‡Z¨i bvbv kvLvq KvR Ki‡jI bvUK wj‡L mvdj¨ †c‡q‡QbGgbUv ejv P‡j| Zuvi bvUK wewPÎv (1960)| GQvov Zuvi Ab~w`Z bvUK gšÍe¨ wb®cÖ‡qvRb (1975), jvj jÉb| jvqjv mvgv` bvU‡K AvaywbK `„wó‡PZbvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| Rxe‡bi bvbv‡KŠwYK e¨vL¨vq Zuvi Ab~w`Z bvUK¸‡jv mdj| Z‡e †mwUs wKsev `„wó‡KvY `ye©j nIqvq wkígvb Kvw•ÿZ n‡q I‡V bv| bvU‡Ki bvUKxqZvI h‡_vwPZ g‡b nq bv| ZeyI bvU¨hvÎvq wZwb mdj wkíx| wUcy myjZv‡bi bvUK †hvM we‡qvM (1960)| cÖZxKx bvUK| lv‡Ui Øvw›ØK cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z G bvU‡K Rxe‡bi bvbv m½wZ-Am½wZi w`‡K `„wówb‡ÿc Kiv n‡q‡Q| cuywRi AcweKwkZ cwiµgvq ga¨we‡Ëi mgvR Ae¯’vb I wµqv-cÖwZwµqvI G bvU‡Ki DcRxe¨| bvU‡Ki 306 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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ci (1974) Zuvi bvUK| Avwg exiv½bv ejwQ (1996) K_vbvU¨wU gyw³hy‡× bvixi wPÎv¼b| MZvbyMwZK cÖevnwU‡Z bq AvaywbK `„wófw½‡Z Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q Zuvi bvU¨fvlv| Avwg exiv½bv ejwQ mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q GKK Awfb‡q Av‡jvwPZ GKwU K_vbvU¨| †gvt Rvjvj DwÏb (R. 1942)i Muv‡qi ey‡K (1964), `yB fvB (1965), WvKvZ (1967), A‡bK Auvavi (1967), wfLvixi †Q‡j (1967), wfLvixi †g‡q (1967), Kzmyg Zviv (1967), ivR¨nviv (1968), cÖxwZ P›`b (1968), gvjxi †Q‡j (1968), ivRi³ (1968), i‡³ ivOv evsjv‡`k (1972), wKQy †L‡Z `vI (1975), iw½jv GKwU †g‡qi bvg (1996), gvwSi †g‡q (1996) BZ¨vw` bvUK| bvbv wel‡q bvUK iwPZ n‡jI D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †Kv‡bv fvlv iwPZ nqwb Zuvi nv‡Z| GKB Ave‡Z© NyicvK †L‡q‡Q Zuvi bvU‡Ki welq| wKsev KL‡bv ¯’~j RbwcÖqZvq n‡q‡Q ew›`| c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvU‡K †gvt Rvjvj DwÏb wKse`šÍx, cyivY, †jvKDcv`vb, MÖvgxY Dcv`v‡b bvUK wj‡L ¯^Zš¿ bvU¨Kvi wn‡m‡eB cwiMwYZ, ejv hvq| gvwjnv LvZzb (R. 1928) cÖ‡dmi (1964), m~‡h©i IwcV (1985), Av‡jv bv Av‡jqv (1980), A‡bK m~‡h©i Av‡jv (1985), me †mvbv wK Av‡jv gvwjnv LvZz‡bi Gme bvU‡K ga¨weË Rxeb †PZbv wea„Z| Rxe‡bi Avkvev`, AwaKvi, m¤¢ve¨Zv wPwÎZ Zuvi †jLvq| Z‡e bvU¨-DrKl© `ye©j, cU MVbI Kvw•ÿZ bq| gyw³hy×-cieZ©x bvU‡KB Zuvi mvdj¨ cwijwÿZ| PzqvWv½vi Awi›`g mvs¯‹…wZK msMV‡bi msMVK I `jxq bvU¨Kvi †gvt AvjvDwÏb| MÖvgxY Rxeb wb‡q †jLv av‡bi kx‡l Av¸b| Rxeb ev¯ÍeZvi gy‡LvgywL hy× I msMÖvgx gvby‡li PvjwPÎ i³‡Mvjvc (1968)| bKj gvbyl (1968), †evev Kvbœv (1966), Avc‡Uªb (1966) Gme Zuvi bvUK| gyw³ msMÖv‡gi Kvwnwb wb‡q iwPZ i³ w`‡q Avbjvg (1972), hw`I Gi Kvwnwb ïiæ n‡q‡Q gyw³hy‡×i Av‡M †_‡KB| Zuvi Ab¨ bvUK GKwU wZ‡ji Rb¨ (1979), Pwi‡Îi mÜv‡b bvU¨Kvi (1979), c„w_ex †Nv‡i (1979), KvPgnj (1977), wPZvcÖvšÍi (1996) cÖf„wZ| bvU‡K Kwg‡UW †gvt AvjvDwÏb, Rxe‡bi mÜvbm~ÎB †c‡q‡Qb bvU¨DcKi‡Yi g‡a¨| ¯^vaxbZv-c~e©Kv‡j bvUK wj‡L‡Qb Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq` (1943-2010)| Zuvi fvl¨ Ôlv‡Ui †klw`‡K bvUK wb‡q †g‡ZwQjvg| Kve¨bvU¨ †Zv wj‡LwQjvgBGgbwK M`¨bvU¨I K‡qKwU... mˇii `k‡KB Avgvi H bvU¨iPbvi B”Qv wbe©vwcZ nq|Õ Zuvi c~Y©v½ M`¨bvUK bv †d‡ikZv bv kqZvb (1970-71)| GQvov myL-AmyL (1967), hyw³nxb hyM (1968), G‡mv Am¤¢e, G‡mv (1373), msmvi (1970), GKwU fxlY †Ljv (1373)| bv †d‡ikZv bv kqZvb GKwU f½yi mgv‡Ri e¨w³me©¯^ Pwi‡Îi Aw¯’i 308 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 313



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Avj gvgy‡bi bvUK : Gevi aiv `vI (1977), kc_ (1978), †mbvcwZ (1980, 1979 cÖ. A.), AiwÿZ gwZwSj (1980, 1982 cÖ. A.), µm‡iv‡W µmdvqvi (1981), Avqbvq eÜzi gyL (1983), kvnRv`xi Kv‡jv †bKve (1983), GLbI µxZ`vm (1984, 1983 cÖ. A.), Avgv‡`i mšÍv‡biv (1989), Z…Zxq cyiæl (1988), `~icvjøv (1988), †ZvgivB (1988, 1987 cÖ. A.), †KvwKjviv (1990), gyw³hy‡×i bvUK mgMÖ (1993), ¯úa©v (1996, 1993 cÖ. A.), eyw×Rxex (1974), gvBK gv÷vi (1997), `¨v‡ki gvbyl (1993, 1992 cÖ. A.), Zvnviv ZLb (1996 cÖ. A.), †givR dwK‡ii gv (1997, 1995 cÖ. A.), †g‡niRvb Avi GKevi (1998, 1997 cÖ. A.) wZbwU bvUKB cÖvq GKB welq Abymvwi| ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k ag© e¨emvqx, ivRvKvi, d‡ZvqevR, mv¤cÖ`vwqK kw³i `vcU I ZvÐe‡K bvU‡Ki g‡a¨ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| Gme bvU‡K beŸyB `k‡Ki ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax ivRvKvi‡`i DÌvb Ges ÿgZvi `vcU Avi wecix‡Z gyw³‡hv×v ev †`k‡cÖwgK kw³i Aeÿq I cZb `„k¨ ev¯ÍemZ¨ n‡q D‡V‡Q| Z‡e bvU¨Kvi †klvewa bvU‡K BwZevPK A‡_©B mgvwß Uv‡bb†hLv‡b †gŠjev`x ev ivRvKvi‡`i cZb ev AvZ¥mgc©b‡KB †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Zuvi Pwiw`‡K hy× (1983, 1976 cÖ. A.) cÖdzjø ivq (R. 1934)i Dcb¨v‡mi bvU¨iƒc| Ab~w`Z bvUK W±i d÷vm (1592), Rvg©vb bvU¨Kvi dÖvb&R †µvrR (R. 1946) Gi wi‡Kv‡q÷ KbmvU© Aej¤^‡b iƒcvšÍi GKv (1994)| GwU GKNÈvi msjvcnxb GKwU bvUK| cÖvZ¨wnKZvq †e‡o IVv GKwU †g‡qi AvZ¥nZ¨vi Mí GwU| GQvov ÔKzimxÕ, ÔwewemveÕ, ÔDRvbcebÕ mgš^‡q wZbwU c_bvUK †ewi‡q‡Q 1991 mv‡j| Avjx hv‡Ki (R. 1944) evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K Avjx hv‡Ki `ÿ Awf‡bZv I bvU¨Kvi wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ| we‡klZ gyw³hy×-cieZ©x evsjv‡`‡k we‡k¦i L¨vwZgvb bvU¨Kvi‡`i bvUK Abyev` K‡i wZwb G‡`‡ki bvU¨PP©v‡K beZi gvÎv w`‡q‡Qb| Ggb Abyev`‡K wZwb g‡ÂI mdjZvi m‡½ cªwZôv w`‡q‡Qb| Z‡e Gme bvUK we‡`kx n‡jI mgKvjxb ˆ`wkK ev¯ÍeZv, gvbePwi‡Îi wPivqZ ˆewkó¨ wecyj m¤¢vl‡Y D”PvwiZ| †hgb †k·cxqi wKsev †eªkU& we‡`kx wn‡m‡e bq, G‡`kxq cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ¯^gwngvq Zz‡j G‡b‡Qb bvU¨Kvi| Avjx hv‡Ki Ab~w`Z bvU‡K gÂ-cwiKíbv wKsev wkígvÎvi ˆewkó¨wU eRvq iv‡Lb| Avgv‡`i bvU‡K m‡›`n †bB, gybxi †PŠayix G avivwUi m~Pbv K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z †mwU A‡bKfv‡e weewa©Z n‡q‡Q| ej‡ZB nq, AvaywbKZvi gvÎvevnx Gme bvUK 316 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



g‡Â RbwcÖqI n‡q‡Q| Avjx hv‡Ki A‡bK bvUK Abyev` K‡i‡Qb Ges g‡Â wb‡q †M‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Â we‡`kx bvU‡Ki iƒcvšÍ‡ii I cwi‡ek‡bi GKwU aviv wZwb ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb| GWIqvW© G¨vjexi Gfwiw_s Bb `¨ Mv‡W©b Aej¤^‡b GB wbwl× cjøx‡Z (1973, 1973 cÖ. A.), DBwjqvg †k·cxq‡ii n¨vg‡jU Aej¤^‡b `c©Y (1993, 1991 cÖ A.), †eªk&‡Ui ¸W DIg¨vb Ae †mrRyqvb-Gi Abyev` mr gvby‡li †Luv‡R (1974, 1976 cÖ. A.), Kvj© my¨Lgvqvi iwPZ `¨ K¨v‡Þb Ae †Kv‡cwbK Aej¤^‡b †Kv‡cwb‡Ki K¨v‡Þb (1980-81, 1981 cÖ. A.) cÖf„wZ Zuvi bvUK| AvšÍb †PL‡ei mxMvj-Gi iƒcvšÍi k•LwPj (1997 cÖ. A.)| Kvj© myLg¨vqvi iwPZ K¨v‡Þb Ae †Kv‡cwbK-Gi Abyev` †Kv‡cwb‡Ki K¨v‡Þb (1980 cÖ. A.)| Avmv`y¾vgvb b~i (R. 1946) Avmv`y¾vgvb b~i Awf‡bZv I bvU¨e¨w³Z¡| Zuvi ev‡U©vì †d«WvwiK †eªk&U (1895-1956)-Gi `¨v ivBR Av¨Û dj Ae `¨ wmwU Aej¤^‡b †gvnbMix (1982)| GQvov †eªk&U-Gi Herr puntilla and his man matti-i mdj I RbwcÖq iƒcvšÍi †`Iqvb MvRxi wKm&mv (1976)| G bvUKwU wZwb cwi‡ekb K‡i‡Qb `ÿ wb‡`©kbvq Ges evsjv‡`‡ki cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z| Avgv‡`i mgv‡Ri †kvlY wbh©vZb, †gŠjev`x ZvÐe, ÿwqòz ev¯ÍeZvi cÖwZwPÎ G bvUK| Abyev` I iƒcvšÍwiZ G bvU‡K Avmv`y¾vgvb b~i wb‡Ri wPšÍv I gb‡bi ¯^vaxbZv h‡_vwPZ eRvq †i‡L‡Qb| gwj‡qi Aejw¤^Z Zuvi Ab¨ bvUK we`» igbxi K‚j (1974), G‡ÿ‡Î A‡bKUv g~jvbyM wZwb| wKš‘ iƒcvšÍ‡i †mwU n‡q D‡V‡Q G †`kxq I ev¯ÍevbyM| Clr cwiea©b I cwigvR©‡b Zuvi bvU‡Ki cwi‡ekwU n‡q D‡V‡Q MÖnYxq| Gm. Gg. †mvjvqgvb (1954-2001) Gm. Gg. †mvjvqgvb ¸Yx bvU¨Kvi| A‡bK bvUK wj‡L‡Qb Ges Zv g‡Â mdjZvi m‡½ cÖ`k©bI K‡i‡Qb| nvbv`vi wKsev †gŠjev‡`i nv‡Z G‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ Kxiƒ‡c webó n‡”Q Zvi Dc‡fvM¨ cÖwZ”Qwe GB †`‡k GB †e‡k (1987)| bvU¨Kv‡ii Bw½Z (1985), Mwb wgqv GKw`b (1997) RbwcÖq bvUK| PÆMÖv‡gi †jvKKvwnwb ÔbQi gvjygÕ I Ô†fjyqv my›`ixÕ Aej¤^‡b Gm. Gg †mvjvqgv‡bi bvUK Av‡gbv my›`ix (1989)| BZvjxq bvU¨Kvi `vwiI †dvi cÖnmbagx© GKwm‡W›Uvj †W_ Ae Gb GbvwK©÷ (1970) Aej¤^‡b Zuvi Avn& Kg‡iW| cywjk †ndvR‡Z g„Zz¨i NUbvq AiæY G bvU‡Ki bvqK| †`kxq evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 317



AvenwU g~jZ Ggb NUbvi †fZi w`‡qB hy³ nq| Zuvi Ab¨ bvUK gy‡LvgywL Ksm (1980), ÿ¨vcv cvMjvi c¨vPvj (1980), †mvRb evw`qvi NvU, G‡jKkvb K¨vwi‡KPvi (1980), B݇c±i †Rbv‡ij (1981), ZvjcvZvi †mcvB (1982), ivÿm-†Lv°m (1984), m‡µwU‡mi mÜv‡b (1985)| Be‡m‡bi bvUK Aej¤^‡b iwPZ RbZvi kÎæ (1990)| fviZxq bvU¨Kvi ¯^‡`k `xc‡Ki †KvU© gvk©vj-Gi iƒcvšÍi K‡i‡Qb Gm. Gg. †mvjvqgvb| GwU w_‡qUvi Av‡U©i cÖ‡hvRbv 1993 mv‡j| Avey Zv‡n‡ii Mí Aej¤^‡b Zuvi Agi m„wó †MvjvcRvb (1995)| G Qvov e¨_© d¨v›Uvmx (1996), mvi‡f‡šÍ‡mi iƒcvšÍi ¯^cœ `¨v‡Lv gvbyl (1997), AvgRv` †nv‡m‡bi Mí Aej¤^‡b Kvj mKv‡j (2000), bvU¨‡KvjvR, wkKj cwi‡q `vI, m~wh¨ gvgvi eihvÎx, †Nvov G‡jv kn‡i, bvbv i‡Oi w`b¸wj, Lvb`vwb wKm&mv, gwj‡qi iƒcvšÍi weevn mgvPvi, Rmxg D`&`x‡bi ÔKe‡iÕi bvU¨iƒc, †mvRb evw`qvi NvU bvUK iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Gm. Gg. †mvjvqgv‡bi Rxe‡bi †kl bvUK Pjgvb †kvKMv_v| cÖavbZ †jŠwKK Rxeb‡K bvU‡K welq K‡i‡Qb bvU¨Kvi| Zuvi me‡P‡q eo mvdj¨ †jŠwKK Gme bvUK, c~Y©v½ AvaywbK gvÎvq g‡Â Avbvi †KŠkj| wbL~uZ Zuvi ms¯‹…wZÁvb| bvU‡Ki welq wbe©vPb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cÖ‡Z¨KwU c`‡ÿ‡c wZwb AvaywbK I cÖMwZ gb¯‹Zvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K wZwb GKRb Awbevh© bvU¨Kvi| eRjyj Kwig ( g„Zy¨ 1977) 1956 †_‡K 1963i Wªvgv mv‡K©‡ji cwiPvjK eRjyj Kwi‡gi Ab~w`Z bvUK Avg©m GÛ w` g¨vb, mevB Avgvi †Q‡j, mßm~‡ii w_ex AvµgY, `uvb‡Zvi g„Zz¨ (1977)| eRjyj Kwig Avg„Zz¨ AvRxeb bvU‡Ki †jvK, weivU bvU¨e¨w³Z¡, cÖPvi wbixÿv I M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb bvUK wb‡q| we‡`kx bvU‡Ki Abyev`I K‡i‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨iæwP wbg©v‡Y Zuvi Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©| Avg©m GÛ `¨v g¨vb Zuvi m„Rbx †PZbvi cwiPvqK| mßmy‡ii w_ex AvµgY GKUz wfbœag©x wKš‘ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bvUK| ggZvRD``xb Avng` (R. 1935) ggZvRD`&`xb Avng` bvU¨Kvi Ges bvU¨vwf‡bZv| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvms¯‹…wZ I g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖwZ Kwg‡UW G bvU¨Kvi| Zuvi mvZNv‡Ui KvbvKwo (1991, 1989 cÖ. A.) Zuvi AvovBk ev‡iiI AwaK g¯’ bvUK| G bvU‡Ki Kvwnwb ˆ¯^ivPvi-we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi cwie„‡Ë iwPZ| Avng` kixd e‡jb : 318 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



ÔG bvUK Abb¨, Amvgvb¨| Áv‡bi m‡½ eyw×i, mvn‡mi m‡½ kw³i, A½xKv‡ii m‡½ D‡`¨vM I Av‡qvR‡bi Ggb mgv‡ek, mgvR, ivRbxwZ Ges `yó, `yR©b, `ye©„Ë I `y®K…wZi Ggb ev¯Íe, mvgwMÖK I mvgwqK PvjwPÎ GKvav‡i I hyMcr Avi KL‡bv †`‡LwQ e‡j G gyn~‡Z© g‡b c‡o bv|Õ evOvwji mvsMVwbK HK¨ Ges †`ªvn bvU‡K wPwýZ| bvU¨Kvi GLv‡b GK cÖKvi MšÍ‡e¨i w`kv wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb| bvU‡K ¯^vgx nviv‡bv exiv½bv gv‡qi PwiÎwU wekvj Hk¦h© I gvnv‡Z¥¨ wbwg©Z| ÔgvÕ GLv‡b wb‡Ri AZxZ-eZ©gvb, †`kvZ¥‡PZbv, gvZ…Z¡, ÿzim¨ i³iwÄZ kw³ I gyw³g‡š¿i cÖZxKiƒ‡c D™¢vwmZ| mgKvjxb mgv‡Ri `ybx©wZ, Aeÿq, wg_¨vPviGgb cÖf~Z evZ©v G bvU‡K mv_©Kiƒ‡c bvU¨¯úk© jvf K‡i‡‡Q Avi Ø›ØI †c‡q‡Q bvbvgvwÎK iƒc| GQvov wPišÍb ms¯‹vi-Kzms¯‹v‡ii weiæ‡× Ø›Ø, e¨w³i m‡½ mgwói Ø›Ø, weËev‡bi m‡½ weËnx‡bi Ø›Ø GLv‡b PiggvÎv jvf K‡i‡Q| ggZvRD`&`xb Avng` Ggb welq Abylw½ msjvc-fvlv I gÂm¾vI wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb| KvbvKwoi g~j¨ †bB, †m KvbvKwo mvZNv‡Ui n‡j Zv Zzg~j AwKwÂrKi| bvixi B¾Z, gvZ…Z¡, gv‡qig~j¨, †kvwl‡Zi µ›`baŸwb bvU‡K cÖZxKvwqZ; exiv½bv I Zvi mvZ mšÍv‡bi g‡a¨| bvgKi‡Yi e¨ÄbvwU cÖZ¨ÿ n‡q I‡V| G‡ÿ‡Î g‡Âi cÖ‡qvM I cÖ‡ÿcYI mvejxj| G bvU¨Kv‡ii ivRv Aby¯^v‡ii cvjv (1988)I ¯^KxqZvq D™¢vwmZ| eY©gvjv iv‡R¨i ivRv Aby¯^vi wemM© †mŠi‡fi cyÎ, ivbx P›`ªwe›`yi cwZ, eûeªxwni cÖYqcyiæl Avi g„Mbvwfi wcZv| cvwcô, †evKv, †jvfx, `yg©i, †giæ`Ðnxb PwiÎ ivRv Aby¯^vi| bvU‡K Ab¨ D‡jøLbxq PwiÎ ¸ßPi cv`UxKv| †jvKbv‡U¨i Avw½‡K iwPZ G bvU‡K gvbe Pwi‡Îi wewPÎ w`‡Ki g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡q‡QGKB m‡½ Zz‡j Avbv n‡q‡Q nvRvi eQ‡ii evOvwj HwZ‡n¨i iƒc-im HwZn¨| fvlv Av‡›`vjb †_‡K gyw³hy× DËwiZ ce© weevn I wK Pvn k•LwPj (1975) iwPZ| gyw³hy×-cieZ©x mg‡q hy×wdiwZ ZiæY‡`i nZvkv, hš¿Yv Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb bvU¨Kvi djvdj wbgœPvc (1976) bvU‡K| GLv‡b †K›`ªxq PwiÎ ivRyi D”PviY Ôgive me light of your lightÕ Abe`¨B ej‡Z n‡e| gyw³hy‡×i bvUK mR‡ji gv (2003 cÖ. A.)| MÖxK mgv‡Ri µxZ`vm †bZv Ô¯úvU©vKvm©Õ‡K cybg~©j¨vqb K‡i G mgv‡Ri †kªwYPwi‡Îi welqwUI wZwb Zz‡j Av‡bb bvU‡K| bvU¨Kv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ bvUK Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg (1971), hvwgbxi †kl msjvc (1976), nwiY wPZv wPj (1974), bvU¨Îqx ¯^vaxbZv Avgvi ¯^vaxbZv (¯^vaxbZv hy×welqK PviwU GKvw¼Kv :¯^vaxbZv Avgvi ¯^vaxbZv, iPbvKvj 1971; Gev‡ii msMÖvg, 1971; ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg, 1971; eY©‡Pviv, iPbvKvj evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 319



1972) (1976), ü`qNwUZ e¨vcvi m¨vcvi (1977), Pqb †Zvgvi fv‡jvevmv (1978), GB †mB Kɯ^i (1984), †cÖg weevn myU‡Km (wZbwU nvwmi bvUK, 1987), weevn (1985), eKzjcy‡ii ¯^vaxbZv (wK‡kvi bvU¨ msKjb, 1986), i½ cÂ`k (1987), cyÎ Avgvi cyÎ (1994), nvm¨ jvm¨ fvl¨ (1997), GKB bvUK Pvi iKg (1997), Ziæ‡K wb‡q bvUK (1998), g‡bi g‡Zv ivRv (1999), eUe„‡ÿi aig Kig (2001 cÖ. A.)| iƒcvšÍwiZ bvUK `wL‡bi Rvbvjvq, ÿZ weÿZ (1986), Siv cvZv; GQvov †k·cxqi Aej¤^‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ bvUK LvgvLv LvgvLv (1998 cÖ. A.) | GQvov gxi gkviid †nv‡m‡bi bvUK Rgx`vi `c©Y (1983 cÖ. A.) Ges KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi ivÿzmx (1991 cÖ. A.) M‡íi bvU¨iƒc w`‡q‡Qb ggZvRD``xb Avng`| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii `yB †evb (1934) Dcb¨v‡mi bvU¨iƒc w`‡q‡Qb wZwb| GwU w_‡qUv‡ii cÖ‡hvRbvq cÖ_g Awfbq 1978 mv‡j| Zuvi c_bvUK MšÍe¨ eû`~i (1991 cÖ. A.)|



gvgybyi ikx` (R. 1948) gvgybyi ikx‡`i m‡½ mgv_©Kiƒ‡c RwoZ ÔAviY¨KÕ (1972) bvU¨`‡ji Kg©KvÐ| †kªwYmsMÖv‡gi †PZbvq gvgybyi ikx‡`i †gŠwjK bvUK cwð‡gi wmuwo (1972 cÖ. A.), MÜe© bMix (1974 cÖ. A.), Iiv K`g Avjx (1979, 1976 cÖ.A.), Iiv Av‡Q e‡jB (1980), †g w`em (1981), Bewjk (1983), GLv‡b †bvOi (1984), †Lvjv `yqvi (1984), wMwbwcM (1985), AeevwnKv (1986), bxjv (1987), mgZU (1988), cv_i (1992), RqRqšÍx (1997, 1995 cÖ. A.), ivóª ebvg (1997) cÖf„wZ| cÖwZev`x fvebv †cŠbtcywbK PwiÎ ˆZwi K‡i Zuvi bvUK| Rqx Rxe‡bi cv‡k gnvRb, my`‡Lvi, Amr gvZei, MÖvg¨ †gvoj cÖgyL †kªwYkw³ Ø›ØgyLi cÖeZ©bv iPbv K‡i| gyw³hy‡×vËi evsjv‡`‡k mgvRZvwš¿K †PZbv`k© Z_v mvgwMÖK gvbegyw³i cÖqvmwUi bvbvgywL exÿY ïiæ nq| bvUK Ggb `vqe×Zvq HwZn¨g~jK Zvrc‡h© kvwbZ| gvgybyi ikx` DwjøwLZ bvU‡K Ggb welqwUB G‡b‡Qb| ïiæ †_‡KB ÔAviY¨KÕ bvU¨`j mgvRgyw³i A½xKvi ¯‹‡Ü aviY K‡i| Zuvi bvU‡K m¯Ív Av‡e‡Mi ùziY _v‡K bv| msjvc-wbg©v‡Y wZwb m~², Zxÿè| iƒp ev¯ÍeZv I msMÖvg‡K ïay D‡¯‹ †`IqvB bq bZzb K‡i euvPvi c‡_iI wbkvbv †`q| G‡ÿ‡Î mgZU GKwU ev¯Íe D`vniY| †m cÖZ¨‡q Zuviv †hgb wbqwgZ gÂbvUK _v‡K †Zgwb c_bvU‡Ki †fZi w`‡q cÖvwšÍK gvby‡li KvQvKvwQ †cuŠQviI †Póv K‡i| †hgb gvbœvb nxivi ÿzw`iv‡gi †`‡k, g„Mbvfx, gwYgy³v gvgybyi ikx‡`i K`g Avjxi 320 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



†g w`em Ggb c_bvUK Rbm‡PZbZv m„wó wKsev ¯^vaxb †`‡k gvby‡li AwaKv‡ii †PZbv‡K kvwYZ K‡i| G Rb¨ Zuv‡`i bvU‡Ki msjv‡c G‡m‡Q eªvZ¨ gvby‡li AÂjMZ K_KZv| Zv‡`i Drcv`b m¤úK© I †jŠwKK RxebvPvi Abylw½ fvlv| †Mivwmg †¯Ícv‡bvwfP †j‡e‡`‡d (1749-1817)i KxwZ©gq Rxeb wb‡q iwPZ gvgybyi ikx‡`i †j‡e‡`d (1997, 1995 cÖ. A.)| ˆggbwms‡ni †jvKKvwnwb ÔmOÕ Avw½‡Ki gva¨‡g gvgybyi ikx` mgKvjxb Rxe‡bi GK MxZj AvL¨vb iPbv K‡ib mOµvwšÍ (2001) bvU‡K| KwgK mgv‡R mO †m‡R †h †Ljvq gË ¯^v_©evRiv Zvi cÖK…Z iƒcwU wK †fjwKgvÎ bq? we`~lK ev K¬vDb hvB ewj cÖwZwµqvkxj cyuwRev`x mgv‡R g~j¨‡ev‡ai bxwZwUB GLv‡b e³e¨ n‡q Av‡m| ˆmq` kvgmyj nK (R. 1935) me¨mvPx †jLK| Kve¨bvU¨ wj‡L‡Qb cuvPwU| Zuvi Agi csw³gvjvi wk‡ívËxY© Kve¨bvU¨ cv‡qi AvIqvR cvIqv hvq (1976) I b~ij`x‡bi mvivRxeb (1982)| cÖ_‡gv³wU gyw³hy‡×i Kve¨bvU¨| AvaywbK mgq ev¯ÍeZvq wU. Gm. GwjqU cÖewZ©Z KvebvU¨ aviYvi m‡½ m½wZ †i‡L ˆmq` kvgmyj nK Kve¨bvU¨ †j‡Lb| PwiÎ-Kvwnwb-cøUweb¨vm GK‡Î MÖw_Z n‡jI bvUKB gyL¨ Avi Kve¨¸‡Yi ˆewkó¨ AÿzYœ _v‡K RwUj e¨w³-mgvR-iv‡óªi AvšÍi KvVv‡gvq| msjvc-fvlv-kãwbg©v‡Y cÖ‡qvRbxq cyivYcÖwZgv, BwZnvm; cv‡qi AvIqvR cvIqv hvq I b~ij`x‡bi mvivRxe‡b Abycg ˆkwj‡Z wea„Z| evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K G¸‡jv mdj gÂbvUK wn‡m‡eI `k©K mgv`„Z n‡q‡Q| Gme bvU‡K ˆmq` kvgmyj nK gÂ-cwiKíKI e‡U| ÿz`ª cwim‡i e„nr I mvg~wnK Rxeb ZßgyLi n‡q cÖvYešÍ evYxg~wZ© jvf K‡i| †mLv‡b ïay Ø›ØB bq, mgvR-iv‡óªi m‡½ Rwo‡q hvIqv Rxe‡bi m~ÿè w`K¸wj e¨w³MZ e„‡Ë Zvrch©gq n‡q I‡V| GwjqwUq AvaywbK cwie„Ë Ggb Kve¨bv‡U¨ aiv c‡o| †hLv‡b cÖfyZ¡, fq, †µva †hgb Av‡Q †Zgwb gyw³, msMÖvg, ï×Zvi w`KwUI Awbevh©| Gi g‡a¨B cÖ”Qbœiƒ‡c mgvRgyw³i kZ©wU ewjô n‡q I‡V| b~ij`xb Kvjmxgv AwZµg K‡i evOvwji mw¤§wjZ kw³‡PZbvi cÖZx‡K cwiYZ| ˆmq` kvgmyj nK DwjøwLZ Kve¨bv‡U¨i Avw½‡K cÖej ewjôZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb†mLv‡b Ggb ev¯ÍeZv Abylw½ fvlv-msjvc-Q›`-cyivY-cyive„Ë iPbv K‡ib wZwb| gyw³hy×-cieZ©x evsjv‡`‡k G `ywU mdj Kve¨bv‡U¨i D`vniY| Zuvi Ab¨ Kve¨bvU¨ †k·cxq‡ii Rywjqvm mxRvi Aej¤^‡b MYbvqK (1976), GLv‡b GLb (1988, 1982 †Z cÖ. A.), Cl©v (1991)| GQvov ˆmq` evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 321



kvgmyj n‡Ki mvZwU bvUK (2008)-Gi g‡a¨ evsjvi gvwU evsjvi Rj, LvÆv Zvgvkv (1995 cÖ. A.), Avgv‡`i Rb¥ n‡jv (1991 cÖ. A.), †Zviv me RqaŸwb Ki, hy× Ges hy× (1987, 1986 cÖ. A.), gy‡Lvk (1993 cª. A.), K…òcÿ AšÍf©y³| iex›`ªbv‡_i c~e©-e‡½i Rxeb I Dcjwä wb‡q evsjvi gvwU evsjvi Rj iwPZ| Avgv‡`i Rb¥ n‡jv GKwU Ôc¨vkb †cÕevqvbœi †cÖÿvc‡U; †Zviv me RqaŸwb Ki Ges hy× Ges hy× h_vµ‡g GKvˇii MYnZ¨v I cuPvËi-cieZ©x mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK cwi‡cÖwÿZ wb‡q iwPZ| cÂv‡ki gš^šÍi I ZrKvjxb fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi cø‡U wjwLZ LvÆv Zvgvkv Avi mvgwiK kvm‡bi AcZrciZv wb‡q K…òcÿ; gy‡Lvk iwPZ n‡q‡Q wPwji bvU¨Kvi Gwi‡qj Wd©g¨v‡bi †W_ A¨vÛ `v †gB‡Wb-Gi iƒcvšÍi wn‡m‡e| G bvU‡Ki welqI Avgv‡`i GKvËi I †m cieZ©x NUbvcÖev‡ni m‡½ m½wZc~Y©| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ AvaywbK Rxeb ev¯ÍeZv‡KB wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb bvU¨Kvi| cÖwZwµqvkxj I AcweKwkZ cuywRev‡` e¨w³gvby‡li msKUB †mLv‡b gyL¨| GQvov ˆmq` kvgmyj n‡Ki g¨vK‡e_ (1983 cÖ. A.)-Gi Abyev`I AvKl©Yxq| Zuvi bvixMY (2007) RbwcÖqZv †c‡q‡Q| †mwjg Avj `xb (1949-2008) evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bvU¨Kvi †mwjg Avj `xb| cÖKi‡Y G‡b‡Qb G¨vKk‡bi wecix‡Z wbixÿvag©x b¨v‡iwUf dg©| G ch©v‡q Zuvi bvU‡K evOvwji †jvKvqZ Rxeb, †`kR BwZnvm-HwZn¨-b„ZË¡ bvU¨iƒc †c‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î f~wg-gvwUi AšÍi †_‡K D‡V Av‡m Zuvi cÖvšÍ¯úk©x eªvZ¨ gvbyl| Zv‡`i Rxe‡bi ¯^i I myi‡K eY©bvfw½‡Z g‡Â Zz‡j Av‡bb bvU¨Kvi| †mLv‡bB bvU‡Ki Ø›ØmsNvZ-msMÖvg D‡V Av‡m| ¯§Z©e¨, cvðvZ¨ AbymiYxq ixwZ‡Z gaym~`b `Ë (1824-1873) †_‡K A`¨vewa bvU‡Ki †h PP©v P‡j‡Q †mwjg Avj `xb Zv‡KB AvNvZ K‡i‡Qb; wecix‡Z hv wKQy wbR¯^, ¯^`xwÿZZvB cybM©Vb ev Aej¤^b K‡i bvU‡K cÖqvmx nb| GRb¨ KweMvb, cuvPvjx-Rvix-mvix ev HwZn¨ AvbyôvwbKZvqAvPvi, g~j¨‡eva, ms¯‹vi, cÖ_v‡K bvU‡K A½xKvive× K‡ib wZwb| cÖvP¨-`k©bB Zuvi †gvÿ| Zuvi mg¯Í bvU‡KB cÖv‡P¨i cÖeYZvwU Avw½‡K D¾xexZ| gyw³hy×-cieZ©x evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K G ixwZ‡K e¯‘Z wZwbB cÖwZôv w`‡q‡Qb| cybM©V‡bi cÖqv‡mI wZwb K‡i‡Qb AvaywbKZvi A_©v‡ivc| cuvPvjx ixwZi cÖ‡qvM evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Â RbwcÖqI n‡q‡Q| KviY evsjvi ga¨hyMxq Kve¨wk‡íi gv½wjK Avivabv, bvixi †cÖg-civKvôv-AvbyMZ¨, cyiælag© †h iƒcixwZ‡Z evav c‡oZv †hgb ¯úw›`Z wP‡Ëi ¯úk©K †Zgwb hveZxq 322 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Awbevh©Zvq K‡i †Zv‡j Ø›Øgq wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi Aven| bvU‡Ki Ggb wPšÍv I iƒcixwZ evB‡ii cÖeZ©bvq wbwe©Kvi g‡b n‡jI, †fZ‡i i‡q‡Q ÔA¨vKkbÕ| GUvB Gi cÖvY I cuywR| BwZnvm I cyiv‡Yi cybwb©gv© YwfwËK Zuvi cÖ_g bvUK Awb‡KZ A‡š¦lY (1970)| Gici †mwjg Avj `x‡bi bvU¨hvÎv ïiæ| Zuvi bvU‡Ki cÖ_g ch©vq 1972-1979 ch©šÍ| G mgq †jLv bvUK : bxj kqZvb : ZvwnwZ BZ¨vw` (1972), mc© welqK Mí (cÖ_g cÖ‡hvRbv : 1972), RwÐm I wewea †ejyb (iPbv I cÖ‡hvRbv : 1972), G·‡cøvwmf I g~j mgm¨v (1973), Kwig evIqvjxi kÎæ A_ev g~j gyL †`Lv (1973), msev` KvU©yb (1973), mgªvU I cÖwZØ›ØxMY (1973), gybZvmxi d¨v›Uvmx (1976), kKzšj Í v (1977) Ges AvZi Avjx‡`i bxjvf cU (1975)| Gme bvU‡K gyw³hy×-cieZ©x evsjv‡`‡ki ev¯ÍeZv‡K cÖZxKag©x K‡i cwi‡ekb K‡i‡Qb bvU¨Kvi| G¸‡jv A‡bKvs‡k †KŠZzKbvU¨, †kl-we`ªƒciƒ‡c cwi‡ewkZ| gybZvmxi bvUKwU msev` KvU©y‡bi aviv‡ZB iwPZ, ÔwgDwRK¨vj K‡gwWÕ bv‡g wPwýZ| cyivY cybM©V‡b iwPZ kKzšj Í vG mgqKv‡j †mwj‡gi bvUK¸‡jv Ôb·vÕZzj¨, mgmvgwqK welq‡K †kølvZ¥K, cwinvmKvZi K‡i Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| †mwjg Avj `x‡bi wØZxq ch©v‡qi bvUKmg~n cvðvZ¨ cÖfveewÂZ| e¯‘Z †`kR bvU¨ixwZwU G ch©v‡q ïay cixÿvq Avbv bq, mvd‡j¨I ch©ewmZ n‡q‡Qb, m‡›`n †bB| Gi cÖgvYwU aiv c‡o wKËb‡Lvjv (1980, 1981 cÖ. A.)i †fZi w`‡q| †mwjg eY©bvZ¥K ixwZi G bvUK‡K K_vbvU¨ e‡j AwfnxZ K‡ib| G ch©v‡qi Ab¨vb¨ bvUK †KivgZg½j (1985), nvZ n`vB (1989)| K_vbvU¨ bvgvw¼Z G wZbwU bvUK Îqx e‡jI cwiwPZ| wKËb‡Lvjv †_‡KB †mwjg Avj `x‡bi cÖK…Z wkímËv wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b cÂv‡¼i evB‡i eY©bvZ¥K ixwZwU Kvwnwb‡Z Awbevh© n‡q D‡V‡Q| Avengvb evsjvi cÖvwšÍK gvby‡li R½gZv I cÖZ¨q‡K cybM©wVZ HwZ‡n¨ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| GKBfv‡e †KivgZg½j bvU‡K †KivgZ G evsjvi GK mšÍcw_Kiƒ‡c cwi‡ewkZ| †m †`‡L Db¥~j-wew”Qbœ-eܨv GK mgvR‡K| †h mgv‡R ZvjyK`viiv e¨w³¯^v‡_© evwa‡q †`q mv¤cÖ`vwqK `v½v, `vwi‡`ª¨i Kvi‡Y ¯^vgx-cwiZ¨³ bIkv` Kg©RxweKv cvjb Ki‡Z wM‡q A‰ea Mf©avi‡Yi ÔKzjUvÕ wZjK c‡i jjv‡U, †m mg‡Ri cÖwZ Zxeª åƒKzwU bvU¨Kv‡ii| †KivgZ Gm‡ei †fZi w`‡q c~e©evsjv I ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k‡K Ae‡jvKb K‡i; GMv‡ivwU Kvwnwb †hb GK‡Î MÖw_Z, c~e©-evsjvi cvKkvmK †_‡K gyw³hy×, Gici Avevi welYœZv åƒYiÿvi msMÖv‡g †m wK civ¯Í? mg¯Í jvÃbvi †fZi w`‡q, bi‡Ki wb`©qZvq, cv‡ci Møvwb‡Z †m n‡q I‡V GK mšÍcyiæl| nvZ n`vB AvÂwjK fv‡l¨ cwi‡ewkZ evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 323



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gyÝxi †cv÷vi (1980), †`qvj fvs‡evB (1986), b~ievby I gvbwPÎ (1988), AiY¨ RbviY¨ (2004) cÖf„wZ| DËwiZ Zuvi AwfÁZv| cÖPvi I cwieZ©b Pvb wZwb bvU‡K| KwgU‡g‡›Ui A¯¿ K‡i †Zv‡jb bvUK‡K| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, GgbUvi wejywß bv n‡j wkí bq, ïay ZvrÿwYK ¯’~jZvi Kg©cÖYvjxB iwPZ n‡e| G †K Kexi bZzb wecøe, jvjy wVKv`v‡ii ew¯Í, cÖwZev`, wbe©vmb, Avkªq wkwei, †nvqvBU A‡±vcvm, GB Ai‡Y¨, gaycvMjv, eUZjvi cvMjv, wKj †`k, cwÐZ gkvB, gvayixi we‡q, iƒcvjx Puv`, AvikxbMi, mv¤^cÖwZK mgvPvi Zuvi bvUK| GQvov c_bvUK : i³v³ dvêyb, jvj‡Mvjvc, hy× hy×, K`gZjx Avg©x K¨v¤ú, gy³‡hv×v| G. †K. Kex‡ii bvU‡Ki welq I cwie„Ë GKB| wZwb A‡bK bvUK wj‡L‡Qb wKš‘ bvU¨fvlv K‡qg nqwb bvU‡K| KviY, ZvrÿwYK Av‡jvo‡b ch©ewmZ| Kg©¸Y nvwi‡q †dj‡j †m¸‡jv Avi bvUK _v‡K bv| GRb¨ `vk©wbK eywׇZ wkí¸Y¯úk©x mvwnZ¨ KivB cÖ‡qvRb| Gg. G. Iqv‡R` cÂwmuwo ewikvj bvU¨‡Mvôxi Kg©x| i‡³i FY (1984), cjøx †g‡q (1985), euv‡av e¨vUv‡K (1986), bZzb m~h© (1986), i³Siv GKz‡k (1987), †mB Kvj ivZ (1987) cÖf„wZ Zuvi bvUK| bvU‡K `vwqZ¡kxj| cÖ‡Z¨KwUB ZvrÿwYK Ave‡Mi cªve‡j¨ RR©wiZ| GKzk wKsev gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv Zuvi bvU‡K wea„Z| MY-Av‡eMwU‡K gyw³msMÖv‡gi †PZbvq kvwbZ K‡i‡Qb| mgKvj I mgvR AbvPvi ev †ÿ` †h bvU‡K †bB Zv-I bq| Gm. Gg Rqbvj Av‡e`xb Puv`cyi Wªvgvi bvU¨Kg©x| Rxebhy× (1985), †bv †f‡KwÝ (1985), cjvkWv½vi gqbv (1985), gvaeeveyi Zvbcyiv (1985), ¯^‡M©i mÜv‡b (2005) Gme bvU‡Ki †fZi w`‡q Gm. Gg. Rqbvj Av‡e`xb msMVwbK ÿgZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| f~wgnxb, A‡šÍevmx gvbyl _v‡K Zuvi †K‡›`ª| wKš‘ wkífvlv mij I AbyËvwcZ| GRb¨ c_ iPbv n‡”Q bvbv bvU‡K| Zuvi c_bvUK : GKRb iv‡njv (2005)| Gg. G. gwR` (R. 1959) hvÎvi HwZn¨ Ges evOvwji mvs¯‹…wZK cwi‡cÖwÿZ eRvq †i‡L bvUK wj‡L‡Qb| Zuvi hvÎv bvUK: †gvMj nv‡Ui mܨv (1979), iZb gÄix (1979), we‡`ªvnx ev›`v (1979), Kwe P›`ªveZx (1979), Ny‡Y aiv mgvR (1979), dwiqv` (1980), wfLvixi †Q‡j (1980), PvKzix PvB (1981), iNy WvKvZ (1982), we‡l WvKvZ (1983), i³ w`j hviv (1984), bxj KzwVi Kvbœv (1985), ev½vjx (1995), 42-Gi wecøe (1986), i‡³i `vex (1987), †`‡ki WvK (1987), †eûjv jwL›`i (1993), gûqv (1994), jvjb dwKi (1994), NygvI Zzwg wcÖqv (1994), gnvKwe gvB‡Kj (1995), we‡`ªvnx dwKi gRby kvn (1995), D`qbvjv R¡j‡Q (1995), i‡³ ivOv †mvbvi evsjv (1995), `vZv nv‡Zg 332 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



(1996), `skb (1996), fvIqvj mbœ¨vmx (1996), GB †`k GB gvwU (1997), †c‡Ui R¡vjv (1997), my›`ie‡bi WvKvZ (1997), NygšÍ mgvR (1997), i‡³ †avqv avb (1987), Ckv Luv (1987), _vgvI hy× (1988), gvwbKe cx‡ii `iMv (1988), gvB‡b Kiv gv (1988), ivB-Kgj (1989), fvlvi WvK (1990), RbZvi kÎæ (1990), mvZ †KvwUi gywRe (1991), ¯^vaxbZvi WvK (1992), PzKbM‡ii MYnZ¨v (1993), we‡`ªvnx bRiæj (1993), nvQb ivRv (1993), b`xi bvg gnvb›`v (1993)| Ab¨ bvUK : _vgvI i³cvZ (1993), PviY Kwe gyKz›` `vm (1994), †bZvRxi Wv‡K w`jøx Pj (1994), muvB dwKi Av‡jd Puvb (1994), mvjvg weRqx exi (1994)| Gme bvU‡K ¯^vaxbZv ev RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi ¯^iaŸwb wea„Z



n‡q‡Q| Kvjxc` `vk gyw³hy×wfwËK bvUK Rqevsjv, †mvbvi evsjv, exi evOvwj, evsjvi gvwU| Gme bvUK iPbvi KviY I D‡Ïk¨ Acwi®‹vi bq| gyw³hy‡×i e„nËi weRqMv_v wb‡q c~Y©v½ bvUK †bB, wKš‘ G †PZbvi Qov‡bv wQUv‡bv iƒ‡c A‡bK bvUK iwPZ n‡q P‡j‡Q| G cÖqv‡miB D`vniY G bvUK¸‡jv| Kvjxc` `v‡ki bvUK †m cÖeYZviB| KvRx RvwKi nvmvb R‰b‡Ki gnvcÖqvY (1978), kiwe× hš¿Yv (1978), w`KwPýnxb (1979), ivRvq ivRvq (1979) KvRx RvwKi nvmv‡bi bvUK| AvaywbK bvU‡Ki welq wbixÿvq ¯^vaxbZv-cieZ©x mg‡q wZwb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡Vb| ivR‰bwZK fw½wU Zuvi bvU‡K GKUz cÖ”Qbœ| wKš‘ c~Y©v½iƒ‡c ivR‰bwZK| KvBRvi Avn‡g` evqvbœi kKzb (1983) KvBRvi Avn‡g‡`i ivR‰bwZK bvUK| welq†MŠi‡e bvUKwU g~j¨evb| h‡_ó gyÝxqvbvi welqwU Av‡Q Zuvi bvU‡K| KvRx iwdK gbmvi cvjv K‡i‡Qb| ga¨hyMxq cybwb©gv© ‡Y AvaywbKZvi msÁv_© cÖ`vb| wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZ I BwZnv‡mi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ †_‡KB Gme bvUK Kiv| cÖavbZ c_bvUK K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi c_bvUK mvwi mvwi jvk, Zvivgb wewe, †Pvi cÖf„wZ| GLv‡b welq-wbe©vPbB Zuvi ev¯ÍeZvi ¯§viK| bvU¨cªKiY cwiPh©vnxb| Kexi Av‡bvqvi †cv÷vi (1986), R‡b R‡b RbZv (1984), iƒ‡ci cmiv Gme bvUK wb‡q Kexi Av‡bvqvi L¨vwZgvb| Zuvi bvU‡K ivR‰bwZK web¨vm _vK‡jI cÖejiƒ‡c gÂ-Dc‡hvMx| GK ai‡bi `vqe×Zv †_‡K wZwb Gme bvUK wj‡L‡Qb| †mwU D‡Ïk¨nxb bq| d‡j wel‡q †h †µva I Av‡ÿc _v‡K, †mLv‡b Avw½KMZ Kvh©KvwiZv `ye©jB n‡q c‡o| Kvjvg gvngy‡`i bvUK wecø‡ei Mvb (1993)| gvbe gyw³i cÖZ¨qx K_Kiƒ‡c cwiMwYZ wec‡ei Mvb| Gi g~j¨vqb ïay Kb‡UK‡÷ bq, myi-aŸwbe¨Äbv I cUf~wgI `iKvi| KwP L›`Kv‡ii bvUK R¡vjvZb (1979), GKv‡j gvby‡li evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 333



M‡àv (1991) QvovI †ekwKQy c_bvUK wj‡L‡Qb| me wg‡j wZwb mPj gvbyl| wKš‘ wkígvÎv `ye©j| Zuvi c_bvUK : f~‡Zi Mw` (1984), HwZn¨ I wKQy cÖkœ (1996), GKwU Am¤¢e cÖZ¨vkv (1998), wecbœ †`k, gvbyl, Aw¯ÍZ¡ (1999), i³v³ (1999) cÖf„wZ| gvbeZv I gvby‡li c‡ÿB Zuvi bvUK| KzZze DwÏb Avng` cÖev‡ji wfbœ is (1998), b`x‡Z Av¸b R¡‡j (1999), mv‡`K Avjx NUK (1999), AZGe ïfmsev` (2000), bvMxb (2001), GKwU my›`i †cÖg (2003) cÖf„wZ bvU‡K †KŠkwj KzZzeDwÏb Avng`| me bvUK GKB welqiƒ‡c bq, †ivg¨vw›UK gvR©bv, we`ªƒcvZ¥K Avkªq cwijwÿZ| bvU¨Kv‡ii bvU‡K cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †P‡q m~²Zi cwinvmwcÖqZv, mgvRRxe‡bi m½wZ-Am½wZi KviYB †hb †ewk A_©c~Y© n‡q‡Q| GLb AvaywbK bvU‡K Ggb ¸Y Ajÿ bq| Z‡e b`x‡Z Av¸b R¡‡j ev AZGe ïfmsev`-Gi Avw½K‡KŠkj `ye©j| Kzgvi cÖxZxk ej GKvˇii exiMv_v D”PvwiZ K_v 71 (2007, 2005 cÖ. A.) bvU‡K| Kzgvi cÖxwZk ej A‡bK D”P‡MŠi‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Qb G bvU‡K| †PZbvi ù‚wj½ Qwo‡q‡Qb, cÖwZ‡iva msMÖv‡gi ¯^Kxq AvL¨vb eqv‡b| G bvU‡Ki Avw½K D”Pgv‡bi| cÖRb¥všÍ‡ii ¯§viK K_v 71| msjvc DÏxcbvgq, PwiÎvbyM Avenwbg©vY, gÂcÖqvm wkígwÐZ| evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K GwU wbtm‡›`‡n ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖ‡hvRbv| GQvov Zuvi bvUK byiæ‡bœnvi cvjv (2002)| KvRx †ivRx mvwË¡K bvU¨m¤cÖ`vq XvKvi Kg©x| Zuvi bvUK Kzmyg †eËvšÍ (2004)| GQvov c_bvUK c‡`e (2004)| KvRx †ivRx m„Rbkxj bvU¨Kvi| ÔKzmygÕ‡K cÖvwšÍK cÖZxKvq‡b Zz‡j Av‡bb| cÖwZ‡iva evZ©vB kay bq; †fZ‡ii Ø›Ø, e¨w³ I mgv‡Ri Ø›Ø, ms¯‹vi-Kzms¯‹vi m„Rbx n‡q I‡V Pwi‡Îi †fZ‡i| GKUv HwZwn¨K m¤^Üm~Î ˆZwi K‡ib †jLK| evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K G ch©v‡qi welq‡K bvbvgywL K‡i †Zvjvi A_©, mg¯Í ˆelg¨nxb mgvR cÖZ¨q Avi AwaKZi gh©v`vevb I kªgx gvby‡li ¯^xK…wZ| KvRx gvngy`yi ingv‡bi (R. 1942) gyw³hy×wfwËK mvZwU bvUK (2007) †ewi‡q‡Q| G bvUK¸‡jv mvZ Avmgv‡bi wmuwo, ¯^Y©‡ZviY, Puv` †cvKv NyY †cvKv, ea¨f~wg‡Z †kl `„k¨, weRqMv_v, AviR Avjx me evD‡ji iv‡Z, GKevi, Zvici Ab¨wKQy, cyiv‡Yi cvwL| KvRx gvngy`yi ingv‡bi G wmwiR cÖksmbxq| c¨v‡KRwU GKwU c~Y©v½ gyw³hy× cÖqv‡m ewY©Z| †gavex G bvU¨Kvi bvU¨fvlv‡ZI DËxY©| A‡bK ZË¡‡K wZwb Z_¨ K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| wµqv-cÖwZwµqv Kvw•ÿZ m‡Z¨ evOgq| Lv‡j`v nvbyg iæWjd †ewmqvi Aej¤^‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ bvUK mnmv Rxeb (1973)iPbv K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b iƒcvšÍ‡i wZwb A‡bKUv ¯^vaxbZv wb‡q‡Qb| m„Rbkxj G bvU¨Kv‡ii bvU¨fvlvI `y‡e©va¨ bq| mvejxj Ges ¯^”Q| Lv‡j` 334 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Lv‡bi bvUK kqZv‡bi Avkªgx (2002), evevi AuvKv jvj m~h© (1995)| bvU¨Kv‡ii bvU¨¸Y bvbvgywL| AwfÁ G bvU¨Kvi| Awfe¨w³ev`x cÖqvm Av‡Q| AvaywbK bvU¨we‡k¦i gvÎvq wZwb welq‡K Kv‡qgx K‡i Zzj‡Z Pvb| Z‡e †PZbvMZ wfwËwU A‡gvNiƒ‡cB _v‡K Zuvi bvU‡K| L‡j` Lv‡bi G bvU¨cÖqvm evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Lvb †gvnv¤§` dvivex (1952-1974) m„Rbkxj eûgvwÎK †jLK| Zuvi bvUK AvKv‡ki Icv‡i AvKvk (1982)| cÖeÜ wjL‡jI GKgvÎ G bvU‡K †gavi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| ¯^ívqy G †jL‡Ki bvU‡K bvU¨ Aven KweZ¡c~Y©| AšÍgy©wL RxebexÿYB wZwb Avqvmjä K‡i †Zv‡jb bvU‡K| dvivexi bvU‡K bvUKxqZvi AeKvkwU `ye©j g‡b nq| nq‡Zv KwefveUzKz MÖvm K‡i e‡jB Zv ewnivkªq cvq bv| Lvqiæj evmvi Rxeb GLv‡b †Kvivm Mvb (1990), R‰bK Bgvb Avjx (1991), evi gv‡m †Zi gy‡Lvk (1994), †cvKv (1996), nvjLvZv (1998), ev¯‘wf‡U (2002)Gme bvUK wj‡L Lvqiæj evmvi bvU¨K…wZ †`wL‡q‡Qb| Rxeb GLv‡b †KvivmMvb cÖZ¨qx bvUK| Rxe‡bi mvi¯^Z mZ¨‡K wZwb cÖwZôv K‡i‡Z Pvb bvU‡K| GQvov gvbem‡Z¨i ˆ`bw›`bZvI wewPÎcÖqv‡m M„nxZ Zuvi bvU‡K| Lvqiæj Avjg meyR (R. 1952) divmx bvU¨Kvi Ruv AvbyB-Gi AvwšÍ‡Mv‡bi Abyev` K‡i‡Qb| GwU w_‡qUv‡ii cÖ‡hvRbv 1992-G| m‡dvwK¬‡mi bvUK‡K beiƒ‡c cwi‡ekb K‡i‡Qb Ruv AvbyB| evsjv‡`‡k AvwšÍ‡Mv‡bi Abyev`K bxwZ-Ansg~j¨‡ev‡ai welq¸‡jv‡K m„RbkxjZvq GKUv mvs¯‹…wZK gvÎvq cwi‡ekb K‡i‡Qb Lvqiæj Avjg meyR| Zuvi bvUcvV cwicK¡ I cwikªgx| GPvov Zuvi bvUK †bviv (1996)| †Mvjvg kwdK (R. 1961) wkjvix (2007) Kzms¯‹vi ev eyRiwK †ckvi wek¦vm I Av”QbœZv wb‡q iwPZ bvUK| mv¤cÖwZK mg‡qi G bvUKwU bvU¨Kv‡ii Kg©`ÿZv I m¤¢vebvi Øvi D‡b¥vPb K‡i‡Q| †Mvjvg kwd‡Ki Ab¨ bvUK GB wcixwZ †mB wcixwZ bq| †Mvjvg Avw¤^qv b~ix Piv‡ji wea„Z fvlvq iwPZ, msMÖv‡gi Kvwnwb KzgviLvwji Pi (1981)| b`xØxc-Pi A‡ji msMÖvg, R½gZv wb‡q G bvUK| wew”Qbœfv‡e bq, wµqvcÖwZwµqvi †fZi w`‡q G bvU‡K GK ai‡bi mZ¨Zv †hgb m„wó K‡i‡Qb †Zgwb cÖevnI Kv‡qg n‡q‡Q| bvU‡Ki wbg©vY ¯’~j, Z‡e PwiÎvbyM| Zuvi Ab¨ bvUK evRZjxi cix| Z‡e bvU‡K Zuvi AviI cwi”Qbœ I hZœevb nIqv `iKvi| wMqvmDwÏb †mwjg V¨v‡iv (1991), wP‡j‡KvVv [AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqv‡mi Dcb¨vm Aej¤^‡b] (1991) wMqvmDwÏb †mwj‡gi bvUK| wP‡j‡KvVv `yiƒn bvU¨cÖqvm| GKwU Am¤¢e KvR| weivU ˆef‡e GwU g‡Â G‡m‡Q| †K›`ªxq PwiÎ Imgv‡bi AšÍgyw© L †PZbv‡K bvU‡K evOgq Kiv †ek evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 335



KwVbGwU m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb †mwjg; AZ¨šÍ `ÿZvi m‡½| bvU¨Kv‡ii wbe©vPb cÖksmbxq, msjvc FRy, ga¨weË Pwi‡Îi ivR‰bwZK †PZbv I wek¦v‡mi wkíiƒc AvKl©Yxq| †MvjRvi †nv‡m‡bi bvUK weRq (1990), ¯^vaxb (1991), K`gZjxi KvjvPuvb (1999), euvk (2003)| gyw³hy‡×i cwi¯ªyZ †PZbvq wZwb bvUK wi‡L‡Qb| Z‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡Vbwb wZwb Gme bvU‡K| Zuvi c_bvUK: Avi KZw`b (1991), †PvL _vK‡Z AÜ (1991), mß wWwO †cwi‡q (1992), ˆbivk (1993), nveyiv (1994), AwPbcyi (1995), †fjwK (1995), Iiv Kviv (1997), Ryjyg (1998)| mgvwRK †kvlY-wbh©vZb wPÎB A‡bKUv ¯’~j n‡q I‡V Zuvi bvU‡K| †Mvjvg mv‡ivqvi (R. 1952) gwj‡qi RR© `u¨v`u¨v Ges `v ey‡R©vqv †R›Ujg¨vb Aej¤^‡b h_vµ‡g NiRvgvB (1998) Ges fÏi‡bvK (1998, 1983 cÖ. A.)| †Mvjvg mv‡ivqv‡ii iƒcvšÍ‡i †`kxq cwi‡ek †hgb weivRgvb †Zgwb Aejw¤^Z fvlvq †KŠZzK I ev¯ÍeZvi wg‡kj PgrKvifv‡e M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| bvUKwU iƒcvšÍ‡i h‡_ó `ÿZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb wZwb| we`¨vmy›`i, ÿZ gRyi LBgywÏb (1991), cvjv e`‡ji cvjv (1991), gvRvi mgvPvi (1996), cvjvKv‡ii bKkv (1997), †muv`vgvwUi M‡Ü (2000) Gm‡eI wZwb h‡_vwPZ bvU¨eyw×i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| †Mvjvg mv‡ivqvi evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K Abyev‡`i †fZi w`‡q hy³ K‡i‡Qb bZzb gvÎv| Zuvi Ab¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ bvUK : wejwKm evbyi Kb¨viv (2003 cÖ. A.)| wRqv Avbmvixi †Pvi †Pvi (1979, 1976 cÖ. A.)g‡Â Av‡m Ave`yjøvn Avj gvgy‡bi wb‡`©kbvq| mvgvwRK †PZbvcyó bvUK GwU| wb‡`©kbvi ¸Y G bvUKwU †c‡jI bvU¨Kv‡ii K…wZZ¡ A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| gyw³hy‡×i AbwZc‡ii g‡Â G bvUKwU RbwcÖqI e‡U| wbf©i‡hvM¨ ¸R‡e cÖKvk (1977), wVKvbv †c‡qwQ (1977) G `ywU bvU‡K Rûiæj Bmjvg ga¨weË mZ¨‡KB MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| bvU¨cÖqvm †Zgb AvMÖnx bq, †KŠk‡jI `„pcÖhZœ cwijwÿZ nq bv| †Zgb cÖfvweZ fvlv GLv‡b cvIqv hvq bv| RMjyj Avjg Qq †envivi cvjwK (2000) †jvKKvVv‡gv cwiPh©vq bvUK| bvU¨m~Î Av‡Q| RMjyj Avjg evOvwj HwZ‡n¨i avivevwnKZv A¯^xKvi K‡ibwb| wel‡q bZzbZ¡ Av‡Q, Avw½K cÖ‡KŠkjI gvwÎKZv DËxY©| G‡ÿ‡Î bvU¨Kv‡ii AvaywbK †PZbvi ¯^vÿi Av‡Q| Rybv‡q` BDmy‡di evwo‡Z GKv (1998), eÜz LuyR‡Q ZbZz (2001) cÖ_vbyM cwie„‡Ëi bvUK| ga¨weË Rxe‡bi AwÜm~Î wb‡q wZwb bvUK iPbv K‡i‡Qb| RvwgDi ingvb †jgb (R. 1961) cÖwZkÖæZkxj I `vqe× bvU¨Kvi| Rb †nbwi (1985), GKRb Av‡gbv (2002) cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj bvUK| GQvov c_bvUK : GKevi wd‡i hvI (1985), H Iiv AvBZv‡Q (1985), 336 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



GKRb wgwmi Avjx (1986), Rxeb †bvOi (1986), KzKzi I esk`Ð (1987), †mvbvjx ¯^cœ (2003) wKQyUv cÖZxKx Ges cÖvšÍ-AbyeZ©x welq‡K wb‡q wjwLZ| RvwgDi ingv‡bi bvU‡K AvaywbK bvU¨Avw½‡Ki Bw½Z Av‡Q| Rvnv½xi Avjg myRb ¯^iwjwc w_‡qUvi biwms`xi `jxq bvU¨Kvi wZwb| m~Pbv (1993), Q›`cZb (1996), bxjv (1997), Kwd nvDR (1999), wecixZ †mªvZ (2000), Zvici (2000), `yM©g c_ (2001), ü`qcy‡ii e„ËvšÍ (2002), wZw_i Z…Zxqv (2002), wewemve (2004) Rvnv½xi Avjg myR‡bi †gŠwjK bvUK| Zuvi c_bvUK : AÜKv‡i gvbyl (1990), cÖ‡qvRb ebvg †jvf (2002), †Kvb GK bCgyÏx (2002), AZGe †nv‡mb Avjx (2005)| DwjøwLZ Gme bvU‡K wewPÎ welq Abym„Z n‡q‡Q| Z‡e G ch©v‡qi bvU¨vw½K MZvbyMwZK| Rvnv½xi Avjg iscy‡ii bvU¨`j Ômviw_Õi Kg©x I msMVK| Zuvi c_bvUK : †kl wVKvbv (1994), bb÷c (1995), Kv‡ji jovB (1995), RyZv Avwe®‹vi (1995)| wR Gg. †g‡nw` nvmvb h‡kvi †bvqvcvov bvU¨‡Mvôxi m‡½ hy³| Zuvi bvUK eZ©gvb w`bKvj [G Wjm nvDm Aej¤^‡b] (1995), Aby‡kvPbv (1996), kªwg‡Ki AwaKvi (1998)| Zuvi c_bvUK : mÂq (1996), Av‡›`vjb (1997)| f~wg-gvbyl Abylw½ bvU¨Kvi| bvU¨Kv‡ii `vqe×ZvB bvU‡K wkíexÿv AR©b K‡i| wSwgZ wSwgZ PvKgv iv½vgvwU Ryg Gm‡_wUKm KvDw݇ji m‡½ hy³| Zuvi bvUK An&`Z (1995), Av›`jZ cni (1996), Kv‡Ëvb (2000), eoMvO (2005)| Avw`evmx b„-†PZbv, Av‡›`vjb msMÖv‡gi iƒcwU Gme bvU‡K wea„Z| msL¨jNyi AvZ¥cwiPq, Øvw›ØK cÖZ¨q, wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZi ¯^vZš¿¨ web¨vm wb‡qB G bvUK| AweK…Z fvlvq G bvUK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K GwU wfbœ ms‡hvRb| Avw`evmx ms¯‹…wZi iƒc‰ewPΨ, Aw¯ÍZ¡ Gme bvU‡Ki †fZi w`‡q cwiKxY©| AviDBb k iwPZ †eix `¨ †WW Aej¤^‡b Kei w`‡q hvI (1986) RvgvjDwÏb †nv‡m‡b (R. 1943)i bvUK| bvU‡Ki cvV-AwfÁZvq bvU¨Kvi F×| AiDBb k-†K wbR¯^ eywׇZ Kv‡qg K‡i‡Qb wZwb bvU‡K| Kei w`‡q hvI myLcvV¨ Abyev`| Rvwgj Avn‡g` (R. 1955) gÂbvU‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨w³Z¡| Zuvi wb‡`©wkZ welv`-wmÜz (1991) D”Pgv‡bi bvU¨cÖ‡hvRbv| GQvov Ab¨ bvUK PvKv, GK nvRvi AvDi GKwU iv‡Z| Rvwn` wic‡b (R. 1969)i cÙ‡MvL‡iv (2007, 2006 cÖ. A.) KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi Mí Aej¤^‡b iwPZ| bRiæ‡ji Mí‡K A‡b‡KB bvU¨iƒc w`‡q‡Qb Ges mvdj¨I G‡m‡Q| Rvwn` wicb ¯^Zš¿¨ eRvq †i‡L‡Qb G bvU‡K| Ges cwi‡ek-cÖwZkÖæwZi Ave‡n wZwb bvU¨kZ©I eRvq †i‡L‡Qb| GQvov KvRj †iLv (1997), GLbB (1989 cÖ. A.) Zuvi bvUK| ZvwiK Avbvg evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 337



Lvb gwj‡qi `¨ gvBRvi Aej¤^‡b iPbv K‡ib KÄym (1983)| †`kxq Ave‡ni †fZi w`‡q bvU¨Kvi G‡K K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb wb‡Ri| Zv‡iK Avbvg Lvb G bvU‡K wkwíZ †gavi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| we”Qy, †Riv bvU¨Kv‡ii iƒcvšÍwiZ bvUK| e¨½ ev nvm¨imvZ¥K welqwU‡K cÖÁv I A‡_© `xwcZ K‡i †Zv‡jb bvU¨Kvi| bvUKwU A‡bKevi g‡Â G‡m‡Q| RbwcÖqZvI †c‡q‡Q| gwj‡q‡ii Rxeb‡eva‡K evsjv‡`‡ki cwi‡cÖwÿZ cÖ`v‡b ZvwiK Avbvg h‡_ó gyÝxqvbv †`wL‡q‡Qb| jvkNi (2007), K„òKvwV (2008), g½jgyL Zvbfxi Avng` wmWbx (R. 1976)i bvUK| bvU¨ÑAwfÁZvI Kv‡qg n‡q‡Q GLv‡b| GQvov Zvui bvUK KY©K_v (2005), †bc_¨K_v (2005), g„Zz¨cvwL (2007)| mwµq G bvU¨Kvi Rxe‡bi Aïf I Abv¯’vi weiæ‡× wb‡q Av‡mb ïfcÖZ¨q, †hwU ïay D‡Ïk¨-Ave‡Z© bq wkí-mvg‡_©¨i ch©ve„‡ËB| GRb¨ Zuvi msjvc FRy, fvlvfw½ DbœZ| Zvnwgbv Avn‡g` Av_©vi wgjv‡ii bvUK `¨ µzwmej-Gi Abyev` µzwmej (1998 cÖ. A.)| wek¦mvwn‡Z¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bvU¨Kvi Av_©vi wgjvi| µzwme‡ji †fZi w`‡q L¨vwZgvb G bvU¨Kv‡ii Rxeb‡eva I cÖKiY¸YwU Avgv‡`i AR©b Kiv m¤¢e nq| bvU¨vw½K Z_v g wb‡q Zuvi †h Kg©KvÐ †mwUi wek¦Ry‡oB cÖwmw× Av‡Q, Zvnwgbv Avn‡g‡`i G cÖqv‡m Avgiv †m Abyfe¸‡jv Dcjwä‡Z Avb‡Z cvwi| gnxDÏxb (1906-1975) cÖavbZ Kwe| wZwb Rvg©vb Kwe †M¨q‡U (1749-1832)-Gi dvD÷ (1832)-Gi PgrKvi evsjv Abyev` K‡i‡Qb 1973 mv‡j| cwikªgx gvK©mev`x G Kwe †M¨q‡Ui gg©exYvq wb‡R‡K evwR‡q‡Qb| GwU evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ms‡hvRb| †M¨q‡Ui Ava¨vwZ¥K dg©wU GLv‡b Zvrch©c~Y©| fveev‡`i †fZ‡i ev¯Íeev‡`i cÖ‡Kvô‡K wbcyY K‡i †Pbv hvq Giƒc Abyev‡`| bvRgyj Avnmv‡bi wkivq wkivq NÈv ev‡R (1979), weeZ©‡bi †kl mb` (1980), eY©gvjvi wgwQj (1980), †cÖg †bB †cÖg PvB (1983), MvRx Kvjy P¤úveZx (1984), gxiRvd‡ii ˆKwdqZ (1984), myLx igYx ¸bvB wewei †K”Qv (1986), gûqvi cvjv (1992), `yB weNv Rwg (1996), cvjv e`‡ji cvjv (1996), mr gv (1997), Kgjv my›`ix (2000)ÑGme bvU‡K †jvKvqZ Rxeb‡K wewPÎ Afxávq Abyev` n‡Z †`wL| D‡V Av‡m eªvZ¨ Rxe‡bi ¯^iƒc I msev`| Gme bvU‡Ki gÂvqb RwUj Ges e„nËi cwie„‡Ëi| †kKomÜvbx G Kve¨cÖqvm Dc‡fvM¨| bvRgyj AZ¨šÍ cwikªg I ˆa‡h©i m‡½ GwU bvU‡K Kv‡qg K‡i‡Qb| bvwmiDwÏb BDmy‡d (R. 1950)i GKvˇii cvjv (1993) gyw³hy×wfwËK bvUK n‡jI mvZvwk mvj a‡i ivRvKvi‡`i gyw³hy× wba‡bi Kjv‡KŠkj Ges ivóªxq c„ô‡cvlKZvi ¯^iƒcwU wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| bvU‡K civwRZ 338 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



ivRvKvi ¯^vaxb cÖRvZ‡š¿i Kg©x n‡q gyw³‡hv×v‡`i wbabh‡Á e¨vc„Z nq| GK A‡_© cwiKwíZfv‡e ivRvKvi gCbywÏb hveZxq webwói m‡½ hy³ nq| bvwmiDwÏb BDmyd GKvˇii cvjv‡K eZ©gvb ev¯ÍeZvi m‡½ hy³ K‡i‡Qb| msjv‡c wZwb Zxÿèax| bvRgyj Avjg MíKvi n‡jI bvUK wj‡L‡Qb| Dc‡i DVvi wmuwo, mv‡is, giv gvby‡li cvVkvjv I dzjøiv A‡civ (1993) Zuvi bvUK| dzjøiv A‡civ hvÎvwkíx‡`i Rxebhvc‡bi wPÎbvU¨| Zuvi bvU‡K mvwnZ¨¸Y h‡_vwPZ| bvwRg gvngy` (1932-1998)i bvUK DRxi †Nvovi M‡àv (1994)| ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡q g¯’ n‡q‡Q A‡bKevi| Rxeb‡ev‡a c~Y© G bvUK| mgvRg‡bi wewPÎ exÿY AwR©Z G bvU‡K| mgKvjxb ivóªvPvi, AÜKviv”QbœZv, cðvrc`Zv DRxi †Nvovi M‡ài Kvwnwb n‡q D‡V‡Q| eyw×e„wËK fvebv I cÖMwZ †PZbvB G bvU‡Ki wfwË| fvlv I msjv‡ci mvdj¨ mywbwðZ, wkígv‡bI GwU DbœZ| Kv‡jv A‡kvK jvj dzj (1974) wbiÄb AwaKvix (R. 1947)i bvUK| bvU‡Ki wel‡q Rxe‡bi wek¦¯ÍZvi mZ¨wU wbiƒwcZ| cÖK…wZi m‡Z¨ B‡gR ˆZwi n‡jI ev¯ÍevbyM G bvU¨Kvi me©mvKz‡j¨ Rxeb‡KB cÖ`xß K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| bvU¨Kv‡ii Ab¨ bvUK k¨vgjx †KejB bxj nq, ivRvKv‡ii wKmmv| ¸W evB XvKv (2003) bRiæj Bmjvg Lv‡bi bvUK| Zuvi c_bvUK : †Lqvjx ivRv (2002)| bvUK iPbvq †Zgb c_ iwPZ nqwb Zuvi| cÖ_vbyM bvU‡K Zuvi K…wZZ¡ †Zgb †bB| Z‡e Ru¨v AvbyB Aej¤^‡b bvUK Puv‡`i ejq (1981)-G wZwb wkíeyw×i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| bv‡mi miKvi gwb ZiæY bvU¨‡Mvôx †gŠjfxevRv‡ii Kg©x| UvBmbiv bv‡mi miKvi gwbi bvUK| bvU¨Kg©xi KwgU‡g‡›U `vq‡evaUvB Zuvi gyL¨| c_bvUK : iwdK eªxR (1994), K¨v¤úvm †_‡K KvivMv‡i (2000), Av‡jvi cv‡b (2002), Av‡m©wbK welwµqv (2002), gyL‡cvov eY©‡Pviv (1999), ¯^cœ (2001) cÖf„wZ wj‡L m„Rbx cÖwZfvi ¯^vÿi †i‡L‡Qb| byiæj Bmjvg iscyi bvU¨P‡µi m‡½ hy³| B`vwbs wK¬I‡cUªv , ivOv †eŠw`, esk weo¤^bv, we‡`ªvnx gymv kvn byiæj Bmjv‡gi bvUK| mgvRwfwˇZ iwPZ Zuvi bvUK| Z‡e Zuvi bvU¨-cU `ye©j| wbg©j †Nvl Szby A¼zi bvU¨ GKv‡Wgx wSbvB`‡ni Kg©x| i³kc_ (1997), Kvdb (1997) Zuvi bvUK| c_bvUK : cu¨vPv (1997), †hŠZzK (1999)| gd¯^‡ji bvU¨Kg©x n‡jI †PZbvq Syby A‡bK meyR| c_bvU‡Ki evB‡i wkígywL D¾¡j bvUK †Zgb wKQy Av‡m bv Zuvi nvZ w`‡q| bvivqY P›`ª b›`x A¼zi bvU¨ GKv‡Wwg wSbvB`‡ni m‡½ hy³| AvgivI gvbyl (2000), wgbvi ¯^cœ (2001) G bvUK¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk Zuvi c_bvUK : AvnŸvb (1999), †Q‡j Kvi (2000), AvMvgx (2000), mywLi ¯^cœ (2002), Kwjg PvPvi msmvi (2002), †mvbvjx w`MšÍ evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 339



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A.), †`viiv (2000 cÖ. A.)| dvêybx nvwg‡`i mgvR wUªU‡g›U Aejw¤^Z K‡i †jLv G bvUK Kzms¯‹vi I AÜ-Av”QbœZvi weiæ‡× wecyj cÖwZev`| bvU¨fvlv ˆZwi nq †Zgb `„wó‡KvY †_‡KB| dzRv‡qj Avng` †gŠjfxevRv‡ii bvU¨Kg©x| Zuvi bvUK kKzb (1992), MÖv‡gi bvg imyjcyi (1993)| c_bvUK : GKwU jvk I wKQy K_v (2001), Avigvb Avjxi evsjv‡`k (2003)| †kvl‡Yi wewPÎRvj Ges Zvi ÿwZKi cÖwZwµqv wea„Z Gme bvU‡K| bvU¨fvlv Av‡ivwcZ bq| Rxe‡bi mZ¨vmÜ iƒc cÖMwZev`x †PZbvq wea„Z n‡q‡Q| cvÐywjwci AvoZ (1973) eyjeb Imgvb (R. 1940)i bvUK| eyjeb Imgvb Mí wjL‡jI bvU‡K †m MímZ¨wU Kv‡qg †i‡L‡Qb| bvU‡Ki Ø›ØvZ¥K †PZbv AvKl©Yxq| cvÐywjwci AvoZ-Gi fvlvfw½ ï×Zv, bvU¨-DrKl© weivRgvb| ekxi Avj †njvj (R. 1936)i bvUK ¯^‡M©i wmuwo (1977)| g~jZ K_vmvwnwZ¨K n‡jI wZwb G bvU‡K K…wZ‡Z¡i ¯^vÿi †i‡L‡Qb| PwiÎvbyM m„wó wKš‘ fvlv Avoó g‡b nq| wecøe evjv (R. 1955) bvU¨iƒc w`‡q‡Qb welv` wmÜzi 1g ce© (1991 cÖ. A.) I 2q ce© (1992 cÖ. A.)| †k·cxq‡ii n¨vg‡jU-Gi bvU¨iƒc n¨vg‡jU In& n¨vg‡jU (1995), ¸bvB wewe (2000), †K RvwM‡e AvR (1994), nvq evsjv nvq †eûjv (1995) Zuvi bvUK| wecøe evjv ¸Yx bvU¨Kvi| Zuvi weivU KvR welv`-wmÜzi bvU¨vqb| evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K G cÖqvm Awfbe| G‡Z eY©bvi wfwËwU †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| h‡_vwPZ Aven-wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q bvU‡K| gxi gkviid †nv‡mb‡K eRvq †i‡L bvU¨Kvi wbR¯^ m„RbkxjZvq Pwi·K G‡b‡Qb| bvUKwU gÂmdjI n‡q‡Q| nbb (1996), †cvovgvwU (2001), †fvR (2001) bvU‡K eveyj wek¦vm (R. 1959) mshZ, hZœkxj| wbR¯^ bvU¨fvlv AR©‡b mÿg n‡q‡Qb wZwb| wkímvdj¨ AwR©Z n‡q‡Q Rxeb‡ev‡ai m~²Zi cwiPh©vq| Kwg‡UW G bvU¨Kvi bvU‡Ki G·‡cvwRkvb †_‡K cwiYwZ ch©šÍ GKwU cÖevn eRvq iv‡Lb bvU‡K| e„›`veb `v‡mi c_bvUK : Kuv`‡Z gvbv (1997), AiY¨ msev` (1997), `woi †Ljv (1998)| mgKvjxb welqvbyM G bvUK¸‡jv‡Z GK ai‡bi m„Rbx cÖqvm I ï×Zv AR©b K‡i‡Qb bvU¨Kvi| m~‡h©v`‡q MÜ (1979), Zywg †m mLv (1984), Ab¨c_ (1984), †k·cxq‡ii iƒcvšÍi kªxgwZ fqsKix (1988), Rv‡Zi c`vejx (1996), Pvi K‡b GK ei (1997), we`vq cÖv_©bv (1998), GQvov Igi Avjxi Mí Aej¤^‡b Z‰_eP (2000) wek¦bv_ wek¦v‡mi bvUK| cwikªgx bvU¨Kvi| Rxe‡bi m~²Zi c‡e© †d‡j‡Qb cÖZxKx Av‡jv| Zuvi bvU¨fvlv wbR¯^| MÖwš’‡gvPb `ye©j bq| †g‡mRwU wkím¤§Z| wek¦wRr †PŠayix eveyi iwPZ d‡Zvqv (1997), gyw³hy‡×i K_KZv (2001)| cðvrc`Zvi weiæ‡× evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 341



wZwb cÖwZ‡ivax| Zuvi c_bvUK : gnvivRvi LwZqvb (1988), msMÖvg (1988), Ges RviR mšÍvb (1988), iw½jv ivRv (1988), MuvRv (1995), fv‡jvevmv AZtci (1995), fyj (1996), gkv (2003)| ivRwmsnvmb (1382), Mix‡ei AvZ©bv` (1385), †hŠZzK n‡jv Awfkvc (1388), gvbyl Agvbyl (1389), NygšÍ mgvR (1393), kvnx digvb (1996), gaygvjZx iƒcKzgvi (1997) †jxwKK I cÖvšÍ-AbyeZ©x bvU¨Kvi wn‡m‡e L¨vwZgvb †gvt gwZDi ingvb| Gme bvU‡K †jLK wn‡m‡e wZwb cÖ_vbyM| Zuvi cybwb©gv©Y wek¦vmwU cÖvq me bvU‡KB _v‡K Kvh©Ki| wKsïK †h giæ‡Z (1974) †gvnv¤§` Gnmvbyjøvni bvUK| cÖeYZvq c~e©m~wii AvbyMZ¨ I †cÖiYv Av‡Q| gvmyg †iRvi bvUK AviRPwiZvg„Z, KvKjvm (1986), RxešÍ †cv÷vi, †Lvqve, kvi‡gq, †jevm, weimv Kve¨, kvgyKevm| cyivY cÖm½‡K cybwb©wg©Z K‡i iwPZ n‡q‡Q wbZ¨cyivY (2001 cÖ. A.)| gvmyg †iRvi AviRPwiZvg„Z Awfbe bvU¨cÖqvm| fw½wU ga¨hyMxq n‡jI cÖej cÖvPz‡h© wZwb G‡Z AvaywbK| Kzms¯‹vi I AÜAv”QbœZvi weiæ‡× weÁvbwfwˇZ wZwb cÖwZwôZ| bvU‡Ki `vq‡K ch©ewmZ K‡ib, Rxe‡bi Awbevh©Zvq| kvgyKevmI Rbbw›`Z bvUK| gvmyg †iRvi bvU‡Ki me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K, †cŠivwYK Aeqe‡K †f‡½Pz‡i GKv‡ji Ges AvaywbK Ave‡Z© cvV‡Ki m¤§y‡L ¸iæZ¡c~Y© K‡i †Zvjvq| gjq †fŠwg‡Ki f~uB (1990), Miæ (1991), kZMÖwš’ (1992), nVeb&a (1999), kee¨e‡”Q` (2000), †PŠiv¯Ív (2001), `vq-`vwqZ¡ (2003), e‡n cÖvšÍRb (2003 cÖ. A.), `Ð (2014) †kvlY wbcxob I wbh©vZ‡bi PvjwPÎ| KL‡bv ivRkvnx ev PuvcvB beveMÄ A‡ji AvÂwjK fv‡l¨ cwi‡ewkZ Gme bvUK msMÖvgkxj cÖvwšÍK gvby‡liB cÖZxKx wPÎ| gvbœvb nxiv (R. 1957) c_bvUK wj‡L‡Qb| †ewi‡q‡Q c_bvUK mgMÖ 1 (2007)| Zuvi bvUK cšÍv AvKvjx, gsMv Kvwnbx, Iqvwik, gwYgy³v, Ny‡gi gvbyl, †divix wbkvb (1984), ÿzw`iv‡gi †`‡k (1983), B`uviv, †eŠ, Rbbx exiv½bv, evsjvi ev`kv, †g‡ni Rvb, GKvˇii ivRKb¨v, myL ˆ`Z¨, g„Mbvfx, †kKj (1991), Av`ve (1991), cv_i (1992), dzUcvZ, †idvix cÖf„wZ| gvbœvb nxivi iƒcvšÍi †k·cxqv‡ii †KvwiI‡jbvm| D‡cwÿZ A_P Abe`¨ G m„wó m¤ú‡K© A‡b‡KB D`vmxb| cyUv‡K©i gnvb MÖxK I †ivgvb‡`i Rxebx †_‡K Gi Kvwnwb wb‡q‡Qb †k·cxqi| mewKQy wg‡j gvbœvb nxiv `uvwo‡q‡Qb wbR¯^ RvqMvq| GKB m‡½ Qwo‡q‡Qb me©Î| evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K A‡bK bZyb welq‡K wZwb wb‡q G‡m‡Qb, AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½| gvbœvb nxivi gÂbvUK : †Ljv †Ljv (1998), Av¸bgyLv (1994), GKvˇii ÿzw`ivg (1996), fv‡Mi gvbyl, gq~i wmsnvmb (2001), GKRb jwÿ›`i (1997)| 342 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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(2000), cvPz wewei Mí (2000) cÖf„wZ wgZzj mvB‡di bvUK| Zuvi c_bvUK : GLbI AÜKvi (1996), meyR Mv Gi gqbv (1994), †mvbvi esjv (1998)| wejvmx (1998), ˆngšÍx (1998), Kgjv‡šÍi DBj (2002), `yB weNv Rwg (2003), ü`‡q bZzb m~h© (2002) BZ¨vw` †gvt iIkb Avjxi bvUK| wg›Uz emy (R. 1948) ewikv‡ji bvU¨Kg©x| wg›Uz emyi bvUK Ab¨ GK Kvjvcvnvo (1985), †Xvj (1985), RbZv Avi GKevi (1987), NvZK Pvwiw`‡K (1988), mivBLvbv (1989), B`vwbs ¯^‡`k (1989), †MŠieMuv_v (1992), H gnvgvbe Av‡m (1994), ¯§iY (1997), mevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨ (2002), MÖvm (2002)| Gme bvU‡K GKRb c~Y©v½ evOvwj †PZbvi ¯§viK e‡j g‡b nq Zuv‡K| wg›Uz emyi c_bvUK : ey‡Ki g‡a¨ R¡jšÍ cÖwZev` (1988), †fvUvi we‡`ªvn (1988), eyK †eu‡a ZzB `uvov †`wL (1991), G j¾v jyKv‡ev †Kv_vq (1995), wecø‡ei g„Zz¨‡bB (2000), Av‡jvi c_hvÎx (2000), G‡mv cÖwZev‡`i iYv½‡Y (2003) cÖf„wZ| Kwg‡UW G bvU¨Kg©x `xN© bvU¨cwiPh©vq



