Buku Manual Pondasi Tiang [PDF]

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PREFACE



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Piles have been used as structural foundations for many centuries. Their design has generally been based on empirical approaches, and this has persisted even well into 20'h century. More scientific design probably had its origins in the Engineering News formula, developed in the late 1880's, but it is only over the past 3040 years that efforts have been made to develop more appropriate design methods. Since the 1960's, there has been substantial research carried out at various institutions around the world to better understand the behaviour of piles under applied loads and under the action of soil rriovements. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to correlate theoritical and actual pile behaviour, and there is now much improved appreciation and together with an increasing trend towards performance measurement of building foundations, there is now a better basis for economical pile design tiran existed previously.



Like all newer developments, there is a considerable time lag betw'een the development of improved design methods and their implementation in practice. This process ian be accelerated to a considerable extent by having available clearly written books and manuals which present the essentials in a manner which can be readily understood and implemented by practitioners..



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This present manual represents a significant step torvards the promulgation of better design methods and practice in Indonesia. It is written by Indonesian engineers, primarily for Indonesian engineers, but it also incorporates appropriate knowledge from other part of the world. The coverage of topics, while it cannot be exhaustive in such a manual, is quite comprehensive and addresses the major design and construction issues associated with piles. Both driven and bored piles are discussed in detail, and lateral as rvell a-s axial I



oadin*es are considered.



is used very widely indeed in Indonesia, and the rapid rate of development of commercial buildings and infrastructure will mean more intensive use of piling in the years ahead. The authors of this manual are therefore to be commended on their efforts to collect, in a single manual, details of good practice in pile foundaticn design and constructiion. It is an effort which should contribute substantially towards improvements in the reliability and economy of pile design. It wilt also provide a valuable springboard for foundation engineers to extend.the common uses of piles to other more modern foundation concepts and pile applications, including piled raft foundations and piles used as reinforcing elements for slopes and soft ground. Piling



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am very pleased to cornrnend this volume to engineers in Indonesia and hope rhat it will be widely used and contribute towards and the advancement of foundation engineering in one of the world's most dynamic developing



economies.



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Prof.I{. G. Poulos, I'h.D., D.Sc.Eng. Senior Principal



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KATA PBNGANTAR 4'E



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Manual Pondasi riang ini disusun dengan tujuan untuk rn"rnu".ikan pedoman bagi para praktisi untuk merancang maupun nreraksanakan pekerjaan pondasi tiang dengan baik. Informasi datam buku manual



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ini juga berguna bagi para pendidik dan malrasiswa untuk mempelajari aspek teoritis maupun pengetahuan praktis sefta petunjuk petunjuk dan data yang termuat di dalamnya. Isi buku manual mencakup falsafah, definisi, data, metode dan formula-formuta yang relevan untuk pondasi tiang. Dengan cakirpan itu diharapkan manual ini merupakan panduan yang dapat mendukung para praktisi m enjalankan profesinya.



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Kebutuhan akan Buku Manual pondasi riang ini adalah didorong oleh kenyataan bahwa praktek pondasi tiang sudah semakin maju, sementara banyak praktisi di Indonesia yang masih berpegang kepada cara cara lama dan membutuhkan peningkatan. Diskusi dan seminar mengenai pondasi tiang tidak pernah ketinggalan karena selatu saja ada metoda metoda modern dan oleh karenanya buku manual ini diharapkan dapat memenuhi kebutuhan pada kurun rvaktu ini.



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Manual ini tidak dapat diselesaikan tanpa bantuan para nrahasisr'a s2 Magister Teknik Sipil universitas Katolik parahyangan yang penuh dedikasi membantu menulis dan mencari data serta ilustraii. Diantara mereka adalah Ir. El Fie Salim, Ir. Lyna Meitinda, tr. Nelia soelistia, Ir. christiarr H. Girsang, Ir. Lolom Evarita Hutabarat. Ir. Ng yin Kuan, Ir. Helena Anggraeni, Ir. Maria watryurri, Ir. Achmad Muzni, Ir. I{aadi Kusumah, Ir. Erik singarimbun, Ir. Maynard Hutagaol. Ir. PTTiEkas,ati,Ir. Sandy P. Gayasih,lr. Lilyanti Kasihtas,aq,, Ir. Inge Meilani darr Ir. Freedy Gunawan. Tidak dapat dibhntah juga bahwa dukungan Bapak Rektor unpar, Bapak Direktur program pascasarjana dan khususnya jugu Prof. H.C. poulos, serta para sponsor, memberikan nilai yang amat tinggi terhadap p.osei penyelesaian manual ini. Kepada mereka semua, kami, editor Marrual pondasi Tiang rnenyanlpaikan penghqrgaan tertinggi dan rasa terima kasih yang besar.



