Grammar-ENGLISH TENSES [PDF]

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ENGLISH TENSES Tenses merupakan perubahan kata kerja berdasarkan urutan waktu. Tenses dibagi menjadi PRESENT (Sekarang), PAST (Lampau), dan FUTURE (Akan Datang). Dan jumlah keseluruhannya ada 16 Tenses.



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Simple Present Tense



Menyatakan kebiasaan, fakta, peristiwa atau kejadian yang terjadi pada masa sekarang dan menjelaskan kebiasaan sehari-hari. Rumus : Subject ( I, You, We, They ) =



( + ): Subject + V-1 ( – ): Subject + do not + V-1 ( ? ): Do + Subject + V-1



Subject ( He, She, It ) = ( + ): Subject + V-1s/es ( – ): Subject + does not + V-1 ( ? ): Does + Subject + V-1 Variasi Pertanyaan: What



I



Where



You



When



Do



Why



We They



Which



Verb-1 + Object?



How



He



Who



Does



She



Whom



It



Contoh Kalimat : ( + ) Dodi reads a book ( – ) I don’t read a book ( – ) Does he read a book? Note: Cara menambahkan s/es pada V-1 a. Kata-kata yang berakhiran “ss, sh, ch, x, o” ditambah es. 



Miss



-> Misses



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



Wash



-> Washes







Catch



-> Catches







Fix



-> Fixes







Go



-> Goes



b. Kata-kata yang berakhiran “y” yang didahului konsonan diubah menjadi “ies”. 



Study



-> Studies







Fly



-> Flies







Try



-> Tries



c. Kata-kata yang berakhiran “y” yang didahului vocal maka cukup ditambah “s”. 



Play



-> Plays







Buy



-> Buys



d. Secara umum ditambah “s”. Keterangan waktu (Adverb of time) In the morning



:



In the afternoon



:



In the evening



:



At noon



:



At night



:



At midnight



:



Every morning



:



Every afternoon



:



Every evening



:



Every night



:



Everyday



:



Every week



:



Every month



:



Every year



:



Once a day



:



Once a week



:



Twice a month



:



Three times a year



:



Four times a year



:



Every minute



:



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Every hour



:



Every time



:



Every Monday



:



On Sunday



:



On Sundays



:



Keterangan waktu di atas bisa diletakkan di depan kalimat atau di belakang kalimat. Selain waktu, dalam tenses ini kita juga mengenal adverb of frequency (tingkat keseringan kita melakukan sesuatu) Always



:



Generally



:



Usually



:



Often



:



Sometimes



:



Occasionally : Seldom



:



Rarely



:



Ever



:



Never



:



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Present Continuous Tense



Menyatakan peristiwa atau tindakan yang sedang berlangsung sekarang atau saat pembicaraan berlangsung. Rumus: ( + ): S + tobe (am, is are) + Verb I-ing ( – ): S + to be not + Verb I-ing (?): To be + S + Verb I-ing Contoh Kalimat : ( + ): She is cooking ( – ): She is not cooking ( ? ): Is she cooking 3



Present Perfect Tense



Present perfect tense adalah bentuk kata kerja yang meyatakan suatu aksi (action) yang dimulah di masa lalu, dan telah selesai pada waktu tertentu sebelum detik ini (sekarang). •



Rumus Present Perfect Tense



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Present perfect tense dibentuk dari Subject ditambah auxiliary verb seperti “have” (untuk I, You, They, We) dan “has” (untuk She, He, It) dan ditambah dengan bentuk kata kerja ke-3 atau “Past Participle” (Baik Irregular verb maupun regular verb). Dan Selebihnya dapat ditambah Objek kalimat dan Adverb (Kata keterangan). Contoh-contoh Kalimat Present Perfect Tense: -They have walked to the cinema. (Mereka telah berjalan ke bioskop) -She has not (hasn’t) wanted me coming here. (Ia perempuan tidak ingin saya dating kesini) -The students have studied physic well. (Murid-murid itu telah belajar pelajaran Fisika dengan sungguh-sungguh) -The teacher has not come yet. (Guru itu belum datang) -You have come to the school . (Kamu telah datang ke sekolah) -Nobody has done well. (Tak seorangpun telah melakukan dengan benar) -I have gotten much money. 4



Present Perfect Continuos Tense



Menyatakan tindakan atau peristiwa yang telah selesai dikerjakan pada masa lalu atau baru dimulai pada masa lalu dan masih berlangsung hingga saat ini. Rumus: ( + ): S + has/have + been + V1-ing ( – ): S + has/have not + been + V1-ing ( ? ): Has/Have + S + been + V1-ing Contoh Kalimat : ( + ): She has been eating ( – ): She has not been eating ( ? ): Has shee been eating 5



Simple Past Tense



Menyatakan peristiwa di masa lampau. Rumus : ( + ): Subject + V-2 ( – ): Subject + did not + V-1 Global Learning Center GRAMMAR



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( ? ): Did + Subject + V-1 Contoh Kalimat : ( + ) Dodi went to beach yesterday. ( – ) I didn’t read a book ( ? ) Did he read a book? ( + ) They went to market two days ago ( – ) They did not go to market two days ago ( ? ) Did they go to market two days ago? Keterangan waktu (Adverb of time) A week ago