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mvwnZ¨¸Y AewmZ| gwnDwÏb Qov n¨vjywm‡bkb (1992), AZGe mveavb (1994), e¨v‡Pji (1994), kqZvb (1997), cvcP‡µ (1997), ajv wgqvi we‡q (2000) wjwLZ n‡q‡Q| bxwZwkÿvi Ave‡Z© iwPZ †jL‡Ki Gme bvUK †Zgb wkígvb¯úk©x bq| †gvt iwdKzj Bmjv‡gi bvUK wf‡U (1994), m~h©gy‡Lv (2002) cÖf„wZ| `vqe× bvU¨Kvi| mgvR‡PZbv Zuvi Mfx‡i †cÖvw_Z| mgvRgyw³i AwaKvi‡PZbv Zuvi bvU‡Ki Aby‡cÖiYv| iwdKzj Bmjv‡gi c_bvUK : weR‡qi 25 eQi (1994), gv-B me (2003) cÖf„wZ| ivRvKv‡ii †`‡k (1990), GLbI mgq Av‡Q (1992) †gvq‡¾g †nv‡mb †PŠayixi bvUK| mgvR-ivRbxwZ cwikÖæZ G bvU‡Ki welq¸Y ¯^vKvjwe× wKš‘ bvUKxqZvi mvi¯^Z iƒc Aby‡jøL¨| AšÍi evDj, welÿq, c„w_exi R‡b¨, a~miZx_© gvRnviæj nK wc›Uzi iPbv| m„Rbx ¸Y Zuvi iPbvq weivRgvb| bvUK QvovI Zuvi c_bvUK : AšÍi evRvI (1998), †WU jvBb (2001), wdwj¥ `ywbqvi wel AR©b (1995), Nb‡Nvi eilvi (1995), K¨vbfvm (1997) cªf„wZ| GQvov Zuvi MxwZbvU¨ : evsjv‡`‡ki †Xvj (1996), Kg©dj (1996)| Ges GKK bvU¨ : Rvj (1998)| gbRyiæj nvmvb `yjv‡ji bvU¨iƒc Puv‡`i Agvem¨v (2007) I Kuv‡`v b`x Kuv‡`v (2007); ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn&i `y‡Uv Dcb¨v‡mi bvU¨iƒc| gbRyiæj `yjv‡ji G cÖqvmwU GKw`‡K †hgb mvnmx Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb AvaywbK| `ytmn G KvRwU evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ms‡hvRb| welq I cwi‡ek eY©bvq bvU¨iƒ‡ci †h wPwÎZ Aeqe †mwU cÖksmbxq| Z‡e wW‡U‡ji msKU †bB Zv ejv hv‡e bv| †PZbvi cÖevnixwZi cwi‡ekI †Zgb Kvw•ÿZ n‡q I‡Vwb| A‡bK `„k¨cU mswÿßI e‡U| ZeyI G cÖqvm D¾¡jZi, m‡›`n †bB| †gvnv¤§` evix mg‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡bi bvU¨iƒc w`‡q‡Qb| g~j Mí Rwni ivqnvb| †gvnv¤§` evix Kvwnwb I NUbv‡K wµqv-cÖwZwµqvq K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb PwiÎvbyM| GRb¨ Zuvi wkwíZ †gav cÖksmbxq| Z‡e wKQy RvqMvq MíKvVv‡gv GKUy `ye©j g‡b nq| c~Y©v½ cwi‡ekwUI ÿwYK cÖqv‡m SzjšÍ| Z‡e Rwni ivqnv‡bi M‡íi m¤ú~Y©Zv †Zgb jw•NZ nqwb| gvngy`yj Bmjvg †mwjg (R. 1965) gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi cÖv‰MwZnvwmK-Gi bvU¨iƒc 2007 mv‡j| gvngy`yj Bmjvg †mwj‡gi GwU Abe`¨ Kg©cÖYvjx| Lye `y‡e©va¨ G Kg©cÖqv‡m A‡bKUv mdj ejv hvq bvU¨Kvi| msjvc Ges cwi‡ek wbY©‡q GKUz AhZœ Av‡Q| †m‡ÿ‡Î gvwb‡Ki g‡Zv K‡Vvi ev¯Íeev`x †jL‡Ki AbyMvgx nIqvUvB Abyev`‡Ki c‡ÿ †kªq| †mwUi mZK©Zv `iKvi wQj| ZeyI GwU wbtm‡›`‡n mdj GKwU cÖqvm| gvbe miKvi n¨viì wc›Uv‡ii †bv g¨vbm j¨vÛ-Gi Abyev`| G‡Z k~b¨Zv‡eva I nZvkvi wPÎ G‡`kxq Av`‡j mvejxj K‡i Zz‡j evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 345



a‡i‡Qb gvbe miKvi| Awfe¨w³ev`x G bvUKv‡ii Abyev`Kg© `yiƒn| Zey gvbe miKvi †cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡b `y¯iÍ c_ AwZµg K‡i †M‡Qb e‡jB g‡b nq| gbRyiæj nK wgjb MYbvU¨ cwil` eªvþYevwoqvi bvU¨ msMVK| Zuvi bvUK : †Rvqvj (1994), VM (1997), ûRyi †Kejv (2000), MÖvm (1998), gûqv my›`ix (1996), Bqvmxb †Pviv (2005)| GQvov Zuvi c_bvUK : mswe` (1993), cyj Bb cyk e¨vK (1994), d‡ZvqvevR (2001), wK PgrKvi MYZjv (1995) cÖf„wZ| RjwkKvix, †cÖÿvcU MYZš¿ (1991), evZv‡m jv‡ki MÜ (1992), †Mvjgv‡ji Rg †Mvjgv‡ji Avhg (1992), †R‡M I‡V R‡jk¦ix (1996) †gvnv¤§` Avwg‡bi bvUK| mv¤cÖwZK cÖqv‡m ewY©Z G bvU‡K m„RbxmËvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb bvU¨Kvi| Z‡e G‡Z †h bxwZK_vi cÖ‡Kvc †bB Zv ejv hv‡e bv| i‡Yk `vk¸‡ßi (1912-1997) ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ bvUK †dix Avm‡Q (1972)| GwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bvUK| gvK©mev`x i‡Yk `vk¸ß hy‡×i †fZ‡i †kª‡qv‡ev‡ai cÖZ¨qwU cÖwZaŸwbZ K‡i‡Qb Zuvi bvU‡K| gwj‡qi iƒcvšÍi ˆZj msKU (1974), †k·cxqi `¨ †m‡KÛ (1985) ikx` nvq`vi (R. 1941)i bvUK| K_vKv‡ii cÖwZkÖæwZB Zuvi envj Av‡Q Gme bvU‡K| cvðvZ¨ bvU¨wfwˇZ `y‡Uv bvU‡KB wZwb mvejxj Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ivRxe ûgvqyb (R. 1951) mw¤§wjZ RbZvi gyw³hy‡×i cÖwZ‡iva bxjcvwbqv (1992)| So-R‡jv”Q¡vm †cwi‡q kÎæi cÖwZ‡iv‡a gv_v DuPz K‡i `uvov‡bv RbZvi HK¨‡K wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q G bvU‡K| bvUKwU‡Z ewY©Z AvÂwjK msjvc msNe×kw³i weiæ‡× RvMiY| f~wgK‡¤úi Av‡M (1977), f~wgK‡¤úi c‡i (1977), †fv‡ii wgwQj (1977), mgy`ª mÜv‡b (1978), Ag„Zm¨ cyÎv (1984), †`vnvB nvm‡eb bv (1979), †kl wePvi (1974), ivRvi evox KZ`~i (1974), wcZvg‡ni D‡Ï‡k (1975), Av‡jvwKZ †hŠeb (1976), ivRAwf‡lK (1976) iZbKzgvi †Nv‡li bvUK| eo †Kv‡bv A½xKvi Gme bvU‡K cwijwÿZ nq bv| ivbv bv‡mi Rxeb N‡l Av¸b (1986), GKwU beRvZK wkï Ges wKš‘ (1985), G jvk ivL‡ev †Kv_vq (1983), Avmgvbx (1986), cuvP kqZv‡bi eøvW †cÖmvi (1988) A½xKviF× bvUK| `vqe× bvU¨Kvi mgv‡Ri e¨w³gvbyl‡K AweKj Zz‡j Avb‡Z Pvb| cÖwZwµqvkxj ey‡R©vqv mgv‡Ri e¨w³wPwýZ gvbyl I Zvi †fZ‡ii nZvkv ˆbivk¨ wea„Z nq bvU‡K| Z‡e HwZn¨MZ mZ¨wU _v‡K cUwP‡Î| ivbv bv‡mi Avw½‡K c~Y©v½ bb| †iRvbyi ingvb bvbv wel‡q bvUK wj‡L‡Qb| Zuvi bvUK P~ovšÍ †lvlYv (1983), wgwQj (1983), n-h-e-i-j (1987), KzKzi nB‡Z mveavb (1990), Avb›` †Xjv (1989), wee„wZ (1989), Drme (1990), ivû (1990), is 346 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Zvgvkvi †Ljv (1990), G°v‡`v°v (1991), Zvnv‡`i K_v (1994), wbtkã wbqwZ (1996), nvwÆgvwUgwUg (2002) cÖf„wZ| Gme bvU‡K i½im Av‡Q wKš‘ cÖÁvi w`KwU `ye©j| nvm¨im‡K wkígvÎvq DËiY, cwikª‡gi KvR, †mwU GLv‡b bR‡i Av‡m bv| GKwU cZvKv (1988), kKz‡bi `„wó (1990), Avevi †Kb i³ S‡i (1992), i³v³ eY©gvjv (1989) Ges c_bvUK : wkDjx (1999), euvP‡Z PvB (2001) wj‡L‡Qb iwdKzj Bmjvg| ivR‰bwZK `yiwfmw܇K bm¨vr K‡i bvU‡K Av‡bb wZwb wRÁvmv| †m cÖ‡kœB bvUK¸‡jv †jLv| wkímdj bq Zuvi me¸‡jv bvUK| iweDj Avjg gb¯^x bvU¨Kvi| wKQy we‡`kx bvU¨Kv‡ii bvUKI wZwb Abyev` K‡i‡Qb| bvU¨-cv‡V wZwb cÖwZkÖæwZkxj| mg‡qi bvU¨i‡_ Zuvi bvUK : Rbbxi g„Zz¨ PvB (1974), A_P AÜKvi (1975), mgvwß Ab¨iKg (1975), AvKvw•ÿZ GKRb (1976), KL‡bv ˆmK‡Z (1978)| Avey iæk`-Gi Mí Aej¤^‡b kvox evox Mvox (1977), †k·cxq‡ii Abyev` A¨vR BD jvBK BU (1992) Ges ivRv mvwnZ¨ KviLvbv (1996) cÖf„wZ Zuvi bvUK| iv‡g›`y gRyg`vi (R. 1942) kIKZ Imgv‡bi µxZ`v‡mi nvwm Dcb¨v‡m bvU¨iƒc µxZ`v‡mi nvwm| cÖwZ‡ivax kvmK kw³i †Zvl‡Yi wec‡ÿ ¯^vaxb‡PZv µxZ`vm ZvZvixi D”PviY wb‡q G Dcb¨vm| iv‡g›`y gRyg`vi msMVK, K‡qK `k‡Ki bvU¨cw_K| Zuvi nv‡Z GwU RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| iv‡g›`yi gÂ-AwfÁZv G‡Z cwie¨vß| 36 eQi a‡i wZwb m¤úv`bv Ki‡Qb Ôw_‡qUviÕ cwÎKvi| wjqvKZ Avjx jvKx (R. 1957) †jvKbvU¨`‡ji bvU¨Kvi| g cwiKíK, msMVK I Awf‡bZv| ˆggbwmsn MxwZKv Aej¤^‡b wjqvKZ Avjx jvKxi †cÖ‡gi AvL¨vb †mvbvB gvae (1993)| G‡K c`vejx hvÎv ejv n‡q‡Q| gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi cÙvb`xi gvwSi bvU¨iƒc w`‡q‡Qb| GQvov w`‡q‡Qb iw½Yx, ewe (1996) I evsjvi gyL (2004)i bvU¨iƒc| Zuvi c_bvUK : i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi (1984), wbg©~j (1993), wbg©vY (1998), gnvcÖqvY (1996)| ksKi mvIRvj (R. 1952) gnvivRvi AbycÖ‡ek, wUqv cvwLi mgvPvi, mvK©vm, Rv‡M jÿ b~i †nv‡mb, wbe©vmb| knx`yj Avwgb bvU¨Kv‡ii g bvUK mgMÖ (2005)-Gi AšÍf©y³ cyZzj bvP, bvUK bv mwZ¨, ivûgyw³, K‡b †`Lv, fyj, Gg. Gj, †mvbvi evsjv| g‡Â AvZ¥Z¨vMx G bvU¨Kvi| bvUK¸‡jv g‡Âi cwiPh©vq wbwg©Z| †kvfbgq fÆvPvh© m~h©‡mb (2007, 2002 cÖ. A.) PgrKvi bvU¨iƒc M„nxZ| m~h©‡mb me©Kv‡ji wecøex PwiÎ, we‡kl K‡i G‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U, Ôgyw³i gw›`iI †mvcvb Z‡j...Õ cÖvY ewj`v‡bi Kvwnwb wb‡q bvUK| †kvfbgq fÆvPvh© cwiPh©vq hZœkxj| m„Rbkxj †gRv‡R Rxebe„Ëv‡šÍi cvkvcvwk gyLi evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 347



cÖwZ‡iva‡K Zz‡j G‡b‡Qb bvU‡K| mdj cÖ‡hvRbvI m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q bvUKwUi| kvnbyi Lvb †cÐjv‡gi Lybx (1972) kvnbyi Lv‡bi bvUK| g~j¨‡eva I cwikxwjZ †PZbv wea„Z †jL‡Ki iPbvq| †kL AvKivg Avjx XvKv g‡Âi m`m¨ Ges `jxq bvU¨Kg©x| gv`vixi †Ljv (1991), GL‡bv hy× (1993), jvk Õ74 (1993), m~‡h©v`‡qi Av‡M (1993), KwewcÖqv (1995), kKzb (1997) mgKvjxb mgm¨v RR©wiZ mgvR¯^iƒc‡K Zz‡j Av‡bb bvU‡K| wKQy bvU‡K wZwb cwicK¡ wkíeyw×i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| kwn`yj nK Lvb k¨vb‡bi bvUK NyY (1998), evB`¨vbxi Mvb (1998), jvj bxj Kve¨ (2002), †m GK ivR¨ (2002), biK GQvov Zuvi c_bvUK : †mB w`b¸wj (1998), cyKzi Pzwi (2001), Nvm (2002)| eªvZ¨, †ckvRxex gvbyl‡K cÖK…Z gh©v`vq cybwb©wg©Z Ki‡Z Pvb bvU¨Kvi| bvU¨fvlvq Mfxi Rxeb¯úk©x G bvU¨Kvi, DËwiZ Zuvi Rxeb‡eva| Kwg‡UW, AvZ¥Z¨vMx G bvU¨Kvi †ek wKQy bvU‡K mvd‡j¨i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| wkwki ingvb cÙvcv‡oi K_KZv, wbjv‡gi evRvi, nvwmi we‡q, Kzqvkvgy³ ¯^cœ, cÂf~‡Zi is Zvgvkv, †Mv‡q›`vi evi eQi (1992), ivRv I kªwgK (1993), K_vWv wK nvQvwb (1993) cÖf„wZ Zuvi bvUK| wkwki ingvb cÖvwšÍK gvby‡lvi cÖwZ”Qwe‡K Zvrch©gq K‡i †Zv‡jb bvU‡K| †kvfbgq fÆvPvh© PÆMÖv‡gi w_‡qUviKg©x| Zuvi bvUK wP°zi (1995), wkKj (1997), MÖnY (1999), m~h©‡mb (2002), MšÍe¨ (2002)| c_bvUK : GKvˇii †Z‡jmgvwZ (1995), GwcV-IwcV (1999), 21Õi BwZe„Ë (2000), `vjvj (2000), `vbe (2003)| HwZn¨MZ msMÖvg I ms¯‹…wZi AvnŸvb‡K cwi¯ªyZ K‡ib bvU‡K| †kvfbgq fÆvPv‡h©i bvU¨fvlv DbœZ Ges Kvh©Kwi| bvU‡KI wZwb mvejxj| kvwšÍgq PvKgv Ryg Cm‡_wUK&m KvDwÝj, iv½vgvwUi m‡½ hy³| Zuvi bvUK †h w`bZ †h Kvj (1984), wSSz ivgi ¯^M©Z hvbv (1985), Siv cv`vi RxsKvbx (1994)| Zuvi bvwUKv AvÜviZ Rywb cn&i (1984)| wb‡Ri ms¯‹…wZ‡K cÖwZôv K‡ib kvwšÍgq PvKgv| PvKgv fvlvq iwPZ bvU‡K msL¨vjNy ms¯‹…wZ I cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †PZbv‡K wbwg©Z K‡ib bvU¨Kvi| Drcv`b m¤úK©, msMÖvg I †eu‡P _vKvi ¯^cœ‡K cwi¯ªyZ K‡ib bvU‡K| kvwšÍgq PvKgv cvnvox ms¯‹…wZi ˆewPΨ‡KI mvi¯^Z K‡i †Zv‡jb bvU‡K| k¨vgj fv`yoxi bvUK Z_vwc m~h© Av‡m, aŸm| Avi c_bvUK : i³ex‡Ri eskai| Gme bvU‡Ki †fZi w`‡q †kª‡qv‡ev‡ai w`‡KB wZwb mÂvwiZ K‡ib gvbylmgvR I ms¯‹…wZ‡K| kvnRvnvb cÖvgvwYK w_‡qUvi PuvcvBbevM‡Äi m‡½ hy³| Zuvi bvUK Ai‡Y¨ wK, ivbvi is mvB‡W, gqbv GLb gy³, Avwg hw` ivRv nZvg, j¤úU ivRvi fÐ ûRyi, i³m~h©| wiwRqv ingv‡bi Mí Aej¤^‡b GKwU 348 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



dz‡ji Rb¨| GQvov wZwb †ek wKQy MxwZbvU¨ wj‡L‡Qb| †hgb i³ jvj, nvRvi †KvKb RvM‡e, Avgvi evsjv, †ÿgRy‡ii `~M© cÖf„wZ| Gm‡ei †fZi w`‡q cÖMwZ gb¯‹ZvB ïay bq, ¯^‡`k I ¯^Kv‡ji gyw³ †PZbvi aŸwbI cÖwZdwjZ| kvn Avjg evejy c`‡ÿc w_‡qUvi, MvBevÜvi Kg©x| cvZv‡j nvmcvZv‡j (1986), d¨vmv‡`i w`bKvj (1988), nvq‡i †Kvóv (1986), MuvRv Avgvi ivRv (1988) kvn Avjg evejyi bvUK| Zuvi c_bvUK : Kv‡ji mvÿx (1988), Avgiv mevB (1988) cÖf„wZ| cÖwZ‡ivax Pwi·K evOgq K‡i †Zv‡jb| Drcv`‡bi m¤ú‡K©i †ÿÎwU wZwb wbiƒcY K‡ib| †kL bRiæj Bmjvg ev‡MinvU w_‡qUv‡ii Kg©x| wbe©vwmZ mZ¨ (1981), GKv‡ji ZxZzgxi (1985), `c©Y (1985), Av‡jv †_‡K AÜKvi (1981), GB †`‡k (1992) Zuvi †gŠwjK bvUK| wbe©vwmZ mZ¨ Ges GKv‡ji ZxZzgxi evsjv‡`‡ki mgvRms¯‹…wZ I BwZnv‡mi mZ¨‡K wkwíZ m‡Z¨ cÖKvk K‡i| ïfvwkm wmbnv (R. 1978) gwYcyix w_‡qUvi, †gŠjfxevRvi-Gi Kg©x| †gN e„wó †iv` (1996), AvRecy‡ii el©eiY (1997), bvivM WvOi Bwj (gwYcyix fvlvq) (1997), bvB ivRvi ivR`ievi (1997), KvbvBjv‡ji mvbvB (2000) cÖf„wZ Zuvi bvUK| cÖwZiƒcK_v (2007), fvbwej (2008), Zuvi gÂbvUK| G bvU‡K wZwb A‡bKUv mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ I HwZ‡n¨i iƒc‡KB wkwíZ K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| bvU¨fvlv cwikxwjZ Ges ¯^vfvweK fve Abym„Z| GQvov iex›`ªbv_ VvKy‡ii iæ`ªPÐ gwYcyix fvlvq Abyev` bvU¨iƒc w`‡q‡Qb wZwb 2006-G| kvšÍby Kvqmvi (R. 1950) wZZvm GKwU b`xi bvg (1994)-Gi bvU¨iƒc w`‡q‡Qb| GLv‡b bvU¨Kv‡ii msnwZ I hZœ cwijwÿZ| g~j PwiÎ ÔwZZvmÕ AcwiewZ©Z i‡q‡Q e‡jB g‡b nq| GQvov mvRb‡gN, iƒcvšÍi Zuvi bvUK| ˆmq` gbRyiæj Bmjvg (R. 1951) †k·cxq‡ii wKs jxqv‡ii mdj Abyev` K‡ib| Gi cÖ_g gÂvqb K‡i w_‡qUvi 1993 mv‡j| G Qvov Zuvi Ab¨ bvUK fye‡bi Nv‡U (2003)| mvh&hv` Kvw`i(R. 1946)i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bvUK mv‡o mvZ‡kv wmsn (1976)| gyw³hy×-cieZ©x mg‡q G cÖwZkªwZkxj bvU¨Kvi Avi †ewk mwµq _v‡Kbwb bvUK iPbvq| Ab¨ bvUK AcP‡qi hš¿cvwZ| mv‡o mvZ‡kv wmsn AvaywbK cÖKiY cwiPh©vq M„nxZ| bvU¨Kvi wbi¼zk Rxeb‡ev‡a Kvh©Kwi G bvU‡K| cÖZxKx n‡jI Awfe¨³ Rxeb‡eva Avgv‡`i †`k-mgvR-Kvj¯úkx©| wmivR nvq`vi Av‡jv GKUz Av‡jv (1976), we‡qi Av‡M i³ cixÿv K‡i wbb (1976), cvMjv KzKzi (1977) wmivR nvq`v‡qi bxwZK_vg~jK bvUK| G‡Z wkí¸iæZ¡ †Zgb Kvh©Ki bq| mv‡R`yj AvDqvj (R. 1958) gv‡jvcvovi Rxeb wb‡q iwPZ Kve¨vL¨vb dYxgbmv (1979, 1980 cÖ. A.)| wZbk eQi evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 349



Av‡Mi GK Rbc‡`i Kvwnwb dYxgbmv| †hŠebgqx G b`x‡Z Pi RvM‡j †R‡j AwaKv‡ii wecix‡Z BU‡Lvjvi gvwjK Zv `Lj Ki‡Z Pvq| †k‡l AwaKvinviv †¯^`ÿwiZ msMÖvgx RbZvi civRq N‡U, wKš‘ cÖRb¥všÍ‡ii H AwaKv‡ii Bw½ZwU eRvq _v‡K| mvjvg mvKjvB‡bi †gŠwjK bvUK Kv‡jv †fov ea Ki (1989)| evb‡ii wcVv eÈb (1986), g„Zy¨Äq gvby‡liv (1991), Rv‡nb Avjx‡i ai (1984), K_vKxËb (1992), wkevbx my›`ix (2001), nv‡g` Avjxi ¯^M©`k©b (1992) cÖf„wZ Zuvi bvUK| mgKvjxb mgvR cÖev‡n Gme bvUK ¸iæZ¡en| mvBdzi ingvb wgi‡bi c_bvUK : GLv‡b GL‡bv (1992), MYivq (1992), jÿ cÖv‡Yi g~‡j¨ (1993), hy×evR (1994)| mv¤cÖwZK evsjv‡`‡k †`kwe‡ivax kw³i DÌvb I cÖwZ‡iv‡a iwPZ Zuvi c_bvUKmg~n| wgi‡bi cÖwZkÖæwZ Gme bvU‡K cwie¨vß| ˆmq` gwn`yi ingvb †gvKid †d‡i¯Ívi †`‡k, 34ÕGi c¨vivmvBU, mveavb Iiv Av‡Q Ges c_bvUK : Bewj‡ki `ievi, GLv‡b nv‡qbvi gyL, mv‡ci †LBj, Avgiv w`Iqvbv, jxjv, kKzb wj‡L‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡k †kvlKPwiÎ I ivR‰bwZK nxbb¥b¨Zv wb‡q Zuvi bvU¨cÖqvm| ˆmKZ L›`Kvi †LvKb mgKvj, XvKvi bvU¨Kg©x| Zuvi bvUK Nygcvovbxi Kwo (1991), k¨v‡Wv (2002)| c_bvUK : gMR †avjvB (1987)| ZiæY G bvU¨cÖwZfv GLbI m¤¢vebvi Ave‡Z© Aviva¨| mvwebv evix jvKx †R‡bï‡b wel K‡iwQ cvb (1999), Avgv‡`i c„w_ex (2002) ga¨weË bMigb¯‹ †PZbvi bvUK| Gi bvU¨¸Y _vK‡jI AšÍ‡P©Zbv `ye©j| KZw`b GB w`b (1991), KwZc‡qi e„ËvšÍ (1992), Kzjv½vi (1995) mv‡`K ev”Pzi bvUK| mgmvgwqK welq Aej¤^‡b iwPZ Gme bvUK| Z‡e Zuvi bvU¨fvlv DËxY© bq| cwi‡ekwU iwPZ nq bvU‡K, †hwU wbðqB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨vcvi| †mvjvqgvb gwR` we‡`ªvnx bvU¨‡Mvôx gqgbwms‡ni `jxq bvU¨Kg©x| Zuvi bvUK gš¿x K`g Avjx (1984), K…òQwe bi‡K (1984), ev`xcÿ miKvi (1986), GKz‡ki M‡àv (1990), wbe©vwmZ my›`ix (1985), cvMjvmygvix (1998), Ks‡m †cÖg aesk (1994), †`k I mLxgb (1998)| cybiæwÌZ AvZ¥‡PZbv I Zvi RxebQwe| evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨HwZ‡n¨i avivq Zuvi iwPZ wewea bvUK| mgKvj¯úk©x †Zv e‡UB| Avw½‡K †mvjvqgvb gwR` ¯^Zš¿| mv‡ivqvi †PŠayix gqgbwms‡ni eûiƒcx bv. m.-Gi Kg©x| KvKZviæqvi cvjv (1998), GL‡bv gxiRvdi (1998) Zuvi bvUK| bvgKi‡Yi im‡eva Ges KwgU‡g›U †_‡KB Gi AšÍm©sev` RvwiZ| gxiRvdi cybtcÖwZwôZ bvU‡K, cÖm½Z mgv‡R GLbI we¯§„Z bq| mbRxe eo–qv A¼b w_‡qUvi BDwbU PÆMÖv‡gi m‡½ hy³| evR‡jv ivRvi ev‡ivUv (1979), gnvivR Amy¯’ (1991), cv_i cÖZxgv (1993) Zuvi 350 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



bvUK| im‡eva I cwinvm cwi¯ªyZ bvU¨Kvi wZwb| mdj Zuvi bvU¨cÖqvm, KviY M„nxZ KvwnwbHK¨ I DrKl©we›`yi wbN©È| bvU¨iPbvq hZœI Acwi”Qbœ bq| myPwiZ †PŠayix Abb¨ w_‡qUvi PÆMÖv‡gi msMVK| Zuvi bvUK nvwmi ivRv †Mvcvj fuvo (1993), Rb¥f~wg (1997), nvDR Uz †bv †jU (1999), gnvKvj (2002), Avevi bw›`bx (2004), f~Z (2005), fwel¨r (2005), GKwU AgxgvswmZ inm¨ (2005)| bvU¨Kv‡ii c_bvUK : RyuBLvjxi msMÖvg (1994), gyw³hy× cÖwZw`b (1995), exiKb¨v (1996), weRqx ev½vjx (1998), g„Zy¨exR (1999), †Pr †Zv Ms (2001), †bB gvby‡li †`‡k (2003)| myPwiZ †PŠayix cÖKi‡Y cÖwZwôZ| wbg©v‡Y cwiï×| bvU‡Ki †fZ‡i gyw³hy× I Zr-cieZ©x wewPÎ Rxe‡bi msev` cÖwZaŸwbZ| ˆmq` gydv¾j mv`vZ gy³v bvU¨‡gjv nweM‡Äi msMVK| Ab¨Zg RNb¨ (1995), wbqvgZ Avjxi msmvi (2001) ˆmq` gydv¾j mv`vZ gy³vi bvUK| bvU‡K Rxebev`x †PZbv‡KB wZwb cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z Pvb| G cÖZ¨‡q iwPZ c_bvUK : wcw”Qj iv¯Ív (1997) Ges MxwZbvU¨ : †ijjvBb e‡n mgvšÍivj (1999)| myfvm `vm cÖZxK, SvjKvwVi m‡½ hy³| Avgvi bvg myjZvb (1982), gyw³‡hv×v myjZvb (1982), Avwg †g‡n`x ejwQ (1984), beve (1986), †PivM Avjxi wK”Qv (1982) myfvm `v‡mi bvUK| gyw³‡hv×v myjZvb weRqxiƒ‡c ewY©Z Zuvi bvU‡K| BwZnvmMZ wfwËwU ¯^”Q †PZbv I †cÖiYv †_‡K D‡V G‡m‡Q Zuvi bvU‡K| myfvm `v‡mi c_bvUK : bmy wgqvi c¨vPvj (1982), cjvkxi my‡eva kqZvb (1986)| mvjvnDÏxb Avng` wgëb Kj‡gi ˆmwbK bvU¨`j gv¸ivi Kg©x| Zuvi bvUK wmcvnxexi g½j cv‡Ð (2001), RjZi½ (2001), bó cÖni †k‡l (2002), D`‡i DuB †cvKv (2002), gvbyl (2003) cÖf„wZ| g½j cv‡Ð cybiæ¾xexZ bvU¨Kv‡ii nv‡Z| mgvRf~wgô bvU‡K Mrevav bb wgëb, BwZnvm Luy‡o we‡`ªv‡ni ˆmwbK‡`i cwiwPZ Kivb, Zz‡j Av‡bb wZwb| Zuvi c_bvUK : i³v³ msMÖvg (1997), ˆZj g`©b (2001), GKRb gyw³‡hv×v (2002), †bv Zvdvwjs (2003)| Abb¨ bvU¨`j K‡ib mybxj `Ë| GKB c¨vPvj (1995), Avkªq (1996), Agvem¨vq P›`ªgyL (1998), †Kóv Zuvi bvUK| GK ai‡bi mgKvj †PZbvq Aviƒp G bvU¨Kvi| `vq‡ev‡ai cwiPh©vq iwPZ Zuvi c_bvUK : hw` Ggb nq (1994), bMife‡bi bvMi (1997), dv¸‡bi †Pv‡L Rj (1998)| c_bvU‡Ki ˆewkó¨ MZvbyMwZK, D‡Ïk¨mvwaZ| Z‡e G Avw½‡Ki avivq mybxj Kzgvi ¯^vZš¿¨ ˆewkó¨gwÐZ| mvgmy‡¾vnv evejy wkLv msm` iscy‡ii m‡½ hy³| evsjvi mšÍvb (1973), bvUK wKš‘ bvUK bq (1977), wejvZx (1986), AvRe †`‡ki AvRe ivRv (1986), beve Avjxi bevex evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 351



(1986), †`ex (2000) cÖf„wZ Zuvi bvUK| wmivRyj Bmjvg mviw_ mvZgv_v iscy‡ii bvU¨Kg©x| Zuvi bvUK U¨e‡jU K¨vcmyj I dvBj (1972), myZivs c‡i n‡e (1973), RjmoK (1976), hyMj mgvwa (1978), †¯úkvj †Uªb (1980) cÖf„wZ| bvU¨Kv‡ii c_bvUK : ivÿm (1979), †fjwKevRx (1994), G‡`i awi‡q w`b (1989), mg‡qi mvnmx (1990), dvw›`‡Q 1g I 2q ce© (1991 I 1992), gv‡qi WvK (1995)| Gme bvU‡Ki †fZi w`‡q wZwb K‡gDËwiZ| mvBgb RvKvwiqv (R. 1972)i cÖ_g bvUK ïiæ Kwi f~wgi bv‡g (2000)| GQvov Ph©c` Aej¤^‡b wj‡L‡Qb b ˆbivgwb| Zvivk¼‡ii Kwe



Dcb¨v‡mi bvU¨iƒc w`‡q‡Qb bvU¨Kvi| G wbD †U÷v‡g›U Ad †ivwgI †k·cxq‡ii †ivwgI GÛ Rywj‡qU Aej¤^‡b| mvBgb RvKvwiqv cÖvšÍ¯úkx© bvU¨Kvi| A‡bK A¯ú„k¨ welq wZwb †hgb bvU‡K Zz‡j G‡b‡Qb †Zgwb †k·cxq‡ii g‡Zv AvaywbK bvU¨KviI Av‡Q Zuvi Kg©Kv‡Ði ZvwjKvq| Kwei bvU¨iƒ‡c wZwb A‡bKvs‡k mdj Ges cwiï×| myb›` evkvi-Gi †mwjbv †nv‡m‡bi bxj gq~‡ii †hŠeb (2007) Dcb¨v‡mi bvU¨iƒc w`‡q‡Qb| evOvwj †PZbvi ¯^iƒc I Zvi Ø›Øgq Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb bvU¨Kvi| Dcb¨vmwUi Míwbe©vPb Ges bvU¨fvlv cwiPh©vq myb›` †ek cvi½gZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| nvRvi eQ‡ii msMÖv‡gi BwZnvmwU Zuvi G bvU‡K D‡V G‡m‡Q| myeY©v †gv¯Ídvi †k·cxq‡ii gv‡P©›U Ae †fwbm Gi iƒcvšÍi K‡i‡Qb Ges Zv cÖ_g g¯’ nq 1997 mv‡j| A‡bK cvV-AwfÁZvq AvZ¥¯’ Zuvi †k·cxqi| †mRb¨ wbLyuZ cwiPh©vq wZwb GwU `„pZvi m‡½ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| evsjv Abyev‡` myeY©v †gv¯Ídvi G Abyev`wU me‡P‡q †ewk MÖnY‡hvM¨| wZwb A‡bKiƒ‡c g~jvbyM| Ges cwikªgx, m„Rbx †gavi cwiPh©v K‡i‡Qb| bvU¨vwf‡bZv m`iæj cvkvi Abyev` g¨vmvKvi| Zuvi Abyev` A‡bKUv g~jvbyM ejv P‡j| wKš‘ h‡_ó Avoó g‡b nq| mvB`ym mvKjv‡qb BDwRb Av‡q‡b¯‹vi bvU‡Ki Abyev` K‡i‡Qb `¨ †jmb bv‡g| mvB`ym mvKjv‡qb G KvRwU ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi G Abyev`Kg©wU B‡Zvg‡a¨B †c‡q‡Q cvVKwcÖqZv| mgªvU I cÖwZØw›ØMY (1973), K…òP~ovi jvj wK¤^v iRbxMÜvi mv`v, Av‡iKUv kni PvB, KmvB (1977) nvweeyj nvmv‡bi bvUK| Gme bvU‡K Zuvi cwiPh©v `ye©j bq| Z‡e wKQy bvU‡K bvU¨wµqvi AvenwU `ye©j| mgªvU I cÖwZØ›ØxMY Zuvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bvUK| ¯^cœ, Amgq, 1971, b„cwZ, gnvcyiæl (1986 cÖ. A.) ûgvq~b Avn‡g` (1948-2012) i gÂbvUK| wK‡kvi bvwUKv ¯§„wZwPý| ûgvq~b Avn‡g` ga¨weË RxebvMÖn wb‡q bvUK wj‡L‡Qb| cÖPÐ RbwcÖq Zuvi †Uwjwfkb bvUK| g‡ÂI wZwb †ek wKQy bvUK wb‡q 352 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



†M‡Qb| n‡q‡Qb RbwcÖq| Zuvi Kvwnwb I Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ Av‡Q †hgb ci¤úiv i‡q‡Q †Zgwb Av‡Q cÖwZcvk¦© weiP‡b msjvc-AbyeÜx ÔwWgvÛÕ| d‡j GKUv wkígvÎvI AwR©Z nq †mLv‡b| evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K ¸iæZ¡en Ges RbwcÖq bvU¨Kvi| nvwee Avn&mvb †Kvwnbyi i bvUK cjvZK cvwj‡q †M‡Q, ZiæY I engvb ÿZ, mvÿvrKvi, e¨w³MZ c„w_ex| Gme bvU‡Ki welq Aven Avw½K ¯’~j| bvU¨cwiPh©v `ye©j| †ngP›`ª fÆvPv‡h©i bvUK GKz‡ki bvg evsjv‡`k (1977), RbZvi Av`vjZ (1977)| `vqe× bvU¨Kvi Gme bvU‡Ki †fZi w`‡q †PZbvMZ ùziY NwU‡q‡Qb| Gi bvU¨Aven cÖ_vbyM| nvweeyi ingvb gvqvKvbb (1976), Av‡jvi dzj (1976) nvweeyi ingv‡bi bvUK| Gme bvU‡K cÖ_vbyM wZwb| wkífvlv `ye©j|



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 353



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cÖeÜ cÖeÜ Áv‡bi mvwnZ¨| e¨w³ag© I e¯‘ag©x `yiK‡giB cÖeÜ Av‡Q| Gi evB‡i M‡elYvag©x cÖeÜI †jLv nq| Z‡e me©mvKz‡j¨ cÖeÜ n‡”Q gb‡bi mvwnZ¨, gbbag©x wkí| evsjv‡`‡k wefv‡MvËi c‡e© A‡b‡KB cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb| Z‡e mvwn‡Z¨i Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi g‡Zv G aviv Z‡ZvUv mg„× ejv hvq bv| Gi KviY wn‡m‡e ejv P‡j, evOvwj gymjgvb‡`i fvlv-msKU I D`vi-gy³wPšÍvi mgm¨v| GK ch©v‡q evOvwj gymjgv‡bi fvlv evsjv wK-bv Zv wb‡qI wØav I †auvqvkv m„wó Kiv nq, ivóªxqfv‡e| Avw_©K `yM©wZ _vKvi Kvi‡Y evOvwj gymjgvbiv Ggwb‡ZB bvbvfv‡e wbM„nxZ wQj, ms¯‹viv”QbœZvq wQj Aeiæ×, d‡j g~j¨‡eva weKwkZ n‡Z cv‡i bvÑ hw`I fvlvwfwËK RvZxq †PZbv cÖwZôvi GKch©v‡q Zuviv Zv‡`i ¯^Zš¿ mËv I AvZ¥cwiPq m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i, ¯^Kxq Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© †KvôxwePviI ¯úó nq| cieZ©x‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki cÖeÜ bvbvfv‡e weKwkZ nq| Av_©-ivR‰bwZK fvebvwPšÍvi †fZ‡i hyw³ I gyw³i cwi‡cÖwÿZ †_‡K fvlv-ms¯‹…wZwPšÍvi c_ Ly‡j hvq| evsjv fvlvI G‡Z mg„× nq| wefv‡MvËi c~e©-evsjvq M‡elYvag©x KvR ïiæ nq, ïay msL¨vMwiô gymjgv‡bi ¯^ag©B ïay bq, Amv¤úª`vwqK-ag©wbi‡cÿ I AvaywbK †PZbvq cÖeÜ †jLv nq| cvðvZ¨ †i‡bmuvi aviYv G‡Z hy³ nq| MVb KvVv‡gv‡Z A‡b‡KB wbR¯^ ˆkwj ˆZwi Ki‡Z mÿg nb| AvZ¥ag©x cÖe‡Ü e¨w³i hyw³ I gZ ïay bq, gbbF× mvwnZ¨ c`evP¨I iwPZ nq| Ave`yj Kwig mvwnZ¨ wekvi`, gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&, Aveyj dRj, Aveyj gbmyi Avn‡g` wefv‡MvËi mg‡q cÖeÜ †j‡Lb| gyw³hy‡×i c‡i Zvi mg„w× AviI K‡jøvwjZ nq| Avn‡g` kixd, ûgvq~b AvRv`, wmivRyj Bmjvg †PŠayix eyw×`xß cÖeÜ †j‡Lb| Zuv‡`i cÖe‡Ü cÖKvkfw½ I fvebvq ˆZwi nq beZi `„wó‡PZbv| DBU, wnDgvi Avi cÖÁvi mgš^‡q evsjv cÖeÜ GLb †ek DËz½¯úk©x ejv hvq|



354 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



evsjv‡`‡ki cÖeÜ I cÖvewÜK (1947-1970) Ave`yj Kwig mvwnZ¨ wekvi` (1871-1953) cuyw_ msMÖvnK, m¤úv`K, cÖvewÜK wn‡m‡e cw_K…r| ev½vjv cÖvPxb cuyw_i weeiY (1914), cyuw_ cwiwPwZ (Avng` kixd m¤úv.) (1958), cÖvPxb cuyw_i weeiY (AcÖKvwkZ)| PÆMÖv‡gi mwPÎ BwZnvm Bmjvgvev` (ˆmq` gyZv© Rv Avjx m¤úv.) (1964) Ges gynv¤§` Gbvg~j n‡Ki mn‡hv‡M AvivKvb ivRmfvi ev½vjv mvwnZ¨ (1935)| gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& (1885-1969) eûfvlvwe`, M‡elK W. gyn¤§` knx`yjvn& evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i Rb¨ cÖf~Z Kg© †hgb m¤úv`b K‡i‡Qb †Zgwb evOvwj-ms¯‹…wZi weKv‡kI hyMvšÍKvix gZ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb A‡bK m¤úv`bvi †fZi w`‡q AgiKg© m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi M‡elYvKg© : nvRvi eQ‡ii cyivb ev½vjvq wm×v Kvbycvi MxZ I †`vnv (1920), Les Chants Mystiques De Kanna at de Saraha (1928), Les Sons (1929), evsjv e¨vKiY (1342), fvlv I mvwnZ¨ (1931), iæevBqvZ-B-Dgi Lq¨vg (1942), wkKIqvn I RIqve-B-wkKIqvn (1942), Hundred Sayings of the Holy Prophet (1945), BKevj (1945), Avgv‡`i mgm¨v (1949), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i K_v (1g LÐ 1953, 2q LÐ 1965), we`¨vcwZ kZK (1954), evsjv Av`e wK ZvwiL (1957), evsjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë (1965),



Essays on Islam (1945), Traditional Culture in East Pakistan (gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB mn‡hv‡M) (1963), Buddhist Mystic Songs (1966), Tales From the Quran (1970) cÖf„wZ| msKjb I m¤úv`bv : cÙveZx (1950), Mí msKjb (1953), cÖvPxb ag©MÖ‡š’ †kl bex (1952), c~e©-cvwK¯Ívbx AvÂwjK evsjv fvlvi Awfavb (`yB L‡Ð cÖKvwkZ, 1965)| gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK (1906-1982) gb¯^x, M‡elK-cÖvewÜK| Kg©Á G cwЇZi Rxeb eY©vX¨| ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwnZ¨ wb‡q mZ¨wbô I †KŠZ‚njx M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb| Gbvgyj nK ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i A‡bK Abv‡jvwKZ w`‡Ki cÖwZ `„KcvZ K‡i‡Qb| Avevnb ev RvZxq m½xZ mgwó (1922), e‡½ mydx cÖfve (1935), AvivKvb ivRmfvq ev½vjv mvwnZ¨ (Ave`yj Kwig mvwnZ¨wekvi‡`i m‡½ GK‡hv‡M iPbv, 1935), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 355



PÆMÖvgx ev½vjvi inm¨-†f` (1935), evsjv fvlvi ms¯‹vi (1944), c~eŸ©cvwK¯Ív‡b Bmjvg (1948), e¨vKiY gÄyix (1952), gymwjg ev½vjv mvwnZ¨ (1957), gbxlv-gÄylv 1gLÐ (1975), gbxlv-gÄylv 2qLÐ (1976), gbxlvgÄylv 3qLÐ (1984) Zuvi M‡elYv I gbbkxj cÖeÜ| M‡elYv-cÖe‡Ü wefv‡MvËi evsjv‡`‡ki G‡Kev‡i Drmf~‡g `uvwo‡q Av‡Qb wZwb| Gbvgyj n‡Ki A‡bK AMÖwš’Z cÖeÜ i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki e¨envwiK Awfavb (¯^ieY©vsk m¤úv`bv, 1974), Perso-Arabic Elements in Bengali (with Dr. G. M. Hilali, 1967), Abdul Karim Sahitya Bisharad Commemoration Volume (Asiatic society of Bangladesh, 1972), Dr. Mohammad Shahidullah Felicitation Volume (Asiatic society of Pakistan, 1966) Gme m¤úvw`Z MÖš’ QvovI A‡bK ¯§viKMÖ‡š’i



KvRI m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb wZwb| †gvnv¤§` AvKig Luv (1868-1968) ag©, ivRbxwZ I mgvRwPšÍvg~jK cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb †gvnv¤§` AvKig Luv| evOvwj gymwjg †PZbvi DØy×KiYg‡š¿ eªZx| evM¥x I m„Rbx cÖwZfv| cÖavbZ Bmjvg ag©-g~j¨‡evaB wQj Zuvi PP©vi cÖavb RvqMv| G welqK M‡elYv I wPšÍvB Zuvi Aviva¨| †gv¯Ídv PwiZ (1923) AvKig Luvi me‡P‡q eo mvwnZ¨KxwZ©| cÖK„Z fvlvwkíxi `ÿZvq, cÖmv`¸‡Y wZwb GwU iPbv K‡i‡Qb| hyw³wm× RxebxwU DrK…ó M‡`¨ weiwPZ| iPbvwU ag©vÜ mgvR Øviv mgv‡jvwPZ n‡qwQj| Zuvi Ab¨ MÖš’ : mgm¨v I mgvavb, †gv¯Ídv Pwi‡Zi ˆewkó¨, evB‡e‡ji wb‡`©k I cÖPwjZ L„óvb ag©, gymwjg evsjvi mvgvwRK BwZnvm, Zdmxiæj †KviAvb 5g LÐ, gyw³ I Bmjvg| †gvnv¤§` eiKZzjøvn& (1898-1974) AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i L¨vZbvgv gymwjg M`¨ †jLK †gvnv¤§` eiKZzjøvn&| Zuvi `yL‡Ð iwPZ cvim¨ cÖwZfv cÖeÜ Avgv‡`i mvwn‡Z¨i AgiKxwZ©| myjwjZ I ¯^”Q M`¨ixwZB cvim¨ cÖwZfvi g~j AvKl©Y| gymwjg †kŠh© ev exiZ¡Mv_v AvKl©Yxq M‡`¨ cwi‡ekb cÖ‡Póvq cvim¨ cÖwZfv iwPZ| cvim¨ cÖwZfvi cÖ_gLÐ †ei nq 1926 mv‡j, wØZxq LÐ 1932 mv‡j| eiKZzjøvn&i `vk©wbK fvebv I cvwЇZ¨i ewntcÖKvk gvby‡li ag© (1934) cÖe‡Ü| Amv¤cÖ`vwqK gbb I AvaywbK wPšÍvkw³i cÖKvk Zuvi G MÖš’wU| †gvn¤§` eiKZzjøvn& GQvov Kvievjv I Bgvges‡ki BwZe„Ë (1957), bexM„n msev`[g°v LÐ] (1960),



356 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



bqv RvwZi mªóv nhiZ gyn¤§` (1963), nhiZ Imgvb (1969) MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| ûgvqyb Kwei (1906-1969) AmvaviY †gavex, cÖeÜ I m„wókxj iPbv Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB K…wZ‡Z¡i ¯^vÿi weivRgvb| cÖfvekvjx mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv ÔPZzi½Õi cÖwZôvZv Ges m¤úv`K| evsjv cÖe‡Ü wZwb Zxÿèax avivwUi cw_K…r| mgvR-Awš^ó cÖeÜKvi| KweZvwelqK Ø›ØvZ¥K Av‡jvPbvi MÖš’wU Lye Zvrch©gq I cv‡_q ej‡j fyj n‡e bv| Zuvi kir g~j¨vqbI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| mgvRg‡bi cUf~wg‡Z wbYx©Z mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbvi avivwU Avgv‡`i Rb¨ AbyKiYxq| Zuvi D‡jL‡hvM¨ MÖš’ : Bg¨vby‡qj Kv›U (1936), gvK©mev` (1948), evOjvi Kve¨ (1954), kir mvwn‡Z¨i g~jZË¡, Kant on philosophy in General (1935), Poetry Monods and Society (1941), Rabindranath Tagore (1962), The Bengali novel (1968) Zuvi MÖš’|



KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb (1897-1981) gbbkxjZvi cw_K…r cÖvewÜK| eyw×i gyw³i w`kvq iPbv K‡i‡Qb †ek wKQy cy¯K Í | weÁvbPP©vqI wZwb wKse`šÍxZzj¨| mÂiY (1937), bRiæj Kve¨ cwiwPwZ (1958), †mB c_ jÿ hvi (1970), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ cÖf„wZ Zuvi cy¯K Í | †gvnv¤§` Iqv‡R` Avjx (1896-1954) wPšÍvkxj I hyw³ev`x †jLK| fvlvfw½ mnR, mij I mvejxj| cÖeÜmvwn‡Z¨ m„wó K‡i‡Qb eyw×e„wËK aviv| gnvgvbyl gynmxb (1940), giæfv¯‹i (1941), ˆmq` Avn¤§`, Kvq‡` Avhg †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn (1949), gvbPqwbKv (1951) Zuvi MÖš’| Aveyj dRj (1903-1983) Aveyj dRj g~jZ cÖvewÜK| c~e©-evsjvi cÖeÜ mvwn‡Z¨i Drmavivq we‡eK, gyw³, Kj¨vY G welq¸‡jv ¯úó n‡q‡Q Zuvi cÖe‡Ü| wewPÎ K_v (1940) cÖe‡Ü mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZi `vq, eywbqv` wb‡q gy³ Av‡jvPbv wea„Z| mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ mvabv (1961) cÖeÜMÖ‡š’ †jL‡Ki KvÐÁv‡bi `k©b hy³ n‡q‡Q gvbeZvi wnZmvabvq| mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZ I Rxeb (1965) MÖ‡š’i g~j¨evb cÖeÜ evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 357



Ôwkíxi mvabvÕ| iv‡óªi m‡½ wk‡íi Ø›Ø I cÖZ¨q †hgb GLv‡b Av‡jvwPZ †Zgwb weewZ©Z BwZnv‡m wkí †h AvZ¥vi †LvivK ZviI e¨vL¨v Av‡Q| we‡`ªvnx Kwe bRiæj (1957), mgvR mvwnZ¨ I ivóª (1968), mgKvjxb wPšÍv (1970), gvbeZš¿ (1379), mvwnZ¨ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1974), ïfeyw× (1974), GKzk gv‡b gvZv bZ bv Kiv (1978), iex›`ª cÖm½ (1979) Aveyj dR‡ji g~j¨evb cÖeÜMÖš’| GQvov i‡q‡Q wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ msKjb (1981)| Gm Iqv‡R` Avjx (1890-1951) ÔL¨vZbvgv ev½vjx mvwnwZ¨K I RvZxqZvev`x gymjgvbÕ Gm Iqv‡R` Avjx| cÖwZfvevb I iæwPkxj e¨w³Z¡| Zuvi HwZnvwmK iPbv MÖvbvWvi †kl exi (1941)| MÖš’wU m¤ú‡K© ÔfviZÕ cwÎKv 1940 mv‡j wj‡LwQj Ô†¯ú‡b MÖvbvWv nB‡Z wePy¨Z †kl g~i exi Ave`yjvi civfe mKj Gwkqvevmxi mg‡e`bv AvKl©Y Kwi‡e| cy¯K Í Lvwbi fvlv mij, A_P ü`qMÖvnx|Õ Gm. Iqv‡R` Avjxi QvweŸkwU cÖeÜ wb‡q Rxe‡bi wkí (1941)| cÖvP¨ I cÖZxP¨ (1943) MÖ‡š’ i‡q‡Q †ZwÎkwU iPbv| fwel¨‡Zi evOvjx (1943)i welqe¯‘ mvZwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖe‡Ü web¨¯Í| Gme cÖe‡Ü c~e©-evsjvi evOvwji fwel¨r m¤ú‡K© g~j¨evb gšÍe¨ Av‡Q| wefvM-c~e© Kv‡jB fwel¨‡Zi evOvjx cÖe‡Ü evOvwj gymjgvb I Zvi fvlv-ms¯‹…wZ cÖm‡½ †h D”Pvkv wZwb †cvlY K‡i‡Qb Zv GLb wbfy©j m‡Z¨ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv fvlv I ms¯‹…wZi DËivwaKvi evOvwj gymjgvb Ges Zv‡`i ivóª evsjv‡`kG mZ¨m¤¢ve¨Zv Zuvi Dw³‡Z AvR A‡gvN| Ave`yj Kvw`i (1906-1984) Kwe, cÖvewÜK, M‡elK Ges Qv›`wmK| Q›` wb‡q wZwb A‡bK cvwÐZ¨c~Y© gZ w`‡q‡Qb| Q›` mgxÿY (1979) Zuvi g~j¨evb MÖš’| Q›` m¤ú‡K© Zuvi ¯^vaxb wPšÍv I we‡klYx gšÍe¨ Lye Zvrch©c~Y©| Q‡›`i weeZ©b, KviæKvR I m„wócÖqvm Ave`yj Kvw`i †hŠw³K K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb Zuvi †jLvq| Ave`yj Kvw`‡ii gbbmg„w×i Av‡iKwU gvÎv Kwe bRiæj (1970)| bRiæ‡ji cÖ_g RxebxKvi Kwe Ave`yj Kvw`i| ZvQvov bRiæ‡ji MÖš’vKv‡i AcÖKvwkZ iPbvejx, wPwVcÎ I cÖKvkbvI cÖ_g K‡ib Kwe Ave`yj Kvw`i| bRiæj welqK A‡bK cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb wZwb| evsjv Kv‡e¨i BwZnvm : gymwjg mvabvi aviv (1944), gIjvbv †gvnv¤§` bvCgyÏxb (1979), KvRx Ave`yj gI`y` (1976), †jvKvqZ mvwnZ¨ (1985)| Gme †gŠwjK iPbv QvovI m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb Kve¨ gvjÂ, 358 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



gymwjg mvwn‡Z¨i †miv Mí, bRiæj iPbvejx (1g LÐÑ5g LÐ), †iv‡Kqv iPbvejx, wkivRx iPbvejx, jyrdi ingvb iPbvejx, BqvKze Avjx †PŠayix iPbvejx, Aveyj †nv‡mb iPbvejx, Kve¨exw_ BZ¨vw`| mvjvn&DÏxb Avng` (1924-2014) L¨vwZgvb BwZnvmwe` I cwÐZ| gb¯^x M‡elK| mvjvn&DÏxb Avn‡g` BwZnv‡mi mZ¨vmÜ e¨w³| wKš‘ ïay BwZnv‡mB Zuvi AvMÖ‡ni welq bq wewPÎ wel‡q wj‡L‡Qb wZwb| ¯^vaxbZv I gyw³hy× wb‡qI wKQy AvKi MÖš’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb wZwb| Zuvi MÖš’ : evOvwji mvabv I evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× (1991), evsjv‡`k : RvZxqZvev`, ¯^vaxbZv I MYZš¿ (1993), BwZnv‡mi mÜv‡b (1995), Social Ideas and Social Change in Bengal, 1818-1835 (1965), Bangladesh : Tradition and Transformation (1947), Bengali Nationalism and the Emergence of Bangladesh : An Introductory Outline (1994)|



†`Iqvb †gvnv¤§` AvRid (1908-1999) Zgyχbi weKvk (1949), m‡Z¨i ˆmwbK AveyRi (1949), Rxeb mgm¨v mgvav‡b Bmjvg (1957), Rxeb `k©‡bi cybM©Vb (1968), Bmjvg I gvbeZvev` (1968), b~Zb m~h© (1974), Bmjvgx Av‡›`vjb hy‡M hy‡M (1972), `k©‡bi bvbv mgm¨v (1977), ag© I `k©b (1981), gigx Kwe nvmb ivRv (1979), nvmb ivRv (1977), Avgv‡`i RvZxqZvev` (1986), bqv wR‡›`Mx (1996), weÁvb I `k©b (1g LÐ 1984, 2q LÐ 1985) cÖf„wZ Zuvi MÖš’| gymwjg `vk©wbK I L¨vwZgvb Bmjvgx wPšÍvwe`| nvmb ivRv wel‡q wZwb M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi fvev`‡k© Avevj¨ jvwjZ G †jLK| ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb (1922-2002) ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb Abycg M`¨iPbvKvi| evK¨‰Zwi‡Z wZwb PgrKvi ¯^v”Q›`¨gq| Kve¨gqZv jy°vwqZ _v‡K eP‡bi AšÍKv© Vv‡gvq| evsjv‡`‡ki Kve¨-mgv‡jvPbvg~jK cÖe‡Ü wZwb A`¨vewa Abe`¨| Zuvi wkímvwnZ¨welqK Av‡jvPbv myaxgn‡j mgv`„Z| KviY wn‡m‡e ej‡ZB nq Zuvi AšÍi½ we‡klY cÖeYZv| KweZvi Av‡›`vjb welqK aviYv I Zr-Dß Av‡e‡Mi BÜb, Zvi Kvh©KviY e¨vL¨v wKsev hyw³cvi¤úh© AvKl©Yxq| Kwe ˆmq` Avjx Avnmv‡bi MÖš’mg~n : evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 359



evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZe„Ë (hyM¥fv‡e, 1954), bRiæj Bmjvg (1954), Essays in Bengal Literature (1956), Kwe gaym~`b (1957), KweZvi K_v (1957), mvwn‡Z¨i K_v (1964), KweZvi K_v I Ab¨vb¨ we‡ePbv (1968), AvaywbK evsjv KweZv : k‡ãi Abyl‡½ (1970), iex›`ªbv_ : Kve¨ wePv‡ii f~wgKv (1974), gaym~`b : KweK…wZ I Kve¨v`k© (1975), AvaywbK Rvg©vb mvwnZ¨ (1976), mZZ ¯^vMZ (1983), wkí‡eva I wkí‰PZb¨ (1983), min cvi †`vnv‡Kvl MxwZ (1993), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm : cÖvPxb hyM (1994), Avgv‡`i AvZ¥cwiPq Ges evsjv‡`kx RvZxqZvev` (1996), g„MveZx (1998), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (2005)| wZwb cÙveZx (1968), gaygvjZx (1972) QvovI A‡bK MÖ‡š’i m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb| AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` (1932-2009) AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` gbbag©x cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb| Zuvi cÖe‡Üi we‡klY wbR¯^ Ges Aek¨B m„wóag©x| we‡kl‡Y Av‡Q beZi hyw³ I wmw×| Zuvi wkí welqK Av‡jvPbv †ek g‡bvMÖvnx| cÖavbZ mgvRweb¨v‡mi †fZ‡i e¨w³-gb¯Í‡Ë¡i weeZ©b Ges †m Abylw½ aviYvq mvwn‡Z¨i b›`b‡K Kvh©Kwi K‡i †ZvjvZuvi cÖe‡Üi Ab¨Zg w`K| fvlv †cje; `„wófw½i ¯^”QZvq, eyw×i Zx²Zvq Zv ˆkwíK| ÿ‡Y ÿ‡Y Kwegb Av”Qbœ Ki‡Z Pvq hyw³‡K| Z‡e me¨mvPxi `ÿZvq cÖe‡Üi cÖK…óiƒc _v‡K envj| wkíxi mvabv (1955), mvwn‡Z¨i AvMš‘K FZz (1974), bRiæj M‡elYv : aviv I cÖK…wZ (1992), gvqvKfw¯‹ I bRiæj (1985), iex›`ª K¬¨vwmK Avwe®‹vi (1982), mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbv (1989), †kªô cÖeÜ (1999), mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbvi BwZe„Ë I cwi‡cÖwÿZ (2000) Zuvi cÖe‡Üi eB| Ave`yjøvn Avj-gyZx (1930-1998) cÖavbZ weÁvb †jLK| wK‡kvi‡`i Rb¨ wj‡L‡Qb| evsjv fvlvq weÁvbPP©vq Zuvi Ae`vb Awe¯§iYxq| Zuvi MÖš’ : G‡mv weÁv‡bi iv‡R¨ (1955), AevK c„w_ex (1955), Avwe®‹v‡ii †bkvq (1969), in‡m¨i †kl †bB (1969), weÁvb I gvbyl (1975), wkÿv I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1975), Rvbv ARvbvi †`‡k (1976), mvM‡ii inm¨cyix (1976), Avq e„wó †Su‡c (1980), G hy‡Mi weÁvb (1981), †gN, e„wó †iv` (1981), dz‡ji Rb¨ fvjevmv (1982), †mvbvi GB †`k (1983), Zvivi †`‡ki nvZQvwb (1984), wewPÎ weÁvb (1985), wecbœ 360 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



cwi‡ek (1985), cÖvY‡jvK : bZzb w`MšÍ (1986), weÁv‡bi we¯§q (1986), Qwe‡Z Avgv‡`i cwi‡ek (1gLÐ-1987, 2qLÐ-1990), †Uwjwfk‡bi K_v (1987), weÁvb wRÁvmv (1988), KxUcZ‡½i wewPÎ K_v (1988), KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb (1988), weÁvb GwM‡q P‡j (1991) cÖf„wZ| Ave`yjøvn Avj-gyZx DbœZiæwPi GK weivU e¨w³Z¡| Zuvi ms¯‹…wZÁvb wQj D”Pgv‡bi| ¯^vaxbZv, wkÿv I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1975) Zuvi Ab¨ MÖš’| Ave`yjvn Avj-gyZxi m¤úv`bv MÖš’ evsjv‡`‡ki weÁvbPP©v (1988)| Avng` iwdK (R. 1929) cÖvewÜK Avng` iwd‡Ki cÖeÜ I M‡elYv cÖeÜ : wkí ms¯‹…wZ Rxeb (1958)| GLv‡b AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ¯^iƒc I cÖK…wZ wel‡q hyw³wbô g~j¨vqb K‡i‡Qb| iex›`ª-mvwnZ¨ wel‡qI wZwb M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb| fvlv Av‡›`vjb wb‡qI wZwb M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb| GQvov Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ MÖš’ : bRiæj Kv‡e¨ Rxeb mvabv (1958), cÙvcv‡ii †mB MvwíK hv`yKi (1976), Av‡iK KvjvšÍ‡i (1977), eyw×Rxexi ms¯‹…wZ (1986), †QvUMí : cÙvcv‡ii iex›`ªMí (1987), iex›`ªbv‡_i ivóªwPšÍv I evsjv‡`k (1987), †Kgb Av‡Qb (1987), GKz‡ki BwZnvm Avgv‡`i BwZnvm (1987), Avw` gvb‡ei mÜv‡b (1989), fvlv Av‡›`vjb : BwZnvm I Zvrch© (1991), GB Aw¯’i mgq (1996), iex›`ª wPÎwkí (1996), RvwZmËvi AvZ¥A‡š¦lYv (1997), GB c„w_exi gvbyl (1997), iex›`ªfyeb cwZmi (1998), Pwjø‡ki `k‡Ki evsjv‡`‡ki KweZv (2013)|



m‡Z¨b †mb (1907-1981) m‡Z¨b †mb AvRxeb msMÖvgx gvbyl| gvbeZvi c~Rvix| Kgy¨wb÷ Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½ hy³| cÖe‡Üi eB¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cÖe‡Üi g‡a¨ msMÖv‡gi BwZnvm I hyw³‡K wZwb †cÖvw_Z K‡ib| Zuvi MÖš’ : gnvwe‡`ªv‡ni Kvwnbx (1958), evsjv‡`‡ki K…lK msMÖvg, evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³msMÖvg, wek¦gvb‡ei gnvZx‡_©, gmjvi hy× (1375), kn‡ii BwZK_v (1380 e.), †gnbZx gvbyl cÖwZ‡iva msMÖv‡g evsjv‡`k, gvbe mf¨Zvi Elvj‡Mœ (1377), AwfhvÎx (1376) cÖf„wZ| gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB (1919-1969) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 361



wefv‡MvËi evsjv‡`‡k L¨vwZgvb wPšÍvwe`, cÖeÜKvi gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB| †gŠwjK iPbv QvovI evsjv fvlv mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZi mg„w×i Rb¨ A‡bK MÖš’ m¤úv`bv, msKjb cÖKvk, fvlv I aŸwbZË¡ welqK cy¯K Í cÖYqb Ges BwZnvm iPbv K‡i‡Qb| cÖvewÜK wn‡m‡e Zuvi cÖ_g AvZ¥cÖKvk| †Zvlv‡gv` I ivRbxwZi fvlv (1959), fvlv I mvwnZ¨ (1960), ÔA Phonetics and Phonological Study of Nassals and Nasalization in BengaliÕ (1960), mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹w… Z (1965) Zuvi MÖš’| MÖš’wUi iPbv‰kwj mvejxj; ¯^Kxq wPšÍvi cÖKvk bv›`wbK| Zuvi aŸwbweÁvb I evsjv aŸwbZË¡ (1964) aŸwbweÁvb welqK AvKi MÖš’| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZe„Ë [AvaywbK hyM] (1956)



ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb mn‡hv‡M iwPZ| GwU eûj cwiwPZ BwZnvmMÖš’| gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB A‡bK Bs‡iwR cÖeÜI wj‡L‡Qb| †`k-we‡`‡k ¯^bvgL¨vZ G cÖvew܇Ki iPbv‰kwj AZ¨šÍ mvejxj Ges AvKl©Yxq| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖeÜmvwn‡Z¨i wfwË iPbvi wZwb cw_K…r| ghnviæj Bmjvg (1928-2003) ga¨hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨ wb‡q M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb ghnviæj Bmjvg| GKvav‡i wZwb †dvK‡jvi we‡klÁI e‡U| Kwe cvMjv KvbvB (1959), Kwe †nqvZ gvgy` (1961), †dvK‡jvi cwiwPwZ I †jvKmvwn‡Z¨i cVb cvVb (1967), †jvKKvwnbx msMÖ‡ni BwZnvm (1970), e½eÜz †kL gywRe (1974), mvwn‡Z¨i c‡_, mZxgqbv I †jviP›`ªvbx (1980), †dvK‡jvi PP©vq †jvKZvwË¡K we‡klY c×wZ (1982), Social change and Folklore (1985), Folkiore : The Pulse of the People (1984), A History of Folk Collections in India and Pakistan (1970) cÖf„wZ Zuvi MÖš’|



†gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayix (1903-1956) gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgv‡Ri m‡½ hy³| ms¯‹…wZ K_v (1958) Zuvi weL¨vZ cÖe‡Üi eB| ms¯‹„wZi iæwPÁvb‡K Ae¨_© hyw³‡Z cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb wZwb| ms¯‹…wZ K_v MÖ‡š’i cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖeÜB g~j¨evb| gbbkxj wPšÍvi ¯§viK Zuvi iPbvcyÄ| bxwjgv Beªvnxg (1921-2002) †gavex M‡elK, M`¨Kvi| A‡bK iK‡gi cÖKvkbv, GKw`‡K m„Rbkxj Ab¨w`‡K M‡elYvag©x| G‡ÿ‡Î wbðqB gbbkxjZvi welqwU Ag~jK bq| bvix-Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½ hy³ wQ‡jb| `yg©i mvsMVwbKkw³ m¤úbœ e¨w³| Zuvi 362 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



mvwnZ¨ I M‡elYvag©x cÖe‡Üi eB : kircÖwZfv (1960), evsjvi Kwe gaym~`b (1961), Ebwesk kZvãxi evOvjx mgvR I evsjv bvUK (1964), evsjv bvUK : Drm I aviv (1972), †eMg †iv‡Kqv (1974), ev½vjx gvbm I evsjv mvwnZ¨ (1987), mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZi bvbv cÖm½ (1991), m~‡h©v`q †_‡K m~h©v¯Í : AZtci Agvwblvi AÜKvi (1995), AwMœmœvZ e½eÜyi f¯§v”Qvw`Z Kb¨v Avwg (1995), Avwg exiv½bv ejwQ (1g LÐ 1996, 2q LÐ 1997), †eMg dwRjvZz‡bœmv gywRe (1996) cÖf„wZ| gyn¤§` gbmyiDÏxb (1904-1987) †jvKmvwn‡Z¨i Aa¨qb, M‡elYv I msMÖ‡n gyn¤§` gbmyiDÏxb wb‡ew`ZcÖvY GK weij mvaK| wZwb weL¨vZ nvivgwY (1-10, 13 LÐ) msKj‡bi Rb¨| gbmyiDÏx‡bi †gŠwjK MÖš’ wZbL‡Ð cÖKvwkZ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gymwjg mvabv | MÖš’wUi cÖ_gLÐ †ei nq 1960 mv‡j, cwigvwR©Z AvKv‡i 1965 mv‡j; wØZxqLÐwU 1371 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq| cÖ_g, wØZxq I Z…Zxq LÐ GK‡Î 1981 †Z cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gymjgvb‡`i Ae`vb, KxwZ© I mvabvi GKwU Z_¨c~Y© BwZnvmMÖš’| KvRx Ave`yj gvbœvb (1930-1994) gb¯^x M‡elK, evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i Aa¨vcK| Zuvi wcGBP. wW. w_wmm The Emergence and Development of Dobhasi Literature in Bengal (upto 1855)| GQvov wj‡L‡Qb, AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gymwjg mvabv (1961), ˆmq` BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx (1970), iex›`ª bRiæj Bmjvg I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1989), AvaywbK evsjv mvwnZ¨ I gymwjg mgvR (1990)| evsjv GKv‡Wwg †_‡K cÖKvwkZ Zuvi m¤úv`bv MÖš’ †gvkviid iPbvÑm¤¢vi (cuvP LÐ) †ei nq 1976, 1980 Ges 1985 mv‡j| gymwjg evsjv



mvwn‡Z¨i wewfbœ welq wb‡q wZwb A‡bK cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb, †`‡k-we‡`‡k ¯^bv‡g cwiwPwZ †c‡qwQ‡jb G Aa¨vcK| evsjv‡`‡ki M‡elYv-cÖe‡Ü wZwb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Qb| Ave`yj nK (1918-1997) Ôeyw×i gyw³Õ Av‡›`vj‡bi cw_K…r Aveyj û‡mb, KvRx Ave`yj I`y`-Gi DËim~wi; K…wZ, gbbkxj cÖvewÜK Ave`yj nK| AvRxeb Amv¤cÖ`vwqK I hyw³kxj †jLK| evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡` wek¦vmx| Zuvi g~j¨evb cÖeÜMÖš’ evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 363



µvwšÍKvj (1962) I mvwnZ¨ HwZn¨ g~j¨‡eva (1986)| GQvov wj‡L‡Qb : evOvjx RvZxqZvev` Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1973), mvwnZ¨ I ¯^vaxbZv (1974), fvlv Av‡›`vjb : Avw`ce© (1976), wbtm½ †PZbv I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1984)| †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb mydx (R. 1932) Ave`yjøvn : Dcb¨vm wePvi (1962), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm (1967), mvwnZ¨‡mex ZmwjgywÏb Avng` (1982), †eMg †iv‡Kqv Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ (1986), KvRx †gvnv¤§` B`wim (1989), ¯§iYxq ¯’vb (1990), ms¯‹…wZ : msMÖvg (1991) cÖf„wZ MÖš’ wj‡L‡Qb| M‡elYv-ag©x Gme †jLvq mydx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q D‡V‡Qb| †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb (1936-2008) M‡elK, K…Zx †jLK I mvwnZ¨-mgv‡jvPK| Zuvi Kg©-cwiwa `~i cwie¨vß| AvaywbK evsjv KvwnbxKv‡e¨ gymwjg Rxeb I wPÎ (1962), AvaywbK evsjv mvwnZ¨ (1965), W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& (1969), AvaywbK evsjv Kv‡e¨ wn›`ygymjgvb m¤úK© : 1957-1920 (1970), evsjv KweZvi Q›` (1970), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ evOvjx e¨w³Z¡ (1974), mvwn‡Z¨ D”PZi M‡elYv (1978), †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †PŠayix (1978), mvgwqKc‡Î mvwnZ¨wPšÍv : mIMvZ (1981), XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi BwZnvm : 1921-81 (1982), iex›`ª‡PZbv (1984), AvaywbK evsjv KweZv : cÖvmw½KZv I cwi‡cÖwÿZ (1985), fvlv Av‡›`vjb : wkÿvq fvlv cwiKíbv (1992), gaym~`b (1993), bRiæj‡PZbv (1996) cÖf„wZ| GQvov †ekwKQy Abyev` I m¤úv`bvMÖš’ i‡q‡Q| mvwn‡Z¨i M‡elYvq Zuvi ¯’vb A‡bK D”P| †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †PŠayix (1926-1971) knx` eyw×Rxex †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †PŠayix, gbbkxj cÖvewÜK| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨‡ÿ‡Î ¸Yx cÖeÜKvi I mgv‡jvPK| cÖe‡Ü i‡q‡Q hyw³wbôZv I cÖMwZi ¯^vÿi| wZwb GKw`‡K mvwnZ¨ Ab¨w`‡K mgq-¯^‡`k-mgvR wb‡qI wj‡L‡Qb| iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi we‡kl‡Yi I AvMÖ‡ni †K›`ª| iwe-cwiµgv (1963) iex›`ªbv‡_i ag©-mgvR-wn›`y-gymjgvb Gme wel‡q e¨envwiK I we‡klYvZ¥K g~j¨vqb| MÖš’wU‡Z iex›`ª mgv‡jvPbvi avivwU we‡ePbvq G‡b †jL‡Ki ¯^Zš¿ Ae¯’vb e¨vL¨vi †Póv i‡q‡Q| mvwn‡Z¨i beiƒcvqY (1969) c~e©-evsjvi mgKvjxb mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZi g~j¨vqbMÖš’| Zuvi cÖKvwkZ Ab¨vb¨ MÖš’ evsjv 364 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



evbvb I wjwc ms¯‹vi (1368 e.), iwOb AvLi (1370 e.), Colloqual Bengali (1963)| †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †PŠayixi fvlv welqK wKQy cÖeÜ Ges m¤úv`bv MÖš’I i‡q‡Q| Av‡bvqvi cvkv (1928-1971) cÖvewÜK Av‡bvqvi cvkv mvwnZ¨-mgv‡jvPbv‡ZB mgwaK cÖwmw× AR©b K‡ib| iex›`ª-†QvUMí mgxÿv cÖ_g I wØZxq LÐ cÖKvwkZ nq h_vµ‡g 1370 Ges 1385 mv‡j| we‡kølYvZ¥K G MÖš’wU Zuvi D‡jL‡hvM¨ KxwZ©| GQvov Av‡bvqvi cvkvi cÖeÜMÖš’ mvwnZ¨wkíx Aveyj dRj (1967)| evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖKvwkZ Av‡bvqvi cvkv iPbvejx (cÖ_gLÐ 1981, wØZxqLÐ 1983, Z…ZxqLÐ 1987) †ewi‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b Av‡bvqvi cvkvi bvbv mg‡qi AcÖKvwkZ cÖeÜ MÖw_Z i‡q‡Q| GQvov gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB (1919-1969) mn‡hv‡M cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡Mi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© K‡qKwU Kv‡e¨i m¤úv`bvI K‡i‡Qb Av‡bvqvi cvkv| †gvnv¤§` gvn&dzDjøvn (1936-2013) M‡elYv-cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb †gvnv¤§` gvn&dzRDjøvn&| Zuvi cÖeÜ : bRiæj Bmjvg I AvaywbK evsjv KweZv (1963), gaym~`bÑiex›`ªbv_ (1967), mgKvjxb mvwn‡Z¨i aviv (1965), mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ-RvZxqZv (1970), bRiæj Kv‡e¨i ¯^iƒc (1974), mvwnZ¨ I mvwnwZ¨K (1978), KweZv I cÖm½K_v (1975), mvwn‡Z¨i iƒcKvi (1981), eyw×i gyw³ I †i‡bmuv Av‡›`vjb (1980), evsjv Kv‡e¨ gymwjg HwZn¨ (1982), evOvjx gymjgv‡bi gvZ…fvlvcÖxwZ (1980), gymwjg evsjvi mvsevw`KZv I Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmyÏxb (1983), cÖvwZôvwbK bRiæj-PP©vi BwZe„Ë, fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmyÏxb, evsjv Kv‡e¨ ¯^‡`k‡cÖg, †i‡bmuvi K_v| Rxebx : †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv (1987), mydx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb (1988) GQvov wKQy MÖ‡š’i m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb| Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`xb (1911-1988) ev¯Íeev`x I gbbkxj eyw×Rxex Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`xb aªæc`x gv‡bi cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb| wPšÍvi weeZ©b I c~e©-cvwK¯Ívbx mvwnZ¨ (1964), Sciology of bengal politics (1973), †mv”Pvi D”PviY (1977), mgvR ms¯‹…wZ I BwZnvm (1979), ga¨cÖvP¨ Bmjvg I mgKvjxb ivRbxwZ (1985), †mvwf‡qU †`‡k gymwjg Rxeb (1986), †jvKvqZ mgvR I ev½vjx ms¯‹…wZ (1988), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 365



ˆenvwm‡Ki cvk¦©wPšÍv (1989)| Av_©-mgvR-iv‡óªi mgm¨v‡K cÖvewÜK mvgwMÖK I m½Z †cÖÿvc‡U e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| G‡ÿ‡Î wZwb HwZnvwmK I weewZ©Z mgvR `k©b‡K Av‡jvPbvq †hŠw³K K‡i †Zv‡jb| d‡j Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`x‡bi ZË¡wPšÍv evqexq bv n‡q G‡Kev‡i g‡g©i mZ¨ n‡q I‡V| mgvR, ms¯‹…wZ, BwZnvm ev¯ÍeZvi wbwi‡L Zvrch©gq n‡q I‡V| wmivRyj Bmjvg †PŠayix (R. 1936) `y¨wZgq cÖeÜKvi, wmivRyj Bmjvg †PŠayix| cÖMwZev`x I Rbbw›`Z eyw×Rxex| Zuvi `k©b gvK©mev`x, wKš‘ ivR‰bwZK e³e¨ †mLv‡b †Zgb cÖej bq| †jLvq Av‡Q mgKvj gb¯‹Zv, mg¯Í Kj¨vYKi eª‡Zi wb‡`©kbv, AvZ¥mvg‡jvPbvi Av‡`k| Z‡e cyuwRev`, mvgwiKZš¿ I cÖwZwµqvkxj Kg©wecix‡Z PveyK †d‡jb wZwb| Ggb wel‡q wmivRyj Bmjvg †PŠayixi cÖe܉kwjwU n‡q I‡V kvwYZ, ˆe`»¨ Ges ig¨imRvwiZ| Amvgvb¨ fw½wU‡Z AwR©Z nq m~² cwiwgwZ‡eva Ges cwiZ…ß †KŠZzKAv‡gv`| †hUv hyw³i †fZi w`‡q j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠQvq| G cÖe‡Üi mvwnZ¨¸Y mim, ¯úk©KvZi Ges eû‡KŠwYK| Gfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki cÖeÜmvwn‡Z¨i avivq wZwb n‡q I‡Vb Awbevh©| A‡š¦lY (1964), wØZxq fyeb (1972), wbivkªq M„nx (1974), AbwZµvšÍ e„Ë (1976), ew¼gP‡›`ªi Rwg`vi I K…lK (1969), kirP›`ª I mvgšÍev` (1978), A‡š¦lY (1964), ZvwK‡q †`wL (1974), AviY¨K `„k¨vejx (1974), ¯^vaxbZv I ms¯‹…wZ (1981), Avgvi wcZvi gyL (1976), gy‡Lvk I gyLkªx (1985), Avwki `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR (1985), ¯^vaxbZvi ¯ú„nv mv‡g¨i fq (1988), evOvjx‡K †K euvPv‡e (1991), e„‡Ëi fvOv-Mov (1989), evOvjxi RvZxqZvev` (2000), Kzgyi eÜb (1977), ivóª I Kí‡jvK (1991), DciKvVv‡gvi †fZ‡iB (1984), †eK‡bi †gŠgvwQiv (1978), ¯^vaxbZv I ms¯‹…wZ (1979), GKB mgZ‡j (1980), Dwbk kZ‡Ki evsjv M‡`¨i mvgvwRK e¨vKiY (1980), evOvjx Kv‡K ewj (1988), Uj÷q A‡bK cÖm‡½i K‡qKwU (1985), †bZv, RbZv I ivRbxwZ (1988), MYZ‡š¿i c‡ÿ-wec‡ÿ (1991), †kl gxgvsmvi Av‡M (1988), D`¨v‡b I D`¨v‡bi evB‡i (1989), †kªYx, mgq I mvwnZ¨ (1990), ¯^‡cœi Av‡jvQvqv (1991), †KD e‡j e„ÿ, †KD e‡j b`x (1990), wØRvwZZ‡Ë¡i mZ¨ wg_¨v (1992), †jwbb †Kb Riæwi (1992), AvcbRb (1994), AcwiwPZ bvqK cwiwPZ `ye„©Ë (1992), evOvjxi RqcivRq (1994), wj¼‡bi welYœ gyL (1994), Gi c_ Ii cÖvPxi (1995), fq †c‡qv bv, †eu‡P AvwQ (1995), gvSLv‡bi gvby‡liv (1995), `yB evOvjxi 366 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



jv‡nvi hvÎv (1996), cZ½ f„Z¨ I ˆ`Z¨ (1996), iv‡óªi gvwjKvbv (1997), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (1999), wbe©vwPZ ivR‰bwZK cÖeÜ (2000), †k·cxq‡ii †g‡qiv (2004), cÖfyi hZ B”Qv (2005), wew”QbœZvi mZ¨-wg_¨v (2008), ivóªZ‡š¿ mgvR‡`ªvwnZv (2013) cÖf„wZ MÖ‡š’ Av_©-mgvR, ivRbxwZ, ms¯‹…wZ, cÖZœ-BwZnvm, ag©exÿv, gvbe m¤^Üm~Î mvejxj e¨vL¨vZ nq| e¯‘Z evOvwj ga¨we‡Ëi w`‡KB Zuvi kvwYZ evY wbwÿß| †jL‡Ki mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbvg~jK MÖš’ †kªYx mgq I mvwnZ¨ (1986)| GQvov AvZ¥‰RewbK iPbv Avgvi wcZvi gyL (1980)| A`¨vewa G cÖeÜKvi mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ welqK wPšÍvkxj bvbv cÖeÜ wj‡L P‡j‡Qb| Avwbmy¾vgvb (R. 1937) evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i gb¯^x Aa¨vcK| A‡bK MÖš’ cÖYq‡b I m¤úv`bvq A`¨vewa e¨vc„Z †i‡L‡Qb wb‡R‡K| M‡elYvq Avwbmy¾vgvb cig civKvôv †`wL‡q‡Qb| cÖÁv I †gavi mgš^‡q Zuvi M‡elYv-MÖš’ D”Pgvb¯úk©x| GQvov bvbvwea cÖeÜ iPbvq wZwb cvwЇZ¨i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi MÖš’ gymwjg gvbm I evsjv mvwnZ¨ (1964), gybxi †PŠayix (1975), ¯^iƒ‡ci mÜv‡b (1969), Social Aspects of Endogenous Intelectual Creativity (1979), Factory Correspondence and other Bengali Documents in the official Library and Records (1981), AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki evsjv wPwV (1983), gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn (1983), cyi‡bv evsjv M`¨ (1984), †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayix (1988), Creativity, Reality & Identity, Cultural Pluralism (1993), Identity, Religion and Recent History (1995) cÖf„wZ| Zuvi m¤úv`bv MÖš’ : iex›`ªbv_ (1968), we`¨vmvMi iPbvmsMÖn (gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB mn‡hv‡M, 1968), `xbeÜz iPbvmsMÖn (gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB mn‡hv‡M, 1968), Cultural thought (Av‡bvqvi Ave‡`j-gv‡jK mn‡hv‡M, 1983), gybxi †PŠayix iPbvejx 1-4 LÐ (1982-1986), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm, cÖ_g LÐ (Ab¨‡`i mn‡hv‡M, 1993), AwRZ¸n ¯§viKMÖš’ (1990), ¯§„wZc‡U wmivRyÏxb †nv‡mb (1992), knx` ax‡i›`ªbv_ `Ë ¯§viKMÖš’ (1993), bRiæj iPbvejx 1-4 LÐ (1994-1995), bvixi K_v (gv‡jKv †eMg mn‡hv‡M, 1994), d‡Zvqv (Ab¨‡`i mn‡hv‡M 1977), gay`v (Ab¨‡`i mn‡hv‡M, 1997), gyw³hy‡×i Mí (2007) cÖf„wZ| wewPÎiKg cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb



Avwbmy¾vgvb| cÖMwZgb¯‹, mZ¨vmÜ G cÖvewÜK GK gnxiæn e¨w³‡Z¡ ciwYZ| AbymiYxq G cÖveÜKvi m¤cÖwZ AvZ¥¯§„wZg~jK cÖeÜMÖš’ wj‡L evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 367



P‡j‡Qb| Zuvi cÖeÜ ¯^”QwPšÍvi Ges ¯^qs¤¢~-gvÎvmÂvix| GKRb AwfÁ mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©xI ejv P‡j Zuv‡K| 2006-G †ewi‡q‡Q Pvi `k‡Ki cÖeÜ| gybxi †PŠayix (1925-1971) M‡elYv I mgv‡jvPbv MÖ‡š’ gybxi †PŠayixi mvwnZ¨iæwP A`¨vewa me©Rbwew`Z| gxi-gvbm (1965)-G †jLK gxi gkviid Avi wkí‡jv‡Ki AwaôvÎx gkviid‡K KvUv‡Quovq †b‡g‡Qb| hyw³‡Z-we‡kl‡Y; m½Z-mm¤£‡g gkvii‡di wPËØ›Ø wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| D‡V G‡m‡Q mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ-AvPvims¯‹vi; bZzb Z‡_¨ I fv‡l¨| gkviid Av‡jvPbvq w`K& D‡b¥vPbKvwi G MÖš’wU M‡elYv I mgv‡jvPbv mvwn‡Z¨ AvKi MÖš’ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| gybxi †PŠayixi Zzjbvg~jK mgv‡jvPbv (1969) I evOjv M`¨ixwZ (1970) Ab¨Zg MÖš’| M‡`¨i ixwZ-cÖK…wZ, fvlvZvwË¡K a¨vbaviYv, evsjv wjwc-evbvb BZ¨vKvi wel‡q Av‡jvPbv MÖš’wU| c~e©-evsjvq evsjvfvlvi PP©v-mg„w×-wbixÿv Gme wel‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Av‡jvPbv MÖš’wU| nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb (1932-1983) AvaywbK Kwe I KweZv (1965) nvmvb nvwdRyi ingv‡bi Abe`¨ KweZv Av‡jvPbv MÖš’| wZwb G MÖ‡š’ AvaywbK KweZv iƒcixwZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Av‡eMewR©Z, hyw³wbô G cÖeÜMÖš’wU evsjv‡`‡ki AvaywbK KweZvi Av‡jvPbvq Ag~j¨ m¤ú`| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ MÖš’ g~j¨‡ev‡ai Rb¨ (1970), mvwnZ¨cÖm½ (1973), Av‡jvwKZ MnŸi (1977)| cÖeÜmgMÖ (2005)i g‡a¨ AMÖwš’Z cÖeÜ-wbeÜI msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki evOvwj †PZbv I gbbwccvmvi ¯^iƒc e¨vL¨vZ n‡q‡Q Zuvi Gme cÖe‡Ü| mgvR-mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbvq wRÁvmv †hgb Av‡Q †Zgwb Av‡Q Zvi hyw³wbô wb®úwËi †Póv| GKwU DbœZ I mg„× ms¯‹…wZi me©vaywbK RvwZ MV‡b nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb wewPÎ ZË¡ I `k©‡bi mgš^‡q w`Kwb‡`©kbv w`‡q‡Qb Gme cÖe‡Ü| Ggb `„wófw½i cÖ‡ivPbv ˆZwi n‡q‡Q Zuvi cÖe‡Ü†hgbUv kvwbZ eyw×i †fZi w`‡q Zuvi Z‡K©i I hyw³i N‡U‡Q g~j¨vqb-wbf©i gxgvsmv| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖeÜmvwn‡Z¨ `„pwfwˇZ ¯’vwcZ nb wZwb| cÖvew܇Ki g‡a¨ Kweeyw×i cÖfve gv‡Sg‡a¨ wgj‡jI GK iK‡gi cwiï× we‡eK I wPšÍvi ¯^vaxbZvB †jLvq m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb ïay mvwnZ¨ Av‡jvPbvg~jK cÖeÜB †j‡Lbwb wbLv` gbbag©x cÖeÜ wj‡LI mvd‡j¨i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi D‡jL‡hvM¨ Ges g~j¨evb m¤úv`bv gyw³hy‡×i `wjjcÎ (16 368 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



L‡Ð), GKz‡k †deªæqvwi (2003) cÖf„wZ| gyw³hy‡×i `wjjcÎ iPbvq Zuvi iPbvwUB me©vwaK wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z_v AvKiMªš’ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| KvRx `xb gyn¤§` (1927-2011) M‡elYv-cÖeÜ iPbv K‡i‡Qb KvRx `xb gyn¤§`| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i wewPÎ wel‡q wZwb g~j¨evb cÖeÜ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Zuvi iPbvq Bmjvgx fvev‡eM I gb¯‹Zv hyw³i †K‡›`ª _v‡K cÖwZwôZ| Zuvi MÖš’mg~n : mvwnZ¨ m¤¢vi (1965), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm [cÖ_g †_‡K PZz_© LÐ] (1968), †mKv‡ji mvwnZ¨ (1969), mvwnZ¨ I Av`k© (1970), mvwnZ¨ wkí (1969), cvwK¯Ívbx ms¯‹…wZ (1969), Bmjvgx ms¯‹…wZ (1970), gvbe Rxeb (1970), mydxev‡`i †Mvovi K_v (1980), fvlvZË¡ (1971), Rxeb †mŠ›`h© (1989), cÖwZeY©vqb wb‡`©wkKv (1982), eY©gvjv (1984), my‡Li jvwMqv (1989), evsjv‡`‡k Bmjv‡gi Avwef©ve (1990), Avj KvImvi (1991), bvw¯ÍKZv I Avw¯ÍKZv (1991) cÖf„wZ| KvRx `xb gyn¤§‡`i wKQyMÖš’I m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb| Avng` kixd (1921-1999) cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm iPbv I cybM©V‡b cÖvq GKK I Awemsevw`Z Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb Avng` kixd| Zuvi iwPZ evOvjx I evOjv mvwnZ¨ (1g LÐ) (1978) I evOvjx I evOjv mvwnZ¨ (2q LÐ) (1983) Av_©mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, b„ZvwË¡K, ag©xq, `vk©wbK `„wó‡PZbvq we‡kwlZ I g~j¨vq‡b cybM©wVZ| Avng` kixd ga¨hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨ we‡køl‡Y Ave`yj Kwig mvwnZ¨wekvi‡`i (1871-1953) m¤úv`bv I cwiÁvZ welqmg~n‡K myMfxi Zvrch©gwÐZ †hgb K‡i‡Qb †Zgwb Abv‡jvwPZ I Awew`Z cÖm½‡KI cwic~iK e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| Giƒ‡c Zv n‡q‡Q c~Y©vqZ Ges cUf~wg‡Z mywbw`©ó| Avng` kix‡di BwZnvmg~jK G mvwnZ¨M‡elYv ïay aviv eY©bv bq, †hŠw³K I mvg~wnK cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wbwY©Z| GUvB Zuvi we‡klZ¡| GQvov wZwb A‡bK MÖ‡š’i m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb| m¤úv`bvi †fZi w`‡q A‡bK Abv‡jvwKZ Aa¨v‡qi Avwe®‹vi I AbymÜvb wZwb K‡i‡Qb| Avng` kix‡di cÖ‡Z¨KwU m¤úv`bvi welq¸iæZ¡ A‡bK g~j¨evb| Zuvi m¤úv`bv MÖ‡š’i cÖ‡Z¨KwUi f~wgKvI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ˆmq` myjZvb Zuvi MÖš’vejx I Zuvi hyM (1972), ga¨hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨ mgvR I ms¯‹…wZi iƒc (1977), ga¨hy‡Mi evOjv mvwnZ¨ (1985), Ave`yj Kwig mvwnZ¨wekvi` (1987) Zuvi Amvgvb¨ M‡elYvKg©| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 369



gbbkxj MÖ‡š’ Avng` kixd D`vi I gy³wPšÍvq mgvR-b„ZË¡BwZnvm-ag©-`k©b‡K wewPÎiƒ‡c, cwiï× iæwP‡Z e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| G‡ÿ‡Î wZwb D`vi I gvbeZvev`x `vk©wbK wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡q‡Qb| Zuvi wewPÎ iKg wPšÍvi MÖš’ i‡q‡Q| wewPZ wPšÍv (1968), PÆMÖv‡gi BwZnvm (1969), mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ wPšÍv (1969), ¯^‡`k A‡š¦lv (1970), Rxe‡b-mgv‡Rmvwn‡Z¨ (1970), hyM-hš¿Yv (1974), KvwjK fvebv (1974), cÖZ¨q I cÖZ¨vkv (1979), Kv‡ji `c©‡Y ¯^‡`k (1985), evOjv fvlvms®‹vi Av‡›`vjb (1986), B`vbxs Avgiv (1986), Ges Av‡iv BZ¨vw` (1987), evOvjxi wPšÍv‡PZbvi weeZ©b aviv (1987), evOjvi wecøex cUf~wg (1989), GKv‡j bRiæj (1990), evOjv‡`‡ki mv¤cÖwZK PvjwPÎ (1990), gvbeZv I MYgyw³ (1990), mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi I mg‡qi bvbv K_v (1991), MYZš¿, ms¯‹…wZ, ¯^vZš¿¨ I wewPÎ fvebv (1991), evOjv evOvjx I evOvwjZ¡ (1992), RvMwZK †PZbvi wewPÎ cÖm~b (1992), ms¯‹…wZ (1992), kv¯¿ mgvR I bvixgyw³ (1993), msKU : Rxe‡b I gb‡b (1993), gyw³ wbwnZ : bZzb †PZbvq I bZzb wPšÍvq (1993), cÖMwZi evav I cš’v (1994), G kZ‡K Avgv‡`i Rxebavivi iƒc‡iLv (1994), mgq, mgvR, gvbyl (1995), †`k Kvj Rxe‡bi `vex I mvÿ¨ (1995), ¯^‡`kwPšÍv (1997), wRÁvmv I A‡š¦lv (1997), DRvb †mªv‡Z wKQy Avlv‡p wPšÍv (1998), gvbm gyKz‡i wew¤^Z ¯^‡`k (1998), ¯^‡`‡ki ¯^Kv‡ji mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ (1998), wek kZ‡Ki evOvjx (1998), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (1999), wek¦vmev`, weÁvbev`, hyw³ev`, †gŠjev` (2000), Kv‡jvwPZ wKQyy we‡eP¨ welq (2000), wKQy wek¦v‡mi evwn¨K cybwe©‡ePbv (2000), bRiæj mgxÿv : Ab¨ wbwi‡L (2004), mvwnZ¨ ZË¡ I evsjv (2004) wewea wel‡qi gy³wPšÍvi MÖš’| †Mvjvg gyiwk` (R. 1940) M‡elK, cÖvewÜK †Mvjvg gyiwk`| Zuvi fvlv mvejxj, Zrmg k‡ãi e¨env‡i fvlv‡K A‡nZzK fvix K‡i †Zv‡jb bv| Gi GKUv KviY †evaKwi cÖvq `y`kK Zuvi mvsevw`KZv †ckvi m‡½ mshyw³| RwUj me fvl¨‡K Abvqv‡m cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q †`b wZwb| G‡Z _v‡K bv †Kv‡bv K¬vwšÍ| Z‡e `xN© mg‡q †Mvjvg gyiwk‡`i †jLvq, wPšÍvq, cvV-AwfÁZvq N‡U‡Q ce©všÍi| G ce©všÍi jÿYxq, cÖ_gw`‡Ki M‡elYv MÖš’¸‡jv, Ges Avkvi Qj‡b fywji c‡ii †jLvq| Zuvi MÖš’ : ˆeòe c`vejx cÖ‡ekK (1968), we`¨vmvMi (1970), Reluctant Debutante : Response of Bengali Women to Modernization (1983),



370 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



iex›`ªwe‡k¦ c~e©e½ c~e©e‡½ iex›`ªPP©v (1981), evsjv gy`ªY I cÖKvkbvi Avw`ce© (1984), ms‡Kv‡Pi wenŸjZv : AvaywbKZvi AwfNv‡Z e½igYxi cÖwZwµqv (1985), mgvR ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb I evsjv bvUK (1854-1876) (1985), KvjvšÍ‡i evsjv M`¨ : Jcwb‡ewkK Avg‡ji evsjv M`¨ (1993), ivmmy›`ix †_‡K †iv‡Kqv : bvixcÖMwZi GK‡kv eQi (1994), Avkvi Qj‡b fywj (1995), hLb cjvZK : gyw³hy‡×i w`b¸wj (1993), DRvb †mªv‡Z evsjv‡`k, ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi mvs¯‹…wZK cUf~wg, Lured by Hope: A biography of Michael Madhusudan Dutt (2003), The Heart of a Rebel poet : Letters of Michael Madhusudan Dutt (2003), nvRvi eQ‡ii evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ (2006), Kvjvcvwbi nvZQvwb : we‡j‡Z evOvwji BwZnvm (2008)| GQvov nvmvb gyiwk` QÙbv‡g 1971 mv‡j wZwb wj‡L‡Qb ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi mvs¯‹…wZK cUf~wg| jÛb †_‡K †ewi‡q‡Q Bengali-English-Bengali Dictionary (1988)|



m¤úvw`Z ¯§viKMÖš’ : we`¨vmvMi| GQvov evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖYxZ weeZ©bg~jK evsjv Awfavb (2014)i m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb| gy¯Ívdv b~iDj Bmjvg (R. 1927) gbbkxj eyw×Rxex| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i wbijm M‡elK| gy³eyw×i wbiZ mvaK, Kg©x| Amv¤cÖ`vwqK †PZbvi cÖwZdjb Av‡Q hveZxq Kg©Kv‡Ð| gy¯Ívdv b~iDj Bmjvg M‡elYvg~jK cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb, wKš‘ gbbkxj M‡`¨I GKUv ˆkwj AvqZ¡ K‡i‡Qb wZwb| Zuvi K_bfw½wU cÖeÜmvwn‡Z¨ wfbœgvÎvi Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q| Z‡e evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i M‡elK wn‡m‡eB wZwb cÖwZwôZ| Zuvi G ch©v‡qi MÖš’ : gymwjg evsjv mvwnZ¨ (1968), bRiæj Bmjvg (1983), evsj‡`‡k gymwjg wkÿvi BwZnvm I mgm¨v (1969), gybkx †gvnv¤§` †g‡niæjv (1970), Bengali Muslim Public Opinion (1976), D”P wkÿvq Ges e¨envwiK Rxe‡b evsjv fvlvi cÖ‡qvM (1976), mvgwqK c‡Î Rxeb I RbgZ (1977), mgKv‡j bRiæj Bmjvg (1983), Avgv‡`i gvZ…fvlv †PZbv I fvlv Av‡›`vjb (1984), Avgv‡`i evOvwj‡Z¡i †PZbvi D‡Øvab I weKvk (1994), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (2004) cÖf„wZ| GQvov m¤úv`bv cÖeÜMÖš’ : evsjv‡`k : evOvjx AvZ¥cwiP‡qi mÜv‡b (1990), bRiæj Bmjvg : bvbv cÖm½ (1991), Avengvb evsjv (1993), †miv my›`ig (2004)| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 371



iwdKzj Bmjvg (R. 1934) wewkó cÖvewÜK, M‡elK Aa¨vcK iwdKzj Bmjvg| bRiæj we‡klÁ I †jLK| bRiæj wb‡`©wkKv (1969), fvlvZË¡ (1970), An Introduction to Calloquial Bengali (1970), bRiæj Rxebx (1972), ex‡ii G i³‡mªvZ gvZvi G Akªaviv (1973), XvKvi K_v (1982), KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg : Rxeb I KweZv (1991), evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg (1982), fvlv Av‡›`vjb I knx` wgbvi (1982), evsjv fvlv Av‡›`vjb (1984), knx` wgbvi (1986), Avãyj Kvw`i (1987), Avgv‡`i gyw³hy× (1990), fvlv Av‡›`vjb I gyw³hy‡×i mvwnZ¨ (1993), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ fvlv Av‡›`vjb I gyw³hy× (1993), KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg : Rxeb I m„wó (1997), bRiæj cÖm‡½ (1997), evsjv e¨vKiY (1997), fvlvZvwË¡K cÖeÜvejx (1998) cÖf„wZ Zuvi iwPZ MÖš|’ †evinvbDwÏb Lvb Rvnv½xi (R. 1936) †evinvbDwÏb Lvb Rvnv½xi L¨vwZgvb cÖvewÜK I wkí-mvwn‡Z¨i mgv‡jvPK| Kwe wn‡m‡eI Zuvi L¨vwZ i‡q‡Q| mvwn‡Z¨i cÖMwZev`x aviYvq wek¦vmx| Zuvi gbbag© AvKl©Yxq| wkíKjv ev mvwnZ¨-Av‡›`vj‡bi A‡bK welq‡K wZwb evsjv‡`‡k cwiPq Kwi‡q w`‡q‡Qb| mvwnZ¨ we‡kl‡Y G‡b‡Qb bZzb iæwP I wRÁvmv| fvlvfw½ D¾¡j| Zuvi mvwnZ¨-mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ I ivRbxwZ welqK MÖš’ : ¯^‡`k I mvwnZ¨ (1969), wPÎwkí : evsjv‡`k, Rvb©vj 71 (1972), kªve‡Y Avwk¦‡b (1975), evsjv‡`‡k abZ‡š¿i D™¢e I weKvk (1978), evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKwkí (1982), wb¯ÍäZvi ms¯‹…wZ (1983), evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvg (1984), wkíKjvi BwZnvm (1985), gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi we‡`ªvn mvwn‡Z¨ ivRbxwZ‡Z (1987), Kvgiæj nvmvb (1991), GK AwbwðZ em‡šÍi Kvj (1991), evsjv‡`‡k RvZxqZvev` I †gŠjev` (1993), evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgvÂj I †kªYxmsMªvg (1993), iv‡óªi `vqe×Zv (1995), cÖRvZš¿‡K iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e (1996), Rqbyj Av‡e`x‡bi wRÁvmv (1996), AcÖwZ‡iva¨ iex›`ªbv_ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ (1996), kvnveyÏxb (1997), AvaywbKZv I DËi AvaywbKZvi AwfÁZv (1997), RvZxqZvev` Ges AvaywbKZv (1997), nZ¨vi ivRbxwZ I evsjv‡`k (1998), mvwn‡Z¨i AwfÁZv (2000), The Quest of Zainul Abedin, Differentiation, Polarisation and Confrontation in Rural Bangladesh, Rural Society, Power Structure and Class Practice,



gvB‡K‡ji RvMiY I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ cÖf„wZi †jLK| 372 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



