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Carrier Aggregation: Fundamentals and Deployments Presented by: Manuel Blanco
Agilent Technologies
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Agenda LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation
Design and test challenges
2
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Industry background 263 LTE networks in more than 95 countries (+500 operators investing) o Approximately 10% are TDD o Less than 10% are using 20 MHz 157.7 million LTE subscribers (112 million added in the past 12 months) o More than half in North America (79 million)
Over 1,200 LTE capable devices available o 40% can operate in Band 3 and Band 7
LTE is the fastest developing mobile technology ever
www.gsacom.com 3
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Why LTE-Advanced? IMT-Advanced Requirements Based on an all-IP packet switch network
Scalable channel bandwidths between 5 and 20 MHz
Interoperability with existing wireless standards Item
Subcategory
Spectral efficiency (b/s/Hz)
Downlink
Data rate (Mbps)
4
IMT-Adv
LTE
15
16.3
(4x4 MIMO)
(4x4 MIMO)
6.75
4.32
(2x4 MIMO)
(64QAM)
Downlink
1000
300
Uplink
100
75
Uplink
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LTE-Advanced New features Carrier Aggregation
Enhanced MIMO
Higher data rates (bps)
Het-Nets
Higher spectral effiency (bps/Hz)
Higher spectral effiency per coverage area (bps/Hz/Km2)
5
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
LTE-Advanced New UE Categories UE Category
LTE LTE-A
6
Data Rate DL/UL
Downlink
Uplink
(Mbps)
Max number of layers
Max number of layers
Support for 64QAM
1
10 / 5
1
1
No
2
50 / 25
2
1
No
3
100 / 50
2
1
No
4
150 / 50
2
1
No
5
300 / 75
4
1
Yes
6
300 / 50
2 or 4
1 or 2
No
7
300 / 100
2 or 4
1 or 2
No
8
3000 / 1500
8
4
Yes
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Agenda LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation
Design and test challenges
7
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Carrier Aggregation – Fundamentals Carrier Aggregation is the first step of LTE Advanced Bandwidth extension by aggregating LTE component carriers (CC) o Up to 5 CC can be allocated in both DL and UL – 100 MHz aggregated o Components carriers are backwards compatible with Release 8 terminals
o Symmetric or asymmetric DL/UL CA configurations Motivation o Higher peak data rates o Facilitate efficient use of fragmented spectrum
o Enable 150 Mbps (Category 4) in typical deployments where 20MHz contiguous spectrum is not an option
8
10MHz DL Carrier 1
10MHz DL Carrier 2
Aggregated Data Pipe
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Carrier Aggregation – Fundamentals PCC (Primary Component Carrier) o Handle the RRC/NAS procedures o Measurement reports and mobility o UEs using the same set of CCs, can have different PCC o Role only changed with handover o PUSCH is mandatory
Downlink PCC
SCC
SCC
Uplink
SCC (Secondary Component Carrier)
PCC
SCC
o UE handles up to 4 SCC o Configured using RRC signaling procedures o Can be dynamically activated/de-activated using a MAC control element o Activated only when in CONNECTED mode o PUSCH is optional - asymmetric CA 9
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Carrier Aggregation – Fundamentals Band 17 -10 MHz
MME
SCC
Band 4 - 10 MHz
PCC
UE
RRC Connection
Attach Request Release 8 PS Attach
Authentication and NAS Security AS Security
UE capabilities
Attach Accept + Default EPS
Data Link (single carrier)
10
73 Mbps
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Carrier Aggregation – Fundamentals Band 17 -10 MHz
MME
SCC
Band 4 - 10 MHz
PCC
UE
RRC Connection
Attach Request Release 8 PS Attach
Authentication and NAS Security AS Security
UE capabilities
Attach Accept + Default EPS Release 10 SCC Addition & Activation
RRC Reconfiguration + Add SCC
Data Link (single carrier)
11
73 Mbps
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Carrier Aggregation – Fundamentals SCC Configuration at RRC level Screen capture of the Agilent Trace log and debug application (Trace Spy II)
Physical cell ID and DL frequency channel
Common configuration: DL and UL channel BW, uplink EARFCN, antenna config, physical channels config, power control config