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Paulus P. Rahardjo, Ph.D. Ketua P rogram Magister Tetoik Sipil



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MANIJAL PONDASI TIANG



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Dnrrnn PENDAHULUAN



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1



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Tujuan Lingkup Bahasan Fungsi Pondasi Tiang Klasifikasi Pondasi Tiang



1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Persyaratan Pondasi Tian-e 1.6 Penyclidikan Tanah 1.7 Pengetahuan Tentang



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2



2 Kond'isi 3



Lapangan



1.8 Prosedur 1.9



Perancan-gan Pondasi



Tiang



3



Aspek Terkait Pada Pelaksanaan Pondasi Tiang



4



lst PERANCANGAN & KONSTRUKSI PONDASI TIANG PANCANG



26



4.1 Pendahuluan 4.2 Jenis-jenis Tiang dan Cara Pemilihan



26



26 z7



Tiang Pancang



4.2.1 4.2.2 PondasiTi4ngBaja 4.2.3 Pondasi Tiang Pondasi Tiang KaYu



27



Beton 27



Pracetak



4.2.4 Pondasi Tiang



Beton 27 28



Pratekan



4.2.5 PondasiTiangKomPosit 4.3 Metode Konstruksi dan Peralatan untuli Tiang



28 28 29



Pancang



4.3.1 CaraPen:ancangan 4.3.2 Drop Hammer 4-3.3 Diesel Hammer 4.3.4 VibratorY Hammer (Cushion 4.3.5 Bantalan



KONSEP PERANCANGAN PONDASI



TIANG 2.1. Mekanisme Pemikulan Beban



Pada



Pondasi Tiang



2.2 Daya Dukung Ijin dan



Faktor



PENYELTDIKAN TANA H L,:.*TUK PERANCANGAN PONDAST TTANG



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8 8



Pendahuluan



3.2 Tujuan Penyclidikan Taneh 3.3 lahap Penyelidikan Tanalt dan Studi



8



9



3.3.2 3.3.3



Penyelidikan Tanah Awal Penyelidikan Tanah Terinci Jumlah dan Kedalaman bor 3.4.1 Jarak dan Jumlah Titik Bor



3.4.2



3.5



3.5.1 3.5.2 3.6 3."7



3.8



KedalamanPemboran



Teknik Pemboran



9



9 9



36



Formula Dinanrik dan AplikasinYa Persamaan Analisis Cclombang untuk Tiang Pancan-c



38



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Standard Penetration Test r9 23 23



(Vane Sheal Test)



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Atr 21



Tanah



3.tt.7 Cara



PclaPoren



Pcnyclidikan Tanalr



4-6.4 4.6.5



& KONSTRUKSI I}OR 5.1 Pendahuluan 5.2 Penggunaan Pondasi Tiang Bor 5.3 Pclaksanaan Pondasi Tiani: Ilor' 5.3.! Pcnciahulr,rart 5.3.2 Pcralatan Pcttrlrotrttr PERANCANGAN PONDASI TTANG



Uji Geser Baling



3.8.4 Uji Pressurenreter 3.8.5 Uji Dilatomctcr 3.8.6 Pcngatnatalt Nluka



Notingham, 1975)



4.6.3



Berdasarkan Lrji SpT



3.8.1 3.8.2



3.8.3



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(SPT)



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Cara Statik Pene ntuatt DaYa Dukung Pondasi Tiang Pancang Berdasarkan UjiCPT (Metode SchmerttuannPenentuan DaYa Dukung Pondasi Tiang Pancang



Pengambilan Contoh Tanah Penguj ian Laboratorium Uji Lapangan (in-Situ Test)



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Bor Tan-ean Bor Mesin



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Pancang Penen(uan Dal'a Dukung 4.6. I



4.6.2



Evaluasi dan Stu