ˆmq` AvKig †nv‡mb (R. 1944) M‡elYv-cÖe‡Ü bZzb ixwZc×wZi cÖeZ©K, wPšÍvq ¯^Zš¿ m¤¢vebvi w`Kwb‡`©kK ˆmq` AvKig †nv‡mb| BwZg‡a¨B Zuvi M‡elYv-c×wZ A‡b‡Ki wbKU mgv`i †c‡q‡Q| Zuvi M‡elYvi hyw³-Dc¯’vcb, welq-we‡klY Avi D‡Ï‡k¨ †cuŠQvi cvV LyeB cÖvÄj Ges e¨w³Z¡c~Y©| G ch©v‡q †jL‡Ki wcGBP. wW. M‡elYv iex›`ªbv‡_i Dcb¨vm : †PZbv‡jvK I wkíiƒc (1969) GKwU `„óvšÍ ej‡j AZz¨w³ nq bv| GQvov Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ MÖš’ evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1985), cÖm½ : evsjv K_vmvwnZ¨ (1997) ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ˆmq` AvKig †nv‡m‡bi RxebxMÖš’ : Gm. Iqv‡R` Avjx (1987), ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn& (1988), Ave`yi iv¾vK (1990)| m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb evsjv GKv‡Wgx †_‡K cÖKvwkZ ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn& iPbvejx (1986)| †gvnv¤§` Ave`yj KvBDg (R. 1933) fvlv I e¨vKiY we‡klÁ, mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPK| MÖš’ iPbvq †gvnv¤§` Ave`yj KvBDg hZœevb| Zuvi cvÐywjwc cvV I cvV mgv‡jvPbv (1970), A Critical Study of Early Bengali Grammars : Halhed to Haughton (1983), PKevRv‡ii †KZvecwÆ (1991), Dwbk kZ‡Ki XvKvi mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZ (1991), Awfavb (1987), iZœeZx †_‡K AwMœexYv : mgKv‡ji `c©‡Y (1991), bvbv cÖm‡½ bRiæj (2002) cÖf„wZ MÖš’| Rxebx : gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK (1987), Lvb evnv`yi AvnmvbDjøvn (1989), KvRx Bg`v`yj nK (1993)| GQvov Zuvi m¤úv`bvMÖš’ : AvR©yg›` Avjxi †cÖg`c©Y, †gvnv¤§` eiKZyjøvn iPbvejx (1gLÐ-1989, 2qLÐ-1991, 3qLÐ1993), mvgwqKc‡Î mvwnZ¨K cÖm½ (1992), mvgwqKcÎ iex›`ª cÖm½ : XvKv cÖm½ (1992), AvjvIj weiwPZ mZx-gqbv I †jvi P›`ªvbx (1992), gxi gkviid †nv‡mb I kZe‡l© welv`-wmÜz (1991) cÖf„wZ|



Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq` (1943-2010) Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq` evsjv mgv‡jvPbv mvwn‡Z¨ g~j¨evb cÖwZfv| Ggb wbweogb¯‹ †jLK weij ejv P‡j| A‡bK MÖš’ cÖ‡YZv, cÖPzi KvR K‡i‡Qb| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i mgv‡jvPbvq wZwb Awbevh© n‡q D‡V‡Qb| †ev‡ai D”PZvq, mvwn‡Z¨i we‡kl‡Y, Zvi hyw³‡K K‡ib m¤cÖmvwiZ| GRb¨ Zuvi cvVAwfÁZv, AvšÍc©vV †hgb Av‡Q †Zgwb wbweo cwikxjb I h‡Zœ Abe`¨ K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 373



†Zv‡jb `xwÿZ †PZbv‡K| K‡qK `k‡Ki G Kvh©µ‡g wZwb GZUzKz Aw¯’i bb| Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq` GKvav‡i m„Rbkxj mvwnwZ¨KI e‡U| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Ggb A‡bK mgwš^Z wPšÍvi Avavi Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq‡`i MÖš’ ï×Zg Kwe (1970), Rxebvb›` `v‡ki KweZv (1974), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (cÖ_g LÐ 1976, wØZxq LÐ 1987), bRiæj Bmjvg Kwe I KweZv (1977), KiZ‡j gnv‡`k (1979), `k w`M‡šÍi `ªóv (1980), †eMg †iv‡Kqv (1983), Avgvi wek¦vm (1984), Q›` (1985), ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn& (1986), bRiæj Bmjvg KvjR Kv‡jvËi (1987), †PZbvq Rj c‡o cvZv b‡o (1989), cybwe©‡ePbv (1990), `‡ivRvi ci `‡ivRv (1991), diiæL Avng` : Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ (1993), we‡ePbv cybwe©‡ePbv (1994) cÖf„wZ| GQvov cÖvq Aa©kZ f~wgKv m¤^wjZ m¤úv`bvMÖš’ wj‡L‡Qb|



i‡bk `vk¸ß (1912-1997) gvK©mev`x cÖvewÜK| mgvR-AbymwÜrmy mgv‡jvPK| e¯‘i cwieZ©biƒcvšÍiag©‡K cixÿvq G‡b wkíRMZ‡K wPwýZ K‡ib| M`¨‰kwj Abe`¨| Zuvi cÖe‡Üi eB Dcb¨v‡mi wkíiƒc (1366), wkíxi ¯^vaxbZvi cÖ‡kœ (1373), j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvi gyw³msMÖvg (1972), Av‡jv w`‡q Av‡jv R¡vjv (1970), AvqZ `„wó‡Z AvqZ iƒc (1986)| †biæ`v, jyKvP wKsev Uj÷q-`¯Ífw¯‹i `„wó‡Kv‡Yi AbymiY K‡i ¯^KxqZv eRvq iv‡Lb Zuvi cÖe‡Ü| Z_¨g~jK †jLv, †mLv‡b Rxe‡bi ev¯Íe I cÖMwZi `k©b cwi¯ªyZ nq Zuvi †jLvq| ÔRbZvB Avgv‡K wkwL‡q‡Q, Sweb wK e¯‘| Ggb GKUv mgq wQj hLb Avwg RbZvi Kv‡Q †hZzg Kwei mnRvZ fxiæZv wb‡q, wbixn wbS©ÅvU jvRyKZv wb‡q| wKš‘ GKevi RbZvq Wye w`‡j Avgvi iƒcvšÍi N‡U hvqÕGiƒ‡c Zuvi e³e¨ weiwPZ, mg_©b wb‡Ri, wKš‘ Kv‡qg †biæ`v| GgbUvB i‡Yk `vk¸‡ßi cÖeÜ| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ mgvR wfwËi `k©b wZwbB cÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb| GRb¨ ïay G‡`‡ki †jLK bq Zver we‡k¦i †jLK‡`i †PZbv‡K GKxK…Z K‡i‡Qb Ges hyw³‡Z cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb| GgbUvB Zuvi gbb‰ewkó¨| e`iæÏxb Dgi (R. 1931) gvK©mev`x ZvwË¡K, †jLK e`iæÏxb Dgi| wZwb g~jZ ivR‰bwZK cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb| ms¯‹…wZ, †kªwY‡PZbv, K…lK Av‡›`vjb I mgm¨v, RvZxq Av‡›`vjb BZ¨vw` wel‡q A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖeÜ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi cÖe‡Üi hyw³ I we‡klY g‡bvMÖvnx| e`iæÏxb Dg‡ii me‡P‡q g~j¨evb I ¸iæZ¡en KvR c~e©374 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



evsjvi fvlv Av‡›`vjb I ZrKvjxb ivRbxwZ| GwU evOvwji fvlv Av‡›`vjb welqK GKwU AvKi (authentic) cy¯K Í | †jL‡Ki G ÔfvlvÕ MÖš’wU †hb A‡bKUv Dcb¨vmZzj¨ `„k¨c‡U wPwÎZ g‡b nq| Zuvi Ab¨ cÖeÜMÖš’ : mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv (1966), ms¯‹…wZi msKU (1967), mvs¯‹…wZK mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv (1968), c~e-© evsjvi fvlv Av‡›`vjb I ZrKvjxb ivRbxwZ (1970), wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í I e½‡`‡ki K…lK (1972), Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi I Dwbk kZ‡Ki evOvjx mgvR (1974), evsjv‡`‡k Kgy¨wbó Av‡›`vj‡bi mgm¨v (1974), hy×c~e© evOjv‡`k (1976), hy‡×vËi evsjv‡`k (1974), fvlv Av‡›`vjb I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1980), evOjv‡`‡k gvK©mev` (1981), evOjv‡`‡k MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡bi K‡qKwU w`K (1987), fviZxq RvZxq Av‡›`vjb (1984), gvK©mxq `k©b I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½, evOjv‡`‡ki K…lK I K…lK Av‡›`vjb, fvlv Av‡›`vjb cÖm½ : KwZcq `wjj (1g LÐ 1984, 2q LÐ 1985), e½f½ I mv¤cÖ`vwqK ivRbxwZ, evOjv‡`‡k Av_©-mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi aviv, evOjv‡`‡k a‡g©i ivR‰bwZK e¨envi, evOjv‡`‡ki ga¨weË I mvs¯‹…wZK cwiw¯’wZ, mvgwiK kvmb I evOjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ, cvðvZ¨ †`‡k MYZ‡š¿i mgm¨v, wece I cÖwZwece, ag©xq cÖwZwµqvkxjZvi weiæ‡×, beŸB‡qi bvMwiK ey‡R©vqv Afy¨Ìvb I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½, evsjv‡`‡ki MYZvwš¿K ˆ¯^iZš¿, gyw³ †Kvb c‡_?, Avgv‡`i fvlvi jovB, evOjv‡`‡k ey‡R©vqv ivRbxwZi PvjwPÎ, evOjv‡`‡k `yb©xwZ mš¿vm I ˆbivR¨, mvg&ªvR¨ev‡`i bZzb wek¦ e¨e¯’v, evOjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK cwiw¯’wZ, evOjv‡`‡k ey‡R©vqv ivRbxwZi `yB iƒc, evgcwš’ gn‡j A‰bK¨ I MYZvwš¿K HK¨ cÖm‡½, wbe©vwPZ ivR‰bwZK cÖeÜ, MY Av`vjZ GKvˇii Amgvß gyw³hy‡×i †Ri, Society and Politics in East Pakistan (1973), Politics and Society in Bangladesh, Towards the Emergency in Bangladesh, General Crisis Bourgeoisic, Avgv‡`i mgqKvi Rxeb, GKvˇii ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×



evOjv‡`‡ki Kgy¨wb÷‡`i ivR‰bwZK f~wgKv, evOjv‡`‡k ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ, wewea cÖm½, mvÿvrKvi, RbM‡Yi nv‡Z ÿgZvwbe©vPb bv Afy¨Ìvb, cÖwZwece I mgvRZ‡š¿i fwel¨r, evOjv‡`‡ki evgcwš’iv, msm`xq ivRbxwZ RvZxq msm` I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (2004)| Ggb A‡bK MÖ‡š’i †fZi w`‡q wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki gbbwPšÍvq avivq GKwU bZzb gvÎv hy³ K‡i‡Qb| gvbeZvev`x G cÖveÜKv‡ii †jLvq hyw³i mvg_©¨wU AvKl©Yxq|



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nvqvr gvgy` (R. 1939) gbbkxj cÖvewÜK I M‡elK| cvV-AwfÁZv cÖPzi| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbvq nvqvr gvgy` wewkó ejv P‡j| m¤cÖwZ Zuvi mËiZg Rb¥w`e‡m cÖeÜmgMÖ (2008) †ewi‡q‡Q| iæk mvwnZ¨, iex›`ªbv_, evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi AwÜmwÜ, m¤úv`bvGgb A‡bK KvR K‡i‡Qb nvqvr gvgy`| Zuvi cÖeÜ fvwi°x, gbbwPšÍvag©x, we‡klYvZ¥K| gvK©mxq fve‡PZbv _vK‡jI wkíexÿ‡Y Zvi gvÎvbyM cÖ‡qvMB NUvb wZwb| DBU Av‡Q Zuvi †jLvq†hgbUv mPivPi A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ `~ivš^qx, wbweo fw½‡Z mgq I mgv‡Ri we›`y‡Z e¨w³Z¡‡K AbymÜvb K‡ib| ZLb H e¨w³‡Z¡i mvwnZ¨I wbcyY hyw³ cvq nvqvr gvgy‡`i Zxÿèax `„wó‡PZbvq| Avengvb evsjv I evOvwji RvwZZ¡‡PZbv GKUv `vq I BwZnv‡mi Bw½‡Z Zuvi wbKU h_v_© g~j¨ cvq| AšÍe©q‡b ¯^vZš¿¨ G †jL‡Ki A‡bK MÖš’| bvbvag©x iPbvi g‡a¨ ¯^MZ msjvc (1967), g„Zz¨wPšÍv iex›`ªbv_ I Ab¨vb¨ RwUjZv (1968), †cÖg A‡cÖg wb‡q †eu‡P AvwQ, evOvwj ewjqv j¾v bvB (1984), evsjv‡`‡ki gvZ…fvlvi AwaKvi (1986), †mv‡gb P›` (1987), ms¯‹…wZ I cÖm½všÍi (1988), cÖwZfvi †Ljv bRiæj (1988), w`bhvc‡bi f~‡Mv‡j iex›`ªbv_ (1998), †Mivwmg †¯ÍcvbwfP wj‡q‡e`d (1985), åwg we¯§‡q (1989), Ae‡nwjZ aªæec` I wKbœi `j (1991), bó e‡½ Ck¦iP‡›`ªi cÖeªR¨v (1994), Dr‡m †divi QjPvZzwi (1996), mvwnZ¨ : Kv‡ji gvÎv (2003); Zuvi e¨vKiY welqK eB evsjv †jLvi wbqg, gvZ…fvlvq e¨vKiY| nvqvr gvgy` wkïmvwnZ¨ wb‡q Z_¨wfwËK I we‡kølYvZ¥K cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb †hwU AšÍf©y³ n‡q‡Q Dr‡m †divi QjPvZzwi cÖeÜMÖ‡š’| nvqvr gvgy‡`i AvZ¥ag©x MÖš’ : Ae‡nwjZ aªæec` I wKbœi`j (1991)| m¤úv`bv : e¨wZµgx cÖm½, †Zvgvi mvgªv‡R¨ hyeivR, m‡Z¨b †mb iPbvmgMÖ (†hŠ_), fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg MÖš’gvjv (1990), †kªô Dcb¨vm/ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1995), †kªô Dcb¨vm / wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1996), †kªô Dcb¨vm / iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1996), ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn& (Dcb¨vmmgMÖ bvUKmgMÖ MímgMÖ) (1996) Rxebx : †mv‡gb P›`, wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi (1988), Avng` gxi (1989), Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`xb (1990), wj‡qd Z‡jv¯Íq (1991)| Ave`yk kvKzi (1941-2013) gnvgwng iex›`ªbv_ (1997), m½xZ mswer (1997), †Mvjvc msMÖn (2004), msMxZ msMxZ (2005), gnvb †kÖvZv (2006), fvlv I mvwnZ¨ (2006),



376 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



iex›`ªRxe‡bi Aby¾¡j AÂj (2013) Ave`yk kvKz‡ii D‡jøLbxq cÖe‡Üi eB| m¤úv`bvi KvRI K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Zuvi †kÖó Kg©cÖ‡Póv iex›`ªRxebxi `y‡Uv L‡Ði cÖKvk| iex›`ª Rxebxi cÖ_g L‡Ði DcRxe¨ Ôiex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii PvikZ eQ‡ii mvgvwRK mvs¯‹…wZK eskMwZmn Avw_©K, cvwievwiK I cÖvwZw¯^K c‡e©i we¯Í…Z weeiY|Õ Ave`yk kvKzi wj‡L‡Qb : Ôiex›`ªRxebxi-Gi cÖ_g L‡Ð MÖwš’Z n‡q‡Q we¯§qevjK iex›`ªbv‡_i Pvi kZ erm‡ii mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK eskMwZi weeiYmn me©cÖv_wgK-wKš‘-mvwe©K cÖ¯‘wZce© msewjZ cÖ_g c‡b‡iv eQ‡ii e„ËvšÍ| Avi wØZxq L‡Ð MÖvw¯’Z n‡q‡Q Zuvi m„Rbc‡e©i cÖ_g cvjvq mg„× wØZxq c‡b‡iv eQ‡ii weeiY|Õ evsjv‡`‡k G GK bZzb iex›`ª-exÿY| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ig¨ †jLK ciïivg, ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx, bvivqY M‡½vcva¨v‡qi ig¨mvwn‡Z¨i msKjb m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb wZwb| Ave`yk kvKzi wb‡RI GKRb ig¨‡jLK| 2. gvneye-Dj Avjg (1898-1981) PÆMÖv‡gi BwZnvm (wZb LÐ, 1947-1950), c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cvwL (1960), c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi eb¨Rš‘ (1960) cÖf„wZ MÖš’ wj‡L Agi n‡q‡Qb| we‡kl K‡i PÆMÖv‡gi BwZnvm Zuv‡K we‡kl L¨vwZ G‡b †`q| †gvnv¤§` wmivRyÏxb Kvwmgcyix (1908-1979) wewea cÖeÜ, KweZv I Mvb iPbv K‡ib| †jvKmvwnZ¨ wel‡q cÖeÜ iPbv K‡i W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&, Avï‡Zvl fÆvPv‡h©i g‡Zv e¨w³‡Z¡i cÖksmvfvRb n‡qwQ‡jb| †jvKmvwn‡Z¨ Qov (1962), †jvKmvwn‡Z¨ auv-auv I cÖev` (1968), evsjvi †jvKmvwnZ¨ cwiwPwZ, evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKm½xZ Zuvi cÖKvwkZ MÖš’| †Mvjvg mvKjv‡qb (1926-2005) wbôvevb M‡elK, Aa¨vcK| gwm©qv mvwnZ¨ wb‡q M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb| cÖavbZ ga¨hy‡Mi gymwjg mvwn‡Z¨i w`‡KB Zuvi g‡bv‡hvM| Z‡e Gi evB‡i AvaywbK mvwn‡Z¨i bvbv wel‡q wZwb KvR K‡i‡Qb| c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡bi mydx mvaK (1964), dwKi Mixeyjøvn (1962), evsjvq gwm©qv mvwnZ¨ (1962), gymwjg mvwnZ¨ I mvwnwZ¨K (1967), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gymwjg Ae`vb (1969), mvwnZ¨ cwiPq (1975), evsjv‡`‡ki mydx mvwnZ¨ (1980), cwðge‡½i cxi I mvay mšÍ cÖm½ (1987), M`¨wkíx kirP›`ª (1988) cÖf„wZ Zuvi MÖš’| Rxebx : †kL dRjyj Kwig (1971), †gvnv¤§` eiKZzjøvn (1987), e‡›` Avjx wgqv (1988), †gvnv¤§` B`wim Avjx (1989) Zuvi K‡qKwU m¤úv`bv MÖš’I i‡q‡Q| AvZvDi ingvb (1925-1999) KweZv iPbvi cvkvcvwk gb¯^x M‡elK| we‡klZ bRiæj welqK Zuvi GKvwaK M‡elYvMÖš’ evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 377



cvVKKz‡ji wbKU mgv`„Z n‡q‡Q| wbweó G M‡elK evsjv‡`‡ki bRiæj M‡elYvq Abe`¨ K…wZ‡Z¡i ¯^vÿi ivL‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| bRiæj‡K D`vi Amv¤cÖ`vwqK I hyM‡PZbvi `y`©všÍ Kwe wn‡m‡e cÖgvwYZ I cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb| kªgmva¨ bRiæj MÖš’mg~n Zuvi AvKi MÖš’B ejv hvq| fvlv kw³kvjx, mnR‡eva¨ I mvejxj| Kwei g~j¨vqb Av‡eM-wbf©i bq wKsev Kwei †Pv‡L Kwe‡K mnvbyf~wZi m¤^‡Ü bq; e¯‘wbô I ˆeÁvwbK `„wó‡Z hvPvB K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi MÖš’ : AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i mswÿß BwZnvm (1963), Kwe bRiæj (1968), bRiæj Kve¨ mgxÿv (1972), bRiæj : Jcwb‡ewkK mgv‡R msMÖvgx Kwe (1993), bRiæj Rxe‡b †cÖg I weevn (1997)| Rxebx : †ebRxi Avng` (1994)| †gvev‡k¦i Avjx (R. 1931) cÖeÜKvi, mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPK| A‡bK cÖeÜMÖ‡š’i cÖ‡YZv| m„Rbkxj M`¨KviI e‡U| Zuvi i‡q‡Q wewPÎag©x MÖš’| gaym~`b I beRvM„wZ (1963), bRiæj cÖwZfv (1969), wek¦mvwnZ¨ (1974), evsjv‡`‡ki mÜv‡b (1986), wkíxi Uª¨v‡RwW (1985), iex›`ªbv_ : AšÍi½ Av‡jv‡K (1989), †kjx : Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ (1990), ewim cv‡¯ÍibvK (1990), Gw›U‡Mvwb (1990), bRiæj : mgvR cwi‡ek Kvj (1991), bRiæj I mvgwqKcÎ (1994), MÖxK U¨ªv‡RwW (1993), MÖx‡mi Mí (1993), MÖx‡mi `kwU Mí (1994), MÖx‡mi AviI Mí (1995), iex›`ªbv_ : Mí †_‡K bvUK (1994), wjIbv‡`©v `v wfw (1995), wkíxi fyeb (1996), MÖx‡mi HwZnvwmK (1996), igbxi †ivl I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1997), wmwmdvm I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1997), Zc©b evn‡Kiv (1997), `qvjyiv (1997), gaym~`‡bi wek¦ (1997) cÖf„wZ Zuvi iPbv| wewkó evDj M‡elK Av‡bvqviæj Kixg (R. 1343 evs) K‡qK `kK wZwb jvj‡bi Mvb I Aa¨vZ¥`k©b wb‡q K‡g© eªZx| Zuvi MÖš’ : evDj Kwe jvjb kvn (1963), jvjb MxwZ (1966), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gymwjg Kwe I mvwnwZ¨K (1969), evDj mvwnZ¨ I evDj Mvb (1971), dwKi jvjb kvn (1976), iex›`ªbv‡_i wkjvB`n (1977), jvj‡bi Mvb (1984), KweZvi K_v (1991), The bauls of Bangladesh (1980), The aborigines of Kustia (1979), The Myths of Bangladesh (1988) cÖf„wZ| Zuvi M‡elYv AvšÍR©vwZK cwigЇjI Db¥y³ n‡q‡Q| iIkb BR`vbx (1917-1967) Kwe n‡jI Zuvi m¤úv`bv MÖš’ †gv‡gbkvnxi †jvKmvwnZ¨ (1964), c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡bi †jvKmvwnZ¨, cvwK¯Ív‡bi R½bvgv| m¤úv`bvi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvwU eRvq i‡q‡Q Gme MÖ‡š’, A‡bKUv wbi‡cÿ `„wó‡PZbvq mvejxj GK e¨w³‡Z¡i cÖKvk cwijwÿZ| Aveyj gbmyi Avn‡g` (1897-1979) cvK evsjvi KvjPvi (1964), Avgvi †`Lv ivRbxwZi cÂvk eQi (1969), †k‡i 378 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



evsjv †_‡K e½eÜz (1972) we‡kølYag©x ivR‰bwZK cÖewÜK| hyw³wbô I ej`cx© †jLK| gbbkxj †PZbvq ¯^`xwÿZ| cvK evsjvi KvjPvi (1964), Avgvi †`Lv ivRbxwZi cÂvk eQi (1969), †k‡i evsjv †_‡K e½eÜz (1972) Zuvi cÖe‡Üi eB| KvRx AvKig †nv‡mb (1896-1963) Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm (1922-1924), Bmjv‡gi BwZK_v (1928), Bmjvg Kvwnbx (1931) BwZnvmag©x Zuvi g~j¨evb MÖš’| BwZnv‡mi AvbyM‡Z¨ wZwb Gme iPbvq A‡bKUv e¯Íwbô| we‡kl Av‡eM ev Aw¯’iZv †bB G MÖš’mg~‡n| Zxÿè `„wó‡Z Abe`¨ fvlvi mij Dw³‡Z cwi‡ekb K‡i‡Qb Zuvi e³e¨| KvRx AvKig †nv‡mb cwikªgx, Z¨vMx, axkw³m¤úbœ BwZnvmwe`| DwjøwLZ wmwi‡R Zvi cÖgvY Av‡Q| Ave`ym mvËvi (R. 1927) mvwnZ¨-gb¯‹ †jLK I M‡elK| A‡bK wj‡L‡Qb| Zuvi AiY¨ Rbc‡` (1966), The Manipuris (1969), Tribesmen of Mymensing (1969), Proud people the Murangs (1969), The Khasis (1969), The Marmas (1970), The Chakmas (1970), The Tipras (1970), The Santals (1970), The Oraons (1970), In the Sylvan Shadows (1971), Tribal Culture in Bangladesh (1975), Tribal Arts and Crafts of Bangladesh (1978), Tribal Music and Dance of Bangladesh (1978), The sowing of seeds (1979), AvaywbK Aviwe mvwnZ¨, Aviwe



†jvKmvwnZ¨, AviY¨ ms¯‹…wZ, Avw`evmx ms¯‹…wZ I mvwnZ¨, Aviwe mvwn‡Z¨ †jŠwKK Dcv`vb, dviwm mvwn‡Z¨ i Kvjµg, DcRvZxq mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewkó¨, Mv‡iv‡`i mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨, dviwm mvwn‡Z¨ †jŠwKK Dcv`vb MÖš’| Gme MÖ‡š’ h‡_ó †gŠwjK‡Z¡i ¯^vÿi †i‡L‡Qb †jLK| mybxjKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1334 e.-1984 Bs.)i cÖ_g MÖš’ RmxgD`&`xb (1967)| GwU Zuvi wbijm M‡elYv| MÖš’wU RmxgD`&`x‡bi KweK…wZ Ges evsjv KweZvq Zvi ¯’vb wbY©q wKsev AvaywbK Kwe wn‡m‡e Zvi cÖvgvY¨ †hŠw³KZv `viæYfv‡e cwi‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q| Kwe diiæL Avn‡g` (1969) MÖ‡š’ mvZ-mvM‡ii gvwSi g~j¨vqb AvKvkPz¤^x| GQvov †gvRv‡¤§j nK (1970) wj‡L‡Qb| mybxjKzgv‡ii msKwjZ cÖeÜMÖš’ mvwnZ¨ mgxÿv (1976)| Zuvi me‡P‡q eo KvR cvðvZ¨ aªæc`x mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbvi Abyev`| Kve¨wbg©vYKjv : Avwi÷Uj (1976), †nv‡i‡mi Kve¨ZË¡ (1979), jwOby‡mi mvwnZ¨ZË¡ (1997) cÖf„wZ| Rmxg D`&`x‡bi Kwegvbm I Kve¨mvabv Zuvi me©‡kl MÖš’| d‡qR Avng` (1932-2012) mvsevw`K, cÖvewÜK| `xN© AwfÁZvq ivR‰bwZK I gbbag©x cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb| Zuvi MÖš’ : wcwKs †_‡K wjLwQ (1967), Px‡b µvwšÍKvj (1981), ga¨iv‡Zi Ak¦v‡ivnx (1982), mZ¨eveygviv †M‡Qb (1984), bech©v‡q Pxb (1984), A‡bK K_vi K_v (1985), wewea fvebv (1986), mgx‡cly (1991), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 379



ÔAvMiZjv gvgjvÕ : †kL gywRe I evsjvi we‡`ªvn (1994), K_vi †kl †bB (1993), msev` †Zvgvi Drm †Kv_vq (1993), Pjgvb ivRbxwZ (1994), ivRbxwZ (1g LÐ 1995; 2q LÐ 1996), ivRbxwZ : mv¤cÖwZK (1997) cÖf„wZ| Ave`yj nvwdR (R. 1935) mvaviYZ †jvKR Rxeb I mvwn‡Z¨i cÖwZ AbyivMx| †jvKKvwnbxi w`M w`MšÍ (1968), AvaywbK mvwnZ¨PP©v (1975), evsjv‡`‡ki †jŠwKK HwZn¨ (1975), †jŠwKK ms¯‹vi I gvbe mgvR (1975), evsjv †ivgvÝ-Kve¨ cwiPq (1976) Zuvi cÖeÜ-M‡elYv| Ave`yj nvwd‡Ri mgv‡jvPbvg~jK iPbv AvaywbK mvwnZ¨ we‡ePbvmg~n (1982)| GwU †jL‡Ki †PŠÏwU cÖe‡Üi msKjb| AvaywbKZvi AwfÁv‡b wZwb Gme cÖeÜ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Rxebvb›` `vk †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi wKsev Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq` cÖgyL Kwei g~j¨vqb G‡Z Av‡Q| †gvt Avwbmyi ingvb (R. 1933) cÖavbZ A_©bxwZi welq wb‡q wj‡L‡Qb| gvbeZvev`x A_© bxwZK| Zuvi MÖš’ : East and West Pakistan, a Problem in the Political Economy of Regional Planning (1968), Bhoomi Sena, A Struggle for Peoples Power (1978), Towards a Theory of Rural Development (1988), Dbœqb wRÁvmv (1992), The Lost Moment, Derams With a Nation Born Through Fire (1993), AcüZ evsjv‡`k (1993), Amx‡gi ¯ú›` : iex›`ªm½xZ †eva I



mvabv (1995) cÖf„wZ| †gvnv¤§` Ave`yj AvDqvj (R. 1932) evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ wel‡q M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi MÖš’ fvlvwkíx gkviid (1968), gxi gkviid †nv‡mb (1971), The Prose Work of Mir Mosharraf Hosen (1975), gxi gkvii‡di M`¨ iPbv (1975), evOjv fvlvi BwZnvm (1978), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gxi gkviid †nv‡mb (1978), cÖg_ †PŠayix (1980), fvlvZ‡Ë¡i mnR K_v (1990), AvaywbK gvZ…fvlv (1969) cÖf„wZ| Zuvi †ekwKQy m¤úv`bvMÖš’ i‡q‡Q| Aveyj Kvwmg gynv¤§` Av`gyÏxb (g„Zz¨ 1972) Aviex, dvmx© I D`©y‡Z ey¨rcwË wQj| M‡elYv AbyivMx| cuyw_ mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm (1969), Aviex evsjv Awfavb, mswÿß wek¦‡Kvl (1g LÐ, 19641969) Zuvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© MÖš’| gwbiæ¾vgvb (R. 1940) fvlv mgm¨v I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1969), evsjv‡`‡k †jvKms¯‹…wZi mÜvb : 1947-71 (1982), fvlvZvwË¡K wdìIqvK© (1982), fvlvZË¡ Abykxjb (1985), mvwbœ‡a¨ I †MŠiex ¯§i‡Y (1992), Dcfvlv PP©vi f~wgKv (1993), Studies in the BanglaLanguage (1991) cÖf„wZ MÖš’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| GQvov Zuvi GKK I †hŠ_ m¤úv`bvi KvRI K‡i‡Qb| nvexeyi ingvb wmwÏKx (R. 1934) wewPÎ wel‡q cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb nvexeyi ingvb wmwÏKx| mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZ I mgvR



380 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



†PZbv (1377), cÖeÜ msKjb (1378), m¨vi ˆmq` Avng` I AvjxMo Av‡›`vjb (1380), gvbeZvB †kªô ag© (1380), gvbeZvi Rb¨ RvwZmsN (1382), gvbeZv (1384), iex›`ª Kv‡e¨ M½v cÙv BQvgwZ b`x (1382), MYRvMi‡Y gvby‡li Kwe bRiæj (1387), †gNbv`ea Kve¨ gvB‡Kj gaym~`‡bi me©‡kªô KweK…wZ (1387), Rb-`iw`-Rb-KÉ-Kwe wK‡kvi myKvšÍ (1392), evOvwj evsjv‡`k RvwZi RbK (1392), gyw³hy‡× jÿ evOvjx knx‡`i i³mœvZ ¯^vaxbZv (1992), fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wgKvq evOvjxi evsjv‡`k (1992) cÖf„wZ| kvnveyÏxb Avng` (R. 1936) bRiæj M‡elK kvnveyÏxb Avng‡`i MÖš’ : kã avbyKx bRiæj Bmjvg (1970), mvwnZ¨ wPšÍv (1975), bRiæj mvwnZ¨ wePvi (1976), †QvU‡`i bRiæj (1978), bRiæj mvwnZ¨ `k©b (1983), `ªóvi †Pv‡L mªóv (1990), bRiæj cÖwZfvi ¯^iƒc (1989) Zuvi MÖš’| Aveyj Kvjvg †gvnv¤§` hvKvwiqv (R. 1918) cÖZ-œ M‡elK I cÖvewÜK| Zuvi MÖš’ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖZœm¤ú`, evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvPxb KxwZ© (2 LÐ)| cÖZœwPšÍvq evsjv‡`‡k wZwb cw_K…r ejv P‡j| Ave`yi ikx` wmwÏKx (1879-1951) M‡elYvg~jK cÖeÜ PÆMÖv‡gi fvlvZË¡, PvwUMÖvgx †ivqvB ZË¡ | wefvMcieZx©Kv‡j c~e© evsjvi AvÂwjK fvlv wel‡q wZwb wKQy KvR K‡i‡Qb| hw`I GwU †m mg‡q †ek `yiƒn Kg© ejv P‡j| cwikªgx I ˆah©kxj M‡elK| ivwRqv myjZvbv (R. 1937)i MÖš’ : bRiæj A‡š¦lv (1969), K_vwkíx bRiæj (1974), Ave`yj nvwKg : Rxeb I Kve¨ (1987)| cÖavbZ bRiæjwel‡qB M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb| †gvjøv Gev`Z †nv‡mb (1930-2002) †gavex †jLK| c`vejx mgxÿv (1376), Ph©v cwiwPwZ (1376) cÖf„wZ Zuvi iPbv| mnR, ¯^vfvweK I `y¨wZgq M`¨fvlv| ZË¡‡K PgrKvi K‡i cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| †gavex, kÖæwZai G †jL‡Ki iPbv †ek mycvV¨| Ave`yj nvwjg (R. 1937) mgvRZvwš¿K †PZbvq wek¦vmx| Giƒ‡c iwPZ BwZnv‡mi iƒc‡iLv (1376), mgvRZ‡š¿i cwiPq (1379), Wvqv‡jKwUK e¯‘ev` cwiwPwZ (1973), wek¦RM‡Zi cwiPq (1975), gvby‡li BwZnvm cÖvPxb hyM (1977), wPwj RbM‡Yi Ae¨vnZ RqhvÎv (1974), evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cš’v (1974), kirP›`ª I gvbeZvev` (1980) cÖf„wZ MÖš’|



gyw³hy×-DËi evsjv‡`‡ki cÖeÜ Avng` Qdv (1943-2001)



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 381



gy³wPšÍK, we‡klK, ÿziavi cÖvewÜK| mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbvi cvkvcvwk, evsjv‡`k-evOvwj wel‡q A‡bK g~j¨evb Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi cÖeÜ hyw³wbô, mvsMVwbK kw³m¤úbœ| RvMÖZ evsjv‡`k (1971), evOjv fvlv : ivRbxwZi Av‡jv‡K (1975), evOjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK RwUjZv (1976), evOvjx gymjgv‡bi gb (1981), eyw×e„wËi bZzb web¨vm (1972), wmcvnx hy‡×i BwZnvm (1980), †kL gywRei ingvb I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ (1989), Avng` Qdvi cÖeÜ (wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ msKjb) (1992), ivRbxwZi †jLv (1993), Avbyc~we©K Zmwjgv Ab¨vb¨ ¯úk©KvZi cÖm½ (1994), wbKU I `~‡ii cÖm½ (1995), msK‡Ui bvbvb †Pnviv (1996), mv¤cÖwZK we‡ePbv : eyw×e„wËi bZzb web¨vm (1997), kZe‡l©i †divix : ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (1997), kvwšÍPzw³ I wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (1998), Avng` Qdvi cÖeÜ (wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ msKjb) (2000), ivR‰bwZK I AivR‰bwZK cÖeÜ (2000), evOvwj RvwZ I evsjv‡`k ivóª (2001), Dcj‡ÿi †jLv (2001), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ msKjb) (2002), Avgvi K_v I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ (2002), Avng` Qdvi wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (2002), †mBme †jLv (2008) Zuvi iPbv| Avng` Qdvi cÖeÜ cÖmv`¸YgwÐZ Ges e¨Äbv`xß| cÖeÜ mvwn‡Z¨ wZwb ¯^Zš¿ ¯’vb `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Aveyj Kv‡mg dRjyj nK (R. 1944) GKvav‡i gbbkxj cÖvewÜK I M‡elK| Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖMwZev`x †PZbv wb‡q Zuvi we‡kl AvMÖn, wKQy cÖeÜI wj‡L‡Qb| gyw³msMÖvg (1972), Kv‡ji hvÎvi aŸwb (1973), GKz‡k †deªæqvwi Av‡›`vjb (1976), Dwbk kZ‡Ki ga¨‡kªYx I evOjv mvwnZ¨ (1979), ˆbwZKZv : †kª‡qvbxwZ I `yb©xwZ (1981), gvbyl I Zvi cwi‡ek (1984), hyMmsµvwšÍ I bxwZwRÁvmv (1985), gvI †mZz‡Oi ÁvbZË¡ (1987), ivRbxwZ I `k©b (1988), Avkv AvKv•ÿvi mg_©‡b| Zuvi m¤úv`bv MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¯^‡`k wPšÍv (1985)| ûgvqyb AvRv` (1947-2004) ûgvqyb AvRv` eûgvwÎK †jLK; M‡elK, fvlvweÁvbx I fvlv-mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm iPwqZv| ûgvqyb AvRv‡`i cÖe‡Üi ˆewkó¨, e³‡e¨i c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv I cÖLi hyw³; wbwg©Z wm×v‡šÍ ¯^KxqZv, ¯úó we‡ePbv Ges mgvR-mv‡cÿ we‡klY| wk‡íi b›`bwU bvbvw`K hvPvB‡q wZwb cixÿv K‡i †bb| wPšÍvi ¯^”QZvi Rb¨ ûgvqyb AvRv‡`i M`¨ SiS‡i, cÖRj ¡ , `y¨wZgq| Zuvi cÖe‡Ü bvbviK‡gi 382 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



cixÿv wbixÿv Av‡Q| M‡elYvg~jK cÖe‡Ü hyw³wePvi we‡ePbvq Z_¨‡K ïay cÖwZôv †`Iqv bq, K‡i †Zv‡jb m„Rbkxj| ûgvqyb AvRv` fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm‡K M‡íi †fZi w`‡q µwgK-wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi fvlvwelqK M‡elYvI g‡bvÁ, H wbf©vi M‡`¨i Kvi‡Y| gbbkxj cÖe‡ÜI †jLK Abe`¨| wPšÍvkxj, †gavex G cÖeÜKv‡ii cªeÜ msL¨v A‡bK| bvbviK‡gi cÖe‡Üi MÖš’mg~‡ni g‡a¨ iex›`ª cÖeÜ/ ivóª I mgMÖ wPšÍv (1973), jvj bxj `xcvejx ev evOjv mvwn‡Z¨i Rxebx (1976), kvgmyi ivngvb / wbtm½ †kicv (1983), Pronominalization in Bengali (1983), evOjv fvlvi kÎæwgÎ (1983), evK¨ZË¡ (1984), dz‡ji M‡Ü Nyg Av‡m bv (1985), K‡Zv b`x m‡ivei ev evOjv fvlvi Rxebx (1987), Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁvb (1988), wkíKjvi wegvbweKxKiY I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ (1988), fvlv Av‡›`vjb : mvwnwZ¨K cUf~wg (1990), bvix (1992), cÖwZwµqvkxjZvi `xN© Qvqvi bx‡P (1992), wbweo bxwjgv (1992), gvZvj ZiYx (1992), bi‡K AbšÍFZy (1992), RjcvBi‡Oi AÜKvi (1992), mxgve×Zvi m~Î (1993), Avavi I Av‡aq (1993), eyKc‡K‡U †RvbvKx‡cvKv (1993), Avgv‡`i kn‡i GK`j †`e`~Z (1996), Avgvi Awek¦vm (1997), A_©weÁvb (1999), cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg : meyR cvnv‡oi †fZi w`‡q cÖevwnZ wnsmvi Sibvaviv (1997), wØZxq wj½ (1998), evK¨ZË¡ (1984), ûgvqyb AvRv‡`i cÖePb¸”Q (1992), mvÿvrKvi (1994), AvZZvqx‡`i m‡½ K‡_vcK_b (1995), eûgvwÎK †R¨vwZg©q (1997), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (1999), ag©vbyf~wZi DcK_v I Ab¨vb¨ (2004) cÖf„wZ| m¤úv`bv : evOjv fvlv (1g LÐ, 1984; 2q LÐ, 1985), AvaywbK evsjv KweZv (1994), gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB iPbvejx (1g LÐ, 2q LÐ I 3q LÐ 1994), iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii cÖavb KweZv (1997)| Gg Avi AvLZvi gyKzj (1929-2004) mvsevw`K-cÖvewÜK| ÔPigcÎÕL¨vZ †jLK| ivRbxwZwelqK cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb| cvV-AwfÁZvq AR©b K‡ib BwZnvm ivRbxwZ wel‡q aviYv| AvRxeb cÖMwZi c‡ÿi †jLK wQ‡jb| Zuvi MÖš’ : iƒcvjx evZvm (1973), gywR‡ei i³ jvj (1976), jÛ‡b Q°z wgqv (1981), fvmvbx-gywR‡ei ivRbxwZ (1984), Avwg weRq †`‡LwQ (1985), Pwjøk †_‡K GKvËi (1985), †KvjKvZv‡Kw›`ªK eyw×Rxex (1987), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ msKjb (1987), Iiv PviRb (1987), †jQovM‡Äi jovB (1988), GKvˇii eY©gvjv (1989), GKz„‡ki `wjj evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 383



(1990), gnvcyiæl (1991), `yÕgyLx jovB (1992), Avgv‡K K_v ej‡Z w`b (1993), evsjv bvU‡Ki †Mvovi K_v (1994), wn›`y-gymwjg †gŠjev`xi †Pv‡L bRiæj (1994), †K fvi‡Zi `vjvj (1995), e½eÜz (1997), GKvˇii gyw³hy‡× eyw×Rxex‡`i f~wgKv (1997), cÂv‡ki `k‡Ki Avgiv I fvlv Av‡›`vjb (1391), evqv‡bœvi Revbe›`x (1392) cÖf„wZ| Gme MÖ‡š’ Gg. Avi.



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gynv¤§` nvweeyi ingvb (1930-2014) iex›`ª M‡elK, fvlvwe`, AvBbÁ, BwZnvmwe` gyn¤§` nvweeyi ingvb| wewPÎ wel‡q KvR K‡i‡Qb| h_vkã (1974), gvZ…fvlvi ¯^c‡ÿ iex›`ªbv_ (1983), iex›`ª cÖe‡Ü msÁv I cv_©K¨ wePvi (1983), †Kvivbm~Î (1984), ePb I cÖePb (1985), M½vFw× †_‡K evsjv‡`k (1985), iex›`ª iPbvi iex›`ª e¨vL¨v (1986), iex›`ªev‡K¨ AvU©, m½xZ I mvwnZ¨ (1986), Avwg wK hve bv Zv‡`i Kv‡Q hviv ïay evsjvq K_v e‡j (1996), evsjv‡`k `xN©Rxex nDK (1996), AvB‡bi kvmb I wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv (1997), evsjv fvlvi msMÖvg GLbI Amgvß (1997), Kjg GLb bvMv‡ji evB‡i (1997), GKy‡k †deªæqvix mKj fvlvq K_v Kq (1999), wgÎvÿi (2000), wbe©vPbB h‡_ó bq (2013) cÖf„wZ| iex›`ª cVb-cvVb‡K GKUv we‡kl RvqMvq †cuŠ‡Q w`‡q‡Qb wZwb| Zuvi evsjv Awfavb welqK MÖš’I ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| gv‡jKv †eMg (R. 1928) evsjv‡`‡ki bvix Av‡›`vj‡bi cw_K…r I †jLK gv‡jKv †eMg| bvixgyw³ wel‡q evsjv-Bs‡iwR Dfq fvlvq Z_¨wbô MÖš’ wj‡L‡Qb wZwb| fvlvi weKv‡k Rxeb (1976), bvix wPÎ : Avwki `kK (1987), evsjvi bvix Av‡›`vjb (1995), bvixi †Pv‡L wek¦ (1996), ivRc‡_ Rbc‡_ mywdqv Kvgvj (1998), Avwg bvix (2000), igbxq bq (2005), †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb : ¯^‡`kx I ¯^v‡`wkK (2008), AwMœhy‡Mi `yB bvix : †iv‡Kqv I cÖxwZjZv (2008), iex›`ªbv‡_i M‡í †hŠZzK cÖm½ (2011), gyw³hy‡× bvix (2011), bvixi K_v 384 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



(2012), wecbœ bvix (1913) cÖf…wZ Zuvi MÖš’| cÖvew܇Ki cÖeÜ mycvV¨,



cwi”Qbœ| ZvQvov wewfbœ cwÎKv msKjb I m¤úv`bvi m‡½I gv‡jKv †eMg hy³| `xN©vqy bvix cwÎKv †eMg-Gi 50eQ‡ii wbe©vwPZ iPbvi msKjb I m¤ú`bvI K‡i‡Qb wZwb| gybZvmxi gvgyb (R. 1951) BwZnvmwe`iƒ‡c cÖwZwôZ| XvKvi BwZnvm iPbvq wZwb GLb cÖwZôvb ejv P‡j| BwZnv‡mi Aa¨vcK I †jLK n‡jI mgKvjxb mgvR I ivRbxwZ wel‡q Zuvi Kjg ÿziavi, kw³kvjx| gy³eyw×i cw_K…r| gybZvmxi gvgyb RbwcÖq Kjvg‡jLKI e‡U| cÖPzi KvR K‡i‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖRb¥‡K ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb wZwb wewPÎ wel‡q †jLv‡jwLi †fZi w`‡q| mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK Zuvi M`¨ AvKl©Yxq| hyw³ci¤úivq †mLv‡b ˆZwi nq wfbœcvV| wbf©yj G BwZnvm‡eËvi MÖš’ : Dwbk kZ‡Ki c~e©e‡½i mgvR (1957-1905) (1986), Dwbk kZ‡K evsjv‡`‡ki msev` mvgwqKcÎ (1g LÐ 1985, 2q LÐ 1987, 3q LÐ 1988, 4_© LÐ 1991, 5g LÐ 1993, 6ô LÐ 1997), XvKv 1857 mv‡ji we‡`ªvn (1997), The Festivals of Bangladesh (1996), XvKvi nvwi‡q hvIqv Qwei †Luv‡R (1996), XvKvi cÖ_g (1995), nwikP›`ª wgÎ (1994), XvKv : ¯§„wZ-we¯§„wZi bMix (1993), XvKvi mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb (1991), XvKvi nvwi‡q hvIqv Kvgvb (1991), K‡b©j †WwfWmb hLb XvKvq (1990), cyi‡bv XvKvi Drme I Nievwo (1989), ¯§„wZgq XvKv (1980), BwZnv‡mi Av‡jvq †kL gywReyi ingvb (1995), gwRe‡ii evwo (1995), †gRi †Rbv‡ij I †dwi (1995), ûKz‡gi †`k evsjv‡`k (1994), †h †`‡k ivRvKvi eo (1994), ÿgZvq bv †_‡KI ÿgZvq _vKv (1993), MYZ‡š¿i µvwšÍj‡Mœ (1993), e‡j †h‡Z n‡e gyw³hy‡×i Muv_v (1992), me m¤¢‡ei †`‡k (1991), ü`qbv‡_i XvKv kni (1985), Dwbk kZ‡Ki c~e©e½ (1985), Dwbk kZ‡Ki c~e©e‡½i mfv mwgwZ (1980), Dwbk kZ‡Ki XvKvi w_‡qUvi (1979), XvKvcÖKvk I c~e©e‡½i mgvR (1863-64) (1977), evsjv‡`‡ki Drme (1994), †Rbv‡i‡ji m‡½ (1993), GwcUvd (1991), wekc †nev‡ii †Pv‡L evsjv‡`k (1974), †mB me w`b (1997), wgwQ‡j †Kb wQjvg (1997), BwZnv‡mi †L‡ivLvZv (1998), eo Avje`i‡`i wK n‡e (1996), evsjv‡`‡k †div (1996), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (2005), XvKv mgMÖ-1, XvKv mgMÖ-2 (2004) cÖf„wZ| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 385



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Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj (1936-1989) hk¯^x mgv‡jvPK I gb¯^x Aa¨vcK Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgv‡ji cÖeÜ wkíxi iƒcvšÍi (1975) I K_v I KweZv (1981)| Zuvi wcGBP. wW.i cÖ¯‘ZK…Z M‡elYv The Bengali Press and Literary Writing (1818-1831) (1977)| Zuvi `ywU cÖe‡Üi eB-B g~j¨evb| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨-mgv‡jvPbvg~jK G cÖeÜ AZ¨šÍ hyw³kxj Ges Zxÿèax| wel‡qi gbbag©x we‡klY GLbI GKKfv‡e gwngvwš^Z| Lye Kg wjL‡jI mgv‡jvPbv-mvwn‡Z¨ wZwb cÖwm×| Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgv‡ji M`¨ mij wKš‘ kw³kvjx, wmœ», ˆe`»¨c~Y©| †mRb¨B Zuvi mgv‡jvPbv mvwnZ¨ag©x n‡q D‡V‡Q| nvmvb AvwRRyj nK (R. 1939) wkí-mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZ wel‡q hyw³wbô cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb nvmvb AvwRRyj nK| K_vmvwn‡Z¨i K_KZv (1981), AcÖKv‡ki fvi (1988), AZ‡ji Auvwa (1998), K_v †jLv K_v (2007), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (2008), Qov‡bv wQUv‡bv (2008), iex›`ªbv_ I fvlvfvebv (2014) Zuvi cÖeÜMÖš’| wkí-mvwnZ¨-mgvRms¯‹…wZ wb‡q Zuvi †jLv‡jwL| cÖMwZey×x‡Z cÖ`xß Zuvi iPbv| cÖ_g cÖe‡Ü mvwnZ¨ welqK †h e³e¨ cÖYqb K‡i‡Qb Zv A‡bKvs‡k F×| bZzb wPšÍvi cÖKvk †hgb Av‡Q Zuvi iPbvq †Zgwb f~wg-gvwU I ms¯‹…wZi weeZ©‡bi Ôcikcv_iÕ Bw½Z AvKl©Yxq| Zuvi ÔAcÖKv‡ki fviÕ cÖeÜwUi fvlv welqK ZK©wU GiKg : ÔAvm‡j Avgiv fvlv e¨envi K‡iB wPšÍv Ki‡Z cvwi Ges G cÖwµqvi g‡a¨B wPšÍv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z bZzb K‡i fvlv ˆZwi Ki‡Z _vwK| Kv‡RB wjwLZ M`¨fvlv‡K †hgb †KejgvÎ ¯^fv‡ei Ici †Q‡o w`‡jB P‡j bv, †Zgwb Zvi Ici nvZzwo †cUv‡bvI hvq bv|Õ fvlvwelqK wPšÍvq ÔgvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi fvlvixwZÕ Zuvi Abe`¨ cÖeÜ| AvKl©Yxq Gme A‡bK iK‡gi



386 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



cÖe‡Ü nvmvb AvwRRyj nK Zzjbvq Av‡bb ˆ`bw›`b e¨envh© I cÖwZ‡ivamsMÖvgx Ae¨_© Dcgvmg~n| hv Kwei AvL¨vb bq ev †Zgb gv‡M©iI ZË¡K_v bq, G‡Kev‡i wb‡Uvj `yqv‡icÖ¯‘Z ev¯ÍeZv| cÖeÜMv‡Î Av‡e‡Mi Uvb Av‡Q, †mwU cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki g‡Zv, ¯^vfvweK, ¯^v”Q›`¨gq wKš‘ wKQy‡ZB Av‡ivwcZ bq| K_vmvwnZ¨ welqK cÖeÜ Av‡Q, mgKvjxb Av_©-mgvR welqK cÖeÜI Av‡Q, Av‡Q ¯§„wZPviYF× Kv‡ji K_v| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖe‡Ü G K_bfw½wU‡Z wZwb ¯’vqx Avmb K‡i wb‡q‡Qb| Kexi †PŠayix (1923-2011) G mg‡qi ewl©qvb eyw×Rxex Kexi †PŠayix| wkí-mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ wel‡q wZwb A‡bK MÖš’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e wZwb we‡klfv‡e g‡bv‡hvMx Abyev‡`i w`‡K| G‡`‡k bvU‡Ki PP©v wb‡q †hgb wZwb A‡bK MÖš’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb †Zgwb Zvi Av‡›`vjb (movement) I we‡`kx cÖfve wb‡qI cÖvÄj e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| †hwU evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨PP©vq G‡b‡Q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gvÎv| wkíKjv wel‡qI wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx †_‡K Zuvi †ek wKQy cÖe‡Üi eB †ewi‡q‡Q| `xN© mg‡q wbijm cwiPh©vq wZwb GLbI Gme K‡g© eªZ| cÖvPxb Bs‡iRx Kve¨mvwnZ¨ (1980), AvaywbK gvwK©b mvwnZ¨ (1980), †kKm&cxqi †_‡K wWjvb Ugvm (1981), cÖm½ bvUK (1981), mvwnZ¨‡Kvl (1984), G¨emvW© bvUK (1985), BD‡iv‡ci `k bvU¨Kvi (1985), ¯Íu¨v`vj †_‡K cÖæ¯Í (1985), mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbv I b›`bZË¡ cwifvlv (1985), †kKm&cxqi I Zvi gvby‡liv (1985), Awfe¨w³ev`x bvUK (1987), cykwKb I Ab¨vb¨ (1987), gybxi †PŠayix (1987), divmx bvU‡Ki K_v (1990), Amgvß gyw³msMÖvg I Ab¨vb¨ (1991), bRiæj `k©b (1992), bvBev n‡jv cv‡i hvIqv (1g LÐ, 1992), cÖeÜ msMÖn (1g LÐ, 1992), e½eÜz, evOvjx RvZxqZvev` I gyw³eyw×i PP©v (1992), bRiæj `k©b (1992), divmx wPÎwkíx‡`i K_v (1992), wkjvi I Ab¨vb¨ (1993), Special Change and Nation-Building in Developing areas : An AnnotatedBiobliography (1965), †igeªvšÍ iæ‡ebm †fjvmKz‡qR (1994), bvBev n‡jv cv‡i hvIqv (2q LÐ, 1994), †QvU‡`i Bs‡iRx mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm (1994), ¯^vaxbZv nxbZvq †K euvwP‡Z Pvq (1994), i`u¨v (1994), Qwe K_v myi (1995), Av¸‡bi cikgwY †QuvqvI cÖv‡Y (1997), Zmwjgv bvmixb I bvixgyw³ cÖm½ (hyM¥fv‡e ˆmKZ †PŠayixi m‡½) (1997), wcKv‡mv (1997), Rb wm½vi mv‡R©›U (1997), mv‡›`ªv ewZ‡Pwj (1998), †jviKv I Ab¨vb¨ (1999), Mq¨v (1999), gvbe Kj¨vY I Ab¨vb¨ (2000), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 387



e½eÜz (2000), gvwK©b mvwn‡Z¨i `k gnvi_x (2001), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (2001), wewea iPbv (2001), mim NUbvi mim Kvwnbx (2001), fviwgqvi ¸¯Ívf Kzi‡e¨ Rb Bf‡iU wg‡j¨ (2001), †gŠjev` : Zvi BwZnvm I cÖK…wZ AbymÜvb (2002), †mRvb-gvwZm (2002), cvðvZ¨ wPÎwkíx‡`i K_v (2002), BD‡ivcxq wPÎKjv I fv¯‹h© : GiwK wbDUb Abymi‡Y (2003), bvBev n‡jv cv‡i hvIqv (3q LÐ, 2003), cÖeÜ mgMÖ (2q LÐ, 2005), bvBev n‡jv cv‡i hvIqv (4_© LÐ, 2005), bvBev n‡jv cv‡i hvIqv (5g LÐ, 2005), bvBev n‡jv cv‡i hvIqv (6ô LÐ, 2006), cÖeÜ mgMÖ (3q LÐ, 2006) cÖf„wZ Zuvi MÖš’| gbbkxj cÖvewÜK, A‡bKvšÍiƒ‡c Qwo‡q‡Qb wZwb| cvðvZ¨ wkí-mvwn‡Z¨i A‡bK welq‡K mnR fvlvq wKš‘ cÖvYešÍ K‡i wZwb cvV‡Ki mvg‡b cwi‡ekb K‡i‡Qb| mvejxj I mvnmx K_K Kexi †PŠayixi cÖeÜfvlv cwi”Qbœ, ¯^”Q, hyw³wbô I wbi¼zk Rxebev`x| wRqv nvq`vi (1936-2008) bvU¨ welqK cÖeÜ (1981), w_‡qUv‡ii K_v (1g-4_© LÐ), evsjv‡`‡ki w_‡qUvi I Ab¨vb¨ iPbv, ÷¨vwbmjvf¯‹x I Zvi Awfbq ZË¡, bvU¨Kjvi wewfbœ BRg I GwcK w_‡qUvi, wek¦bvU¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwUB Zuvi g~j¨evb MÖš’| bvU‡Ki wek¦ågY m¤úbœ nq Zuvi cÖe‡Ü| A‡bK bZyb w`‡Ki D‡b¥vPb K‡i‡Qb wRqv nvq`vi Zuvi †jLwb‡Z| bvU¨b›`b cwi‡ekb wKsev wewfbœ BR‡g bvU‡Ki †KŠkj KzkjZv †Kgb †m wRÁvmvi we‡kølY Av‡Q Zuvi †jLvq| bvU¨Z‡Ë¡i GKwU wfbœZi cvV GLv‡b weivRgvb| ˆmq` kvgmyj nK (R. 1935) Abe`¨ cÖeÜKvi| ürKj‡gi Uv‡b/ 1g LÐ (1991), ürKj‡gi Uv‡b/ 2q LÐ (1997), gvwR©‡b gšÍe¨ (2005) Amvgvb¨ M`¨MÖš’| AvZ¥Zvg~jK Gme cÖe‡Ü ˆmq` nK Kwegb¯‹Zvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| Rxeb mgvR-ms¯‹…wZi wewPÎ welq‡K wZwb cV‡b G‡b‡Qb| ¯^”QwPšÍvi cwicK¡ gb‡bi `„óvšÍ ˆmq` nK| K‡qK `k‡Ki mvwnZ¨wPšÍvq Gme MÖ‡š’ wZwb A‡bK ch©vq AwZµg K‡i‡Qb|



hZxb miKvi (R. 1936) evsjv‡`‡ki cÖeÜ mvwn‡Z¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨w³| gvK©mev`x mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPK| kw³kvjx cÖvewÜK| mvwnZ¨-mgv‡jvPbvq wZwb `„óvšÍiƒ‡c cwiMwYZ| Zuvi cÖe‡Üi eB : mvwn‡Z¨i Kv‡Q cÖZ¨vkv (1985), evsjv‡`‡ki KweMvb (1986), 388 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



evOvjxi mgvRZvwš¿K HwZn¨ (1986), ms¯‹…wZi msMÖvg, gvbegb gvbeag© I mgvRwecøe (1990), M‡í M‡í e¨vKiY (1994), cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¥-g„Zz¨ `k©b (2005), wbev©wPZ cÖeÜ (2008), wbe©vwPZ ivR‰bwZK cÖeÜ (2012), gvbegb, gvbeag© I mgvRwecøe (2013)| Gme MÖ‡š’ mnR‡eva¨ fvlvq Mfxi I cÖvÄj fvl¨wU wZwb cÖ`vb Ki‡Z mÿg| mgvR-weeZ©‡b avivq ev¯Íeev`x G †jLK, M‡elK ivR‰bwZK we‡kl‡YI AZzjbxq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¥-g„Zz¨ `k©b Zuvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖe‡Üi eB| Rxebx : †K`vibv_ gRyg`vi (1987), wmivRywÏb Kvwmgcyix (1988), nwiPiY AvPvh© (1989), P›`ªKzgvi †` (1990)| mbrKzgvi mvnv (R. 1941) mbrKzgvi mvnv evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ cÖvewÜK, whwb GKvav‡i eûwelq Kb‡U‡·U&-G cÖhy³ K‡i AZ‡j †cuŠQvb Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq mewKQy AvniY K‡i Awbevh© `vk©wbK eywׇZ cvVK‡K GKxK…Z K‡ib| GLv‡b Zuvi hyw³‡Z †Kv‡bv Qvo †bB, wcQy miviI my‡hvM †bB| Amvgvb¨ M`¨K_b| †d«Rew›` kã, evK¨ ÔwQbœevav cjvZKÕ, wewPίúkx©| ivóª-mgvR wKQy‡KB Qv‡ob bv, ey‡R©vqv e¨e¯’vq cyuwRi cÖwZwµqv A_©bxwZi gvicu¨v‡P K‡Zv`~i P‡j †mwU Zuvi g‡bv‡jv‡K ¯úó| mbrmvnv iex›`ªab¨| iex›`ª wel‡q Zuvi cÖPzi †jLv‡jwL, meB we‡klYvZ¥K, wfbœ wPšÍv| fveev`x iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi †jLvq Awbevh©iƒ‡c mgvRZš¿x I ev¯Íeev`x| wbg©g Zuvi hyw³eÜ| Zxÿèax †kl, we`ªƒc; †gŠjev` I cÖwZwµqvkxj ivóªkw³i weiæ‡× D”PviY, mgvRcv‡Vi RvqMv †_‡K| weeZ©bkxj mgvRwek¦v‡m hv mZ¨ †mwU Kvh©Ki Zuvi fvlvq| mgvR msmvi Kjie †_‡K co‡j †evSv hvq : Ô†h Ck¦i GK ALÐ AbšÍ cig mËv Ges cÖwZwU cÖvwZôvwbK ag© ZuviB B”Qvi ewntcÖKvk, d‡j †mB a‡g©i wewaweavbI h‡_vwPZ aªæe I AgiZvevnx, GB aviYv mZ¨ e‡j gvb‡j ag©xq we‡iv‡ai †Kvb fveMZ ev e¯‘MZ wfwË _v‡K bv| wKš‘ GB we‡iva HwZnvwmKfv‡e cÖZ¨ÿ Ges avivevwnKfv‡e cÖKU| Z‡e wK hv cÖZ¨ÿ, Zv cÖK…Z bq? bv wK g~j cÖZ¨qB cÖkm œ v‡cÿ?Õ Ggb wRÁvmv-DËi Zuvi wewPÎ wel‡q| Ges Zv cwie¨vß bvbvw`‡K, Zuvi mvwnZ¨ I mvwnwZ¨K Av‡jvPbvq wKsev mgvR †kªwY¯Í‡ii cwie„‡Ë| mgvR msmvi K‡jvie (2000) I K_vq I K_vi wc‡V (2008), wd‡i †`Lv : iex›`ªbv_ (2012) mbrKzgvi mvnvi cÖe‡Üi eB|



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 389



2. b‡ib wek¦vm (1945-1998) evKaŸwb, D”Pvi‡Yi wkÿK| evsjv fvlv mvwnZ¨ms¯‹…wZi cÖwZ AbyivMx| Zuvi MÖš’ : Aj¼vi A‡š¦lv (1976), Kve¨ZË¡ A‡š¦lYv (1982), fviZxq Kve¨ZË¡ (1985), cÖm½ : evOjv fvlv (1985), cÖm½ : mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ (1989) cÖf„wZ| b‡ib wek¦vm ïׯ^‡ii cÖeZ©K| evsjv evbvb I D”PviY wb‡q Zuvi KvR cÖkswmZ| Zuvi m¤úv`bv : evsjv D”PviY Awfavb (1989)| wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx (1928-2014) k‡ãi mxgvbv (1976), Literature of Bangladesh and other Essays (1983), Avgvi †`k Avgvi fvlv (1984), Abyev` (1985), c„w_ex I cvm‡cvU© (1986), kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b wZb gvm (1989), evOvwji AvZ¥cwiPq (1991), cÖev‡m cÖwZw`b (1994), hLb ZË¡veavqK miKv‡i wQjvg (1997) QvovI wZwb †ekwKQy MÖ‡š’i m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb| mgv‡jvPbvq Zuvi Av‡eM wbqwš¿Z| †mLv‡b eyw×i cÖ‡jc mÂvwiZ K‡ib| wPšÍvi ¯^”QZv Av‡Q, mij I mnR Zuvi Dccv`¨| m„Rbkxj e¨w³Z¡ Kv‡qg nq cÖe‡Ü| Abyev` M`¨wU Zuvi †ewk AvKl©Yxq| kvnwiqvi Kwei (R. 1950) Kg‡iW gvI †m-ZzO (1977), ivóª bvqK‡`i m‡½ : Av‡bvqvi †nvRvi ¯§„wZ (1986), gIjvbv fvmvbx (1990), K‡qKwU ivR‰bwZK cÖwZ‡e`b I mvÿvrKvi (1991), MY Av`vj‡Zi cUf~wg (1993), evsjv‡`‡ki mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi PvjwPÎ (1994), evsjv‡`‡k †gŠjev` I msL¨vjNy m¤cÖ`vq (1995) cÖf„wZ MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv| Zuvi cÖeÜ ÿziavi I hyw³wbô| mvejxj M‡`¨ Zuvi ivR‰bwZK wPšÍvB Kv‡qg _v‡K †ewk| GgbUvi †fZi w`‡qB M‡`¨ gvbegyw³ c_ †Luv‡Rb, AR©b K‡ib mgwš^Z w`K`„wó| hyw³wbôv‡ZB cwic~Y© kvnwiqvi Kwe‡ii M`¨| GQvov eû MÖ‡š’i GKK I †hŠ_ m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb| ARq ivq (R. 1928) evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mgvRwRÁvmvi we‡klYvZ¥K cÖeÜ evOjv I evOvwj (1977), evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ : AZxZ I eZ©gvb (1978), Avgv‡`i RvZxqZvi weKvk (1982), evsjv‡`‡ki f~wg e¨e¯’v : msKU I mgvavb (1983), ivRbxwZ wK I †Kb (1986), cuywRev`x A_©bxwZ (1986), evsjv‡`‡ki K…lK we‡`ªvn (1987), mv¤cÖwZK (1986), wkÿvbwekxi nv‡ZLwo (1990)| Gme MÖ‡š’ wZwb Kgy¨wbó `„wó‡KvY e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| wek¦vm I ev¯Í‡ei mgwš^Z cÖqvmwU Kv‡qg nq Zuvi iPbvq| cuywR, f~wg, K…lK gyw³i avivq A‡bK †jL‡Ki g‡a¨ ARq iv‡qi †jLv gvbewRÁvmvq e¨wZµgx| †Lv›`Kvi †gvnv¤§` Bwjqv‡mi fvmvbx hLb BD‡iv‡c (1978) aªæc`x MÖš’| my‡e`x Kj‡g ¯§„wZ-eyw× `y¨wZgq mgš^q N‡U‡Q| mvs¯‹…wZK eywbqv` cwijwÿZ Zuvi iPbvq| K_KZvi cwi‡ekbv gRvi, GKw`‡K Zv 390 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



†hgb Z_¨wbó Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb im‡evamÄvZ| wbmM©‡cÖgx w؇Rb kg©v (R. 1929)i cÖeÜMÖš’ Rxe‡bi †kl †bB (1978), k¨vgjx wbmM© (1980), mcy®úK Dw™¢‡`i †kªYxweb¨vm ZË¡ (1981), mZx_© ej‡q WviDBb (1984), dzj¸wji †hb K_v (1988), ¯^‡`‡k cÖev‡m (1993), Mnb †Kvb e‡bi av‡i (1994), gg `yt‡Li mvab (1994), WviDBb I cÖRvcwZi DrcwË (1997) cÖf„wZ| cÖK…wZi is‡K Kíbvgvayix‡Z wgwk‡q cwi‡ekb K‡ib w؇Rb kg©v| cwicK¡ M`¨, †PZbvq M„nxZ mvg¨ev`, Z_¨Dcv‡Ëi e„ÿe›`bv mewKQy wg‡j awiwÎi AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb| M`¨gq Zuvi emyav| gv-gvZ…KvqAskx`viK…Z G cÖK…wZ A‡bKUv GKv_©K| myZivs wbLuyZ Zuvi eqbfw½| †ekwKQy m¤úv`bv MÖš’I Av‡Q w؇Rb kg©vi| gÄykªx †PŠayix (R. 1923) wkÿv welqK cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb| mywkÿK (1978), evsjv wkÿv c×wZ (1982), wkÿv g‡bvweÁv‡bi K_v (1986), wkÿvq gvbwmK ¯^v¯’¨ weÁvb (1988), wkïi Rxeb weKvk (1992) cÖf„wZ| wkïwPšÍ‡b mxgve× n‡jI wkïi g‡bv‡PZbvi AwÜmwÜi msev` mij‡eva¨ K‡i †Zvjv mnR bq| gÄykªx wbf©vi M‡`¨ Zv m¤¢e K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix (R. 1953) †jvKM‡elK| A‡bK MÖ‡š’i cÖ‡YZv| Kzwóqvi KweK…wZ‡`i wb‡q mvgwMÖK KvR m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix| wbijm M‡elK| Zuvi MÖš’ : Kzwóqvi evDj mvaK (1974), mswÿß Kzwóqv cwiwPwZ (1972), Rjai †mb (1990), jvjb kvn (1990), KvOvj nwibv_ gRyg`vi (1998), gybmx †kL Rwgiæ`iæÏxb (1989), fvB wMwikP›`ª †mb (1989), †gvnv¤§` `v` Avjx (1992), cvMjv KvbvB (1995), †bqvgvj evwmi (1993), gxi gkviid †nv‡mb (1993), AvwRR‡bœmv LvZzb (1995), g‡bi gvby‡li mÜv‡b (1995), mgvR, mgKvj I jvjb muvB (1996), RM`xk ¸ß (1988), gxi gkviid †nv‡mb : mvwnZ¨Kg© I mgvRwPšÍv (1996), †jvKms¯‹…wZi we‡ePbv I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1997), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZ I fvlv Av‡›`vjb (1997), fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi `wjj (1988) cÖf„wZ| Z‡e Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix ïay jvjb bq, gkviid we‡klÁI e‡U| gx‡ii A‡bK Abv‡jvwKZ w`K wZwb D‡b¥vPb K‡i‡Qb| ZvQvov evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK wewPÎ welq wb‡qI wewfbœ mg‡q eyw×e„wËK cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb| m¤úv`bv : jvjb ¯§viKMÖš’ (1974), gyn¤§` gbmyiDwÏb ¯§viKMÖš’ (1988), KvOvj nwibv_ gRyg`vi ¯§viKMÖš’ (1997)mn A‡bK MÖš’| ˆmq` Aveyj gKmy` (R. 1946)i cÖeÜ M‡elYv I cÖeÜMÖš’ : Rvg©vbxi Rvb©vj (1979), ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn&i Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ 1g LÐ (1981), ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn&i Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ 2q LÐ (1983), hy× I gvby‡li evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 391



g~L©Zv (1988), nwikP›`ª wgÎ (1990), e¨w³ mgvR I ivóª (1990), †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayix I Zuvi mvwnZ¨Kg© (1990), †Mvwe›`P›`ª `v‡mi Ni †Miv¯’vwj (1981), we‡k¦i †kªô `k `vk©wbK (1992), gvIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx (1995)| mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZi we‡kl‡Yi m‡½ ivR‰bwZK we‡kølYI K‡ib| mvwn‡Z¨i mgv‡jvPbvq bvbvw`‡K Zuvi cÖmviY Av‡Q, hw`I Zzjbvg~jK cvVwU‡Z GKUz `ye©j g‡b nq Zuv‡K| ZeyI gbbkxjZvq F× G cÖeÜKvi| gyn¤§` b~iæj û`v (R. 1949) cÖavbZ Kwe, M`¨KviI e‡U| Zuvi M`¨ `y¨wZgq, Kve¨MwÜ| kZ©nxb k‡Z© (1981), jÿY mswnZv (1982), gnvbex (1983), iex›`ª cÖK…wZ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ (1988), mvΩ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1993), cÖv‡Yi wgbvi knx` wgbvi (1994), m„wókxjZv I Ab¨vb¨ (1998) m¤úv`bv : †n ¯^‡`k (1972), Kwe gaym~`b (1984), KweZv 1390 (1984), KweZv 1391 (1985), knx` eyw×Rxex ¯§i‡Y KweZv¸”Q (1984), ûgvqyb Kwei iPbvejx (1984), Aveyj nvmv‡bi AMÖwš’Z KweZv (1986), evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1988), Flaming Flowers : Poets Response to the emergence of Bangladesh (1986), KweZv : MYAv‡›`vjb (1991), Nazrul : An Evaluation (1997), mvwnZ¨ gÄylv (1991) kZvãxi †kÖô †cÖ‡gi cOw³ (1995), bRiæj I e½eÜz (1997), bRiæj ¯^iwjwc msMÖn (1997), Poetry of Kazi Nazrul Islam (1997) cÖf„wZ| kvšÍby Kvqmvi (R. 1950)i ew¼gP›`ª 1g LÐ (1982) I 2q LÐ (1984), Kve¨bvUK (1986), Z…Zxq gxi (1984), myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© (1995), Mfxi MfxiZi AmyL, M`¨mËvi Rxebvb›` (1997) cÖf„wZ Zuvi MÖš’| kvšÍby Kvqmvi e¯Íwbô M‡elK, wfbœwPšÍvi †`¨vZK| Z…Zxq gxi cÖeÜMÖ‡š’ gxi gkviid wel‡q Zuvi Av‡jvPbv wfbœ gvÎvi ms‡hvRb K‡i‡Q| gkviid-mËv‡K wZwb wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb Ab¨gvÎvq| GLv‡b Zuvi cÖe܉kwj wRÁvmym~PK I jÿ¨‡f`x| cÖgvYmv‡cÿ I c×wZMZ eY©bv kvšÍby Kvqmv‡ii Av‡jvPbv‡K K‡i †Zv‡j e¨w³Z¡gwÐZ| GgbUvB Zuvi AwfbeZ¡| Rxebx : A‰ØZ gjøeg©b (1987), gwZDj Bmjvg (1992), †gvnv¤§` †gvZ©Rv (1994) m¤úv`bv : Lvb †gvnv¤§` dvivex iPbvmgMÖ (1985)| iwdKzj Bmjvg (wcGmwm) (R. 1946) gyw³hy×wfwËK cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb| Zuvi cªeÜ mij I mvejxj| GK ai‡bi gbbag© †mLv‡b weivRgvb| A‡bK MÖš’ wj‡L‡Qb| Zuvi MÖš’ : GKwU dzj‡K euvPv‡ev e‡j (1983), cÖwZ‡iv‡ai cÖ_g cÖni (1985), GMv‡ivwU †m±‡ii weRq Kvwnbx (1985), evsjv‡`k : mvgwiK kvmb I MYZ‡š¿i msKU (1986), ˆ¯^ikvm‡bi bq eQi (1990), GKvˇii gyw³hy× (1991), eyw×Rxex nZ¨vKv‡Ði †bc‡_¨ 392 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



(1991), †Z‡ivRb gyw³‡hv×vi g„Zz¨`Ð (1994), mvgwiK RvšÍvi ivRbxwZ (1993), XvKvi mk¯¿ cÖwZ‡iva (1992), †Mvj‡Ki Kvwnbx (1988), cÖwZ‡iv‡ai iƒc‡iLv : iYbxwZi mÜv‡b (1992), gyw³hy‡× †RW †dvm©, Gm †dvm©, †K †dvm© (1992), fqven MYnZ¨v (1992), we‡`ªvnx gvP© 1971 (1992), gyw³hy‡×i BwZnvm (1994), †kL gywRe I ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg (1995), ¯^vaxbZvi evBk eQi (1994), evsjv‡`‡ki †Mwijv hy× (1993), gyw³hy‡×i cUf~wg, we‡ivax kw³ I e„nr kw³i cÖwZwµqv (1993), gyw³hy× I eyw×Rxex (1992), binZ¨v I bvix wbh©vZ‡bi KoPv (1993), gyw³hy‡×i `y‡kv iYv½b (1997), gyw³hy‡×i †bŠKgv‡Ûv (1992), GKvˇii wekwU fqven hy× (1992), GKvˇii gyw³hy× : fviZ, ivwkqv, hy³ivóª I Px‡bi f~wgKv (1994), gyw³hy‡× cÖevmx miKvi (1994), gyw³hy‡× iY‡KŠkj (1996), GKvˇii gyw³hy× : HwZnvwmK fvlY Bk‡Znvi I wPwV (1996), DËi Rbc‡` gyw³hy× (1996), cuPvˇii i³ÿiY (1992), GKvwki i³v³ Aa¨vq (1992), gyw³hy‡× wZbRb (1994), `wÿY cwðg iYv½b (1993), `wÿY iYv½b (1993), gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvi ¯^iƒc (1994), Education and population Planning : Disturbing Paradox (1993), The Military in Politics (1993) GQvov wkÿv-mgvR I A_©bxwZ welqK Zuvi †ek wKQy Bs‡iRx MÖš’ i‡q‡Q| kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb (R. 1940) gbbkxj †jLK I †dvK‡jvi



we‡klÁ| Zuvi cÖeÜ mvejxj, my›`i| evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK mvs¯‹…wZK I ivR‰bwZK ev¯ÍeZv wb‡q wZwb cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb| gxi gkviid m¤ú‡K© A‡bK Abv‡jvwKZ Z_¨ wZwb cÖ`vb Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| cÖMwZg~jK cÖeZ©bv †_‡KB wZwb cÖeÜ †j‡Lb| Z_¨wbf©i Zuvi cÖeÜ iæwPm¤§Z I g‡bvMÖvnx| Zuvi cÖeÜ : bvbv cÖm½ (1983), gvwU †_‡K gnxiæn (1994), e½eÜzi m‡½ Avjvc I cÖvmw½K K_KZv (1995), evsjv mb I Zvi HwZn¨ (1994), gxi gkviid †nv‡mb : bZzb Z‡_¨ bZzb fv‡l¨ (2005), †dvK‡jvi PP©v (2006), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (2007) cÖf„wZ| Rxebx : gwbiæ¾vgvb Bmjvgvev`x| GQvov eû MÖ‡š’i m¤úv`bv Ges evsjv GKv‡Wgxi wewea Awfavb MÖš’ cÖYq‡bi m‡½ wZwb hy³| Avby gynv¤§` (R. 1956) A_©bxwZi we‡klK| AvwacZ¨ev` wb‡q cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb| Avby gynv¤§` evgcš’v †PZbv‡K Av‡ivc K‡ib bv Zuvi †jLvq, Z‡e cyuwR ev †kªwYPwi‡Îi ¯^iƒc I m¤úK©‡K hyw³i mvnv‡h¨ wPwýZ K‡ib| M`¨fvlv gvwR©Z, Z_¨`xß| wek¦ cuywRev` I evsjv‡`‡ki Abybœqb (1983), MÖvgxY mgvR I A_©bxwZ (1985), evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœqb msKU Ges GbwRI g‡Wj (1988), µvwšÍKv‡ji wek¦ A_©bxwZ I Dbœqb mvgªvR¨ (1991), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 393



evsjv‡`‡ki †KvwUcwZ, ga¨weË I kªwgK (1992), AbybœZ †`‡k mgvRZš¿ : msMÖvg I AwfÁZv (1992), cuywRi AvšÍR©vwZKxKiY I AbybœZ wek¦ (1993), evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœqb wK m¤¢e? (1995), mgvR mgq I gvby‡li jovB (1994), Kj¤^v‡mi Av‡gwiKv ÔAvwe®‹viÕ I eûRvwZK gvby‡liv (1995), bvix, cyiæl I mgvR (1997), gvby‡li mgvR (2006) cÖf„wZ| †mwjbv †nv‡mb (R. 1947) m„Rbkxj cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb| ¯^‡`k-ivóª cwie„Ë, bvix AwaKvi, gyw³hy× BZ¨vKvi me wel‡q Zuvi cÖeÜ| K_vwkíxi M`¨ bq, gbbF× Zuvi cÖeÜ| hyw³wbôv Ges AwaKvi-gh©v`vi `v‡q Zuvi †eva cÖwÿß| mgvR-BwZnvm Zuvi hyw³ †_‡K Acm„Z bv nIqvq cÖeܸ‡jv n‡q I‡V wewPίúk©x, e¨ÄbviwÄZ| G‡ÿ‡Î †hgb mvejxj Ges kw³kvjx wZwb, †Zgwb `xwcZ Ges wØavnxb| †mwjbv †nv‡m‡bi cÖeÜMÖš’ : ¯^‡`‡k cievmx (1985), Ebmˇii MYAv‡›`vjb (1985), GKvˇii XvKv (1990), wbf©q Ki †n (1998) cÖf„wZ| gyn¤§` B`&wim Avjx (1938-2008) M‡elYvag©x iPbv evsjv Dcb¨vm mvwn‡Z¨ ga¨weË †kªYx (1947-1970) (1985), Avgv‡`i Dcb¨v‡m welq-†PZbv : wefv‡MvËi Kvj (1988), evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1990) cÖf„wZ| wZwb RmxgD`&`xb (1988) I knx` mv‡ei (1989)-Gi RxebxI wj‡L‡Qb| †gvnv¤§` nviæb-Di-iwk` (R. 1939) †k·cxqi I evsjv KweZv, mgv‡jvPbv (1985), k‡ãi wkíiƒc I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ (1985), nvRvi eQ‡ii ¯^cœ evsjv GKv‡Wgx (1994), m‡Z¨i cÖKvk (1994) Abe`¨ cÖeÜMÖš’| †k·cxqi welqK MÖš’wU wfbœgb¯‹ Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GLv‡b Zuvi †PZbv cÖÁvF× Ges e¨w³Z¡c~Y©| KweZvi hyw³wU wZwb wbR¯^Zvq cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| hyw³wbô Zuvi M`¨, kãmÜvbx G †jLK cwi”Qbœ Ges ¯^”QwPšÍvq DrKxY©| iZbjvj PµeZx© (R. 1951) BwZnv‡mi †jLK| evsjv‡`‡ki `wjj I msev`c‡Î †bZvRx myfvm (1997), Rural Indebtedness in Bengal : 1928-1947 (1997), knx` m‡šÍvlP›`ª fÆvPvh© (1997), knx` Rxeb (1997), Ave`yj nvwjg (1996), XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MYnZ¨v (1993), fvlv Av‡›`vjb : `wjjcÎ (1991), evsjv‡`k evg©v m¤úK© (1984), wmcvnx hy× I evsjv‡`k (1984), evsjv‡`‡ki gw›`i (1989) cÖf„wZ iZbjvj PµeZ©xi iPbv| KvRx †gvnv¤§` B`&wim (1906-1975) mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ I mvsevw`KZvq cw_K…r; †jLK| Zuvi GKgvÎ cÖeÜMÖš’ me gyL †Pbv †Pbv (1986)| †ek wKQy cÖe‡Üi msKjb G MÖš’wU| `xN© mvsevw`K AwfÁZv I evgcwš’ †PZbvi m‡½ hy³ _vKvi d‡j Zuvi



394 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



†gav I gb‡b GK mg„× iæwPi ¯^vÿi †g‡j| bvg cÖeÜwU e¨½vZ¥K| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgqKvi ivRbxwZwe`‡`i fÐvgxcbv, GK †kªwYi ¯^v_©ci gvby‡li gRyZ`vix, AewmZ b¨vqbxwZ wb‡q cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb| ˆmq` bvRgywÏb nv‡k‡gi cÖeÜ msKjb A‡kølvi ivÿmx †ejvq, ¯§„wZc‡U †kL gywRe I Ab¨vb¨ (1986)| GwU `kwU cÖe‡Üi msKjb| ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn&, mvbvDj nK, ax‡i›`ªbv_ `Ëmn A‡bK eo e¨w³‡`i wb‡q iwPZ| cÖeÜKv‡ii Avcb`„wó I †gRv‡R mywjwLZ G MÖš’wU| mgvR-ms¯‹w… Zi GKwU wbi‡cÿ g~j¨vqbI GLv‡b cwijwÿZ| m‡šÍvl ¸ß (1925-2004) ÔmZ¨mÜ, Z¨vMx I wbf©xK cyiæl, weØvb, ¯§„wZgvb I hyw³ev`xÕ| Zuvi AbyËg e³e¨ (1987) Zuvi mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbvag©x MÖš’| GLv‡b L¨vwZgvb wPÎKi‡`i wkíiæwP wb‡q †hgb Av‡jvPbv Av‡Q †Zgwb KweZv wb‡qI Av‡Q we‡kølY| m‡šÍvl ¸ßi gbbwPšÍvi cÖKvk G MÖš’wU| Zuvi cÖe‡Üi wfwËwUI GLv‡b Abygvb Kiv hvq| kw³kvjx G †jL‡Ki cÖe‡Üi eB : ¯§„wZ we¯§„wZi AZ‡j (1996), BwZnv‡mi Qvqv”Qbœ cÖni I e½eÜz (1996), BwZnvm Avgv‡`i w`‡K (1998), evsjv‡`‡ki wPÎwkí : ¯^iƒ‡ci mÜvb (1998), GKz‡ki †PZbv I AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`k (1988), wkí mgvR I ev¯ÍeZv (1999), Amgvß KweZv (1999), mgvRZ‡š¿i Ab¨ BwZnvm (2000), msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv ebvg mvsevw`KZv (2000), Abv‡jvK Av‡jvK¯Í¤¢ (2001) I BwZnv‡mi SY©vaŸwb (2005)| cwÎKvi Kjvg †jLK; Kwg‡UW, ¯^”Q cÖMwZgb¯‹Zvi AvRxeb cw_K„r| bvbv K_v, bvbv K_vi c‡ii K_v, iægxi Av¤§v, b~‡ni wKkwZ, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Ges c~e©e½xq mgvR (1993), Pwjø‡ki `k‡Ki XvKv, M‡íi Mí, hyw³we`¨v, m½ cÖm‡½i †jLv (2012) mi`vi dRjyj Kwig (1925-2014)i MÖš’| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Ges c~e©e½xq mgvR mi`vi Kwi‡gi Abe`¨ cy¯K Í | Ave`yi iv¾v‡Ki m‡½ AvjvcPvwiZvi Xs‡q iwPZ G MÖš’wU PgrKvi I myLcvV¨| AvjvcPvwiZvq †jLK e¨w³K_v bq D‡V Av‡m mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ, BwZnvm-ivRbxwZ-¯^‡`k mewKQy| mg‡qi `wj‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Zuvi iPbv| MÖš’wUi c×wZMZ web¨vm my›`i, fw½ cÖmv`¸Ym¤úbœ| wbcyYfv‡e ewY©Z G iPbvwU evsjv‡`‡ki M`¨we‡ePbvq Awfbe ms‡hvRb| g„`yjKvwšÍ PµeZ©x (1955-2012) m½xZ wel‡q wj‡L‡Qb| Zuvi MÖš’ : nvmb ivRv, Zuvi Mv‡bi Zix (1992), evsjv Mv‡bi aviv (1993), Mv‡bi SibvZjvq (1997) Abycg cÖeÜMÖš’| †Lv›`Kvi Avkivd †nv‡mb (1950-2013) evsjv‡`‡ki KweZv : AšÍi½ Ae‡jvKb (1994), wek¦ KweZvi wewPÎ msev` wb‡q cwi‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q wek¦KweZvi †mvbvjx km¨ (2005) MÖš’wU| G‡Z Av‡Q †biæ`v, †jviKv, Rwi MÖvnvg, †UW evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 395



wnDR, cvDj †mjvb cÖgyL Kwei e„ËvšÍ, †PZbvmsev`| evsjv‡`‡ki KweZvi gy» cvVK‡`i wPšÍv I fvebvi cwiwa‡K evwo‡q w`‡q‡Qb G MÖš’wUi †fZi w`‡q| †Lv›`Kvi Avkivd †nv‡mb Kwei M‡`¨, iwPZ cÖeÜ AZ¨šÍ ¯úk©KvZi I mvejxj| GK ai‡bi hyw³ Av‡Q, †ev‡ai mxgvbvq †m hyw³ GKUv ms‡e`bgvÎvI AR©b K‡i| Lye gMœfvl¨ Ges AvKl©Yxq cÖe‡Ü wZwb m½Z, †hŠw³K| Avi wel‡qi ¸‡Y GwU n‡q D‡V‡Q AviI g‡bvgy»Ki cvV| Zuvi Ab¨ MÖš’ KweZvi AšÍh©vgx : AvaywbK DËivaywbK I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½, †ivgvw›UK I AvaywbK KweZvi Aÿ-`ªvwNgv (2010) I iex›`ªbv_ B‡qUm MxZvÄwj (2012)| RyjwdKvi gwZb (R. 1946) jÿ¨ †h_v w¯’i (1996), KweZvi †`k (1996), mgvR I mvwnZ¨ : AvaywbKZv AR©‡bi aviv (2001), webvkx mgq Awebvkx Kvj : evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ (2001) cÖf„wZ MÖ‡š’ Amvgvb¨ gb¯^xZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| mgvR-gb¯‹ †PZbvq wek¦vmx| mvwn‡Z¨i b›`b‡K Rxe‡bi Rb¨ Aviva¨ Ávb K‡ib| wKš‘ wKQyB Av‡ivc K‡ib bv, †jLvq| wPšÍvi †h Av‡qvRb Zv †kªwY-mgvR-A_©bxwZi hyw³‡Z cÖwZwôZ| Zuvi fvlv mvejxj, cÖvÄj, mgKvj¯úkx©| AvaywbK Rxebexÿvq Zuvi mvwnZ¨Ávb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖeÜmvwn‡Z¨ D”Pgvb-Avkªqx| RxebxMÖš’ : †gvnv¤§` bwRei ingvb (1995) wewe †_‡K †eMg (1996) AvwKgyb ingvb (R. 1959)i M‡elYvag©x MÖš’| bvixi wPšÍ‡b, hyw³c~Y© M‡`¨ evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨; wel‡qi wfbœZvq GwU GKwU Awfbe cy¯K Í | BwZnvm we‡kølY Ges GKBm‡½ Av‡Q mgvRwfwËK g~j¨vqb Av‡Q GwU‡Z| f~wg-gvwUi ms¯‹…wZi cwiKvVv‡gvq D‡V G‡m‡Q bvixi †mKvj Avi GKv‡ji BwZnvm| Giƒc welq-wbe©vP‡bI AvwKgyb ingv‡bi †hvM¨ZvwU Abygvb Kiv hvq| cwikªgx G Kv‡R wZwb A‡bKvšÍ mdj| cwiwPwZ †g‡j M`¨`„wói|