Dedicated configuration: Transmission mode, physical channels config, cross-carrier scheduling, CSI-RS config
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Source: 3GPP TS 36.331
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Carrier Aggregation – Fundamentals Band 17 -10 MHz
MME
SCC
Band 4 - 10 MHz
PCC
UE
RRC Connection
Attach Request Release 8 PS Attach
Authentication and NAS Security AS Security UE capabilities
Attach Accept + Default EPS Release 10 SCC Addition & Activation
RRC Reconfiguration + Add SCC MAC control element
Link (single carrier) Data Link Data (2 CC aggregated)
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73 Mbps 147 Mbps
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Modes and Deployments Resource block
f
Intra -band contiguous
f
Intra-band non-contiguous
f
Inter-band non-contiguous
Band A Resource block
Band A Resource block
Band A
14
≈ Band B
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Modes and Deployments
3
CA Band Combinations
Rel.10
Release 10: o o o o o
1
2
Inter-band
Intra-band cont
Signaling to support up to 5 CC Scenarios limited to 2 CCs Maximum aggregated bandwidth is 40MHz Prioritized support intra band contiguous and inter band Rest of scenarios were postponed to later Releases
Intra - band Contiguous CA E-UTRA CA Band
E-UTRA operating Band
CA_40
40
CA_1
1
Uplink (UL) band UE transmit / BS receive Channel FUL_low (MHz) – FUL_high BW MHz (MHz) 1) 2300 – 2400 [40 ] 1920
–
1980
40
Downlink (DL) band UE receive / BS transmit Channel FDL_low (MHz) – FDL_high BW MHz (MHz) 1) 2300 – 2400 [40 ] 2110
–
2170
40
Duplex mode TDD FDD
[1) For the first phase of LTE TDD CA for UE side, with eventual goal for 50MHz]
Inter - band Non -Contiguous CA Uplink (UL) band Downlink (DL) band UE transmit / BS receive Channel UE receive / BS transmit Channel BW MHz FUL_low (MHz) – FUL_high FDL_low (MHz) – FDL_high BW MHz (MHz) (MHz) 1) – – 1 1920 1980 10 2110 2170 10 CA_1-5 1) – – 5 824 849 10 869 894 10 1) Only one uplink component carrier is used in any of the two frequency bands at any time. E-UTRA CA Band
15
E-UTRA operating Band
Duplex mode
FDD
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Modes and Deployments
24
CA Band Combinations
Rel.11
3
CA Band Combinations
Rel.10
Release 11:
1
2
Inter-band
Intra-band cont
o o o o
Maximum aggregated bandwidth is 40MHz Support multiple timing advances (required for UL CA) Core requirements for intra-band non-cont Performance requirements for new inter-band and intra-band combinations Rel-11 inter-band Carrier Aggregation
Rapporteur
Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 7
TeliaSonera AT&T Ericsson (Verizon) Leap Wireless US Cellular Huawei AT&T AT&T AT&T Vodafone Vodafone SK Telecom Rogers Wireless KDDI KDDI NTT DoCoMo NTT DoCoMo KT
Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 17 Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 13 Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 12 Carrier Aggregation of Band 5 and Band 12 Carrier Aggregation of Band 7 and Band 20
19 Inter-band
5
1
Intra-band cont Intra non-cont
Carrier Aggregation of Band 2 and Band 17 Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 5 Carrier Aggregation of Band 5 and Band 17 Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 20 Carrier Aggregation of Band 8 and Band 20 Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 5 Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 7 Carrier Aggregation of Band 11 and Band 18 Carrier Aggregation of Band 1 and Band 18 Carrier Aggregation of Band 1 and Band 19 Carrier Aggregation of Band 1 and Band 21 Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 8
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© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Modes and Deployments
24
CA Band Combinations
Rel.11
3
CA Band Combinations
Rel.10
Release 12:
1
2
Inter-band
Intra-band cont
19 Inter-band
95
CA Band Combinations
Rel.12
48
5
o o o o
Core requirements uplink CA in inter-band Performance requirements for intra-band non-contiguous Core analysis for 3 component carriers in inter-band Maximum aggregated bandwidth is 50MHz
1
Intra-band cont Intra non-cont
12
10
Inter-band Intra-band cont Intra non-cont
17
25 Inter 3 CC © 2014 Agilent Technologies
Agenda LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation
Design and test challenges
18
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Impact on UE design MME
PCC
SCC
UE
Carrier Aggregation impact
NAS
- None
RRC
RRC
- Addition and removal SCC
PDCP
PDCP
RLC
RLC
NAS
MAC
MAC
PHY
PHY
- None - Larger buffer
Impact on higher layers: o Enhanced user plane to support higher data rates o Modifications and new additions on existing RRC procedures:
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Reconfiguration message to support Addition/Release of SCC
Report of new UE categories and capabilities
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Impact on UE design PHY, MAC and RF are the most challenging o Multiple PHY and aggregated MAC:
One PHY layer per CC
Data aggregation happens at MAC layer
MAC must handle scheduling on multiple CC
Support of cross-carrier scheduling
o Complex transceivers design:
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Highly challenging radio environment in terms of spur and self-blocking
Front-end needs to be designed to support multiple frequency band combinations
MIMO + multi chain makes antenna design even more challenging
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Design and Test Challenges Challenge #1 : When Inter-Band aggregation and MIMO spatial multiplexing is combined, test set-ups may become quite complex. T2010A LTE Wireless Communications Test Set
RF RX Performance Test Scenario • 2CC aggregation • MIMO 4x2 • Closed loop spatial multiplexing • RF impairments
T2010A PCC
Channel Emulator
+
UE
+ SCC
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Channel Emulator
Design and Test Challenges Challenge #2 : Simultaneous transceiver chains lead to intermodulation and cross-modulation within the UE.
TR 36.850 and 36.851 Inter-band carrier aggregation Scope: To gather relevant background and studies to address Inter-band carrier aggregation requirements (Release 11) Class
Description
A1
Low-high band combination without harmonic relation between bands or intermodulation problem
A2
Low-high band combination with harmonic relation between bands
A3
Low-low or high-high band combination without intermodulation problem (low order IM)
A4
Low-low, low-high or high-high band combination with intermodulation problem (low order IM)
A5
Combination except for A1 – A4
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Harmonics may cause degradation in the performance of the high band receiver
The use of diplexers to split and combine RF chains are very challenging
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Design and Test Challenges Challenge #2 : Simultaneous transceiver chains lead to intermodulation and cross-modulation within the UE. Class A2 example: Band 4-17
710 MHz Uplink
23
740 MHz Downlink
2130 MHz Downlink
Band 17
Band 4
PCC
SCC
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Design and Test Challenges Challenge #2 : Simultaneous transceiver chains lead to intermodulation and cross-modulation within the UE. Class A2 example: Band 4-17
3rd harmonic
710 MHz Uplink
24
740 MHz Downlink
2130 MHz Downlink
Band 17
Band 4
PCC
SCC
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Design and Test Challenges Challenge #2 : Simultaneous transceiver chains lead to intermodulation and cross-modulation within the UE. A/D
Band A
Switch
H3 Trap
A/D
D/A
Ref. Sensitivity (dBm) Release 8
Ref. Sensitivity (dBm) Carrier Aggregation
Band 4
-96.3
-89.5
Band 17
-93.3
-92.8
Band 1
-96.3
-96.3
Band 5
-94.3
-94.3
D/A
Antenna tuner
Switch
Band 17 Band B
A/D
A/D
D/A
D/A
Band 4 A/D
Band A
Band B
A/D
A/D
A/D
Source: 36.851 and 36.521-1
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© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Design and Test Challenges Challenge #2 : Simultaneous transceiver chains lead to intermodulation and cross-modulation within the UE. 6.8dB due to noise floor increase caused by harmonic
A/D
Band A
Switch
H3 Trap
A/D
D/A
Ref. Sensitivity (dBm) Release 8
Ref. Sensitivity (dBm) Carrier Aggregation
Band 4
-96.3
-89.5
Band 17
-93.3
-92.8
Band 1
-96.3
-96.3
D/A
Antenna tuner
Switch
Band 17 Band B
A/D
A/D
D/A
D/A
Band 5 uplink
Band 4 A/D
Band A
Band B
Note: This is an exception allowed when the -94.3 in the lower frequency -94.3 active operating
band.
