Book - Manual of Mineralogy Klein e Hurlbut PDF [PDF]

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SOME UNITS, SYMBOLS, AND CONVERSION FACTORS Length meter (m) centimeter (em) millimeter (mm) micrometer (..,.m) nanometer ~nm) angstrom (A) (inch) (foot)



3 .28083 feet - 39.370 inches ~ 100 em = 1010 A 1 em 10- 2 m, or 0.01 m 1 mm = 10- 3 m - 0.0394 inches 1 J-Lm = 10- 6 m = 10-3 mm - 104 A 1 nm 10 9 m - 10- 7 em - 10 A 1 A- 10- 8 cm- 10 • ..,.m = nm, or0.1 nm 1 inch = 2.54 em 1 foot ~ 30.48 em



=



=



Volume liter (I) cubic centimeters (cm3 ) cubic angstroms (A3)



1 liter



to-•



= 1000 cm3



-



1.0567 quarts (U.S.)



Chemical Concentration weight percent (wt %) molecular percent (mole %) volume percent (vol %) parts per million (ppm) parts per billion (ppb) Temperature degrees Celsius ("C) kelvins (K)



Pressure bar kilobar (kbar) pascal (Pa) atmosphere (atm)



5/9 {°F - 32); F = Fahrenheit K •c + 273.15 ; C = Celsius: absolute zero - - 273.15'C



=



= 0 .9869 atrn - lOS Pa 986.9 atm "' 1ol bars = lOS Pa 1 pascal ~ 1o 5 bars 1 bar



1 atm = 760 mm Hg



Density - mass per unit volume; e.g. grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3)



Miller Indices and Diffraction Notation face symbol: (h k I) form symbol: {h k I) edge or zone symbol: [h k IJ diffraction symbol: h k I interplanar spacing (d ); e.g . dh . 1



Unit Cell Measurements edgelengths (a,b,q angles (o:, ~. -y) Optical Parameters refractive indices {n: E, w: o:. ~ -y) optic axial angle (2V) extinction angle {X, Y or Z 1\ a or c) Angle radian (ra)



1 radian ~ 57.296 degrees



Some Metric Units and Their Prefixes PrefiX Multtple or Submuftiple mega 1,000,000 108 kilo 1 103 hecto 100 1OZ deka 10 10· 1 10" deci 0.1 10-• centi 0.01 10 - 2 milli 0.001 w -3 micro 0.000 001 w-~ nano 0.000 000 001 10- 9



,ooo



THE EIGHT MOST COMMON ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH'S CRUST (See Figure 5.1) Weight Percentage



Volume Percentage



46.60 27.72 8.13 5.00 3.63 2.83 2.59 2.09 98.59



0 Si AI Fe Ca Na K Mg Total



-94



0 K Na Ca Si AI Fe Mg



- 6 in total



MOLECULAR WEIGHTS OF COMPONENTS COMMON IN SILICATES (See also Table 4.2)



60.08 79.90 101.96 71.85 159.69 56.08



Si02 Ti02 Al20 3 FeO. Fe203 CaO



70.94 40.30 61.98 94.20 18.02



MnO MgO Na20 ~0



HP



SOME OF THE MOST COMMON IONS, THEIR COORDINATIO N, AND RADII (The number in brackets is C.N. = coordination number.) See Table 4.8 for a complete listing.



ton



Coordination Number with Oxygen



Q2-



K-



8-12



NaCa2 • Mn 2 • Fe2 MgCence Analvsas 227 Elf'< tron Probe \1icroanal~~ 229 Optlccral is a homogeneous solid. This means that it COfb•sts o' a s•ngle, solid su!xtance that cannol be oh\~icallv subdivided into simpler chemica; COffi;>OU"ds. The oetermination of homogeneity i> difficult b.ot. The sla;emenl that a mineral has a definite chemical composition 1mplies it can be exprossed bv a spec•iic chemical formula. for exilmple, lhe chemical composilion of quam is expressed as SiO,. Because quartz contains no chemical elements o1her than sll· icon and oxygen, ils formula is definite. Quartz is, therefore, often referred to as a pure substance. Mos1 minerals, however, do not have such well-de fined comj)O"itions. Dolomite, Calvtg(C03 )z, is nO! always a pure Ca-.'-1g-arbonate .ll may contain considerable amounts 0: fe and '-"" in place of Mg. Because these amount5 '-ary. the composition of dolomite is said to range between certain limits and is, lherefore, not fixed. Such a compositiona I range may be o:!Xpressed by a formula wilh ihe same atomic (or more realistically, ionic) ratios as pure CaMg(C0 3)z in which Ca : Mg : CO, 1 : 1 : 2. This leads to a more general exj) h1ghl\ 'ariable composition and lack of ordered atomic. >lructure .imonite •a hydrous iron oxide • and allophane .2 hydrous aluminum silicale); also se\eral melamict minerals such as microlite, gadolinite, and allanite (in metamict minerals the original crysta llinity has been destroyed, to various degrees, by radiation from radioa~tive elemen~ present in the original structure . They with the liquids water and mercury, whiCh also lad. 1nternal order, are classified ""



=



rnint.-raloiO$.