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†PŠayixi †k·cxqvi-kÕ Abyev`Kg© wKsev Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmyÏx‡bi BwjqvWGi Abyev` A‡gvPbxq, aªæc`x ej‡j fyj nq bv| Z‡e Abyev‡`i mgm¨v A‡bK; fveMZ, fvlvMZ †Zv e‡UB| Avi KweZvi Abyev` Kx KLbI m¤¢e? Kwe e¨w³Z¡ _vK‡j †mwU AviI `yiƒn, µgk `yiƒnZiI e‡U| hv †nvK, ZeyI evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ Abyev` GKwU bZzb aviv Ges Zv mPj I engvb aviv| gyw³hy×-cieZ©x evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K Abyev` m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q A‡bK Ges Zvi mdj gÂvqbI m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| beZi cÖRb¥I G c‡_ n‡q‡Qb AbyMvgx| GLv‡b wefvM-cieZ©x mgq †_‡K A`¨vewa Abyev`K‡`i GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ`vb Kivi †Póv n‡q‡Q| h_vmva¨ Zuv‡`i K…ZK‡g©i `„wó‡PZbvI GLv‡b we‡køwlZ| Avgv‡`i GLv‡b †gŠwjK Abyev` I Ab~w`Z e¨w³ivB AšÍf©y³ n‡q‡Qb| cÖm½Z, bvU‡Ki Abyev` hviv K‡i‡Qb Zuv‡`i G MÖ‡š’ PZz_© Aa¨v‡q (bvUK) ivLv n‡q‡Q| AvKeiDÏxb (1895-1978) wefv‡MvËi evsjv‡`‡k `¯Íqfw¯‹i Aciva I kvw¯Í, Uj÷‡qi nvRx gyiv`, †nbix GWvg‡mi AvZ¥Rxebx, †nbix †Rgm GWvg‡m wkÿvwelqK AvZ¥PwiZ (1g I 2q LÐ) AvKeiDÏx‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Abyev`| iæk mvwn‡Z¨i L¨vwZgvb †jLK‡`i G Abyev` †hgb Zxÿèax †Zgwb mvejxj| Zuvi Abyev` A‡bKUv g~jvbyM, AvKl©Yxq| Dcb¨v‡mi PwiÎ m„wó, Kvwnwb I NUbvi cybwe©b¨vm, cwi‡e‡ki †mwUsm h_vh_| Uj÷q wKsev `¯Íqfw¯‹i Rxeb`„wó wkígvb Abyev‡` iÿv Kiv `yiƒn n‡jI A‡bKUv mdj n‡q‡Qb AvKeiDÏxb| Abyev` mycvV¨ Ges Av¯^v`b‡hvM¨| Avwbmy¾vgvb (R. 1937) AmKvi IqvBì-Gi Av`k© ¯^vgx (1982)i Abyev` K‡i‡Qb Avwbmy¾vgvb| Abyev‡` Zuvi PP©v Kg n‡jI G‡ÿ‡Î h‡_ó †gav I eyw×i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| AZ¨šÍ mshgI cwijwÿZ| me‡P‡q eo cwi‡ek¸Y wZwb h_vh_ eRvq ivL‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| Ave`vi ikx` (R. 1918) Ave`vi ikx` evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨w³| wZwb i½-we`ªƒcvZ¥K im‡eva m¤úbœ †jLK| Ruv cj mv‡Î©i Qvqvnxb Kvqv (1977), B‡jKUªv (1979), A¨vw›UMwb (1977) BZ¨vw` Abyev‡` wZwb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| mvΩ wb‡q h‡_ó 398 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Ávbeyw× AR©b K‡i‡Qb| Abyev‡` wZwb mr Ges cwikªgx| †PZbvMZ cwiïw×i Pvc Av‡Q Zuvi Kg©Kv‡Ð| Ave`vi ikx‡`i mvΩ cVb †ek AvKl©Yxq| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ Ggb Abyev` cvV‡Ki `„wó‡PZbv I iæwP‡K AvaywbK gb¯‹ K‡i †Zv‡j| Ave`yj Mwb nvRvix (1925-1976) ¯^Y©Ma©f (1965), d«‡q‡Wi gbtmgxÿv (1g I 2q LÐ)-Gi wbf©i‡hvM¨ Abyev` K‡i‡Qb| GwUB GKgvÎ MÖš’ †hwU Avgv‡`i wbKU d«‡qW‡K ch©‡eÿ‡Yi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡q‡Q| wZwb d«‡qW KZ…©K Aby‡gvw`Z †Rvqvb wiwfqv‡ii Bs‡iRx Abyev` †_‡K GwU MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| ¯úó I ¯^”Q `„wó‡PZbvq Ave`yj Mwb nvRvix cÖPÐ `vwqZ¡kxjZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| G‡Z Zuvi fvlv KweZ¡c~Y© bq, eyw×`xß I gbb †PZbvq F×| evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖKvwkZ Ave`yj Mwb nvRvix iPbvejx wØZxq L‡Ð GwU MÖw_Z i‡q‡Q| jywmqvm Gcywjqv‡mi †Mv‡ìb G¨vm- Gi Abyev` ¯^Y©M`©f| Avm‡j GwU jywmqv‡mi iƒcvšÍi (metamorphosis)-Gi RbwcÖq bvg ¯^Y©M`©f| ÔB›`ªRvj m¤ú‡K© A`g¨ †KŠZ‚n‡ji d‡j Kwi‡š’i GK AwfRvZ es‡ki R‰bK jywmqvm wKfv‡e GKwU Mvavq iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q †kl ch©šÍ wec¾bK cwiw¯’wZ †cwi‡q †`ex AvBwm‡mi K…cvq Avevi beiƒc wd‡i †cjÕZviB AvL¨vb ¯^Y©M`©f| mgKvjxb †ivg mgv‡Ri Av‡jL¨ GwU †gŠwjK iPbvi g‡ZvB Abyev` K‡i‡Qb Ave`yj Mwb nvRvix| DwjøwLZ `y‡Uv iPbvi †ÿ‡ÎB wZwb gywÝqvbvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| Ave`yjøvn Avey mvqx` (R. 1940) Ave`yjøvn Avey mvqx‡`i Abyev` k„•LwjZ cÖwgw_Dm (1992), `¨vM n¨vgvi‡kvì (1969)| cÖwgw_D‡mi fve‡PZbvi ¯^iƒc mvejxj M‡`¨ iwPZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Abyev‡` Zuvi †ewk mvdj¨ Av‡m wb| Z‡e Ave`yjøvn Avey mvqx‡`i Abyev` mycvV¨; wbR¯^ e¨w³Z¡ I fw½i Kvi‡YB| GK ai‡bi †PZbvMZ e³e¨B wZwb Gi †fZi w`‡q cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| †mwU Zuvi ¯^vZš¿¨, Aek¨ Abyev‡`i g‡Zv d‡g© GK ai‡bi cÖvewÜK D”PviYB wZwb K‡ib| cªwgw_Dm Kxiƒ‡c mvdj¨ I GKv‡jI dj`vqK Zvi g~j¨vqb GKwU e³e¨iƒ‡c cÖwZôv cvqGi e¨Z¨q N‡U bv Zuvi †jLvq| Ave`ym †mwjg evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 399



†evU©ì †eªk&U Gi M¨vwjwjI (1978)i Abyev` K‡i‡Qb Ave`ym †mwjg| GwU GK A‡_© M¨wjwjIi †PZbvMZ w`K, Ab¨w`‡K †eªkU& -Gi bvU¨dg©‡K eRvq †i‡L cvVK‡K cwiZ…wß †`Iqv| Gme `yiƒn Kg©cÖqvm| †eªk&U AvaywbK bvU¨Kvi wn‡m‡e GLb c„w_ex †kªô| Zuvi bvU¨dg© ¸iæZ¡c~Y©; Ggb welq Abyev‡` envj ivLv wbðqB †hvM¨Zvi e¨vcvi| Ave`ym †mwj‡gi M¨vwjwjI mycvV¨I e‡U| hveZxq AÜZv I Kzms¯‹v‡ii weiæ‡× weÁvb‡PZbvi Rq cvVK gn‡ji Rb¨ GKwU Awbevh© Dc‡hvM| Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmyÏxb (1897-1978) Abyev‡`i Rb¨ evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‹vi cvb| Zz‡M©wb‡fi The Virgin SoilGi Abyev` Abvev`x Rwg (1938), Zz‡M©wb‡fi wZbwU M‡íi Abyev` w·mªvZv (1939), Zz‡M©wb‡fi Torrents of Spring-Gi Qvqv Aej¤^‡b iwPZ LiZi½ (1953); †nvgv‡ii BwjqW (1967), †mKv‡ji I GKv‡ji †miv Mí (1963)| PgrKvi Abyev‡` Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmy`&`xb Gme MÖ‡š’i Pwi·K †cuŠ‡Q w`‡q‡Qb Kvj-f~‡Mvj mxgv AwZµg K‡i me©‰`wkK I KvwjK Ave‡Z©| M`¨fw½ Avoó bq, K_vKv‡ii f~wgKvq wZwb n‡q D‡V‡Qb wbR¯^| wk‡íi fve I †mŠ›`h© fvlvšÍwiZ Kiv `yiƒn KvR| wKš‘ Abyev`K G KwVb KvR‡K mnR K‡i‡Qb, eRvq †i‡L‡Qb Gme †jLK‡`i aªæc`x fveg~wZ©| Aveyj Kvwmg gynv¤§` Av`gyÏxb Abyev`K I cªeÜKvi| Aviex †QvUMí (1371), ZznvdzZzj djvwmdv (1371) cÖf„wZ MÖ‡š’i mdj Abyev` m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb| Abyev‡`i †fZi w`‡q A‡bK we‡`wk mvwn‡Z¨i welq‡K wZwb cwiPq Kwi‡q‡Qb| Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`xb (1911-1988) K_vwkíx Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`xb wkíxi mvabv (1967) Am¤¢e my›`i iPbv| wkíxi `„wó‡PZbv, fvlv, `vk©wbK †PZbv GKUv m~²Zvi mgMÖZv iPbv K‡i †hLv‡b bv›`wbK ï×Zv Abygvb Kiv hvq| †jLK ev¯ÍevbyM wkíeywׇZ wek¦vmx| †PZbv Av‡Q Øvw›ØK mËvi AveZ©†hwU G MÖš’wU‡K D”PZv `vb K‡i‡Q| GQvov Zuvi Ab¨ Abyev` LvcQvov (1968), cvj©ev‡K©i †miv Mí (1968)| wefv‡MvËi Kvj‡PZbvi mg„w×i ¯^iƒcwU †g‡j Zuvi Abyev`K‡g©|



400 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Avey kvnwiqvi †k·cxq‡ii n¨vg‡jU : †Wbgv‡K©i ivRKzgvi (1979) I A¨v›Ubx I wK¬I‡cUªv (1978), BDRxb B‡q‡b‡¯‹vi Zß evZv‡m `yRb (1977) Abyev` K‡i‡Qb Avey kvnwiqvi| evsjv‡`‡k †k·cxqv‡ii Abyev` bZzb bq| Avey kvnwiqvi Uª¨v‡RwW bvUK n¨vg‡jU‡K GKUz wfbœ fw½‡Z wb‡q G‡m‡Qb| Gi Rb¨ cV‡bi Avjv`v ¯^v` †g‡j Ges GUv wbwðZ G‡Z K‡i g‡ÂI †k·cxqvi Awfb‡qi GKUv ˆewPΨ ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| Abyev‡`i cwi‡cÖwÿZwU h_vh_ eRvq †i‡L‡Qb bvU¨Kvi| BDRxb Bq‡b‡¯‹vi bvUK Abyev‡`I wZwb ¯^vZ‡š¿¨i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| Avjg †Lvi‡k` (R. 1961) Abyev‡`i Kv‡R G mg‡q cÖwmw× †c‡q‡Qb| Abyev‡`i `ÿZvI Av‡Q| hv`yev¯ÍeZv Mv_v : j¨vwZb Av‡gwiKvi Mí QvovI †ek wKQy Dcb¨vm I M‡íi Abyev` K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e h‡Zœi NvUwZ Av‡Q| A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB `ªæZZv cwijwÿZ, G‡Z g~j †jLK Abycw¯’Z i‡q hvb| †hUv Kvg¨ bq| Avjx Av‡bvqvi (1935-2014) n¨viì wc›Uv‡ii bvU‡Ki Abyev` Awb‡KZ †e`bv (1985)| Avjx Av‡bvqvi gb¯^x †jLK| bvUK wel‡q Zuvi Av‡Q cÖPzi cvV-AwfÁZv| Abyev‡` wZwb cÖPÐiƒ‡c g~jvbyM Ges m„Rbkxj| n¨viì wc›Uvi QvovI Be‡m‡bi bvUK wb‡qI wZwb KvR K‡i‡Qb| bvU‡Ki Aven Ges Zvi AvaywbK `„wó‡PZbvi cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© wZwb wbf©yj, wbw`©ó jÿ¨vwfmvix| fvlv I `„wó‡KvY cwi”Qbœ I mvejxj| Zuvi cve‡jv †biæ`vi Abyev` Amvgvb¨ I AvKl©Yxq| Avjx Avng` (R. 1948) Kvwg‡jv †nv‡m †mjvÕi Abyev` cv¯‹zqvj `yqv‡Z©i cwievi, †W‡iK Iqvj‡Kv‡Ui Kve¨bvU¨ Aej¤^‡b ¯^cœwMwi, bMxe gvndz‡Ri Aej¤^‡b †Pvi I mvi‡gq mgvPvi, Bfvb Zz‡M©wb‡fi Abyev` cÖ_g †cÖg, gv‡K©m Aej¤^‡b ev‡iv AwfhvÎxi Kvwnbx Ges †gN I Ab¨vb¨ `vbe, I‡q †KbRvey‡ivi Abyev` wkKvi I Ab¨vb¨ Mí Ges bMxe gvndz‡Ri Abyev` †LuvR| Avjx Avng` `ÿ Abyev`K| G Kv‡RB wZwb cwic~Y© g‡bv‡hvMx| g~jZ K_vmvwn‡Z¨i Abyev‡` wZwb `ÿZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| we‡k¦i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †jLK‡`i Abyev‡` wZwb m„RbkxjZvi ¯^vÿi †i‡L‡Qb| Dcb¨v‡mi cwiKvVv‡gv wbg©vY, Kvwnwb K_‡b evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 401



Zuvi h‡_ó †gavi ¯^vÿi Av‡Q| Avj¼vwiK D”PZv I wkí¸Y eRv‡q wZwb A‡bKUvB g~jvbyM I cwi”Qbœ| KL‡bvB Avjx Avn‡g` ¯^xq Kíbv‡K ev eywׇK Av‡ivc K‡i bv Abyev‡`i g‡a¨| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ Abyev‡`i †ÿ‡Î wbR¯^ GKwU Nivbvi Rb¥ w`‡q‡Qb wZwb| AvmKvi Be‡b kvBL (R. 1925) _b©Ub IqvBìvi Aej¤^‡b hš¿Yvi Pvc (1978) Abyev` K‡i‡Qb AvmKvi Be‡b kvBL| lv‡Ui ¸iæZ¡c~Y© G bvU¨Kvi †gŠwjK bvUK wjL‡jI Abyev‡`I AvaywbK wPšÍvi mdj cÖ‡qvM NwU‡q‡Qb| wek¦bvU‡Ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© G e¨w³‡K wZwb evOvwji wbKU h_vh_fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| e¨w³mgv‡Ri AšÍðvc, Zvi wµqv cÖwZwµqv, Kx Ges †Kb wKsev BZ¨vKvi Ggbme cÖ‡kœi DËi Avgv‡`i mgvRwRÁvmvi GKiKg evB‡ii welqB wQj| AvmKvi Be‡b kvBL Aby‡cÖiYvekZ G KvRwU m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb| Ges mdj n‡q‡Qb| gRvi Abyev` hš¿Yvi Pvc| Avng` Qdv (1943-2001) Avng` Qdv Abyev` K‡i‡Qb Zvwbqv (1967), dvD÷ (1986), evUª©vÛ iv‡m‡ji mskqx iPbvejx| dvD‡÷i Abyev` Lye RwUj Kg©| KvRx Ave`yj I`y‡`i ci wZwb G KvRwU K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi G Abyev` myLcvV¨ n‡jI Kve¨‡gRvR GKUz Avoó| D”Pgv‡M©i G Kwei Rxeb‡PZbv, `vk©wbK eyw× cwiewZ©Z fvlvq eRvq †i‡L Kiv KwVb| ZeyI Qdvi Abyev`B †ewk RbwcÖq Ges cvVK MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv †ewk| Ab¨vb¨ Abyev‡`I †ek gbbkxjZvi cwiPq jÿYxq| Kexi †PŠayix (1923-2011) Kexi †PŠayix Abyev‡`i RM‡Z GK we¯§q| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ wZwb GLb Abyev‡`i cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ| mvwn‡Z¨i me kvLvq mgvb Zv‡j wZwb Abyev` K‡i P‡j‡Qj| Zuvi Kg©cwiwa wekvj| evsjv‡`‡ki Abyev‡` Zuvi Zzj¨ e¨w³Z¡ weij ej‡j Kg ejv nq bv| Zuvi wek¦weL¨vZ mvwnZ¨K‡g©i evsjv Abyev` : †kL‡fi Mí (1969), mgy‡`ªi ¯^v` (1970), †MÖU M¨vUmwe (1971), w` †MÖcm Ae i¨v_ (1989), iƒcvšÍi (1990), †eDjd (1985), Aj w` wKsm †gb (1992), Iì g¨vb GÛ `¨ mx (1994), Pz¤^b (2000), KvdKvi wbe©vwPZ Mí (2001), eøyweqvW© (2001), †cÖg I K‡jiv (2002), Ai‡Y¨i Mígvjv 402 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



(2002), d«¨v‡¼b÷vBb (2001), µwbKj Ae G †W_ †dvi‡Uvì (2002), K¨_wibv eøy‡gi nviv‡bv m¤£g (2003), wWbvicvwU© (2003), †bwUfmvb (2005), †nv‡n© †evi‡n‡mi wbe©vwPZ Mí (2006), `yB †bv‡ej weRqxi wbe©vwPZ †QvUMí (2006), eø¨vK eq (2006), w` †jBU ey‡R©vqv Iqvì (2006), by¨W wPÎKg© (2006), gvby‡li wPÎKg© (2006), †Pv‡Li Av‡jvq †`‡LwQ‡jg (2006), Rxebhvc‡bi wkíKjv (2012)| bvU‡Ki Abyev` I iƒcvšÍi AvnŸvb (1965), kÎæ (1962), cuvPwU GKvw¼Kv (1963), A‡Pbv (1969), knx‡`i cÖZxÿvq (1959), †n±i (1969), Qvqvevmbv (1966), †mB wbivjv cÖvšÍi (1966), mgªvU †Rvbm (1964), Agv iRbxi c‡_ (1966), cÖv‡Yi †P‡q wcÖq (1970), wjwmmUª¨vUv (1984), †fK (1986), wen½ (1986), Rbbx mvnwmKv I Zvi mšÍvbiv (1984), M‡Wvi cÖZxÿvq (1981), Elv w`‡knviv I Ab¨vb¨ bvwUKv (1992), I‡_‡jv (1981), kvB‡jvi Db¥vw`bx (1990), gvbe we‡Ølx (1990), †e‡K‡Ui `ywU bvUK (hyM¥fv‡e) (1999), †e‡K‡Ui wZbwU bvUK (2000), kvwšÍ (1998), †dBWªv (1996), n¨vg‡jU †gwkb (1997), MÐvi (2000), †miv wZb GKvw¼Kv (2002), mg‡ik †Kv_vq (2002), IqvP Ab w` ivBb (2003), K¨v_wjb (1974), Agv iRbxi c‡_ (1987), †e‡K‡Ui c‡b‡iv bvUK (hyM¥fv‡e) (2006)| Kve¨MÖ‡š’i Abyev` fvrmv‡iv‡fi KweZv (1980), AvaywbK eyj‡Mixq KweZv (1980), wi‡¯Ív †ev‡Z‡fi KweZv (1988), wi‡¯Ív w¯§‡bbw¯‹i KweZv (1989), Kvnwji wReiv‡bi KweZv (1992), mwPÎ †cª‡gi KweZv (2000)| M‡elYv MÖ‡š’i Abyev` Av‡gwiKvi mgvR I mvwnZ¨ (1968), mßi_x (1970), gvwK©b Dcb¨vm I Zvi HwZn¨ (1970), Awe®§iYxq eB (1960), gvby‡li wkíKg© cÖf„wZ|



Lye ¯^íK_vq A‡bK `~‡i †cuŠQvb Kexi †PŠayix| me wel‡q m„Rbx †PZbv I gbbag© Zv‡K eRvq| c„w_exi hveZxq welq‡K evOvwj cvV‡Ki mvg‡b wZwb Db¥y³ K‡i‡Qb| Kexi †PŠayix mvejxj e³e¨ eqv‡b, g~jvbyM mZ¨Zv mywbwðZ Zuvi †jLvq| KvImvi ûmvBb (R. 1963) BZv‡jv Kvjwf‡bi Mí (1996), BDwjqvg †eøB‡Ki mO&Mm Ae B‡bv‡mÝ GÛ G·‡cwi‡qÝ Aej¤^‡b ï×Zv I AwfÁZvi Mvb (1991), †eK‡bi cÖeÜ evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 403



Abyev` K‡i‡Qb| †gavex G †jLK Abyev‡` mvejxj I mPwKZ| M`¨ wbf©vi, cwiï×| KvImvi ûmvBb h‡_vwPZiƒ‡c g~j‡K AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| Kv‡qg K‡i‡Qb wb‡Ri ¯^vZš¿¨| mycvV¨ Zuvi iPbv| KvRx †gvnv¤§` B`wim (1906-1975) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †jLK KvRx †gvnv¤§` B`wim| mvsevw`KZvi m‡½ cÖavbZ hy³ _vK‡jI Abyev` wel‡q wZwb A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR K‡i‡Qb| Px‡bi Mí Aej¤^‡b wkï mvwn‡Z¨ Avjv`v GKwU cvV ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb wZwb| bvU‡KI Zuvi wecyj Drmvn wQj| ÷ªxÛev‡M©i mvZwU bvUK (1978) Abyev`B Zvi cÖgvY| G‡ÿ‡Î jÿYxq ÷ªxÛev‡M©i g‡Zv L¨vwZgvb bvU¨Kvi‡K wZwb Abyev‡`i Rb¨ †e‡Q wb‡q‡Qb| Lye gbbkxj cwiPh©v cwijwÿZ G Abyev‡`| mvZwU bvU‡K cwic~Y© ÷ªxÛevM© cvV‡Ki mvg‡b Dcw¯’Z| Ges cwiwPwZ †g‡j Rxe‡bi m~²vwZm~² A‡bK wel‡qi| G bvUKwU Abyev‡`i d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨RMZ n‡q‡Q mg„×| we¯§„ZcÖvq KvRx B`wim G bvUK Abyev‡`i †fZi w`‡qB Agwjb| Lvqiæj Avjg meyR (R. 1952) MvOwPj, AvwšÍ‡Mv‡b (1990), †bviv (1996), ey‡oveU I kKzb (1996) Lvqiæj Avjg mey‡Ri Abyev`| bvUK Abyev‡` wZwb A‡bKvs‡k mdj| Z‡e Zuvi Abyev` g‡Kw›`ªK, mvwnZ¨ im m„R‡b cwic~Y© g‡b nq bv| bvU¨¸Y eRv‡q wZwb h‡_ó cvi½gZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| Lvqiæj Avjg meyR G K‡g© wb‡R‡K AbyeZ©x K‡i‡Qb wZwb, AR©b K‡i‡Qb G‡`kxq KvVv‡gv I cwi‡ek| Abyev‡` Zuvi bvU¨wµqv cÖksmbxq, cwikxwjZ| †Lv›`Kvi Avkivd †nv‡mb (1950-2013) †Lv›`Kvi Avkivd †nv‡mb Kwe n‡jI Abyev‡` wZwb K…wZZ¡ †`wL‡q‡Qb| m¤cÖwZ †Uwi CMjUb mvwnZ¨ZË¡ (2004)i Abyev‡` n‡q‡Qb L¨vwZgvb| KvVv‡gv, DËi-KvVv‡gv welqK we‡k¦i mv¤cÖwZK aviYv G MÖš’wU‡Z cvIqv hvq| G¸‡jv CMjU‡bi †PZbviB Ask wKš‘ Ab~ev`K cybtm„wó m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb Zuvi †jLvq| †Lv›`Kvi Avkivd †nv‡m‡bi M`¨ m„Rbkxj, mycvV¨| mvwnZ¨‡Ë¡i Av‡jvPbvq G MÖš’wU GKwU Awbevh© ms‡hvRb| GQvov cyivY‡KvlMÖš’I Av‡Q Zuvi| m‡dvwK¬‡mi ivRv Cw`cvm (1986), BDwiwcwW‡mi Avj‡mw÷m (1987), cvDj †mjv‡bi KweZv (1997), mvaviY aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i 404 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Dcv`vb (1989) Gme MÖš’ Abyev‡`i †fZi w`‡q G avivwU‡K wZwb K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb mg„×| Kwei Av‡eM ïay bq, cVb-cvV‡b h‡_ó cÖ`xß G mgv‡jvPK, m„Rbkxj-`ÿ I wek¦¯Í Abyev`K| †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv (1895-1964) Kwe †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv D`y© I Aviwe fvlvÁ, GKB m‡½ Bmjvgx fve‡PZbvi wel‡q wQj h‡_ó AvMÖn| KL‡bvB G †PZbv †_‡K wZwb wemwR©Z nbwb| ïay Av‡eM bq GK ai‡bi wek¦vmI wQj Zuvi G wel‡q| Ggb cÖ‡Yv`bv †_‡K †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídvi Abyev` : gymvÏv‡m-nvjx (1949), Kvjv‡g BKevj (1957), Avj KziAvb, wkKIqv I RIqv‡e wkKIqv (1960)| Bmjv‡gi cÖkw¯Í KxZ©b wea„Z n‡q‡Q Gme iPbvq| GK ai‡bi AvZ¥cwiZ…wßi Abyl½ hy³ _vKvq Gme iPbv †Zgb AvKl©Yxq g‡b nq bv| Aek¨ G ai‡bi iPbvq Av‡eM I ¯‘wZ ¯^fveZB A‡PZb _v‡K bv| Z‡e Kwe †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídvi Abyev` Gme mxgve×Zvi E‡aŸ© bq| †PŠayix kvgmyi ingvb (1902-1977) wbwl× dj (1960), ZvmwKivZzj IqvwKqvZ (1968), Ugvm †Rdvimb (1958), cÖRvcwZi wewPÎ K_v (1962), †gw·‡Kv (1967), Avwd«Kvi Af¨šÍ‡i (1969) Gme wewPÎ iK‡gi Abyev‡` †PŠayix kvgmyi ingvb †ek m„Rbkxj| wZwb m„Rbkxj mvwnwZ¨KI e‡U| lv‡Ui mvwnZ¨ cwigЇj Zuvi Ae`vb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bvbvwea Kvi‡Y| Zvi g‡a¨ Abyev` ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| kvgmyi ingv‡bi AvMÖnI †hgb bvbvgywL, †Zgwb im‡eva Áv‡bI wZwb cÖLi| †evaKwi AvMÖn †_‡KB m„wó n‡q‡Q Zuvi im‡eva| DwjøwLZ Abyev‡` wZwb GKUv ch©vq AwZµg K‡i‡Qb, m‡›`n †bB| mvwn‡Z¨i mwÜrmvq G¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡enI e‡U wKš‘ ch©vß bb wZwb| GKgywL wel‡q gb‡hvMx n‡jB Zuvi mvdj¨ AviI evoZ g‡b nq| †hgb †gw·‡Kv ev Ugvm †Rdvimb wel‡qi Kv‡Ri †P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wbwl× dj| †mwU †h gv‡biB †nvK Zv‡Z cvV‡Ki cvV _v‡K| ZeyI c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡b Abyev‡`i c_‡iLvq wZwb A‡gvPbxq bb| Rvdi ZvjyK`vi (R. 1952) Rvdi ZvjyK`vi M‡íi Abyev` K‡i‡Qb| Gme M‡í wZwb A‡bKUv mvejxj| Zuvi MíKvVv‡gvi b›`‡b GK iK‡gi HwZwn¨K mvgÄm¨ ˆZwi nq| evB‡ii Kvwnwb n‡jI GK ai‡bi HK¨ cvIqv hvq G‡`kxq fve‡PZbvi m‡½| Zuvi evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 405



Ab~w`Z MÖš’ B‡›`v‡bwkqvi Mí (1989), †XD‡qi Mvb (1991), wfb‡`kx gRvi Mí (1996), d«v‡Ýi iƒcK_v (1997), bvbvb †`‡ki iƒcK_v (1997), we‡`kx gRvi Mí (1992) cÖf„wZ| Abyev‡`i cwiPh©vq Zuvi hvÎv cvVK‡K Avkvwš^Z K‡i| wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx (1928-2014) wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKxi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Abyev` †k·cxq‡ii m‡bU (1977)| GKwU `yiƒn Kg© wZwb G‡ÿ‡Î m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb| †k·cxqvi A‡bK eo Kwe, Zuvi m‡b‡Ui Q›`‰ewPΨ, Avj¼vwiK wefv, Dc¯’vcb cÖqvm GKw`‡K †hgb gayi Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb `yiƒn| wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx AmvaviY K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb Zuvi m‡bU‡K| G welqK Zuvi `xN©vqZ f~wgKvwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| hv †nvK, Abyev‡`i d‡j evsjvfvlvfvlx‡`i Kv‡Q †k·cxqvi A‡bK mnR n‡q‡Q, KweevÜe‡K wP‡b wb‡Z †c‡i‡Q| wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx wb‡RI Kwe, myZivs Kwei gg© Zvi Avq‡Ë, m‡bU Abyev‡` †m we‡ePbvwU wZwb eRvq †i‡L‡Qb| A¨vwiIcvwRwUKv (1971), m¨gmb A¨MvwbmwUR (1973), †Ug‡c÷ (1985) cÖ‡Z¨KwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Abyev`| wgëb wel‡q Zuvi cvV-AwfÁZv Av‡Q, `„wó‡KvY wKsev `vk©wbK eyw×i RvqMvwU Abyev`‡Ki KivqË| evsjv‡`‡k wgëbPP©vq wZwbB cw_K…r| G cÖqvmwU Avgiv Zuvi Abyev‡` jÿ Kwi| bvUKxq Aeqe I Aven, msjvc¸Y, AvenMZ cwiPh©v we`¨gvb A¨vwiIcvwRwUKv wKsev m¨gmb Abyev‡`| me‡P‡q eo Abyev‡`i e¨vcv‡i `xN© cvV wZwb MÖnY K‡i‡Qb, cwiPh©v‡ZI wZwb hZœkxj Ges cwikªgx| Abyev` wel‡q wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx GKwU MÖš’I wj‡L‡Qb| wRqv nvq`vi (1936-2008) wRqv nvq`vi bvU‡Ki ZË¡ Ges Abyev` wel‡q †ek wKQy MÖš’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| wb‡RI m„Rbkxj bvU¨Kvi| G¨vw›U‡Mv‡b (1992) Zuvi Ab~w`Z bvUK| G bvU‡K wZwb g~jvbyM, ¯^”Q›`| MÖxK †_‡K Bs‡iwR nIqvi ci evsjvq wKsev Ab¨vb¨ fvlvq Abyev` m¤úbœ nq| wRqv nvq`viI †ZgbwU K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi M`¨ Kvw•ÿZ, bvU¨fvlv FRy| Z‡e GwU †Zgb cvVKwcÖqZv cvqwb| KviY, e¨w³‡Z¡i `ye©jZv| ZeyI evsjv‡`‡k GwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Abyev`, m‡›`n †bB| d‡Zn †jvnvbx (1920-1975) BDwRb IÕbx‡ji bvUK PZzóq (1967), Av_©vi wgjv‡ii GKwU mvgvb¨ g„Zz¨ (1979) d‡Zn †jvnvbx Ab~w`Z bvUK| wefvM-cieZ©x evsjv‡`‡k wZwb bvU‡K 406 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb| IÕbx‡ji bvU‡Ki Abyev` evsjv fvlvfvlxi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Av‡gwiKvb G bvU¨Kvi wek¦mvwn‡Z¨i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bvU¨e¨w³Z¡| c„w_exi A‡bK fvlvq Zuvi bvUK †hgb Ab~w`Z †Zgwb G welqK aviYv ev ÁvbI n‡q‡Q wek¦e¨vcx mgv`„Z| Av_©vi wgjv‡ii A‡b‡KB Abyev` Ki‡jI d‡Zn †jvnvbxi Abyev` MÖnY‡hvM¨ Ges †ewk bvU¨gb¯‹| d‡Zn †jvnvbx GKvav‡i bvU¨Kvi Ges bvU¨ Abyev`K| †m Kvi‡Y Abyev‡` wZwb IÕbxj wKsev wgjv‡ii cÖeYZv I bvU¨‡ÿÎwU ey‡S DV‡Z mÿg| †mwUi cÖgvY Zuvi Abyev‡` wg‡j‡Q| ew`Di ingvb (R. 1947) ew`Di ingvb mgvRgb¯‹ †jLK| Giw÷U‡ji †cv‡qwUK&m (1995), †nv‡i‡mi Avm©‡cv‡qwUKv (1996), jw½bv‡mi Kve¨ZË¡ (1977) Gme Abyev‡` mvwnZ¨Z‡Ë¡i bZzb RMZ‡K wZwb D‡b¥vPb K‡i‡Qb| mybxj Kzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq wKsev wmivRyj Bmjvg †PŠayix G welqK KvR¸‡jv m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb| ew`Di ingvb †nv‡im wKsev jw½by‡mi cv‡V †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Z‡e Zuvi fvebv GKUz Avoó, wØavwš^Z| †cv‡qwUKmI G Kvi‡YB cvVKwcÖqZv Kg †c‡q‡Q| ZeyI evsjv‡`‡ki Abyev` mvwn‡Z¨ GwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ms‡hvRb| gwZbD`&`xb Avng` (1900-1980) A_©bxwZi †Mvovi K_v (1964), d«v¼wjb iæR‡fë (1964), kZ Rxe‡bi K_v (1962), AkvšÍ c„w_ex (1960), RbmsL¨v evo‡Q (1959), weRb e‡bi iƒcK_v (1959), nv‡Zi Kv‡Qi KjKâv wKfv‡e P‡j (1964), PvjvK nIqvi cqjv wKZve (1958), RMr Ry‡o gRvi †Ljv (1964) Ggb A‡bK Kv‡R wZwb mdj| gwZbD`&`xb cwikªgx Ges †gavex †jLK| †gavi cwiPh©v K‡i‡Qb bvbv wel‡q| wewPÎgywL wel‡qi PP©v wZwb K‡i‡Qb| cÖavbZ Mífw½wU‡Z wZwb †ewk wµqvkxj| DwjøwLZ Gme MÖ‡š’I Zvi cÖgvY i‡q‡Q| Z‡e Zuvi m¤¢vebv AviI wmwiqvm K‡g© mgwš^Z nIqvi h‡_ó my‡hvM wQj| gwdR †PŠayix †k·cxqv‡ii wKs wjqi (1978), A¨v›Ubx I wK¬I‡cUªv (1992)i Abyev` K‡i‡Qb gwdR †PŠayix| A‡b‡KB G bvU¨Kv‡ii bvU‡Ki Abyev` K‡i‡Qb G ch©v‡q gwdR †PŠayix e¨wZµgx| PwiÎ cwiùzUb, Aven wbg©vY, Mí-eY©bvq evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 407



wZwb K…wZZ¡ †`wL‡q‡Qb| mycvV¨ n‡q D‡V‡Q Zuvi Abyev`| ZeyI †mwUsm wKsev g~jvbyeZ©x nIqvi †ÿ‡Î wKQy mxgve×Zv Av‡Q| gvbœvb nxiv (R. 1957) gvbœvb nxivi †KvwiI‡jbvm (1978) Abyev‡`i d‡j wb‡Ri bvUK wn‡m‡eB cwiMwYZ ejv P‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡K GwU Abe`¨ ms‡hvRb| †`kxq AvenwU PgrKvi eRvq †i‡L‡Qb bvU¨Kvi| gvdxR `xb †mL gnvKwe M¨v‡Ui K¬vwf‡Mv (1994) bvU‡Ki Abyev` K‡i‡Qb wZwb| GwU Lye `yiƒn Abyev`| evsjvfvlx‡`i Rb¨ GwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| †M¨‡Ui Ava¨vwZ¥K `„wó‡PZbvi mZK© we‡ePbv GLv‡b cwijwÿZ| gybxi †PŠayix (1925-1971) gybxi †PŠayix gb¯^x bvU¨Kvi, Zuvi AvaywbKgb¯‹Zvi Zzjbv nq bv| Abyev‡`i †ÿÎwU‡ZI wZwb h‡_ó AvaywbK| ejv P‡j evsjv‡`‡ki bvU‡Ki Abyev‡` wZwb cw_K…r| ¯^í mg‡q A‡bK †gavex KvR Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb| eûgb¯‹, weijcÖR ¸Yx G bvU¨Kv‡ii c~Y©v½ iƒcvšÍwiZ bvUK RR© evb©vW kÕi You never can tell-Gi iƒcvšÍi †KD wKQy ej‡Z cv‡i bv (1967), Rb Mjm&Iqv`©xi The silver box-Gi iƒcvšÍi iƒcvi †KŠUv (1969), †Rvnvb AMv÷ w÷ªÐev‡M©i The father-Gi iƒcvšÍi RbK (1970)| icvšÍwiZ GKv¼ bvUK ¯^vgx mv‡n‡ei AbkbeªZ (1946), Rgv LiP I BRv (1968), gnvivR (1968), ¸M©b Luvi nxiv (1968), jjvU wjLb (1969) Ab~w`Z c~Y©v½ bvUK DBwjqvg †kKm&cxqvi Aej¤^‡b Ô†Uwgs Ae& w` kÖÕi Aej¤^‡b gyLiv igYx ekxKiY (1970)| G bvU‡K Abyev`‡Ki `ÿZvi cwiPq †g‡j| h‡_ó ¯^vaxbZv wb‡q gybxi †PŠayix cÖK…Z bvUKxq Aven m„wó, `ÿ msjvc ˆZwi Ges im‡ev‡ai Zxÿè cwigvR©bv G‡b Bw›`ªqMÖv‡g h‡_ó cÖvY m„wó K‡ib| bvUKwUi Abyev`K wn‡m‡e gybxi †PŠayix GKwU `„óvšÍ| Ab~w`Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Amgvß bvUK : †kKmcxq‡ii I‡_‡jv, †U‡bmx DBwjqvgm-Gi G ÷ªxUKvi †bg&W& wWRvqvi Aej¤^‡b Mvoxi bvg evmbvcyi, †ivwgI-Rywj‡qU, †kKm&cxq‡ii gvP G¨vWy G¨vevDU bvw_©s-Gi Abyev` AKviY Wvgv‡Wvj, RR© evb©vW© kÕi g¨vb G¨Û



408 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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Abyev`K‡g© wZwb ¯^”Q›`¨, G¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨KwUB Zuvi aªæc`xgv‡bi KvR| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 409



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410 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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Av‡Zvqvi ingvb (R. 1927) wewPÎ wel‡q Aej¤^b Av‡Q| bxwZwkÿvi cÖkqª Av‡Q iPbvq| AZ¨šÍ hZœkxj| HwZwn¨K AvbyMZ¨ Ab¯^xKvh©, †mwU M‡íi cwi‡ekl ˆZwi K‡i| wkï-gb¯Í‡Ë¡i cwie„‡Ë Av‡Zvqvi ingvb †j‡Lb : wSwjwgwj : muv‡Si †ejvi iƒcK_v (1958), gnvwecø‡ei exi wmcvnx (1962), ivRK‡b¨ K¼veZx, AvRe cÖvYx AvRe MvQ [cÖ_g LÐ] (1967) I [wØZxq LÐ] (1968), UzbUz‡bi euvwk (1967), we‡jZx Qov (1968), Sb©vgvjv (1969), i‡O i‡O †evbv (1972), Kv‡Pi cvnvo (1974), †mvbvi cvwL (1975), †Z‡iv b`xi cv‡o, wZb cywY¨i NvU cÖf„wZ| AvbRxi wjUb (R. 1965) AvbRxi wjU‡bi †jLvq e¨½ Av‡Q| Qov wkï Dc‡hvMx| Z‡e gv‡S gv‡S cwicK¡ eywׇZ Zv ¯’~j n‡q c‡o‡Q| Qov : Lvov `y‡Uv wks (1987), Av‡M †M‡j ev‡N Lvq (1995), Avgv‡`i ivRbxwZ P‡j euv‡K euv‡K (1996)| wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm : QÙ‡ekx †iveU (1993), WyWyj ivRvi cvnv‡o (1994)| Av‡bvqviv ˆmq` nK (R. 1940) wK‡kvi gb¯‹Zvq wj‡L‡Qb : Qvbvi bvbvevwo (1977), evevi m‡½ Qvbv (1986), Qvbv I gyw³hy× (1987), gyw³‡hv×vi gv gyw³‡hv×vi †Q‡j cÖf„wZ| G¸‡jv my›`i iPbv wKš‘ AvcvZ eyw×i †ÿÎwU AcwicK¡, wbqš¿YnxbI e‡U| Z‡e im‡eva Av‡Q| Ave`yi ingvb (R. 1924) Mí wjL‡jI wkïmvwnZ¨ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Zuvi cwiwa †ewk m¤cÖmvwiZ bq| wbQK Qovi Q‡›` wZwb wkï‡`i Avb›` w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi MÖš’ S‡oi †`k (1963), UzUzi nvIqvB mdi (1967), ivZ wbSSzg (1963)| m~²Zi immÂvix Gme iPbvi ¸iæZ¡ c~e©-cvwK¯Ív‡b Kg wQj bv| we‡kl K‡i G cÖm‡½ Zuvi gbbag©wUI ey‡S †bIqv hvq | Avgxiæj Bmjvg (R. 1964) Avgxiæj Bmjv‡gi Qov wK‡kvi Dc‡hvMx| Lvg‡Lqvjx (1984), hv‡”QZvB (1987), ivRvKv‡ii Qov (1990), Avgvi Qov (1992), wejvB (1997), exi evOvjxi Qov (1997), Puv` D‡V‡Q dzj dz‡U‡Q (1997), Qovi †Z‡j Qov fvRv evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 417



(1997) cÖf„wZ| GKUz eyw×gb¯‹| ga¨gv‡bi Gme Qovq ivRbxwZI wZ‡ivwnZ



bq| G ch©v‡qi gb¯ÍË¡wU‡Z Avgxiæj Bmjvg †Zgb DbœZ bb| †QvU‡`i Mí : Avwg mvZUv (1985), GK †h wQj (1986), `k iKg `kUv (1989), mvK©v‡mi evN (1989), f~Z G‡jv kn‡i (1992), Avwg Iqvb Avwg Uz (1992), †iveU inm¨ (1992), Avwg gyw³‡hv×v n‡Z PvB (1993), jy_vØx‡ci inm¨ (1994), mv`v f~Z Kv‡jv f~Z (1996) cÖf„wZ| wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm : AwPb hv`yKi (1985), Avgv‡`i †Mv‡q›`vwMwi (1992), iægSzgcyi (1992) cÖf„wZ| Avj Kvgvj Ave`yj Inve (R. 1938) wK‡kvi Dc‡hvMx iPbv| G¨W‡fÂvi Av‡Q| †ivgvÂI Av‡Q| wKš‘ cwi‡ek I fvlveybb DBU cvqwb| wbiæ‡Ï‡ki c‡_ (1963), gy‡Lvk (1979), Mnb e‡bi c‡_ (1979), webvwU‡K‡Ui hvÎx (1962), †gNe„wó (1968), weRq Awfhvb (1964), mvZiO (1958), Zvivi AvKvk (1975), Mnb e‡bi wkKvix (1982) cÖf„wZ Avj Kvgvj Ave`yj Inv‡ei iPbv| AvjgMxi Rwjj (R. 1928) AvjgMxi Rwj‡ji fv‡jv iPbv nÆgvjvi †`‡k| Ab¨vb¨ iPbvI g‡bvMÖvnx| G wK‡kvi iPbv¸‡jv †c‡q‡Q Zuvi Abe`¨ fvlvfw½| im‡eva D”Pgv‡bi| cwi‡ek `ye©j bq| Ry‡Zv cv‡q cywl †eovj (1963), ZvKWygvWyg (1963), GK †h wQj cyZzj (1969), nÆgvjvi †`‡k (1975) cÖf„wZ| G¸‡jv‡Z GK ai‡bi HwZn¨-mg_©bI Av‡Q| AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` (1932-2009) AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv‡`i wkï‡Zvl Dcb¨vm Rjn¯Íx (1982)| wkïKweZv mviKvm (1983)| Rb¥f~wg (1999), wK‡kvi mgMÖ (2000) Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ iPbv| Avjx Bgvg (R. 1950) Avjx Bgvg Avgv‡`i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wkïmvwnwZ¨K| `xN©w`b wZwb KvR K‡i P‡j‡Qb| Zuvi MÖš’ : Øx‡ci bvg gayeywbqv (1975), Acv‡ikb KuvKbcyi (1978), PviR‡b (1979), wZwZi gyLxi ˆPZv (1979), mv`v cix (1979), cvwL‡`i wb‡q (1979), iƒcvjx wd‡Z (1979), †mvbvi Z¯‘ix (1981) cÖf„wZ|



418 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



GKUz D”P‡MÖ‡Wi iPbv, fvlv h‡_vwPZ wKš‘ cwi‡ek-eY©‡b GKUz Ah‡Zœi Qvc jÿ Kiv hvq| Avkivd wmwÏKx (R. 1927) Avkivd wmwÏKxi †jvKKvwnwbwfwËK, iƒcKv_vi AuvPo Av`„Z iPbv wms‡ni gvgv †fv¤^j `vm (1963), Avgvi †`‡ki iƒcKvwnbx (1964), evwY‡R¨‡Z hv‡ev Avwg (1978), evsjv‡`‡ki iƒcK_v (1991), Avwg evwR SbSb (1979), iƒcK_v iv‡R¨ (1993) cÖf„wZ Zuvi iPbv| Gme iPbvq im‡ev‡ai cwimi Kg| Avmv` †PŠayix (R. 1943) Kwe Avmv` †PŠayix wkï‡Zvl iPbvq cvi`k©x| ivRv ev`kvi Mí, MÖvg evsjvi Mí QvovI †ekwKQy wkï‡Zvl iPbvi Abyev` K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi Ab~w`Z iPbv : ivRvi bZzb Rvgv (1979), QqwU iƒcK_v (1979), Gwkqvi Mí, †QvU ivRcyÎ (1982) cÖf„wZ| Gme iPbv evsjv‡`‡ki wkïmvwn‡Z¨ Abe`¨ ms‡hvRb| Beªvnxg Luv (1894-1978) Beªvnxg Luvi iPbv e¨NÖ gvgv (1951), wkqvj cwÐZ (1952), wbhvg WvKvZ (1950), †e`yBb‡`i †`‡k (1956), †QvU‡`i gnvbex (1961), BwZnv‡mi Av‡M gvbyl (1961), M‡í dRjyj nK (1977), †QvU‡`i bRiæj BZ¨vw`| iƒcK_vg~jK, AwfhvÎvag©x, †ivg¨vÂg~jK MÖš’¸‡jv †ek RbwcÖq| bxwZwkÿvi cÖ‡Póv Av‡Q| eyw×e„wËK G iPbv¸‡jv GKB m‡½ BDU I wnDgv‡i mg„×| GLjvmDwÏb Avng` (R. 1940) GLjvmDwÏb Avn‡g` G avivi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †jLK| Zuvi Mí-Dcb¨vm : GK †h †bswU (1965), †ejyb †ejyb (1969), gvV cv‡ii Mí (1970), nVvr ivRvi Lvg‡Lqvjx (1387), Zzbyi `ycyi (1982), Ab¨ g‡b †`Lv (1397), UvÆz‡Nvov UvÆz‡Nvov (1987), ivR ivRovi M‡àv (1989), Zzby I †K‡`v ev‡Ni M‡àv (1979), ZzbZz eywoi AvRe mdi (1990), †Ku‡`vi KvÐKviLvbv, Zzby‡K wb‡q M‡àv, ZzbZzi M‡àv cÖf„wZ| †jvKK_v, eªZK_v, wnuqvjx, auvauvi Avkªq Av‡Q| mvicÖvBwRs wKQy e¨vcviI Av‡Q| DbœZgv‡bi G iPbv¸‡jv‡Z †jLK †ek m„Rbkxj Ges eyw×e„wËK| ZzbZzi Mí I cwi‡ek, im‡eva PgrKvi| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 419



Mífvlv‡ZI †jL‡Ki Av‡Q AvwacZ¨| †hwU G ch©v‡qi m„RbkxjZvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| nvwmi Qov gRvi Qov (1962), ZzbZzeywoi Qov (1966), UzK‡iv Qovi Suvwc (1966), evRvI SuvSi evw`¨ (1970), BKwi wgKwo (1975), ˆeVKx Qov (1975), KvUzg KzUzg (1977), †QvU iwOb cvwL (1981), cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Qov (1986), Aóvwki Qov (1992) cÖf„wZ| Qov‡Z wZwb mgvbfv‡e cÖmv`¸Y jvf K‡i‡Qb| KvRx †gvnv¤§` B`&wim (1906-1975) KvRx †gvnv¤§` B`&wim-Gi wkï‡Zvl MÖš’ Rv‡bvqviI hv`y Rv‡b (2002)| Pxbv †jvKMv_vi Askwe‡kl †_‡K Gi DrcwË n‡jI evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK…wZcwi‡ek‡K AÿzYœ †i‡L‡Qb wZwb G MÖ‡š’| Zuvi wkï Dc‡hvMx fvlv †ek AvKl©Yxq| mij †KŠZz‡K GwU n‡q D‡V‡Q g‡bvMÖvnx| RyevB`v ¸jkvb Aviv (R. 1942) RyevB`v ¸jkvb Aviv gRvi Qov (1970), Qvbv‡cvbv‡`i Qov (1978), wbSzg Øx‡ci MíK_v (1979), KjKvKjxi Mvb (1984), Nyg fvOv‡bv b`x (1988), dzj †dvUv‡bvi Rb¨ (1991) wj‡L‡Qb| Qov Ges K_K Dfq‡ÿ‡ÎB wZwb me¨mvPx| Z‡e im‡ev‡ai cÖvPzh© Kg| †Rv‡e`v Lvbg (1920-1989) wK‡kvi MíB wj‡L‡Qb| cwi‡ek I NUbv eY©‡b GK ai‡bi gyÝxqvbv Av‡Q| Zuvi MÖš’ : †QvU‡`i GKvw¼Kv (1963), Mí ewj †kvb (1966), gnvmgy`ª (1977), mvevm myjZvbv (1982), kvnwiqv‡ii A¨vW‡fÂvi (1984) cÖf„wZ| bvRgv †Rmwgb †PŠayix (1940-1989) wkï‡`i Rb¨ bvUK wj‡L‡Qb : Nyg †bB (1979), Ab¨iKg Awfhvb (1981), Iiv wQj evMv‡b (1989), †hgb Lykx mv‡Rv (1991)| Gme bvU‡K †Zgb c~Y©Zv cwijwÿZ nq bv| Ah‡ZœiI Av‡Q Afve| wkï‡Zvl bvUK †jLv `yiƒn e¨vcvi| †mwUi Rb¨ D”PgvÎvi im‡eva `iKvi| bvRgv †Rmwgb †PŠayix †m‡ÿ‡Î †Zgb mdj nbwb| d‡qR Avng` (1928-2012) 420 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



d‡qR Avng` wj‡L‡Qb : nv‡Z Lwo (1954), †RvbvKx (1956), Zv wabZv (1963), cyZjx (1964), wig wSg (1965), Zv Zv ˆ_ ‰_ (1975), †evKv AvBfvb (1976), †n wK‡kvi (1982), †QvU †Q‡j Rvgv‡bi (1982), UzKUvK (1995), UzO (1995) cÖf„wZ| wefv‡MvËi mgq †_‡K K‡qK `kK PP©vq wZwb DËwiZ| me¸‡jv iPbvB mgvb g‡bvMÖvnx bq wKš‘ cwi‡e‡ki Av‡jvQvqv, AwfhvÎv, i½eyw× †Zgb `ye©j bq|wkïe„Ëv‡bi Rb¨ †h wewPÎgywL Kíbvi cÖ‡qvRb †mwU me©vs‡k cÖwZwóZ bq Zuvi iPbvq| e‡›` Avjx wgqv (1906-1979) wkïmvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi jvf| ev‡Ni N‡i †Nv‡Mi evmv (1940), †evKv RvgvB (1941), †QvU‡`i bRiæj (1961), wkqvj cwЇZi cvVkvjv (1363 e.), †QvU‡`i welv`-wmÜz (1939) `y`©všÍ iPbv| wkqvj cwЇZi cvVkvjv `viæY, Rxeb‡eva A‡bK D‡”P, †mLv‡b Aek¨B bxwZwkÿvI wZ‡ivwnZ bq| ev‡Ni N‡i †Nv‡Mi evmv wb‡qI e‡›` Avjx wgqv cÖkswmZ| wK‡kvi Dc‡hvMx iPbv¸‡jv‡ZI AvZ¥-cwiPh©vq wj‡L‡Qb, `vb K‡i‡Qb Abyfe‡e`¨ mnvbyf~wZ| wecÖ`vk eo–qv (R. 1942) Zuvi wkï‡Zvl Mí : m~h© jy‡Vi Mvb (1980), ZuvwZ I †Nvovi wWg (1985), Avie¨ iRbx (1989), gyw³hy‡×i Mí (1991), †mvnive iæ¯Íg (1989), ev‡Ni Dci UvM (1993), ARMi ivRv (1994), MÖvg evsjvi †miv nvwmi Mí (1995), WvKvZ WvKvZ (1996), i³Siv iY (1997), Rv`yi euvwk (1997)| wK‡kvi MÖ‡š’i G cvV †ivg¨vÝim I ˆeÁvwbKeyw×cÖm~Z| wecÖ`vm eo–qvi iƒcK_vwfwËK cÖqvmwU D”Pgvb AwR©Z| cwi‡ek eqv‡bI wZwb `ÿZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| Dcb¨vm : †iveU I dzj dzUv‡bvi inm¨ (1988), Rv`ygvwbK ¯^vaxbZv (1992), †bvfvqv †Rgjvqvi wefxwlKv (1996), ˆ`Z¨ cvnv‡oi ÿz‡` gvbyl (1996) Gme Dcb¨v‡m wkígvb †Zgb mej bq| A‡bK‡ÿ‡ÎB Zv ¯’~jgvÎvq ch©ewmZ| eyjeb Imgvb (R. 1940) eyjeb Imgv‡bi wK‡kvi MÖš’ Kvbv gvgv (1968), Acqv (1977), HiveZ (1975), Awg‡Zi K_v (1978), DU‡Kv (1979), †gN †gvl GK mgvb evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 421



(1979) cÖf„wZ| my›`i I mvejxj Zuvi K_vfvl¨| RxebiwmK G †jLK MÖ‡š’i



Kvwnwb‡Z GKUz Amse× g‡b nq| ZeyI cwi‡ek-cwiw¯’wZ I PwiÎeY©bvq gyÝxqvbv cwijwÿZ| †gveviK †nv‡mb Lvb (R. 1938) wiwgi K_vejv (1982), w`jøxi wZb mgªvU (1982), wZb †gvNj mgªvU (1982), nvw`‡mi Kvwnbx (1981), gymwjg we‡k&mi †K”Qv (1993), kw³i ivRv m~h© (1987), mgªvU AvKei (1985), ivwR‡Zi P›`ªvwfhvb (1986), iƒc‡Ki iƒcK_v (1988), weÁv‡bi inm¨ (1990), gnvKv‡ki †Mv‡q›`v (1991) cÖf„wZ †gveviK †nv‡mb Lv‡bi iPbv| G¸‡jv wK‡kvi cvV¨, wkï‡Zvl ejv P‡j bv| ZvQvov KvwnwbeywׇZI †h cÖÁvFw× Zv Kvsw•ÿZ bq| †gvnv¤§` bvwmi Avjx (1910-1975) L¨vZbvgv wkïmvwnwZ¨K| cÖKvkbv wk‡íi m‡½ hy³ _vK‡jI mvwnZ¨PP©vq eªZx| 1356-†Z cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ eB gwbKwYKv| GQvov wkï‡Zvl MÖš’ †jey gvgvi mßKvÐ (1968), wfb‡`kx GK exiej (1979), AvKvk hviv Ki‡jv Rq (1957), Avwjd jvBjvi Mí, GKwU KzKz‡ii Kvwnbx, wfb‡`kx Mí, g„Zz¨i mv‡_ cvÄv, wZwgi †c‡U K‡qK NÈv, †evKv eKv, Be‡b eZzZvi mdibvgv (1375 e.), BZvjxi RbK M¨wiewì (1963), †QvU‡`i Igi dviyK, A¨jevU© AvBb÷vBb, †QvU‡`i AvjgMxi (1377 e.), Avgv‡`i K‡q‡` Avhg gyn¤§` Avjx wRbœvn (1355 e.), †gvnv¤§` web Kv‡mg (1370 e.), exie‡ji †LvkMí (1964), mvZcuvP Mí (1965), Uj÷‡qi †miv Mí (1962), †hvMv‡hvM (1968), kvnx w`‡bi Kvwnbx (1359 e.)| wewPÎ wel‡q wZwb cwiPq Kwi‡q‡Qb, mij I eyw×`xß fvlvfw½‡Z| Zuvi RxebxwfwËK Kvwnwbi cwiPh©vwU †ewk| †gvnv¤§` †gv`v‡eŸi (1908-1984) nx‡ii d‚j (1930), ZvKWygvWyg (1930), wg‡mm jZv mvb¨vj I AviI A‡b‡K (1933), wKm&mv †kvb (1950), Rvcvb Ny‡i Gjvg (1959), Wvbwc‡U `j (1963), Mí †kvb (1371), GK _wj bvUK (1978), eD nviv‡jv û‡jv weovj (1979) evNv wmwÏKx G me MÖ‡š’i †fZi w`‡q wZwb wb‡R‡K wkïmvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e envj †i‡L‡Qb| bxwZwkÿv ev Rxe‡bi eqvb †`Iqvi



422 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



†P‡q Zuvi MÖ‡š’ im‡ev‡ai †fZi w`‡q nm¨Kj‡ivj m„wó cÖqvm Abe`¨| †gvnv¤§` †gv`v‡eŸi wkï-gb¯Í‡Ë¡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨w³| †ivKby¾vgvb Lvb `v`v fvB (1925-1999) nvwÆgvwUg (1962) `viæY RbwcÖq csw³gvjv| Abe`¨ G wkïmvwnwZ¨K evsjv‡`‡ki wkï‡`i wcZv, A`g¨ G msMV‡Ki KxwZ© AvKvkPz¤^x| nvwÆgvwUg GKw`‡K †hgb im‡ev‡a RvwiZ Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb D™¢U im-DËv‡c PvÂj¨Ki| Lye AíK_vq wkïi †ev‡ai RM‡Z †cŠuQ‡Z mÿg nb wZwb| Q›`weiPb I gvÎvÁv‡bI Zuvi `ÿZv wkï AbyMvgx| jyrdi ingvb wiUb (R. 1961) ayËzwi (1982), XvKv Avgvi XvKv (1984), Dcw¯’Z myaxe„›` (1984), wnwRwewR (1987), †Zvgvi Rb¨ (1989), Qov I Qwe‡Z gyw³hy× (1989), ivRvKv‡ii Qov (1990), †kqv‡ji cvVkvjv (1992), nvgwU WvgwU (1992), 100 wiUb : wbe©vwPZ Qovi msKjb (1993), bvB gvgv Kvbv gvgv (1993), ev‡Ni ev”Pv (1994), f~‡Zi hv`y (1994), GK †h wQj UzB (1994), di Av¨Wvëm Ibwj (1994), †kL gywR‡ei Qov (1994), neyP›`ª ivRvi †`‡k (1994), cvšÍveywo (1995), fv‡jv †KvwPs †m›Uvi (1996), gyw³hy‡×i Qov (1997), m~h©gvgv fxlY ivMx Puv`gvgx Lye fv‡jv (1997), †Nvovi wWg (1998), UzBs‡Kj UzBs‡Kj wjUj ÷vi (1998), Qovmg¯Í (1g LÐ 1998) GiKg A‡bK Qov wj‡L L¨vwZ †c‡q‡Qb| Z‡e A‡bK †ewk †jLvi Kvi‡Y †ev‡ai ¯ÍiPz¨wZI N‡U‡Q| n‡q c‡o‡Qb ¯’~j| welq-wbe©vP‡b AmZK© bb| kIKZ Imgvb (1917-1998) kIKZ Imgvb L¨vwZgvb †jLK| wK‡kvi‡Zvl wel‡q wj‡L KxwZ©gvb, ¯§iYxq| Z‡e G¸‡jv Zuvi wK‡kvi MÖš’| I‡Ub mv‡n‡ei evs‡jv wKsev cÂmw½ gRvi DcvL¨vb| e¯‘Z bxwZwkÿvi Rb¨B wZwb G KvRwU m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi MÖš’ : I‡Ub mv‡n‡ei evs‡jv (1944), GwZgLvbv (1955), †QvU‡`i bvbv Mí (1969), wWMevRx (1964), cÖvBR I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1969), Zviv `yB Rb (1944), ÿz‡` †mvk¨vwj÷ (1973), K_v iPbvi K_v (1389), cÂm½x (1975), BwZnvm we¯ÍvwiZ (1985) cÖf„wZ Zuvi iPbv| knx` mv‡ei (1930-1971) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 423



†QvU‡`i R‡b¨ †jLv ÿz‡` †Mv‡q›`vi Awfhvb (1958); G cÖwZfvev‡bi Mí wK‡kvi Dc‡hvMx, A‡bKUv †ivgvÝ AvwaK¨ Av‡Q| ZvQvov fvlvq AvoóZvI Av‡Q e‡j g‡b nq| Zey knx` mv‡ei wefvM-cieZ©x mg‡qi mg‡qi Ab¨Zg K_vKvi| kvnRvnvb wKewiqv (R. 1941) RvwZi RbK e½eÜz (1974), †eov‡ji Mjvq NÈv (1977), Pvi eywoi KvÐ (1986), D‡ëveywo (1988), Avnv¤§‡Ki †`‡k (1986), Biv‡bi gRvi Mí (1983), cÖv‡P¨i iƒcK_v (1980), evNv (1980), myRb Av‡Rv †fv‡jwb (1990) cÖf„wZ wK‡kvi M‡í bxwZwkÿv KL‡bvev e¨½vZ¥K `„wó‡PZbvi cwi‡ekbv P‡j| G ch©v‡q †ZgbUv †ZgbUv DbœZ bb | kvnv`vr †nv‡mb (1893-1953) †gvnb‡fvM, †Q‡j‡`i Mí , evwjKv Rxeb, ¸je`b, Rvnvbviv, myiæwP cvV cÖf„wZ wK‡kvi‡`i e¨½vZ¥K Mí| DbœZ †ev‡a Rxebm‡Z¨iB PPv© K‡i‡Qb Kwe| Zuvi iPbv †Zgb cVb‡hvM¨ n‡q I‡Vwb| myKzgvi eo–qv (R. 1938) cvMjv †Nvov (1970), wf‡R †eovj (1976), P›`bv iÄbvi Qov (1979), G‡jvcvZvwo (1980), bvbv i‡Oi w`b (1981), myKzgvi eo–qvi 101wU Qov (1991), wPwPs dvK (1992), wKQy bv wKQy (1995), myKzgvi eo–qvi wKQy Qov kZK (1997)-G †ewi‡q‡Q| Qovi †fZi w`‡q wZwb ev¯ÍeZvK AwZµg Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| cÖK…Z A‡_© ev¯ÍeZvi evB‡i Rxe‡bi ¯^xK…wZB †Zv Dc‡fvM¨ mvwnZ¨, †hwU wkï‡Zvl n‡j †Zv AviI DbœZ nIqv DwPr| myKzgvi eo–qv cÖiw¤^Z mg‡q †m †PóvwUB K‡i‡Qb| A‡bKUv mdjI n‡q‡Qb| nvexeyi ingvb (1923-1976) Kwe, mvwnwZ¨K Ges mvsevw`K| wkï mvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e me©vwaK L¨vwZ| wkï msMV‡bi Rb¨I wb‡ew`Z| Ôˆ`wbK msev`Õ Ges Ôˆ`wbK AvRv‡`Õi wkï wefv‡Mi mªóv Ges G wel‡q h‡_ó mvsMVwbK L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| Zuvi RbwcÖq wkï‡Zvl MÖš’ AvMWyg evMWyg (1g I 2q LÐ 1962)| wkï gb¯ÍË¡, wkïg‡bi weKvk, Rxebev`x †PZbvi ùziY Gme wb‡q bvbv‡KŠwYK wbixÿv Av‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ weij G avivwU Zuvi n‡Z †c‡q‡Q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© 424 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



gvÎv| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ MÖš’ mvMi cv‡ii iƒcK_v (1962), weRb e‡bi ivRKb¨v (1961), †jR w`‡q hvq †Pbv (1963), e‡b ev`v‡o (1963), cyZz‡ji wgDwRqvg (1963), M‡íi dzjSzwi (1962), nxiv gwZ cvbœv (1967), gb P‡j †gvi †ZcvšÍ‡i (1967), eb‡gvi‡Mi evmv (1975) cÖf„wZ| nvexeyi ingvb wmwÏKx (R. 1934) cvwLi Qov (1950), dz‡ji bv‡g Qov (1951), fv‡jvevwm †cvlvRxe (1952), nvwmLywk (1952), Qovi Lwb (1993), wK‡kvi KweZv I Qov (1993) cÖf„wZ wkïevÜe iPbv| wkï-wK‡kvi cÖeÜ : †QvU‡`i nhiZ †gvnv¤§` (1973), †QvU‡`i bRiæj (1975), †QvU‡`i iex›`ªbv_ (1975), †QvU‡`i †kL gywRe (1975) nvwjgv LvZzb (R. 1933) †mvbv cyZz‡ji we‡q (1964), nwi‡Yi Pkgv (1970), Kzwg‡ii ev‡ci kªv× (1974), cvwLi Qvbv (1976), cï I cvwLi Qov (1976), KuvVvj Lv‡ev (1976), evN I Miæ (1980), ev”Pv nvwZi KvÐ (1980), Qwe I cov (1980), †eex d«K Mvq (1989), gRvi cov (1984), g¯Íeo wRwbm (1985), hy³e‡Y©i †mcvB kv¯¿x (1987), me‡P‡q my›`i (1990), imK`¤^ (1988), e‡bi av‡i Avgiv mevB (1993), cÂgvjvi e‡b (1993) cÖf„wZ Mªš’ iPwqZv n‡jI Zuv‡`i im‡eva AvKl©Yxq bq| nvmvb Rvb (1927-1974) wkï mvwnwZ¨K I msMVK| †ek KwU RvZxq ˆ`wb‡K wkï wefv‡M ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ cvjb| big Mig (1972), jvj bxj Qov (1974) Zuvi wkï‡Zvl MÖš’| †n`v‡qZ †nvmvBb †gvi‡k` (R. 1942) nx‡i gy‡³v cvbœv (1961), †`‡k †`‡k Rqxi †e‡k (1962), m„wó ïiæi Kvwnbx (1962), m~wh© Rv‡M wRjvb †`‡k (1962), bqv Rxe‡bi w`kvix (1962), mvZ mgyÏyi †Z‡iv b`x (1962), Pzbx †gvwZi gvjv (1962) cÖf„wZ lv‡Ui Mí| GK ai‡bi bxwZK_¨ g~jK Kvwnwb Zuvi iPbvi ¸iæZ¡‡K w`‡q‡Q evwo‡q| †n‡jbv Lvb (R. 1929) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 425



†iv` SKSK (1975), me fv‡jv hvi †kl fv‡jv (1979), PviwU †ejyb (1980), MíB ïay bq (1983), wmÜzi wUc wmsnj Øxc (1984), WvjgyU (1985), dzj cvwL †mŠif (1986), bxj cvnv‡oi nvZQvwb (1988), †MŠZgey‡×i †`‡k (1990), bZzb †`k bZzb gvbyl (1990), iƒcK_vi iv‡R¨ (1992), e¨sK‡Ki †mB †g‡qwU (1992), gyw³hy‡×i Mí (1994), f~‡Zi Là‡i (1996), g‡Â Gi gRvi Mí (1995), kvej evnv`yi (1995), ZzjZz‡ji `vb (1996) cÖf„wZ †n‡jbv Lv‡bi MÖš| ’



426 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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ågYmvwnZ¨ åvgwYK AwfÁZv| D`vniY wn‡m‡e Avbv hvq, ˆmq` gyRZev Avjxi †`‡k we‡`‡k, Abœ`vk¼i iv‡qi c‡_ cÖev‡m wKsev gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB‡qi we‡j‡Z mv‡o mvZÕk w`b MÖš’wU| c_UvB, c‡_i AwfÁZvB ågYKvwi‡`i gyL¨| Luy‡o †Zv‡jb †hb c‡_i ¯’vwbK mZ¨‡K, Zvi AZxZ‡K, cÖZœ-AwfÁZv‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki †jLK nvmbvZ Ave`yj nvB wj‡L‡Qb Av›`vjywmqv, †¯ú‡bi GKwU kn‡ii g‡bvgy»Ki Kvwnwb| HwZnvwmK ¯’v‡b †cuŠQv‡j, gb AvbPvb K‡i H BwZnvm‡K wd‡i †c‡Z, bvqvMÖv dj&m G †cuŠQv‡j ev¯Íe wdi‡Z Pvq Gi Dr‡m; Giƒ‡c Kíbvq fi K‡i Zzjbv; G‡`k †_‡K Ab¨‡`k, wbR‡`k †_‡K ci‡`kGfv‡e ågY n‡q I‡V mvwnZ¨, †hvMvq cÖvYPv‡j¨i im, ¯^xK…wZ †`q Rxe‡bi, cÖwZôv †`q Rxebev`‡K| G ch©v‡q Avgv‡`i mvZPwjøk-DËi †jLKMY wbgœiƒc : Av. b. g. eRjyi ikx` (1911-1986) wØZxq c„w_ex‡Z, c_ †eu‡a w`j (1367), `yB mvM‡ii †`‡k ¯§„wZPviYg~jK iPbv| Abyf‡ei †Quvqvq Rxe‡bi wewPÎ Av‡qvR‡bi A‡š¦lY-Dcjwä Zuvi iPbv| Kwei cÖwZwe¤^ iwPZ n‡q‡Q Gme iPbvq| Av‡eM‡K GKUv gvÎvq cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb, mshZ I msnZ iPbvcÖqvm| c‡_i AwfÁZv‡K Abyiv‡Mi is‡q ivwO‡q‡Qb Av.b.g. eRjyi ikx`| AvwRRyi ingvb gwjøK (1918-1997) Avgvi RxebK_v I evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× (1995) G ¯§„wZK_vq ivR‰bwZK NUbvcÖev‡ni m‡½ hy³ n‡q‡Q †jL‡Ki e¨envwiK Rxe‡bi bvbv Abyl½| AZ¨šÍ g„`yfvlx D”Pvi‡Y Abb¨ K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb Zuvi AwfÁZv| AvšÍwiK, cwikªgx I hZœevb G †jLK MÖš’wU‡Z †Kv‡bv cwi‡”Q` wefvRb K‡ibwb, Z_¨DcvËm‡gZ AevwiZ e‡j †M‡Qb NUbvcÖevn| Zxÿè gbb-cÖjyä iPbv| AvKeiDÏxb (1895-1978) AvKeiDÏx‡bi AwfÁZvi Szwj †_‡K wj‡L‡Qb c‡_i w`kvix, knx` wjqvKZ, Kvq‡` Avhg| GwU ¯§„wZPviYvag©x wKš‘ m`¨ cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivR‰bwZK Av‡eM I e¨w³Z¡ivB G‡Z D‡V Av‡mb| Kv‡q‡` AvRg ¯§„wZ‡PZbvq Awbevh©Zv cvb, gymwjg ivóªAv`k© †_‡KB, Z‡e Abyfe mycvV¨, iæwPkxj| †jL‡Ki †jLvq AvZ¥Zzwói AvwZkh¨ Av‡Q| †h D”Q¡vmgqZv Av‡Q Zvi GKUz †ewk gvÎvi|



428 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`xb (1911-1988) ågYKvwnbx ms¯‹…wZi mvgwMÖK iƒc‡K w`e¨‡PZbvq cwiPq Kivq| ï× gb‡b Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`xb GLb AvdMvwb¯Ívb (1982), Av‡iK fyeb †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb (1982) iPbv K‡i‡Qb| AvZ¥¯§„wZ cÖ_g LÐ †ei nq 1989-G| e¨vL¨vZ n‡q‡Q Rb¥¯’vb-cÖK…wZ I cwi‡ek, µgk Kg©Rxeb Ges fvi‡Zi bvbv AÂj, †hLv‡b mgKvjxb cÖm½ a‡i mgvR-ivRbxwZ-`v½v wecyj n‡q I‡V| Z…Zxq As‡k Av‡Q fvlv Av‡›`vjb, KvMgvix m‡¤§jb, AvBDe, †mvnvivIqv`x©, fvmvbx BZ¨vw` bvbv AwfÁZv| c~e©-evsjvi mgvR-ivRbxwZi Abycy•L wPÎ| †jL‡Ki fvlv wZh©K, kvwYZ KL‡bvev we`ªƒcvZ¥K| wbi‡cÿ we‡kølY, cÖ‡qvR‡b wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K©I K‡i‡Qb weiƒc gšÍe¨| Amvgvb¨ G AvZ¥Rxebx MÖšw’ U evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK BwZnv‡mi Rb¨ Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †jL‡Ki Gme weij AwfÁZv †hb cÖRb¥všÍ‡ii mvÿx| Zuvi Ab¨ ¯§„wZPviYg~jK iPbv : gymwjg mgv‡Ri S‡ov cvwL †ebRxi Avng` (1988)



Aveyj dRj (1903-1983) mvsevw`K gywRei ingvb (1967), †kL gywRe : Zv‡K †hgb †`‡LwQ (1978) `ywU Aveyj dR‡ji Rxebx I ¯§„wZK_v| wewkó e¨w³e‡M©i m‡½ †jL‡Ki ¯§„wZPviYv I AwfÁZvi eqvb G iPbv| mvsevw`K e¨w³Z¡ gywRei ingvb Avi ivR‰bwZK e¨w³Z¡ †kL gywRe m¤ú‡K© †jL‡Ki AbyivM G iPbvq we`¨gvb| e¨w³MZ n‡jI †mLv‡b n‡q D‡V‡Q wbi‡cÿ we‡kølY| †iLvwPÎ (1966), †jL‡Ki †ivRbvgPv (1969), `yw`©‡bi w`bwjwc (1972) G¸‡jv‡Z Aveyj dR‡ji ˆkke-‰K‡kv‡ii wewPÎ Abyf~wZ I AwfÁZvi welq¸wj iwPZ n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK| G mg¯Í iPbvq mgq I †e‡o IVvi †PZbvi mZ¨Zv cÖwZdwjZ| mgq I cwi‡ek‡K Rvbv hvq G iPbvq| Zuvi w`bwjwcI mycvV¨| Aveyj dR‡ji ågYKvwnwb mdi bvgv (1382)| ågY-AwfÁZvi eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †jLK wecyj iƒc‰ewP‡Î¨, cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q AšÍi½ mvs¯‹…wZK cUwPÎ, m¤£‡gi m‡½| Aveyj gbmyi Avng` (1897-1979) cÖw_Zhkv ivRbxwZ‡Ki ¯§„wZK_v AvZ¥K_v (1978)| GwU Aveyj gbmyi Avng‡`i e¨w³ AwfÁZvi AšÍe©qb| iPbvwUi ¸iæZ¡ mgKvjxb mgvR430 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



ivRbxwZi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z| Zuvi Avgvi †`Lv ivRbxwZi cÂvk eQi wKsev †k‡i evsjv nB‡Z e½eÜz Gme iPbvi ci GwU‡K wZwb wfbœ iK‡g wfbœ cÖwZcv‡`¨ cvV‡Ki mvg‡b G‡b‡Qb| †hLv‡b e¨w³‡PZbv cÖweó, wKš‘ ¯^vaxb I wbi‡cÿ †PZbvq DËwiZ| Aveyj †nv‡mb (1922-2014) Kwe Aveyj †nv‡m‡bi wZbL‡Ði ¯§„wZK_v †ewi‡q‡Q| cÖ_g LÐ Avgvi GB †QvU fyeb (2003), wØZxq LÐ Avi GK fyeb (2005), Z…ZxqLÐ `yt¯^‡cœi Kvj (2007)| ¯§„wZ n‡q I‡V cÖRb¥všÍ‡ii cvV, mve©Rbxb AwfÁZv, g~j¨‡ev‡ai `xÿv| Aveyj †nv‡mb e‡jb, ÔRxe‡bi `ytmnZg mgq...Õev Ô1947 mv‡ji 15B AvM÷ cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZvi wØZxq w`b †_‡K 1971-Gi 25 †k gvP© ch©šÍ mg‡qi †h ¯§„wZ...Õ Ggbfv‡e GKvˇii gyw³hyׇKI Av‡bb wZwb ¯§„wZK_vq| kw³kvjx I mvejxj M‡`¨, Zx²ax †gavq, mshZ eP‡b, msnZ †gRv‡R iwPZ n‡q‡Q Zuvi ¯§„wZK_v| AveŸvmDÏxb Avng` (1901-1959) AveŸvmDÏxb Avng` wj‡L‡Qb Avgvi wkíx Rxe‡bi K_v (1960)| GwU L¨vwZgvb G m½xZwkíxi g‡bvÁ AvZ¥Rxebx| ˆK‡kv‡ii NUbvcÖevn †_‡K ïiæ K‡i K‡qK `k‡Ki AwfÁZv wjL‡Z wM‡q Rxebx AskwU K‡qKwU fv‡M wef³ n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g Mv‡bi †cÖiYv, K‡jR Rxeb, wkíxi Avm‡b, beRvMi‡Y evsjvi gymjgvb, DËiKvj, we‡`k ågY, Rxeb mvqv‡ýi ¯§„wZGgb wk‡ivbv‡g AbywgZ nq ïay wkíxi mgMÖZv bq, GKwU Kvj n‡q‡Q Abym„Z G iPbvq| Abe`¨, my›`i G MÖš’ Z‡_¨-fv‡l¨-Dcv‡Ë Amvgvb¨, m‡›`n †bB| Avwbmy¾vgvb (R. 1937) GKvˇii ¯§„wZK_v wb‡q Avgvi GKvËi (1997)| gg©š‘` AwfÁZv †jL‡Ki, ïay hy×-AwfÁZvB bq, e¨w³PwiÎ, cÖeYZv, †Øl-wnsmv-AnsKvi, ¯^v_©-A¯^v_© mewg‡j Avgvi GKvËi| GwU GKwU hy×`wjjI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| mij M‡`¨, w¯§Z fv‡l¨ ¯§„wZ nvZ‡o e¨³ K‡i‡Qb Rxe‡bi, m¤ú‡K©i m~θ‡jv‡K| Kvj wbiewa (2003) †ek DuPz gv‡bi KvR| GwU Zuvi RxebPwiZ| †MvUv wek kZ‡Ki gymwjg evOvwji AwfÁZvi wPÎ Zuvi Rxe‡bi †fZi w`‡q e¨vL¨vZ n‡q‡Q| wcZvgn, cÖwcZvgn †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wb‡Ri †e‡o IVvi AwfÁZv, Z_¨wbô c‡_ Aweivg eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †jLK| GwU †h †Kv‡bv ms¯‹…wZgb¯‹evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 431



KvjÁvbm¤úbœ cvV‡Ki Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cy¯K Í | ¯§„wZ‡K m‡qB bq ïay, Rxe‡bi wewPÎ euv‡Ki Z_¨¸‡jvI wZwb cwi‡ekb K‡i‡Qb mZ¨Zv‡K cÖwZwôZ Kievi R‡b¨| iex›`ª g„Zz¨i NUbv, MvwÜRx g„Zz¨i c‡ii cwi‡ek Av‡eMewR©Z I msnZiƒ‡c ewY©Z n‡q‡Q MÖ‡š’| G iKg A‡bK e¨w³MZ ev RvZxqwfwËK D‡jøLbxq NUbvi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †jLK; mewKQyB Zuvi cÖevn‡K A_©vr mgq‡K h‡_vwPZ ivLvi ¯^v‡_©| KL‡bvB †Kv‡bv NUbv Av‡ivwcZ bq Avwbmy¾vgv‡bi †jLvq| ÔGKz‡k †deªæqvwi‡Z mviv cÖ‡`‡ki gvbyl hv‡Z msNe× cÖwZev` Rvbv‡Z bv cv‡i, Zvi R‡b¨ †Póvi Aewa _vK‡jv bv| Avwg hw`I RMbœv_ K‡jR ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil‡`i m`m¨ wQjvg, wKš‘ †mLv‡b we‡kl wKQy Kwi wb, Avgvi mgq I mvg_©¨ meUzKzB e¨q n‡qwQj hyejx‡M|ÕGfv‡e mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK-mvs¯‹…wZK f~wg‡Z `uvwo‡q wb‡Ri AwfÁZvi K_v e‡jb Avwbmy¾vgvb| GLv‡b Zuvi `„wó‡KvYI e¨envi n‡q‡Q| KL‡bv †KŠZzK, KL‡bv N‡ivqv Av‡gR, KL‡bvev mvi‡j¨ †gjv‡bv Zuvi wewPÎ AwfÁZv| gyw³hy× Ges Zvici (2013) Zuvi Ab¨ iPbv| Avkivd wmwÏKx (R. 1927) hv †`‡LwQ hv †c‡qwQ (1976), iex›`ªbv‡_i kvwšÍwb‡KZb (1974), ¯§„wZi Avqbvq (1g-5g LÐ 1986), kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡bi cÎ (1975-1997) Avkivd wmwÏKxi ¯§„wZK_vg~jK iPbv| wbR¯^ gb‡b mvs¯‹…wZK m¤^Ü ev aviYv GLv‡b e¨vL¨vZ n‡q‡Q| AwfÁZv n‡q‡Q hy³| ¯§„wZi Avqbvq Zuvi Abe`¨ AvZ¥K_b| Avkivd DR Rvgvb (R. 1911) mxgv‡šÍ gymvwdi Avkivd DR Rvgv‡bi ågY AwfÁZv| G MÖ‡š’ wZwb A‡bKUv mvejxj| mxgv‡šÍi AwfÁZv‡K wb‡Ri `„wófw½‡Z eqvb K‡i‡Qb †jLK| Avng` Qdv (1943-2001) ¯§„wZK_v h`¨wc Avgvi ¸iæ (1998)| ¯§„wZ nvZ‡o Zz‡j‡Qb Qdv| ¸iæ Zuvi Ave`yi iv¾vK| wewPίú‡k© f‡i Zz‡j‡Qb †jLK Zuvi ¸iæ-AwfÁZv‡K| AvZ¥K_‡bi Uvb G‡Z †bB, Zv e‡jbI wb, cwi‡ek-cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Dc‡fvM¨ nq †m Kvwnwb| eY©bvI my›`i| imvcøyZ, Avb›``vqx AvL¨vb| Avng` Qdvi Rvg©vb AwfÁZv wb‡q ågY Kvwnwb perspective Germany (1991)| 432 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Avng` iwdK (R. 1929) Avng` iwd‡Ki ¯§„wZPviYg~jK BwZnvmMÖš’ GKz‡ki BwZnvm Avgv‡`i BwZnvm (1988), fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ¯§„wZ I wKQy wRÁvmv (1993), XvKvq gyw³hy‡×i w`b¸wj (2013)| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖZ¨ÿ AwfÁZvi K_v Z_¨g~jKfv‡e eqvb K‡i‡Qb †jLK| Zuvi evPbcÖqvm ¯§„wZcÖ`| Beªvnxg Luv (1894-1978) B¯Ív¤^yj c‡_i hvÎx (1954), cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi c‡_ Nv‡U (1955) †jL‡Ki ågYmvwnZ¨| mv_©K bZzbZ¡ AwR©Z B¯Ív¤^yj ev cwðg cvwK¯Ívb hvÎvq, e¨w³Z¡c~Y© iPbv| Beªvnxg Luv hvÎv‡K Dc‡fvM K‡i‡Qb, BwZnvm, cÖZœwPšÍvq AwfÁZv‡Z RviY K‡i‡Qb `ybq‡b| ¯^M©hvÎvi AwfÁZv †hb AwR©Z, †jL‡Ki iPbvq| AvPgKv Avwe®‹v‡ii Aa¨v‡q †jL‡Ki Kjg n‡q D‡V‡Q i‡mv`xß, cÖvYgq| Beªvnxg Luvi ¯§„wZK_v evZvqb (1374 e.) I wjwc msjvc| G‡Z Beªvnxg Luvi †jLKmËvi c~Y©vqZ iƒcwU †g‡j bv| Zey ¯§„wZwPÎ cV‡b †MŠY g‡b nq bv wKQy| Kexi †PŠayix (1923-2011) wewPÎgywL †jLvcov I cov‡kvbvi m~‡Î we¯Í…Z cwim‡i ¯§„wZK_v wj‡L‡Sb Kexi‡PŠayix| Zuvi ¯§„wZK_vag©x iPbv bvBev n‡jv cv‡i hvIqv (3q LÐ, 2003), bvBev n‡jv cv‡i hvIqv (4_© LÐ, 2005), bvBev n‡jv cv‡i hvIqv (5g LÐ, 2005), bvBev n‡jv cv‡i hvIqv (6ô LÐ, 2006)| †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv (1895-1964) †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídvi RxebxMÖš’ wek¦bex (1942)| Ab¯^xKvh©, Abe`¨ MÖš’| KweKíbvi cwiPq n‡q‡Q Abym„Z| RxebcwÄ, mb-ZvwiL a‡i bexRxebxi mZ¨Zv M„nxZ Gici evwKUzKz Kíbv| Kwe G my‡hvM c~Y©v½iƒ‡c Kv‡R jvwM‡q‡Qb| `ªæZZvi ewY©j Ave‡n, giægq cÖK…wZ, Abyf~wZi i‡m e¨wÄZ n‡q P‡j| nRiZ, †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídvi `„wó‡Z cybiæwÌZ, bZzb Av‡g‡R cwi‡ewkZc~Y©v½ mvwnZ¨ n‡q D‡V‡Q G RxebPwiZ| Av‡eMgq M‡`¨ cÖK…Z m‡Z¨i Avùvjb, PgrK…Z nIqvi cÖZ¨q wba©vwiZ| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 433



Rvnvbviv Bgvg (1929-1994) GKvˇii w`b¸wj (1986) Rvnvbviv Bgv‡gi Agi MÖš’| MÖš’wUi g~j¨vq‡b mvBwq` AvZxKzjøvn e‡j‡Qb :ÔÕ71-Gi XvKv kn‡ii Ae¯’v Ges †Mwijv ZrciZv eySevi Rb¨ GB eBwU AZ¨šÍ g~j¨evb e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|Õ gyw³hy‡×i e¯‘wbô Av‡jL¨ G MÖš’| ms‡e`bkxj fvlv, gg©¯úk©x eY©bvweb¨vm, m‡Z¨i wbi¼zk cÖKvk, h‡_vwPZ cwi‡ek wbg©vY, RxešÍ †hv×vi cÖwZK…wZ, AKz‡Zvfq †`keximewKQy wg‡j Amvgvb¨ G iPbv| RyevB`v ¸jkvb Aviv (R. 1942) RyevB`v ¸jkvb Avivi MÖš’ ¯§„wZi †mvbvjx w`M‡šÍ (1979)| e¨w³Rxe‡bi bvbv NUbvejx‡K AvL¨vb AvKv‡i eqvb K‡i‡Qb †jLK| G‡Z K_‡Ki gyÝxqvbv cwijwÿZ| NUbvi eqv‡b cwievi, Zuvi †e‡o IVv G MÖ‡š’ Abe`¨ fw½ AR©b K‡i| †R¨vwZcÖKvk `Ë (R. 1939) AvZ¥¯§„wZ Avm‡j Zuvi Ôˆkk‡ei mv`v †`qvjÕ| Ô†Pv‡L †`Lv `„k¨ ¯§„wZ‡Z avi‡Yi †mB m¤¢eZ ïiæÕ Ges ïiæ Zuvi AvZ¥¯§„wZ| Zuvi eqm mgq mvwbœa¨ Gme wb‡q G ¯§„wZK_v| ˆbe©¨w³K Zuvi K_b cÖqvm| g„Zz¨`„k¨ e¨vL¨vb n‡q‡Q Gfv‡e, ÔAvKv‡ji eQ‡iB gvi g„Zz¨ nq| K‡jivq| Zvi `kw`b c‡i Avgvi †gRw`w` P‡j hvbGKB †iv‡M| Av‡iv cuvPw`b c‡i D‡Vv‡b bvwg‡q w`‡Z nq Avgvi beRvZ fvBwU‡K| gv gviv hvIqvi GKzk w`‡bi gv_vq †eYxgvae K‡jiv gnvgvixi wkKvi nb|...Õ Gfv‡e ¯úk©KvZi eY©bv P‡j †R¨vwZcÖKvk `‡Ëi| G‡Kev‡iB †bB †Kv‡bv bvUKxqZv ev AwZiÄb| wbiæËvc A‡bK welq †jL‡Ki †jLvq †c‡q‡Q `ye©vi DËvc| †`Iqvb †gvnv¤§` AvRid (1908-1999) †`Iqvb †gvnv¤§` AvRi‡di ¯§„wZg~jK MÖš’ AZxZ Rxe‡bi ¯§„wZ (1987)| GwU Zuvi AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖš’| GLv‡b †jL‡Ki ˆkke-ˆK‡kvi I cÖviw¤¢K †hŠe‡bi LuywUbvwU weeiY i‡q‡Q| wn›`y-gymjgvb m¤cÖxwZwPÎ, ivR‰bwZKmvs¯‹…wZK e¨w³Z¡ I Kg©e¨c‡`‡ki wee„wZI G‡Z Av‡Q| Ô`xN© cÖjw¤^Z j‡qi avivevwnK iPbvq †Kv_vI †Kv_vI BwZnvm I ivRbxwZi wee„wZ, †Kv_vI wb‡Ri e¨w³Rxe‡bi weKv‡ki eY©bv Av‡Q|Õ GwU GKwU mycvV¨ iPbv|



434 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



bvwRg gvngy` (1935-1998) hLb µxZ`vm : ¯§„wZ 71 (1990) bvwRg gvngy‡`i hyׯ§„wZ| GKvˇii ¯§„wZ wb‡q Ggb gg©š‘` AvL¨vb Avi †KD iPbv K‡i‡Qb e‡j Rvbv †bB| `ytmn AwfÁZv‡K wPÎvwc©Z K‡i‡Qb bvwRg gvngy`| Zuvi †jLvq †Kv‡bv AwZiÄb †bB, †bB †Kv‡bv KxwZ©K_b, ïay ¯§„wZZvwoZ Kɯ^i| GgbUvB bvwRg gvngy‡`i ¯§„wZ| GKvËi‡K GK jngvq †hb PwKZ K‡i †Zv‡jb wZwb, Abycg AvL¨v‡bi †fZi w`‡q| kw³kvjx Zuvi fvlveybwb| AšÍ`„©wóI cÖLi| wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y (R. 1945) fjMviZx‡i (1985), wf‡qZbvg I K¤úywPqvi ¯§„wZ (1993), Mxbmev‡M©i m‡½ (1994), Av‡gwiKvi Ryqv‡Ljvi ¯§„wZ I Ab¨vb¨ (1995), kw³¯§„wZ I Ab¨vb¨ (1997), cybð Rvcvb hvÎx (2004), fyeb åwgqv †k‡l (2004), w`jøx (2004) wbg©‡j›`y ¸‡Yi e¨w³-AwfÁZv| Kwei M`¨ wba©vwiZ Zuvi †jLvq| Lye kw³kvjx M‡`¨ cwi‡ekwU iwPZ| Rvcvb, wf‡qZbvg, K¤úywPqv, w`jøxi ¯§„wZPviY ev ejv P‡j åvgwYK exÿv Abe`¨| mshZ Ges cwi”Qbœ e¨w³‡Z¡ AšÍe©qb, PÂj wen½Rxeb hvÎvi Kvwnwb, ¯^Zš¿ mw¤^r fve‡j‡k M„nxZ ¸‡Yi `„wócvZ| Avgvi †Q‡j‡ejv (1988), Avgvi Kɯ^i (1995), i³Siv b‡f¤^i 1975 (1997) wbLv` ¯§„wZK_v| Kó-†e`bvi wPÎ e„nr mgxÿvq D‡V Av‡m| †kølAvmw³, †µva-Kvgbv RovRwo K‡i _v‡K Ôi³Siv b‡f¤^iÕ, Avi †Q‡j‡ejvi w`bvšÍ ch©v‡jvPbv wbR¯^ ˆkwj‡Z cÖwZwôZ| AvZ¥¯§„wZ‡Z mgvR-ivRbxwZ MÜ wZ‡ivwnZ bq| hyM, Kvj, mgq-¯úk©x †¯^`-nl© Ki‡iLvq aiv †`q| Avb›`gq cwi‡ekbvq ¸‡Yi Gme iPbv †ek Dc‡fvM¨| evmšÍx ¸nVvKziZv gyw³hy‡×i ¯§„wZK_v GKvˇii ¯§„wZ (1991) wj‡L‡Qb| knx` eyw×Rxex †R¨vwZg©q ¸nVvKziZvi ¯¿x G †jLK MÖš’wU‡Z gyw³hy‡×i cÖZ¨ÿ I gg©š‘` weeiY w`‡q‡Qb| GKvˇii cuwP‡k gvP© †_‡K evnvˇii 4 †deªæqvwii NUbvµg welv`-gayi iƒ‡c ewY©Z| GwU wknwiZ Kiv Kvwnwb| ¯§„wZPviYvq e¨w³MZ K_v n‡q D‡V‡Q G‡`‡ki H mg‡qi nZ¨vh‡Ái ev¯Íe I mve©Rbxb wPÎ| gwbiDÏxb BDmyd evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 435



gwbiDÏxb BDmy‡di AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK iPbv Avgvi Rxeb Avgvi AwfÁZv (1992)| GLv‡b †jLK Zuvi e¨w³MZ Rxe‡bi LuywUbvwU, cvwievwiK cÖwZ‡ek, gyw³hy× AwfÁZv e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| K‡qK `k‡Ki AwfÁZv‡K G MÖ‡š’ G‡b‡Qb †jLK| gvneye-Dj Avjg (1898-1981) †gv‡g‡bi Revbe›`x, cëb Rxe‡bi ¯§„wZ (1940), B‡›`v‡bwkqv (1959), ZzKx© (1960), wm‡jvb (1959), †mŠw` Avie (1960) gvneye-Dj Avj‡gi iPbv| †gv‡g‡bi Revbe›`x Zuvi DrK…ógv‡bi mvwnZ¨| B‡›`v‡bwkqv, ZzKx© , wm‡jvb, †mŠw` Avie åvgwYK AwfÁZvq †jLv iPbv| G‡Z ¯^”Q I my›`‡ii evZ©v Av‡Q| gvneye-Dj-Avjg †eov‡bvi AwfÁZv‡K bxwZevMxk K‡i †Zv‡jb bv| Kɯ^i Avq‡Ë †i‡LB e¨eavb `~i K‡i †d‡jb, A‡gvN mZ¨wU cÖKvk K‡ib, ms¯‹v‡ii E‡aŸ© †_‡K †PZbv‡K A_©v‡ivc K‡ib| ågY GKvšÍB Avi Zuvi _v‡K bv| n‡q I‡V cvV‡Ki| ¯§„wZK_v‡ZI wZwb AviI mshgx, ˆbe©¨w³K| G ch©v‡qi iPbvq wZwb `„óvšÍ, GgbwU ejv hvq| gybZvmxi gvgyb (R. 1951) we‡`‡k evOvjx (1993), Rvcv‡bi †QvU kni (1993), K‡f›U Mv‡W©‡b mܨv (1996) gybZvmxi gvgy‡bi iPbv| Am¤¢e Avi A™¢~Z Av‡gv` wg‡k _v‡K Zuvi iPbvq| ågY n‡q I‡V wbLv` mvwnZ¨| g‡bi AbyivM-Av‡eM cÖvÄj K‡i †Zv‡jb wZwb fvlvq| cÖPÐ mshg I msnZ Zuvi †jLv| cwiPh©vq hZœevb| Zuvi Rvcvb kn‡ii eY©bvq D‡V Av‡m e„wó`„k¨, m½xZgyLi ¯§„wZgq ivZ, Øxcgvjvi †mŠ›`h© Avi wkí-ms¯‹…wZi e¨Äbven g‡bvjM| gybZvmxi gvgy‡bi Dcjwä Avi ZLb wb‡Ri _v‡K bv n‡q I‡V Abyfe‡e`¨ me gvby‡li| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ iPbvmg~nI AvKl©Yxq| gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB (1919-1969) wek kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡qi ewnwe©k,¦ evOvwji wbKU ågYKvwnwbi Av¯^v‡`, Lye KgB wg‡j‡Q| we‡j‡Z mv‡o mvZk w`b (1958)-Gi g‡a¨ Ave`yj nvB ¯^”QwPšÍ‡b, MwZkxj D”Q¡v‡m; we‡j‡Zi iƒcimMÜ, cÖvK…wZK ˆewP‡Î¨, HwZn¨ I mvs¯‹…wZK Ave‡n Qwei g‡Zv dzwU‡q Zy‡j‡Qb| iPbvwUi Zvrch©gq w`K; BD‡iv‡ci mgvR-ag©`„wó I cvw_©e †PZbv‡K m~ÿè`„wó‡Z Zzjbvq G‡b‡Qb