A/D
A/D
A/D
Source: 36.851 and 36.521-1
26
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Design and Test Challenges Challenge #2 : Simultaneous transceiver chains lead to intermodulation and cross-modulation within the UE. A/D
Band A
Switch
H3 Trap
A/D
D/A
Ref. Sensitivity (dBm) Release 8
Ref. Sensitivity (dBm) Carrier Aggregation
Band 4
-96.3
-89.5
Band 17
-93.3
-92.8
Band 1
-96.3
Band 5
-94.3
D/A
Antenna tuner
Switch
Band 17 Band B
A/D
A/D
D/A
D/A
Band 4
0.5 dB due to H3 trap filter -96.3 insertion loss -94.3
A/D
Band A
Band B
A/D
A/D
A/D
Source: 36.851 and 36.521-1
27
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
Design and Test Challenges Challenge #2 : Simultaneous transceiver chains lead to intermodulation and cross-modulation within the UE.
Ref. Sensitivity (dBm) Release 8
Ref. Sensitivity (dBm) Carrier Aggregation
Band 4
-96.3
-89.5
Band 17
-92.8
-92.8
Band 1
-96.3
Band 5
-94.3
0.5 dB due to H3 trap filter -96.3 insertion loss -94.3
Source: 36.851 and 36.521-1
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© 2014 Agilent Technologies
LTE T4000S Test Systems
ALL BASED ON THE SAME HARDWARE PLATFORM T4110S LTE Protocol Tester
T4010S LTE RF Tester
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T2010A LTE Wireless Communications Test Set T4020S LTE RRM Tester
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
3GPP Conformance Status New test cases for inter-band without UL CA and intra-band contiguous with and without UL CA
• 63 New RF test cases
• 16 New RRM test cases • 36 New Protocol test cases Ongoing! CA test cases in a new WI which covers intra-band non-contiguous
• 13 New RF test cases • 18 New Protocol test cases Outlook! New CA test cases expected in Rel-12 (inter-band with 2 uplinks)
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© 2014 Agilent Technologies
SUMMARY Carrier aggregation is the first step of LTE Advanced enabling: o Higher IP data rates
o Facilitate efficient use of fragmented spectrum Inter-Band with 2 component carriers aggregated in the downlink is one of the most demanded combinations today Carrier aggregation is a huge topic in Conformance with a lot of new test cases defined and more in the pipeline
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© 2014 Agilent Technologies
E7515A UXM Wireless Test Set Make a clear call
Ensure realistic category 4 / 6 performance • Sustained bidirectional 300 Mbps / 50 Mbps E2E IP data • Most highly integrated solution: multiple cells, carrier aggregation, 4x2 DL MIMO, integrated fading and built-in application server
Achieve design confidence
LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation
DL: 300Mbps
UL: 50 Mbps
CAT 6 Device
• Unique receiver test Flexible channel allocation and closed-loop testing • Trusted transmitter test X-Series measurement science Join “Overcome LTE-A UE Design Test Challenges with Agilent’s New UXM” webcast here 32
© 2014 Agilent Technologies
For more information… Agilent Resources • LTE-Advanced application and product info: www.agilent.com/find/lteadvanced • T4000S LTE/LTE-A Conformance and DV Systems: www.agilent.com/find/t4000s • E7515A UXM Wireless Test Set: www.agilent.com/find/E7515A • 89600 VSA product information: www.agilent.com/find/vsa • X-Series signal analyzer product information: www.agilent.com/find/xseries • Signal Studio product information: www.agilent.com/find/signalstudio
LTE-Advanced Documents • Application Note: http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5990-6706EN.pdf • Requirements TR 36.913: http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/36913.htm • Study Technical Report TR 36.912: http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/36912.htm
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Questions and Answers
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