According 10 !he traditional deiinilion, a mineral is formed by i110f8.3nic processes. We preier 10 preiace this s1a1emem "ilh usually and 1hus include in the realm of mineralogy those organically produ~:ed compounds that answer all lhe other requirements of a mineral. The outslanding example is the calcium (Oar-



bonale of mollusk ; hells. The shell of lhe O}..,to:!f and the pearl !hat may lx- within il are composed in large pan of aragonite, identical to !he inorganicall" formed miner.~ I. Ahhough several fonns o· CaC03 cak•te. 2r.J'5· onite, vaterite) and monohydrocalcite, CaCO,-H , O, are the most common biogenic minerals !meaning "mineral formed by organisms"), many olher biogenic species have been recognized. Opal (an amorphous form of Si02 ), magnetite (Fe 3 0 4 l. fluorite CCaF2 1 several phosphates. some sulfates. 'l.ln-oxides. and pyrite Fe$2 ) as well as elemental suliur are all examples of minerals that can be ~pi:ated by at \vritten work on minerals and to Pliny, who 400 years later rt'Corded the mineralogical thought of his lime. During the iol-



t i!SIORY OF MINERAlOGY



3



FIG. 1.1. Pcospecting with a. loe z .,.,.wo ~in 179~ < B·liSS eoruc: _ . , . _, cl ;r., C2i2iiSOO< :)~ Tna (c -.,. (=!em -~ C .,-c 8-clnd 3.53).



10



(IIN'I £R 1. INTRODUCTIO'
eience oi mineralogy will prove to be most enduring and important, we have listed in Table 1.1 the Roebling medalists and some of their major research contributions. This list ill ustrates the diversity of internationally recognized professional contributions, and it is a reasonable assumption that it includes those mineralogists whom future historians will regard as the mineralogical giants of our time. The Roebling medal was established in 1937 by the .'vlineralogical Society of America in memory oi Colonel Washington A. Roebling (1837-1926), who had made a generous financial gift to the societV in 1926. Colonel Roebling, the designer of such well-



FIG 1.11. Schematic eOO-C"a:'.ca ~;o··-a :stt.CJ::! - ..i"'e::..



iSSe--r.tZ;:cs 1955



;:.oe~ N.



v, ~~(;()~;:;. ....



v.-.')Q Eel, um-etsrt a



'".r~



. . :':'"G:~-·~a::-.::



~·oe-·.s



eva!ua:bn c~ :""'od-Of' roc--



•.::c:::~ s



-ea.:a



gruos. :cx:bOC'ks on cc::a.. mf\erabgy



quamlratr..-e petrolog~ s:.,.o esc! r-odn,.



1956 1957



Water F Hum. Univ9fs.ty ot Micnigan



1958



Marlin J. Buefger. Massaehuse:1s fnslitule of Techoology



1959



rock types and ot ore ocpos.;.·s m ineralogy: eel. tor tor 35 yez.rs of Til~ Amencan MincrDfO(}'Sl strucrural c:ystanography. aeve Opment



of sing!e ct~la' X·r~y :echruques tex-JJCOks in Ct'ySta &og~aony attwr.ie aJ"ra- g:cMQt':" ~ r.a.,cc s· ca:l:' g!"OUI):S~ a~orr e'CSCOC, -: •e · "-:>;y and ger.csis ol Ote aecos~.s; ~.:::.pr :c,·



on ore m.neragy



12



CHAI'T~R



I I"TR00UCT10N



Table 1.1 ExCtmples of Outstanding



(ccntmued) Award



Year



Reelplent and Ins-titutional Affiliation



Contributions to Mineralogy



1962



John w. c"""". ~S.ty 0: M.nooso:a



X-ray crysta 'IOQraplly 01 ctJ!e a -.c Sa:e k"tiversity



I !laS



..v~.>.o



R



~ ~



0:



c:---~90



fluid inc!usio--.s In mtneta_;s mathematical found3tior'.s o: cnysocal UlbOrafOt'J Cai-egie Jf\s: •LJ"()n



experi1Tenta petrOCOg)' 3.-"'C ::s .::.oo!ica~ioo :om.~;:; o-a·a~..?r~~



srucy d



't ':!:role 0:



ne2!i.£1('() ..,.;ft a~ :r-:; ::~·--OQ'!Y



g;ec....s -ocKs: ... :ITO' :· 1993



. *" Vzs:r



~



s



,.-a:;;_- ~ !S



~l.•;gma



lol.a.110"1d. ~...:se--- :::1 Na:~d.l



~ '-y IS-.:..~~ .JI.ij- 1



c.r.a~ella:o:



rr a c



~



·a-.;E



:ef"'CSil"".a a.-.; ~eor·c T.t:'"e-.:tog-, o....lto-" o~ ~ -~ OJ ~c.e;. s·~. and of Ms:.eor:-:es ~.a-....~:--:-· o~ Mir:crafogy



ct



3;r~-.!"-O" d



ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS Sir1ce belorc historic timc, minerals have played am~­ JOr rolr rn human•t\'s "ay of life and standard of livmiS \\ ,:h each 'UiC.CESJ\'C' .... c.·ntury they 1-Q\e beco~ tnc·ea, fl6ly L~::>Ofhr-'. .J toc:ta~ "edepend on theM on cour.:Jess "a'' irom the construction oi s;.. scrape" to the manuia< lure oi computers. fvlodern civilil.llron ckpcrxh on and neccssit~tes the prodi SJOVS u.e oi m•nerals. A tcw mrnerals such as talc, a.t.estos a:>O suliur are u...-d essent•allv as they CO'"'"' trom the g·ound b\;1 mosr arc ri~ processed to o1xa n a u"'ble ""'.l;eriaL Some of· ne more familiar oi ~ products are bricks, glu>>, cement, plaster, and a score oi met