436 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



wb‡Ri †`‡ki m‡½| we‡j‡Z mv‡o mvZk w`b Ave`yj nvB‡qi AZ¨šÍ ms‡e`bkxj I cÖvÄj iPbv| †Zvlv‡gv` I ivRbxwZi fvlv (1959) Ave`yj nvB‡qi cwiï× cÖeÜMÖš’ bv n‡jI ¯§„wZK_v‡K imgwÐZ K‡i Dc¯’vcbv Dc‡fvM¨ AwR©Z| Mí-¯§„wZ-cÖeÜ wg‡j wgkª¯v^ ‡`i cy¯K Í GwU| gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK (1902-1982) cÖeÜKvi Gbvgyj n‡Ki ågYKvwnwb eyj‡Mwiqv ågY (1978)| kw³kvjx M‡`¨ †jLK eyj‡Mwiqv‡K cvV‡Ki mvg‡b wb‡q Av‡mb| cwiPq †g‡j †mLvbKvi cÖK…wZ-gvbyl I BwZK_vi AveZ©mg~n| wkwíZ K‡i †Zv‡jb mewKQy‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î Gbvg~j nK gbbkxj, wØavmZK©| Z‡e GwU mvejxj my›`i GKwU ågY AwfÁZvi wPÎcU, m‡›`n †bB| gy¯Ívdv b~iDj Bmjvg (R. 1927) wb‡e`b BwZ c~e©-LÐ (2005) Abe`¨M‡`¨ gy¯vÍ dv b~iDj Bmjv‡gi AvZ¥K_v| A‡_bwUK G iPbvwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ¯^Kv‡ji K_v ewY©Z n‡q‡Q Abycg M‡`¨| Zuvi M`¨ eiveiB wfbœ e¨w³Z¡c~Y© Ges AwR©Z-AwfÁZvcÖm~Z| †hwU Ab¨ AvÁv †`q cvVK‡K| †gvnv¤§` IqvjxDjøvn& (1904-1978) mvsevw`K, †jLK| Ôjvj †KvZ©vÕ Ges ÔIjx MvÜxÕ bv‡g L¨vZ| ågY e„ËvšÍ ewY©Z hyM-wewPÎv (1967) MÖ‡š’| G MÖ‡š’ wZwb g~jZ mgKvjxb Rxeb‡KB Z_¨wbô K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| †gvnv¤§` †gv`v‡eŸi (1908-1984) wkï mvwnwZ¨K, mvsevw`K †gvnv¤§` †gv`v‡eŸi| e³‡e¨i FRyZvq, fvlvi mvejxjZvq PgrKvi MÖš’ BwZnvm K_v Kq (1981)| wb‡Ri Rxeb I mgKvjxb AwfÁZvi Abe`¨ `wjj| mvsevw`‡Ki †ivRbvgPv (1977) mvsevw`‡Ki mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK AwfÁZv| Rvcvb Ny‡i Gjvg (1959), cÖevj Øx‡c (1964) ågY Kvwnwb| wefvM-cieZ©x mg‡qi weKvkDb¥yL mvwn‡Z¨ †gvnv¤§` †gv`v‡eŸ‡ii ågYmvwnZ¨ wbR¯^, fvlv I ms¯‹…wZi cwigЇj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V| Kíbvkw³i ¸‡Y ïay bq, Zuvi evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 437



mvs¯‹…wZK `„wócwigÐjI DbœZ iæwPÁv‡b D”PwKZ wQj| Rvcvb ågY‡K A_©v‡ivc K‡i‡Qb †jLK mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ-HwZwn¨K Ave‡n| iv‡eqv LvZzb (R. 1935) ¯§„wZPviYvq wj‡L‡Qb ¯^‡cœi kni XvKv (1994), GKvˇii bq gvm (1996), Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ (1996)| G‡Kev‡iB g~Z© n‡q D‡V‡Q wb‡Ri AwfÁZv| hy‡×i ¯§„wZ wb‡Ri AwfÁZvq e‡j‡Qb wKš‘ hy×v‡eM, Zx² AšÍ`„©wó cvqwb e‡jB g‡b nq| AviI Mnb AbymÜv‡bi my‡hvM i‡q hvq| ZeyI †jL‡Ki ¯§„wZi AR©b I D‡cÿv GKvšÍB e¨w³‡PZbvK…Z| M`¨ixwZ‡Z K_K‡gRvR, eY©bvcÖev‡n MwZgqZv mv_©K iPbv ejv P‡j| Kzgvix gvwUi †`‡k (1994), †Ugm †_‡K bvqvMÖv (1993) Avevi Av‡gwiKvq (2006) Gme bvgvw¼Z MÖ‡š’B ågY e„Ëv‡šÍi cwi‡ek M„nxZ| †Ugm †_‡K bvqvMÖv Zuvi RbwcÖq iPbv| cÖvÄj ågYvwfÁZv, `„wó †PZbvq A_© AR©b K‡i, im‡evamÂvwi cwi‡ekwU cvVK‡K D‡¯‹ †`q, mgq BwZnvm cvq cÖZœgvÎv| iv‡eqv LvZzb mvwn‡Z¨i G kvLvwU‡Z †ewk ¯^v”Q›`¨gq g‡b nq| kIKZ Imgvb (1917-1998) kIKZ Imgv‡bi AvZ¥Rxebx I ¯§„wZK_v : DËice© gywRebMi (1993), Kv‡jvivwÎ LÐwPÎ (1986), ¸WevB Rvw÷k gvmy` (1398), ivnbvgv-1 (†Q‡j‡ejv I ˆK‡kvi †Kvjvnj) (2007), ivnbvgv-2 (Ab¨ iYcÖvšÍ‡i I fyeb Rˇi) (2007), ¯^Rb ¯^MÖvg (1986), ¯§„wZLÐ gywRebMi (1992)| G¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨KwUB mvwnZ¨¸‡Y F×| Z‡e AwZwi³ AvZ¥gMœZv wZ‡ivwnZ Zv ejv hv‡e bv| GK ai‡bi cybive„wËI Av‡Q| Z‡e G¸‡jvi HwZnvwmK ¸iæZ¡ Ab¯^xKvh©| kIKZ Imgvb gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq ïay wek¦vmx bb, Kg©cÖhyw³‡Zmve©ÿwYK wZwb †m cÖgvY w`‡q‡Qb| ivnbvgv mxgve×Zv m‡Ë¡I Zuvi eo KvR, DËice© I ¯§„wZLÐ gywRebMiI Zuvi Abe`¨ iPbv| Av_©-mgvR, BwZnv‡m A‡bKUv mvnwmKZvi wZwb cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| knx`yjøv Kvqmvi (1927-1971) †c‡kvqvi †_‡K ZvmL›` (1966) knx`yjøv Kvqmv‡ii ågbKvwnwb| g‡bvÁ Zuvi G hvÎvi_| Abe`¨ eY©bvfw½i ¸‡Y Zuvi †jLv D”P wkígvÎv AR©b K‡i| †jLK AwfÁZvB g~jZ cwikÖæZ| Zuvi ivRe›`xi Wv‡qwi ivRe›`xi †ivRbvgPv (1962)| NUbv‡K ¯^”Q I AšÍ‡f©`x, wbwe©ev`xiƒ‡c cwi‡ekb Kivi 438 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



my‡hvM ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq †jLK‡K| †mwU ¯^”Q‡›` cwi‡ekb Kivi †KŠkjwUI _vKv PvB| knx`yjøv Kvqmvi AZ¨šÍ mvejxj K‡i åvgwYK RMZ‡K Zz‡j Av‡bb, gyl‡o cov Av‡eM mn‡RB AbycÖvwYZ K‡i cvVK‡K| Zuvi ivRe›`xi †ivRbvgPv mvwnZ¨ n‡q D‡V‡Q, GKB m‡½ Zv Z‡_¨I mg„×| kvnwiqvi Kexi (R. 1950) kvnwiqvi Kwe‡ii A‡bK †jLv‡jwL, Gi g‡a¨ ¯§„wZPviY ev AvZ¥PviYg~jK iPbvi ZvwjKvI Kg bq| GwU‡ZI wZwb KvR K‡i‡Qb| weiæ× †mªv‡Zi hvÎx (1990), µvwšÍKv‡ji gvbyl (1990), AšÍi½ ûgvqyb Avn‡g` (1992), mvay †MÖMwii w`b¸wj (1994), nvZ evov‡jB eÜz (1995), Rvnvbviv Bgv‡gi †kl w`b¸wj (1995) Zuvi iPbv| Z‡e GLv‡b me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Rvnvbviv Bgv‡gi m‡½ †kl w`b¸‡jvi ¯§„wZPviYg~jK MÖš’wU| Kg©xmw½ wn‡m‡e †m Av‡eMwU wbðqB Ah_v bq wKš‘ g~j¨evb AwfÁZv hv cLPjvi mnvqK kw³iƒ‡c cwiMwYZ Zv †Q‡K Zz‡j G‡b‡Qb| GQvov Ab¨MÖ‡š’I wZwb cwi”Qbœ| K_KZvi Av‡g‡R, cwi‡ekbvi Zvrch©wUI cÖksmbxq| m‡Z¨b †mb (1907-1981) m‡Z¨b †m‡bi weivU AwfÁZvq iwPZ ¯§„wZPviYg~jK iPbv g‡bvigv gvmxgv (1971), wecøex ingvb gv÷vi, mxgvšÍ m~h© Ave`yj Mvddvi Lvb (1383 e.)| c~Y©v½ e¨w³‡Z¡ ¯úk© K‡i‡Qb Ab¨ e¨w³Z¡‡K| GLv‡b wZwb D™¢vwmZ| Gme iPbvq AvbyMZ¨ Av‡Q, Av‡Q Av‡e‡Mi cÖvej¨ wKš‘ m‡Z¨b †mb Gme Gwo‡q wbi‡cÿ `„wó‡PZbvq mvgvwRK e¨w³Z¡iƒ‡c G PwiÎmg~n‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb| ÔmxgvšÍ MvÜxÕL¨vZ Lvb Ave`yj Mvd&dvi Lvb‡K cwikxwjZ I `vk©wbK eyw×exÿ‡Y Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| e¨w³ AwfÁZvi cÖvÄj ¯^vÿi gvmxgv I wecøex gv÷vi| cÖfvweZ Av`‡k©i cwigvwR©Z wPÎwU Gu‡K‡Qb m‡Z¨b †mb| mvÕ`Z Avwj AvL›` (1899-1971) cÖvewÜK mvÕ`Z Avwj AvL›`| ZiæY gymwjg (1336), †Z‡iv b¤^‡i cuvP eQi (1967) ¯§„wZPviYg~jK iPbv wn‡m‡e Abe`¨| Ab¨ w`b Ab¨ Rxeb (1969) AvKl©Yxq, hLb `v‡ivMv wQjvg cywjk Rxe‡bi AwfÁZv| mywdqv Kvgvj (1911-1999)



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 439



GKv‡j Avgv‡`i Kvj (1988) mywdqv Kvgv‡ji AvZ¥¯§„wZg~jK MÖš’| mg‡qi BwZnvm ewY©Z n‡q‡Q †jL‡Ki nv‡Z| D‡V G‡m‡Q mvs¯‹…wZK A½‡bi cÖZxf~ e¨w³iv| ˆmq` gyZ©vRv Avjx (1902-1981) Avgvi Kv‡ji K_v (1975) Rxe‡bi AwfÁZv, AZxZ ¯§„wZi eybwb| Zuvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© iPbv| D”Pgb¯‹Zvq I AvaywbK cÖwZkÖæwZ‡Z Zuvi G ¯§„wZPviY Avm‡j wb‡Ri e¨vL¨vqb bq wKsev Zv n‡jI Zuvi mgv‡Ri mvgwMÖK AwfÁZvi g~j¨vqb| KviY, c~Y©v½ mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ- †`kKvj †PZbv D‡V G‡m‡Q wbi‡cÿiƒ‡c| Zuvi G Abylw½ fvlvI †ek Zvrch©en| ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx (1904-1974) †`‡k we‡`‡k (1948) ågYKvwnbx iPbv K‡i mvwn‡Z¨ Zuvi Aÿq Avmb cÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb| `yiwaMg¨ inm¨ve„Z AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi HwZnvwmK †cÖÿvc‡Ui Ac~e© wkíiƒc †`‡k we‡`‡k| fvlv g‡bvig, Awfbe evPbfw½ I Zxÿè im‡eva m„wói cvi½gZv Gi iPbv‰kwji ¸Y| eû wewPÎ gvbePwiÎ, †`k AwfÁvb myMfxi cÖÁvq evOgq n‡q D‡V‡Q gyRZev Avjxi †jLvq| G‡ÿ‡Î Zuvi gRwjwm †gRvR, i½‡K e¨‡½ cwiYZ Kiv wKsev mimZvq eywׇK AvNvZ K‡i KiæYvi cwi‡ek m„wó, gnr ¸Y| ågYKvwnbx‡Z Av`k© I ev¯Í‡ei wek¦¯Í PwiÎ †hgb _v‡K †Zgwb g‡bv‡jv‡Ki Aev¯Íe evqexq PwiÎI _v‡K| Gme Pwi·K e¨vcKZvq, MfxiZvq, mRxeZvq, gbxlvq Qwegq K‡i †Zv‡jb ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx| BD‡ivc åg‡Yi g‡bvgy»Ki weeiY wb‡q cÂZš¿ (1952), †QvU‡`i Dc‡hvMx ågYKvwnbx R‡j-WvOvq (1957), feNy‡i I Ab¨vb¨ (1962), gymvwdi (1971)| ˆmq` kvgmyj nK (R. 1935) cÖYxZ Rxeb (2008) Zuvi cwiKwíZ RxebPwi‡Zi cÖ_g ce©| G‡Z PwiÎiƒ‡c Av‡Qb Zuvi evev AZtci ˆkke-ˆK‡kvi cwi‡ek, BmjvwgK HwZn¨, †ckvAwfÁZvGm‡e cÖYxZ Rxeb msev`| ¯§„wZgq †m Avwj½b| ¯úk© AšÍi½, †jLK e‡jb ÔAvZ¥Rxebx‡K Avwg cÖYxZ Rxeb e‡jB Rvwb Ges GB cÖYq‡bi †fZ‡iB e¨w³i g~j kuvmwU‡K cvB|Õ Gfv‡e ¯§„wZ I kÖæwZ‡Z nvwRi nb wZwb cvV‡Ki m¤§y‡L|



440 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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KweZv AbvwgKv nK wjwj : e‡ov Avkv e‡ov Z…lv (1988) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 441



AiæYvf miKvi : bM‡i evDj (1976), †KD wKQy Rv‡b bv (1980), bvixiv †d‡i bv (2006)



Aiƒc ZvjyK`vi : †mB wbe©vmb PvB (1382) A‡jvKv bw›`Zv : wcb‡bi fuv‡R gnvKvk nuv‡U (1997) Amxg Kzgvi `vm : SÅv I cybiæÌvb (1992) Amxg mvnv : c~e© c„w_exi Aw¯’i †R¨vrmœvq (1982), fv‡jvevmvi KweZv (1983), Kv‡jv cvj‡Ki bx‡P (1986), cybiæ×vi (1992), DØv¯‘ (1994), †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1995), ga¨iv‡Zi cÖwZaŸwb (2001), AÜKv‡i g„Zz¨i Drme (2006), gyn~‡Z©i KweZv (2006) AvwRRyj nvwKg : †fv‡ii mvbvB(1339), giæ‡mbv (1340), c_nviv (1343), Ninviv (1344), we`» w`‡bi cÖvšÍi (1954), AvRvwRj-bvgv (1956) AvZvDi ingvb : `yB FZz (1956), GKw`b cÖwZw`b (1965), wblv`bM‡i AvwQ (1977), fv‡jvevmv wPikÎæ (1981), B`vbxs i½g (1992), fv‡jvevmv Ges Zvici (1993), mvivUv Rxeb aÕ‡i (1994) Avwbmyj nK : †Lvjv wPwV my›`‡ii Kv‡Q (1989), Avm‡j Avqyi †P‡q e‡ov mva Zvi AvKvk †`Lvi (1995), Avwg AvwQ Avgvi Ab‡j (1997), Rjisc`¨ Av‡bvqvi cvkv : b`x wbt‡kwlZ n‡j Ave`yi ikx` Iqv‡mKcyix : †h‡nZz (1954), Avwgi mI`vMi (1366) Ave`yi ikx` Lvb : bÿÎ : gvbyl : gb (1358), e›`x gyn~Z© (1959) gûqv (1966), wew¤^Z cÖni (1968), wbišÍi ¯^i (1376) Awš^ó ¯^‡`k (1970) Ave`yj nvB gvk‡iKx : `yLy wgqvi Rvix (1377), gv‡Vi KweZv gv‡Vi Mvb (1970) Ave`yj nvB wkK`vi : Avwk jÿ †fvi (1989), Av¸b Avgvi fvB (1991), †iwjO aiv b`x (1992), hyMje›`x f~‡Mvjgq (1992), gvbe weRq Kve¨ (1992), GB ea¨f~wg GKw`b ¯^‡`k wQ‡jv (1998) Ave`yj Kvw`i : w`jiæev (1933), DËi emšÍ (1957), Kve¨gvj Ave`yj Mwb nvRvix : m~‡h©i wmuwo (1965), mvgvb¨ ab (1959), RvMÖZ cÖ`x‡c (1970)



Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq` : Rb¥vÜ KweZv¸”Q (1967), I ms‡e`b I RjZi½ (1974), †R¨vrmœv-†iŠ‡`ªi wPwKrmv (1969), gvZvj gvbwPÎ (1970), KweZv †Kv¤úvbx cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW (1982), civev¯Íe KweZv (1982), cvK©w÷ª‡U GK ivwÎ (1983), gvQ wmwiR (1984), cÂki (1987), †kªôKweZv (1987), Avgvi m‡bU (1990), mKj cÖksmv Zuvi (1993), bxieZv MfxiZv `yB †evb K_v e‡j (1997) Ave`yjøvn Avey mvqx` : g„Zz¨gq I wPinwir (1988) Ave`ym mvËvi : e„wógyLi (1959), Aviex KweZv (1964), Avgvi Ni wb‡Ri evox (1970)



442 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Ave`ym mvgv` †PŠayix : KIwgqvZ (1375), DËi A‡š¦lv (1970) Avwgbyj Bmjvg †PŠayix : RIqve (1949) Av. b. g. eRjyi ikx` : giæm~h© (1956), kx‡Z em‡šÍ (1963), iO I †iLv (1375), GKwU gigx †mbv (1972), GK SuvK cvwL (1376), †g‡niwbMvi (1962), †gN †envM (1971) Avwe` AvRv` : Nv‡mi NUbv (1976), Avgvi gb †Kgb K‡i (1980), ebZiæ‡`i gg© (1982), Avwg Avgvi ¯^‡cœi Av‡Mœqv¯¿¸wj (1987), Q‡›`i evwo I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1987) †Zvgvi D‡Vv‡b wK e„wó bv‡g? †ijMvwo _v‡g? (1988) Avgvi KweZv (1989), LyP‡iv KweZv (1990), Av‡iv †ewk Mfxi Kzqvkvi w`‡K (1993), Avgvi AÿgZvi Mí (1998) Avwe` Av‡bvqvi : cÖwZwe‡¤^i gwg (1985), giv‡RvQbvq gayPw›`ªgv (1992), ˆ¯^wiYxi Nimsmvi (1997), LowePvwji e„ÿRxeb (2001) Avey Kwig : cë‡b Avevi Rbmfv n‡e (1984), R‡ji bx‡P ï‡q AvwQ , Qvqv (1993), hLb Zzwg N‡i wdi‡e (1993), wZj‡Ki gvwU (1993), Ei Z‡e Ei (1997), hvÎv (1999), KweZvmgMÖ (2002), ebmvB (2003), †g‡N‡`i KvR (2003), Avgvi Avb›` (2004) Avey Kvqmvi : Avwg Lye jvj GKwU Mvwo‡K (1972), Rv`yN‡i cÖRvcwZ (1985), †RvQbvq gvZvj †Reªv¸‡jv (1985), j¾vi †`ivR (1997), wbiæ‡Ïk A‡ÿŠwnYx (2000), g„M‡g‡ai nwiYxiv (2005), b‡fv †bŠKvi gvwS (2005)



Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn : Avwg wKse`šÍxi K_v ejwQ (1981), mvZbix nvi (1955), KL‡bv is KL‡bv myi (1970), Kg‡ji †PvL (1974), mwnòz cÖZxÿv (1982), e„wó I mvnmx cyiæ‡li Rb¨ cÖv_©bv (1983), Avgvi mKj K_v (1993), gm„Y K…ò †Mvjvc (2002), LuvPvi wfZi AwPb cvwL Avey Zv‡ni gRyg`vi : Ges †`qv‡ji †d«‡g (1989), †divi c‡_ (1989), gvbyl k¦vc` nq (1990), GB c‡_ (1991), KvjnvšÍwiZv (1995), wPwV w`I (1997), wbtk¦v‡mi KvQvKvwQ (1997) Avey nvmvb kvnwiqvi : AšÍnxb gvqvex ågY (1986), Ae¨_© AvOyj (1990), †Zvgvi Kv‡Q hvB bv Z‡e hv‡ev (1996), GKj‡e¨i cybiæÌvb, wbišÍ‡ii lôc`x, G eQi cvwLeb¨v n‡e, wd‡i Av‡m niàvi Puv` (2001), †kªô KweZv (2003), nv‡U †M‡Q Roe¯‘ev` (2003), evwjKvAvkªg (2005) Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj : Avcb †hŠeb ˆeix (1974), †h‡nZz Rb¥vÜ (1984) I AvµvšÍ MRj (1988) AveyeKi wmwÏK : aej `y‡ai ¯^iMÖvg (1969), †n †jvKmf¨Zv (1984), wewb`ª Kv‡ji †fjvq (1976), e„wói K_v ewj ex‡Ri K_v ewj (2006), †n †jvKmf¨Zv (1984), †ng‡šÍi †mvbvjZv (1395), gvbyl †Zvgvi weÿZ evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 443



w`b (1986), Kv‡jv Kv‡jv †gnbZx cvwL (1995), KsKv‡j AjsKvi w`‡qv (1996), k¨vgj hvhvei (1998), gvbenv‡oi wng (2001), gbxlv‡K †W‡K †W‡K (2002), Avgvi hZ i³ †duvUv (2002) wbR¯^ GB gvZ…fvlvq (1397)



Avey mvC` Ievq`yjøvn& : kxZg„Zz¨ I RjZi½, evj¥xwKi †gŠbK_b Aveyj Lv‡qi gym‡jnDwÏb : bvwi›`v †jb (1981), †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1986), fvsPzi (1989)



Aveyj †gv‡gb : Pvi fye‡bi PviY (1979), PovB DrivB (1989), A_©vr †cŠiæ‡li (1994), †f‡O covi mgq (1998) Aveyj nv‡kg : Kw_Kv, ZKexi (1969), †gv¯Ídvbvgv (1960) Aveyj †nv‡mb : be-emšÍ (1940), weim msjvc (1969), nvIqv †Zvgvi wK `ytmvnm (1982), `yt¯^cœ †_‡K `yt¯^‡cœ (1985), Selected Poems of Abul Hussain (1986), GLbI mgq Av‡Q (1986), wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1997), ivR ivRov (1997), Avi wK‡mi A‡cÿv (2000) Abyev` KweZv : BKev‡ji KweZv (1952), Avgvi Rb¥f~wg (1978), Ab¨ †ÿ‡Zi dmj (1990) Aveyj nvmvb : ivRv hvq ivRv Av‡m (1973), †h Zzwg niY K‡iv (1974), Avgvi †cÖg Avgvi cÖwZwbwa (1974), c„_K cvj¼ (1975), Aveyj nvmv‡bi AMÖwš’Z KweZv (1985) Avwgbyi ingvb myjZvb : R‡ji wmuwo‡Z cv (1987), wd‡i hvI `wÿYv †P‡qv bv (1990), P‡ii wZwg‡i Wz‡e hvq b`x (2000), g„b¥q gy‡Lvk (2003), cvbwm hv‡e bv muvZvi hv‡e (2008), mvayi Ki (2010), GKz‡ki Av‡jv (2010), wbe©vwPZ KweZv (2010) AvjZvd †nv‡mb : m‡½ wb‡q P‡j hvB cvnvoP~‡ovq Avj‡d«W †LvKb : †eu‡a hvB ci¯úi †Mu‡_ hvB ci¯úi (1997), D‡o hv”Q †gN (1999), m¤¢ve¨ †ivÏy‡i (2002), dvêy‡bi NUbvejx (2006), gay e„ÿ cÖZviYv wel (2007) Avj gvngy` : †jvK †jvKvšÍi (1370), Kv‡ji Kjm (1373), †mvbvjx Kvweb (1973), gvqvex c`©v `y‡j I‡V (1976), A`„óev`x‡`i ivbœvevbœv (1980), eLwZqv‡ii †Nvov (1985), Avie¨ iRbxi ivRnuvm (1987), cÖniv‡šÍi cvk‡div (1988), GK Pÿz nwiY (1989), wg_¨vev`x ivLvj (1993), Avwg, `~iMvgx (1994), ü`qcyi (1995), †`v‡qj I `wqZv (1997), wØZxq fvOb (2000) Avj gyRvwn`x : †ngj‡Ki †cqvjv, aªæc` I †Uiv‡KvUv, `~Z cviveZ (1984), g„wËKv AwZg„wËKv, C‡fi n¨vg‡jU, wmjyGU, †mŠi †RvbvKx, mnmª w`em mnmª iRbx, GKv Ab‡šÍ, mgy`ª †gLjv, Kuv‡`v wn‡ivwkgv Kuv‡`v bvMvmvwK, Kv‡ji 444 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



ew›`‡k, hy× bvw¯Í, wcÖRb f¨vb, w`‡`jvm I j¨ewiš’, cv_i I c¨vwcivm, cÖvP¨ c„w_ex, mܨvi e„wó, awiwÎi ay‡jv AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` : †fv‡ii b`xi †gvnbvq RvMiY (1962), gvbwPÎ (1961), m~h©R¡vjvi †mvcvb (1965), †jwjnvb cvÐywjwc (1975), wb‡LuvR m‡bU¸”Q (1983), Avwg hLb Avm‡ev (1984), mvRNi (1990), †PvL (1996), †kªô KweZv, Av¨v‡mm GÐ ¯úvK©vm (1984), †kªô KweZv (1987) Avkivd †ivKb : `wR©‡fvi (1998), KvVLo(2003) Avkivd wmwÏKx : Zv‡je gv÷vi I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1950), welKb¨v (1955), mvZ fvB P¤úv (1955), DËi AvKv‡k Zviv (1958), KuyPei‡Yi Kb¨v (1976), wZwik em‡šÍi dzj (1975), e„ÿ `vI : Qvqv `vI (1984), So Zzdv‡b (cÖ_gLÐ 1981 I wØZxq L‡Ð 1990), `uvovI cw_Kei (1990), wK‡kvi KweZv KvM‡Ri †bŠKv (1962) Avmjvg mvbx : cÖvYnxb †eu‡P Av‡Qv (1978), welYœ we¯Í…wZ (1980), †cÖg ïay †ZvgviB R‡b¨ (1984), ü`‡q AwMœ Rj Zzwg (1986), wbtk¦v‡m wek¦v‡m e½eÜz (1988), Avgvi †Kv‡bv fv‡jvg›` †bB (1990), ZzB ivRvKvi (1993), weRqx evOvjxi bvg e½eÜz (1997), mwn gywRebvgv (1996) Avmv` †PŠayix : ZeK †`Iqv cvb (1975), weË bvB †emvZ bvB (1976), cÖkœ †bB, Dˇi cvnvo (1979), R‡ji g‡a¨ †jLv‡RvLv (1982), †h cv‡i cviæK (1983), ga¨gvV †_‡K (1984), †g‡Ni Ryjyg cvwLi Ryjyg (1985), fv‡jvevmvi KweZv (1985), Avgvi KweZv (1985), `ytLxivI Mí K‡i (1987), b`xI wee¯¿ nq (1992), evZvm †hgb cwiwPZ (1998), e„wói msmv‡i Avwg †KD bB (1998), †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1985) Avmv` gvbœvb : Zzwg g„Z ARMi †Kv_vq cvjv‡e (1990), m~h©v‡¯Íi D‡ëvw`‡K (1981), ˆmq` es‡ki dzj (1983), Kvd‡bi Qvqvwjwc, wØZxq R‡b¥i w`‡K (1993), fv‡jvevmv Av¸‡bi b`x (1995), wbe©vwPZ KweZv (2003), my›`i `wÿ‡Y _vK (2005), †Zvgvi KxZ©b (2006) Avng` Qdv : Rjøv` mgq (1974), `yt‡Li w`‡b †`vnv (1975), GKwU cÖexY e‡Ui Kv‡Q cÖv_©bv (1977) Avn‡g` iwdK : wbe©vwmZ bvqK (1967), evDj gvwU‡Z gb (1971), i‡³i wbm‡M© ¯^‡`k (1979), wecøe †divix, Zey (1989), cošÍ †ivÏy‡i (1994) Avn‡g` bKxe : wkï I nviv‡bv weov‡ji K_v (1996) Avnmvb nvexe : ivwÎ ‡kl (1947), QvqvnwiY (1962), mviv `ycyi (1964), Avkvq emwZ (1381), †gN e‡j ˆP‡Î hv‡ev (1976), `yÕnv‡Z `yB Avw`g cv_i (1980), we`xY© `c©‡Y gyL (1985)



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 445



Avqkv SY©v : Auvavi hvb (1996), Ny‡gi †fZi hvÎv (1998), fyeb gn‡ji `iRv (2000), gvÎgvbyl (2003), Dby‡bi Mvb (2005), Avqbv i³ njøv (2007)



BDmyd cvkv : AcÖZzj cyZzj bv‡P (1984), cÖY‡qi cÖRvcwZ (1985), iæ× †Zvgvi `‡ivRvq, GKv GKv hvB BDmyd gyn¤§` : RjcÖev‡ni c`wPý (1982), nvZevov‡jB ey‡Ki b`x (1982), hy³vÄwj : Avqbv I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1997) BKevj AvwRR : cÖZx‡Ki nvZ a‡i A‡bK cÖZxK (1987), wd‡i Av‡m cÖvPxb cyiæl (1989), BKevj AvwR‡Ri †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1990), GKwU ¯^‡cœi K_v (1993), AšÍnxb †mŠiSo (1997), fv‡jv‡e‡m `~‡i AvwQ (1998), BKevj AvwR‡Ri †kªó KweZv (2002) BgvDj nK : AbyivM Iev‡q` AvKvk : cZb ¸Ä‡b fv‡m Li‡mªvZv Puv` (2001), bvkZvi †Uwe‡j cÖRvcwZMY (2003), `~iv‡ivM¨ evwo (2004), Kzqvkv Dov‡jv hviv (2005), Zvic‡i, ZviKvi nvwm (2007), iO Kiv `yt‡Li Zuvey (2012) Igi Avjx : G‡`‡k k¨vgj iO igbxi mybvg ï‡bwQ (1967), AvZ¥vi w`‡K (1968), b`x (1969), wbtkã evwo (1973), Ai‡Y¨ GKwU †jvK (1974), we‡j‡Z Awb”QyK GKRb (1975), bi‡K ev ¯^‡M© (1975), wK‡kvixi gb ?, †h Zzwg Avov‡j? (1987) Igi kvg&m : †evwae„ÿZ‡j (1984), †Lvqvebvgv (1987) Igi Kvqmvi : cÖv‰MwZnvwmK `ytL Iqvjx wKiY : gMœcÖZxK (1995), Drmf~wg (1997), iƒcvšÍ‡ii cvwL (1998), wgkªgvbe (1998), IB b`x Rjg (2001) Kwei gwb : g~jZt Bnv GK wbivKvi †Uv‡Ug (1995), Kwei ûgvqyb : ¯úk© wmwiR (1993), nv‡Zi Av½y‡j †Ljv K‡i cuvP c„w_exi †iv` (1996)



KvRj Kvbb : gvwUi gogo (2001), cBL D‡o hvI (2007) KvRj kvn‡bIqvR : RjgMœ cvVkvjv (1989), KvR‡j›`y †` : wbwðw›`cy‡ii Mí (1987), mgy`,ª RvnvR I AvKv‡ki Mí (1992), DrKxY© KweZvewj (1997) KvRx AvKig †nv‡mb : cjøxevYx (1943), Avgiv ev½vjx (1945), c‡_i euvkx (1945)



Ab~w`Z : hyMevYx (1943), gyw³evYx (1943), gmbexiƒgx (1948), Kixgv-B mv`x (1948), `xIqvb-B-nvwdR (1961) bI‡ivR (1938) KvRx †ivRx : Kv‡`i †bIqvR : bxj Kzgy`x (1960)



446 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Kvgiæ¾vgvb Kvgy : Kwe gyLcÎnxb (1997), Kvgiæj nvmvb : mnmª †KvwK‡ji MÖxev (1991), cÖvšÍmxgv AbšÍ`~i (1992), Qy‡j we`y¨jøZv, bv Qy‡j cv_i (1993), cvwL bB Avðh© gvbyl (1994), `kw`‡K Drme (1997), e„ÿ‡`i †kvfv †`‡L hve (2000), iƒc‰P‡Îi AiY¨wUjvq (2004)



Kvgvj †PŠayix : wgwQ‡ji mgvb eqmx (1981), Uvbv‡cvo‡bi w`b (1990), GB c_ GB †Kvjvnj (1993), G‡mwQ wb‡Ri †fv‡i (1995), GB †gN we`y¨‡Z fiv (1997), wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1998), a~wj I mvMi `„k¨ (2000), †iv` e„wó AšÍ¨wgj (2003), †n gvwU c„w_excyÎ (2006) Kvqmyj nK : k‡ãi muv‡Kv (1974), iex›`ªbv‡_i wbiƒcg evMvb (2001) wKkIqvi Be‡b w`jIqvi : mylg `„wó‡Z (1979), msNl©, Av‡jv-AÜKvi (1989), Qvqv kixixi Mvb (1997), cvwLi ivRvi Kv‡Q (2001), wP‡evq cÖK…wZ (2002), wKkIqvi Be‡b w`jIqvi iPbvmgMÖ (2005) Kzgvi PµeZ©x : DRv‡b Rxeb Rv‡M, Rb¥ exÿY, jMcy¯Í‡Ki cvZv (1998), Avqbv I cÖwZwe¤^ (2003) Lwjj gwR` : cvjKvc¨ (2000) Lv‡j` nvwg`x : Avwg AšÍtmË¡v n‡ev (1999) Lv‡j` †nvmvBb : Bjv wgÎ I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (2000), wkKvi-hvÎvi Av‡qvRb (2005), RjQwei K¨vbfvm (2006), cvZv‡`i msmvi (2007), GK `ycy‡ii †XD (2008) Lv‡j`v Gw`e †PŠayix : Avgvi `vn Avgvi nvZ (1978), cvš’ †Zvgvi fv‡jvevmv (1983), cv_y‡i Av¸b (1985), †Zvgvi Ab½ (1986), `ynv‡Z Auvavi †K‡U (1993), †n euvab jZvi Kuv`b (1995), `y †duvUv †Pv‡Li Rj (1997), †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1998) †Lv›`Kvi Avkivd †nv‡mb : wZb igbxi K¡vwm`v (1984), cv_© †Zvgvi Zxeª Zxi, Rxe‡bi mgvb PzgyK (1989), my›`ix I N„Yvi NyOyi (1992), hgybvce©, Rb¥evDj, †Zvgvi bv‡g e„wó bv‡g (2008) †Mvjvg wKewiqv wcby : GLb mvB‡ib evRv‡bvi mgq (1984), †mvbvgyL ¯^vaxbZv (1989), †cv‡Uª©U KweZv (1990), m~h© cy‡o †Mj (1995), †K Kv‡K †cuŠ‡Q †`‡e w`bvRcy‡i (1997), Avgiv †Rvsiv‡LvUv (2001), myavmgy`ª (2008) †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv : ewb-Av`g (1958), i³ivM (1924), †Lvk‡iR (1929), Kve¨Kvwnbx (1932), mvnviv (1936), nvmœv‡nbv (1938), Zvivbv-BcvwK¯Ívb (1948), MxwZ-mÂqb (1968) PÂj Avkivd : †PvL †bB `„k¨ †bB (1993), Amgvß wki`uvov (1996), I-gy`ªv in‡m¨ †g‡k (2002) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 447



Q`iæÏxb : 14B AvM÷ (1956), gvbyl (1346), cqMvg (1358), msMÖvg (1951), GK dvwj Puv` (1357), Ajm fvebv (1968) Rwdi †mZz : eûeY© i³exR (2004), mn¯ª †fv‡ëi evN (2006), m¨vbv‡Uvwiqvg (2008), Zuveyi wb‡P `~Zvevm (2011), wmÜz`ªvwe‡oi †NvUKx (2012), RvZK I `ÐKviY¨ (2013), my‡Zv w`‡q evbv‡bv m~‡h©iv (2014), gq~i DRv‡b fv‡mv (2014) Rwibv AvLZvi : Kv‡jv gq~‡ii WvK (1986), cÂki (†hŠ_, 1987), GB QywiB Aviwk (1989), †m¸b †gnMwb I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1993) Rq`yj †nv‡mb : ¯^ie„‡Ë ¯^ivNvZ (1988) Rvnvbviv AviRy : bxj¯^cœ (1962), †iŠ`ªSiv Mvb (1964), †kvwYZv³ AvLi (1971), Avgvi k‡ã AvRb¥ Avwg (1983), µ›`mx AvZ¥Rv (1984), ¯^wbe©vwPZ kZ KweZv (1996), wbe©vwPZ †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1988), wegy³ csw³gvjv (1988), Z…òvZ© gvwUi Pz¤^b (1990), AvKv‡ki gvVUvq gvqvex Qvqv (1996), cv‡qi Zjvq Kw¤úZ K`©gv³ gvwU (1997) Rvnvb-Aviv †eMg : B”Qvi Ai‡Y¨ (1966), Kv‡ji K_KZv (1968) Rvwn` nvq`vi : ¯^MZ Kv‡ji ch©UK (1982), †Lvjv `‡ivRvi w`b (1985), AwMœMY mLv Avgvi (1992), e‡jv `~Z, Awfmvi wZw_ (1996), e›`bv Kwi A‡cÿvi (1997), iƒcK_v Gu‡KwQj KÕRb (2006) Rvwn`yj nK : c‡KUfwZ© †gN (1981), †Zvgvi †nvgvi (1984), bxj `~Zvevm (1985), †mB wbk¦vm¸”Q (1989), cix¸”Q I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1994), GB †UªbwUi bvg Mvwm©qv †jviKv (1996), G Drm‡e Avwg GKv (1997), Rvwn`yj n‡Ki †kªô KweZv (1991) wRqv nvq`vi : fv‡jvevmv fv‡jvevmv (1990), GKZviv‡Z Kvbœv (1963), †KŠ‡Uvi B‡”Q¸‡jv (1967), `~i †_‡K †`Lv (1977), From far away (1979), Avgvi cjvZK Qvqv (1982), †kªô KweZv (1986), †jvKwU I Zvi †cQ‡bi gvby‡liv (1988), AMÖwš’Z KweZv RyjwdKvi gwZb : ˆ¯^wiwb ¯^‡`k ZzB (1972), †Kvb j‡ÿ¨ †n wblv` (1989), ZvB‡Zv msev` †bB (1999), bxwjgv‡K Puv` †`‡ev e‡j (2000), ˆekv‡L So Rj †iv‡`i KweZv (2000), Nv‡gi IRb KZ fvix (2001), `ytL †fvjvi `xN©k¦vm (2005), GB msev` GB GKz‡k (2007) †UvKb VvKzi : AšÍibMi †Uªb I Ab¨vb¨ hvÎx (1997), `~im¤ú‡K©i †gN (1999), Avqyi wmsnvmb (2000), KweZv KzwUiwkí (2001), Suv Suv wSu wSu (2003) Zmwjgv bvmwib : wkK‡o wecyj ÿzav (1986), wbe©vwmZ evwn‡i AšÍ‡i (1989), Avgvi wKQy hvq Av‡m bv (1990), AZ‡j AšÍixY (1991), evwjKvi †MvjøvQyU (1992), wbe©vwPZ bvix (1992), †eûjv GKv fvwm‡qwQj †fjv (1993), wbe©vwPZ KweZv 448 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Zvwjg †nv‡mb : w`kvix (1956), kvnxb (1962), Bmjvgx KweZv (1981), b~‡ni RvnvR (1983) Zzlvi Mv‡qb : bxjfen«` (1997), e„wói AšÍi Îvm (2003) Zzlvi `vk : mnRcvV I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1988), AwZµvšÍ evj¨wkÿv (1991), `yj©f wbR©b Avqbv (1996), Awbevh© M„nhy× (1999) †ZŠwn` Avn‡g` : R¡‡j wPÎ, gvbwPÎ (1989), †Zjvwcqv‡`i AmyLwemyL (1990), †iv‡gbvi nuvm¸wj (1992), †h huvi wbR©‡b (1996), I gywRe I RxešÍ welv` (1997), `xc‡bi `ycyi (1994), `xcb †Zvgvi Qov (1995), Avcb AvKvk (1997) wÎw`e `w¯Í`vi : M„ncvwjZ c‡`¨iv (1996), A‡½ Avgvi eûe‡Y©i `vM (1998), fv‡jv evm‡Z evm‡Z dZzi K‡i †`e (1999), fv‡jvevmvi kv`v Qwo (2001) †cvov‡ev ZvRgnj (2003) `vD` nvq`vi : Rb¥B Avgvi AvRb¥ cvc (1973), m¤úbœ gvbyl bB (1975), Avwg fv‡jv AvwQ, Zzwg (1976), †R‡j †jLv c`¨ (1976), GB kvI‡b ciev‡m (1976), Avcbgy» †`‡k, GKv (1386), Avwg cyowQ Rj I Av¸‡b (1982), cv_‡ii cuyw_ (1983), †h †`‡k mevB AÜ (1984), wcÖqZgvmy (1984), a~mi †Mva~wjaywjgq (1988), b`xi Drm wQj †hLv‡b (1991), cvlvY`yqvi (1992), bvg w`‡q‡Q KzmyggÄyix (1998), †cÖ‡gi KweZv mgMÖ (1999), `vD` nvq`v‡ii †kªô KweZv (2000) w`jIqvi : i‡³ Avgvi Abvw` Aw¯’ (1981), wRÁvmv (1953), c~evj nvIqv (1953), HKZvb (1964), Dw™¢bœ Djøvm (1969), ¯^wbô m‡bU (1977), wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1987), w`jIqv‡ii GKz‡ki KweZv (1993), w`jIqv‡ii ¯^vaxbZvi KweZv (1993), w`jIqv‡ii iPbvmgMÖ cÖ_g LÐ (1999) I wØZxq LÐ (2000) bvRgyj nvmvb : †R¨vrmœvi Zx‡_© (1982) bvwRg gvngy` : fv‡jvevmvi K_v (1989), †PZbvi ˆmK‡Z (1968) wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y : †cÖgvsmyi i³ PvB (1970), bv †cÖwgK bv wecøex (1972), I eÜz Avgvi (1975), Avb›` Kzmyg (1976), evsjvi gvwU evsjvi Rj (1978), Zvi Av‡M PvB mgvRZš¿ (1979), Pvlvfylvi Kve¨ (1981), APj c`vejx (1982), c„w_ex‡Rvov Mvb (1982), `~i n `ytkvmb (1983), kvwšÍi wWwµ (1984), Bm&µv (1984), cÖ_g w`‡bi m~h© (1984), Avevi GKevi duy w`‡q `vI (1984), †bB †Kb †mB cvwL (1985), wbićbi c„w_ex (1986), wPiKv‡ji euvwk (1986),`ytL K‡iv bv euv‡Pv (1987), 1987 (1988), 1987 (1988), hLb Avwg ey‡Ki cvRi Ly‡j `uvovB (1989), avegvb nwi‡Yi `y¨wZ (1992), AbšÍ eidexw_ (1993), Avb›`D`¨vb (1995), wcÖq bvix, nviv‡bv KweZv (1996), wkq‡i evsjv‡`k (1998), BqvwnqvKvj evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 449



(1998), Avwg mgq‡K Rb¥v‡Z †`‡LwQ (2000), gy‡Vv‡dv‡bi Kve¨ (2001), wbwkKve¨ (2002), wPiAbve„Zv †n bMœZgv (2005)| bvmixb bCg : hvi Lykx hvI (1985), myRb †h †KD bq (1986), wbe©vwmZ Zzwg (1994) bvwmgv myjZvbv : g„Mqvq hy‡×i †Nvov (1985), iPbvmgMÖ(2000), KiZ‡j ivR`Ð PvB (1985); Avi bxj gvwQwU GLb Avgvi i‡³ bvwmi Avn‡g` : e„ÿg½j (1991), AvKzjZv ïåZvi R‡b¨ (1985), cv_i¸‡jv `ytL¸‡jv (1986), †Zvgv‡KB AvkvjZv (1987), Avgvi ¯^cœ Zzwg ivwÎ (1997), fv‡jvevmvi GB c‡_ (1997), †Zvgvi R‡b¨ Awbw›`Zv (1998), weaŸ¯Í kni †Q‡o †h‡Z †h‡Z (1999) cve‡jv kvwn : Bnv GK Awfbe Kve¨ fRbv (1999), ÿg Iu wbtk¦vmhvb (2000), †gNevwjKvi gy`ªv (2001), †e‡nkwZ Avw` eo I mwn ûixbvgv hvnv †Kej biMY cvV Kwi‡eb (2001), kãwekvi`MY K‡nb Dnv †cÐyjvg kix‡ii †MvjvKvi gnvcÖvYaŸwb (2001), K‡n Kwe bexb evj¥xwK (2002), el©v Ges Avgv‡`i cÖvB‡fwm-1 (2003),el©v Ges Avgv‡`i cÖvB‡fwm-1 (), dRj-G †Lv`v : m~h© ¯^Y© Øxc (1375), weZwK©Z †R¨vrmœv (1973), bv‡g hvi †Ku‡c I‡V (1990) dRj kvnveyÏxb : Z…òvi AwMœ‡Z GKv (1965), AvKvw•ÿZ Amy›`i (1969), AvZZvqx m~h©v¯Í (1975), wQbœwfbœ K‡qKRb, AšÍix‡ÿ AiY¨ (1980), mvwbœ‡a¨i AvZ©bv` (1983), Av‡jvnxb AÜKvinxb (1984), m‡bU¸”Q,



Awebk¦i `‡ivRvq, Avgvi wbe©vwPZ KweZv, †n bxj mgy`ª †n e„ÿ meyR, js‡d‡jvi wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1967) dRjyi ingvb eveyj : FYx n‡ev †mvnvMx R‡j (1999), mwLKve¨(2004) diiæL Avng` : mvZ-mvM‡ii gvwS (1944), wmivRvg gywbiv (1952), †bŠ‡dj I nv‡Zg (1961), gyn~‡Z©i KweZv (1963), nv‡Zg ZvÕqx (1966) dinv` gRnvi : †LvKb I Zvi cÖwZ cyiæl (1972), wÎf‡½i wZbwU R¨vwgwZ (1977), Avgv‡K Zzwg `uvo Kwi‡q w`‡q‡Qv wecø‡ei mvg‡b (1983), e„ÿ (1985), myfvKzmyg `yB dg©v (1985), AK¯§vr ißvbxgyLx bvix †gwkb (1985), Lmov M`¨ (1987), †gN †gwk‡bi m½xZ (1988), Gev`Zbvgv (1990), Amg‡qi †bvUeB (1994), `i`x eKzj (1994), ¸e‡i †cvKvi k¦ïi (2000), KweZvi †ev‡bi m‡½ Avevi (2003) dwi` Kwei : ürwc‡Ð i³cvZ (1985), I‡o Nyg, I‡o MvOwPj (1998), AbšÍ `‡ivRv¸”Q (1991), gš¿ (1999) dviæK AvjgMxi : k¨vgjx †`‡ki ÿZ cÖvšÍi (1962), ¯^‡cœi g‡a¨ ˆkke (1985), †jv‡Kk †jŠwnZ¨ (1987), Avgvi w`bivwÎ (1989), A‡šÍ¨wó m½xZ :



450 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



cybiæÌv‡bi Av‡M (1990), Afy¨Ìv‡bi Av‡M : GK `yivZ¥vi ¯^M‡Zvw³ (1992)



e`‡i gybxi : AvOy‡ji D”PvKv•ÿv (2003), gvqvi gyiwZ, hvZbvi hwZ (2004), Avgiv hviv fyj K‡iwQjvg (2008) e`iæj nvq`vi : AvZ¥R cwieªvRK, Kv‡jv wm‡éi AÜKvi, mgq wewµi Mí, bó 僇Y GK wPrKvi, Db¥v` mZ¨ `ªóv, bvix wmwiR e‡›` Avjx wgqv : gqbvgZxi Pi (1932), AbyivM (1932), evKx wejøvn& : jve‡Y¨ Rov‡bv Mí (1983) evqZzjøvn& Kv‡`ix : `yt‡Li AvOyj b‡o P‡o (1988), evZvm †Zvgvi i³ cvb Ki (1991), kxZvf m‡bU¸”Q I Ab¨vb¨ (1996), wÎYvwP‡K‡Zi bvP (2002), wK¤¢~Z nevi K_v wQj (2005) eªvZ¨ ivBmy : AvKv‡k Kvwj`v‡mi j‡M †gN †`L‡ZwQ (2001) †eMg mywdqv Kvgvj : muv‡Si gvqv (1938), gvqv KvRj (1951), gb I Rxeb (1957), D`vË c„w_ex (1371), `xIqvb (1373), cÖkw¯Í I cÖv_©bv (1968), AwfhvwÎK (1969), g„wËKvi NªvY (1377) †ebRvwgb wiqvRx : `n‡bi cÖwZmv‡g¨ (2006) †ebRxi Avng` : e›`xi euvkx, ˆekvLx (1369) †ejvj †PŠayix : †ejvj †PŠayixi KweZv (1973), AvZ¥cÖwZK…wZ, w¯’i Rxeb I wbmM© (1975), ¯^cœe›`x (1979), Rj wely‡ei c~wY©gv (1985), cÖwZbvq‡Ki ¯^M‡Zvw³ (1986), †mjvB Kiv Qvqv (1980), KweZvi Kgje‡b, hve¾xeb mkªg Djøv‡m (1997), ewÎk b¤^i (1997), ù‚wj½ †_‡K `vevbj (2001) †ejvj †gvnv¤§` : KweZv bq (1954), ch©vqµg †bB (1969), AKvj AcvÎ (1977), ïay wgÎvÿi (1981), mvg‡b Av‡Q gyw³hy× (1983) wegj ¸n : AnsKvi †Zvgvi kã (1982), muv‡Kv cvi n‡j †Lvjvc_ (1985), ¯^‡cœ R‡j kZ©nxb †fvi (1986), wegj ¸‡ni fv‡jvevmvi KweZv (1989), bó gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1995) wek¦wRr †PŠayix : †Zvgvi cÖv‡Yi Rj, k¨vIjv kix‡i (1988), †hŠ_fv‡e cÖKvwkZ †`ªŠc`xi †cÖwgKviv (1983), †Mvcb MRj (1992) weòz wek¦vm : †fv‡ii gw›`i gRby kvn : AvbKv †g‡Ni Rxebx (1999), jxjvP~Y© (2003), gay I gmjvi e‡b gwZb ˆeivMx : welYœ cÖn‡i wØavnxb (1976), Kv‡Qi gvbyl cv‡ki evwo (1980), Livq cxwoZ ¯^‡`k (1986), Avkv AbšÍ †n (1992), †e`bvi ebf~wg (1995)



gh&nviæj Bmjvg : gvwUi dmj (1955), wew”Qbœ cÖwZwjwc (1970), AvZ©bv‡` weeY© (1970), hLv‡b ev‡Ni _vev (1979) Aciv‡ý wee¯¿ cÖvZivk (1979), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 451



`ytmg‡qi Qov (1988), DRv‡b †divi cÖwZaŸwb (1998), ivR eviv›`vi Zzwg (1998) gbRy‡i gIjv : wbgMœ wK K'†i cv‡iv (1977), gvwU †n‡i hvq (1983), cy‡o cy‡o (1985), k¨vIjv I wWw½, GBw`b wg‡_¨, mywPÎv †m‡bi Rb¨ (2005) gqyL †PŠayix : Kv‡jv ei‡di cÖwZ‡ekx (1989), A‡a©K i‡qwQ R‡j, A‡a©K Rv‡j (1999), †Zvgvi Rvbvjvq Avwg †R‡M AvwQ P›`ªgwjøKv (2000), c¨vwi‡mi bxjiæwU (2001), Avgvi Avm‡Z GKUz †`wi n‡Z cv‡i (2002) cÖf„wZ| gnv‡`e mvnv : GB M„n, GB mbœ¨vm (1972) Gici gvbe G‡mwQ Kv‡Q (1973), PvB wel AgiZv (1975), Kx my›`i AÜ (1978), †Zvgvi cv‡qi kã (1982), ay‡jvgvwUi gvbyl (1982), dzj KB, ïay A‡¯¿i Djøvm (1984), jvRyK wjwiK (1984), Avwg wQbœwfbœ (1986), gvbyl e‡ov µ›`b Rv‡b bv (1989), wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1989), cÖ_g cqvi (1990), †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1991), ivR‰bwZK KweZv (1991), †Kv_v †mB †cÖg, †Kv_v †m we‡`ªvn (1990), A¯ÍwgZ Kv‡ji †MŠie (1992), Avg~j e`‡j `vI Avgvi Rxeb (1993), GKv n‡q hvI (1993), h`yesk aŸs‡mi Av‡M (1994), †Kv_vq hvB, Kvi Kv‡Q hvB (1994), my›`‡ii nv‡Z AvR nvZKov †Mvjv‡ci weiæ‡× ûwjqv (1995), G‡mv Zywg cyiv‡Yi cvwL (1995), †eu‡P AvwQ ¯^cgœ vbyl (1995), welv` Quy‡q‡Q AvR, gb fv‡jv †bB (1996), AvKv‡ki Av‡`¨vcvšÍ (1996), †Zvgvi Rb¨ AšÍ¨wgj (1996), fywj bvB †Zvgv‡K iægvj (1996), ZzwgB AbšÍ Drm (1996), †KD fv‡jvev‡m bv (1997), Kv‡K GB g‡bi K_v ewj (1997), AšÍ¨nxb b„‡Z¨i gnov (1997), GKevi wb‡Ri Kv‡Q hvB (1997), cvZvi †NvgUv-civ evwo (1997) gnxDwÏb : HKvwšÍK c‡_i Mvb (1336), ¯^cœ msNvZ hy× wecøe (1349), AÜKv‡i lohš¿ (1349), G‡mv wecøe (1349), Mix‡ei cuvPvjx (1962), w`M‡šÍi c‡_ GKv (1960), wkKv‡i P‡j‡Q cÖfy evk¨v Kj›`i (1966), gwjøKv (1978), MvwÜRx wbnZ n‡q‡Qb (1356), Mixe `ytLx Mjvq Mjvq wek¦mv‡_ Mvb †M‡q hvq (1982), †mvbvi †Mvjvc (1983) gnxeyj AvwRR : mvwšÍqv‡MvÕi gvQ (1988), †iŠ`ªQvqvi cÖevm (1997), niàvi PvKv (1998), c„w_exi mg¯Í mKvj (2001), wbiv›`cyi (2002), ˆek¦ we‡k¦ GK k~`ª (2003), Amy¯’Zv †_‡K GB gvÎ (2003), GB bvI w`jvg mb` (2004), Avgvi †h iKg cÖ¯‘wZ (2004), Avgiv hviv m¨vbvUwiqv‡g (2005), cvjvevi KweZv (2005), `„k¨ †Q‡o hvB (2006) gvwK` nvq`vi : †iv‡` wf‡R evwo †div (1976), Avcb Auvav‡i GKw`b (1984), wcÖq †iv‡Kvbvjx (2003) †iv‡` wf‡R evwo †div (1976), Avcb Auvav‡i GKw`b (1984), wcÖq †iv‡Kvbvjx (2003)



452 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



gvdiænv †PŠayix : GBme Akixix Qwe (1995), KvVMovq Avwg I Sibv (1997), GB kir GB m~h© msev` (1998) gviæd ivqnvb : ¯^cœf‡¯§i PviæKg© (1992), DØv¯‘ M‡`¨i Mvb (1994), fv‡jvevmvi fyj¸‡jv, dzj¸‡jv (1996), gviædzj Avjg : ¯ÍäZvi avivweeiYx (2007) gviædzj Bmjvg : gjvUe›`x gb (1993), K_v bv-ejvi K‡iwQ wbR¯^ cY (1994), k~b¨cyivY (1995), Ab‡šÍi AjxK A‡cÿv (1995), Rj-cv_y‡i (1996) gvmy` Lvb : cvwLZx_©w`‡b (1993), b`xK‚‡j Kwi evm, mivBLvbv I nviv‡bv gvbyl gvmy`yj nK : †U‡b hvw”Q Kv‡ji ¸Y (1987), A‡jŠwKK ¯úk© (1990) gvneye Dj Avjg †PŠayix : Kuv`‡Z Avwmwb duvwmi `vwe wb‡q G‡mwQ (myeY© ms. XvKv 1988)



gvneye Kwei : ˆK I †g‡Ni KweZv (1996), a~wji eéj (1997) gvneye ZvjyK`vi : R‡b¥i `wÿYv (1972?), AšÍi gšÍi (1979), AvZ¥mgc©Y (1984), K¨vqv mxb n¨vq (1994) gvneye mvw`K : ¯^cœ‰PZ‡b¨i Wvjcvjv (1983), my›`i †Zvgvi wbR©‡b (1985), hvq Kív‡šÍi Kvj (1986), Avw`MšÍ †iv‡`i wZwg‡i (1995), AbšÍ bÿÎ †PvL (1999), AZ…ß Ck¦i (2000), wbiv‡jv‡K RjSY©vi aŸwb (2006) gvneye nvmvb : Z›`ªvi †Kv‡j nwiY (1984), †Zvgvi cÖZxK (1986), wbm‡M©i byb (1990), ZvRv †MÖ‡bW wKsev w`ev¯^cœ (1993), Avgvi AvKvk (1998), gvngy` Avj Rvgvb : †R¨vrmœv I `ywe©cvK (1987) gvngy` Kvgvj : ciKxqv (1997), KweZvi g‡Zv wKQy K_v (1987), kã KL‡bv gvb‡Z Pvq bv Q›`vQ›` (1990), ¯^‡cœi ivRKb¨v, weivgwPý, wØZxq Rxeb, we‡K‡ji mKj Po–B, evjK eq‡m, †g‡Niv †Kv_vq hvq, gyn~‡Z©i KweZv gvngy`v LvZzb wmwÏKv : ckvwiYx (1338 e.), gb I g„wËKv (1367 e.), Ai‡Y¨i myi (1963)



wgbvi gbmyi : GB Aeiæ× gvwbwP‡Î (1983), Ab‡šÍi w`bivwÎ (1986), Awebk¦i gvbyl (1989), Avgvi AvKvk (1991), R‡ji AwZw_ (1995) wgwni gymvKx : †Lqvj Lywki †`qvj †f‡O, KzVvi m¤cÖ`vq gxRvbyi ingvb : cvwK¯Ívbx Mvb (1948), wR›`v gymjgvb gywRe Big : gywRe Big f‡b †kv‡b Kve¨evb (1996), BigK_v (1999), BigK_vi c‡ii K_v (2001), DËiweinPwiZ (2003), BZv Avwg wj‡L ivwL (2005), gywRe †gn`x : P›`ªveZxi K‡qKRb mšÍvb (1997), gq`v‡bi nvIqv (2007) gywReyj nK Kexi : cv †h Avgvi Abo cv_i (1987), †jvcvgy`ªv I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1991), Avwg I Avgvi cÖwZwe¤^ (2000), iv‡Zi wkq‡i Av¸b (2001) gydvL&Lviæj Bmjvg : †n cvK dDR (1354) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 453



gybxi wmivR : weiæ× †mªv‡Z hvÎv (1976), wZwg‡i Zievix (1984), wZbwU wkïi AvZ¥v (1985), GL‡bv Avw`givZ (1996), XvK ¸o ¸o (1997) gyn¤§` b~iæj û`v : Avgiv Zvgv‡U RvwZ (1981), †kvwY‡Z mgy`c ª vZ (1972), Avgvi mk¯¿ kãevwnbx (1975), †kvfvhvÎv `ªvweovi cÖwZ (1975), AwMœgqx †n g„b¥qx (1980) ïK¬v kKzšÍjv (1983), wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1985), whmvm gywRe (1984), nbjyjy I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1987), Kzmy‡gi dYv (1988), ev‡iv eQ‡ii Mí (1988), GK Rb‡g jÿ Rb¥ (1988), Mvwj‡ei Kv‡Q ÿgv cÖv_©bv (1989), Avwg hw` Rj`vm Zzwg Rj`vmx (1990), n¨vwgj‡bi ivRv (1990), †Zjv‡cvKv (1990), RvwZmËvi KweZv (1992), wfb‡`kx †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1993), AiwÿZ mgq (1993), †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1994), w`M‡šÍi †Lvmv †f‡O (1994), fv‡jvevmvi eyK c‡K‡U (1994), Avgvi Kcv‡jI mg‡qi fvB‡duvUv (1995), wcÖq cO&w³gvjv (1995), †gŠjvaywbK (1995), gywReevwo (1996), †`Lv n‡j GKv n‡q hvB (1998) gyn¤§` kwdK : Qwe cÖKvwkZ n‡j (1973), †KvwK‡ji evwYR¨ feb (1975), †fZ‡i bxie hvÎx (1988), AÜ wkKvwi (1994), gvngy` kwd‡Ki wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1994), gyn¤§` kvgmyi ingvb : e„wó Siv Mvb (1960) gynv¤§` mvgv` : GKRb ivR‰bwZK †bZvi †gwb‡d‡÷v (1983), Avwg bB B›`ªwRr †g‡Ni Avov‡j (1985), †cvov‡e P›`b KvV (1989), P‡jv, Zygyj e„wó‡Z wfwR (1996), KweZvmsMªn (2000) †gvQ‡jg Avn‡g` : kivevb Zûiv (1948) †gvdv¾j Kwig : Ae‡PZb ivRvwaivR (1983), GKwU mvwU©wd‡KU PvB (1984), †f‡ev bv e„wó n‡e bv (1986), Avovj †_‡K (1989), P‡j †M‡j cvi‡j †h‡Z (1992), †Zvgvi nv‡Z †MÖ‡bW Ges Avgvi ey‡K †cÖg (1997), cÖ_g †`Lvi w`b (1997) †gvnb ivqnvb : R¡‡j DwV mvnmx gvbyl (1979), Avgv‡`i HK¨ Avgv‡`i Rq (1980), mvgwiK Av`vj‡Z AwffvlY (1984), Avi n‡jv bv evwo †div (1985), wd‡i `vI †mB †÷bMvb (1986), kKyb mgq (1987), †MvjvcRv‡bi c‡KU cwÄKv (1987), †gvnb ivqnv‡bi msMÖvgx KweZv (1989), †gvnb ivqnv‡bi †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1989), NvZK bv †cÖwgK (1995), meyR Puv`‡i XvKv i³v³ Qywi (1998) †gvnv¤§` Kvgvj : GLv‡b AiY¨fq I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1999) †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb : `yj©f w`b (1961), kw¼Z Av‡jvK (1968), wecbœ welv` (1968), cÖZby cÖZ¨vkv (1973), fvjevmvi nv‡Z (1976), f~wgnxb K…wlRxex B‡”Q Zvi (1984), †Kvjvn‡ji ci (1990), axi cÖev‡n



454 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



(1993), fvlvgq cÖRvcwZ (1997), Awbe©vY (1968), B‡”QgZx (1976), Z…Zxq Zi‡½ (1984) †gvnv¤§` gvgyb : †cª‡g c‡owQ K…òP~ovi (1963) †gvnv¤§` gvndzRDjøvn : Ry‡jLvi gb (1959), AÜKv‡i GKv (1960), iw³g ü`q (1966), Avcb fyeb (1974), Kve¨m¤¢vi (1980), ˆewiZvi nv‡Z e›`x (1996) †gvnv¤§` iwdK : ˆekvLx c~wY©gv (1970), ay‡jvi msmv‡i GB gvwU (1976), KxwZ©bvkv (1979), Kwcjv (1983), †Lvjv KweZv (1983), DcK_v (1985), MvIw`qv (1987), ¯^‡`kx wbtk¦vm-Zzwggq (1988), †g‡N Ges Kv`vq (1991), †gvnv¤§` iwd‡Ki wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1993), iƒcK_v wKse`šÍx (1998), grm¨MÜv (1999), gvwZ wKmKz (2000), ¯§„wZ-we¯§„wZi AšÍiv‡j (2002), fv‡jvevmvi Rxebvb›` (2003), welLvjx mܨv (2003), Kvjvcvwb (2006) †gvnv¤§` †nv‡mb : ¸jkv‡b cvwK¯Ívb (1950) †gv¯Ídv gxi : †Mvjv‡ci cv‡k gyL (1986) †gv¯ÍvK Avngv` `xb : K_v I nv‡oi †e`bv (2001), Rj I wÎKvj`kx© (2005), Rj I kÖxgZx (2009), wfwLwiI ivR¯’v‡b hvq (2012), evYcÖ‡¯’i Av‡M (2014) gykviivd Kwig : cv_‡ii mv‡_ K_v (1982), Ab¨ GK Avw`ev‡m (1984), †m bq my›`ix wkwiY (1988), †Kv_vq †mB `xN© †`e`viæ (1990), wb‡e`‡bi MÜXvjv (1992), AšÍ‡ii e¨vKzj e¨vwa (1997), †K Av‡Q †KD wK Av‡Q (2002) iIkb BR`vbx : eRªevYx (1947), ivnMxi (1949), wPbywewe (1951), iw½jv eÜz (1951) LvZvgyb bexCb (1960), cvwK¯Ív‡bi R½bvgv (1965), giæi



Kv‡djv iIkb Szby : wbM~p ev‡R Zvbcyiv (1996) iwKeyj nvmvb : Awbqg Pz¤^‡bi wmuwo a‡i (1991), GK ai‡bi AnsKvi (1998), `ytLgqx k¨vgeY© ivZ (2008) iwdK AvRv` : Am¤¢e cv‡q (1973), mxgve× R‡j mxwgZ mey‡R (1974), wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1975), Pzwbqv Avgvi Av‡K©wWqv (1977), †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1981), mk¯¿ my›`i (1982), GKRxe‡b (1983), fv‡jvevmvi KweZv (1983), A½xKv‡ii KweZv (1983), wcÖq kvwo¸wj (1983), nvZzwoi wb‡P Rxeb (1984), cwiKxY© cvbkvjv Avgvi ¯^‡`k (1985), iwdK AvRv‡`i †kªô KweZv (1987), M‡`¨i Mnb Ai‡Y¨ nvwi‡q hvIqv Avwg GK w`M&åvšÍ cw_K (1987), Aci Ai‡Y¨ (1987), Lye †ewk `~‡i bq (1989), ÿgv Ki engvb †n D`vi A‡gq evZvm (1992), K‡iv AkÖæcvZ (1994), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 455



cvMjv Mvi` †_‡K †cÖwgKvi wPwV (1995), †cÖg I wei‡ni KweZv (1994), KweZvmgMÖ (1996), K‡É Zz‡j Avb‡Z PvB (1996), †cÖ‡gi KweZvmgMÖ (1997), ü`‡q Kx ev †`vl (1997), wewiwkwi ce© (1997) iweDj ûmvBb : my›`ix dYv (1984), †Kv_vq Avgvi b‡fvhvb, †K›`ªaŸwb‡Z †e‡R I‡V (1996), iexb mgvÏvi : k~b¨Zvi Mv_v fv‡jvevmvi KweZv (1991), ¯^‡cœi Awj‡›` (1994), †n mgqMÖwš’ (1997) iex›`ª †Mvc :cZvKvq i‡³i `vM (1987), cvjv‡jv Kzgvix mvc (1989), AiwÿZ mf¨Zv (1981), `uvovI AvmwQ (1983), gvbyl Ges gvbyl (1984), R‡ji evwo gvS DVv‡b (1990), KvjivwÎ (1997) ingvb †nbix : eb‡fvR‡bi g‡Zv AÜKvi (1999), welv‡`i P›`ªeb (1998), cÖK…Z mvim D‡o hvq (2000), Avw` I Avmj, Qwn †f`K_v (1999), mvK©vm gyLwiZ MÖvg (2001), MxZAbvh© (2002), AÜKvi‡ejv (2000), LybSiv b`x (2005), †Zvgv‡K evmbv Kwi (2005), †MvÎf~wgKvnxb (2008), †kªô KweZv (2008) widvZ †PŠayix : Avwj½‡bi bvg (1984), Rskb, †g‡Ni cÖwZfv (1990), DVšÍ e„‡ÿi cÎ , mycf Ö vZ, m~h©, m~h©Rš‘, Avwg GKRb †fŠMwjK, euvkSv‡oi cÖwZ, Aewkó †gvg, †¯‹‡Pi PvKv, ewai e-Øxc iæ`ª gyn¤§` kwn`yjøvn : Dc`ªæZ DcK‚j (1979), wd‡i PvB ¯^Y©MÖvg (1981), gvby‡li gvbwPÎ (1984), †Qvej (1986), w`‡qwQ‡j mKj AvKvk (1988), †gŠwjK gy‡Lvk (1990), GKMøvm AÜKvi (1992), wel wewi‡ÿi exR (1992) iæex ingvb : fv‡jvevmvi KweZv (1983), †h Rxeb dwo‡Oi (1991), Kvb †c‡Z AvwQ †gŠgvwQ (2006) †iRvDwÏb ÷vwjb : c~Y©cÖvY hv‡ev (1983), wdwiwb Aeva¨ Avwg (1986), `uvovI cw_Kei (1986), †f‡O Av‡bv †fZ‡i AšÍ‡i (1987), †mBme QÙ‡ek (1989), AvOy‡ji Rb¨ ˆØi_ (1992), Avðh© Avqbv¸‡jv (1992), Iiv Avgv‡K Luy‡RwQj m¤¢vebvi wb‡P (1996), c„w_ex‡Z †fvi n‡Z †`wLwb KL‡bv (1997), KweZvmsMÖn (1997), Avkxe©v` Kwi Avgvi `ytmgq‡K (1998), wnsmª ˆbk‡fvR (1999), Avwg c„w_exi w`‡K AvmwQ (2000) knx` Kv`ix : DËivwaKvi (1967), †Zvgv‡K Awfev`b wcÖqZgv (1974), †Kv_vI †Kvb µ›`b †bB (1978), Avgvi Pz¤^b¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q w`I (2012) kvšÍby †PŠayix : Drm †_‡K ewý †_‡K (1994), Dbybm~Î kvgmyi ivngvb : cÖ_g Mvb, wØZxq g„Zz¨i Av‡M (1960), †iŠ`ª K‡ivwU‡Z (1963), weaŸ¯Í bxwjgv (1967), wbiv‡jv‡K w`e¨i_ (1968), wbR evmf~‡g (1970), e›`x wkwei †_‡K (1972), `ytmg‡qi gy‡LvgywL (1973), wdwi‡q bvI NvZK KuvUv (1974), Avw`MšÍ bMœ c`aŸwb (1974), GK ai‡bi 456 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



AnsKvi (1975), Avwg Abvnvix (1970), k~b¨Zvq Zzwg †kvKmfv (1977), evsjv‡`k ¯^cœ `¨v‡L (1977), cÖwZw`b Ninxb N‡i (1978), BKviæ‡ki AvKvk (1982), D™¢U D‡Ui wc‡V P‡j‡Q ¯^‡`k (1982), gvZvj FwZ¡K (1982), KweZvi m‡½ †Miv¯’wj (1983), bvq‡Ki Qvqv (1983), Avgvi †Kv‡bv Zvov †bB (1984), †h AÜ my›`ix Kuv‡` (1984), A‡¯¿ Avgvi wek¦vm †bB (1985), †nvgv‡ii ¯^cœgq nvZ (1985), B‡”Q nq GKUz `uvovB (1985), a~jvq Movq wki¯¿vY (1985), GK †duvUv †Kgb Abj (1986), †Uwe‡j Av‡cj¸‡jv †n‡m I‡V (1986), †`k‡`ªvnx n‡Z B‡”Q K‡i (1986), Aweij Rjåwg (1986), Avgvi KÕRb m½x (1986), SY©v Avgvi Av½y‡j (1987), Lye †ewk fvj _vK‡Z †bB (1987), ¯^‡cœiv WyK‡i I‡V evievi (1987), g‡Âi gvSLv‡b (1988), eyK Zvi evsjv‡`‡ki ü`q (1988), ü`‡q Avgvi c„w_exi Av‡jv (1989), †m GK ciev‡m (1990), M„nhy‡×i Av‡M (1990), LwÐZ †MŠie (1992), aŸs‡mi wKbv‡i eÕ‡m (1992), nwi‡Yi nvo(1993), AvKvk Avm‡e †b‡g (1994), DRvo evMvb (1995), G‡mv †KvwKj G‡mv ¯^Y©Puvcv (1995), gvbe ü`‡q ˆb‡e`¨ mvRvB (1996), ZzwgB wbtk¦vm ZzwgB ü`¯ú›`b (1996), †Zvgv‡KB †W‡K †W‡K i³Pÿz †KvwKj n‡qwQ (1997), †ngšÍ, mܨvq wKQyKvj (1997), QvqvM‡Yi m‡½ wKQyÿY (1997) kvgmyj Bmjvg : R‡jŠKv †n bxjhgybvi (1975) wPiwewiwÂi Ziæ (1982), †jvnj bywjqv (1985), Kvj‡bwgKvj (1987), bóP›`ªvi Puv` (1989), K‡bmy›`ix Av‡jv (1992), wnPnvBKvi I Ab¨vb¨ c`¨ (1996), kvgmyj Bmjv‡gi KweZv msMÖn (1996), GK‡cÖwg‡Z Avj‡Kwg‡Z (2000) kvgxg AvRv` : ¯ú‡k©i A‡cÿv, fv‡jvevmvi KweZv, †n hyeK †Zvgvi fwel¨r, ga¨weË e`‡j hv‡”Q, `yB igYxi g‡a¨ mgq kvgxgyj nK kvgxg : Z‡cve‡b †ZvcaŸwb (1991) kvn&bvR gybxœ : ÿgt †Mv †k¦Z`y» (1992), †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1998), Avgvi wb‡Ri GjvKv (2003), AvZ¥NvwZ myL (2004), Z…Zxq NÈv covi Av‡MB (2011) kvnv`vr †nv‡mb : iƒcQ›`v (1950), g„`½ (1335), Kí‡iLv (1336) kv‡niv LvZzb †ejv : Kó Kzov‡bv †g‡q (1983), hyMjaviv (1991), my‡Li Kvweb wdwi‡q †`‡ev (1986), †Mvjv‡ci A¯¿cPvi (1987), Avgvi kuv‡m Zzwg (1988), AuvRjv‡Z †bB fv‡jvevmv (1988), wbwl× ay‡jvq †div (1989), G ü`q K…cY (1992), `~‡i _vKvB fv‡jv (1993), †PvL †g‡j †Pv‡L †`e (1995), fv‡jvevmvq M¨vswMÖb (1996), Nywg‡q †_‡Kv Avwk¦‡bi †Kv‡j (1997), cÖv‡Y a‡iwQ †Zvgv‡K (1997)



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 457



wkgyj gvngy` : gw¯Í‡®‹ w`bivwÎ (1990), mv`v †Nvovi †mªvZ (1998), cÖvK…Z Ck¦i (2000), RxevZ‡e bv g„Z¨‡e (2001), Kb¨vKgjmswnZv (2007), Awawe`¨v‡K bv ejyb (2008) wknve miKvi : jvj †hŠeb w`b (1982), †Zvgvi ÿwÎq (1983), Rq n‡e `xN©k¦v‡m (1985), KwjhyM I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1988), K‡iv Mvb eb‡R¨vrmœvi (1993), e¨vwejb G·‡cÖm (1997), f~Z Zvovevi †kvK (1999), †gwiwjb, H †h ¸nv (2000), Dwo‡Q AÜ k•LwPj (2006) †kL †gvnv¤§` B`wim Avjx : Avgvi wcÖqv, cxh~m cvebx, gg©exYv, gyw³exYv, n (1954)



†kL nweeyi ingvb : cvwiRvZ (1912), euvkix (1917), †Kvwnb~i Kve¨ (1919), ¸jkvb (1928) †kv‡qe kv`ve : A‡kl cÖ¯ÍihyM(1998) mgy`ª ¸ß : †iv` Sjmv‡bv gyL (1977), ¯^cœg½j Kve¨ (1987), GL‡bv DÌvb Av‡Q (1990), †Pv‡L †PvL †i‡L (1991), GKvKx †iŠ‡`ªi w`‡K (1992), †kK‡oi †kv‡K (1993), NvmcvZvi Qywi (1996), mvZmgy`ª (1997) miKvi Avwgb : mswewae× mZK©xKiY (1992), BnKve¨ (1999), What my name is! (2002), AvZ¥nZ¨vi cwie‡Z© GKKvc Pv LvI (2003), †eøW w`‡q †K‡UwQj Rj (2004), Pvi cuvP nvRvi wcuc‡oi `ytL (2005), Avgv‡`i †cvlv †Uªb (2006), hv‡K Lyb Kivi K_v Zv‡K †`‡L †n‡m †dwj (2007), †cÖg I c¨vivwmUvgj (2012), KweZvmsMÖn-1 (2010) miKvi gvmy` : KvP‡cvKvi N~wY©`„k¨ (1985), wcÖqZgvi †bŠKvNvU (1999) mvBdzjøvn gvngy` `yjvj : Z…òvZ© Rjcix (1982), Zey †KD Kv‡iv bB (1985), A‡cÿvq AvwQ cÖZxÿvq †_‡Kv (1987), NvZ‡Ki nv‡Z msweavb (1990), kn‡ii †kl evwo (1991), GwK KvÐ cvZv †bB (1995), `ªexf~Z M`¨c`¨ (1999), H‡K¨i wec‡ÿ GKv (2000), Gjv‡g‡jv †g‡Ni gb (2001), wbR©‡b †Kb G‡Zv †Kvjvnj (2003), c‡ii RvqMv c‡ii Rwgb (2004), wb`ªvi †fZi †R‡M _vKv (2004), N„wYZ †MŠie (2005), bx‡o wbiæ‡Ïk (2007)



mvBwq` AvwZKzjøvn& : Avgv‡K Qvov A‡bK wKQy (1977), Auvwai h‡Zv kÎæwgÎ (1980), A`g¨ cw_‡Ki Mvb (1982), GB †h Zzg~j e„wó (1984), mij Pv‡ji †Ljv (1985), hw` wKQy cvB (1987), kvmb †bB, agK †bB (1987), †ivR †Zvgv‡K †eiæ‡Z nq (1987), GKB †Uwe‡j `kRb (1987), GB †h Avgvi e„×v½ywj, `¨v‡Lv, `¨v‡Lv (1989), †P‡q †`wL KZ wKQy (1994), †P‡q †`wL K‡Zv wKQy (1994) mv¾v` kixd : QywiwPwKrmv (1985)



458 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



mvbvDj nK : b`x I gvby‡li KweZv (1956), m¤¢ev Abb¨v (1962), m~h© Ab¨Zi (1963), weP~Y© Avwk©‡Z (1968), weP~Y© Avwk©‡Z (1968), Qov N‡i N‡i (1972), GKwU B”Qv mnmª cv‡j (1973), Kvj mgKvj (1975), cwÙbx kw•Lbx (1976), cÖev‡m hLb (1981), KZ iO KZ †gN (1981), weivwki KweZv (1982), DËxY© cÂv‡k (1984), weiwZnxb (1987) mvbvDj nK Lvb : AÜ KiZvwj (1980), Rb¥MÖnY P›`ªMÖnY (1984), `ytL bq `xN© cwiYvg (1985), jyä cÖv_©bv (1986), `ytLx evsjvi †e‡_j‡n‡g (1989), †Zvgvi wbqg Avgvi wbqwZ (1997) mvwjg mvewib : `ygy‡Lv CM‡ji †KvjvR (1996), b`xgnv‡ji Rvb©vj (2009), †h c„w_ex †R‡M _v‡K Ny‡gi †fZi (2014) mvh&hv` Kvw`i : h‡_”Q aªæc` (1970), †iŠ‡`ª cÖwZaŸwb (1976), `~iZgvi Kv‡Q (1985), `iRvi Kv‡Q b`x (1992), Avgvi wcÖq (1995) wmK`vi Avwgbyj nK : `~‡ii Kvwb©k (1975), wZb cvcwoi dzj (1979), cviveZ GB cÖvPx‡ii †kl KweZv (1982), Avwg †mB B‡jKUªv (1985), eûw`b D‡cÿvq eûw`b AÜKv‡i (1987), cv‡Î Zzwg cÖwZw`b Rj (1987), GK ivwÎ GK FZz (1991), mZZ Wvbvi gvbyl †_‡K (1991), mycf Ö vZ †n eviv›`v (1993), KvdKvi Rvgv (1994), myjZv Avgvi Gjmv (1994), iægv‡ji Av‡jv I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1995), †jvK©v‡K †hw`b Iiv wb‡q †M‡jv (1997) wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi : ˆeix e„wó‡Z (1965), wZwgivwšÍK (1965), cÖmbœ cÖni (1965), KweZv 1372 (1968), e„wðK jMœ (1971), evsjv Qv‡ov (1971), KweZv 1374 (1972) wm×v_© nK : G bMi †Ku‡c I‡V †fv‡i (1993), evZvm gy`ªY (1994), wewea gy‡Lvk (1996), Av¸b KvR, Nygnxb K¨vbfvm (1999) mydx RyjwdKvi nvq`vi : †di evbvI gymjgvb (1959) mydx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb : m‡bU msKjb †ei nq 1965 m‡bU mÂqb (1966), m‡bU kZK (1970), m‡bUgvjv (1970), myeªZ eo–qv : njy` we‡K‡ji Mvb(1985), KweZvmgMÖ(2006) mywnZv myjZvbv : `ytmn ï×Zv (1991), Aweivg †kvKvZ© ¯^‡cœiv (1993), AmsL¨ Awfkvc Avgvi wb`ªvi †fv‡i (1995) ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb : A‡bK AvKvk (1959), GKK mܨvq emšÍ (1964), mnmv mPwKZ (1965), D”PviY (1968), Avgv‡`i cÖwZw`‡bi kã (1974), Kve¨ mgMÖ (1974), Pvnvi `i‡ek I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1985), mgy‡`ªB hve (1987), iRbxMÜv (1988), wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1996) ‰mq` kvgmyj nK : ey‡bve„wói Mvb (1959), ˆekv‡L iwPZ csw³gvjv (1969), GK`v GK iv‡R¨ (1961), weiwZnxb Drme (1969), cÖwZaŸwbMY (1973), Aci evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 459



cyiæl (1978), wbR¯^ welq (1982), civ‡bi Mnxb wfZi (1980), i¾yc‡_ P‡jwQ (1987), GK Avðh© m½‡gi ¯§„wZ (1989), †eRvb kn‡ii Rb¨ †Kvivm (1989), AwMœ I R‡ji KweZv (1989), Kvb‡b Kvb‡b †ZvgviB mÜv‡b (1990), Avwg Rb¥MÖnY Kwiwb (1990) †Zviv‡ci fvB (1990), †kªô KweZv (1990), ivR‰bwZK KweZv (1991), Avgvi kni (1995), bvwfg~‡j f¯§vavi (1996), †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1996), Aw¯ÍZ¡ w`‡bi cw_K (1998), A‡avMvgx w`‡bi cwÄKv (1998), KweZv msMÖn (1998), fv‡jvevmvi c`vejx (2012) ˆmq` nvq`vi : †Kv‡bv myLei †bB (1983), fyj¸‡jv bvov †`q (1985), aŸs‡mi Kv‡Q AvwQ (1986), fvO‡j gvwUi g‡Zv (1986), cvZv †_‡K cvwL (1991), Kv‡Q †_‡K cÖevwmbx (1992), DËie½ (1995), eqm hLb w`‡”Q Zvov (1995), Awi÷ `yÕRb `yÕRb‡K (1996), †mŠwgÎ †`e : AvKv‡ki iO e`jvq (1992), gvaeKz‡Ði †g‡q (1996), kgwqZv‡`i evwo (1997), ebch©UK (2001) nvwdR iwk` Lvb : †Rvm&bv †Kgb dz‡U‡Q (1982), †Pviv¸ßv Wy‡evcvnvo (1988), †jvwnZ g¨v‡Ðvwjb (1991), Avw`evmx Kve¨ (1997), ¯^cœL‡Ði †eMg †iv‡Kqv iæKz (1995), `my¨ iZœvKi I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (2000), Ryg cvnv‡oi Ig (2002), †Uv‡U‡gi iv‡Z nZ¨vKvÐ (2002), GB my›`i AvgvO nviv‡ev bv (2006) nvexeyi ingvb : DcvË (1962) nvexeyi ingvb wmwÏKx : ZvRgnj (1375), wngvjq (1389), RbZvq wbR©bZv (1390), gvbeZv (1391), KweZv (1993), ¯^vaxbZv (1993), 1400 mvj c‡i (1401) nvexeyjøvn wmivRx : `vI e„ÿ `vI w`b (1975), †gvgwk‡íi ÿqÿwZ (1977), ga¨iv‡Z `y‡j I‡V Mvm (1981), nvIqv K‡j †Rvov Mvwo (1982), †bvbv R‡j ey‡bv msmvi (1983), ¯^cœnxbZvi c‡ÿ (1984), Avgvi GKRbB eÜz (1987), †cvkv‡Ki e`‡j cvjv (1988), K…ò K…cvY I Ab¨vb¨ KweZv (1990) wmsn`iRv (1990), †e`bvi Pwjk AvOyj (1991), ¤øvbwgªqgvb bq (1992)



nvqvr mvBd : mš¿v‡m mnevm (1983), me †d‡j w`‡q (1984), cÖavbZ gvwU I gvbyl (1989), GwcV IwcV (1989), nvqvr mvB‡di KweZv (1993), †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1996) nvmvb nvwdR : GLb †hŠeb hvi (1982), fv‡jvevm, Zvi fvlv (1986), Aeva¨ AR©yb (1986), Zzwg ea~ Aweev‡ni (1987), nq‡Zv wKQy n‡e (1987), nvmvb nvwe‡ei †cÖ‡gi KweZv (1994), `~‡i cvnv‡oi Nyg (1995), mKj Wyeywi bq mgvb mwÜrmy (1995), Z…òvi Zvbcyiv (1996), fv‡jvevmvi



460 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



AwMœPzgyK (1997), ü`q e‡ov Kuv`‡Q (1997), bv I‡o bv †cv‡o †cÖg (1997), †h gayg` †Zvgvi dz‡j (1998) nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb : wegyL cÖvšÍi (1963), AvZ© kãvejx (1968), AwšÍg k‡ii g‡Zv (1968), hLb D`¨Z m½xb (1379), e‡Rª †Piv Auvavi Avgvi (1976), †kvKvZ© Zievix (1982), Avgvi †fZ‡ii evN (1983), fweZ‡e¨i evwYR¨ Zix (1983), nvmvb nvwdRyi ingv‡bi AcÖKvwkZ KweZv (1986) ûgvqyb AvRv` : A‡jŠwKK ÷xgvi (1973), R¡‡jv wPZvevN (1985), mewKQy bó‡`i AwaKv‡i hv‡e (1987), h‡ZvB Mfx‡i hvB gay h‡ZvB Ic‡i hvB bxj (1987), Avwg †eu‡P wQjvg Ab¨‡`i mg‡q (1990), Kvd‡b †gvov AkÖæwe›`y (1998), †c‡iv‡bvi wKQy †bB (2004) ûgvqyb Kwei : KzmywgZ B¯úvZ (1972) †nbix ¯^cb : KxZ©b‡Lvjv (1995), gvwUi ey‡KI †iŠ`ªR¡‡j (1995), evj¨Kvj I †gv‡gi kixi Av¸b (1998), Rsaiv a~wj (2002), Kv‡¯Í kvbv‡bv †gvRvU© †njvj nvwdR : †h R‡j Av¸b R¡‡j (1986)



Dcb¨vm ARq fÆvPvh© : Kzwj‡gg (1970), AiY¨vbx (1983), evZvmxi gv (1985) A‰ØZ gjøeg©Y : wZZvm GKwU b`xi bvg (1956) AbvwgKv nK wjwj : AbyLb (1985), Qvqvi Av”Qv`‡b (1989), AwMœ I R‡ji †fZi (1990)



Awbj eo–qv : k¼ b`xiI Zx‡i (1967) Aiƒc ZvjyK`vi : mvivw`b mvivivZ, Avkvi bvg g„MZ…wòKv (1373), bxwjgvq bxj, isevR †d‡i bv (1376), `~‡iI bv Kv‡QI bv, GZUzKz Avkv Amxg ivq : k‡ãi LuvPvq Av. b. g. eRjyi ikx` : AšÍivj, g‡b gbvšÍ‡i, c‡_i WvK (1956), bxj w`MšÍ (1374)



AvKeiDÏxb : gvwUi gvbyl (1966), †eovRvj, Awf‡bZv AvKei †nv‡mb : AevwÃZ (1950), `yóÿZ (1989), wK cvBwb (1952), †gvngyw³(1953), †XD Rv‡M (1961), `yÕw`‡bi †LjvN‡i (1965), †gNweRjx ev`j (1968), bZzb c„w_ex (1974), Avfv I Zvi cÖ_g cyiæl (1988), AvwKgyb ingvb : i³cuy‡R †Mu‡_ hvIqv gvwQ (1999), cyiæ‡li c„w_ex‡Z GK †g‡q (1997), Rxe‡bi †iŠ‡`ª D‡owQ‡jv K‡qKwU a~wjKYv (2004) AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm : wP‡j‡KvVvi †mcvB (1986), †Lvqvebvgv (1996) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 461



AvZv miKvi : wZZzi †j‡Vj (1987), Avcb jovB (1988), GK`v Ab½ †eŠ (1990), Pviw`K e„wó (1990), †mvbvB mi`v‡ii XvKv Awfhvb (2003) AvZvnvi Avn‡g` : D‡b¥vPb (1956), m~‡h©i bx‡P (1958), wccvmv (1958) Avwbm †PŠayix : cÖkœ Rv‡M (1951), k‡Li cyZzj (1961), †mŠif (1968), gayMo (1974), H iKg GKRb (1986) Avwbm wmwÏKx : hgybvi Zx‡i Zx‡i (1968), †n‡i‡gi bvwqKv, †n‡ig †_‡K `~‡i Ges †gvMj †n‡i‡gi AšÍiv‡j Avwbmv †nv‡mb : `~‡ii msjvc (1989), cvivevi (1995) Avwbmyj nK : dvêy‡bi iv‡Zi Auvav‡i (1999), Av‡qkvg½j (1998), wbayq cv_v‡i (1999), Avevi †Zviv wK‡Þ n (2004), GKvKx GKwU †g‡q (2004), ÿzav I fv‡ivevmvi Mí (2004), wcÖq Pvi Dcb¨vm (2004), g‡b †iL wcÖq cvZv (2004) Av‡bvqvi cvkv : bxo mÜvbx (1968), wblywZ iv‡Zi Mv_v (1968), ivB‡dj †ivwU AvIivZ (1973), Av‡bvqviv ˆmq` nK : Kvwb©‡m SzjšÍ †Mvjvc (2005), biK I dz‡ji Kvwnbx (2006), D`q wgbv‡K Pvq (2004), †mB †cÖg †mB mgq (2004) Avd‡ivRv cvifxb : fvjevmvi gyL (1992), wen‡½i Wvbv (1992), hy×w`‡bi Kve¨ (1993), ivRcyÎ (1996) Avdmvb †PŠayix : wek¦vmNvZKMY (1993) Ave`yi ikx` Iqv‡mKcyix : evb (1958) Ave`yi iv¾vK : Kb¨vKzgvix (1960), euayqvi jvwM (1968) Ave`yi ikx` wmwÏKx : D‡c›`ª bw›`bx, †g‡niæ‡bœmv, byiæ‡bœmv, byievnvi Ave`yj Mvddvi †PŠayix : P›`ªØx‡ci DcvL¨vb (1952), bvg bv Rvbv †fvi (1962), †kl iRbxi Puv` (1368), bxj hgybv (1964) Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq` : cwi‡cÖwÿZ `vm`vmx (1974), †cvovgvwUi KvR (1982), A†Z ARMi (1982), †n msmvi †n jZv (1982), Mfxi MfxiZi AmyL (1983)



Ave`yjøvn Avj gvgyb : gvbe †Zvgvi mvivRxeb (1988), Avn †`e`vm (1989), nvq cve©Zx (1991), Zvnv‡`i †hŠebKvj (1991) Avey BmnvK : m~h©-`xNj evwo (1955), cÙvi cwjØxc (1986), Rvj (1988) Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`xb : cwiZ¨³ ¯^vgx (1947), gyw³ (1948), cÖc (1980), †`qvj (1986), fvIqvjM‡oi DcvL¨vb (1963), cÙv †gNbv hgybv (1974), msKi msKxZ©b (1980) AveyeKi wmwÏK : Rjivÿm (1985), Liv`vn (1987), GKvˇii ü`qf®§ (1997), eviæ`‡cvov cÖni (1996)



462 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Avey iæk&` : G‡jv‡g‡jv (1353), mvg‡b b~Zb w`b (1956), †Wvev nj `xwN (1960), †bvOi (1963), AwbwðZ ivwMYx (1969), ¯’wMZ Øxc (1974) Aveyj Lv‡qi gym‡jnDwÏb : evZvmxi †cÖgK_v (1984), `yt¯^‡cœi Rjcvqiv (1984), evM`Ëv (1986), UvKvi MvQ (1986), †ievi †cÖgK_v (1986), Sb©v S‡i‡i (1986), dzjevby (1987), †divix (1987), hyMje›`x (1987), GLv‡b †bv½i (1988), isgnj (1989), AmZx (1990), bxjv¤^ix (1993), †KwbKviI †gwÛm (1994), Nvmdzj (1995), Kv‡jv Kwdb (1995), †gavex †g‡q (1996) Aveyj dRj : †PŠwPi (1927), cÖ`xc I cZ½ (1940), mvnwmKv (1946), Rxeb c‡_i hvÎx (1948), ivOv cÖfvZ (1957), civeZ©b (1980) Aveyj gbmyi Avn‡g` (1897-1979) Rxeb-ÿzav (1955), mZ¨wg_¨v (1953), Av‡e nvqvZ (1968) Aveyj nv‡kg : cvnv‡oi e›`x (1947), Av‡jv I Av‡jqv (1965), kªvšÍ ejvKv (1970)