:



Two months ago



:



Four year ago



:



Last Last week



:



Last month



:



Last year



:



Last night



:



Last Sunday



:



Yesterday



:



Just now



:



This morning



:



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Past Continuous Tense



Menyatakan peristiwa tau tindakan yang terjedai pada waktu tertentu di masa lalu Rumus: ( + ): S + was/were + Verb-ing ( – ): S + was/were not + Verb-ing ( ? ): was/were + S + Verb-ing Contoh Kalimat : ( + ) I was studying last nite ( – ) They were not studying last nite ( ? ) was she studying last nite Global Learning Center GRAMMAR



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Past Perfect Tense



Menyatakan peristiwa atau tindakan yang berlangsang di masa lampau dan telah selesai pada waktu sebelum peristiwa lainnya terjadi. Rumus: ( + ): S + had + V-3 ( – ): S + had not + V-3 ( ? ): had + S + V-3 Contoh Kalimat : ( + ): The taxi had left ( – ): The taxi had not left ( ? ): Had the taxi left? 8



Past Perfet Continous Tense



Menyatakan suata peristiwa atau tindakan dengan lama waktu tertentu yang telah selasai pada waktu tertentau pada masa lampau Rumus: ( + ): S+ had + been +Verb-ing ( – ): S + had not + been + Verb-ing ( ? ): Had + S + been + Verb-ing Contoh : ( + ): They had been studying ( – ): They had not been studying ( ? ): Had they been studying? 9



Simple Future Tense



Menyatakan peristiwa yang akan dilakukan masa sekarang. Rumus : ( + ): Subject + Will + V-1 ( – ): Subject + Will not + V-1 ( ? ): Will+ Subject + V-1 Note : Menggunakan “Going to”: (+): S + be (am/is/are ) + going to + V-1 ( – ): S + be (am/is/are) not + going to + V-1 ( ? ): be ( am/is/are ) + S + going to + V-1 Global Learning Center GRAMMAR



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Contoh Kalimat : ( + ) Dodi will return the book tomorrow ( – ) I will not buy a book ( – ) will you buy a book?



10 Future Continous Tense Menyatakan peristiwa atau tindakan yang akan sedang terjadi pada suatu waktu tertentu pada masa mendatang Rumus: ( + ): S + will be + Verb-ing ( – ): S + will not be + Verb-ing ( ? ): Will + S + be + Verb-ing Contoh Kalimat : ( + ): She will be studying ( – ): She will not be studying ( ? ): Will she be playing 11



Future Perfect Tense



Menyatakan peristiwa atau tindakan yang akan sudah selesai pada suatu waktu pada masa mendatang. Rumus: ( + ): S + will + have + V-3 ( – ):S + will not + have + V-3 ( ? ): Will + S + have + V-3 Contoh Kalimat: ( + ): They will have studied ( – ): They will not have studied ( ? ): Will they be studied? 12 Future Perfect Continuous Tense Global Learning Center GRAMMAR



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Menyatakan peristiwa atau tindakan yang telah berlagsung sekian lama pada waktu tertentu pada masa yang akan datang. Rumus: ( + ): S + will + have + been + Verb-ing ( – ): S + will not + have + been + Verb-ing ( ? ): Will + S + have + been + Verb-ing Contoh Kalimat: ( + ): Doni will have been eating ( – ): Doni will not have been eating ( ? ): Will they have been eating? 13 Simple Past Future Tense Menyatakan peristiwa atau tindakan yang akan dilakukan yang terjadi di masa lalu Rumus: Menggunakan would: ( + ): S + would + V-1 ( – ): S + would not + V-1 ( ? ): would + S + V-1 Menggunakan going: ( + ): S + was/were + going to + V-1 ( – ): S + was/were not + going to + V-1 ( ? ): Was/were + S + going to + V-1 Contoh Kalimat : ( + ): They would attend to this seminar ( – ): They were not going attend to this seminar ( ? ): Would they attend 14 Past Future Continous Tense Menyatakan peristiwa atau yang akan sedang dilakukan atau akan sedang terjadi pada masa akan datang ketika berada di masa lalu. Rumus : ( + ): S + would/should + be + Verb-ing ( – ): S + would/should not + be + Verb-ing ( ? ): Would/should + S + be + Verb-ing? Contoh Kalimat: ( + ): They would be studying Global Learning Center GRAMMAR



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( – ): They would not be studying ( ? ): Would he be studying? 15 Past Future Perfect Tense Menyatakan peristiwa atau tindakan yang akan telah dilakukan pada masa lampau Rumus: ( + ): S + would/should + have + V-3 ( – ): S + would/should + not + have + V-3 ( ? ): Would/should + S + have + V-3 Contoh Kalimat: ( + ): Dian would have eaten ( – ): Dian would not have gone ( ? ): Would she have gone?



16 Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense Menyatakan peristiwa atau tindakan yang akan sudah berlangsung dalam waktu lama pada durasi waktu tertentu di masa lalu. Rumus: ( + ): S + would/should + have + been + V-ing ( – ): S + would/should + not + have + been + V-ing ( ? ): Would/should + S + have + been + V-ing Contoh Kalimat: ( + ): Dian would have been sleeping ( – ): Dian would not have been sleeping ( ? ): Would she have been sleeping?



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