Aveyj nvmvbvZ : wen½ gb (1970), `xwcZ AiY¨ (1975), bv myL bv `ytL (1976), GKRb e„‡×i `xN©k¦vm (1994), gyw³hy‡×i cuvPvjx (1997) AvgRv` †nv‡mb : A‡ejvq Amgq (1975), wbiÿi ¯^‡M© (1978), Aw¯’i cvwLiv (1983), Av¸b jvMv mܨv (1988), †kl iRbx (1989), gvaexi gvae (1989), gvaex msev` (1990), gvaex I wngvbx (1990), gvaex mgMÖ (1990), †KD †Kvbw`b (1990), †Mvjvcx GLb †Uª‡b (1991) Avwgbv gvngy` : cvnv‡oi Icv‡i cvnvo (1994), N‡i †div (1995) Avj gvngy` : Dcgnv‡`k (1993), Av¸‡bi †g‡q (1995), Kvwe‡ji †evb (1993), WvûKx (1992), wbwk›`v bvix (1995) AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` : †ZBk b¤^i ˆZjwPÎ (1960), KY©dzjx (1962), ÿzav I Avkv (1964), cyiæ`ªæR (1984), kx‡Zi †kl ivZ em‡šÍi cÖ_g w`b (1962), Lmov KvMR (1986), cvUivYx (1986), k¨vgj Qvqvi msev`(1986), †R¨vrmœvi ARvbv Rxeb (1986), †hLv‡b `uvwo‡q AvwQ(1986), Aci †hv×viv(1991), ¯^vMZg fvjevmv (1991), K¨v‡gwjqv (1991), Ab~w`Z AÜKvi (1991), avbgwÐ DcvL¨vb (1991), K¨v¤úvm (1994), gvwUi mšÍvb (1991), Rb¥`vZv 1g ce©, Aci †hv×viv (1992), cyivbv cëb (1992), AšÍixÿ e„ÿivRx (1992), wcÖq wcÖÝ (1995), ¯^cwœ kjv (1992), Kv‡jv †R¨vrmœvq P›`ªgwjKv (1996), wek„•Ljv (1997), wVKvbv wQ‡jv bv (1998), †Zvgv‡K hw` bv cvB (1998), njy` cvZvi NÖvY (1999), Kvqvnxb Qvqvnxb (1999), †kªô Dcb¨vm (1999) AvjvDwÏb Lvb : AeevwnKvi DcK_v (1964) Avkivd DR Rvgvb : gb&wRj (1948), kv‡qibvgv (1958) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 463



Avkivd wmwÏKx : †kl K_v †K ej‡e (1980), AviwkbMi (1988) Avng` Qdv : m~h© Zzwg mv_x (1967), I¼vi (1975), GKRb Avjx †Kbv‡bi DÌvb cZb (1988), giYwejvm (1989), AjvZPµ (1993), Mvfxe„ËvšÍ (1995), A‡a©K bvix A‡a©K Ck¦ix (1996), cy®ú e„ÿ Ges wen½ cyivY (1996)



Avnmvb nvexe : AiY¨ bxwjgv (1962) Bg`v`yj nK wgjb : `ytL Kó (1982), I ivav I K…ò (1982), GK †`k (1983), wcÖq bvix RvwZ (1984), my›`ix Kgjv (1985), fv‡jvevmvi cv‡kB (1989), Kv‡jv‡Nvov (1983?), DcbvqK (1990), b`x DcvL¨vb (1985), f~wgcyÎ (1985), KvjvKvj (1985), Awfgvb ce© (1986), w`b¸wj (1986), cievm (1987), wbe©vwPZ †cÖ‡gi Dcb¨vm (1987), bvqK (1988), †g‡q gvbyl (1988), cÖwZbvwqKv (1988), wØZxq †cÖg (1988), `yR‡b (1988), fv‡jvevmvi wbe©vwPZ Dcb¨vm (1989), evj‡Ki Awfgvb (1989), m¤úK© (1989), mviv‡ejv (1988), †hŠebKvj (1988), f~wgKv (1988), iƒcbMi (1988), K_vwQ‡jv (1988), ebgvbyl (1989), ciKxqv (1989), mLv Zzwg (1989), AvR‡Ki †`e`vm (1989), †n eÜz †n wcÖq (1989), wcÖq ev wcÖqZg (1989), ¯^vgx¯¿x (1989), †QvU †QvU `xN©k¦vm (1989), †cÖ‡g wei‡n (1989), gnvhy× (1989), fvjevmv fv‡jv bq (1989), Zzwg †Kgb Av‡Qv (1989), †`Lv n‡e (1989), ¯^cœ (1989), GK †evb cviæj (1989), ivR‰bwZK Dcb¨vm (1989), wØZxq c‡e©i ïiæ (1989), Avgvi †g‡qi msmvi (1989), hZ`~‡i hvB (1989), †Kvb Kvb‡bi dyj (1990), hve¾xeb (1990), †m Avgvi (1990), wcÖqRb (1990), AwØZxqv (1991), †Q‡jgvbywl (1990), e‡jv Zv‡i (1990), eû`~‡i (1990), ivRvKviZš¿ (1990), wcÄi (1991), AcniY (1991), †kªô Dcb¨vm (1991), jvBjx (1991), my`~iZgv (1991), gvqvwebx (1991), hvI Zzwg wd‡i (1991), we‡`wkbx (1991), wcÖq`wk©bx (1991), GKRb (1991), mRbx (1991), weinx (1991), we‡”Q` (1991), iƒc (1991) gyw³hy‡×i Dcb¨vm (1989), b~iRvnvb (1g ce© :1995), cjvk dz‡ji †bvjK (2004), eÜzqv (2004), civaxbZv (2004) gvwU I gvby‡li DcvL¨vb, ZzwgB (2005), GKv (2005), ci (2006) BgwZqvi kvgxg : WvbvKvUv wn‡gi †fZi (1996), Avgiv †nu‡UwQ hviv (2000), Pims‡eM (2001), AÜ †g‡qwP †R¨vr¯œv †`Lvi ci (2001), †gvjøvcÖRvZš¿x cebKzwUi (2006), Zv n‡j e„wów`b Zv n‡j 14 RyjvB (2008), Avgv‡`i wPwVhyM KzDD wSKwSK (2010) BmnvK PvLvix : civRq (1954?), gv‡qi Kj¼ (1962), †gNeiY †Kk (1955) DgiZzj dRj : Ewg© (1377)



464 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Gg gwnD`&`xb : giv MvO †cvov dmj (1376) KvwR AvdmviD`&w`b Avng` : Pi-fvOv Pi (1951), evZvmx (1958), †bvbv cvwbi †XD (1950), B‡W‡bi †g‡q mvqjv, KjveZx Kb¨v (1952), Kexi j¯‹i (1954), Agi †hŠebv, my‡ii Av¸b (1960), bxo fvOv So (1961) KvRx Aveyj †nv‡mb : bviv½x e‡bi So (1952), Dgvc` h‡kv`v msev` (1955), eb‡R¨vrmœv (1958) KvRx dRjyi ingvb : wkKo (1992) KvRx gvmyg : †XD Rv‡M cÙvq (1958) Kv‡qm Avn‡g` : w`bhvcb (1986), wbe©vwmZ GKRb (1986) KvRx †gvnv¤§` B`&wim : AšÍtkxjv (1967) Lv‡j`v Gw`e †PŠayix : Ai‡Y¨i K¨vbfvm (1985), †Zvgvi cZvKv hv‡i `vI (1988), gv (1991), AwMœ hvnv K‡iwb `vn (2004) Lv‡j`v gbh~i-G-Ly`v : AiwY Awbe©vY, wbiæËi bxnvwiKv, Avkªq PvB †Mvjvg KzÏym : gwiqg (1954), euv`x (2q ms. 1362) †PŠayix kvgmyi ingvb : †kl c‡e© kªxKvšÍ (1960), g¯ÍvbMo (1962), Qwe Rmxg D`&`xb : †evev Kvwnbx (1964), eDUzevbxi dzj (1990) Rwni ivqnvb : †kl we‡K‡ji †g‡q (cÖ. cÖ. 1367 e.) nvRvi eQi a‡i (1371 e.), Av‡iK dvêyb (1375 e.), eid Mjv b`x (1376 e.), Avi KZw`b (1377 e.), Z…òv (1382), K‡qKwU g„Zz¨ (1382) Rwniæj Bmjvg : AwMœmvÿx (1969), eªx‡Ri Zjvq _vwK (1373), Ab¨ bvqK (1967), †g‡qiv c`©vbkxb RvwKi ZvjyK`vi : Kziwmbvgv (2002), nuvU‡Z _vKv gvby‡li Mvb (2006), ewnivMZ (2008), gymjgvbg½j (2009), wcZ…MY (2011), Kwe I Kvwgbx (2011), Qvqvev¯Íe (2013) RyevB`v ¸jkvb Aviv : AkÖæb`xi Icv‡i (1989), welv` bM‡i hvÎv (1992), ajcn‡ii Av‡jv (1982), †`I`vb‡ei gvwjKvbv (1985), cÖwgw_D‡mi Av¸b (1987), †Quveywoi †`Šo, N„Yvi RV‡i Rb¥ (1988), ElvivM (1990), Nv‡mi Dc‡i gyL †i‡L (1991), Awebvkx Rjaviv (1991), `yt‡Li nvZ ai (1991) RyjwdKvi gwZb : mv`v Kzqvkvi cvwL (1989), †iŠ`ªQvqv fvjevmv (1990), evwoi bvg cvš’kvjv (1990), gvbe gvbex (1996) †Rv‡e`v Lvbg : Awfkß †cÖg (1959), `ywU AuvwL `ywU Zviv (1963), AbšÍ wccvmv (1967)



SY©v`vk cyiKvq¯’ : e›`xw`b e›`xivwÎ (1976), mv‡isMxIqvjv (1985), hgybvi †nvwj †Ljv evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 465



wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm : ZzZz Avi UzbUz‡bi Mí (1991), Wvwji †gN cyZzj (1993), Bfv‡bi KvRjvw`w` (1994), Uzwm Avgvi Uzwm (1995), gykwKj Avmvb gvgv (1995), is gvLv kvU© (1995), jvjyi gyw³hy× (1997) Zmwjgv bvmwib : Acicÿ (1992), †kva (1992), ågi KBI wMqv (1993), j¾v (1993), Avgvi †g‡q‡ejv (1999), DZj nvIqv (2002) ZvmvÏyK †nv‡mb : gûqvi †`‡k (1959), B¯úvZ cÖZ¨q (1980), c„w_exi is (1367), †KŠwYK (1988), wZwgivwfmvi w`jviv nv‡kg : Ni gb Rvbvjv (1965), GK`v I AbšÍ (1975), ¯ÍäZvi Kv‡b Kv‡b (1977), AvgjKxi †gŠ (1978), ev`vgx we‡K‡ji Mí (1983), KvKZvjxq (1985), wgDi¨vj (1986), k•LKivZ (1995), Aby³ c`vejx (1998), m`i A›`i (1998), †mZz (2000) †`ŠjZz‡bœmv LvZzb : c‡_i cik (1373), ea~i jvwMqv (1962), Kgicy‡ii †QvU †eŠ (1988), wee¯¿ aiYx (1989) bqb ingvb : Ab¨ iKg hy× (1989), j²x †cuPvi WvBix (1990)| bvRgv †Rmwgb †PŠayix : mvg‡b mgq(1981), N‡ii Qvqv (1984) bvmixb Rvnvb : Do–°z (1993), †mvbvjx gy‡Lvk (1986), D‡o hvq wbwkcÿx (1999), P‡›`ªi cÖ_g Kjv (1994), hLb Pvicv‡ki iv¯Ívi evwZ¸‡jv wb‡f Avm‡Q (1995), wj (1997), ˆe‡`nx (1997), P›`ª‡jLvi Rv`ywe¯Ívi, Ab¨Zgv Ab¨w`‡K hvq, AvKv‡k A‡bK ivZ (2004), `~i c„w_exi M‡Ü (2004), mvgvšÍv (2005), g„Zz¨mLxMY (2006) wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y : †`kvšÍi (1984), AšÍR©vj (2005) wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm : Kv‡jv †g‡Ni †fjv (1982), evev hLb †QvÆ wQ‡jb (1989) bxwjgv Beªvnxg : wek kZ‡Ki †g‡q (1959), GK c_ `yB euvK (1958), †Kqveb mÂvwiYx (1962), ewýejq (1985) byiæj Bmjvg Lvb : G‡Zv Av‡jv AvKv‡k (1962) cvbœv Kvqmvi : gyw³hy‡×i Av‡M I c‡i (1991), gyw³ (1992), bxwjgvq bxj (1992), ü`‡q evsjv‡`k (1993), gvbyl (1994), Ab¨ †KvbLv‡b (1994), Zzwg wK †Kewj Qwe (1994), iv‡m‡ji hy×hvÎv (1994), `uvwo‡q AvQ Mv‡bi Icv‡i (1994), Avwg (1994), bv cvbœv bv Pzwb (1995), Ab¨iKg fv‡jvevmv (1995), m~h©mvÿx (1993) cÖYe fÆ : KZw`b c‡i G‡j (2004), cyZz‡ji g‡Zv †g‡q (2004), wcÖqZgv (2004), †gŠwgZv fv‡jv‡e‡mwQj (2004) dLiæ¾vgvb †PŠayix : HiveZ I AsKzk (1990), Rbvi‡Y¨ K‡qKRb (1988), GKv I GKvKx (1992) dRj kvnveyÏxb : w`KwPýnxb (1375), e`iæÏxb Avng` : AiY¨ wg_yb (1962) 466 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



e`iæ‡bœmv Ave`yjøvn : KvRj `xwNi DcK_v (1962), cÖZ¨veZ©b (1960), ebPw›`ªKv (1963), ei ewY©bx (1963), b~cyi wbK¡b (1969), AvR‡Ki c„w_ex (1970), mgy‡`ªi †XD (1973), wbiæËi (1974), gv_y‡ii cv‡i (1984) e‡›` Avjx wgqv : emšÍ RvMÖZ Øv‡i, AiY¨ †Mva~jx ekxi Avj †njvj : †kl cvbcvÎ (1986), Kv‡jv Bwjk (1979), N„ZKzgvix (1984), b~iRvnvb‡`i gaygvm (1988), wecÖ`vk eo–qv : A‡Pbv (1985), mgy`Pª i I we‡`ªvnxiv (1990), fq fvjevmv I wbe©vmb (1988), gyw³‡hv×viv, †fZ‡i GKRb Kuv‡`, kªgY †MŠZg (1996), Avwg †Zvgvi Kv‡Q mgy‡`ªi GKwU †XD Rgv †i‡LwQ (1997) eyjeyj †PŠayix : RjUz½x (1995), Kn Kvwgbx (1995), cvccywY¨ (1995), Nievwo (1996), ej wK Abyfe (1996), `¤úwZ (1997) †eMg Rvnvb Aviv : Aqbvsk (1990), cÖvwšÍK Zgmvq (1985), Aqbvs‡ki Ab¨ K_v (1990), Avi K‡Zv `~i (1991), Avcb AšÍiv‡j (1991) †e`yBb kg‡mi : wiKmvIqvjv (1357 e.), eywoM½vi ey‡K (wØ.m. 1363 e.), †eCgvb (1351 e.), w`kvnviv (1363 e.), KuvUv I dzj (1956), PvIqv cvIqv (1370 e.), Zvi I SsKvi (1956) †e`yCb mvgv` : †ejv‡k‡l (1956), wb®úwË (1957), `yB b`x GK †XD (1960), c‡_ †h‡Z †h‡Z (1963), aygbMix (1964), ïwb †mB c`aŸwb (1970), wbweo Nb Auvav‡i (1975), †hvMv‡hvM (1996), hy‡Mi nvIqv (1997) †evinvbDwÏb Lvb Rvnv½xi : me©bvk PZzw`©‡K (1381) fv¯‹i †PŠayix : ¯^cœ cyiæl (1998), gxgvsmv ce© (1998), jvj gvwU Kv‡jv gvbyl (1996)



gBbyj Avnmvb mv‡ei : cv_i mgq (1989), gvgyjx e¨vcvi (1984), Av`‡gi Rb¨ A‡cÿv (1986), civRq (1990), †KD Rv‡b bv (1990), gvbyl †hLv‡b hvq bv (1990), m‡Zi eQi ci (1991), K‡eR †j‡Vj (1992), gvgywj e¨vcvi (1984), AvMvgx w`‡bi Mí (1987), Gme wKQyB bv (1991), GK ivZ (1991), †Kv‡bv GKw`b (1991), A‡Pbv RvqMv (1991), G Rxeb (1991), mxgve× (1991), AcivwRZv (1991), Fwl I bvix (2005) gKeyjv gbRyi : Kv‡ji gw›`iv (1997), Avi GK Rxeb (1968), evDj evZvm, GBLv‡b KL‡bv, Rjis Qwe (1984), Aembœ Mvb (1982), ˆekv‡L kxY© b`x (1983), AvZ¥R I Avgiv (1988) A‡Pbv bÿÎ (1990), cwZZv c„w_ex (1989), †cÖg GK †mvbvjx b`x (1989), wkq‡i wbqZ m~h© (1989), K‡b †`Lv Av‡jv (1990), b`x‡Z AÜKvi (1996), jxjv Kgj (1996), wbe©vwPZ †cÖ‡gi Dcb¨vm (iæbv cÖKvkbx 1993) gwbiDÏxb BDmyd : S‡oi iv‡Zi †k‡l, cb‡mi KuvUv, Ii e‡qm hLb GMvi| evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 467



gÄy miKvi : bMœ AvMš‘K (1984), Zgm (1984), cÖwZgv DcvL¨vb (1990), Avevmf~wg (1994), Uvb (1996), `uvovevi RvqMv (1994), fvO‡bi mgq fv‡jvevmv (1995), Ag„Zv (1995), ¯^c‡œ Pvi (1997) gnxDwÏb : gnvgvb‡ei gnvRvMiY, Av‡jvi wccvmv, wbh©vwZZ gvbeZvi bv‡g, kv`x †gveviK, b~Zb m~h©, wkíxi ¯^cœ, ewki, KvwgbxKvÂb gvwjnv LvZzb : GK Zzwj KZ is (1964), GB Auvav‡i GB Av‡jv‡K (1993), bxj K‡ói BwZK_v (1996) gvneye ZvjyK`vi : µxobK (1969), AeZvi (1973), Acjvc (1985), Av‡iKRb Avwg (1987), cjvk I wkgy‡ji Mí (1988), e×f~wg (1997) gvngy`yj nK : Rxeb Avgvi †evb (1976), Abyi cvVkvjv (1973), wbivc` Z›`ªv (1974), †LjvN‡i (1978), gvwUi RvnvR (1996), †hLv‡b LÄbv cvwL (1973), cÖwZw`b GKwU iægvj (1994), Akixix (2004) | wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm : wP‡°vi KveyK wgRvbyi ingvb †kjx : cvZv‡j ke©ix (1965), †divix cÖni(1972) wgiRv Ave`yj nvB : gnvevû myjZvb (1980), wd‡i P‡jv (1981), †Zvgvi cZvKv (1984), hgwbm msev` (1984), weRqxi civRq wgjv gvndzRv : R †Zvgvi `y'†Pv‡L (1995), myavwe‡l (1995), hy×w`‡b †RvbvwK (1997)



gxi Aveyj †nv‡mb : wecbx gb (1375) gywbiv †PŠayix : †iŠ`ªQvqv (1987), Aw¯’i MšÍe¨ (1988), my›`i †n my›`i (1989), msmM© (1990), †m I `yB igbx (1991), bxiv wkwk‡ii c`¨ (1995) †gvnv¤§` ingZDjøvn : Avevi fv‡jvevm‡ev (1978), ev‡ivwejvwmbxi AvZ¥K_v (1980), †iv`ifiv emšÍ (1984), †cwqs †M÷ (1986), ¯^M©myav (1988), emšÍZ…òv (1988), iv‡Zi iRbxMÜv (1991), Avi GK B›`ªbv_ (1991), fv‡jvevwm fv‡jvevwm (1991), wbe©vwPZ †cÖ‡gi Dcb¨vm (1991), wd‡i G‡mv †cªgKvb‡b (1992), ga¨výevmi (1992) gyn¤§` Rvdi BKevj : AvKvk evwo‡q `vI, weeY© Zzlvi, Dcb¨vm mgMÖ-1 (2005), gneŸZ Avjxi GKw`b (2006) wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm : nvZ KvUv iweb (1986), `xcy bv¤^vi Uz (1984), `yóz †Q‡ji `j (1968), Avgvi eÜz iv‡k` (1994), wU †i‡·i mÜv‡b (1994), Rviæj †PŠayixi gvwbK‡Rvo (1995), ivRy I Av¸bvwji f~Z (1996), ¯‹z‡ji bvg c_Pvix (1996), eye‡bi evev (1998), nvZ KvUv iweb (1986), `xcy bv¤^vi Uz (1984), `yóz †Q‡ji `j (1968), Avgvi eÜz iv‡k` (1994), wU †i‡·i mÜv‡b (1994), Rviæj †PŠayixi gvwbK‡Rvo (1995), ivRy I Av¸bvwji f~Z (1996), ¯‹z‡ji bvg c_Pvix



468 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



(1996), eye‡bi evev (1998), gneŸZ Avjxi GKw`b (2006) cÖf„wZ|



Dcb¨vm : AvKvk evwo‡q `vI, weeY© Zzlvi cÖf„wZ gyn¤§` b~iæj û`v : Rb¥RvwZ (1994), ˆgbcvnvo (1995), †gmevûj nK : Av‡iK c„w_ex, kZvãxi WvK, c~e©‡`k †gvt iæûj Avwgb : Ae‡k‡l (1960), †mvbvjx w`M‡šÍi mxgvbvq (1971), cÖZz¨‡l AÜKvi (1983), A½‡b Av¸b (1986) †gvnv¤§` Ave`yi iwk` wmwÏKx : Rwibv (1332), b~iæ‡bœnvi, MÜe© `ywnZv, Avgxi nvgRv †gvnv¤§` Avey Zv‡ni : gvby‡li gvwU (1991), AeMvnb (1993), P›`ªv‡jv‡K k•LP~o(1995), gbywgqvi evB †dvKvj (1993) †gvnv¤§` †gvZ©Rv : PwiÎnvwbi AwaKvi iex›`ª †Mvc : evZv‡m eviæ‡`i MÜ (1985), N~wY© (1990), wbwl× ¯^M© (1997), bi‡Ki gvbe (1997) ikx` Kixg : DËg cyiæl (1961), cÖmbœ cvlvY (1963), Avgvi hZ Mvwb (1973), †cÖg GKwU jvj †Mvjvc (1978), mvaviY †jv‡Ki Kvwnbx (1981), GKv‡ji iƒcK_v (1981), k¨vgv (1984), eoB wbtm½ (1985), gv‡qi Kv‡Q hvw”Q (1989), wPwb bv (1990), c`Z‡j i³ (1990), jvÂe· (1993)



ikx` nvq`vi : LuvPvq (1975), Amg e„ÿ (1982), AÜ K_vgvjv (1987), bó †RvQbvq G †Kvb AiY¨ (1982), mva Avn¬v` (1985), Amge„ÿ (1987) ivwRqv Lvb : eUZjvi Dcb¨vm (1958), AbyKí (1959), cÖwZwPÎ (1976), †n gnvRxeb (1983), wPÎKve¨ (1g I 2q LÐ) (1980), †`ªŠc`x (1993), cv`weK (1998), ivwRqv gwR` : Zgmvejq (1966), w`bv‡šÍi ¯^cœ (1967), bÿ‡Îi cZb (1982), †mB Zywg (1984), Akw¼bx my`k©bv (1984), w`‡bi Av‡jv iv‡Zi Auvavi (1984), †g‡N RjZi½ (1985), GB gvwU GB †cÖg (1985), `uvwo‡q AvwQ GKv (1987), Ai‡Y¨ RbZv (1987), kZvãxi m~h©wkLv (1987), my›`ig (1988), †R¨vrmœvq k~b¨ gvV (1989), AšÍi‡jv‡K R¡‡j †RvbvKx (1993), e„wó‡fRv gyL (1994), fvjevmvi †mB gyL (1995), hy× I fvjevmv (1996) iv‡eqv LvZzb : gaygZx (1963), ivRvievM kvwjgvievM (1969), †divix m~h© (1975), †g‡ni Avjx (1985), AbšÍ A‡š¦lv (1967), B fiv fv`i gvn fv`i (2q ms. 1995), mv‡ne evRvi (1969), gb GK †k¦Z K‡cvZx (1965), A‡bKR‡bi GKRb (1976), Rxe‡bi Avi GK bvg w`em iRbx (1980), bxj wbkx_, cvwL me K‡i ie, evqvbœ Mwji GK Mwj (1984), bxj cvnv‡oi KvQvKvwQ (1985), evMv‡bi bvg gvjwbQov, GB weinKvj evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 469



(1995), iv‡eqv LvZz‡bi wbe©vwPZ †cÖ‡gi Dcb¨vm (1995), wcÖq ¸jkvbv (1997), k•L mKvj cÖK…wZ (2005), Dcb¨vm mgMÖ-1 (2005), ¯^‡cœ msµvwgZ (2006) ivnvZ Lvb : Agj aej PvKwi (1982), GK wcÖq`wk©bx (1983), Qvqv`¤úwZ (1984), †n k~b¨Zv (1984), msNl© (1984), †n Ab‡šÍi cvwL (1989), ga¨gv‡Vi †L‡jvqvo (1991), AvKv•ÿv, K‡qKRb, AwMœ`vn, MšÍ‡e¨ (2005) wiwRqv ingvb : DËi cyiæl (1977), es †_‡K evsjv (1978), GKvj wPiKvj (1984), m~h©-meyR i³ (1981), aej †Rvrmœv (1981), wkjvq wkjvq Av¸b (1980), AwjwLZ DcvL¨vb (1980), i‡³i Aÿi (1978), †cÖg Avgvi †cÖg (1985), Ai‡Y¨i Kv‡Q (1980), S‡oi gy‡LvgywL (1986), GKwU dz‡ji Rb¨ (1986), ïay †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ (1988), nviæb †d‡iwb (1994), †n gvbe gvbex (1989) †i‡Rvqvb wmwÏKx : fyj †R¨vrmœvq c`‡jnb (1983), k~b¨Zvq nvZ (1995), c~Y©MÖvm (1995), †iv‡`i wccvmv (1989), Rvwb bv (1993), cvjvI Rywjqv (1989), GLv‡b `uvwo‡q AvwQ (1994), NyicvK (1995) kIKZ Avjx : wc½j AvKvk (1963), `wÿYvq‡bi w`b (1976), Kzjvq Kvj‡mªvZ (1977), c~e©ivwÎ c~e©w`b (1978), hvÎv (1976), A‡cÿv (1985), cÖ‡`v‡l cÖvK…ZRb (1984), Iqvwik (1989), `wjj (2000), m¤^j (1986), Dˇii †Lc (1991), MšÍe¨ AZtci (1987), †cÖgKvwnbx, fvjevmv Kv‡i Kq (1988), †h‡Z PvB (1988), evmi I gayPw›`ªgv (1990) kIKZ Imgvb : Rbbx (1961), ebxAv`g (1943), µxZ`v‡mi nvwm (1962), †PŠimwÜ (1375), Rvnvbœg nB‡Z we`vq (1971), †bK‡o AiY¨ (1973), `yB ˆmwbK (1973), Rjv½x (1974), cZ½ wcÄi (1983), ivRv DcvL¨vb (1970), mgvMg (1967), AvZ©bv` (1985), ivRmvÿx (1985), wcZ…cyiæ‡li cvc (1986)| wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm Zviv `yBRb (1958), cÂm½x (1975), RyRMMv (1988) kixd Lvb : g½j c~wY©gv (1992), knx` RbK (1996), ¯^c‡œ jv‡Ki Qwe (1996), †mvbvjx `iRv (1997), bRy WvKvZ I M½v mvay (1996), wgw_jvi wmuw_i Av¸b (1996), eb`vb‡ei Là‡i (1995), †g‡qwU‡K f~Z a‡iwQj (1994), wW‡m¤^‡ii AvVv‡iv (1997), knx` AvL›` : cvbœv n‡jv meyR (1964), cvwLi Mvb e‡bi Qvqv (1970), `y`Ð kvwšÍ (1983), GK`v GK em‡šÍ (1984), †mB cvwL (1986), Avcb †mŠif (1986), fv‡jvevmvq emevm (1987), bivag (1984), GBLv‡b KL‡bv (1985), Avevi Avwme (1988), KLb †K Rv‡b (1995)



470 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



knx`yj Rwni : †m iv‡Z c~wY©gv wQj (1995), Rxeb I ivR‰bwZK ev¯ÍeZv (1988), gy‡Li w`‡K †`wL (2006), Avey Beªvnx‡gi g„Zz¨ (2009) knx`yjøv Kvqmvi : mv‡is †eŠ (1962), mskßK (1965) kvgm ikx` : Dcj DcK‚j (1969), cÖvYemšÍ (1973), ü`q Dceb (1974), cÂvwjKv (1976), wmÜz euv‡ivqv (1977), gb¨KviK (1981), cÖxZgcyi (1990)



kvgmyj Bmjvg : †e`bv Acvi (1966), †eu‡P AvwQ (1974) kIKZ Imgvb : Rbbx (1961), ebxAv`g (1943), µxZ`v‡mi nvwm (1962), Rvnvbœg nB‡Z we`vq (1971), †bK‡o AiY¨ (1973), `yB ˆmwbK (1973), Rjv½x (1974), cZ½ wcÄi (1983), ivRv DcvL¨vb (1970), mgvMg (1967), AvZ©bv` (1985), ivRmvÿx (1985), wcZ…cyiæ‡li cvc (1986) wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm : Zviv `yBRb (1958), cÂm½x (1975), RyRMMv (1988) kvgmyj nK : b`xi bvg wZmZv (1373), bqQq (1366), P¤úv Pv‡gjx kvgmy`&`xb Aveyj Kvjvg : Kvke‡bi Kb¨v (1954), AvjgbM‡ii DcK_v (1955), g‡bi g‡Zv VuvB, hvi mv‡_ hvi (1986), RvqR½‡ji (1978), mgy`ª evmi (1986), bevbœ (1987), KvÂbMÖvg (1998) kvgmyi ivngvb : A‡±vcvm (1983), A™¢yZ Auvavi GK (1985), wbqZ gšÍvR (1985), G‡jv †m A‡ejvq (1994), kvnRvnvb †PŠayix : mv`v cvwLi cvjK (1986), hš¿Yvi b`x (1973) kvnwiqvi Kexi : I‡`i Rvwb‡q `vI (1985), wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm : Ab¨iKg AvUw`b (1993), GKvˇii hxï (1985), c~‡ei m~h© (1972), bywjqvQwoi †mvbvi cvnvo (1976), nvwi‡q hvIqv wVKvbv (1976), mxgv‡šÍ msNvZ (1988), nvbvevwoi inm¨ (1989), wb‡Kvjvm †ivRvwiIi †Q‡jiv (1989), cv_vwiqvi Lwb inm¨,(1989), evP© e‡b So (1991), eûiƒcx (1991), ivRcÖvmv‡` lohš¿ (1993), Kvwc©w_qv‡bi Kv‡jv †Mvjvc (1994), Ab¨iKg AvU w`b (1993), Abx‡Ki Rb¨ fv‡jvevmv (1993), GKvˇii c‡_ av‡i (1994), jymvB cvnv‡oi kqZvb (1994), evfvwiqvi inm¨gq `~M© (1994), Av‡jvi cvwLiv (1995), NvZ‡Ki mÜv‡b (1995), giæi kqZvb (1995), i‡Zœk¦ixi Kv‡jv Qvqv (1996), fq¼‡ii gy‡LvgywL (1996) kvnv`y¾vgvb : t †Z `ytL (2003), µv‡Pi K‡b©j (2009) kvnv`vr †nv‡mb : wi³v, c‡_i †`Lv, giæi Kzmyg, †LqvZix, †mvbvi KuvKb, hy‡Mi Av‡jv, KuvUv dzj, wkwi dinv`, mZx gwngv, wniY †iLv, cv‡ii c‡_, ¯^vgxi fzj, N‡ii j²x, BDmyd Ry‡jLv, kvnxb AvLZvi : cvjvevi c_ †bB (2000), Zvjvk (2004), kxjeªZ †PŠayix : mgy`ª m‡db (1374), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 471



†kL †gvnv¤§` B`wim Avjx : †kL msmvi, `i‡ek Kvwnbx, b~Zb †eŠ, †cª‡gi c‡_ (1957), Av`k© M„wnbx (1957), ew¼g `ywnZv (1324 e.), iƒ‡ci †gvn (1957)



m‡Z¨b †mb : Awfkß bMix (1967), cv‡ci mšÍvb (1969), c`wPý (1374), DËiY (1970), we‡`ªvnx ˆKeZ© (1376), G K‚j fv‡O I K‚j M‡o (1971), Avj‡eiæbx (1376 e.), KzgviRxe (1969), cyiæl‡ga (1969), †mqvbv (1375), †fv‡ii wen½x (1366 e.), iæ×Øvi gy³cÖvY (1373 e.), mvZ b¤^i IqvW© (1376 e.), gv (1377 e.), Aciv‡Rq (1377 e.) mi`vi R‡qbD`&`xb : Avw`MšÍ (1365), cvbœv‡gvwZ (1371), bxj-iO-i³ (1372), weaŸ¯Í †iv‡`i †XD (1975), †eMg †kdvjx wgR©v (1968), kªxgZx K I L kªxgvb Zv‡je Avjx (1973) mvw`Kxb : mßwl©i Kvbœv (1962), mvgm ivkx` : gbcÖm~b (1982), Dcj DcK‚‡j (1g LÐ 1969, 2q LÐ 1970), bxjvÄbv (1971), cÖvYemšÍ (1973), ü`q Dce‡b (1974), cÂvwjKv (1976), wmÜz euv‡ivqv (Dcj DcK‚‡ji 3q LÐ) (1977), gb‡KviK (1981), K¨v‡gwjqv wg‡bbwgm (1985), ce©Z eyiÄx (1990), cÖxZgcyi (1990)



mv‡jnv †PŠayix : †jLv Avb›` (1993), wewbœ av‡bi ˆL (1994), gq~ixi gyL (1996), †kl mvi‡ejv (1997) wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi : gvwU Avi AkÖæ (1942), c~iex (1944), bZzb mKvj (1945), wmwÏKzi ingvb : Zzwg Avm‡e e‡j (1981), Iqvw`qv (1985), ¯^vaxbZv Avgvi A‡Pbv mxgvšÍ (1995) myPwiZ †PŠayix : b`x wbR©b bxj (1314) my‡eva jvwnox : f¯Ívi wej (1969) myeªZ eo–qv : MÖn‡Yi w`b (1986), w`b¸wj nvq †mvbvi LuvPvq (1987), †mwjbv †nv‡mb : hvwcZ Rxeb (1981), wbišÍi NÈvaŸwb (1987), MvqÎx mܨv (1994-1996), nvOi b`x †Mª‡bW (1976), bxj gq~‡ii †hŠeb (1983), Puv`‡e‡b (1984), †cvKvgvK‡oi NiemwZ (1986), KuvUvZv‡i cÖRvcwZ (1989), Kvj‡KZz I dzjiv (1992) c`kã (1983) R‡jv”Q¡vm (1972), gMœ ˆPZ‡b¨ wkm (1979), ÿiY (1988), Lyb I fv‡jvevmv (1990), DËi mvi_x(1g Dcb¨vm), hy× (1998), fv‡jvevmv cÖxwZjZv (1992), Uvbvc‡ob (1994), `xcvwš^Zv (1997), NygKvZz‡i Ck¦i (2004), g‡M©i bxj cvwL (2005), A‡cÿv (2007), c~Y© Qwei gMœZv (2008), f‚wg I Kzmyg (2010), hgybv b`xi gykvqiv (2010), MvQwUi Qvqv bvB (2012), †mvbvjx Wzgyi (2012)



472 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn& : jvjmvjy (1948), Puv‡`i Agvem¨v (1964), Kuv‡`v b`x Kuv‡`v (1968)



ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx : Awek¦vm¨ (1954), ke&bg&(1960), kni&-Bqvi (1969) Zzjbvnxbv (1974) ˆmq` kvgmyj nK : Abycg w`b (1962), bxj`skb (1981), wbwl× †jvevb (1981), g„Mqvq Kvj‡ÿc (1986), Avqbv wewei cvjv (1986), GK gwnjvi Qwe (1959), †`qv‡ji †`k (1959), A‡Pbv (1962), AwPšÍ¨ c~wY©gv (1962), RbK I Kv‡jvKwd (1962), mxgvbv Qvwo‡q (1964), †Ljvivg †L‡j hv (1973), `~iZ¡ (1981), Îvwn (1982), Ab¨ GK Avwj½b (1982), wØZxq w`‡bi Kvwnbx (1984), ¯§„wZ‡ga (1986), ¯ÍäZvi Abyev` (1986), GK hye‡Ki Qvqvc_ (1987), K‡qKwU gvby‡li †mvbvjx †hŠeb (1989), ¯^cœ msµvšÍ (1989), bv, †hIbv (1989), e„wó I we`ªvnxMY (1g LÐ-1989, 2q LÐ-1990), ev‡iv w`‡bi wkï (1989), ebevjv wKQy UvKv avi wb‡qwQj (1989), Îvwn (1989), Zzwg †mB Zievwi (1989), K‡qKwU gvby‡li †mvbvjx †hŠeb (1989), wbe©vwmZv (1987), †kªô Dcb¨vm (1990), wbe©vwmZv (1990), †gN I †gwkb (1991), Bnv gvbyl (1991), Kvjag© (1992), Avwg evwm Zzwg ev‡mv‡Zv (1993), gnvk~‡b¨ civY gv÷vi (1990), wØZxq w`‡bi Kvwnbx (1990), evwjKvi P›`ªhvb (1990), †Rmwgb †ivW (1992), †PvLevRx (1994), UvbUvb (1994), AšÍM©Z (1995), Av‡jvi Rb¨ (1995), eyKwSg GK fv‡jvevmv (1996), GKgy‡Vv Rb¥f~wg (1997), e„wó I we`ªvnxMY (1997), †hŠeb (1997), k•LjvMv hyeZx I Puv` (1998), bvixiv (1999), ev¯ÍeZvi `uvZ I KivZ (1999), D‡o hvq gvjZx cix (2005) ˆmq` kvnv`r †nv‡mb : muv‡Si †ejvi Kvwnbx, AvKvk hw` bxj nj, m~h© cwðg w`‡K D‡V, ¯^vZx bÿ‡Îi Rj, BnvB †Zv †cÖg nwic` `Ë : Ckv‡b AwMœ`vn (1986), AÜK‚‡c R‡b¥vrme (1987), ARMi 1g I 2q LÐ cÖKvwkZ nq h_vµ‡g 1989 Ges 1991 m‡b, Dcb¨vm mgMÖ (2005), †gvnv‡Ri (2006), wcZ…nZ¨vi ivZ I AwMœwe›`y (2007), wP¤^yK cvnv‡oi RvZK (2008), RjcyÎ (2008) nwik¼i Rj`vm : RjcyÎ (2008), ˆKeZ©K_v (2009), `nbKvj (2010), ivg‡Mvjvg (2012), Kmwe (2012), Avwg g„Yvwjbx bB (2014) nv‡Riv bRiæj : DcµgwYKv(1986), AwgÎvÿi Q›`(1990), kiwe× wkwki(1990), wbe©vwmZ wbS©i(1991), ei‡di dzj(1991) nvexeyi ingvb : †jR w`‡q hvq †Pbv (1366), e‡b ev`v‡o (1963), eb †gvi‡Mi evmv (1976) nviæb nvexe : wcÖq‡hv×v, wcÖqZg (1982), AšÍtkxjv, cuvPcyiæl|, evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 473



nvmbvZ Ave`yj nvB : wZwg (1981), Avgvi AvZZvqx (1980), myjZvb (1991), mycÖfvZ fvjjevmv (1977), gnvcyiæl (1982), †gv‡ijMÄ msev` (1995), eveyB (1997), hyeivR (1980), mvdvwi (1399), mvZRb (1999), cÖfy (1986), mgq (1991), GKRb AviR Avjx (1995), b‡fiv (1995), evB‡i GKRb(1995), nvmvb B`vbxs (1995), †mvqv‡jv (1996), wmKw¯Í (1997), B›UviwfD (1997), eveyB mybxwZ (1997) ûgvqyb AvRv` : Qvàvbœ nvRvi eM©gvBj (1994), mewKQy †f‡½ c‡o (1995), gvbyl wn‡m‡e Avgvi Acivamg~n (1996), hv`yK‡ii g„Zz¨ (1996), ïfeªZ I Zvi m¤úwK©Z mymgvPvi (1997), ivRbxwZwe`MY (1998), cvK mvi Rwgb mv` ev` (2004) ûgvq~b Avn‡g` : bw›`Z bi‡K (1973), k¨vgj Qvqv (1974), wbe©vmb (1974), †mŠif (1982), Av¸‡bi cikgwb (1986), k•Lbxj KvivMvi (1973), GBme w`bivwÎ (1986), bÿ‡Îi ivZ (1987), mvRNi (1989), †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ fvjevmv, AwPbcyi, Ab¨w`b (1974), †div (1986), mevB †M‡Q e‡b (1984), †Zvgv‡K (1984), GKv GKv (1985), Agvbyl (1985), Avgvi Av‡Q Rj (1985), m~‡h©i w`b (1985), cÖ_g cÖni (1985), †`ex (1985), AiY¨ (1987), bÿ‡Îi ivZ (1987), `~‡i †Kv_vq (1987), AvKvk †Rvov †gN (1988), Acivnè (1988), evmi (1989), ˆØi_ (1989), iRbx (1989), AÜKv‡ii Mvb(1989), mgy`ª wejvm (1991), Rbg Rbg (1990), gq~ivÿx (1990), †MŠixcyi Rskb (1990), A‡qvgq (1990), †Kv_vI †KD †bB (1990), `viywPwb Øxc(1991), cvwL Avgvi GKjv cvwL (1992), wgwmi Avjxi AgxgvswmZ inm¨ (1992), wngy(1993), Rj‡RvQbv (1993), kªveY †g‡Ni w`b (1994), †cw݇j AuvKv cix (1995), ïå (2000), †RvQbv I Rbbxi Mí (2004), jxjveZx (2005), ev`kvn bvg`vi (2005), wjjyqv evZvm (2006)



ûgvqyb Kwei : b`x I bvix (1945) ûgvqyb Kvw`i : wbR©b †gN (1965) ûgvq~b gvwjK : †`ªvnx DËim~wi (2005), bcysmKbvgv (2007) †n‡jbv Lvb : DËz‡i evZvm (1970), AvZ¥R I gyw³hy× (1996), `yB avi c„w_ex (1997)



†QvUMí AwRZ Kzgvi wb‡qvMx : a~miwjwc (1964)



474 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Aw`wZ dvêybx : Bgvby‡q‡ji M„‡n cÖ‡ek (1999), wZZv wgTvi R½bvgv (2009), wPwýZ eviæ` wewbgq (2007), evwbqvjyKv I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (2013), a„Ziv‡óªi evwjKviv (2014) AbvwgKv nK wjwj : wbj¤^b (1983), e¨Äbv (1984), hvZbv (1988), AócÖni (1990), Kz‡i Kz‡i (1991), Avwg †Zvgv‡`iB †jvK (2002), Kjg ZzwgB e‡jv (2003) Aiƒc ZvjyK`vi : isevR †d‡i bv (1969) Av. b. g. eRjyi ikx` : c_ I c„w_ex (1964) AvKeiDÏxb : Amgvß Kvwnbx I Ab¨vb¨ Mí AvKei †nv‡mb : Av‡jvQvqv (1964) AvKgj †nv‡mb wbcy : Rj`v‡mi grm¨NÖvY (1998), eywo Puv` Wy‡e hvevi c‡i (2003), Avgiv Lye Lvivc mg‡q †eu‡P AvwQ (2006) AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm : Ab¨ N‡i Ab¨ ¯^i (1976), `yafv‡Z DrcvZ (1985), †Luvqvwi (1989), †`vh‡Li Ig& (1989), Rvj ¯^cœ ¯^‡cœi Rvj (1997) AvwRRyi ingvb: Kv‡jv wdZv (1965), †`kx dyj (1965)GKwU APj Avwb (1966), Dcw¯’Z myaxgÐjx (1978), cvÐywjwc I Mqbvi ev· (1970), ¯^wbe©vwPZ Mí (1978), ey‡bve„wó (1984), wb‡Ri evwo (1988) AvZv miKvi: wec¾bK †Ljv m¤ú‡K© wi‡cvU©, wbwl× ivRbxwZi Mí, my›`i Zzwg cweÎZg, †eªKnxb evm Pj‡Q Pj‡Q (1997), mvnmx gvby‡li Mí, wbe©vwPZ Mí, †i ¯^cœ †i `ye„Ë AvdjvZzb : A‡jŠwKK cvwL (1988) Aveyj Lv‡qi gym‡jnDwÏb : wPiKzU (1981), †bc_¨ bvUK (1982), Ig kvwšÍ (1983), kvje‡bi ivRv (1983), bjLvMovi mvc (1983), gyw³hy‡×i Mí (1996), Avb›` fyeb (1997), g‡bvbxZ Mí (1993), †mvbvi kixi (1990), K‡jR Mvj© (1991), bxj Qwei bvwqKv (1990), wbe©vwPZ †cÖ‡gi Mí (1988) Ave`vi ikx` : bvbvb i½ (1973) I i½ †lvokx (1975) Ave`yi ikx` Iqv‡mKcyix : AwjMwj KZc_ (1959) Ave`yj Mvddvi †PŠayix : K…òcÿ (1336), mgªv‡Ui Qwe (1959), my›`i †n my›`i (1960)



Ave`yj nvB gvk‡iKx : Kzjmyg (1954), evDj g‡bi bKkv (1971) Ave`yk kvKzi : ÿxqgvb (1961), GwcUvd (1976), am (1982), wePwjZ cÖv_©bv (1983), ˆbmwM©K Mí (1997), †Mvjvc‡avjvB (1997), MímgMÖ (2002), AvNvZ (2006), †UvUKv (2006)| AveyeKi wmwÏK : f~wgnxb †`k (1985), g‡i euvPvi ¯^vaxbZv (1987), PiwebvkKvj (1987), Kz‡qv †_‡K †ewi‡q (1994), QvqvcÖavb AvNÖvb (2000), Kvbœv`vmx evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 475



(2006), evgveZ© (2007), gyw³jvj Afy¨`q (gyw³hy‡×i wbe©vwPZ Mí) (2008), Kv‡jvKz¤¢xi (2008), nsmfvmxi Zx‡i (2008), †kªô Mí (2007), MímgMÖ 1g LÐ (2008) Av‡Zvqvi ingvb : nj‡` jZv (1964), ejq (1967) Avb&Iqvi Avng` : mZK© cÖniv (1983) Av‡bvqvi cvkv : wbiƒcvq nwiYx (1970) Avwbm †PŠayix : MímsMÖn (2007) Avey BmnvK : nv‡ig (1962), gnvcZ½ (1963) Avey Rvdi kvgmyÏxb : †kªô Mí (1962), Rxeb (1948), †kl ivwÎi Zviv (1966), GK †Rvov c¨v›U I Ab¨vb¨ (1967), iv‡Rb VvKz‡ii Zx_©hvÎv (1978), j¨vsox (1984), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1988) Aveyj dRj : gvwUi c„w_ex (1940), Avqlv (1951), †kªô Mí (1964), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1978), g„‡Zi AvZ¥nZ¨v (1978) Aveyj gbmyi Avng` : Avqbv (1935), dzW Kbdv‡iÝ (1944), Avmgvbx c`©v (1964)| Avey iæk&` : ivRavbx‡Z So (1938), cÖ_g †hŠeb (1948), kvox evox Mvox (1961), g‡n›`ª wgóvbœ fvÐvi (1985), ¯^wbe©vwPZ Mí (1979), w`b Agwjb (1985), we‡qvM e¨_v (1996), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1990), MímgMÖ (2000)| Avj gvngy` : cvb‡KŠwoi i³ (1975), †mŠi‡fi Kv‡Q civwRZ (1983), MÜewYK (1986), †cÖ‡gi Mí (1991), gq~ixi gyL (1994), Avj gvngy‡`i Mí (1991), MímgMÖ (1997) AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` : †R‡M AvwQ (1950), avbKb¨v (1951), g„Mbvwf (1953), AÜKvi wmuwo (1958), DRvb Zi‡½ (1962), hLb ˆmKZ (1967), Avgvi i³ ¯^cœ Avgvi (1972), Rxeb Rwgb (1988), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1985), g‡bvbxZ Mí (1987), †kªô Mí (1987), †kªô †QvUMí (1999) Avkivd DR Rvgvb : AiY¨ ce©Z b`x I mgy`ª (1949), †Lqv †bŠKvi gvwS (1952) Avkivd wmwÏKx : iv‡eqv Avcv (1955), c¨vwim my›`ix (1975), †kl bvwjk (1992)| AvkxlKzgvi †jvn : A‡bK Zvivi AvKvk (1966)| Avng` Qdv (1943-2001)i †`vjv Avgvi KbKPuvcv (1968)| GQvov wbnZ bÿÎ (1969)eyjeyj †PŠayix (R. 1947) UzKv Kvwnbx (1968), cigvbyl (1997), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1997) Zuvi MíMÖš’| Avng` gxi : jvj‡gvwZqv (1965) Avng` iwdK : A‡bK i‡Oi AvKvk (1964)



476 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Avngv` †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj : GK cÖKvi wØZxq gvbyl (1998), Avgiv GKwU M‡íi Rb¨ A‡cÿv KiwQ (2000), AÜKv‡i wKQyB †`Lv hv‡”Q bv e‡j (2004), NifwZ© gvbyl A_ev ˆbtk㨠(2007) BgwZqvi kvgxg : kxZNy‡g GKRxeb (1996) Gici MÖvgvq‡bi BwZK_v (2000), K‡qKwU g„Z gywbqv (2002), gvrmb¨v‡qi evKcÖwZgv (2005) Bg`v`yj nK wgjb : fv‡jvevmvi Mí (1977), wbi‡bœi Kvj (1979), †cÖ‡gi Mí (1983), †n †cÖg (1983), dz‡ji evMv‡b mvc (1983), evwjKviv (1983), Avnvix (1984), †Zvgv‡K fv‡jvevwm (1985), wbe©vwPZ †cÖ‡gi Mí (1985), evQvB Mí (1986), Zvnviv (1986), gg©‡e`bv (1988), †cÖg b`x (1988), †cÖwgK †cÖwgKv (1988), ev‡iv iKg gvbyl (1988), fv‡jvevmvi wbe©vwPZ Mí (1989), hw` Rvb‡Z (1990), †cÖg fv‡jvevmv (1990), fv‡jvevmv (1990), †kªô Mí (1990), †Mvcb `yqvi BddvZ Aviv : †iv`bfiv emšÍ (1989), †bvbv¯^v‡`i Rxeb (1990), GKvKx AÜKv‡i (1994) Beivnxg Luv : Avjy †evLiv (1960), D¯Ív` (1967), `v`yi Avmi (1971), gvbyl | BmnvK PvLvix : Rvbvjv (1967), ¯^‡cœi Kzkxje (1967), cÖ_g K…òP~ov (1972), wecixZ gvbyl (1977) Gnmvb †PŠayix : GKvˇii Mí (1986) Iqvwm Avn‡g` : exRgš¿, †ZcvšÍ‡ii muv‡Kv, wkOv evRv‡e Bmivwdj (2006) KvwR Avdmvi D`&w`b Avng` : †Kvjvnj (1947), KvjbvwMbx (1952), R¡vjvI Av‡jv (1954), hy‡×i fq¼i Mí (1954), b~Zb †cÖg (1955) KvRx dRjyi ingvb : `c©‡Y cÖwZwe¤^ (1987), hvÎx (1987), gyw³hy‡×i Mí (1988), wek¦vmNvZK (1991)| Kvgiæ¾vgvb Rvnv½xi : g„‡Zi wKsev i‡³i RM‡Z Avcbv‡K ¯^vMZg (2005), ¯^ceœ vwR (2007) Kv‡qm Avn‡g` : AÜZxi›`vR (1978), jvk KvUv Ni (1987) Lv‡j`v Gw`e †PŠayix : Ab¨ GK wbe©vmb (1976), Rb gwbwl¨i Mí (1982), †cvovgvwUi MÜ (1985) MRbdi Avjx : fvewejvm (1957) †PŠayix kvgmyi ingvb : dzUcvZ (1960) Rwni ivqnvb : Rwni ivqnv‡bi MímgMÖ (1979) RvwKi ZvjyK`v‡ii : ¯^cœcyivY wKsev DØv¯‘cyivY (1997), wek¦v‡mi Av¸b (2000), Kb¨v I RjKb¨v (2003), Kíbv PvKgv I ivRvi †mcvB (2006), nvfvZf‚wg (2006) I gvZ…nšÍv I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (2007) Rvdi ZvjyK`vi : Abœ`vm (1990), gvby‡li MÜ (1990), †cÖ‡gi Mí (1991), wbe©vwPZ Mí (2004) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 477



RyjwdKvi gwZb : ivL †Zvgvi D`¨Z evû (1999), cvMj nevi iƒcK_v (1999), AvKvk evmi (1999), Ab¨iKg (2000), gyw³hy‡×i Mí (2001), AÜKv‡ii Rš‘iv (2007) RyevB`v ¸jkvb Aviv : Kvqvnxb KvivMvi (1977), evZv‡m eviæ` i‡³ wbiæ× Djøvm (1986), ü`‡q emwZ (1989) †R¨wZcÖKvk `Ë : `ywe©bxZ Kvj (1965), e‡n bv myevZvm (1967), mxZvsï †Zvi mg¯Í K_v (1969), cybiæ×vi, cøvebf~wg, Dwo‡q wb‡q hv Kv‡jv †gN (1992), wd‡i hvI †R¨vrmœvq, wbe©vwPZ Mí, MíKí I euvPvgivi Rxeb (2005), †h hvq †m hvq (2012) †Rv‡e`v Lvbg : LyKzi G¨vW‡fÂvi (1967), GKwU my‡ii g„Zz¨ (1974), Rxeb GKwU `yN©Ubv (1981) SY©v `vk cyiKvq¯’ : gyw³hy‡×i AkÖæZ euvwk, †Mva~wj is †Ljv (1966), AjKvcyix (1986), gLg‡j Avjwcb (1989), b~i †nv‡m‡bi c`aŸwb (1994), bvBU KzBb Zvcm gRyg`vi : g½j mswnZv (1995), GKwU `k UvKvi †bvU (1996), †KD KvD‡K †P‡b bv (1997) ZvmvÏyK †nv‡mb : AiY¨ wkwki (1963), we‡K‡ji †kl cÖv_©bv (1979), DËgvkv AšÍix‡c (1384) w`jviv Rvgvb : A¯ÍivM (1962), Avwk©‡Z Avwg (1976), g„Mqvq kiwe× (1986) w`jviv nv‡kg : njy`cvwLi Kvbœv (1970), wmÜzcv‡ii DcvL¨vb (1988), bvqK (1989)



†`ŠjZz‡bœmv LvZzb : MígÄyix (1962) bvmixb bCg : GLv‡b wcÄi (1984), Avi †h cvwi bv wgjvcy (1990), mnmv `ycy‡i `nb (1991), AcZ¨ †mœ‡ni Wvjcvjv (1999) bvRgv †Rmwgb †PŠayix : Ab¨ bvqK (1985), †gN †K‡U †Mj (1988) bvmwib Rvnvb : ¯’wei †hŠeb (1985), weP~Y© Qvqv (1988), m~h© Zvgmx (1989), c_, †n c_ (1989), mvivivZ weov‡ji kã (1991), Avðh© †`ewkï (1995), cyiæl ivRKzgvix (1996), m¤£g hLb Akøxj n‡q I‡V (1997), G‡jb †cvi weovj (2006), bvixev`x Mí (2010), †Q‡jwU †h †g‡q †g‡qwU Zv Rv‡b bv (2010) †bqvgvj evwmi : a~cQvqv (1969) wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y : Avcb `‡ji gvbyl (1985)| bxwjgv Beªvnxg : igbv cv‡K© (1964) cvcwo ingvb : jwL›`‡ii A`„ó hvÎv (2000), njy` †g‡qi mxgvšÍ (2001), gûqv cvwLi cvjK (2004), Aói¤¢v (2007), a~wjwPwÎZ `„k¨vewj (2010)



478 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



cvi‡fR †nv‡mb : ÿwqZ i³cyZzj (1990), e„wð‡Ki Rvj I Ab¨vb¨ (1993), ¯^wbe©vwPZ †kªô Mí (1994) c~iex emyi : c~iex emyi Mí, AvRb¥ cievmx, †m bwn bwn, wbiæ× mgxiY cÖkvšÍ g„av : KznKweåg (2000), 13 I Aewkó Qq (2001), AviI `~i Rb¥-Rb¥všÍi (2004), kvi‡`vrme (2006), eBVvi Uvb (2006), M‡íi †Luv‡R (2011) dwi`v †nv‡mb : ARšÍv (1965), Nyg (1985), kvox (1987), GKwU kxZj g„Zz¨ (1987), wngvj‡qi †`‡k (1994), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1994), KÕRbvi K_v (1994)



e‡›` Avjx wgqv : Zv‡mi Ni ekxi Avj †njvj : wK‡kvi Mí Avbvi‡mi nvwm (1974); cÖ_g K…òP~ov wecÖ`vk eo–qv : mv`v Kwdb (1984), hy×R‡qi Mí (1985), MvOwPj (1987), b`xi bvg MYZš¿ (1987), exiv½bvi †cÖg (1987), Dwé GKwU †cÖ‡gi Mí (1988), ¯^cwœ gwQj (1989), AvKv‡k †cÖ‡gi ev`j (1989), ¯^cœ mgy‡`ª eb‡`exiv Av‡Q (1990), wbe©vwPZ †cÖ‡gi Mí (1990), Avwg gyw³hy× mg_©b Kwi (1991), ¯^cœmy›`ix (1994), A‡jŠwKK Pz¤^b (1995), Avwg GKwU ¯^cœ wK‡bwQjvg (1996), wd‡i ZvKv‡ZB †`wL e½eÜz (1997) eyjeb Imgvb : cÖZ¨vjxp (1967), gyKz‡i gyL (1969) †evinvbDwÏb Lvb Rvnv½xi : Awew”Qbœ (1960), `~i `~ivšÍ (1968), Kɯ^i (1374), wekvj †µva (1376), gyÐnxb gnvivR (1974), GK ai‡bi hy× (1984), MYZ‡š¿i cÖ_g w`b I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1992), wecøe `xN©Rxex †_‡K (1997) fv¯‹i †PŠayix (R. 1952)| Zuvi i³cv‡Zi e¨vKiY (1984), evlwÆ weNv b`x (1986), †Kv_vq wbevm (1986), cZ‡bi mgq (1987) gKeyjv gbRyi : mvqvý h~w_Kv (1978), kKz‡biv meLv‡b (1989), bÿ‡Îi Z‡j (1989), gKeyjv gbRy‡ii †cÖ‡gi Mí (1989), GKzk I gyw³hy‡×i Mí (1991), w`biRbx (1993) †QvU‡`i wK‡kvi Mí : iwOb gvQ (1982), Ac~e© Dcnvi (1982), b`xi Icv‡i †gjv (1986), wK‡kvi gnvfviZ (1987), m~h© wK‡kvi (1988), wbe©vwPZ wK‡kvi Mí (1989), †QvU †QvU iƒcK_v (1989) gC`-Di ingvb gq~‡ii cv (1958) gCbyj Avnmvb mv‡ei : civ¯Í mwnm (1982)| GiKgB (1990), wf‡oi gvbyl (1396), AiwÿZ Rbc` (1983), AvMgb msev` (1984), Pviw`K †Lvjv (1985), ¯^cœhvÎv (1984), wbe©vwPZ ( 1999) gwbiv Kv‡qm : gvwUcyivY cvjv (1999), RjWv½vi ev‡qv‡¯‹vc (2001), ay‡jvgvwUi Rb¥m~Î (2004), K_vgbyl¨cyivY (2007)



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 479



gwkDj Avjg : Av‡e`vwji g„Zy¨i ci (2007) MíwU iPbv K‡ib| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ Mí iƒcvwj iæB I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1994), Avwg ïay †g‡qwU‡K euvPv‡Z †P‡qwQjvg (1999), gvs‡ki Kvievi (2004 gÄy miKvi : Awebvkx Av‡qvRb (1982), g„Zz¨evY (1985), cyivZb †cÖg I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1986), D‡”Q` D‡”Q` †Ljv (1990), Avb›` hvÎv (1995), Acv‡ikb Rq evsjv (1997), g½vKv‡ji gvbyl gÄykªx †PŠayix : RvMÖZ †h fv‡jv (1984), welKb¨v (1989), †mvbvi LuvPv (1989) gwZb D`&-`xb Avng` : PvjvK nIqvi cqjv †KZve (1958), wZb †PivM wZb kvgv`vb dvD (1964), G-†Zv eo i½ hv`y (1969) ghnviæj Bmjvg : Zvj Zgvj (1959) gwdR DÏxb Avng` : iƒc (1966), ÷vi mvK©vm (1977) gweb D`&`xb Avng` : Kj¼ (1946), †nv‡mb evoxi †eŠ (1952), fvOve›`i (1954) gnxeyj AvwRR : MÖvg Dbœqb Kg‡cø· I bweZz‡bi fvM¨Puv` (1988), `y»MÄ (1997), grm¨cyivY (2000), Avqbvcov (2006) gvdiænv †PŠayix : AiY¨Mv_v I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1976), †Kv_vI So (1980), öwjZ bÿÎ (1981), weg~Z© e„‡Ë (1984), we`xY© cÖni (1983), wbtkZ© KiZvwj (1984), gvdiænv †PŠayixi †cÖ‡gi Mí (1986), ke wb‡q emevm (1987), Qvqv c‡_i gvbwPÎ (1988), gvdiænv †PŠayixi wbe©vwPZ Mí (1990) gvgyb ûmvBb : kvšÍ mš¿v‡mi Puv`gvwi (1995), gvby‡li g„Zz¨ n‡j (2000), Avgvi Rvbv wQj wKQz (2000), evjK †ejvi †KŠkj (2002), wbiæ‡Ïk cÖK‡íi cÖwZfv (2002), K‡qKRb mvgvb¨ gvbyl (2003), GKwU ¯§viKMÖ‡š’i RxebcªYvjx, ivóªh‡š¿i †Ljvayjv, hy×vciva I f‚wge¨e¯’vi A¯úó weeiY (2011), AÜR‡bi RvZKK_v (2014)| gvneye ZvjyK`vi : myeY© RqšÍx gvngy`yj nK : cÖwZw`b GKwU iægvj (1994), wbe©vwPZ Mí (2010) gvn&eye-Dj& Avjg : gwdRb (1946), ZvwRqv (1946), cÂAbœ (1953), Muv‡qi gvqv (1949)



gvwjnv LvZzb : g‡bi is jvj (1987), gb fv‡jv †bB (1990), ¯§„wZ Zzwg †e`bv (1993)



gywbiv †PŠayix : †gN I AZjv‡šÍ (1984), ey‡bvNªvY (1984), m~h© g„wËKv (1985), wbR©b (1986) gy¯Ívdv cvbœv : †jvKmKj (1984), K…òc‡ÿi cÖwZev` (1989) wgbœvZ Avjx : Avgvi cÖ_g †cÖg (1959), gd¯^j msev` (1958), hv`yNi (1969), †Pbv I A‡Pbv (1980) wgiRv Ave`yj nvB : Qvqv-cÖ”Qvqv (1976), we‡ùviY (1978), wd‡i P‡jv (1981)



480 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



gykZvix kdx : GKwU hy× (1973), k•LwP‡ji Kvbœv (1983), Rxe‡bi iƒcK_v (1984), GgbI nq (1985) †gvnv¤§` dRjyj Kixg : KvRj `xwNi cÙ (1969), iƒ‡ci †gv‡n (1969) iex›`ª †Mvc : †iv`nxb emwZ (1980), civ‡Yi ¯^vaxbZv (1986), ¯^cœ I Puv‡`i K¼vj (1990), gyw³hy‡×i Mí (1997), hy×R‡qi Mí (1997) ikx` nvq`vi : bvbKzi †evwa (1967), AšÍ‡i wfbœ cyiæl (1973), †g‡N‡`i Nievwo (1982), DËiKvj (1987), ZLb (1987), Avgvi †cÖ‡gi Mí (1988), c~e©vci (1993), gyw³hy‡×i wbe©vwPZ Mí (2005)| ivwRqv gvneye : LvcQvov (1958), ¯^wbe©vwPZ Mí (1962), `~ifvwlYx (1969), gyLwiZ Mn‡b (1983) wiwRqv ingvb : AwMœ¯^vÿiv (1967), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1978), nviwKDwj‡mi Av¸b (2010)



iv‡eqv LvZzb : gyw³‡hv×vi ¯¿x, Avgvi GMv‡ivwU Mí, wbe©vwPZ †QvUMí ivnvZ Lvb : AšÍnxb hvÎv (1975), AwbwðZ †jvKvjq (1380), fv‡jv g‡›`i UvKv (1981), Av‡cj msev` (1983) †iRvDi ingvb : AfqviY¨ (1986), ev·e›`x me (1987), we¯§„Z GK fyeb (1988), Iiv †Kv_vq †h hvq (1989), †mB Kjm †c‡q hv‡eB (1994), ¯§„wZi gvbwP‡Î Zvivi duv` (1995) jvqjv mvgv` : `yt¯^‡cœi AÜKv‡i (1373), Kzqvkvi b`x (1376), Ai‡Y¨ bÿ‡Îi Av‡jv (1975), Ag~Z© AvKv•ÿv (1978) kvgmy`&`xb Aveyj Kvjvg : kv‡nievby (1945), c_ Rvbv †bB (1948), A‡bK w`‡bi Avkv (1949), †XD (1953), `yB ü`‡qi Zxi (1955), cuyB Wvwj‡gi Kve¨ (1953)



kvgmyj Bmjvg : Kzmy‡gi FZz (1966), wmMv‡iU I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1976)| kIKZ Imgvb : Dcjÿ¨ (1968), Dfk„½ (1968), Ryby Avcv I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1951), †bÎc_ (1968), wcuRiv‡cvj (1951), cÖ¯ÍidjK (1964), mv‡eK Kvwnbx (1953), Ges wZb wgR©v (1986), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1984), gwbe I Zvnvi KzKzi (1986), weMZ Kv‡ji Mí (1987), †kªô Mí (1974), cyivZb LÄi (1987), nšÍviK (1991), ivRcyiæl (1994) kvnwiqvi Kwei : GKvˇii hxï (1985), gnvwec` ms‡KZ (1990), R‰bK cÖZvi‡Ki Kvwnbx (1996) kvnv`y¾vgvb : K‡qKwU wenŸjMí (1996), cwð‡gi †g‡N †mvbvi wmsn (1999), †K‡ki Av‡o cvnvo (2012), Ab¨ GK MíKv‡ii Mí wb‡q Mí (2014) kv‡n` Avjx : wRivB‡ji Wvbv (1953)|GKB mgZ‡j (1963), kvÕbhi (1986), AZxZ iv‡Zi Kvwnbx (1986), Agi Kvwnbx (1987)



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 481



knx` AvL›` : RbZvq wbR©b (1380 evs), Awbevh© evÜe (1979), hLb cvwi bv (1982), nvév nvwmi Mí (1996) knx` mv‡ei : GK UzK‡iv †gN (1955), ÿz‡` †Mv‡q›`vi Awfhvb (1958) knx`yj Rwni : cvivcvi (1985), Wygyi †L‡Kv gvbyl Ab¨vb¨ Mí (2000), Wjy b`x nvIqv I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (2004) mi`vi R‡qbD`&`xb : bqvb Xyjx (1952), exiKwÉi we‡q (1955), Li‡mªvZ (1955), AócÖni (1970)-Gici †ejv e¨vbvR©xi †cÖg (1380) mvBwq` AvZxKzjøvn& : eyaev‡ii iv‡Z (1973) mv` Kvgvjx : wbtkã AwšÍ‡g (1992), Awfe¨w³ev`x Mí (1996), DcK_vi Av‡cj (1996), Av¸‡bi MÖnY (2000) mv‡`Kv kwdDjøvn : wbwl× my‡Li hš¿Yv (1978), hy× Ae‡k‡l (1980), kZ©nxb wbtk‡ã (1981), Abyf~wZi is (1982), Kj‡¼i myMÜ (1984), Aÿg ˆeVvq (1985), Pqb (1987), hš¿Yvi mÂq (1990), Zvi Z‡i (1991) mykvšÍ gRyg`vi ivRv Av‡mwb ev`¨ evRvI (1984), †Quov‡Luvov Rwg (1985), kix‡i kxZ I †Uwe‡j ¸ÐvcvÐv (1988), Rb¥-muvZvi (1998) myPwiZ †PŠayix : AvKv‡k A‡bK Nywo (1961) wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi : hv`yi Kjm (1968) myeªZ eo–qv : †RvbvKx kni (1970), KvP‡cvKv (1975), AbwaKvi (1977), AvZ¥PwiZ I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1989), fv‡jvevmv fv‡jvevmv (1989), Z…Yv (1993)



†mwjbv †nv‡mb : Drm †_‡K wbišÍi (1969), RjeZx †g‡Ni evZvm (1975), †Lvj KiZvj (1982), ciRb¥ (1986), gvbylwU (1993), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1993), gwZRv‡bi †g‡qiv (1995), gyw³hy‡×i Mí (2000), AvKvkcix (2012) †mwjg †gvi‡k` : KvUv mv‡ci gyÐy (1993), ev‡Ni N‡i †NvM (2008) ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn& : bqbPviv (1945), `yB Zxi I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1965) ˆmq` BKevj : GKw`b e½eÜz I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1986), fv‡jvevmvi cuvP cv (1987) ˆmq` gbRyiæj Bmjvg : ¯^wbe©vwPZ †kªô Mí (1994), _vKv bv _vKvi Mí (1995), †cÖg I cÖv_©bvi Mí (2005) ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx : PvPv-Kvwnbx (1359), †kªô Mí (1961), †kªô ig¨iPbv (1962) ˆmq` wiqvRyi ikx` : Av¸‡bi wec` Avc` (1994), kv`v Kvwnbx (1996) ˆmq` kvgmyj nK : Zvm (1954), kxZwe‡Kj (1959), Avb‡›`i g„Zy¨ (1967), cÖvPxb es‡ki wbt¯^ mšÍvb (1981), †cÖ‡gi Mí (1990), †kªô Mí (1990), Mí mgMÖ (2001) nwic` `Ë : m~‡h©i NÖv‡Y †div (1985), GKwU cyivZb Dw`© (1988), Kvj‡ejvi Mí (2005), Mí mgMÖ (2005)



482 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



nv‡Riv bRiæj †RvbvKxi Av‡jv (1968), dwm‡j m~h©MÖnY (1986), myeY©mLx (1983), mg‡qi dzj (1983), Nv‡mi cvLbvq Avgvi cvjK (1990) nviæb nvexe : we‡`ªvnx I Avcb c`vejx (1985), jvjkvU© I wcZ…cyiæl (1985), AÜ jvwVqvj (1999), ¯^Y©cÿ CMj, MímßK nvmbvZ Ave`yj nvB : GKv Ges GKm‡½ (1977), hLb emšÍ (1977), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1989), †kªô Mí (1994) nvmvb AvwRRyj nK : mgy‡`ªi ¯^cœ I kx‡Zi AiY¨ (1964), bvgnxb †MvÎnxb (1975), Avgiv A‡cÿv KiwQ (1989), †iv‡` hv‡ev (1995), cvZv‡j nvmcvZv‡j (1981), gv †g‡qi msmv‡i (1997), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1987), ivpe‡½i Mí (1991), nvmvb AvwRRyj n‡Ki †kªô Mí (1995), ¯^wbe©vwPZ Mí (2012) nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb : Av‡iv `ywU g„Zz¨ (1970) †n‡jbv Lvb: dm‡ji gvV (1967), e„wó hLb bvg‡jv (1978), Kv‡ji cyZzj (1978), GKvˇii Kvwnbx (1990), cvcwoi is e`vjvq (1991), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1993), Qvqv Kv‡jv Kv‡jv (1997), KvivMv‡ii †fZ‡i I evB‡i (1997) Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq`: m‡Z¨i g‡Zv e`gvk (1968), g„Zz¨i AwaK jvj ÿzav (1977), P‡jv hvB c‡iv‡ÿ (1973), Mí 1964 (1970), wbe©vwPZ Mí (1987), gvQ gvsm gvrm‡h©i iƒcK_v ûgvqyb AvRv` : hv`yK‡ii g„Zz¨ (1996) ûgvq~b Avn‡g` : Lv`K, GKwU bxj †evZvg, Rxebhvcb, †Ljv, AmyL, †div Mí ûgvqyb Kvw`i : GK¸”Q †Mvjvc I K‡qKwU Mí (1966), Avw`g Ai‡Y¨ GK ivwÎ (1970), kxjvi Rb¨ mva (1979) ûgvq~b gvwjK : †aªŠghÁ (2005), †MvjvcmswnZv (2006) †nvm‡b Aviv kv‡n` : wMbœxi Wv‡qix (1986), Rxeb †_‡K (1986), wZh©K (1992), Rxebvb›`‡bi Rvwgb (1990), Eò Pv kxZj ü`q (2001), †Kb G `yqviUzKz (1983)



bvUK AwMœ`~Z : AÜKv‡ii bx‡P m~h© (1980), iweev‡ii mKvj (1980) AbšÍ nxiv : †jvKbvqK (2005), wePvi (2001), ÿgvnxb ÿgv (2000) Awb‡gk mvnv wjUz : KvjvKvj evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 483



c_bvUK : `ytmn ¯§„wZ (2003), †ev‡av`q (2004), wd‡i Avmv (2005) AwbjeiY `Ë : ¯^xK…wZ (1978), †K †`‡e Kei (1978) Awbjvf P‡Ævcva¨vq : AvbviKwj (1977) AbycKzgvi †fŠwgK : †kvfbvi euva (1984) Abœ`v‡gvnb evMPx : So(1957), gyw³ (1960), †klcÖni (1960), gmb` (1961), m~h©gyLx (1961), wi‡³i †e`b (bvU¨iƒc) (1962), Kv`vgvwUi `~M© (1964), †g‡Ni cv‡ii †gN (1964), †K`vi gv÷vi (1967), eÜb (1968), `yBcÿ (1968)



AwfwRr †mb¸ß : µvwšÍKvj (2001), Awd©qym (2001), †ejv †k‡li Mí (2004) AfxK Imgvb : wZ‡ivwnZ my›`i Avgvi (1975), MÜivR (1985), ksL DcvL¨vb (1993), ivZ †divi (1977) c_bvUK : Ae‡k‡l †Rbv‡ij (1986) Agi mvnv : giv gvby‡li is (1980), wccvmvi g„Zz¨ (1981), mZ¨ †hLv‡b g‡i †Mj (1981), A_eÜz mgvPvi (1981), g„Z¨y gv‡b civfe (1981), bxjLvg (1981), cv (1980), ¯^vaxbZvi So (1981), fvMxi_x (1994), c‡Y©v KoPv (1994) c_bvUK : †PZbvi D‡b¥l (1980), Pkgv (1993) AiæY Kzgvi †` : Mix‡ei †Q‡j (1980) AiæY PµeZ©x : evey †Ljv †`‡L hvb (1977) A‡jvK emy : Nivwg (2001) †ZfvMvi cvjv (1999), ïay GKvKx (1999) c_bvUK : ev›`‡ii wKm&mv (1994), gv`vi (1994), A¤ø`nb (2001), AvKeiDÏxb : wmÜz weRq (1930), bvw`i kvn (1953), e›`xi gyw³ (1334); AvRvb (1946) I Awfkvc (1947), gyRvwn` (1370), myjZvb gvngy` (1337), wS †dWv‡ikb (1353) Av³vi Kgj : isnxb wmMb¨vj (1972) AvRwgix Iqv‡ik : D‡b¥vPb (1972) AvRnvi nvejy : weZvwoZ my›`i (1996), †e`bvi †bvOi (1997), gRvi B¯‹zj (2002), eY©gvjvi †Pv‡L Rj (2001), AvjøvivLv (1999) AvRv` Aveyj Kvjvg : mvK©vm mvK©vm (1998 cÖ. A.) AvwRR †g‡ni : wUcy myjZvb (1962), ZvivevC (1963), S‡oi cvwL (1965), evwR‡Q `vgvgv wbiÿe„‡Ë (1967), g¨vKwmg †MvwK©i gv (1986) AvwRRym mvgv` : KxwZ©bvkv (1992), KvjvšÍi (1994), cÖ‡nwjKv (1995), e½i½ (1996), wns wUs QU (1997), e„Ë (1998), weevn msµvšÍ RwUjZv (2000), c_bvUK : KíZiæ (1994), KuvUv (1996) AvZvDi ingvb : †fucy‡Z †envM (1974), Øviiæ×



484 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Avbb Rvgvb : wkLÐx K_v (2002) c_bvUK : cÖK…wZ wejq (2004) Av. b. g. eRjyi ikx` : DËi-dvêybx (1964), iƒcvšÍi (1970), S‡oi cvwL (1959), mshy³v (1965), DËiY (1969), wkjv I ˆkjx (1967), myi I Q›` (1967), hv n‡Z cv‡i (1962), G‡K G‡K GK (1969), avbKgj (1969), DËiY (1969), wÎgvwÎK (1373) Avwbm †PŠayix : gvbwPÎ (1963), G¨vjevg (1965), †Pnviv (1979), †hLv‡b m~h© (1974), ZeyI Abb¨v, nvBR¨vKvi Av‡bvqvi ZvjyK`vi : `uvov‡ev ïayB (1972), Drm †_‡K mgyÏyi (1974) Avdmvi Avn‡g` : †cÖgcyivY (1999) Avãyb b~i : û‡Zvg cu¨vPvi †`‡k Ave`yi iDd : GivI gvbyl (1952) Avãyi iv¾vK : g‡Â hv †`L‡eb (1981), gqbvi we‡q (1982), Pzc _vK‡eb bv (1984), duvwmi g‡Â `uvwo‡q (1985), fyj hLb fvO‡jv (1985), i‡³ AuvKv gvbwPÎ (1984) Ave`yj Rwjj : Ly‡b jvj evsjv Ave`yj gwZb Lvb : gvbbxq gš¿xi GKvšÍ mwPe (1980), m‡¤§jb (1981), kKzšÍjv (1981), wMjMv‡gk (1982), eRªvb‡j I jvjy (1982) Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq` : bv †d‡ikZv bv kqZvb (1970-71), myL-AmyL (1967), hyw³nxb hyM (1968), G‡mv Am¤¢e, G‡mv (1373), msmvi (1970), GKwU fxlY †Ljv (1373), wek¦v‡mi Ziæ,¯^‡M©v`¨vb (1979) Ave`yj nK : AwØZxqv (1956), †di‡`Šmx (1371), †mvbvi wWg I Ab¨vb¨ bvwUKv (1976)



Abyev` bvUK : cyZz‡ji msmvi (1966), †cÖZvZ¥v (1966), gnv¯’cwZ (1966), iggvM© †nvg (1967), †nÇv Mvejvi (1967), Bwjb‡q Ae wj¼b (1967), Rb M¨vweª‡qj eK©g¨vb (1968), MYkÎæ (1992)| Avãyj nvB `~e©vi : gqbvi Pi (1973), Gidvb evIqvjxi Kei (1988), †avjvB (1996), e`nRg c_bvUK : AvnZ GKzk (1994), bqQq (1996), wd‡i †`Lv (2000), jovB (1986), ¯^vaxbZv K_v e‡j (1987) Ave`yj nvwKg : evsjv i³ g‡Â Avãyj nvwjg AvwRR : †cv÷vi (1984), †kl hy× (1984), wP‡Zk¦‡ii KBZix (1985), B”QvgwZi wK”Qv (1986), wZb cyiæ‡li gv_vq (1989), nvbv`vi (1991), iƒceZx (1992), ey×z (1997), gvbyl msev` (2002)



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 485



c_bvUK : ivÿm (1985), gnviv‡Ri †`‡k (1987), jovB (1988), ivRvi n‡j mvRv (1990), NvZK (1992), NvZK mgvPvi (1998), †Ljvayjv (1999), Avgv‡`i K_v (2003) Ave`yjøv BDmyd Bgvg : evsKvi Ave`yjøvn Avj gvgyb : myePb wbe©vm‡b (1974 cÖ. A.), GLb `ytmgq (1974 cÖ. A.), Gevi aiv `vI (1977), kc_, †mbvcwZ (1980, 1979 cÖ. A.), AiwÿZ gwZwSj (1980, 1982 cÖ. A.), µm‡iv‡W µmdvqvi (1981), Avqbvq eÜzi gyL (1983), kvnRv`xi Kv‡jv †bKve (1983), GLbI µxZ`vm (1984, 1983 cÖ. A.), Avgv‡`i mšÍv‡biv (1989), Z…Zxq cyiæl (1988), `~icvjøv (1988), †ZvgivB (1988, 1987 cÖ. A.), †KvwKjviv (1989), gyw³hy‡×i bvUK mgMÖ (1993), ¯úa©v (1994, 1993 cÖ. A.), DRvb ceb (1975), eyw×Rxex (1974), ¯úa©v (1993), gvBK gv÷vi (1997), `¨v‡ki gvbyl (1993, 1992 cÖ. A.), Zvnviv ZLb (1996 cÖ. A.), †givR dwK‡ii gv (1996, 1995 cÖ. A.), †g‡niRvb Avi GKevi (1998, 1997 cÖ. A.), Pwiw`‡K hy× (1976 cÖ. A.) W±i d÷vm, GKv (1994) Ave`yjøv‡nj gvngy` : ˆKeZ©Mv_v (2000), bvbKvi cvjv (1987), cÖvK…ZRb K_v (1997), mvZ cyiæ‡li FY (1982), cÖvK…ZRb K_v (1997) Ave`ym †mwjg : wn¤§Zx gv (1985 cÖ. A.), M¨vwjwjI (1988 cÖ. A.) Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`xb : kwbMÖn I c„w_ex (1953) Avey †hvnv b~i Avng` : AvbviKwj (1954), Avey mv‡jK Lvb : cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi †`‡k (1976) Avey nvmvb h‡kvix : ¯^vaxb evsjv Aveyj dRj : GKwU mKvj (1936), Av‡jvKjZv (1936), ¯^q¤^iv (1966), Kv‡q‡` AvRg (1946), QÙ‡ekx (1970), cÖMwZ (1948) Aveyj †gv‡gb : myL hvÎv (1986), ¯^‡cœi AvMš‘K (1975) Aveyj †nv‡mb : A_P AÜKvi Avwgbyi ingvb : AwjwLZ msjvc (1991), GKRb Zvnwgbv (1991), AsKz‡ii WvK (1993)



Avhxg DÏxb Avng` : gûqv (1952), KvÂb (1962)| gv (1960), An¼vi (1960) Avwidzj nK iæRy : Rbg `ytLx gv (1992), j²x b~iRvnvb (1993), KvwZ©‡Ki †R¨vrmœv (1994), fv‡jvevmv eÜ _vK‡e (1994), gvbwP‡Îi Mí (1997), Zey ¯^cœ (2000), MšÍe¨nxb MšÍe¨ (2002) c_bvUK : KíKvwnbx-1 (1994), GKwU KviLvbvi Mí (1994), KíKvwnbx-2 (1995), `v`v Avi hv‡ev bv (1996)



486 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Avj gbmyi : †cvovevox (1955), †evev gvbyl (1956), †n RbZv Av‡iK evi (1974), †ivjvi I wbnZ Gj Gg wR (1972), we`vq †gvbvwjmv (1974), †ify¨wjDkb I L„óvã mÜvb (1972) AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` : Bû`xi †g‡q (1962), iwOb gy`ªvivÿm (1994), gi‡°vi hv`yNi (1959), ab¨ev`(1951), wbtkã hvÎv (1972), bi‡K jvj †Mvjvc (1974), gvqvex cÖni (1963), †Rvqvi †_‡K ejwQ (1974), msev‡`i †klvsk (1975), †g‡Vv dz‡ji wVKvbv (1975), msev` †klvsk (1975), wnRj Kv‡Vi †bŠKv (1976), †n my›`i †n Rvnvbœvg (1988) Avjx Av‡bvqvi †gvjøv : Avqbv (1974), †÷R winv‡m©j (1975), †evev wgbvi (1975), PvU©vi Ae wWgvÛ (1979) Avjx hv‡Ki : †`Iqvb MvRxi wKm&mv (1976), we`» igbxi K‚j (1974), GB wbwl× cjøx‡Z (1973, 1973 cÖ. A.), `c©Y (1993, 1991 cÖ A.), mr gvby‡li †Luv‡R (1974, 1976 cÖ. A.), †Kv‡cwb‡Ki K¨v‡Þb (1980-81, 1981 cÖ. A.), k•LwPj (1997 cÖ. A.), †Kv‡cwb‡Ki K¨v‡Þb (1980 cÖ. A.) Av‡jv `vk¸ß : bvg weåvU (1975) AvmKvi Be‡b kvBL : we‡iva (1947), c`‡ÿc (1948), `yišÍ †XD (1951) AwMœwMwi (1957), AbyeZ©b (1959), A‡bK Zvivi nvZQvwb (1965), `y‡h©vM (1953), cÖ”Q`cU (1958); i³cÙ (1368), AwMœwMwi (1957), AbyeZ©b (1959), ivR¨-ivRv-ivRavbx (1g I 2q ch©vq)(1982), GQvov †kl Aa¨vq (1952), cÖZxÿv (1957), wej evI‡oi †XD (1955), Gcvi Icvi (1955), ZxZygxi (1957), K‡W©vfvq Av‡M (1980), ivRcyÎ (1980), †gNjv iv‡Zi Zviv (1981), Kb¨v Rvqv Rbbx (1987), jvjb dwKi (1959), we‡`ªvnx cÙv (1949) Avkivd-DR-Rvgvb : mqjve (1956) Avkxl L›`Kvi : GKwU wk‡ivbvgnxb bvUK (1998), Av‡jvQvqv (1999) Av. m. g. gvneyeyi †nvmvBb : i³ w`‡q †jLv Avmv`y¾vgvb b~i : †gvnbMix (1982) Avmv`yjøvn dvivRx : gvbyl gvbyl, ivBÿ‡mi cvPvjx, exiv½bv wegjiv, mx †gviM, †mvnvMx evC`vbxi NvU c_bvUK : ivBÿ‡mi wÿav, my‡Li wVKvbv-1, my‡Li wVKvbv-2, †hŠZzK Avwmd gybxi : Avmgvb Zuviv kvox (1991), evwRgvr (1994) Avng` Avj gvgyb : mwKbv, bqb Zviv‡`i M‡àv, Ggb n‡j †Kgb nq, Rxeb †hgb, njy` av‡bi Kve¨ c_bvUK : gvbyl gvbyl †Ljv, WyMWywM, b~iv cvMjvi weqv, iƒcK_v bq, mybxwZ KZ `~i, Nv‡gi †duvUvq Av¸b, K¨v‡giv, Rqbve, †Pqvi, MWRbZv, †evev Kvbœv, Avw¤^qv‡`i K_v evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 487



Avn‡g` Kvgvj †LvKb : Aewkóvsk (1999), †PvlKvMR (1999), Pµe›`x (2000), c_bvUK : bgm¨ bg¯‹vi (1999) Avn‡g`y¾vgvb : wbtm½ G hvÎv, c„_yjv Avn‡g` gymv : neyP›`ª mgvPvi, GK †h wQj AvKvj, bv‡`i Avjxi mvwnZ¨ m‡¤§jb Avn&‡g` wmwÏKx : m‡µwU‡mi mÜv‡b (1985), Pzwi †KBm (1988), iƒcKzgvi (1996)



BDmyd Avjx †LvKb : Rjcix (2004), c_bvUK : Lbb (2003), jvjx (2005) BwRei ingvb : †gŠPvK, B`vbxs Avgiv †mcvB (1989), gy‡Lvk (1993), †cÖÿvcU (1991), µgk, mvg‡b †Luvov Kei, Wv÷web mgvPvi Bbvgyj nK : M„nevmx (1988, 1983 cÖ. A.) Beªvnxg Luv : Kvgvjcvkv (1334 e.), FY cwi‡kva (1955), wfw¯Í ev`kv (1357 e.), g¤§©i ¯^cœ (1333), Kv‡djv Beªvnxg Lwjj : mgvwa (1957), †¯úb weRqx gymv (1949), wdwi½x nvg©v` (1953), wdwi½xivR (1954), wKmmv bq, Kvwnbx (1956), b~iRvnvb (1970) B›`y mvnv : we›`y †_‡K †PZbv (1976), wKlvY †eŠ (1977), evN I c`vwZK (1977), Uvwg©bvj (1978), Uzwb Zvj‡mvbvcyi hv‡”Q (1979), GKRb gyÝxi †cv÷vi (1980), †`qvj fvs‡evB (1986), b~ievby I gvbwPÎ (1988), AiY¨ RbviY¨ (2004) Bmivwdj kvnxb : cyZzj †Ljv (1992) G GBP Gg ewmiDÏxb : †gvnv¤§`x †eM (1954), ms‡kvab (1954), †mvnive iæ¯Íg (1954), G †K Kexi : bZzb wecøe, jvjy wVKv`v‡ii ew¯Í, cÖwZev`, wbe©vmb, Avkªq wkwei, †nvqvBU A‡±vcvm, GB Ai‡Y¨, gaycvMjv, eUZjvi cvMjv, wKj †`k, cwÐZ gkvB, gvayixi we‡q, iƒcvjx Puv`, AvikxbMi, mv¤^cÖwZK mgvPvi c_bvUK : i³v³ dvêyb, jvj‡Mvjvc, hy× hy×, K`gZjx Avg©x K¨v¤ú, gy³‡hv×v Gg. G. AvRg : GB kZvãx I Zvici, weåvšÍ AZxZ Gg. G. Iqv‡R` : i‡³i FY (1984), cjøx †g‡q (1985), euv‡av e¨vUv‡K (1986), bZzb m~h© (1986), i³Siv GKz‡k (1987), †mB Kvj ivZ (1987) Gg. G. gwR` : †gvMj nv‡Ui mܨv (1979), iZb gÄix (1979), we‡`ªvnx ev›`v (1979), Kwe P›`ªveZx (1979), Ny‡Y aiv mgvR (1979), dwiqv` (1980), wfLvixi †Q‡j (1980), PvKzix PvB (1981), iNy WvKvZ (1982), we‡l WvKvZ (1983), i³ w`j hviv (1984), bxj KzwVi Kvbœv (1985), ev½vjx (1995), 42-Gi wecøe (1986), i‡³i `vex (1987), †`‡ki WvK (1987), †eûjv jwL›`i (1993), gûqv (1994), jvjb dwKi (1994), NygvI Zzwg wcÖqv (1994), gnvKwe gvB‡Kj (1995), we‡`ªvnx dwKi gRby



488 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



kvn (1995), D`qbvjv R¡j‡Q (1995), i‡³ ivOv †mvbvi evsjv (1995), `vZv nv‡Zg (1996), `skb (1996), fvIqvj mbœ¨vmx (1996), GB †`k GB gvwU (1997), †c‡Ui R¡vjv (1997), my›`ie‡bi WvKvZ (1997), NygšÍ mgvR (1997), i‡³ †avqv avb (1987), Ckv Luv (1987), _vgvI hy× (1988), gvwbKe cx‡ii `iMv (1988), gvB‡b Kiv gv (1988), ivB-Kgj (1989), fvlvi WvK (1990), RbZvi kÎæ (1990), mvZ †KvwUi gywRe (1991), ¯^vaxbZvi WvK (1992), PzKbM‡ii MYnZ¨v (1993), we‡`ªvnx bRiæj (1993), nvQb ivRv (1993), b`xi bvg gnvb›`v (1993), _vgvI i³cvZ (1993), PviY Kwe gyKz›` `vm (1994), †bZvRxi Wv‡K w`jøx Pj (1994), muvB dwKi Av‡jd Puvb (1994), mvjvg weRqx exi (1994) Gg. G. gv‡R` : eÜzi PwiÎ (1957) Gg. †Mvjvg ingvb : cjvkx (1954), Biv‡bi `ywnZv (1955), fyj hLb fvO‡jv (1961), †PŠayix jR (1966), Rvnv½xi (1966) Gg. wU. ingvb : cÖevn (1963) Gm. Gg Rqbvj Av‡e`xb : Rxebhy× (1985), †bv †f‡KwÝ (1985), cjvkWv½vi gqbv (1985), gvaeeveyi Zvbcyiv (1985), ¯^‡M©i mÜv‡b (2005) c_bvUK : GKRb iv‡njv (2005) Gm. Gg. †mvjvqgvb : GB †`‡k GB †e‡k, Bw½Z (1985), Mwb wgqv GKw`b (1997), Av‡gbv my›`ix (1989), Avn& Kg‡iW, gy‡LvgywL Ksm, ÿ¨vcv cvMjvi c¨vPvj, †mvRb evw`qvi NvU, G‡jKkvb K¨vwi‡KPvi, B݇c±i †Rbv‡ij, ZvjcvZvi †mcvB, ivÿm-†Lv°m, m‡µwU‡mi mÜv‡b Ges RbZvi kÎæ (1990), †KvU© gvk©vj(1993) Gm. Gg. nvweeyi ingvb : gvwUi gvbyl (1952) GnmvbDjøvn& : wKsïK †h giæ‡Z Iev‡q`-Dj-nK : w`wM¦Rqx-†PvivevRvi (1950), GB cv‡K© (1963), Uwg Avi cywm (1343)



Inx`yj Avjg : nvjyqv (1955) KwP L›`Kvi : R¡vjvZb (1979), GKvj gvby‡li M‡àv (1991) c_bvUK : f~‡Zi Mw` (1984), HwZn¨ I wKQy cÖkœ (1996), GKwU Am¤¢e cÖZ¨vkv (1998), wecbœ †`k, gvbyl, Aw¯ÍZ¡ (1999), i³v³ (1999) Kexi Av‡bvqvi : †cvóvi (1986), R‡b R‡b RbZv (1984) Kj¨vY wgÎ : Rjøv‡`i `iev‡i (1972), `vqx †K (1960), cÖ`xc wkLv (1961), UvKv Avbv cvB (1965), Kzqvkv Kvbœv (1965), Abb¨v (1967), wÎiZœ (1967), kc_ (1967), ïf weevn (1967), mvMi †mPv gvwbK (1968), GKwU RvwZ GKwU BwZnvm (1972), cv‡ki evwo (1977), evBRx (1977), jvjb dwKi (1977), †Pviv Mwj gb (1966) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 489



KvBRvi Avn‡g` : evqv‡bœi kKzb (1983) KvRx RvwKi nvmvb : R‰b‡Ki gnvcÖqvY (1978), kiwe× hš¿Yv (1978), w`KwPýnxb (1979), ivRvq ivRvq (1979) KvRx gvngy`yi ingvb : mvZwU bvUK (2007) KvRx †gvnv¤§` B`wim : w÷ªÛev‡M©i mvZwU bvUK KvRx †gvnv¤§` Bwjqvm : ¯§vMjvi (1361) KvRx iwdK : gbmvi cvjv c_bvUK : mvwi mvwi jvk, Zvivgb wewe, †Pvi KvRx †ivRx : Kzmyg †eËvšÍ (2004) c_bvUK : c‡`e (2004) Kvjvg gvngy` : wecø‡ei Mvb (1993) Kvjxc` `vk : Rqevsjv, †mvbvi evsjv, exi evOvwj, evsjvi gvwU Kvjxc` `vm : Pvi‡kv wek (1956), ev¯‘nviv (1956), Rq evsjv (1971) KzZze DwÏb Avn‡g` : cÖev‡ji wfbœ is (1998), b`x‡Z Av¸b R¡‡j (1999), mv‡`K Avjx NUK (1999), AZGe ïfmsev` (2000), bvMxb (2001), GKwU my›`i †cÖg (2003) Kzgvi cÖxZxk ej : K_v 71 (2007, 2005 cÖ. A.) Lvb †gvnv¤§` dvivex : AvKv‡ki Icv‡i AvKvk (1982) Lv‡j` Lvb : kqZv‡bi Avkªgx (2002), evevi AuvKv jvj m~h© (1995) Lv‡j`v nvbyg : mnmv Rxeb (1973) Lvqiæj Avjg meyR : AvwšÍ‡Mv‡b(1992), Ruv AvbyB Lvqiæj evmvi : Rxeb GLv‡b †Kvivm Mvb (1990), R‰bK Bgvb Avjx (1991), evi gv‡m †Zi gy‡Lvk (1994), †cvKv (1996), nvjLvZv (1998), ev¯‘wf‡U (2002)



MMb Zvby : `ytkvm‡bi †eovRvj, PgK iZb evsjvi exi, exiv½bv wMqvmDwÏb †mwjg : V¨v‡iv (1991), wP‡j‡KvVv (1991) †MvjRvi †nv‡mb : weRq (1990), ¯^vaxb (1991), K`gZjxi KvjvPuvb (1999), euvk (2003)



c_bvUK : Avi KZw`b (1991), †PvL _vK‡Z AÜ (1991), mß wWwO †cwi‡q (1992), ˆbivk (1993), nveyiv (1994), AwPbcyi (1995), †fjwK (1995), Iiv Kviv (1997), Ryjyg (1998) †Mvjvg Avw¤^qv b~ix : KzgviLvwji Pi (1981) †Mvjvg kwdK : wkjvix (2007) †Mvjvg mv‡ivqvi : NiRvgvB (1998), fÏi‡bvK (1998, 1983 cÖ. A.), †muv`vgvwUi M‡Ü (2000), cvjvKv‡ii bKkv (1997), ÿZ gRyi LBgywÏb (1991), cvjv e`‡ji cvjv (1991)



490 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



wPËiÄb †Nvl : k¨vgv †cÖg RMjyj Avjg : Qq †envivi cvjwK (2000) Rmxg D`&`xb : cÙvcvi (1950), gaygvjv (1951), †e‡`i †g‡q (1951), cjøxea~ (1956), ev`jeuvkx (1956), Kwig Luvi evwo (1956), MÖv‡gi gvqv, Rxe‡bi cY¨, MvRbP‡ii KvBRv, I‡Mv cy®úaby (1968) Rûiæj Bmjvg : wbf©i‡hvM¨ ¸R‡e cÖKvk (1977), wVKvbv †c‡qwQ (1977) RvgvjDwÏb †nv‡mb : Kei w`‡q hvI (1986) RvwgDi ingvb †jgb : Rb †nbwi (1986), GKRb Av‡gbv (2002), c_bvUK : H Iiv AvBZv‡Q (1985), KzKzi I esk`Ð (1987), †mvbvjx ¯^cœ (2003) Rvnv½xi Avjg myRb : m~Pbv (1993), Q›`cZb (1996), bxjv (1997), Kwd nvDR (1999), wecixZ †mªvZ (2000), Zvici (2000), `yM©g c_ (2001), ü`qcy‡ii e„ËvšÍ (2002), wZw_i Z…Zxqv (2002), wewemve (2004) c_bvUK : AÜKv‡i gvbyl (1990), cÖ‡qvRb ebvg †jvf (2002), †Kvb GK bCgyÏx (2002), AZGe †nv‡mb Avjx (2005) Rvnv½xi Avjg : c_bvUK : †kl wVKvbv (1994), bb÷c (1995), Kv‡ji jovB (1995), RyZv Avwe®‹vi (1995), fv‡jv nB‡Z cqmv (2000), evovI `ywU nvZ (2001) Rvwn` wicb : cÙ‡MvL‡iv (2007, 2006 cÖ. A.) wR Gg. †g‡nw` nvmvb : eZ©gvb w`bKvj (1995), Aby‡kvPbv (1996), kªwg‡Ki AwaKvi (1998) c_bvUK : mÂq (1996), Av‡›`vjb (1997) wRqv nvq`vi : ïåv my›`i Kj¨vYx Avb›` (1970), Øviiæ× (AvZvDi ingv‡bi m‡½ hyM¥fv‡e Ab~w`Z, 1970), cÖRvcwZ wbe©Ü (AvZvDi ingv‡bi m‡½ hyM¥fv‡e Ab~w`Z, 1970), G‡j‡e‡j (1981), W±i d÷vm (Abyev`, 1981), `ywU bvwUKv (Db¥v` mvÿvrKvi I gyw³ gyw³ 1982), A¨vw›U‡Mv‡b (Abyev`, 1990), ZvB‡i bvB‡i bv (1992) Rybv‡q` BDmzd : evwo‡Z GKv (1998), eÜz LuyR‡Q ZbZz (2001) †Rv‡e`v Lvbg : GKvw¼Kv (1370), I‡i wen½ (1375), S‡oi ¯^vÿi (1967) wSwgZ wSwgZ PvKgv : An&`Z (1995), Av›`jZ cni (1996), Kv‡Ëvb (2000), eoMvO (2005) wU Avng` : i³¯^vÿi wUcy myjZvb : †hvM we‡qvM (1960) Wv³vi kvnv`Z Avjx Lvb : †QvUgv (1953), fyj (1955), gvwUi ey‡K (1960), cÖwZ‡kva (1968), cÖfvi we‡q (1968), msNvZ, weåvU, wPiKzgvix mfv, gbme`vi (1969) Zvbfxi Avng` wmWbx : jvkNi (2007), K„òKvwV, g½jgyL evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 491



Zv. g. Avmv`y¾vgvb : Rjøv‡`i cZb, GK b`x i³ ZvwiK Avbvg Lvb : KÄym (1983) Zvnwgbv Avn‡g` : µzwmej (1998cÖ. A.) †Zvdv¾j wjUb : cvBZvj w`jxc miKvi : evsjvi weRq, evsjvi exiv½bv, A‡bK i‡³i c‡i bRiæj Bmjvg Lvb : ¸W evB XvKv (2003) bvRgyj Avjg : Dc‡i DVvi wmuwo, mv‡is, giv gvby‡li cvVkvjv I dzjøiv A‡civ (1993)



bvRgyj Avnmvb : wkivq wkivq NÈv ev‡R (1979), weeZ©‡bi †kl mb` (1980), eY©gvjvi wgwQj (1980), †cÖg †bB †cÖg PvB (1983), MvRx Kvjy P¤úveZx (1984), myLx igYx ¸bvB wewei †K”Qv (1986), gûqvi cvjv (1992), `yB weNv Rwg (1996), cvjv e`‡ji cvjv (1996), mr gv (1997), Kgjv my›`ix (2000) bvwRg gvngy` : DRxi †Nvovi M‡àv (1994) bvivqY P›`ª b›`x : AvgivI gvbyl (2000), wgbvi ¯^cœ (2001), c_bvUK : AvnŸvb (1999), †Q‡j Kvi (2000), AvMvgx (2000), mywLi ¯^cœ (2002), Kwjg PvPvi msmvi (2002), †mvbvjx w`MšÍ (2002) bvmixb Rvnvb : ¤^cœevR (1999) bvwmiDwÏb BDmyd : GKvˇii cvjv (1993) bv‡mi miKvi gwb : UvBmbiv c_bvUK : iwdK eªxR (1994), K¨v¤úvm †_‡K KvivMv‡i (2000), Av‡jvi cv‡b (2002), Av‡m©wbK welwµqv (2002), gyL‡cvov eY©‡Pviv (1999), ¯^cœ (2001)



wbiÄb AwaKvix : Kv‡jv A‡kvK jvj dzj (1974) wbg©j †Nvl Szby : i³kc_ (1997), Kvdb (1997) c_bvUK : cu¨vPv (1997), †hŠZzK (1999) wbkvb mv‡ei : weg~Z© weeZ©b (2000), Ges (1999), evnv‡bœv (1998) c_bvUK : †evev Rbbx (2001), we¯§„wZ (2001), aesk PvB bv (2000), Zvgvkv (2002), B`viv (2001) bxwjgv Beªvnxg : `yÕ‡q `yÕ‡q Pvi (1964), †h Ai‡Y¨ Av‡jv †bB (1974), †iv`-R¡jv we‡Kj (1973), m~h©v‡¯Íi ci (1974), Avwg exiv½bv ejwQ (1996) bxnv‡i›`y Ki : mywLqv `ywLqvi myL `ytL byiæj Bmjvg : B`vwbs wK¬I‡cUªv , ivOv †eŠw`, esk weo¤^bv, we‡`ªvnx gymv kvn b~iRvnvb nvexe : Iìg¨vb G¨vÛ w` mx b~iæj Kwig bvwmg : †mvbvi nwiY, weRb evwo bvB (1974), gvby‡li Rb¨ (1976), mgªvU mveavb, gnvivR Avm‡eb



492 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



byiæj †gv‡gb : iƒcvšÍi (1948); †b‡gwmm (1948), hw` Ggb †nvZ (1957) cÂv¼ bvUK| bqvLv›`vb (1962), AvB‡bi AšÍiv‡j (1967), kZKiv Avwk (1967), †hgb B”Qv †Zgb (1970), †nv‡mb md`v‡ii DBj (1970), iƒc‡jLv (1970), Av‡jvQvqv (1962) b~i Avng` : AvMvgx w`b (1976) b~iDj Avjg : GK e„‡šÍ `yÕwU dzj (1968) c_bvUK : †Lqvjx ivRv (2002) c‡ik AvPvh© : cÖwZÁv, Kvi cv‡c, Kvb †c‡Z †kvb, AvKvk A‡bK DuPz, A‡bK Av‡jv wKQy AÜKvi, †LvKb, Mv‡bi gv÷vi, KbK †Kb Kuv‡`, `yM©wZbvwkbx `yM©v, we‡K‡j †fv‡ii dzj, cÖwZw`‡bi GKwU w`‡b, Gici Zvici, †g‡N XvKv AvKvk, hw` Rvb‡Zb cvbœv Kvqmvi : gyw³hy× Av‡M I c‡i (1991), gyw³ (1992), bxwjgvq bxj (1992), ü`‡q evsjv‡`k (1993), gvbyl (1994), Ab¨ †KvbLv‡b (1994), Zzwg wK †Kewj Qwe (1994), iv‡m‡ji hy×hvÎv (1994), `uvwo‡q AvwQ Mv‡bi Icv‡i (1994), Avwg (1994), bv cvbœv bv Pzwb (1995), Ab¨ iKg fvjevmv (1995), myL (1995) cÖ`xc †`IqvbRx : Avm‡e myVvg mgq, AevK ivRvi AevK KvÐ cÖmv` wek¦vm : AwePvi (1958), Revew`wn (1959), cvKv iv¯Ív (1961), †fv‡ii ¯^cœ (1962), bv‡Rnvj (1963), †dwiIqvjv (1963), civRq (1963), wePvi (1963), wek¦Rbbx mvi`vgwb (1989) dKxi †jvKgvb : nvwKg hy‡Mi WvK (1952 ) d‡Zn †jvnvbx : GKwU mvgvb¨ g„Zz¨ , wejv‡c wejxb (1374) diiæL Avn‡g` : †bŠ‡dj I nv‡Zg (1961) diiæL wkqi : eø¨vKgv‡K©U (1953), mvg‡bi c„w_ex (1960), dinv` ghnvi : cÖRvcwZi jxjvjvm¨ (1975), NvZK †`kKvj (1978) d‡qR Avn&g` : gy³vnvi (1960), †kl dj (1966), nviv‡bv gvwbK (1968) dvêybx nvwg` : nv‡qbv (1992 cÖ. A.), †`viiv (2000 cÖ. A.) wd‡ivR Avj gyRvwn` : Ab¨ bvUK ¯^cœ (1957) dzRv‡qj Avng` : kKzb (1992), MÖv‡gi bvg imyjcyi (1993) c_bvUK : GKwU jvk I wKQy K_v (2001), Avigvb Avjxi evsjv‡`k (2003) eRjyj Kwig : Avg©m GÛ w` g¨vb, mevB Avgvi †Q‡j, mßm~‡ii w_ex AvµgY, `uvb‡Zvi g„Zz¨ (1977) e‡›` Avjx wgqv : gm&b` (1931), e‡bi dzj (1935), Kvgvj AvZvZ©yK (1948), †eŠw`w` (1949), †i÷z‡i›U (1949), †Rvqvi fvUv (1955) ekxi Avj †njvj : ¯^‡M©i wmuwo (1977) eveyj wek¦vm : nbb (1996), †cvovgvwU (2001), †fvR (2001) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 493



wecøe evjv : welv` wmÜzi 1g ce© (1991 cÖ. A.) I 2q ce© (1992 cÖ. A.), n¨vg‡jU In& n¨vg‡jU (1995), ¸bvB wewe (2000), †K RvwM‡e AvR (1994), nvq evsjv nvq †eûjv (1995) wek¦wRr †PŠayix evey : d‡Zvqv (1997), gyw³hy‡×i K_KZv (2001), c_bvUK : gnvivRvi LwZqvb (1988), msMÖvg (1988), Ges RviR mšÍvb (1988), iw½jv ivRv (1988), MuvRv (1995), fv‡jvevmv AZtci (1995), fyj (1996), gkv (2003) wek¦bv_ wek¦vm : m~‡hv`‡q MÜ (1979), Zywg †m mLv (1984), Ab¨c_ (1984), †k·cxq‡ii iƒcvšÍi kªxgwZ fqsKix (1988), Rv‡Zi c`vejx (1996), Pvi K‡b GK ei (1997), we`vq cÖv_©bv (1998), Z‰_eP (2000) wek¦vwgÎ : g„Zz¨ I ÿzav (1955), mxgv (1955) eyjeb Imgvb : cvÐywjwci AvoZ (1973) e„›`veb `vm : c_bvUK : Kuv`‡Z gvbv (1997), AiY¨ msev` (1997), `woi †Ljv (1998)



†evinvb DwÏb Avng` : wUcy myjZvb (1952) I gxi Kvwkg (1952) fv¯‹i : we‡`ªvnx evOvwj gbRyiæj nvmvb `yjvj : Puv‡`i Agvem¨v (2007), Kuv‡`v b`x Kuv‡`v (2007) gbRyiæj nK wgjb : †Rvqvj (1994), VM (1997), ûRyi †Kejv (2000), MÖvm (1998), gûqv my›`ix (1996), Bqvmxb †Pviv (2005) c_bvUK : mswe` (1993), cj Bb cyk e¨vK (1994), d‡ZvqvevR (2001), wK PgrKvi MYZjv (1995) gwbi û‡mb : gšÍe¨ wb®cÖ‡qvRb (1991), Kv‡vji Kvj (2002) c_bvUK : wgmwKb (1993), RÄvj (1994), evwj (1993), R‰bK K¨vbfvmvi (1992) PxR (1990) g‡bvR †mb¸ß : †_Uvievey (1979), wZb msMx (1979), m~h IVvi Av‡M(1982), weµg I Av`vjZ (1988), gnov Pj‡Q (1990) ggZvRD``xb Avng` : mvZNv‡Ui KvbvKwo (1991, 1989 cÖ. A.), ivRv Aby¯^v‡ii cvjv (1988), weevn I wK Pvn k•LwPj (1975), djvdj wbgœPvc (1976), mR‡ji gv (2003 cÖ. A.), Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg (1971), hvwgbxi †kl msjvc (1976), ¯úvU©vKvm© welqK RwUjZv, nwiY wPZv wPj (1974), bvU¨Îqx ¯^vaxbZv Avgvi ¯^vaxbZv (¯^vaxbZv hy×welqK PviwU GKvw¼Kv :¯^vaxbZv Avgvi ¯^vaxbZv, iPbvKvj 1971; Gev‡ii msMÖvg, 1971; ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg, 1971; eY©‡Pviv, iPbvKvj 1972) (1976), ü`qNwUZ e¨vcvi m¨vcvi (1977), Pqb †Zvgvi fv‡jvevmv (1978), GB †mB Kɯ^i (1984), †cÖg weevn myU‡Km (wZbwU nvwmi



494 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



bvUK, 1984), weevn (1985), eKzjcy‡ii ¯^vaxbZv (wK‡kvi bvU¨ msKjb, 1986), i½ cÂ`k (1987), cyÎ Avgvi cyÎ (1994), nvm¨ jvm¨ fvl¨ (1997), GKB bvUK Pvi iKg (1997), Ziæ‡K wb‡q bvUK (1998), g‡bi g‡Zv ivRv (1999), eUe„‡ÿi aig Kig (2001 cÖ. A.) iƒcvšÍwiZ bvUK : `wL‡bi Rvbvjvq, ÿZ weÿZ (1986), Siv cvZv ; LvgvLv LvgvLv (1998 cÖ. A.), Rgx`vi `c©Y (1983 cÖ. A.), ivÿzmx (1991 cÖ. A.), MšÍe¨ eû`~i (1991 cÖ. A.) gjq †fŠwgK : f~uB (1990), Miæ (1991), kZMÖwš’ (1992), nVeb&a (1999), kee¨e‡”Q` (2000), †PŠiv¯Ív (2001), `vq-`vwqZ¡ (2003), e‡n cÖvšÍRb (2003 cÖ. A.) gwnDwÏb Qov : n¨vjywm‡bkb (1992), AZGe mveavb (1994), e¨v‡Pji (1994), kqZvb (1997), cvcP‡µ (1997), ajv wgqvi we‡q (2000) gnxDÏxb : dvD÷ (1973) gvRnviæj nK wc›Uz : AšÍi evDj, welÿq, c„w_exi R‡b, a~miZx_©, c_bvUK : AšÍi evRvI (1998), †WU jvBb(2001), wdwj¥ `ywbqvi wel AR©b(1995), Nb‡Nvi eilvi (1995), K¨vbfvm (1997) MxwZbvU¨ : evsjv‡`‡ki †Xvj (1996), Kg©dj (1996)| GKK bvU¨ : Rvj (1998) gvbe miKvi : †bv g¨vbm j¨vÛ gvbœvb nxiv : c_bvUK mgMÖ 1 (2007), g„Mbvfx (1987/91), †kKj (1991), Av`ve (1991), cv_i (1992), dzUcvZ, †idvix, †KvwiI‡jbvm gÂbvUK : †Ljv †Ljv (1998), Av¸bgyLv (1994), GKvˇii ÿzw`ivg (1996), fv‡Mi gvbyl, gq~i wmsnvmb (2001), GKRb jwÿ›`i (1997), gvgybyi ikx` : cwð‡gi wmuwo (1972 cÖ. A.), MÜe© bMix (1974 cÖ. A.), Iiv K`g Avjx (1978, 1976 cÖ.A.), Iiv Av‡Q e‡jB (1980), †g w`em (1981), Bewjk (1981), GLv‡b †bvOi (1984), †Lvjv `yqvi (1984), wMwbwcM (1983), AeevwnKv (1984), bxjv (1987), mgZU (1988), cv_i (1992), RqRqšÍx (1997, 1995 cÖ. A.), ivóª ebvg (1997), †j‡e‡`d (1997, 1995 cÖ. A.), mOµvwšÍ (2001) gvwjnv LvZzb : cÖ‡dmi (1964), m~‡h©i IwcV (1985), Av‡jv bv Av‡jqv (1980), A‡bK m~‡h©i Av‡jv (1985), me †mvbv wK Av‡jv gvmyg †iRv : AviRPwiZvg„Z, KvKjvm (1986), Rxeb †cv÷vi, †Lvqve, kvi‡gq, †jevm, weimv Kve¨, kvgyKevm, wbZ¨cyivY (2001 cÖ. A.) gvnZveDÏxb miKvi : AvRv`xi c‡i (1955) gvneye ZvjyK`vi : n¨vwi‡Kb evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 495



gvngy`yj Bmjvg †mwjg : cÖv‰MwZnvwmK (2007) wg›Uz emy : Ab¨ GK Kvjvcvnvo (1985), †Xvj (1985), RbZv Avi GKevi (1987), NvZK Pvwiw`‡K (1988), mivBLvbv (1989), B`vwbs ¯^‡`k (1989), †MŠieMuv_v (1992), H gnvgvbe Av‡m (1994), ¯§iY (1997), mevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨ (2002), MÖvm (2002) c_bvUK : ey‡Ki g‡a¨ R¡jšÍ cÖwZev` (1988), †fvUvi we‡`ªvn (1988), eyK †eu‡a ZzB `uvov †`wL (1991), G j¾v jyKv‡ev †Kv_vq (1995), wecø‡ei g„Zz¨‡bB (2000), Av‡jvi c_hvÎx (2000), G‡mv cÖwZev‡`i iYv½‡Y (2003)



wgZzj mvBd : i³v³ GKvËi (1990), GB cÖevn (1990), †`qvj †g‡q gvbyl (1992), myBU fvlv evsjv (1993), AÜKv‡ii †`‡k (1994), D‡ëv Rxeb (2000), giv Mv‡O †Rvqvi (2000), cvPz wewei Mà (2000) c_bvUK : GLbI AÜ Kvi (1996), meyR Mv Gi gqbv (1994), †mvbvi esjv (1998)



wgR©v G Kv‡mg : Kvi fy‡j (1978), cÎ bs 357 (1978) wgjb †PŠayix : hvq w`b dv¸‡bv w`b (1978), Ph©vc‡`i nwiYx (1977), GKRb wcivwgW (1983), Avf¨šÍixY †Ljvayjv (1986), wbevi‡Yi ¯^cœ ¯^‡`k (2001)



wgwni jvj `Ë : GB c„w_ex‡Z (1960), AÜMwj (1960), Giv Kviv (1968), mgªvU kvn&Rvnvb (1969), mevB ivRv (1969), mgªvÁx b~iRvnvb (1969) wgqv Ave`yj MwY : i³ hLb w`‡qwQ wgqvRvb Avjx : cvK-wkÿvq N~wY©cvK (1962), cvK-åg‡Y wecvK (1963), wek¦iƒc (1966)



gxi kvgmyj Bmjvg : Rvnv‡Ri BwÄb weKj (1987), Avi Kw`b Bw÷k‡b (1988), Av`vj‡Z †cÖ‡gi Mí (1989) gybxi †PŠayix : i³v³ cÖvšÍi (1961), wPwV (1966), Kei, `ÐKviY¨, cjvkx e¨vivK I Ab¨vb¨, ÒgvbylÓ(iPbv 1947, cÖ_g cÖKvk 1950), ÒKeiÓ(iPbv 1953, 1966, evsjv‡`‡k cÖ. A. 1972), Ò`ÐKviY¨Ó(1966), KweZv gRwjk (1943), msNvZ (1943), ¸Ðv (1944), GKwU gkv (1982), †bZv (1982), XvK(1982), MZKvj C` wQj(1982), GKvw¼Kv(1945), ivRvi Rb¥w`b (1946), †ekwiqwZ (1947), cjvkx e¨vivK (1948), wdUKjvg (1948), Avcwb †K (iPbv 1948, cÖ_g cÖKvk 1955), bó †Q‡j (1950), wgwjUvix (1950), `Ð (1966), `Ðai (1966), GKZjv †`vZjv (1965), Kz‡cvKvr (1966), gg©vwšÍK (1967), eskai (1967) iƒcvšÍwiZ bvUK : †KD wKQy ej‡Z cv‡i bv (1967), iƒcvi †KŠUv (1969), RbK (1970), ¯^vgx mv‡n‡ei AbkbeªZ(1946), Rgv LiP I BRv (1968),



496 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



gnvivR (1968), ¸M©b Luvi nxiv (1968), jjvU wjLb (1969), gyLiv igYx ekxKiY (1970) Ab~w`Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Amgvß bvUK : †kKmcxq‡ii I‡_‡jv, †U‡bmx DBwjqvgm-Gi G ÷ªxUKvi †bg&W& wWRvqvi Aej¤^‡b Mvoxi bvg evmbvcyi, †ivwgI-Rywj‡qU, †kKm&cxq‡ii gvP G¨vWy G¨vevDU bvw_©s-Gi Abyev` AKviY Wvgv‡Wvj, RR© evb©vW© kÕi g¨vb G¨Û mycvig¨vb, BDRxb IÕbxj gwb©s weKv&m& B‡jKUªvi Abyev` B‡jKUªvi Rb¨ †kvK, †kwiWv‡bi w` ¯‹zj di ¯‹¨vÐvj| gydvL&Lviæj Bmjvg : AvDjv` (1958), gyi&wk` (1952) gyg ingvb : †kl c~wY©gv gykZvix kwd : weaŸ¯Í evmbv g„wËKv PvKgv : †`eswm Avn&ai Kvjv Qvev (1989), †Mv‡Sb (1990), g‡n‡›`ªi ebfvS (1991), GK Ryi gv‡bK (1992), †RvN¨ (1994), n°vbxi abcvbv (1999), GMvËz‡ii Zibx (2001), f~` (2002), wPÎb`xi cv‡i (2005) †gvKviig †nv‡mb Uzjv : wS‡b`v †_‡K ejwQ (2004), cvIqv nq bvB c_ fywjqv (2005)



c_bvUK : wcqvi Nv‡Ui euvkx (1997), eqvZxj wejvc (1998), wgjb n‡e K‡Zvw`‡b (2001)



†gvRvnvi †nv‡mb : Rvwjg (1905) †gvRvnviæj Bmjvg : wePvi (1956) †gvbvRvZDwÏb : bbcwjwUK¨vj (1979), ev· GK (1979), ev· `yB (1979) †gv‡gb Lvb : Kvj ivwÎ †gvnv¤§` Ave`yj KzÏym : RvMÖZ evOvwj †gvnv¤§` Aveyj nv‡kg : Mix‡ei †ÿZ (1951) †gvnv¤§` Avwgb : evZv‡m jv‡ki MÜ (1992), †R‡M I‡V R‡jk¦ix (1996), RjwkKvix, †cÖÿvcU MYZš¿ (1991), †Mvjgv‡ji Rg †Mvjgv‡ji Avhg (1992)



†gvnv¤§` BmnvK †iRv †PŠayix : PµRvj (1354) †gvnv¤§` Gnmvbyjøvn : wKsï‡K †h giæ‡Z (1974) †gvnv¤§` Rmxg DwÏb : welv`-wmÜz (2007), welv`iƒc wmÜz (2007), 71ÕGi MíMv_v (1997), Avi K‡Zvw`b (1998), Nyb‡cvKv (1999), gvb¨ei fyj K‡i‡Qb (2001), D‡ëvi‡_i hvÎx (2003) †gvnv¤§` †bRvgDjøvn : knx` †mivR (1952) †gvnv¤§` evix : mgv‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b †gvnv¤§` †mvjvqgvb : Rixc (1957) †gvwnZ P‡Ævcva¨vq : g„Zz¨msev` (1975) †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb †PŠayix : ivRvKv‡ii †`‡k (1990), GLbI mgq Av‡Q (1992) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 497



†gvt AvjvDwÏb : i³‡Mvjvc (1968), bKj gvbyl (1968), †evev Kvbœv (1966), Avc‡Uªb (1966), GKwU wZ‡ji Rb¨ (1979), Pwi‡Îi mÜv‡b bvU¨Kvi (1979), c„w_ex †Nv‡i (1979), KvPgnj (1977), wPZvcÖvšÍi (1996), i³ w`‡q Avbjvg (1972)†gvm‡jn DÏxb wm‡bgv weåvU †gvt Rvjvj DwÏb : Muv‡qi ey‡K (1964), `yB fvB (1965), WvKvZ (1967), A‡bK Auvavi (1967), wfLvixi †Q‡j (1967), wfLvixi †g‡q (1967), Kzmyg Zviv (1967), ivR¨nviv (1968), cÖxwZ P›`b (1968), gvjxi †Q‡j (1968), ivRi³ (1968), i‡³ ivOv evsjv‡`k (1972), wKQy †L‡Z `vI (1975), iw½jv GKwU †g‡qi bvg (1996), gvwSi †g‡q (1996) †gvt gwZDi ingvb : ivRwmsnvmb (1382), Mix‡ei AvZ©bv` (1385), †hŠZzK n‡jv Awfkvc (1388), gvbyl Agvbyl (1389), NygšÍ mgvR (1393), kvnx digvb (1996), gaygvjZx iƒcKzgvi (1997) †gvt gnwmb : GKLÐ Rwg (1985), †M`y wgqvi ew¯Í (1985) †gvt gqbyj nK : cjøx‡kvlK (1957), biwckvP (1968) †gvt iIkb Avjx : wejvmx (1998), ˆngšÍx (1998), Kgjv‡šÍi DBj (2002), `yB weNv Rwg (2003), ü`‡q bZzb m~h© (2002) †gvt iwdKzj Bmjvg : wf‡U (1994), m~h©gy‡Lv (2002) c_bvUK : weR‡qi 25 eQi (1994), gv-B me (2003) iZbKzgvi †Nvl : f~wgK‡¤úi Av‡M (1977), f~wgK‡¤úi c‡i (1977), †fv‡ii wgwQj (1977), mgy`ª mÜv‡b (1978), Ag„Zm¨ cyÎv (1984), †`vnvB nvm‡eb bv (1979), †kl wePvi (1974), ivRvi evox KZ`~i (1974), wcZvg‡ni D‡Ï‡k (1975), Av‡jvwKZ †hŠeb (1976), ivRAwf‡lK (1976), i‡Yk `vk¸ß : †dix Avm‡Q (1972) iwdKzj Bmjvg : GKwU cZvKv (1988), kKz‡bi `„wó (1990), Avevi †Kb i³ S‡i (1992), i³v³ eY©gvjv (1989), c_bvUK : wkDjx (1999), euvP‡Z PvB (2001) iweDj Avjg : Rbbxi g„Zz¨ PvB (1974), A_P AÜKvi (1975), mgvwß Ab¨iKg (1975), AvKvw•ÿZ GKRb (1976), KL‡bv ˆmK‡Z (1978), kvox evox Mvox (1977), GK †h wQj `yB ûRyi (1977), A¨vR BD jvBK BU (1992), ivRv mvwnZ¨ KviLvbv (1996) iweDj nvmvb : Rbbxi g„Zz¨ PvB ikx` nvq`vi : ˆZj msKU (1974) ivRxe ûgvqyb : bxjcvwbqv (1992) ivwRqv Lvb : AveZ© (1955), wZbwU GKvw¼Kv (1986), †K. Gg. kg‡mi Avjx †mvbvi Kjg (1955) 498 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



ivwRqv gn&eye : mvMi Kb¨v (1960) ivbv bv‡mi : Rxeb N‡l Av¸b (19836), GKwU beRvZK wkï Ges wKš‘ (1985), G jvk ivL‡ev †Kv_vq (1983), Avmgvbx (1986), cuvP kqZv‡bi eøvW †cÖmvi (1988) iv‡g›`y gRyg`vi : µxZ`v‡mi nvwm ivûj Avb›` : wel cuvPvjx, †bv g¨vb j¨vÛ, gv›`vi †iRv †PŠayix : PµRvj †iRvbyi ingvb : P~ovšÍ †lvlYv (1983), wgwQj (1983), n-h-e-i-j (1987), KzKzi nB‡Z mveavb (1990), Avb›` †Xjv (1989), wee„wZ (1989), Drme (1990), ivû (1990), is Zvgvkvi †Ljv (1990), G°v‡`v°v (1991), Zvnv‡`i K_v (1994), wbtkã wbqwZ (1996), nvwÆgvwUgwUg (2002) jvqjv mvgv` : wewPÎv (1960), gšÍe¨ wb®cÖ‡qvRb (1975), jvj jÉb wjqvKZ Avjx jvKx : †mvbvB gvae (1993), iw½Yx, ewe (1996) I evsjvi gyL (2004)



c_bvUK : i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi (1984), wbg©~j (1993), wbg©vY (1998), gnvcÖqvY (1996)



jyrdi ingvb : ewÂZ evsjvi DcvL¨vb kIKZ Imgvb : gwj‡qi cuvPwU bvUK (1965), KuvKigwY (1949), Z¯‹i I j¯‹i(1945), Avgjvi gvgjv (1949), evM`v‡`i Kwe (1952), µxZ`v‡mi nvwm (1968), Wv³vi Ave`yjøvi KviLvbv (1973), wZbwU †QvU bvUK (1989), c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv P~Y© ¯^vaxbZv (1990) kwdKzj Kwei : Rxeb msMÖvg (1955) kwn`yj nK Lvb k¨vbb : NyY (1998), evB`¨vbxi Mvb (1998), jvj bxj Kve¨ (2002), †m GK ivR¨ (2002), biK c_bvUK : †mB w`b¸wj (1998), cyKzi Pzwi (2001), Nvm (2002) knx`yj Avwgb: g bvUK mgMÖ (2005) knx`yj nK Lvb : i³ kc_ kvšÍby Kvqmvi : wZZvm GKwU b`xi bvg (1994) kvgxg Avnmvb : evnvbv, Rqx kvwšÍgq PvKgv : †h w`bZ †h Kvj (1984), wSSz ivgi ¯^M©Z hvbv (1985), AvÜviZ Rywb cn&i (1984), Siv cv`vi RxsKvbx (1994) kvn Avjg evejy : cvZv‡j nvmcvZv‡j (1986), d¨vmv‡`i w`bKvj (1988), nvq‡i †Kvóv (1986), MuvRv Avgvi ivRv (1988) c_bvUK : Kv‡ji mvÿx (1988), Avgiv mevB (1988)



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 499



wkwki ingvb : cÙvcv‡oi K_KZv, wbjv‡gi evRvi, nvwmi we‡q, Kzqvkvgy³ ¯^cœ, cÂf~‡Zi is Zvgvkv, †Mv‡q›`vi evi eQi (1992), ivRv I kªwgK (1993), K_vWv wK nvQvwb (1993) kvn&Rvnvb VvKzi : Agi wb‡`©k kvnRvnvb cÖvgvwYK : Ai‡Y¨ wK, ivbvi is mvB‡W, gqbv GLb gy³, Avwg hw` ivRv nZvg, j¤úU ivRvi fÐ ûRyi, i³m~h©, GKwU dz‡ji Rb¨ MxwZbvU¨ : i³ jvj, nvRvi †KvKb RvM‡e, Avgvi evsjv, †ÿgRy‡ii `~M© kvnbyi Lvb : †cÐjv‡gi Lybx (1972) kvngvb ˆgkvb : A‡klK…Z¨ (2007) kvnv`Z Avjx Lvb : fyj (1955) kvnv`vr †nv‡mb : kv-Rvnvb-AvjgMxi msev` (1941), Rvnv½x‡ii AvZ¥mgc©Y (1942)



kvwn`v LvZzb : AvRv`x (1952) ïfvwkm wmbnv : †gN e„wó †iv` (1996), AvRecy‡ii el©eiY (1997), bvivM WvOi Bwj (gwYcyix fvlvq) (1997), bvB ivRvi ivR`ievi (1997), KvbvBjv‡ji mvbvB (2000), cÖwZiƒcK_v (2007) †kL AvKivg Avjx : gv`vixi †Ljv (1991), GL‡bv hy× (1993), jvk Õ74 (1993), m~‡h©v`‡qi Av‡M (1993), kKzb (1997) †kL bRiæj Bmjvg : wbe©vwmZ mZ¨ (1981), GKv‡ji ZxZzgxi (1985), `c©Y (1985), Av‡jv †_‡K AÜKvi (1981), GB †`‡k (1992) †kL byiæj Bmjvg : gvbyl evOvwj †kL kvgmyj nK : Pvlxi fvM¨ (1366-2q ms.), `vIqvj (1960), eiY-Wvjv (1968) †kL nvexeyjøvn : i‡³i wewbg‡q, exi evOvwj, gywR‡ei evsjv, i³ m~h©, Rjøv‡`i KvimvwR †kvfbgq fÆvPvh© : wP°zi (1995), wkKj (1997), MÖnY (1999), m~h©‡mb (2007, 2002 cÖ. A.), MšÍe¨ (2002) c_bvUK : GKvˇii †Z‡jmgvwZ (1995), GwcV-IwcV (1999), 21Õi BwZe„Ë (2000), `vjvj (2000), `vbe (2003) k¨vgj fv`yox : Z_vwc m~h© Av‡m, aŸm c_bvUK : i³ex‡Ri eskai ksKi mvIRvj : gnvivRvi AbycÖ‡ek, wUqv cvwLi mgvPvi, mvK©vm, Rv‡M jÿ b~i †nv‡mb, wbe©vmb m`iæj cvkv: g¨vmvKvi mbRxe eo–qv : evR‡jv ivRvi ev‡ivUv (1979), gnvivR Amy¯’ (1991), cv_i cÖZxgv (1993) midivR Luv : AvbviKwj (1945), beve Avjxe`©x 500 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



mvB`ym mvKjv‡qb : `¨ †jmb mvBgb RvKvwiqv : Kwe, G wbD †U÷v‡g›U Ad †ivwgI mvBdzi ingvb wgib : c_bvUK : GLv‡b GL‡bv (1992), MYivq (1992), jÿ cÖv‡Yi g~‡j¨ (1993), hy×evR (1994) mvC` Avng` : Kvj‡ejv (1976, Bs‡iwR †_‡K fvlvšÍwiZ n‡q cÖ_g cÖKvk 1963), †jvKKvwnwb-wfwËK iƒcK bvUK Z…òvq (1969-G cÖ_g cÖKvk, iPbvKvj 1964-66); `ywf©‡ÿi cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ gvBj-†cv÷ (1976, Bs‡iwR †_‡K fvlvšÍwiZ n‡q cÖ_g cÖKvk 1376), cÖwZw`b GKw`b (1978), Three plays of Sayeed Ahmed (1979), †kl beve (1989) mvC` Zv‡iK : wm›`vev‡`i f~Z mv‡R`yj AvDqvj : dYxgbmv (1979, 1980 cÖ. A.) mv‡`K ev”Pz : KZw`b GB w`b (1991), KwZc‡qi e„ËvšÍ (1992), Kzjv½vi (1995) mvwebv evix jvKx : †R‡bï‡b wel K‡iwQ cvb (1999), Avgv‡`i c„w_ex (2002) mvgmy‡¾vnv evejy : evsjvi mšÍvb (1973), bvUK wKš‘ bvUK bq (1977), wejvZx (1986), AvRe †`‡ki AvRe ivRv (1986), beve Avjx bevex (1986), †`ex (2000) mvh&hv` Kvw`i : mv‡o mvZ‡kv wmsn (1976), AcP‡qi hš¿cvwZ mv‡ivqvi †PŠayix : KvKZviæqvi cvjv (1998), GL‡bv gxiRvdi (1998) mvjvg mvKjvBb : Kv‡jv †fov ea Ki (1989) c_bvUK : evb‡ii wcVv eÈb (1986), g„Zy¨Äq gvby‡liv (1991), Rv‡nb Avjx‡i ai (1984), K_vKxËb (1992), wkevbx my›`ix (2001), nv‡g` Avjxi ¯^M©`k©b (1992) mvjvnDÏxb Avng` wgëb : mcvnxexi g½j cv‡Ð (2001), RjZi½ (2001), bó cÖni †k‡l (2002), D`‡i DuB †cvKv (2002), gvbyl (2003) c_bvUK : i³v³ msMÖvg (1997), ˆZj g`©b (2001), GKRb gyw³‡hv×v (2002), †bv Zvdvwjs (2003) mv‡j AvKivg : wbiÄb wd‡i G‡mv wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi : wmivR-D-†ÏŠjv (1965), gnvKwe AvjvDj (1966), kKzšÍ DcvL¨vb (1961) I gvKomv (1959), wms‡Mi bvUK (1971) wmivR nvq`vi : Av‡jv GKUz Av‡jv (1976), we‡qi Av‡M i³ cixÿv K‡i wbb (1976), cvMjv KzKzi (1977) wmivRyj Bmjvg : U¨ev‡jU K¨vcmyj I dvBj (1972), myZivs c‡i n‡e (1973), RjmoK (1976), hyMj mgvwa (1978), †¯úkvj †Uªb (1980) c_bvUK : ivÿm (1979), †fjwKevRx (1994), G‡`i awi‡q w`b (1989), mg‡qi mvnmx (1990), dvw›`‡Q 1g I 2q ce© (1991 I 1992), gv‡qi WvK (1995)



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 501



myPwiZ †PŠayix : nvwmi ivRv †Mvcvj fuvo (1993), Rb¥f~wg (1997), nvBR Uz †bv †jU (1999), gnvKvj (2002), Avevi bw›`bx (2004), f~Z (2005), fwel¨r (2005), GKwU AgxgvswmZ inm¨ (2005) c_bvUK : RyuBLvjxi msMÖvg (1994), gyw³hy× cÖwZw`b (1995), exiKb¨v (1996), weRqx ev½vjx (1998), g„Zy¨exR (1999), †Pr †Zv Ms (2001), †bB gvby‡li †`‡k (2003) myb›` evkvi : bxj gq~‡ii †hŠeb (2007) mybxj Kzgvi : GKB c¨vPvj (1995), Avkªq (1996), Agvek¨vq P›`ªgyL (1998), †Kóv c_bvUK : hw` Ggb nq (1994), bMife‡bi bvMi (1997), dv¸‡bi †Pv‡L Rj (1998)



myfvm `vm : Avgvi bvg myjZvb (1982), gyw³‡hv×v myjZvb (1982), Avwg †g‡n`x ejwQ (1984), beve (1986), †PivM Avjxi wK”Qv (1982) c_bvUK : bmy wgqvi c¨vPvj (1982), cjvkxi my‡eva kqZvb (1986) my‡i›`ªbv_ cÂZx_© : e½ †MŠie (1953) †mwjg Avj `xb : Awb‡KZ A‡š¦lY (1970), bxj kqZvb : ZvwnwZ BZ¨vw` (1972), mc© welqK Mí (cÖ_g cÖ‡hvRbv : 1972), RwÐm I wewea †ejyb (iPbv I cÖ‡hvRbv : 1972), G·‡cøvwmf I g~j mgm¨v (1973), Kwig evIqvjxi kÎæ A_ev g~j gyL †`Lv (1973), msev` KvU©yb (1973), mgªvU I cÖwZØ›ØxMY (1973), gybZvmxi d¨v›Uvmx c‡i ïay gybZvmxi (1974-75, 1975 cÖ. A.), c_bvUK PiKuvKovi WKz‡g›Uvix (1977), kKzšÍjv (1977/78) Ges AvZi Avjx‡`i bxjvf cU (1975), wKËb‡Lvjv (1980, 1981 cÖ. A.), †KivgZg½j (1985), nvZ n`vB (1989), PvKv (1990, 1991 cÖ. A.), niMR (1992), ˆheZx Kb¨vi gb (1993), ebcvsïj (1998) I cÖvP¨ (2000), msev` KvU©yb, wbg¾b (2004), ¯^Y©‡evqvj (2007), avegvb I cyÎ (2007) ˆmKZ L›`Kvi †LvKb : Nygcvovbxi Kwo (1991), k¨v‡Wv (2002) c_bvUK : gMR †avjvB (1987) ˆmq` Ave`yj nvB : Qvi‡cvKv ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb : gykZix (1350), †Kvievbx (1350), †Rvni, BwWcvm (1952) ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn& : ewncxi (1960), Zi½f½ (1962), myo½ (1955), DRv‡b g„Zz¨ (1963)



ˆmq` b~iæj û`v : jvqjx gRby ˆmq` gKmy` Avjx : BD‡iKv (1959) ˆmq` gbRyiæj Bmjvg : wKs jxqvi (1993)



502 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



ˆmq` gwn`yi ingvb : †gvKid †d‡i¯Ívi †`‡k, 34ÕGi c¨vivmvBU, mveavb Iiv Av‡Q c_bvUK : Bewj‡ki `ievi, GLv‡b nv‡qbvi gyL, mv‡ci †LBj, Avgiv w`Iqvbv, jxjv, kKzb ˆmq` gydv¾j mv`vZ gy³v : Ab¨Zg RNb¨ (1995), wbqvgZ Avjxi msmvi (2001)



c_bvUK : wcw”Qj iv¯Ív (1997) ˆmq` kvgmyj nK : cv‡qi AvIqvR cvIqv hvq (1976), b~ij`x‡bi mvivRxeb (1982), MYbvqK (1976), GLv‡b GLb (1988, 1982 †Z cÖ. A.), Cl©v (1991), evsjvi gvwU evsjvi Rj, LvÆv Zvgvkv (1995 cÖ. A.), Avgv‡`i Rb¥ n‡jv (1991 cÖ. A.), †Zviv me RqaŸwb Ki, hy× Ges hy× (1987, 1986 cÖ. A.), gy‡Lvk (1993 cª. A.), K…òcÿ, g¨vK‡e_ (1983 cÖ. A.) ˆmq` mvjvDwÏb RvwK : Aw¯’i myw¯’wZ †mvjvqgvb gwR` : gš¿x K`g Avjx (1984), K…òQwe bi‡K (1984), ev`xcÿ miKvi (1986), GKz‡ki M‡àv (1990), wbe©vwmZ my›`ix (1985), cvMjvmygvix (1998), Ks‡m †cÖg aesk (1994), †`k I mLxgb (1998) nvwee Avn&mvb †Kvwnbyi : cjvZK cvwj‡q †M‡Q, ZiæY I engvb ÿZ, mvÿvrKvi, e¨w³MZ c„w_ex nvweeyi ingvb : gvqvKvbb (1976), Av‡jvi dzj (1976) nvweeyi ingvb nvwee : Mij (1993), e¨v‡gv (1993) nvweeyj nvmvb : mgªvU I cÖwZØw›ØMY (1973), K…òP~ovi jvj wK¤^v iRbxMÜvi mv`v, Av‡iKUv kni PvB, KmvB (1977) nvexeyi ingvb : weo¤^bv (1970), Kv‡ji cyZzj (1970) nviæb~i iwk` : GKw`b GK ivZ (1961), wedj ¯^cœ (1965) ûgvq~b Avn‡g`: ¯^cœ, Amgq, 1971, b„cwZ, gnvcyiæl (1986 cÖ. A.) ûgvq~b Avng‡`i gÂbvUK| wK‡kvi bvwUKv ¯§„wZwPý †ngP›`ª fÆvPvh© : GKz‡ki bvg evsjv‡`k (1977), RbZvi Av`vjZ (1977) evsjv‡`‡ki cÖeÜ ARq ivq : evOjv I evOvwj (1977), evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ : AZxZ I eZ©gvb (1978), Avgv‡`i RvZxqZvi weKvk (1982), evsjv‡`‡ki f~wg e¨e¯’v : msKU I mgvavb (1983), ivRbxwZ wK I †Kb (1986), cuywRev`x A_©bxwZ (1986), evsjv‡`‡ki K…lK we‡`ªvn (1987), mv¤cÖwZK (1986), wkÿvbwekxi nv‡ZLwo (1990) Abycg †mb : evsjv‡`k : ivóª I mgvR : mgvR A_©bxwZi ¯^iƒc (1988) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 503



Abycg nvqvr : Pjw”P‡Îi †Lvjv Rvbvjvq (1982), evsjv‡`‡ki Pjw”P‡Îi BwZnvm (1987), bvU¨v½‡b bRiæj (1997), bvU¨Kvi bRiæj (1997)| Rxebx : d‡Zn †jvnvbx (1994), ˆmq` †gvnv¤§` ˆZdzi (1995) AvwKgyb ingvb : wewe †_‡K †eMg (1996) AvRnvi Bmjvg : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm cÖm½ : AvaywbK hyM (1969), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm cÖm½ : cÖvPxb I ga¨hyM (1977), mvwn‡Z¨ ev¯ÍeZv (1985), ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gymwjg Kwe (1992), evsjv‡`‡ki †QvUMí : welqfvebv ¯^iƒc I wkíiƒc (1996) AvwRRyj nK : evsjv‡`k : mgvR ivRbxwZ MYZ›š¿ (1992) AvZvDi ingvb : AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i mswÿß BwZnvm (1963), Kwe bRiæj (1968), bRiæj Kve¨ mgxÿv (1972), bRiæj : Jcwb‡ewkK mgv‡R msMÖvgx Kwe (1993), bRiæj Rxe‡b †cÖg I weevn (1997)| Rxebx : †ebRxi Avng` (1994) Av‡Zvqvi ingvb : mvwnZ¨-msjvc (1975), evsjv‡`‡ki wkï cwÎKv (1977), mvwnZ¨ I wewea fvebv (1981), †gjv (1988), GKvËi : wbh©vZ‡bi KoPv (1992), m~h©ev` (1992), wkï mvwn‡Z¨ gymwjg mvabv (1994), bRiæj eY©vjx (1994), †jvKK…wZ K_v¸”Q (1997), wkïmvwnZ¨ bvbv cÖm½ (1997)



Avwbmy¾vgvb : gymwjg gvbm I evsjv mvwnZ¨ (1964), gybxi †PŠayix (1975), ¯^iƒ‡ci mÜv‡b (1969), Social Aspects of Endogenous Intelectual Creativity (1979), Factory Correspondence and other Bengali Documents in the official Library and Records (1981), AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki evsjv wPwV (1983), gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn (1983), cyi‡bv evsjv M`¨ (1984), †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayix (1988), Creativity, Reality & Identity (), Cultural Pluralism (1993), Identity, Religion and Recent History (1995) Avby gynv¤§`: wek¦ cuywRev` I evsjv‡`‡ki Abybqœ b (1983), MÖvgxY mgvR I A_©bxwZ (1985), evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœqb msKU Ges GbwRI g‡Wj (1988), µvwšÍKv‡ji wek¦ A_©bxwZ I Dbœqb mvgªvR¨ (1991), evsjv‡`‡ki †KvwUcwZ, ga¨weË I kªwgK (1992), AbybœZ †`‡k mgvRZš¿ : msMÖvg I AwfÁZv (1992), cuywRi AvšÍR©vwZKxKiY I AbybœZ wek¦ (1993), evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœqb wK m¤¢e? (1995), mgvR mgq I gvby‡li jovB (1994), Kj¤^v‡mi Av‡gwiKv ÔAvwe®‹viÕ I eûRvwZK gvby‡liv (1995), bvix, cyiæl I mgvR (1997), gvby‡li mgvR (2006) Av‡bvqvi cvkv :mvwnZ¨wkíx Aveyj dRj (1967)



504 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Av‡bvqviæj Kixg: evDj Kwe jvjb kvn (1963), jvjb MxwZ (1966), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gymwjg Kwe I mvwnwZ¨K (1969), evDj mvwnZ¨ I evDj Mvb (1971), dwKi jvjb kvn (1976), iex›`ªbv‡_i wkjvB`n (1977), jvj‡bi Mvb (1984), KweZvi K_v (1991), The bauls of Bangladesh (1980), The aborigines of Kustia (1979), The Myths of bangladesh (1988), AvdRvjyj evmvi : bRiæj Bmjv‡gi mvwnZ¨ Rxeb (1986), evsjv mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbv (1993), Avey Rvdi : iex›`ªbv‡_i ivR‰bwZK wPšÍvaviv (1985), MíKvi nvmvb AvwRRyj nK (1988), mvwn‡Z¨ mgvR fvebv (1995), nvmvb AvwRRyj n‡Ki M‡íi mgvRev¯ÍeZv (1996) Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`xb : wPšÍvi weeZ©b I c~e©-cvwK¯Ívbx mwnZ¨ (1964), Sciology of bengal politics (1973), †mv”Pvi D”PviY (1977), mgvR ms¯‹…wZ I BwZnvm (1979), ga¨cÖvP¨ Bmjvg I mgKvjxb ivRbxwZ (1985), †mvwf‡qU †`‡k gymwjg Rxeb (1986), †jvKvqZ mgvR I ev½vjx ms¯‹…wZ (1988), ˆenvwm‡Ki cvk¦©wPšÍv (1989) Avey †nbv gy¯Ívdv Kvgvj : wkíxi iƒcvšÍi (1975) I K_v I KweZv (1981) Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix : Kzwóqvi evDj mvaK (1974), mswÿß Kzwóqv cwiwPwZ (1972), Rjai †mb (1990), jvjb kvn (1990), KvOvj nwibv_ gRyg`vi (1998), gybmx †kL Rwgiæ`iæÏxb (1989), fvB wMwikP›`ª †mb (1989), †gvnv¤§` `v` Avjx (1992), cvMjv KvbvB (1995), †bqvgvj evwmi (1993), gxi gkviid †nv‡mb (1993), AvwRR‡bœmv LvZzb (1995), g‡bi gvby‡li mÜv‡b (1995), mgvR, mgKvj I jvjb muvB (1996), RM`xk ¸ß (1988), gxi gkviid †nv‡mb : mvwnZ¨Kg© I mgvRwPšÍv (1996), †jvKms¯‹…wZi we‡ePbv I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1997), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZ I fvlv Av‡›`vjb (1997), fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi `wjj (1988) Aveyj Kvjvg gbRyi †gvi‡k`: AvaywbK fvlvZË¡ (1984)



Aveyj Kvjvg †gvnv¤§` hvKvwiqv : evsjv‡`‡ki cÖZœm¤ú`, evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvPxb KxwZ© (2 LÐ) Aveyj dRj : wewPÎ K_v (1940), mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ mvabv (1961), mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZ I Rxeb (1965), we‡`ªvnx Kwe bRiæj (1957), mgvR mvwnZ¨ I ivóª (1968), mgKvjxb wPšÍv (1970), gvbeZš¿ (1379), mvwnZ¨ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1974), ïfeyw× (1974), GKzk gv‡b gvZv bZ bv Kiv (1978), iex›`ª cÖm½ (1979) Aveyj gvj Ave`yj gywnZ : evsjv‡`‡ki cybM©Vb I RvZxq HKgZ¨ (1991) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 505



Aveyj Kv‡kg †PŠayix : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ mvgvwRK bK&kv : cUf~wg I cÖwZôv (18201848) (1983), Aveyj Kvwmg gynv¤§` Av`gyÏxb : cuyw_ mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm (1969), Aviex evsjv Awfavb, mswÿß wek¦‡Kvl (1 LÐ, 1964-1969) Aveyj Kv‡mg dRjyj nK: gyw³msMÖvg (1972), Kv‡ji hvÎvi aŸwb (1973), GKz‡k †deªæqvwi Av‡›`vjb (1976), Dwbk kZ‡Ki ga¨‡kªYx I evOjv mvwnZ¨ (1979), ˆbwZKZv : †kª‡qvbxwZ I `yb©xwZ (1981), gvbyl I Zvi cwi‡ek (1984), hyMmsµvwšÍ I bxwZwRÁvmv (1985), gvI †mZz‡Oi ÁvbZË¡ (1987), ivRbxwZ I `k©b (1988), Avkv AvKv•ÿvi mg_©‡b Aveyj gbmyi Avn‡g` : cvK evsjvi KvjPvi (1964), cvK evsjvi KvjPvi (1964)Avgvi †`Lv ivRbxwZi cÂvk eQi (1969), †k‡i evsjv †_‡K e½eÜz (1972), Ave`yi ikx` wmwÏKx : PÆMÖv‡gi fvlvZË¡, PvwUMÖvgx †ivqvB ZË¡ Ave`yj Kwig mvwnZ¨ wekvi` : ev½vjv cÖvPxb cuyw_i weeiY (1914), cyuw_ cwiwPwZ (Avng` kixd m¤úv.) (1958), cÖvPxb cuyw_i weeiY (AcÖKvwkZ)| PÆMÖv‡gi mwPÎ BwZnvm Bmjvgvev` (ˆmq` gyZ©vRv Avjx m¤úv.)(1964) Ges gynv¤§` Gbvg~j n‡Ki mn‡hv‡M AvivKvb ivRmfvi ev½vjv mvwnZ¨ (1935)



Ave`yj Kvw`i : Q›` mgxÿY (1979), evsjv Kv‡e¨i BwZnvm : gymwjg mvabvi aviv (1944), gIjvbv †gvnv¤§` bvCgyÏxb (1979), KvRx Ave`yj gI`y` (1976), †jvKvqZ mvwnZ¨ (1985) Ave`yj Mdzi wmwÏKx : gymjgvb I e½mvwnZ¨(1922), knx` wZZzgxi (1961), welv`-wmÜzi HwZnvwmK cUf~wg Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq` : ï×Zg Kwe (1970), Rxebvb›` `v‡ki KweZv (1974), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (cÖ_g LÐ 1976, wØZxq LÐ 1987), bRiæj Bmjvg Kwe I KweZv (1977), KiZ‡j gnv‡`k (1979), `k w`M‡šÍi `ªóv (1980), †eMg †iv‡Kqv (1983), Avgvi wek¦vm (1984), Q›` (1985), ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn& (1986), bRiæj Bmjvg KvjR Kv‡jvËi (1987), †PZbvq Rj c‡o cvZv b‡o (1989), cybwe©‡ePbv (1990), `‡ivRvi ci `‡ivRv (1991), diiæL Avng`: Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ (1993), we‡ePbv cybwe©‡ePbv (1994), †kªô Rxebvb›` (1998) Ave`yj nK : µvwšÍKvj (1962) I mvwnZ¨ HwZn¨ g~j¨‡eva (1986)| GQvov wj‡L‡Qb : evOvjx RvZxqZvev` Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1973), mvwnZ¨ I ¯^vaxbZv (1974), fvlv Av‡›`vjb : Avw`ce© (1976), wbtm½ †PZbv I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1984)



506 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



Ave`yj nvwdR : †jvKKvwnbxi w`M w`MšÍ (1968), AvaywbK mvwnZ¨ PP©v (1975), evsjv‡`‡ki †jŠwKK HwZn¨ (1975), †jŠwKK ms¯‹vi I gvbe mgvR (1975), evsjv †ivgvÝ-Kve¨ cwiPq (1976) Ave`yj nvwjg :BwZnv‡mi iƒc‡iLv (1376), Wvqv‡jKwUK e¯‘ev` cwiwPwZ (1973), mgvRZ‡š¿i cwiPq (1379), wek¦RM‡Zi cwiPq (1975), gvby‡li BwZnvm cÖvPxb hyM (1977), wPwj RbM‡Yi Ae¨vnZ RqhvÎv (1974), evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cš’v (1974), kirP›`ª I gvbeZvev` (1980)



Ave`ym mvËvi : AiY¨ Rbc‡` (1966), The Manipuris (1969), Tribesmen of Mymensing (1969), Proud people the Murangs (1969), The Khasis (1969), The Marmas (1970), The Chakmas (1970), The Tipras (1970), The Santals (1970), The Oraons (1970), In the Sylvan Shadows (1971), Tribal Culture in Bangladesh (1975), Tribal Arts and Crafts of Bangladesh (1978), Tribal Music and Dance of Bangladesh (1978), The sowing of seeds (1979),



AvaywbK Aviwe mvwnZ¨, Aviwe †jvKmvwnZ¨, AviY¨ ms¯‹…wZ, Avw`evmx ms¯‹…wZ I mvwnZ¨, Aviwe mvwn‡Z¨ †jŠwKK Dcv`vb, dviwm mvwn‡Z¨i Kvjµg, DcRvZxq mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewkó¨, Mv‡iv‡`i mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨, dviwm mvwn‡Z¨ †jŠwKK Dcv`vb Ave`yjøvn Avey mvqx` : `ye©jZvq iex›`ªbv_ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ (1986), DËi cÖRb¥ (1992), wbDBq‡K©i AvÇvq (2001), gy‡LvgywL (2001), fv‡jvevmvi mv¤úvb (2002) Ave`yjøvn Avj-gyZx : G‡mv weÁv‡bi iv‡R¨ (1955), AevK c„w_ex (1955), Avwe®‹v‡ii †bkvq (1969), in‡m¨i †kl †bB (1969), weÁvb I gvbyl (1975), wkÿv I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1975), Rvbv ARvbvi †`‡k (1976), mvM‡ii inm¨cyix (1976), Avq e„wó †Su‡c (1980), G hy‡Mi weÁvb (1981), †gN, e„wó †iv` (1981), dz‡ji Rb¨ fvjevmv (1982), †mvbvi GB †`k (1983), Zvivi †`‡ki nvZQvwb (1984), wewPÎ weÁvb (1985), wecbœ cwi‡ek (1985), cÖvY‡jvK: bZzb w`MšÍ (1986), weÁv‡bi we¯§q (1986), Qwe‡Z Avgv‡`i cwi‡ek (1gLÐ-1987, 2qLÐ-1990), †Uwjwfk‡bi K_v (1987), weÁvb wRÁvmv (1988), KxUcZ‡½i wewPÎ K_v (1988), KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb (1988), weÁvb GwM‡q P‡j (1991)



AvjgMxi Rwjj : gymwjg gvbm I †jvKms¯‹…wZ (1968), evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY ms¯‹…wZ (1985), wkïmvwnZ¨ mvabvq K‡qKRb gymwjg †jLK (1988)



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 507



Avj gvngy` : Kwei AvZ¥wek¦vm, w`bhvcb (1990), KweZvi eû`~i (1997), bvix wbMÖn (1997), cÖeÜ msMÖn (2001) AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` : wkíxi mvabv (1955), mvwn‡Z¨i AvMš‘K FZz (1974), bRiæj M‡elYv : aviv I cÖK…wZ (1992), gvqvKfw¯‹ I bRiæj (1985), iex›`ª K¬¨vwmK Avwe®‹vi (1982), mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbv (1989), †kªô cÖeÜ (1999), mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbvi BwZe„Ë I cwi‡cÖwÿZ (2000) Avjx wiqvR : f‡qi ms¯‹…wZ (1994), State, Class & Military rule : Political Economy of Martial law in Bangladesh (1994), evsjv‡`‡ki kvmK †kªYxi msKU (1993), `~i‡`k (1993), MYwew”Qbœ MYgva¨g (1989), †kL gywRe I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1987), †jL‡Ki †`kKvj (1984), MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡b HK¨ (1983), evOvjx RvZxqZvev` (1978) Avkivd wmwÏKx : †jvKmvwnZ¨ (1964), wKse`šÍxi evsjv (1975), ïf beel© (1977), †jvKvqZ evsjv (1978), Folkloric Bangladesh (1977), Bengali Folklore (1977), Our Folklore Our \Heritage (1977), Tells From Bangladesh (1976), Bengali Riddles (1961), Avengvb (1987) Avng` Qdv : RvMÖZ evsjv‡`k (1971), evOjv fvlv : ivRbxwZi Av‡jv‡K (1975), evOjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK RwUjZv (1976), evOvjx gymjgv‡bi gb (1981), eyw×e„wËi bZzb web¨vm (1972), wmcvnx hy‡×i BwZnvm (1980), †kL gywRei ingvb I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ (1989), Avng` Qdvi cÖeÜ(wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ msKjb) (1992), ivRbxwZi †jLv (1993), Avbyc~we©K Zmwjgv Ab¨vb¨ ¯úk©KvZi cÖm½ (1994), wbKU I `~‡ii cÖm½ (1995), msK‡Ui bvbvb †Pnviv (1996), mv¤cÖwZK we‡ePbv : eyw×e„wËi bZzb web¨vm (1997), kZe‡l©i †divix : ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (1997), kvwšÍPzw³ I wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (1998), Avng` Qdvi cÖeÜ (wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ msKjb) (2000), ivR‰bwZK I AivR‰bwZK cÖeÜ (2000), evOvwj RvwZ I evsjv‡`k ivóª (2001), Dcj‡ÿi †jLv (2001), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ msKjb) (2002), Avgvi K_v I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ (2002), Avng` Qdvi wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (2002), †mBme †jLv (2008) Avng` iwdK : wkí ms¯‹…wZ Rxeb (1958), bRiæj Kv‡e¨ Rxeb mvabv (1958), cÙvcv‡ii †mB MvwíK hv`yKi (1976), Av‡iK KvjvšÍ‡i (1977), eyw×Rxexi ms¯‹…wZ (1986), †QvUMí : cÙvcv‡ii iex›`ªMí (1987), iex›`ªbv‡_i ivóªwPšÍv I evsjv‡`k (1987), †Kgb Av‡Qb (1987), GKz‡ki BwZnvm Avgv‡`i BwZnvm (1987), Avw` gvb‡ei mÜv‡b (1989), fvlv Av‡›`vjb : BwZnvm I Zvrch© (1991), fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ¯§„wZ I wKQy wRÁvmv (1993), GB Aw¯’i mgq (1996), iex›`ª wPÎwkí



508 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



(1996), RvwZmËvi AvZ¥A‡š¦lYv (1997), GB c„w_exi gvbyl (1997), iex›`ªfyeb cwZmi (1998)| Avng` kixd : wewPZ wPšÍv (1968), PÆMÖv‡gi BwZnvm (1969), mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ wPšÍv (1969), ¯^‡`k A‡š¦lv (1970), Rxe‡b-mgv‡R-mvwn‡Z¨ (1970), ˆmq` myjZvb Zuvi MÖš’vejx I Zuvi hyM (1972), hyM-hš¿Yv (1974), KvwjK fvebv (1974), ga¨hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨ mgvR I ms¯‹…wZi iƒc (1977),evOvjx I evOjv mvwnZ¨ (1g LÐ) (1978), cÖZ¨q I cÖZ¨vkv (1979), evOvjx I evOjv mvwnZ¨ (2q LÐ) (1983), ga¨hy‡Mi evOjv mvwnZ¨ (1985), Kv‡ji `c©‡Y ¯^‡`k (1985), evOjv fvlvms®‹vi Av‡›`vjb (1986), B`vbxs Avgiv (1986), Ges Av‡iv BZ¨vw` (1987),Ave`yj Kwig mvwnZ¨wekvi` (1987), evOvjxi wPšÍv‡PZbvi weeZ©b aviv (1987), evOjvi wecøex cUf~wg (1989), GKv‡j bRiæj (1990), evOjv‡`‡ki mv¤cÖwZK PvjwPÎ (1990), gvbeZv I MYgyw³ (1990), mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi I mg‡qi bvbv K_v (1991), MYZš¿, ms¯‹…wZ, ¯^vZš¿¨ I wewPÎ fvebv (1991), evOjv evOvjx I evOvwjZ¡ (1992), RvMwZK †PZbvi wewPÎ cÖm~b (1992), ms¯‹…wZ (1992), kv¯¿ mgvR I bvixgyw³ (1993), msKU : Rxe‡b I gb‡b (1993), gyw³ wbwnZ : bZzb †PZbvq I bZzb wPšÍvq (1993), cÖMwZi evav I cš’v (1994), G kZ‡K Avgv‡`i Rxebavivi iƒc‡iLv (1994), mgq, mgvR, gvbyl (1995), †`k Kvj Rxe‡bi `vex I mvÿ¨ (1995), ¯^‡`kwPšÍv (1997), wRÁvmv I A‡š¦lv (1997), DRvb †mªv‡Z wKQy Avlv‡p wPšÍv (1998), gvbm gyKz‡i wew¤^Z ¯^‡`k (1998), ¯^‡`‡ki ¯^Kv‡ji mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ (1998), wek kZ‡Ki evOvjx (1998), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (1999), wek¦vmev`, weÁvbev`, hyw³ev`, †gŠjev` (2000), Kv‡jvwPZ wKQyy we‡eP¨ welq (2000), wKQy wek¦v‡mi evwn¨K cybwe©‡ePbv (2000), bRiæj mgxÿv : Ab¨ wbwi‡L (2004), mvwnZ¨ ZË¡ I evsjv (2004) BmivBj Lvb : mvgwqKcÎ I mgvRMVb : evsjv‡`k cwiw¯’wZ (1988), fvlvi ivRbxwZ I evOjvi mgm¨v (1989), evOjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ I fvlv cwiw¯’wZ (1991), eyw×Rxex‡`i Ø›Ø I mvwn‡Z¨mgv‡R Aeÿq (1989), ew›`we‡eK mgvR I mvwnZ¨RM‡Z †ek¨ve„wË (1990), ew¼gP›`ª mva©kZ Rb¥e‡l© (1990) Gg Avi AvLZvi gyKzj : iƒcvjx evZvm (1973), gywR‡ei i³ jvj (1976), jÛ‡b Q°z wgqv (1981), fvmvbx-gywR‡ei ivRbxwZ (1984), Avwg weRq †`‡LwQ (1985), Pwjøk †_‡K GKvËi (1985), †KvjKvZv‡Kw›`ªK eyw×Rxex (1987), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ msKjb (1987), Iiv PviRb(1987), †jQovM‡Äi jovB (1988), GKvˇii eY©gvjv (1989), GKz„‡ki `wjj



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 509



(1990), gnvcyiæl (1991), `yÕgyLx jovB (1992), Avgv‡K K_v ej‡Z w`b (1993), evsjv bvU‡Ki †Mvovi K_v (1994), wn›`y-gymwjg †gŠjev`xi †Pv‡L bRiæj (1994), †K fvi‡Zi `vjvj (1995), e½eÜz (1997), GKvˇii gyw³hy‡× eyw×Rxex‡`i f~wgKv (1997), cÂv‡ki `k‡Ki Avgiv I fvlv Av‡›`vjb (1391), evqv‡bœvi Revbe›`x (1392) Gm. Gg jyrdi ingvb : jvjb wRÁvmv (1984), jvjb kvn& Rxeb I Mvb (1984), †eŠ× Ph©vc` (1988), RvwZ RvZxqZv I RvZxqZvev` M‡elYv (1990), Avgiv evOvjx bv evsjv‡`kx (1991), evDj ZË¡ I evDj Mvb (1989), `yÏykvn (1990) Gm Iqv‡R` Avjx: Rxe‡bi wkí (1941), cÖvP¨ I cÖZxP¨ (1943), fwel¨‡Zi evOvjx (1943) IqvwKj Avng` : evsjvi †jvKms¯‹…wZ (1975), Dwbk kZ‡K evOvjx gymjgv‡bi wPšÍv †PZbvi aviv (1983), evsjv †ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb (1987), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cyive„Ë (1g LÐ, 1974; 2q LÐ, 1990), evsjvi gymwjg eyw×Rxex (1985), evsjvq we‡`kx ch©UK (1990), myjZvbx Avg‡j evsjv mvwnZ¨ (1968), ga¨hy‡M evsjv Kv‡e¨ iƒc I fvlv (1994), cÖev` I cÖePb (1994), auv-av (1995), gš¿ (1995) Kexi †PŠayix : cÖvPxb Bs‡iRx Kve¨mvwnZ¨ (1980), AvaywbK gvwK©b mvwnZ¨ (1980), †kKm&cxqi †_‡K wWjvb Ugvm (1981), cÖm½ bvUK (1981), mvwnZ¨‡Kvl (1984), G¨emvW© bvUK (1985), BD‡iv‡ci `k bvU¨Kvi (1985), ¯Íu¨v`vj †_‡K cÖæ¯Í (1985), mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbv I b›`bZË¡ cwifvlv (1985), †kKm&cxqi I Zvi gvby‡liv (1985), Awfe¨w³ev`x bvUK (1987), cykwKb I Ab¨vb¨ (1987), gybxi †PŠayix (1987), †k·cxqi I †Møve w_‡qUvi (1987), divmx bvU‡Ki K_v (1990), Amgvß gyw³msMÖvg I Ab¨vb¨ (1991), bRiæj `k©b (1992), bvBev n‡jv cv‡i hvIqv (1g LÐ, 1992), cÖeÜ msMÖn (1g LÐ, 1992), e½eÜz, evOvjx RvZxqZvev` I gyw³eyw×i PP©v (1992), bRiæj `k©b (1992), divmx wPÎwkíx‡`i K_v (1992), wkjvi I Ab¨vb¨ (1993), Special Change and NationBuilding in Developing areas : An AnnotatedBiobliography (1965), †igeªvšÍ iæ‡ebm †fjvmKz‡qR (1994), bvBev n‡jv cv‡i hvIqv (2q LÐ, 1994), †QvU‡`i Bs‡iRx mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm (1994), ¯^vaxbZv nxbZvq †K euvwP‡Z Pvq (1994), i`u¨v (1994), Qwe K_v myi (1995), Av¸‡bi cikgwY †QuvqvI cÖv‡Y (1997), Zmwjgv bvmixb I bvixgyw³ cÖm½ (hyM¥fv‡e ˆmKZ †PŠayixi m‡½)(1997), wcKv‡mv (1997), Rb wm½vi mv‡R©›U (1997), mv‡›`ªv ewZ‡Pwjø (1998), †jviKv I Ab¨vb¨



510 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



(1999), Mq¨v (1999), gvbe Kj¨vY I Ab¨vb¨ (2000), e½eÜz (2000), gvwK©b mvwn‡Z¨i `k gnvi_x (2001), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (2001), wewea iPbv (2001), mim NUbvi mim Kvwnbx (2001), fviwgqvi ¸¯Ívf Kzi‡e¨ Rb Bf‡iU wg‡j¨ (2001), †gŠjev` : Zvi BwZnvm I cÖK…wZ AbymÜvb (2002), †mRvb-gvwZm (2002), cvðvZ¨ wPÎwkíx‡`i K_v (2002), BD‡ivcxq wPÎKjv I fv¯‹h© : GiwK wbDUb Abymi‡Y (2003), cÖeÜ mgMÖ (2q LÐ, 2005), cÖeÜ mgMÖ (3q LÐ, 2006) KvRx AvKig †nv‡mb : Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm (1922-1924), Bmjv‡gi BwZK_v (1928), Bmjvg Kvwnbx (1931) KvwR Avdmvi D`&w`b Avng` : mvwn‡Z¨i cwiwa (1960), BbwKjvex hy‡Mi BwZK_v (1970), mvwnZ¨ I Rxeb (1970), AvOyi (1970), AvgivI e‡m _vwKwb (1970) KvRx Ave`yj gvbœvb : The Emergence and Development of Dobhasi Literature in Bengal (upto 1855), AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gymwjg mvabv (1961), ˆmq` BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx (1970), iex›`ª bRiæj Bmjvg I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1989), AvaywbK evsjv mvwnZ¨ I gymwjg mgvR (1990), KvRx `xb gyn¤§` : mvwnZ¨ m¤¢vi (1965), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm [cÖ_g †_‡K PZz_© LÐ] (1968), †mKv‡ji mvwnZ¨ (1969), mvwnZ¨ I Av`k© (1970), mvwnZ¨ wkí (1969), cvwK¯Ívbx ms¯‹…wZ (1969), Bmjvgx ms¯‹…wZ (1970), gvbe Rxeb (1970), mydxev‡`i †Mvovi K_v (1980), fvlvZË¡ (1971), Rxeb †mŠ›`h© (1989), cÖwZeY©vqb wb‡`©wkKv (1982), eY©gvjv (1984), my‡Li jvwMqv (1989), evsjv‡`‡k Bmjv‡gi Avwef©ve (1990), Avj KvImvi (1991), bvw¯ÍKZv I Avw¯ÍKZv (1991) KvRx dRjyi ingvb : Avgjvi w`bwjwc (1999)| KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb : mÂiY (1937), bRiæj Kve¨ cwiwPwZ (1958), †mB c_ jÿ hvi (1970), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ KvRx †gvnv¤§` B`&wim : me gyL †Pbv †Pbv (1986) †Lv›`Kvi Avkivd †nv‡mb : evsjv‡`‡ki KweZv : AšÍi½ Ae‡jvKb (1994), wek¦KweZvi †mvbvjx km¨ (2005), †ivgvw›UK I AvaywbK KweZvi Aÿ`ªvwNgv (2010) †Lv›`Kvi †gvnv¤§` Bwjqvm : fvmvbx hLb BD‡iv‡c (1978) †Lv›`Kvi wmivRyj nK : gymwjg mvwnZ¨mgvR : mgvRwPšÍv I mvwnZ¨Kg© (1984) †Lv›`Kvi wiqvRyj nK : jvjb kv‡ni cyY¨f~wg nwikcyi (1972), jvjb-mvwnZ¨ I `k©b (1976), gvidZx Mvb (1982), gvBRfvÐvix Mvb (1982), eviv‡k Mvb (1983), gigx Kwe Avnmvb Avjx I Zuvi gv‡idZx msMxZ (1983),



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 511



†eMg Av‡qkv mi`vi I Zuvi Kve¨ (1984), evsjv‡`‡ki gigx msMxZ (1985), wSbvB`n †Rjvi gigx Kwe (1989), gigx Kwe cvÄy kvn : Rxeb I Kve¨ (1990), MvRx kvgmyi ingvb : AvB‡bi fye‡b (1395), †Mvjvg gCbDwÏb : Kwe diiæL Avng` (1985), Lvbevnv`yi AvnQvbDjøv : Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ (1988), c¨vixPuv` wgÎ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ (1997), MÖš’ Dbœqb (1988), eB msiÿY I wecYb (1984), evsjv‡`‡k MÖš’ Dbœqb, MÖš’bxwZ I wewea cÖm½, cvV AbyivM I eB‡qi evRvi (1998) †Mvjvg gyiwk` : ˆeòe c`vejx cÖ‡ekK (1968), we`¨vmvMi (1970), iex›`ªwe‡k¦ c~e©e½ c~e©e‡½ iex›`ªPP©v (1981), Reluctant Debutante : Response of Bengali Women to Modernization (1983), evsjv gy`ªY I cÖKvkbvi Avw`ce© (1984), ms‡Kv‡Pi wenŸjZv : AvaywbKZvi AwfNv‡Z e½igYxi cÖwZwµqv (1985), mgvR ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb I evsjv bvUK (1854-1876) (1985), KvjvšÍ‡i evsjv M`¨ : Jcwb‡ewkK Avg‡ji evsjv M`¨ (1993), ivmmy›`ix †_‡K †iv‡Kqv : bvixcÖMwZi GK‡kv eQi (1994), Avkvi Qj‡b fywj (1995), hLb cjvZK : gyw³hy‡×i w`b¸wj (1993), DRvb †mªv‡Z evsjv‡`k, ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi mvs¯‹…wZK cUf~wg, Lured by Hope: A biography of Michael Madhusudan Dutt (2003), The Heart of a Rebel poet : Letters of Michael Madhusudan Dutt (2003), nvRvi eQ‡ii evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ (2006), Kvjvcvwbi nvZQvwb : we‡j‡Z evOvwji BwZnvm (2008)| †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv : wek¦bex (1942), Avgvi wPšÍvaviv (1962) †Mvjvg mvKjv‡qb : c~e©-cvwK¯Ív‡bi mydx mvaK (1964), dwKi Mixeyjøvn (1962), evsjvq gwm©qv mvwnZ¨ (1962), gymwjg mvwnZ¨ I mvwnwZ¨K (1967), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gymwjg Ae`vb (1969), mvwnZ¨ cwiPq (1975), evsjv‡`‡ki mydx mvwnZ¨ (1980), cwðge‡½i cxi I mvay mšÍ cÖm½ (1987), M`¨wkíx kirP›`ª (1988)



†PŠayix kvgmyi ingvb :gymwjg evsjvi mvgwqK cwÎKv, c~e©-cvwK¯Ív‡b Bmjv‡gi Av‡jv (1965), †k‡i evsjv dRjyj nK (1962), †Q‡j‡`i Kvq‡` AvRg (1954)



Rvnv½xi Zv‡iK : cÖZxKev`x mvwnZ¨ (1988), kãv_©weÁv‡bi f~wgKv (1997) wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx : k‡ãi mxgvbv (1976), Literature of Bangladesh and other Essays (1983), Avgvi †`k Avgvi fvlv (1984), Abyev` (1985), c„w_ex I cvm‡cvU© (1986), kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b wZb gvm (1989), evOvwji AvZ¥cwiPq (1991), cÖev‡m cÖwZw`b (1994), hLb ZË¡veavqK miKv‡i wQjvg (1997)



512 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



wRqv nvq`vi : bvU¨ welqK cÖeÜ, w_‡qUv‡ii K_v (1g-4_© LÐ), evsjv‡`‡ki w_‡qUvi I Ab¨vb¨ iPbv, ÷¨vwbmjvf¯‹x I Zvi Awfbq ZË¡, bvU¨Kjvi wewfbœ BRg I GwcK w_‡qUvi, wek¦bvU¨ Zmwjgv bvmwib : bó †g‡qi bó M`¨ (1992), hv‡ev bv †Kb? hv‡ev (1992), †QvU †QvU `ytL K_v (1994) w`jIqvi †nv‡mb : ew¼g Dcb¨v‡m gyNj BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb w؇Rb kg©v : Rxe‡bi †kl †bB (1978), k¨vgjx wbmM© (1980), mcy®úK Dw™¢‡`i †kªYxweb¨vm ZË¡ (1981), mZx_© ej‡q WviDBb (1984), dzj¸wji †hb K_v (1988), ¯^‡`‡k cÖev‡m (1993), Mnb †Kvb e‡bi av‡i (1994), gg `yt‡Li mvab (1994), WviDBb I cÖRvcwZi DrcwË (1997) †`Iqvb †gvnv¤§` AvRid : Zgyχbi weKvk (1949), m‡Z¨i ˆmwbK AveyRi (1949), Rxeb mgm¨v mgvav‡b Bmjvg (1957), Rxeb `k©‡bi cybM©Vb (1968), Bmjvg I gvbeZvev` (1968), b~Zb m~h© (1974), Bmjvgx Av‡›`vjb hy‡M hy‡M (1972), `k©‡bi bvbv mgm¨v (1977), ag© I `k©b (1981), gigx Kwe nvmb ivRv (1979), nvmb ivRv (1977), Avgv‡`i RvZxqZvev` (1986), bqv wR‡›`Mx (1996), weÁvb I `k©b (1g LÐ 1984, 2q LÐ 1985) b‡ib wek¦vm : Aj¼vi A‡š¦lv (1976), Kve¨ZË¡ A‡š¦lYv (1982), fviZxq Kve¨ZË¡ (1985), cÖm½ : evOjv fvlv (1985), cÖm½ : mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ (1989) bvRgv †Rmwgb †PŠayix : evsjv Dcb¨vm I ivRbxwZ (1980) wbZvB `vm : cvwK¯Ívb Av‡›`vjb I evsjv KweZv bxwjgv Beªvnxg : kircÖwZfv (1960), evsjvi Kwe gaym~`b (1961), Ebwesk kZvãxi evOvjx mgvR I evsjv bvUK (1964), evsjv bvUK : Drm I aviv (1972), †eMg †iv‡Kqv (1974), ev½vjx gvbm I evsjv mvwnZ¨ (1987), mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZi bvbv cÖm½ (1991), m~‡h©v`q †_‡K m~h©v¯Í : AZtci Agvwblvi AÜKvi (1995), AwMœmœvZ e½eÜyi f¯§v”Qvw`Z Kb¨v Avwg (1995), Avwg exiv½bv ejwQ (1g LÐ 1996, 2q LÐ 1997), †eMg dwRjvZz‡bœmv gywRe (1996) cvbœv Kvqmvi : ¯^vaxbZvi kÎæ wgÎ (1993), ü`‡q GKvËi (1993), Avgiv wK GKvˇi wd‡i hvw”Q (1994) dwRjZz‡bœmv : gymwjg bvixi wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (1334 e.), bvix Rxe‡b AvaywbK wkÿvi Av¯^v` (1335 e.), gymwjg bvixi gyw³ (1336 e.) dinv` Lvb : cÖZxP¨ cyivY (1984); GQvov A¨Kv‡WwgK wkitcxov, ey¨‡ivc¨vw_ I Ab¨vb¨ (1986), k‡ãi PvjwPÎ (1992), nvwi‡q hvIqv ni‡di Kvwnbx dinv` gRnvi : cÖ¯Íve (1976), mk¯¿ MYAfy¨Ìvb Ges MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi DÌvb cÖm½ (1985), msweavb I MYZš¿ evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 513



d‡qR Avng` : wcwKs †_‡K wjLwQ (1967), Px‡b µvwšÍKvj (1981), ga¨iv‡Zi Ak¦v‡ivnx (1982), mZ¨eveygviv †M‡Qb (1984), bech©v‡q Pxb (1984), A‡bK K_vi K_v (1985), wewea fvebv (1986), mgx‡cly (1991), ÔAvMiZjv gvgjvÕ : †kL gywRe I evsjvi we‡`ªvn (1994), K_vi †kl †bB (1993), msev` †Zvgvi Drm †Kv_vq (1993), Pjgvb ivRbxwZ (1994), ivRbxwZ (1g LÐ 1995; 2q LÐ 1996), ivRbxwZ : mv¤cÖwZK (1997)



e`iæÏxb Dgi : mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv (1966), ms¯‹…wZi msKU (1967), mvs¯‹…wZK mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv (1968), c~e©-evsjvi fvlv Av‡›`vjb I ZrKvjxb ivRbxwZ (1970), wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í I e½‡`‡ki K…lK (1972), Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi I Dwbk kZ‡Ki evOvjx mgvR (1974), evsjv‡`‡k Kgy¨wbó Av‡›`vj‡bi mgm¨v (1974), hy×c~e© evOjv‡`k (1976), hy‡×vËi evsjv‡`k (1974), fvlv Av‡›`vjb I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1980), evOjv‡`‡k gvK©mev` (1981), evOjv‡`‡k MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡bi K‡qKwU w`K (1987), fviZxq RvZxq Av‡›`vjb (1984), gvK©mxq `k©b I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½, evOjv‡`‡ki K…lK I K…lK Av‡›`vjb, fvlv Av‡›`vjb cÖm½ : KwZcq `wjj (1g LÐ 1984, 2q LÐ 1985), e½f½ I mv¤cÖ`vwqK ivRbxwZ, evOjv‡`‡k Av_©-mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi aviv, evOjv‡`‡k a‡g©i ivR‰bwZK e¨envi, evOjv‡`‡ki ga¨weË I mvs¯‹…wZK cwiw¯’wZ, mvgwiK kvmb I evOjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ, cvðvZ¨ †`‡k MYZ‡š¿i mgm¨v, wecøe I cÖwZwecøe, ag©xq cÖwZwµqvkxjZvi weiæ‡×, beŸB‡qi bvMwiK ey‡R©vqv Afy¨Ìvb I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½, evsjv‡`‡ki MYZvwš¿K ˆ¯^iZš¿, gyw³ †Kvb c‡_?, Avgv‡`i fvlvi jovB, evOjv‡`‡k ey‡R©vqv ivRbxwZi PvjwPÎ, evOjv‡`‡k `ybx© wZ mš¿vm I ˆbivR¨, mvg&ªvR¨ev‡`i bZzb wek¦ e¨e¯’v, evOjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK cwiw¯’wZ, evOjv‡`‡k ey‡R©vqv ivRbxwZi `yB iƒc, evgcš’x gn‡j A‰bK¨ I MYZvwš¿K HK¨ cÖm‡½, wbe©vwPZ ivR‰bwZK cÖeÜ, MY Av`vjZ GKvˇii Amgvß gyw³hy‡×i †Ri, Society and Politics in East Pakistan (1973), Politics and Society in Bangladesh, Towards the Emergency in Bangladesh, General Crisis Bourgeoisic, Avgv‡`i mgqKvi Rxeb, GKvˇii ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×



evOjv‡`‡ki Kgy¨w¯^U‡`i ivR‰bwZK f~wgKv, evOjv‡`‡k ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ, wewea cÖm½, mvÿvrKvi, RbM‡Yi nv‡Z ÿgZvwbe©vPb bv Afy¨Ìvb, cÖwZwecøe I mgvRZ‡š¿i fwel¨r, evOjv‡`‡ki evgcš’xiv, msm`xq ivRbxwZ RvZxq msm` I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (2004)



514 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



ew`DR&Rvgvb : BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx : Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ (1988), BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx (1993), gymwjg ga¨we‡Ëi ivRbxwZ (1997), ms¯‹…wZi ivRbxwZ (1997), ivRc‡_i ivRbxwZ (1997) ew`Di ingvb : mvwn‡Z¨i ¯^iƒc (1992) ekxi Avj †njvj : mv¤cÖwZK Kwe mv¤cÖwZK KweZv (1975), evsjv M`¨ (1985), fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnvm (1985), evsjv GKv‡Wgxi BwZnvm (1986), Beivnxg Luv (1988), Av`k© evsjv evbvb (1990) †ej‡MÖ‡Wi WvK (1991), Zuv‡`i m„wói c_ (1993) †eMg AvKZvi Kvgvj : weòz †`-i Kve¨ : cyivY cÖm½ (1977), weòz †`-i Kwe¯^fve I Kve¨iƒc (1992), wek¦hy× Rxeb I K_vwkí (2000), Kwei Dcb¨vm (2007), AvaywbK evsjv KweZv I wg_ (1999) †eMg Rvnvb Aviv : mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZi cwiPq, evOjv fvlv ms¯‹vi : hy‡M hy‡M (1985), evOjv D”PviY wewa I ixwZ, evOjv mvwn‡Z¨ †jwLKv‡`i Ae`vb (1985), Av-gwi evsjv fvlv (1987), me©¯Í‡i evsjv fvlv Ges Avgiv (1988), evOjv D”PviY wewa I ixwZ (1994), †eMg †iv‡Kqv iPbvejx : bvixgyw³ cÖm½ (1989), evOjv‡`‡ki bvix mswÿß : cwi‡cÖwÿZ (1993) †eex gI`y` : cvwK¯Ív‡b evsjv‡`‡ki bvix cvPvi (1992), evsjv‡`‡ki bvix (1995), †eMg †iv‡Kqv cvV (1995) m¤úv`bv : †`n e¨emvqx eva¨ wK‡kvixiv (1993), RbZvi Rq (1991), evOvwji ï× bvg †kL gywReyi ingvb (KweZv msKjb, 1988), evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm‡` †kL gywReyi ingvb (†hŠ_fv‡e, 1998) †evinvbDwÏb Lvb Rvnv½xi : nZ¨vi ivRbxwZ I evsjv‡`k (1998), kvnveyÏxb (1997), AvaywbKZv I DËi AvaywbKZvi AwfÁZv (1997), RvZxqZvev` Ges AvaywbKZv (1997), cÖRvZš¿‡K iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e (1996), Rqbyj Av‡e`x‡bi wRÁvmv (1996), AcÖwZ‡iva¨ iex›`ªbv_ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ (1996), iv‡óªi `vqe×Zv (1995), evsjv‡`‡k RvZxqZvev` I †gŠjev` (1993), evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgvÂj I †kªYxmsMªvg (1993), Kvgiæj nvmvb (1991), GK AwbwðZ em‡šÍi Kvj (1991), gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi we‡`ªvn mvwn‡Z¨ ivRbwZ‡Z (1987), wkíKjvi BwZnvm (1985), gvB‡K‡ji RvMiY I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ, evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvg (1984), wb¯ÍäZvi ms¯‹…wZ (1983), evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKwkí (1982), evsjv‡`‡k abZ‡š¿i D™¢e I weKvk (1978), wPÎwkí : evsjv‡`k, Rvb©vj 71 (1972), kªve‡Y Avwk¦‡b (1975), ¯^‡`k I mvwnZ¨ (1969), mvwn‡Z¨i AwfÁZv (2000), The Quest of Zainul Abedin, Differentiation, Polarisation and Confrontation in Rural Bangladesh, Rural Society, Power Structure and Class Practice,



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 515



fx®§‡`e †PŠayix : RM`xk ¸‡ßi Mí : c¼ I c¼R (1988), wgiRv Ave`yj nvB (1989), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨M‡elYv I Ab¨vb¨ (wØ. ms. 2004), Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Dcb¨vm : mgvR I ivRbxwZ (1998), `y-PvwiwU AkÖæRj : iex›`ªM‡íi wfbœcvV (2005), K_vwk‡íi K_vgvjv kirP›`ª I Zvivk¼i (2007) f~uBqv BKevj : evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡m mgvRwPÎ : 1947-71 (1991)| Rxebx MÖš’ : Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmy`&`xb (1987), Av‡bvqvi cvkv (1988), kkv¼‡gvnb †mb (1990), eyׇ`e emy (1992), m¨vi AvwRRyj nK (1994) m¤úv`bv MÖš’ : gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1975), iex›`ªbv‡_i GK¸”Q cÎ (1985) gZjye Avjx : wkíKjv cÖm‡½ (1978), Avgv‡`i Rqbyj (1985), jvwÃZ wbcxwoZ RbZvi Rq (1972), RqbyjK_v (1987), Gkxq PviæKjv wØ-evwl©K : GK `yB wZb Pvi mgxÿY ch©v‡jvPbv mgv‡jvPbv (1991), wkíx I wkíKjv (1994), Rqby‡ji RjiO (1996), Avwg exiv½bv ejwQ MÖš’wU †Kb cov `iKvi (1995), GKvˇii cvÐywjwc (1997), Rqbyj ¯§„wZ (1g LÐ 1994) gÄykªx †PŠayix : mywkÿK (1978), evsjv wkÿv c×wZ (1982), wkÿv g‡bvweÁv‡bi K_v (1986), wkÿvq gvbwmK ¯^v¯’¨ weÁvb (1988), wkïi Rxeb weKvk (1992)



gbmyi gymv : c~e© evsjvi Dcb¨vm (1974), fvlv cwiKíbv I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ (1984), evsjv cwifvlv : BwZnvm I mgm¨v (1996), evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªfvlv (1996), evOjvfvlv (1973), fvlvwPšÍv : cÖm½ I cwiwa (1991), fvlv cwiKíbvi mgvRZË¡ (1985), cvV‡Ki cvVkvjv (2000), Language Planning in Srilanka| Rxebx : gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB, gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& I gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK m¤úv`bv : evOjv‡`k (1974) gwbiæ¾vgvb : fvlv mgm¨v I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1969), evsjv‡`‡k †jvKms¯‹…wZi mÜvb : 1947-71 (1982), fvlvZvwË¡K wdìIqvK© (1982), fvlvZË¡ Abykxjb (1985), mvwbœ‡a¨ I †MŠiex ¯§i‡Y (1992), Dcfvlv PP©vi f~wgKv (1993), Studies in the BanglaLanguage (1991)



ghnviæj Bmjvg : Kwe cvMjv KvbvB (1959), Kwe †nqvZ gvgy` (1961), †dvK‡jvi cwiwPwZ I †jvKmvwn‡Z¨i cVb cvVb (1967), †jvKKvwnbx msMÖ‡ni BwZnvm (1970), e½eÜz †kL gywRe (1974), mvwn‡Z¨i c‡_, mZxgqbv I †jviP›`ªvbx (1980), †dvK‡jvi PP©vq †jvKZvwË¡K we‡kølY c×wZ (1982), Social change and Folklore (1985), Folkiore : The Pulse of the People (1984), A History of Folk Collections in India and Pakistan (1970)



516 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



gnv‡`e mvnv : Avb‡›`i g„Zz¨ †bB (1984), gnv‡`e mvnvi Kjvg (1992), Kwei †`k I Ab¨vb¨ fvebv (1997) gnv¤§` `vbxDj nK : Aby‡e`b (1972), mvwnZ¨-K_v (1978), fvlvZ‡Ë¡i K_v (1984), fvlvi K_v (1990), fvlvi K_v : fvlvweÁvb (1993), fvlvweÁv‡bi m~²Zi cÖm½ (1995) gvwjnv LvZzb : cÖeÜ wewPÎv (1g LÐ 1993, 2q LÐ 1994), kvwšÍi A‡š¦lvq (1995), evsjv‡`‡ki mv¤cÖwZK wkï I bvix (1995), ¯§„wZ‡Z †e_yb K‡jR (1995), ¯§„wZ‡Z †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ (1996), bZzb K‡i †cjvg (1991) gv‡jKv †eMg : fvlvi weKv‡k Rxeb (1976), bvix wPÎ : Avwki `kK (1987), evsjvi bvix Av‡›`vjb (1995), bvixi †Pv‡L wek¦ (1996), ivRc‡_ Rbc‡_ mywdqv Kvgvj (1998), Avwg bvix (2000), igbxq bq (2005), †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb : ¯^‡`kx I ¯^v‡`wkK (2008), AwMœhy‡Mi `yB bvix : †iv‡Kqv I cÖxwZjZv (2008), iex›`ªbv‡_i M‡í †hŠZzK cÖm½ (2011), gyw³hy‡× bvix (2011), bvixi K_v (2012), wecbœ bvix (1913) gvmy`y¾vgvb : evsjv‡`k I cwðg evsjvi KweZv : Zzjbvg~jK aviv (1993), iex›`ªbv_ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ (1988) gvneye mvw`K : eyׇ`e emyi KweZv : welq I cÖKiY (1991), KweZvq wg_ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1993), Ave`yj nvB gvk‡iKx (1990), AwPšÍ¨Kzgvi †mb¸ß (1995) gvneyev wmwÏKv :wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi : Kwe I bvU¨Kvi (1993), AvaywbK evsjv KweZvq mgvR †PZbv (1994) gvneye-Dj Avjg : PÆMÖv‡gi BwZnvm (wZb LÐ, 1947-1950), c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cvwL (1960), c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi eb¨Rš‘ (1960) gvneyeyj nK : g¨vw·g †MvwK©i gv (1979), Chittagong Guide (1981), AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i mswÿß BwZnvm (1982), HwZnvwmK e¯‘ev` cwiwPwZ (1981), evsjv evbv‡bi wbqg (1991), cvV¨ eB‡q evsjv evbv‡bi wbqg (1991), †jvKms¯‹…wZ gvngy` kvn †Kv‡ikx : wQbœg~j (1958), Etude Sur I'evolution Intellectuelle chez les Musulmans du Bengale (1971), Parallile (1977) Puv‡`i A‡civ (1985), Av‡`ªu gvj&‡iv : kZvãxi wKse`šÍx (1986), gvneye-Dj Avjg (1988), HwZn¨ ms¯‹…wZ I mvwnZ¨ (1979), Culture and Development (1983), Poems Mystiques Bengalies (1977)



m¤úv`bv : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ BwZnvm iPbvi mgm¨v (1997) gybZvmxi gvgyb : Dwbk kZ‡Ki c~e©e‡½i mgvR (1957-1905) (1986), Dwbk kZ‡K evsjv‡`‡ki msev` mvgwqKcÎ (1g LÐ 1985, 2q LÐ 1987, 3q LÐ 1988, 4_© LÐ 1991, 5g LÐ 1993, 6ô LÐ 1997), XvKv 1857 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 517



mv‡ji we‡`ªvn (1997), The Festivals of Bangladesh (1996), XvKvi nvwi‡q hvIqv Qwei †Luv‡R (1996), XvKvi cÖ_g (1995), nwikP›`ª wgÎ (1994), XvKv : ¯§„wZ-we¯§„wZi bMix (1993), XvKvi mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb (1991), XvKvi nvwi‡q hvIqv Kvgvb (1991), K‡b©j †WwfWmb hLb XvKvq (1990), cyi‡bv XvKvi Drme I Nievwo (1989), ¯§„wZgq XvKv (1980), BwZnv‡mi Av‡jvq †kL gywReyi ingvb (1995), gwRe‡ii evwo (1995), †gRi †Rbv‡ij I †dwi (1995), ûKz‡gi †`k evsjv‡`k (1994), †h †`‡k ivRvKvi eo (1994), ÿgZvq bv †_‡KI ÿgZvq _vKv (1993), MYZ‡š¿i µvwšÍj‡Mœ (1993), e‡j †h‡Z n‡e gyw³hy‡×i Muv_v (1992), me m¤¢‡ei †`‡k (1991), ü`qbv‡_i XvKv kni (1985), Dwbk kZ‡Ki c~e©e½ (1985), Dwbk kZ‡Ki c~e©e‡½i mfv mwgwZ (1980), Dwbk kZ‡Ki XvKvi w_‡qUvi (1979), XvKvcÖKvk I c~e©e‡½i mgvR (1863-64) (1977), evsjv‡`‡ki Drme (1994), †Rbv‡i‡ji m‡½ (1993), GwcUvd (1991), wekc †nev‡ii †Pv‡L evsjv‡`k (1974), †mB me w`b (1997), wgwQ‡j †Kb wQjvg (1997), BwZnv‡mi †L‡ivLvZv (1998), eo Avje`i‡`i wK n‡e (1996), evsjv‡`‡k †div (1996), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (2005), XvKv mgMÖ-1, XvKv mgMÖ-2 (2004) gy¯Ívdv b~iDj Bmjvg : gymwjg evsjv mvwnZ¨ (1968), bRiæj Bmjvg (1983), evsj‡`‡k gymwjg wkÿvi BwZnvm I mgm¨v (1969), gybkx †gvnv¤§` †g‡niæjøv (1970), Bengali Muslim Public Opinion (1976), D”P wkÿvq Ges e¨envwiK Rxe‡b evsjv fvlvi cÖ‡qvM (1976), mvgwqK c‡Î Rxeb I RbgZ (1977), mgKv‡j bRiæj Bmjvg (1983), Avgv‡`i gvZ…fvlv †PZbv I fvlv Av‡›`vjb (1984), Avgv‡`i evOvwj‡Z¡i †PZbvi D‡Øvab I weKvk (1994), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (2004) cÖf„wZ| GQvov m¤úv`bv cÖeÜMÖš’ : evsjv‡`k : evOvjx AvZ¥cwiP‡qi mÜv‡b (1990), bRiæj Bmjvg : bvbv cÖm½ (1991), Avengvb evsjv (1993), †miv my›`ig (2004) gy¯Ívdv gwR` : cUzqvLvjxi ivÿvBb DcRvwZ (1992), †jvKcÖkvm‡bi ZvwË¡K cÖm½ (1992)



m¤úv`bv : gy» I gy³`„wói iex›`ªweZK© (1987), evsjv‡`‡k ew¼gP›`ª ( †hŠ_fv‡e 1989), evsjv‡`‡ki AvgjvZš¿ (1991), bvRgv †Rmwgb †PŠayix ¯§viKMÖš’ (1991), ivRbxwZ‡Z mvgwiK AvgjvZš¿ (1995), †bZ…‡Z¡i ¯^iƒc (1995), Avng` kixd : Avgv‡`i An¼vi (1997) gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB : †Zvlv‡gv` I ivRbxwZi fvlv (1959), fvlv I mvwnZ¨ (1960), `A Phonetics and Phonological Study of Nassals and Nasalization in BengaliÕ (1960), mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ (1965),



518 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



aŸwbweÁvb I evsjv aŸwbZË¡ (1964), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZe„Ë [AvaywbK hyM](1956) gyn¤§` Ave~ Zvwje : †gvnv¤§` Iqv‡R` Avjx : Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ K_v (1955), gymwjg evsjv M‡`¨i cÖvPxbZg bgybv (1966), cvjvR¡‡ii BwZK_v (1966), gybkx †kL Rgxi DÏx‡bi AvZ¥Rxebx (1967), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i aviv : cÖvPxb I ga¨hyM (1968), jvjb kvn I jvjb MxwZKv (1g 2q LÐ 1968), jvjb cwiwPwZ (1968), we¯§„Z BwZnv‡mi wZb Aa¨vq (1968), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i GKwU nviv‡bv aviv (1970), DËie‡½ Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii †Mvovi K_v : nhiZ kvn gL`yg I Zuvi m½xMY (1970), DËie‡½ mvwnZ¨ mvabv 650-1800 (1975), evsjv m‡bi Rb¥K_v (1975), †gvnv¤§` †Mvjvg †nv‡m‡bi Rxebx I mvwnZ¨ (1976) gyn¤§` B`&wim Avjx : evsjv Dcb¨vm mvwn‡Z¨ ga¨weË †kªYx (1947-1970) (1985), Avgv‡`i Dcb¨v‡m welq-†PZbv : wefv‡MvËi Kvj (1988), evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1990) gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK : Avevnb ev RvZxq m½xZ mgwó (1922), e‡½ mydx cÖfve (1935), AvivKvb ivRmfvq ev½vjv mvwnZ¨ (Ave`yj Kwig mvwnZ¨wekvi‡`i m‡½ GK‡hv‡M iPbv, 1935), PÆMÖvgx ev½vjvi inm¨†f` (1935), evsjv fvlvi ms¯‹vi (1944), c~eŸ©-cvwK¯Ív‡b Bmjvg (1948), e¨vKiY gÄyix (1952), gymwjg ev½vjv mvwnZ¨ (1957), gbxlvgÄylv 1gLÐ (1975), gbxlv-gÄylv 2qLÐ (1976), gbxlv-gÄylv 3qLÐ (1984)



gyn¤§` Rvnv½xi : Kwe bRiæ‡ji mvsevw`K Rxeb (1982), ¯§iYxq mvsevw`K (1985), evsjv‡`‡k mvsevw`KZv (1987), msev`c‡Î †jLv‡jwL (1987), †Uwjwfkb fvebv (1997), welq : mvsevw`KZv (1998), evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `j : bZzb fw½, bZzb Kg©m~Px (1998) gyn¤§` b~iæj û`v : kZ©nxb k‡Z© (1981), jÿY mswnZv (1982), gnvbex (1983), iex›`ª cÖK…wZ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ (1988), mvΩ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1993), cÖv‡Yi wgbvi knx` wgbvi (1994), m„wókxjZv I Ab¨vb¨ (1998) m¤úv`bv : †n ¯^‡`k (1972), Kwe gaym~`b (1984), KweZv 1390 (1984), KweZv 1391 (1985), knx` eyw×Rxex ¯§i‡Y KweZv¸”Q (1984), ûgvqyb Kwei iPbvejx (1984), Aveyj nvmv‡bi AMÖwš’Z KweZv (1986), evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1988), Flaming Flowers : Poets Response to the emergence of Bangladesh (1986), KweZv: MYAv‡›`vjb (1991), Nazrul : An Evaluation (1997), mvwnZ¨ gÄylv (1991) kZvãxi †kªô †cÖ‡gi cOw³ (1995), bRiæj I e½eÜz (1997), bRiæj ¯^iwjwc msMÖn (1997), Poetry of Kazi Nazrul Islam (1997) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 519



gyn¤§` gbmyiDÏxb : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gymwjg mvabv gyn¤§` kvnRvnvb wgqv : evsjv cvÐywjwc cvV mgxÿv (1984), kªxivq we‡bv` : Kwe I Kve¨ (1993) Rxebx : Avjx Avng` m¤úv`bv : cyiv‡bv evsjv `wjjcÎ 1638-1882(1991), cÙvcyivY (1993) gynv¤§` nvweeyi ingvb : h_vkã (1974), gvZ…fvlvi ¯^c‡ÿ iex›`ªbv_ (1983), iex›`ª cÖe‡Ü msÁv I cv_©K¨ wePvi (1983), †Kvivbm~Î (1984), ePb I cÖePb (1985), M½vFw× †_‡K evsjv‡`k (1985), iex›`ª iPbvi iex›`ª e¨vL¨v (1986), iex›`ªev‡K¨ AvU©, m½xZ I mvwnZ¨ (1986), Avwg wK hve bv Zv‡`i Kv‡Q hviv ïay evsjvq K_v e‡j (1996), evsjv‡`k `xN©Rxex nDK (1996), AvB‡bi kvmb I wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv (1997), evsjv fvlvi msMÖvg GLbI Amgvß (1997), Kjg GLb bvMv‡ji evB‡i (1997), GKy‡k †deªæqvix mKj fvlvq K_v Kq (1999), wgÎvÿi (2000) g„`yjKvwšÍ PµeZ©x : nvmb ivRv, Zuvi Mv‡bi Zix (1992), evsjv Mv‡bi aviv (1993), Mv‡bi SibvZjvq (1997) gynv¤§v` Kz`ivZ-G Ly`v : hy‡×vËi evsjvi K…wl I wkí (1350), weÁv‡bi wewPÎ Kvwnbx (1955), cigvYy cwiwPwZ (1957), wewPÎ weÁvb (1371) †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb mydx : Ave`yjøvn Dcb¨vm wePvi (1962), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm (1967), mvwnZ¨‡mex ZmwjgywÏb Avng` (1982), †eMg †iv‡Kqv Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ (1986), KvRx †gvnv¤§` B`wim (1989), ¯§iYxq ¯’vb (1990), ms¯‹…wZ : msMÖvg (1991) †gvbv‡qg miKvi : BwZnvm I ivRbxwZ : RvZxq weKv‡ki g~j‡mªvZ ebvg Z…Zxq aviv, evsjv‡`‡ki mswÿß BwZnvm (1996), BwZnv‡mi wkÿvi Av‡jv‡K evOvwj RvZxqZvi weKvk I e½eÜz (1992), evOvwj RvZxqZvev` I MYZš¿ weKv‡k HK¨ Acwinvh© (1991), evsjv‡`‡k wecøex MYZš¿x‡`i DÌvb Awbevh© (1987), MYZš¿ cÖwZôvq evgcš’x‡`i KiYxq (1992), evgcš’x‡`i m¼U I evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ (1992) †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †PŠayix : iwe-cwiµgv (1963), mvwn‡Z¨i beiƒcvqY (1969), evsjv evbvb I wjwc ms¯‹vi (1368 e.), iwOb AvLi (1370 e.), Colloqual Bengali (1963)



†gveviK †nv‡mb Lvb : msMxZ cÖm½, ev`¨hš¿ cÖm½, m½xZ mvab, ivMmsMxZ †gvev‡k¦i Avng` ewY©K : gymwjg gbxlx‡`i wek¦‡Kvl mvabv (1987), cÖeÜ-gÄylv (1989), ZgyÏyb gRwj‡mi BwZe„Ë (1991), wcÖwÝcvj Aveyj Kv‡kg I Zuvi Ae`vb (1991), wcÖwÝcvj Aveyj Kv‡m‡gi mswÿß cwiwPwZ (1989), GKwU e¨w³GKwU cÖwZôvb (1989), wcÖwÝcvj Aveyj Kv‡mg kª×v¯ú‡`ly



520 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



(1989), ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i exRecb †_‡K we`vq (1992), †Rvovmuv‡Kv (1992) †gvev‡k¦i Avjx : gaym~`b I beRvM„wZ (1963), bRiæj cÖwZfv (1969), wek¦mvwnZ¨ (1974), evsjv‡`‡ki mÜv‡b (1986), wkíxi Uª¨v‡RwW (1985), iex›`ªbv_ : AšÍi½ Av‡jv‡K (1989), †kjx : Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ (1990), ewim cv‡¯ÍibvK (1990), Gw›U‡Mvwb (1990), bRiæj : mgvR cwi‡ek Kvj (1991), bRiæj I mvgwqKcÎ (1994), MÖxK U¨ªv‡RwW (1993), MÖx‡mi Mí (1993), MÖx‡mi `kwU Mí (1994), MÖx‡mi AviI Mí (1995), iex›`ªbv_ : Mí †_‡K bvUK (1994), wjIbv‡`©v `v wfw (1995), wkíxi fyeb (1996), MÖx‡mi HwZnvwmK (1996), igbxi †ivl I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1997), wmwmdvm I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1997), Zc©b evn‡Kiv (1997), `qvjyiv (1997), gaym~`‡bi wek¦ (1997) cÖf„wZ Zuvi iPbv| †gv‡gb †PŠayix : Rb¥ weevn (1988), †jvKms¯‹vi I weevn cÖm½ (1997), jvjb welqK iPbvcwÄ (1995) Rxebx : gyn¤§` gbmyiDwÏb (1988) †gvjøv Gev`Z †nv‡mb : c`vejx mgxÿv (1376), Ph©v cwiwPwZ (1376) †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj : evOvwj evsjv‡`k I e½eÜz (1996), Avmv` †_‡K MYAfy¨Ìvb (1993), evsjv‡`‡k ivR‰bwZK msKU : Lv‡j`v wRqv, †kL nvwmbv I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1996), evsjv‡`‡ki 25 eQi : e½eÜz †kL gywRe †_‡K Rb‡bÎx †kL nvwmbv (1997) †gvnv¤§` AvKig Luv : †gv¯Ídv PwiZ (1923), mgm¨v I mgvavb, †gv¯Ídv Pwi‡Zi



ˆewkó¨, evB‡e‡ji wb‡`©k I cÖPwjZ L„óvb ag©, gymwjg evsjvi mvgvwRK BwZnvm, Zdmxiæj †KviAvb 5g LÐ, gyw³ I Bmjvg †gvnv¤§` Ave`yj KvBDg : cvÐywjwc cvV I cvV mgv‡jvPbv (1970), A Critical Study of Early Bengali Grammars : Halhed to Haughton (1983), PKevRv‡ii †KZvecwÆ (1991), Dwbk kZ‡Ki XvKvi mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZ (1991), Awfavb (1987), iZœeZx †_‡K AwMœexYv : mgKv‡ji `c©‡Y (1991), bvbv cÖm‡½ bRiæj (2002)



†gvnv¤§` GqvKze Avjx †PŠayix : a‡g©i Kvwnbx, b~ibex, kvwšÍaviv, gvbegyKzU †gvnv¤§` Iqv‡R` Avjx : gnvgvbyl gynmxb (1940), giæfv¯‹i (1941), ˆmq` Avn¤§`, Kvq‡` Avhg †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn (1949), gvbPqwbKv (1951) †gvnv¤§` IqvwjDjøvn : msev` I mvsevw`K (1943), †mKv‡ji K_v (1949), †mKv‡ji Kvwnbx (1950), duvmxi g‡Â (1952), wewPÎ Rxeb (1952), †mKvj I GKvj (1952), Avgv‡`i gyw³ msMÖvg (1953), Rxeb RvMvi Kvwnbx (1982), hyMwewPÎv (1967)



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 521



gybxi †PŠayix : gxi-gvbm (1965), Zzjbvg~jK mgv‡jvPbv (1969) I evOjv M`¨ixwZ (1970)



†gvnv¤§` e`iæj Avgxb Lvb : Kwe Kvq‡Kvev‡`i Kve¨fvebv (1980), mydx RyjwdKvi nvq`vi : mvwnZ¨wPšÍv (1987),cw_K…r wPÎwkíx KvRx Aveyj Kv‡kg (1988) †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb : AvaywbK evsjv KvwnbxKv‡e¨ gymwjg Rxeb I wPÎ (1962), AvaywbK evsjv mvwnZ¨ (1965), W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& (1969), AvaywbK evsjv Kv‡e¨ wn›`y-gymjgvb m¤úK© : 1957-1920 (1970), evsjv KweZvi Q›` (1970), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ evOvjx e¨w³Z¡ (1974), mvwn‡Z¨ D”PZi M‡elYv (1978), †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †PŠayix (1978), mvgwqKc‡Î mvwnZ¨wPšÍv : mIMvZ (1981), XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi BwZnvm : 1921-81 (1982), iex›`ª‡PZbv (1984), AvaywbK evsjv KweZv : cÖvmw½KZv I cwi‡cÖwÿZ (1985), fvlv Av‡›`vjb : wkÿvq fvlv cwiKíbv (1992), gaym~`b (1993), bRiæj‡PZbv (1996) †gvnv¤§` gvn&dzDjøvn : mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ-RvZxqZv (1970), bRiæj Bmjvg I AvaywbK evsjv KweZv (1963), gaym~`bÑiex›`ªbv_ (1967), mgKvjxb mvwn‡Z¨i aviv (1965), bRiæj Kv‡e¨i ¯^iƒc (1974), mvwnZ¨ I mvwnwZ¨K (1978), KweZv I cÖm½K_v (1975), mvwn‡Z¨i iƒcKvi (1981), eyw×i gyw³ I †i‡bmuv Av‡›`vjb (1980) Rxebx : †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv (1987), mydx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb (1988) †gvnv¤§` †gv`v‡eŸi : BwZnvm K_v Kq (1981) †gvnv¤§` wmivRyÏxb Kvwmgcyix : †jvKmvwn‡Z¨ Qov (1962), †jvKmvwn‡Z¨ auv-auv I cÖev` (1968), evsjvi †jvKmvwnZ¨ cwiwPwZ, evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKm½xZ †gvnv¤§` nvbœvb : evsjv‡`‡ki QvÎAv‡›`vj‡bi BwZnvm (1g LÐ-4_© LÐ) (19841991), evsjv‡`‡ki QvÎ Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnvm : Gikv‡`i mgqKvj (1991), evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i BwZnvm (1994), evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvi BwZnvm (1994), nvRvi eQ‡ii evsjv‡`k : BwZnv‡mi Gjevg (1995), evOvwj gymjgv‡bi bvg (1996), evOvwj gymjgv‡bi c`ex (1996), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gZv`k©MZ we‡iva I †kªYxØ›Ø (1994) †gvnv¤§` nviæb-Di-iwk` : †k·cxqi I evsjv KweZv, mgv‡jvPbv (1985), k‡ãi wkíiƒc I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ (1985), nvRvi eQ‡ii ¯^cœ evsjv GKv‡Wgx (1994), m‡Z¨i cÖKvk (1994), †gvt Avwbmyi ingvb : East and West Pakistan, a Problem in the Political Economy of Regional Planning (1968), Bhoomi Sena, A Struggle for Peoples Power (1978), Towards a Theory of Rural Development (1988), Dbœqb wRÁvmv



522 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



(1992), The Lost Moment, Derams With a Nation Born Through Fire (1993), AcüZ evsjv‡`k (1993), Amx‡gi ¯ú›` : iex›`ªm½xZ †eva I mvabv (1995) hZxb miKvi : mvwn‡Z¨i Kv‡Q cÖZ¨vkv (1985), evsjv‡`‡ki KweMvb (1986), evOvjxi mgvRZvwš¿K HwZn¨ (1986), ms¯‹…wZi msMÖvg, gvbegb gvbeag© I mgvRwecøe (1990), M‡í M‡í e¨vKiY, cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¥-g„Zz¨ `k©b (2005) Rxebx : †K`vibv_ gRyg`vi (1987), wmivRywÏb Kvwmgcyix (1988), nwiPiY AvPvh© (1989), P›`ªKzgvi †` (1990), i‡Yk `vk¸ß : wkíxi ¯^vaxbZvi cÖ‡kœ (1373), AvqZ `„wó‡Z AvqZ iƒc (),



Dcb¨v‡mi wkíiƒc iZbjvj PµeZx© : 1928-1947 (1997), knx` m‡šÍvlP›`ª fÆvPvh© (1997), knx` Rxeb (1997), Ave`yj nvwjg (1996), XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MYnZ¨v (1993), fvlv Av‡›`vjb : `wjjcÎ (1991), evsjv‡`k evg©v m¤úK© (1984), wmcvnx hy× I evsjv‡`k (1984), evsjv‡`‡ki gw›`i (1989) iwdKzj Bmjvg : bRiæj wb‡`©wkKv (1969), fvlvZË¡ (1970), An Introduction to Calloquial Bengali (1970), bRiæj Rxebx (1972), ex‡ii G i³‡mªvZ gvZvi G Akªaviv (1973), XvKvi K_v (1982), KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg : Rxeb I KweZv (1991), evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg (1982), fvlv Av‡›`vjb I knx` wgbvi (1982), evsjv fvlv Av‡›`vjb (1984), knx` wgbvi (1986), Avãyj Kvw`i (1987), Avgv‡`i gyw³hy× (1990), fvlv Av‡›`vjb I gyw³hy‡×i mvwnZ¨ (1993), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ fvlv Av‡›`vjb I gyw³hy× (1993), KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg : Rxeb I m„wó (1997), bRiæj cÖm‡½ (1997), evsjv e¨vKiY (1997), fvlvZvwË¡K cÖeÜvejx (1998) iwdKzj Bmjvg (wcGmwm) : GKwU dzj‡K euvPv‡ev e‡j (1983), cÖwZ‡iv‡ai cÖ_g cÖni (1985), GMv‡ivwU †m±‡ii weRq Kvwnbx (1985), evsjv‡`k : mvgwiK kvmb I MYZ‡š¿i msKU (1986), ˆ¯^ikvm‡bi bq eQi (1990), GKvˇii gyw³hy× (1991), eyw×Rxex nZ¨vKv‡Ði †bc‡_¨ (1991), †Z‡ivRb gyw³‡hv×vi g„Zz¨`Ð (1994), mvgwiK RvšÍvi ivRbxwZ (1993), XvKvi mk¯¿ cÖwZ‡iva (1992), †Mvj‡Ki Kvwnbx (1988), cÖwZ‡iv‡ai iƒc‡iLv : iYbxwZi mÜv‡b (1992), gyw³hy‡× †RW †dvm©, Gm †dvm©, †K †dvm© (1992), fqven MYnZ¨v (1992), we‡`ªvnx gvP© 1971 (1992), gyw³hy‡×i BwZnvm (1994), †kL gywRe I ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg (1995), ¯^vaxbZvi evBk eQi (1994), evsjv‡`‡ki †Mwijv hy× (1993), gyw³hy‡×i cUf~wg, we‡ivax kw³ I e„nr kw³i cÖwZwµqv (1993), gyw³hy× evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 523



I eyw×Rxex (1992), binZ¨v I bvix wbh©vZ‡bi KoPv (1993), gyw³hy‡×i `y‡kv iYv½b (1997), gyw³hy‡×i †bŠKgv‡Ûv (1992), GKvˇii wekwU fqven hy× (1992), GKvˇii gyw³hy× : fviZ, ivwkqv, hy³ivóª I Px‡bi f~wgKv (1994), gyw³hy‡× cÖevmx miKvi (1994), gyw³hy‡× iY‡KŠkj (1996), GKvˇii gyw³hy× : HwZnvwmK fvlY Bk‡Znvi I wPwV (1996), DËi Rbc‡` gyw³hy× (1996), cuPvˇii i³ÿiY (1992), GKvwki i³v³ Aa¨vq (1992), gyw³hy‡× wZbRb (1994), `wÿY cwðg iYv½b (1993), `wÿY iYv½b (1993), gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvi ¯^iƒc (1994), Education and population Planning : Disturbing Paradox (1993), The Military in Politics (1993) iwdKDjøvn Lvb : gvB‡Kj iex›`ªbv_ I Ab¨vb¨ (1985), KweZv I mgvR (1985), nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb : Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ (1993), iex›`ª-welqK (1993), evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨vm welq I wkíiƒc (1947-1987) (1997), m‡Z¨b †m‡bi Dcb¨vm : welq¯^vZš¿¨ I wkí‰ewPΨ(2000), evsjv‡`‡ki KweZv : mgevqx ¯^Zš¿ ¯^i (2000), Ae‡PZb I KweZv (2010)



ikx` Kixg : Avi GK `„wó‡KvY, AZxZ nq bZzb cybivq, g‡bi Mn‡b †Zvgvi gyiwZLvwb (1997) kwd Avn‡g` : wd‡i Pj gvwUi Uv‡b (1987), wek¦‡Kvl (1987), †k·cxq‡ii bvix (1994)



kvšÍby Kvqmvi : ew¼gP›`ª 1g LÐ (1982) I 2q LÐ (1984), Kve¨bvUK (1986), Z…Zxq gxi (1984), myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© (1995), Mfxi MfxiZi AmyL, M`¨mËvi Rxebvb›` (1997) Rxebx : A‰ØZ gjøeg©b (1987), gwZDj Bmjvg (1992), †gvnv¤§` †gvZ©vRv (1994)



m¤úv`bv : Lvb †gvnv¤§` dvivex iPbvmgMÖ (1985) kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb : bvbv cÖm½ (1983), gvwU †_‡K gnxiæn (1994), e½eÜzi m‡½ Avjvc I cÖvmw½K K_KZv (1995), evsjv mb I Zvi HwZn¨ (1994), gxi gkviid †nv‡mb : bZzb Z‡_¨ bZzb fv‡l¨ (2005), †dvK‡jvi PP©v (2006), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (2007) Rxebx : gwbiæ¾vgvb Bmjvgvev`x| kvgmyb bvnvi gvngy` : cyY¨gqx (1925), †iv‡Kqv Rxebx (1937), †eMg gnj (1938), bRiæj‡K †hgb †`‡LwQ (1958) kvgmyj Avjg mvC` : g~j¨‡eva I evsjv Dcb¨vm (1988), GKvˇii Rxebhy× (1990), gyw³hy‡×i gyL PÆMÖvg (1990), PÆMÖv‡gi gvbm m¤ú` (1991), Kve¨ wek¦v‡mi Kwe I KweZv (1993), evOvwj Rxe‡b GKzk (1994), GKvˇii weRq (1997)



524 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



kvnwiqvi Kwei: Kg‡iW gvI †m-ZzO (1977), ivóª bvqK‡`i m‡½ : Av‡bvqvi †nvRvi ¯§„wZ (1986), gIjvbv fvmvbx (1990), K‡qKwU ivR‰bwZK cÖwZ‡e`b I mvÿvrKvi (1991), MY Av`vj‡Zi cUf~wg (1993), evsjv‡`‡ki mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi PvjwPÎ (1994), evsjv‡`‡k †gŠjev` I msL¨vjNy m¤cÖ`vq (1995) kvnveyÏxb Avng` : kã avbyKx bRiæj Bmjvg (1970), mvwnZ¨ wPšÍv (1975), bRiæj mvwnZ¨ wePvi (1976), †QvU‡`i bRiæj (1978), bRiæj mvwnZ¨ `k©b (1983), `ªóvi †Pv‡L mªóv (1990), bRiæj cÖwZfvi ¯^iƒc (1989) kv‡n` Avjx : cvwK¯Ívb iƒcvq‡Y ZiæY gymwj‡gi f~wgKv (1946), wdwjw¯Í‡b iæk f~wgKv (1948), GKgvÎ c_ (1948), mvgªvR¨ev` I ivwkqv (1952), Ziæ‡Yi mgm¨v (1961), ZvInx` (1964), evOjv mvwn‡Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi Ae`vb (1964), Rxeb wbiew”Qbœ (1968), gyw³i c_ (1969), mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv (1970), eyw×i dmj, AvZ¥vi Avkxl (1970), The Economic Order of Islam (1981)



m‡Z¨b †mb : gnvwe‡`ªv‡ni Kvwnbx (1958), evsjv‡`‡ki K…lK msMÖvg, evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³ msMÖvg, wek¦gvb‡ei gnvZx‡_©, gmjvi hy× (1375), kn‡ii BwZK_v (1380 e.), †gnbZx gvbyl cÖwZ‡iva msMÖv‡g evsjv‡`k, gvbe mf¨Zvi Elvj‡Mœ (1377), AwfhvÎx (1376) mbRx`v LvZzb : Kwe m‡Z¨›`ªªbv_ `Ë (1958), iex›`ªm½x‡Zi fvem¤ú` (1981), aŸwb †_‡K KweZv (1987), †Zvgvwi SY©vZjvi wbR©‡b (1994), iex›`ªbv_ : wewea mÜvb (1994), AZxZ w`‡bi ¯§„wZ (1993), iex›`ªbv_ Ges iex›`ªbv_ (2005) mbrKzgvi mvnv : mgvR msmvi K‡jvie (2000), K_vq I K_vi wc‡V (2008), wd‡i †`Lv iex›`ªbv_ (2012) m‡šÍvl ¸ß : ¯§„wZ we¯§„wZi AZ‡j (1996), BwZnv‡mi Qvqv”Qbœ cÖni I e½eÜz (1996), BwZnvm Avgv‡`i w`‡K (1997), evsjv‡`‡ki wPÎwkí : ¯^iƒ‡ci mÜvb (1997) mwdDwÏb Avng` : evsjv M‡`¨i weeZ©b (1993), RvZxq wkÿv cwiKíbvq wkÿvi gva¨g I gvZ…fvlv (1994), wW‡ivwRI : Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ (1995), Rxeb wkíx we`¨vmvMi (1995), gymwjg mvgwqKc‡Î fvlv mvwnZ¨ wkÿv wPšÍv (1995), evsjv M`¨ I M`¨wkíx (1976), iex›`ªbv_ (1975), gvbyl I wkíx we`¨vmvMi (1982), Dwbk kZ‡Ki Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ (1984), mve©‡fŠg Kwe (1990), ¯^MZ fvebv (1990), bZzb cÖZ¨‡qi Av‡jv‡K (1974) mi`vi dRjyj Kwig : bvbv K_v, bvbv K_vi c‡ii K_v, iægxi Av¤§v, b~‡ni wKkwZ, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Ges c~e©e½xq mgvR, Pwjø‡ki `k‡Ki XvKv, M‡íi Mí, hyw³we`¨v evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 525



mvC`-Di ingvb : Pviæ gRyg`vi I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1973), c~e©evsjvi mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vjb (1983), c~e© evsjvi ivRbxwZ-ms¯‹…wZ I KweZv (1983), G †Kgb evsjv‡`k (1998), kZvãxi mwÜÿY (2001), mvgšÍhy‡Mi evsjv ms¯‹…wZ I KwZcq ˆewkó¨ (2001), mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZi D`vi cÖvšÍ‡i (2002), GKB gv‡qi cyZ I Ab¨vb¨ (2002), AwbwðZ MšÍ‡e¨ evsjv‡`k (2002)



mvjvnDÏxb AvBqye : AvaywbKZv I DËi AvaywbKZv (1994), ms¯‹…wZ wRÁvmv (1999)



mvjvn&DÏxb Avng` : evOvwji mvabv I evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× (1991), evsjv‡`k : RvZxqZvev`, ¯^vaxbZv I MYZš¿, (1993), BwZnv‡mi mÜv‡b (1995), Social Ideas and Social Change in Bengal, 1818-1835 (1965), Bangladesh : Tradition and Transformation (1947), Bengali Nationalism and the Emergence of Bangladesh : An Introductory Outline (1994) wmwÏKv gvngy`v : iex›`ªbv‡_i M`¨KweZv : †PZbv I wPÎKí (1981), †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †PŠayix (1987), Gg. dv‡Zgv Lvbg (1989), mvÕ`Z Avjx AvL›` (1990), myax›`ªbv_ : Kwe I Kve¨ (1992) wmivRyj Bmjvg †PŠayix : A‡š¦lY (1964), wØZxq fyeb (1972), wbivkªq M„nx (1974), AbwZµvšÍ e„Ë (1976), ew¼gP‡›`ªi Rwg`vi I K…lK (1969), kirP›`ª I mvgšÍev` (1978), A‡š¦lY (1964), ZvwK‡q †`wL (1974), AviY¨K `„k¨vejx (1974), ¯^vaxbZv I ms¯‹…wZ (1981), Avgvi wcZvi gyL (1976), gy‡Lvk I gyLkªx (1985), Avwki `k‡K evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR (1985), ¯^vaxbZvi ¯ú„nv mv‡g¨i fq (1988), evOvjx‡K †K euvPv‡e (1991), e„‡Ëi fvOv-Mov (1989), evOvjxi RvZxqZvev` (2000), Kzgyi eÜb (1977),ivóª I Kí‡jvK (1991), DciKvVv‡gvi †fZ‡iB (1984), †eK‡bi †gŠgvwQiv (1978), ¯^vaxbZv I ms¯‹…wZ (1979), GKB mgZ‡j (1980), Dwbk kZ‡Ki evsjv M‡`¨i mvgvwRK e¨vKiY (1980), evOvjx Kv‡K ewj (1988), Uj÷q A‡bK cÖm‡½i K‡qKwU (1985), †bZv, RbZv I ivRbxwZ (1988), MYZ‡š¿i c‡ÿ-wec‡ÿ (1991), †kl gxgvsmvi Av‡M (1988), D`¨v‡b I D`¨v‡bi evB‡i (1989), †kªYx, mgq I mvwnZ¨ (1990), ¯^‡cœi Av‡jvQvqv (1991), †KD e‡j e„ÿ, †KD e‡j b`x (1990), wØRvwZZ‡Ë¡i mZ¨ wg_¨v (1992), †jwbb †Kb Riæwi (1992), AvcbRb (1994), AcwiwPZ bvqK cwiwPZ `ye„©Ë (1992), evOvjxi RqcivRq (1994), wj¼‡bi welYœ gyL (1994), Gi c_ Ii cÖvPxi (1995), fq †c‡qv bv, †eu‡P AvwQ (1995), gvSLv‡bi gvby‡liv (1995), `yB evOvjxi jv‡nvi hvÎv (1996), cZ½ f„Z¨ I ˆ`Z¨ (1996), iv‡óªi



526 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



gvwjKvbv (1997), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (1999), wbe©vwPZ ivR‰bwZK cÖeÜ (2000), †kKmcxq‡ii †g‡qiv (2004), cÖfyi hZ B”Qv (2005), wew”QbœZvi mZ¨-wg_¨v (2008) myKzgvi wek¦vm : evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨PP©v I bvU‡Ki aviv : 1947-1971 (1988), Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb 71 I e½eÜz †kL gywRe (1996), evsjv‡`k : gyw³hy‡×i f~‡Mvj BwZnvm (1996), evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq bv‡U¨vrme KwZcq `wjj (1998), Japan and The Emergence of Bangladesh (1998)



Rxebx : Av. b.g. eRjyi ikx` (1990), g‡bv‡gvnb `Ë (1989), bvRxi Avng` (1993)



myMZ PvKgv : evsjv‡`‡ki DcRvwZ (1985), PvKgv cwiwPwZ (1983), cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi DcRvZxq fvlv (1988), PvKgv evOjv KavZviv (PvKgv evsjv Awfavb) (1973) mybxjKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq : RmxgD`&`xb (1967) Kwe diiæL Avn‡g` (1969) †gvRv‡¤§j nK (1970), mvwnZ¨ mgxÿv (1976) †mwjbv †nv‡mb : ¯^‡`‡k cievmx (1985), Ebmˇii MY-Av‡›`vjb (1985), GKvˇii XvKv (1990), wbf©q Ki †n (1998) †mwjg Avj `xb : ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv bvU¨ (1995) †mwjg Rvnv½xi : gxi gkviid †nv‡mb : Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ (1993), mywdqv Kvgvj (1994), †jvKvqZ bRiæj (1997) ˆmq` AvKig †nv‡mb : iex›`ªbv‡_i Dcb¨vm : †PZbv‡jvK I wkíiƒc (1969), evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1985), cÖm½ : evsjv K_vmvwnZ¨ (1997) ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ˆmq` AvKig †nv‡m‡bi RxebxMÖš’ : Gm. Iqv‡R` Avjx (1987), ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn& (1988), Ave`yi iv¾vK (1990) ˆmq` Aveyj gKmy`: Rvg©vbxi Rvb©vj (1979), ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn&i Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ 1g LÐ (1981), ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn&i Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ 2q LÐ (1983), hy× I gvby‡li g~L©Zv (1988), nwikP›`ª wgÎ (1990), e¨w³ mgvR I ivóª (1990), †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayix I Zuvi mvwnZ¨Kg© (1990), †Mvwe›`P›`ª `v‡mi Ni †Miv¯’vwj (1981), we‡k¦i †kªô `k `vk©wbK (1992), gvIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx (1995), ˆmq` Av‡bvqvi †nv‡mb : evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvhy‡× civkw³i f~wgKv (1982), evsjv‡`k I Bmjvgx wek¦ (1985), cÖvPxb Pxb mf¨Zv (1986), µvwšÍKv‡ji evsjv‡`k : beŸyB‡qi MYAfy¨Ìvb †_‡K msm`xq MYZ‡š¿ DËiY (1993), evsjv‡`k, `wÿY Gwkqv I ewnwe©k¦ (1994), evsjv‡`‡ki MYZš¿ : Avkv-wbivkvi †`vjvPj (1994), evsjv‡`k I eZ©gvb wek¦ (1995), evsjv‡`k : msKU-msjv‡ci ivRbxwZ (1995), e½eÜzi evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 527



ciivóªbxwZ, evsjv‡`k `wÿY Gwkqv I mv¤cÖwZK wek¦ (1996), evsjv‡`k -96 : ivRbxwZ I ciivóªbxwZ (1997), Back to Africa Movement (1983)



ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZe„Ë (hyM¥fv‡e, 1954), bRiæj Bmjvg (1954), Essays in Bengal Literature (1956), Kwe gaym~`b (1957), KweZvi K_v (1957), mvwn‡Z¨i K_v (1964), KweZvi K_v I Ab¨vb¨ we‡ePbv (1968), AvaywbK evsjv KweZv : k‡ãi Abyl‡½ (1970), iex›`ªbv_ : Kve¨ wePv‡ii f~wgKv (1974), gaym~`b : KweK…wZ I Kve¨v`k© (1975), AvaywbK Rvg©vb mvwnZ¨ (1976), mZZ ¯^vMZ (1983), wkí‡eva I wkí‰PZb¨ (1983), min cvi †`vnv‡Kvl MxwZ (1993), evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm : cÖvPxb hyM (1994), Avgv‡`i AvZ¥cwiPq Ges evsjv‡`kx RvZxqZvev` (1996), g„MveZx (1998), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (2005)| m¤úv`bv : cÙveZx (1968), gaygvjZx (1972) ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx : cÂZš¿ (1g I 2q ce©, 1952), gq~iKÉx (1955) ˆmq` gyZ©vRv Avjx : cwðg cvwK¯Ívb (1952), History of Jainta (1954), History of Chittagong (1964), Personality Profiles (1964), nRiZ kvn&Rvjvj I wm‡j‡Ui BwZnvm (1965), cÖeÜ wewPÎv (1967), gyRZev K_v I Ab¨vb¨ cÖm½ (1976), ˆmq` kvgmyj nK : ürKj‡gi Uv‡b/ 1g LÐ (1991), ürKj‡gi Uv‡b/ 2q LÐ (1997), gvwR©‡b gšÍe¨ (2005), nvexeyi ingvb wmwÏKx : mvwnZ¨ ms¯‹…wZ I mgvR †PZbv (1377), cÖeÜ msKjb (1378), m¨vi ˆmq` Avng` I AvjxMo Av‡›`vjb (1380), gvbeZvB †kªô ag© (1380), gvbeZvi Rb¨ RvwZmsN (1382), gvbeZv (1384), iex›`ª Kv‡e¨ M½v cÙv BQvgwZ b`x (1382), MY-RvMi‡Y gvby‡li Kwe bRiæj (1387), †gNbv`ea Kve¨ gvB‡Kj gaym~`‡bi me©‡kªô KweK…wZ (1387), Rb-`iw`-Rb-KÉ-Kwe wK‡kvi myKvšÍ (1392), evOvwj evsjv‡`k RvwZi RbK (1392), gyw³hy‡× jÿ evOvjx knx‡`i i³mœvZ ¯^vaxbZv (1992), fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wgKvq evOvjxi evsjv‡`k (1992) nvgvb AvwRRyj nK : K_vmvwn‡Z¨i K_KZv (1981), AcÖKv‡ki fvi (1988), AZ‡ji Auvwa (1998), K_v †jLv K_v (2007), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (2008), Qov‡bv wQUv‡bv (2008), iex›`ªbv_ I fvlvfvebv (2014) nvwg`v ingvb : bvixi AwaKvi I gh©v`v (1985), evsjv‡`‡ki MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vjb I Zvi we`vq (1989), gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv I knx` eyw×Rxex (1989) nvmvb Rvgvb : Bmjvgx ZgyÏyb (1952), mgvR ms¯‹…wZ I mvwnZ¨ (1967), Bmjvg I KwgDwbRg (1961), ag©wbi‡cÿ ivóª I Bmjvg (1954)



528 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb : AvaywbK Kwe I KweZv (1965) g~j¨‡ev‡ai Rb¨ (1970), mvwnZ¨- cÖm½ (1973), Av‡jvwKZ MnŸi (1977)| cÖeÜmgMÖ (2005) nviæb nvexe : gyw³hy‡×i `yB hyM, Rbhy‡×i DcvL¨vb, †WUjvBb AvMiZjv, cÖZ¨ÿ`k©xi †Pv‡L gyw³hy× m¤úv`bv : wbe©vwPZ Mí nvqvr gvgy` : ¯^MZ msjvc (1967), g„Zz¨wPšÍv iex›`ªbv_ I Ab¨vb¨ RwUjZv (1968), †cÖg A‡cÖg wb‡q †eu‡P AvwQ, evOvwj ewjqv j¾v bvB (1984), evsjv‡`‡ki gvZ…fvlvi AwaKvi (1986), †mv‡gb P›` (1987), ms¯‹…wZ I cÖm½všÍi (1988), cÖwZfvi †Ljv bRiæj (1988), w`bhvc‡bi f~‡Mv‡j iex›`ªbv_ (1998), †Mivwmg †¯ÍcvbwfP wj‡q‡e`d (1985), åwg we¯§‡q (1989), Ae‡nwjZ aªæec` I wKbœi `j (1991), bó e‡½ Ck¦iP‡›`ªi cÖeªR¨v (1994), Dr‡m †divi QjPvZzwi (1996), mvwnZ¨ : Kv‡ji gvÎv (2003); Zuvi e¨vKiY welqK eB evsjv †jLvi wbqg, gvZ…fvlvq e¨vKiY, nvqvr gvgy‡`i AvZ¥ag©x MÖš’ : Ae‡nwjZ aªæec` I wKbœi`j (1991) m¤úv`bv : e¨wZµgx cÖm½, †Zvgvi mvgªv‡R¨ hyeivR, m‡Z¨b †mb iPbvmgMÖ (†hŠ_), fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg MÖš’gvjv (1990), †kªô Dcb¨vm/ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1995), †kªô Dcb¨vm / wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1996), †kªô Dcb¨vm / iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1996), ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn& (Dcb¨vmmgMÖ bvUKmgMÖ MímgMÖ) (1996) Rxebx : †mv‡gb P›`, wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi (1988), Avng` gxi (1989), Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`xb (1990), wj‡qd Z‡jv¯Íq (1991), ûgvqyb AvRv` : iex›`ª cÖeÜ/ ivóª I mgMÖ wPšÍv (1973), jvj bxj `xcvejx ev evOjv mvwn‡Z¨i Rxebx (1976), kvgmyi ivngvb / wbtm½ †kicv (1983), Pronominalization in Bengali (1983), evOjv fvlvi kÎæwgÎ (1983), evK¨ZË¡ (1984), dz‡ji M‡Ü Nyg Av‡m bv (1985), K‡Zv b`x m‡ivei ev evOjv fvlvi Rxebx (1987), Zzjbvg~jK I HwZnvwmK fvlvweÁvb (1988), wkíKjvi wegvbweKxKiY I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ (1988), fvlv Av‡›`vjb : mvwnwZ¨K cUf~wg (1990), bvix (1992), cÖwZwµqvkxjZvi `xN© Qvqvi bx‡P (1992), wbweo bxwjgv (1992), gvZvj ZiYx (1992), bi‡K AbšÍFZy (1992), RjcvBi‡Oi AÜKvi (1992), mxgve×Zvi m~Î (1993), Avavi I Av‡aq (1993), eyKc‡K‡U †RvbvKx‡cvKv (1993), Avgv‡`i kn‡i GK`j †`e`~Z (1996), Avgvi Awek¦vm (1997), A_©weÁvb (1999), cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg : meyR cvnv‡oi †fZi w`‡q cÖevwnZ wnsmvi Sibvaviv (1997), wØZxq wj½ (1998), evK¨ZË¡ (1984), ûgvqyb AvRv‡`i cÖePb¸”Q (1992), mvÿvrKvi evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 529



(1994), AvZZvqx‡`i m‡½ K‡_vcK_b (1995), eûgvwÎK †R¨vwZg©q (1997), wbe©vwPZ cÖeÜ (1999), ag©vbyf~wZi DcK_v I Ab¨vb¨ (2004) ûgvqyb Kwei : Bg¨vby‡qj Kv›U (1936), gvK©mev` (1948), evOjvi Kve¨ (1954), kir mvwn‡Z¨i g~jZË¡ (),Kant on philosophy in General (1935), Poetry Monods and Society (1941), Rabindranath Tagore (1962), The Bengali novel (1968) †n`v‡qZ †nvmvBb †gvi‡k` : ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg : XvKvq †Mwijv Acv‡ikb (1972), Aeiæ× msev`cÎ 71 Ges ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g evsjv‡`k mk¯¿ evwnbxi iYbxwZ I iY‡KŠkj (1983), Mv‡bi AwZw_ (1986) Rxebx : AvjZvd gvngy` (1982)



evsjv‡`‡ki Abyev` AvKeiDÏxb Aciva I kvw¯Í, nvRx gyiv`, †nbix †Rgm GWvg‡m wkÿvwelqK AvZ¥PwiZ (1g I 2q LÐ) Avwbmy¾vgvb : Av`k© ¯^vgx (1982), Qvqvnxb Kvqv (1977), B‡jKUªv (1979), A¨vw›UMwb (1977) Ave`yj Mwb nvRvix : ¯^Y©Ma©f (1965), d«‡q‡Wi gbtmgxÿv (1g I 2q LÐ) Ave`yjøvn Avey mvqx` : k„•LwjZ cÖwgw_Dm (1992), `¨vM n¨vgvi‡kvì (1969) Ave`ym †mwjg : M¨vwjwjI (1978) Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmyÏxb : Abvev`x Rwg (1938), w·mªvZv (1939), LiZi½ (1953); BwjqW (1967), †mKv‡ji I GKv‡ji †miv Mí (1963) Aveyj Kvwmg gynv¤§` Av`gyÏxb : †QvUMí (1371), ZznvdzZzj djvwmdv (1371) Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`xb : wkíxi mvabv (1967), LvcQvov (1968), cvj©ev‡K©i †miv Mí (1968)| Avey kvnwiqvi : †Wbgv‡K©i ivRKzgvi (1979), A¨v›Ubx I wK¬I‡cUªv (1978), Zß evZv‡m `yRb (1977) Avjg †Lvi‡k` : hv`yev¯ÍeZv Mv_v : j¨vwZb Av‡gwiKvi Mí Avjx Av‡bvqvi : Awb‡KZ †e`bv (1985) Avjx Avng` : cv¯‹zqvj `yqv‡Z©i cwievi, ¯^cœwMwi, †Pvi I mvi‡gq mgvPvi, cÖ_g †cÖg, ev‡iv AwfhvÎxi Kvwnbx, †gN I Ab¨vb¨ `vbe, wkKvi I Ab¨vb¨ Mí Ges †LuvR| AvmKvi Be‡b kvBL : hš¿Yvi Pvc (1978) Avng` Qdv : Zvwbqv (1967), dvD÷ (1986), evUª©vÛ iv‡m‡ji mskqx iPbvejx Kexi †PŠayix : †kL‡fi Mí (1969), mgy‡`ªi ¯^v` (1970), †MÖU M¨vUmwe (1971), w` †MÖcm Ae i¨v_ (1989), iƒcvšÍi (1990), †eDjd (1985), Aj w` wKsm



530 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



†gb (1992), Iì g¨vb GÛ `¨ mx (1994), Pz¤^b (2000), KvdKvi wbe©vwPZ Mí (2001), eøyweqvW© (2001), †cÖg I K‡jiv (2002), Ai‡Y¨i Mígvjv (2002), d«¨v‡¼b÷vBb (2001), µwbKj Ae G †W_ †dvi‡Uvì (2002), K¨_wibv eøy‡gi nviv‡bv m¤£g (2003), wWbvicvwU© (2003), †bwUfmvb (2005), †nv‡n© †evi‡n‡mi wbe©vwPZ Mí (2006), `yB †bv‡ej weRqxi wbe©vwPZ †QvUMí (2006), eø¨vK eq (2006), w` †jBU ey‡R©vqv Iqvì (2006), by¨W wPÎKg© (2006), gvby‡li wPÎKg© (2006), †Pv‡Li Av‡jvq †`‡LwQ‡jg (2006), Rxebhvc‡bi wkíKjv (2012)| bvU‡Ki Abyev` I iƒcvšÍi AvnŸvb (1965), kÎæ (1962), cuvPwU GKvw¼Kv (1963), A‡Pbv (1969), knx‡`i cÖZxÿvq (1959), †n±i (1969), Qvqvevmbv (1966), †mB wbivjv cÖvšÍi (1966), mgªvU †Rvbm (1964), Agv iRbxi c‡_ (1966), cÖv‡Yi †P‡q wcÖq (1970), wjwmmUª¨vUv (1984), †fK (1986), wen½ (1986), Rbbx mvnwmKv I Zvi mšÍvbiv (1984), M‡Wvi cÖZxÿvq (1981), Elv w`‡knviv I Ab¨vb¨ bvwUKv (1992), I‡_‡jv (1981), kvB‡jvi Db¥vw`bx (1990), gvbe we‡Ølx (1990), †e‡K‡Ui `ywU bvUK (hyM¥fv‡e) (1999), †e‡K‡Ui wZbwU bvUK (2000), kvwšÍ (1998), †dBWªv (1996), n¨vg‡jU †gwkb (1997), MÐvi (2000), †miv wZb GKvw¼Kv (2002), mg‡ik †Kv_vq (2002), IqvP Ab w` ivBb (2003), K¨v_wjb (1974), Agv iRbxi c‡_ (1987), †e‡K‡Ui c‡b‡iv bvUK (hyM¥fv‡e) (2006) Kve¨MÖ‡š’i Abyev` fvrmv‡iv‡fi KweZv (1980), AvaywbK eyj‡Mixq KweZv (1980), wi‡¯Ív †ev‡Z‡fi KweZv (1988), wi‡¯Ív w¯§‡bbw¯‹i KweZv (1989), Kvnwji wReiv‡bi KweZv (1992), mwPÎ †cª‡gi KweZv (2000) M‡elYv MÖ‡š’i Abyev` Av‡gwiKvi mgvR I mvwnZ¨ (1968), mßi_x (1970), gvwK©b Dcb¨vm I Zvi HwZn¨ (1970), Awe®§iYxq eB (1960), gvby‡li wkíKg© KvImvi ûmvBb : BZv‡jv Kvjwf‡bi Mí (1996), BDwjqvg †eøB‡Ki mO&Mm Ae B‡bv‡mÝ GÛ G·‡cwi‡qÝ Aej¤^‡b ï×Zv I AwfÁZvi Mvb (1991) KvRx †gvnv¤§` B`wim : ÷ªxÛev‡M©i mvZwU bvUK (1978) Lvqiæj Avjg meyR : MvOwPj, AvwšÍ‡Mv‡b (1990), †bviv (1996), ey‡oveU I kKzb (1996)



†Lv›`Kvi Avkivd †nv‡mb : †Uwi CMjUb mvwnZ¨ZË¡ (2004), ivRv Cw`cvm (1986), BDwiwcwW‡mi Avj‡mw÷m (1987), cvDj †mjv‡bi KweZv (1997), mvaviY aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i Dcv`vb (1989) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 531



†Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv : gymvÏv‡m-nvjx (1949), Kvjv‡g BKevj (1957), Avj KziAvb, wkKIqv I RIqv‡e wkKIqv (1960) †PŠayix kvgmyi ingvb : wbwl× dj (1960), ZvmwKivZzj IqvwKqvZ (1968), Ugvm †Rdvimb (1958), cÖRvcwZi wewPÎ K_v (1962), †gw·‡Kv (1967), Avwd«Kvi Af¨šÍ‡i (1969) Rvdi ZvjyK`vi : B‡›`v‡bwkqvi Mí (1989), †XD‡qi Mvb (1991), wfb‡`kx gRvi Mí (1996), d«v‡Ýi iƒcK_v (1997), bvbvb †`‡ki iƒcK_v (1997), we‡`kx gRvi Mí (1992) wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx : †k·cxq‡ii m‡bU (1977), A¨vwiIcvwRwUKv (1971), m¨gmb A¨MvwbmwUR (1973), †Ug‡c÷ (1985) wRqv nvq`vi : G¨vw›U‡Mv‡b (1992) d‡Zn †jvnvbx : PZzóq (1967), GKwU mvgvb¨ g„Zz¨ (1979) ew`Di ingvb : Giw÷U‡ji †cv‡qwUK&m (1995), †nv‡i‡mi Avm©‡cv‡qwUKv (1996), jw½bv‡mi Kve¨ZË¡ (1977) gwZbD`&`xb Avng` : A_©bxwZi †Mvovi K_v (1964), d«v¼wjb iæR‡fë (1964), kZ Rxe‡bi K_v (1962), AkvšÍ c„w_ex (1960), RbmsL¨v evo‡Q (1959), weRb e‡bi iƒcK_v (1959), nv‡Zi Kv‡Qi KjKâv wKfv‡e P‡j (1964), PvjvK nIqvi cqjv wKZve (1958), RMr Ry‡o gRvi †Ljv (1964)



gwdR †PŠayix : wKs wjqi (1978), A¨v›Ubx I wK¬I‡cUªv (1992) gvbœvb nxiv : †KvwiI‡jbvm (1978) gybxi †PŠayix : †KD wKQy ej‡Z cv‡i bv (1967), iƒcvi †KŠUv (1969), RbK (1970), ¯^vgx mv‡n‡ei AbkbeªZ (1946), Rgv LiP I BRv (1968), gnvivR (1968), ¸M©b Luvi nxiv (1968), jjvU wjLb (1969), gyLiv igYx ekxKiY (1970) Ab~w`Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Amgvß bvUK : †kKmcxq‡ii I‡_‡jv, †U‡bmx DBwjqvgm-Gi G ÷ªxUKvi †bg&W& wWRvqvi Aej¤^‡b Mvoxi bvg evmbvcyi, †ivwgI-Rywj‡qU, †kKm&cxq‡ii gvP G¨vWy G¨vevDU bvw_©s-Gi Abyev` AKviY Wvgv‡Wvj, RR© evb©vW© kÕi g¨vb G¨Û mycvig¨vb, BDRxb IÕbxj gwb©s weKvm& B‡jKUªvi Abyev` B‡jKUªvi Rb¨ †kvK, †kwiWv‡bi w` ¯‹zj di ¯‹¨vÐvj| gy¯ÍvwdRyi ingvb : wbtkã bi‡K (1976) gyn¤§` b~iæj û`v : cwieZ©‡bi c‡_ (1972), AvMv‡gbb (1987), BDbym Gg‡ii KweZv (1992), ev¯‘nviv (1995), d¬¨evix I Kb‡ii Mí (1997), bxj mgy‡`ªi So (1984), †ivwgI Rywj‡qU (1998)



532 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& : iæevBqvZ-B-Igi Lq¨vg (1942), Awgq kZK (1940), `xIqv‡b nvwdR (1938), wkK&Iqvn I RIqve-B-wkKIqvn (1942), gnvbex (1946), evBAZbvgv (1948), we`¨vcwZ kZK (1954), KziAvb cÖm½ (1962), gniig kixd (1962), Agi Kve¨ (1963), Bmjvg cÖm½ (1963), Hundred Saying of the Holy Prophet (1945), Buddhist Mystic Songs (1960)



†gveviK †nv‡mb Lvb : Zvivm eyjev (1991), K¨v‡Þb `ywnZv (1981), wbtm½ (1979), wZb Zi½ (1983), wkKvixi ¸nv (1981), A¨vivweqvb bvBUm (1996), †UBj&m d«g †kK&mcxqvi (1996), mvM‡ii nvZQvwb (1996), Gwg‡ji †Mv‡q›`vevwnbx (1995), iƒcK_vi wek¦ (1996), wK‡kvi wPivqZ Kvwnbx (1994), Gwkqvi †jvKKvwnbx (1985), we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1995), AvBfvbf (1978), c„w_exi cÖ_g w`b¸‡jv (1986), †bv‡ej weRqx‡`i wbe©vwPZ Mí (1g LÐ, 1985, 2q LÐ 1991), c„w_exi †miv Mí (1987), mvZbix Mc&‡cv (1982), Avwd«Kvi wbe©vwPZ Mí (1985), Ôwe¯§qÕ MÖ‡ni DcvL¨vb (1991), Ck‡ci Mí (1992), Ck‡ci Av‡iv Mí (1992), †kªô w_ªjvi Kvwnbx (1995), wek¦bw›`Z Mí (1991), Av‡gwiKvi dv÷©‡jWxi wewPÎ Rxeb (1997) †gvnv¤§` nviæb-Di iwk` : fvlv wPšÍvq I K‡g© (1969), gvwQ, wZbwU divmx cÖeÜ (1984), nvmvb eqvZxi myL-`ytL (1994), nvmvb eqvZxi myL `ytL ikx` nvq`vi : KvVMov (1984) kwd Avn‡g` : gy‡³v (1987), `¨ I‡q÷ j¨vÛ (1993), `¨ jvqb G¨Û `¨ Ry‡qj (1994), cvwievwiK cybwg©jbx (1995), †gvgv‡Wi wbe©vwPZ iPbvmsMÖn (1995), bvix-Kvwnbx (1995) knx` AvL›` : gvbmx (1959), hLb mygwZ (1978), Av‡iv wKQy Rxeb (1980), Avgv‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡j (1981) kvgmyi ivngvb : n¨vg‡jU : †Wbgv‡K©i hyeivR (1995) kvgmywÏb †PŠayix : A`„óev`x R¨vK I Zvi gwbe (1399), gvB‡K‡ji †PL‡fi Awfbq c×wZ (1409), Bwjqv` (1412), wPwj‡Z AÁvZevm (1413), be Dcb¨v‡mi c‡ÿ (1417), †K¬v` †jwf ¯¿vDm wbe©vwPZ iPbv (1417), b›`bZË¡ (1417) kv‡n` Avjx : BwZe„Ë (1994) mi`vi dRjyj Kwig : †cø‡Uvi wicvewjK (1974) mvC`-Di ingvb : gvK©m I gvK©mev`x‡`i mvwnZ¨wPšÍv (1985) wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi : iæevBqvr Igi ˆLqvg (1966), †m›U jyB‡qi †mZz (1961), evibvW gvjvgy‡Wi hv`yi Kjm (1959), wms‡qi bvUK (1971) evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 533



wmivRyi ingvb : AvšÍb †PL‡fi bvUK, †MÖU G·‡cK&‡UkÝ, kv‡j©vU eªw›Ui Rb Gqvi, †Rb Aw÷‡bi cÖvBW GÐ †cÖRywWm wmivRyj Bmjvg †PŠayix : G¨vwi÷U‡ji Kve¨ZË¡ (1975), ey‡bv nuvm (1965) mybxj Kzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq : Av¨wi÷U‡ji mvwnZ¨ZË¡ (1976), †nv‡i‡mi mvwnZ¨ZË¡ (1979), jw½by‡mi mvwnZ¨ZË¡ (1997) myeªZ eo–qv : w` ivBU ÷vd, KYv, †Kvq›Uvg I Zi½ (1984), Av‡gwiKvi †fŠ‡MvwjK iƒc‡iLv (1986), k•LwPj (1994), Gwgj I †Mv‡q›`v Kvwnbx (1972)



ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb : BKev‡ji KweZv (1952), †cÖ‡gi KweZv (hyM¥fv‡e 1958), ûBUg¨v‡bi KweZv (1965), BwWcvm (1968), mv¤cÖwZK Rvg©vb Mí (1970), Rvg©vb mvwnZ¨ GKwU wb`k©bx (1974), DBwjqvg †gwiwW‡_i wbe©vwPZ KweZv (1982), m‡›`k ivmK (1987), bvnRyj evjvNv (1988)| ˆmq` kvgmyj nK : g¨K‡e_, †Ug‡c÷ (1988), kªveY ivRv (1969), †Mvjv‡ci e‡b `xN©k¦vm (2000) nvexeyi ivngvb : Pxbv †cÖ‡gi Mí (1963), Rb †K‡bWx (1962), Rxe‡bi RqMvb (1962), cvj Zz‡j `vI (1961)



wkïmvwnZ¨ AbvwgKv nK wjwj: G‡mv M‡íi †`‡k (1974), mvnmx BwÄb (1980), Qovi Q‡›` `ywj (1982), QywUi `ycy‡i (1980) Av‡Zvqvi ingvb : wSwjwgwj : muv‡Si †ejvi iƒcK_v (1958), gnvwecø‡ei exi wmcvnx (1962), ivRK‡b¨ K¼veZx, AvRe cÖvYx AvRe MvQ [cÖ_g LÐ] (1967) I [wØZxq LÐ] (1968), UzbUz‡bi euvwk (1967), we‡jZx Qov (1968), Sb©vgvjv (1969), i‡O i‡O †evbv (1972), Kv‡Pi cvnvo (1974), †mvbvi cvwL (1975), †Z‡iv b`xi cv‡o, wZb cywY¨i NvU AvbRxi wjUb : Qov : Lvov `y‡Uv wks (1987), Av‡M †M‡j ev‡N Lvq (1995), Avgv‡`i ivRbxwZ P‡j euv‡K euv‡K (1996)| wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm : QÙ‡ekx †iveU (1993), WyWyj ivRvi cvnv‡o (1994) Av‡bvqviv ˆmq` nK : Qvbvi bvbvevwo (1977), evevi m‡½ Qvbv (1986), Qvbv I gyw³hy× (1987), gyw³‡hv×vi gv gyw³‡hv×vi †Q‡j Avgxiæj Bmjvg : Lvg‡Lqvjx (1984), hv‡”QZvB (1987), ivRvKv‡ii Qov (1990), Avgvi Qov (1992), wejvB (1997), exi evOvjxi Qov (1997), Puv` D‡V‡Q dzj dz‡U‡Q (1997), Qovi †Z‡j Qov fvRv (1997), †QvU‡`i Mí : Avwg mvZUv (1985), GK †h wQj (1986), `k iKg `kUv (1989), mvK©v‡mi evN (1989), f~Z G‡jv kn‡i (1992), Avwg Iqvb Avwg Uz



534 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



(1992), †iveU inm¨ (1992), Avwg gyw³‡hv×v n‡Z PvB (1993), jy_vØx‡ci inm¨ (1994), mv`v f~Z Kv‡jv f~Z (1996) wK‡kvi Dcb¨vm : AwPb hv`yKi (1985), Avgv‡`i †Mv‡q›`vwMwi (1992), iægSzgcyi (1992) Avj Kvgvj Ave`yj Inve : wbiæ‡Ï‡ki c‡_ (1963), gy‡Lvk (1979), Mnb e‡bi c‡_ (1979), webvwU‡K‡Ui hvÎx (1962), †gNe„wó (1968), weRq Awfhvb (1964), mvZiO (1958), Zvivi AvKvk (1975), Mnb e‡bi wkKvix (1982) AvjgMxi Rwjj : Ry‡Zv cv‡q cywl †eovj (1963), ZvKWygvWyg (1963), GK †h wQj cyZzj (1969), nÆgvjvi †`‡k (1975) AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` : Rjn¯Íx (1982), mviKvm (1983)| Rb¥f~wg (1999), wK‡kvi mgMÖ (2000) Avjx Bgvg : Øx‡ci bvg gayeywbqv (1975), Acv‡ikb KuvKbcyi (1978), PviR‡b (1979), wZwZi gyLxi ˆPZv (1979), mv`v cix (1979), cvwL‡`i wb‡q (1979), iƒcvjx wd‡Z (1979), †mvbvi Z¯‘ix (1981) cÖf„wZ| Avkivd wmwÏKx : wms‡ni gvgv †fv¤^j `vm (1963), Avgvi †`‡ki iƒcKvwnbx (1964), evwY‡R¨‡Z hv‡ev Avwg (1978), evsjv‡`‡ki iƒcK_v (1991), Avwg evwR SbSb (1979), iƒcK_v iv‡R¨ (1993) Beªvnxg Luv : e¨NÖ gvgv (1951), wkqvj cwÐZ (1952), wbhvg WvKvZ (1950), †e`yBb‡`i †`‡k (1956), †QvU‡`i gnvbex (1961), BwZnv‡mi Av‡M gvbyl (1961), M‡í dRjyj nK (1977), †QvU‡`i bRiæj GLjvmDwÏb Avng` : GK †h †bswU (1965), †ejyb †ejyb (1969), gvV cv‡ii Mí (1970), nVvr ivRvi Lvg‡Lqvjx (1387), Zzbyi `ycyi (1982), Ab¨ g‡b †`Lv (1397), UvÆz‡Nvov UvÆz‡Nvov (1987), ivR ivRovi M‡àv (1989), Zzby I †K‡`v ev‡Ni M‡àv (1979), ZzbZz eywoi AvRe mdi (1990),



†Ku‡`vi KvÐKviLvbv, Zzby‡K wb‡q M‡àv, ZzbZzi M‡àv, nvwmi Qov gRvi Qov (1962), ZzbZzeywoi Qov (1966), UzK‡iv Qovi Suvwc (1966), evRvI SuvSi evw`¨ (1970), BKwi wgKwo (1975), ˆeVKx Qov (1975), KvUzg KzUzg (1977), †QvU iwOb cvwL (1981), cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Qov (1986), Aóvwki Qov (1992), Gm. Iqv‡R` Avjx : ev`kvnx Mí (1944), M‡íi gRwjk (1944) KvRx †gvnv¤§` B`&wim: Rv‡bvqviI hv`y Rv‡b (2002) RyevB`v ¸jkvb Aviv : gRvi Qov (1970), Qvbv‡cvbv‡`i Qov (1978), wbSzg Øx‡ci MíK_v (1979), KjKvKjxi Mvb (1984), Nyg fvOv‡bv b`x (1988), dzj †dvUv‡bvi Rb¨ (1991)



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 535



†Rv‡e`v Lvbg : †QvU‡`i GKvw¼Kv (1963), Mí ewj †kvb (1966), gnvmgy`ª (1977), mvevm myjZvbv (1982), kvnwiqv‡ii A¨vW‡fÂvi (1984) bvRgv †Rmwgb †PŠayix : Nyg †bB (1979), Ab¨iKg Awfhvb (1981), Iiv wQj evMv‡b (1989), †hgb Lykx mv‡Rv (1991) d‡qR Avng` : nv‡Z Lwo (1954), †RvbvKx (1956), Zv wabZv (1963), cyZjx (1964), wig wSg (1965), Zv Zv ˆ_ ‰_ (1975), †evKv AvBfvb (1976), †n wK‡kvi (1982), †QvU †Q‡j Rvgv‡bi (1982), UzKUvK (1995), UzO (1995)



e‡›` Avjx wgqv : ev‡Ni N‡i †Nv‡Mi evmv (1940), †evKv RvgvB (1941), †QvU‡`i bRiæj (1961), wkqvj cwЇZi cvVkvjv (1363 e.), †QvU‡`i welv`wmÜz (1939) wecÖ`vk eo–qv : m~h© jy‡Vi Mvb (1980), ZuvwZ I †Nvovi wWg (1985), Avie¨ iRbx (1989), gyw³hy‡×i Mí (1991), †mvnive iæ¯Íg (1989), ev‡Ni Dci UvM (1993), ARMi ivRv (1994), MÖvg evsjvi †miv nvwmi Mí (1995), WvKvZ WvKvZ (1996), i³Siv iY (1997), Rv`yi euvwk (1997) Dcb¨vm : †iveU I dzj dzUv‡bvi inm¨ (1988), Rv`ygvwbK ¯^vaxbZv (1992), †bvfvqv †Rgjvqvi wefxwlKv (1996), ˆ`Z¨ cvnv‡oi ÿz‡` gvbyl (1996) eyjeb Imgvb : Kvbv gvgv (1968), Acqv (1977), HiveZ (1975), Awg‡Zi K_v (1978), DU‡Kv (1979), †gN †gvl GK mgvb (1979) gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& : †kl bexi mÜv‡b, †QvU‡`i imyjyjøvn (1962), †mKv‡ji iƒcK_v (1965)



†gveviK †nv‡mb Lvb : wiwgi K_vejv (1982), w`jøxi wZb mgªvU (1982), wZb †gvNj mgªvU (1982), nvw`‡mi Kvwnbx (1981), gymwjg we‡k&mi †K”Qv (1993), kw³i ivRv m~h© (1987), mgªvU AvKei (1985), ivwR‡Zi P›`ªvwfhvb (1986), iƒc‡Ki iƒcK_v (1988), weÁv‡bi inm¨ (1990), gnvKv‡ki †Mv‡q›`v (1991) †gvnv¤§` bvwmi Avjx : gwbKwYKv, †jey gvgvi mßKvÐ (1968), wfb‡`kx GK exiej (1979), AvKvk hviv Ki‡jv Rq (1957), Avwjd jvBjvi Mí, GKwU KzKz‡ii Kvwnbx, wfb‡`kx Mí, g„Zz¨i mv‡_ cvÄv, wZwgi †c‡U K‡qK NÈv, †evKv eKv, Be‡b eZzZvi mdibvgv (1375 e.), BZvjxi RbK M¨wiewì (1963), †QvU‡`i Igi dviyK, A¨jevU© AvBb÷vBb, †QvU‡`i AvjgMxi (1377 e.), Avgv‡`i K‡q‡` Avhg gyn¤§` Avjx wRbœvn (1355 e.), †gvnv¤§` web Kv‡mg (1370 e.), exie‡ji †LvkMí (1964), mvZcuvP Mí (1965), Uj÷‡qi †miv Mí (1962), †hvMv‡hvM (1968), kvnx w`‡bi Kvwnbx (1359 e.)



536 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



†gvnv¤§` †gv`v‡eŸi : nx‡ii d‚j (1930), ZvKWygvWyg (1930), wg‡mm jZv mvb¨vj I AviI A‡b‡K (1933), wKm&mv †kv‡b (1947), Wvbwc‡U `j (1963), Mí †kv‡bv (1963), evNv wmwÏKx †ivKby¾vgvb Lvb `v`v fvB : nvwÆgvwUg (1962) jyrdi ingvb wiUb : ayËzwi (1982), XvKv Avgvi XvKv (1984), Dcw¯’Z myaxe„›` (1984), wnwRwewR (1987), †Zvgvi Rb¨ (1989), Qov I Qwe‡Z gyw³hy× (1989), ivRvKv‡ii Qov (1990), †kqv‡ji cvVkvjv (1992), nvgwU WvgwU (1992), 100 wiUb : wbe©vwPZ Qovi msKjb (1993), bvB gvgv Kvbv gvgv (1993), ev‡Ni ev”Pv (1994), f~‡Zi hv`y (1994), GK †h wQj UzB (1994), di Av¨Wvëm Ibwj (1994), †kL gywR‡ei Qov (1994), neyP›`ª ivRvi †`‡k (1994), cvšÍveywo (1995), fv‡jv †KvwPs †m›Uvi (1996), gyw³hy‡×i Qov (1997), m~h©gvgv fxlY ivMx Puv`gvgx Lye fv‡jv (1997), †Nvovi wWg (1998), UzBs‡Kj UzBs‡Kj wjUj ÷vi (1998), Qovmg¯Í (1g LÐ 1998) kIKZ Imgvb : I‡Ub mv‡n‡ei evs‡jv (1944), GwZgLvbv (1955), †QvU‡`i bvbv Mí (1969), wWMevRx (1964), cÖvBR I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1969), Zviv `yB Rb (1944), ÿz‡` †mvk¨vwj÷ (1973), K_v iPbvi K_v (1389), cÂm½x (1975), BwZnvm we¯ÍvwiZ (1985) knx` mv‡ei : ÿz‡` †Mv‡q›`vi Awfhvb (1958) kvnRvnvb wKewiqv : RvwZi RbK e½eÜz (1974), †eov‡ji Mjvq NÈv (1977), Pvi eywoi KvÐ (1986), D‡ëveywo (1988), Avnv¤§‡Ki †`‡k (1986), Biv‡bi gRvi Mí (1983), cÖv‡P¨i iƒcK_v (1980), evNv (1980), myRb Av‡Rv †fv‡jwb (1990) kvnv`vr †nv‡mb : †gvnb‡fvM, †Q‡j‡`i Mí , evwjKv Rxeb, ¸je`b, Rvnvbviv, myiæwP cvV myKzgvi eo–qv : cvMjv †Nvov (1970), wf‡R †eovj (1976), P›`bv iÄbvi Qov (1979), G‡jvcvZvwo (1980), bvbv i‡Oi w`b (1981), myKzgvi eo–qvi 101wU Qov (1991), wPwPs dvK (1992), wKQy bv wKQy (1995), myKzgvi eo– qvi wKQy Qov kZK (1997) nvexeyi ingvb : AvMWyg evMWyg (1g I 2q LÐ 1962), mvMi cv‡ii iƒcK_v (1962), weRb e‡bi ivRKb¨v (1961), †jR w`‡q hvq †Pbv (1963), e‡b ev`v‡o (1963), cyZz‡ji wgDwRqvg (1963), M‡íi dzjSzwi (1962), nxiv gwZ cvbœv (1967), gb P‡j †gvi †ZcvšÍ‡i (1967), eb‡gvi‡Mi evmv (1975)



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 537



nvexeyi ingvb wmwÏKx : cvwLi Qov (1950), dz‡ji bv‡g Qov (1951), fv‡jvevwm †cvlvRxe (1952), nvwmLywk (1952), Qovi Lwb (1993), wK‡kvi KweZv I Qov (1993), wkï-wK‡kvi cÖeÜ : ‡QvU‡`i nhiZ †gvnv¤§` (1973), †QvU‡`i bRiæj (1975), †QvU‡`i iex›`ªbv_ (1975), †QvU‡`i †kL gywRe (1975) nvwjgv LvZzb : †mvbv cyZz‡ji we‡q (1964), nwi‡Yi Pkgv (1970), Kzwg‡ii ev‡ci kªv× (1974), cvwLi Qvbv (1976), cï I cvwLi Qov (1976), KuvVvj Lv‡ev (1976), evN I Miæ (1980), ev”Pv nvwZi KvÐ (1980), Qwe I cov (1980), †eex d«K Mvq (1989), gRvi cov (1984), g¯Íeo wRwbm (1985), hy³e‡Y©i †mcvB kv¯¿x (1987), me‡P‡q my›`i (1990), imK`¤^ (1988), e‡bi av‡i Avgiv mevB (1993), cÂgvjvi e‡b (1993) nvmvb Rvb : big Mig (1972), jvj bxj Qov (1974) Zuvi wkï‡Zvl MÖš’| †n`v‡qZ †nvmvBb †gvi‡k` : nx‡i gy‡³v cvbœv (1961), †`‡k †`‡k Rqxi †e‡k (1962), m„wó ïiæi Kvwnbx (1962), m~wh© Rv‡M wRjvb †`‡k (1962), bqv Rxe‡bi w`kvix (1962), mvZ mgyÏyi †Z‡iv b`x (1962), Pzbx †gvwZi gvjv (1962) †n‡jbv Lvb : †iv` SKSK (1975), me fv‡jv hvi †kl fv‡jv (1979), PviwU †ejyb (1980), MíB ïay bq (1983), wmÜzi wUc wmsnj Øxc (1984), WvjgyU (1985), dzj cvwL †mŠif (1986), bxj cvnv‡oi nvZQvwb (1988), †MŠZgey‡×i †`‡k (1990), bZzb †`k bZzb gvbyl (1990), iƒcK_vi iv‡R¨ (1992), e¨sK‡Ki †mB †g‡qwU (1992), gyw³hy‡×i Mí (1994), f~‡Zi Là‡i (1996), g‡Â Gi gRvi Mí (1995), kvej evnv`yi (1995), ZzjZz‡ji `vb (1996) evsjv‡`‡ki ¯§„wZK_v, AvZ¥Rxebx I ågYmvwnZ¨ Av. b. g. eRjyi ikx` : wØZxq c„w_ex‡Z, c_ †eu‡a w`j (1367), `yB mvM‡ii †`‡k AvKeiDÏxb : c‡_i w`kvix, knx` wjqvKZ, Kvq‡` Avhg AvLZvi Bgvg : †iv‡Kqv n‡j wek eQi (1986), B‡Wb K‡jR †_‡K †e_yb (1990) AvwRRyi ingvb gwjøK : Avgvi RxebK_v I evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× (1995) Ave`yjøvn Avey mvqx` : Abe`¨ iPbv we`vq AešÍx (1995) Avey iæk` : Rxeb µgk (1g LÐ, 1986), wVKvbvi c‡_ (2q LÐ, 1990), GLb eZ©gvb (3q LÐ, 1997) Aveyj Kvjvg kvgmyÏxb : AZxZ w`‡bi ¯§„wZ, gymwjg mgv‡Ri S‡ov cvwL †ebRxi Avng` (1988) Aveyj dRj : mvsevw`K gywRei ingvb (1967), †kL gywRe : Zv‡K †hgb †`‡LwQ (1978)



538 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



†iLvwPÎ (1966), †jL‡Ki †ivRbvgPv (1969), `yw`©‡bi w`bwjwc (1972), mdi bvgv (1382)



Aveyj gbmyi Avng` : ¯§„wZK_v AvZ¥K_v (1978)| Aveyj †nv‡mb : Avgvi GB †QvU fyeb (2003), Avi GK fyeb (2005), `yt¯^‡cœi Kvj (2007) AveŸvmDÏxb Avng` : Avgvi wkíx Rxe‡bi K_v (1960)| Avwbmy¾vgvb : Kvj wbiewa (2003), Avgvi GKvËi (1997), gyw³hy× Ges Zvici (2013)



Avkivd wmwÏKx : hv †`‡LwQ hv †c‡qwQ (1976), iex›`ªbv‡_i kvwšÍwb‡KZb (1974), ¯§„wZi Avqbvq (1g-5g LÐ 1986), kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡bi cÎ (1975-1997) Avkivd DR Rvgvb : mxgv‡šÍ gymvwdi Avng` Qdv : ¯§„wZK_v h`¨wc Avgvi ¸iæ (1998), perspective Germany (1991)| Avng` iwdK : GKz‡ki BwZnvm Avgv‡`i BwZnvm (1988), fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ¯§„wZ I wKQy wRÁvmv (1993), XvKvq gyw³hy‡×i w`b¸wj (2013) Beªvnxg Luv : B¯Ív¤^yj c‡_i hvÎx (1954), cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi c‡_ Nv‡U (1955) Kexi †PŠayix : bvBev n‡jv cv‡i hvIqv (3q LÐ, 2003), bvBev n‡jv cv‡i hvIqv (4_© LÐ, 2005), bvBev n‡jv cv‡i hvIqv (5g LÐ, 2005), bvBev n‡jv cv‡i hvIqv (6ô LÐ, 2006) Rvnvbviv Bgvg : GKvˇii w`b¸wj (1986) RyevB`v ¸jkvb Aviv : ¯§„wZi †mvbvjx w`M‡šÍ (1979) †`Iqvb †gvnv¤§` AvRid : AZxZ Rxe‡bi ¯§„wZ (1987) bvwRg gvngy` : hLb µxZ`vm : ¯§„wZ 71 (1990) wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y : fjMviZx‡i (1985), wf‡qZbvg I K¤úywPqvi ¯§„wZ (1993), Mxbmev‡M©i m‡½ (1994), Av‡gwiKvi Ryqv‡Ljvi ¯§„wZ I Ab¨vb¨ (1995), kw³¯§„wZ I Ab¨vb¨ (1997), cybð Rvcvb hvÎx (2004), fyeb åwgqv †k‡l (2004), w`jøx (2004) gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK : eyj‡Mwiqv ågY (1978) gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB : we‡j‡Z mv‡o mvZk w`b (1958), †Zvlv‡gv` I ivRbxwZi fvlv (1959) gy¯Ívdv b~iDj Bmjvg : wb‡e`b BwZ c~e©-LÐ (2005) †gvnv¤§` IqvjxDjøvn& : hyM-wewPÎv (1967) †gvnv¤§` †gv`v‡eŸi : BwZnvm K_v Kq (1981), mvsevw`‡Ki †ivRbvgPv (1977) Rvcvb Ny‡i Gjvg (1959), cÖevj Øx‡c (1964) knx`yjøv Kvqmvi : †c‡kvqvi †_‡K ZvmL›` (1966), ivRe›`xi †ivRbvgPv (1962)



evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 539



iv‡eqv LvZzb : ¯^‡cœi kni XvKv (1994), GKvˇii bq gvm (1996), Rxeb I mvwnZ¨ (1996), Kzgvix gvwUi †`‡k (1994), †Ugm †_‡K bvqvMÖv (1993) Avevi Av‡gwiKvq (2006) kIKZ Imgvb : DËice© gywRebMi (1993), Kv‡jvivwÎ LÐwPÎ (1986), ¸WevB Rvw÷k gvmy` (1398), ivnbvgv-1 (†Q‡j‡ejv I ˆK‡kvi †Kvjvnj) (2007), ivnbvgv-2 (Ab¨ iYcÖvšÍ‡i I fyeb Rˇi) (2007), ¯^Rb ¯^MÖvg (1986), ¯§„wZLÐ gywRebMi (1992) kvnwiqvi Kexi : weiæ× †mªv‡Zi hvÎx (1990), µvwšÍKv‡ji gvbyl (1990), AšÍi½ ûgvqyb Avn‡g` (1992), mvay †MÖMwii w`b¸wj (1994), nvZ evov‡jB eÜz (1995), Rvnvbviv Bgv‡gi †kl w`b¸wj (1995) m‡Z¨b †mb : g‡bvigv gvmxgv (1971), wecøex ingvb gv÷vi, mxgvšÍ m~h© Ave`yj Mvddvi Lvb (1383 e.) mvÕ`Z Avwj AvL ›` : ZiæY gymwjg (1336), †Z‡iv b¤^‡i cuvP eQi (1967), Ab¨ w`b Ab¨ Rxeb (1969) mywdqv Kvgvj : GKv‡j Avgv‡`i Kvj (1988) ˆmq` gyZ©vRv Avjx : Avgvi Kv‡ji K_v (1975) ˆmq` gyRZev Avjx : †`‡k we‡`‡k (1948), R‡j-WvOvq (1957), feNy‡i I Ab¨vb¨ (1962), gymvwdi (1971 ˆmq` kvgmyj nK : cÖYxZ Rxeb (2008) ˆmq` kvnv`r †nv‡mb : wecyj, wecyj c„w_ex, `~‡ii myi nviæb nvexe : m~‡h©v`q †`‡L nvmbvZ Ave`yj nvB : Uªv‡fjM (1992), Uªv‡fjM/2 (1993), mvdvwi (1994), Av›`vjywmqv (1405) nvmvb AvwRRyj nK : †fvi‡ejvKvi †Pv‡L, wd‡i hvB wd‡i Avwm, DuwK w`‡q w`MšÍ



wbN©È cÖ_g Aa¨vq \ KweZv Awgq PµeZ©x



540 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



AiæY wgÎ AiæYvf miKvi A‡jŠwKK ÷xgvi AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm AvwRRyj nK AvwRRyj nvwKg Av. b. g. eRjyi ikx` AvZvDi ingvb Ave`yi ikx` Lvb Ave`yi ikx` Iqv‡mKcyix Ave`yj Kvw`i Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq` Ave`yj nvB gvk‡iKx Ave`yj Mwb nvRvix Avwe` AvRv` Avwe` Av‡bvqvi Avey Kvqmvi Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjvø n AveyeKi wmwÏK Avey †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj Avey nvmvb kvnwiqvi Aveyj nvmvb Aveyj †nv‡mb Avwgbyj Bmjvg Avj gvngy` AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` Avkivd wmwÏKx Avkvq emwZ Avmv` †PŠayix Avng` Qdv Avn‡g` iwdK Avnmvb nvexe BDmyd cvkv Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß ÔGKz‡k †deªæqvixÕ G‡`‡k k¨vgj iO igbxi mybvg ï‡bwQ evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 541



Igi Avjx Iqvjx wKiY Ie‡q` AvKvk KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg ÔKuv`‡Z Avwmwb duvwmi `vwe wb‡q G‡mwQÕ †Kv_vI †Kvb µ›`b †bB Kvgiæj nvmvb Kvgiæj Bmjvg Kvgvj †PŠayix Kv‡ji Kjm Lv‡j` †nvmvBb Lv‡j`v Gw`e †PŠayix †Lv›`Kvi Avkivd †nv‡mb †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv Nv‡mi NUbv †PŠayix Imgvb Q`iæÏxb Qvqv nwiY Rmxg D`&`xb Rb¥B Avgvi AvRb¥ cvc wRjøyi ingvb wmwÏKx wRqv nvq`vi Rxebvb›` `vk SivcvjK wU. Gm. GwjqU WweøD. we. B‡qUm ZeK †`Iqv cvb Zmwjgv bvmwib Zvwjg †nv‡m wÎw`e `w¯Í`vi `vD` nvq`vi w`jIqvi `yÕnv‡Z `yB Avw`g cv_i `ytmg‡qi gy‡LvgywL be-emšÍ b`x I gvby‡li KweZv 542 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



bexbP›`ª †mb bvwmgv myjZvbv bvwmi Avn‡g` wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y ÔbZzb KweZvÕ cÖ_g Mvb, wØZxq g„Zz¨i Av‡M †cÖgvsmyi i³ PvB †cÖ‡g›`ª wgÎ cvwLZx_©w`‡b dRj kvnveyÏxb diiæL Avng` dinv` gRnvi dwi` Kwei wdì gvk©vj AvBqye Lvb evqZzjvø n& Kv‡`ix weòz †` weaŸ¯Í bxwjgv we`xY© `c©‡Y gyL eyׇ`e emy †ebRxi Avng` †ejvj †PŠayix †evinvbDwÏb Lvb Rvnv½xi †ejvj †gvnv¤§` e„wó I mvnmx cyiæ‡li Rb¨ cÖv_©bv weaŸ¯Í bxwjgv e›`x wkwei †_‡K e‡›` Avjx wgqv gwZDj Bmjvg gh&nviæj Bmjvg gnv‡`e mvnv gnxDwÏb g¤§©evYx gvjv‡g© gvngy`v LvZzb wmwÏKv gvneye Dj Avjg †PŠayix gydvL&Lviæj Bmjvg evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 543



gyn¤§` b~iæj û`v †gNbv`ea Kve¨ †gvwnZjvj gRyg`vi †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb †gvnv¤§` gvgyb †gvnv¤§` gwbiæ¾vgvb †gvnv¤§` gvn&dzRDjøvn †gvnv¤§` iwdK †gv¯ÍvK Avngv` `xb g¨v_y Avb©ì Ô†gŠwjK MYZš¿Õ gqyL †PŠayix gvmy` Lvb gvneye nvmvb gvneye evix gywReyj nK Kexi gynv¤§` mvgv` gvneye mvw`K †gvnb ivqnvb iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iex›`ª †Mvc i½jvj iwdK AvRv` ivRv hvq ivRv Av‡m †jvK †jvKvšÍi knx` Kv`ix kvj© †ev`‡jqvi kvgmyi ivngvb kvgmyj Bmjvg kvgxg †iRv kvnv`vr †nv‡mb wknve miKvi †h R‡j Av¸b R¡‡j iIkb BR`vbx iwdK AvRv` iweDj ûmvBb 544 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



ivwÎ †kl wij&‡K iæex ingvb iæ`ª gyn¤§` kwn`yjvø n †iŠ`ª K‡ivwU‡Z ÔmgKvjÕ mgi †mb mgy`ª ¸ß miKvi gvmy` mÄq fÆvPvh© mviv `ycyi mvbvDj nK mvBdzjøvn gvngy` `yjvj mvBwq` AvZxKzjøvn mvZ-bix nvi mvh&hv` Kvw`i myax›`ªbv_ `Ë mydx RyjwdKvi nvq`vi mywdqv Kvgvj mydx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb myfvl gy‡Lvcva¨vq myeªZ AMvw÷b †Mv‡gR wmK`vi Avwgbyj nK wmKvb&`vi Avey Rvdi ÒmxgvšÍÓ †mvbvjx Kvweb ˆmq` Gg`v` Avjx ˆmq` kvgmyj nK ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb ˆmq` nvq`vi ˆmKZ nvwee nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb nvmvb nvwdR nvqvr mvBd nvexeyi ingvb nvexeyjøvn wmivRx †njvj nvwdR evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë 545



ûgvqyb AvRv` ûgvqyb Kwei



wØZxq Aa¨vq \ Dcb¨vm ARq fÆvPvh© A‰ØZ gjøeg©Y AbvwgKv nK wjwj Awbj eo–qv Aiƒc ZvjyK`vi Amxg ivq AiY¨ bxwjgv Av. b. g. eRjyi ikx` AvKeiDÏxb AvKei †nv‡mb AvwKgyb ingvb AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm AvZv miKvi AvZvnvi Avn‡g` Avwbm †PŠayix Avwbm wmwÏKx Avwbmv †nv‡mb Avwbmyj nK Av‡bvqvi cvkv Av‡bvqviv ˆmq` nK Avd‡ivRv cvifxb Ave`yi ikx` Iqv‡mKcyix Ave`yi iv¾vK Ave`yi ikx` wmwÏKx Ave`yj Mvddvi †PŠayix Ave`yj gvbœvb ˆmq` Ave`yjøvn Avj gvgyb Avey BmnvK Avey Rvdi kvgmy`&`xb AveyeKi wmwÏK Avey iæk&`



546 evsjv‡`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨i m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë



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