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READING 21 Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the Line average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year – 30 percent over (5) the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life. The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790's, North American entrepreneurs – even without technological improvements – had broadened the scope of the outwork system that mace manufacturing (10) more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820's and 1830's the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of me outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the "uppers" of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens (15) of Massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the enduring shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful "shoe boss" and eroded workers' control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price. For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even (20) more important new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, (25) and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nation's largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers. 1.



2.



What is the passage mainly about? (A) The difficulties of industrialization in North America (B) The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centers (C) The rapid speed of industrialization in North America (D) Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods The word "boosted" in line 3 is closest in meaning to (A) ensured (B) raised (C) arranged (D) discouraged



3.



The word "scope" in line 9 is closest in meaning to (A) value (B) popularity (C) extent



(D) diversity



4.



The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of how (A) entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork system (B) entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase output (C) rural workers responded to "shoe bosses" (D) changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes



5.



All of the following are mentioned as effects of changes in the shoe industry during the 1820's and 1830's EXCEPT (A) an increase in the worker's dependence on entrepreneurs (B) an increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakers (C) a decline in the workers ability to control the speed of production (D) a decrease in the price of shoes



6.



All of the following are true of the outwork system EXCEPT (A) It involved stages of production. (B) It was more efficient than the systems used before 1790. (C) It made many employers less powerful than they had been before. (D) It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements.



7.



The word "prolific" in line 22 is closest in meaning to (A) efficient (B) productive (C) self-employed



(D) progressive



8.



According to the passage, how did later mills differ from the mills differ from the mill built by Oliver Evans? (A) They were located away from large cities. (B) They used new technology to produce power. (C) They did not allow flour to cool before it was placed in Barrels. (D) They combined technology with the outwork system.



9.



The word "it" in line 24 refers to (A) water power (B) machinery



(C) grain



(D) mill



10. The passage mentions which of the following as a result of improvements in factory machinery? (A) It become easier for factory' owners to find workers and customers. (B) Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers. (C) The amount of power required for factories operate was reduced. (D) Factories could operate more than one engine at a time. 11. The word "eager" in line 29 is closest in meaning to (A) wealthy (B) knowledgeable (C) regular



(D) enthusiastic



READING 22 The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present] Line urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed (5) to mature urbanism’s in little more than a century. In the early colonial day in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest England and France, particularly England, from which (10) most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities (15) increased in importance. This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In face, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have it front on a water highway. When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms. Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865). 1.



2.



What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe. (B) The evolution of cities in North America (C) Trade between North American and European cities (D) The effects of the United Sates’ independence on urban growth in New England. The word “they” in line 4 refers to (A) North American colonies (C) centuries



(B) cities (D) town economies



3.



The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of the following? (A) Their economic success (B) The type of merchandise they exported (C) Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements (D) (D)The pace of their development



4.



The Word “accordingly” in line 11 is closest in meaning to (A) as usual (B) in contrast (C) to some degree (D) for that reason



5.



According to the passage, early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline of North America due to (A) an abundance of natural resources (B)financial support from colonial governments (C) proximity to parts of Europe (D) a favorable climate



6.



The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared which of the following for shipment to Europe? (A) Manufacturing equipment (B) Capital goods (C) Consumer goods (D) Raw materials



7.



According to the passage, all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the (A) location of the plantations (B) access of plantation owners to shipping (C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents (D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantation



8.



It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern, cities, most southern cities were (A) imagined (B) discovered (C) documented (D) planned



9.



The word “recorded” in line 26 is closest in meaning to (A) imagined (B) discovered (C) documented (D) planned



10. The word “drawing” in line 27 is closest in meaning to (A) attracting (B) employing (C) instructing



(D) representing



11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line28-29) because it was a time of (A) significant obstacles to industrial growth (B) decreased dependence on foreign trade (C) increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms (D) increased migration from northern states to southern states



READING 23 In seventeenth-century colonial North America, all day-to-day cooking was done in the fireplace. Generally large, fireplaces were planned for cooking as well as for warmth. Those in the Northeast were usually four or five feet high, and in the South, they were often high enough for a person to walk into. A heavy timber called the mantel tree was used as a lintel to support the stonework above the fireplace opening. This timber might be scorched occasionally, but it was far enough in front of the rising column of heat to be safe from catching fire. Two ledges were built across from each other on the inside of the chimney. On these rested the ends of a "lug pole" from which pots were suspended when cooking. Wood from a freshly cut tree was used for the lug pole, so it would resist heat, but it had to be replaced frequently because it dried out and charred, and was thus weakened. Sometimes the pole broke and the dinner fell into the fire. When iron became easier to obtain, it was used instead of wood for lug poles, and later fireplaces had pivoting metal rods to hang pots from. Beside the fireplace and built as part of it was the oven. It was made like a small, secondary fireplace with a flue leading into the main chimney to draw out smoke. Sometimes the door of the oven faced the room, but most ovens were built with the opening facing into the fireplace. On baking days (usually once or twice a week) a roaring fire of "oven wood," consisting of brown maple sticks, was maintained in the oven until its walls were extremely hot. The embers were later removed, bread dough was put into the oven, and the oven was sealed shut until the bread was fully baked. Not all baking was done in a big oven, however. Also used was an iron "bake kettle," which looked like a stewpot on legs and which had an iron lid. This is said to have worked well when it was placed in the fireplace, surrounded by glowing wood embers, with more embers piled on its lid. 1.



Which of the following aspects of domestic life in colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?



(A) (B) (C) (D) 2.



Methods of baking bread Fireplace cooking The use of iron kettles in a typical kitchen The types of wood used in preparing meals



The author mentions the fireplaces built in the South to illustrate



(A) how the materials used were similar to the materials used in northeastern fireplaces



(B) that they served diverse functions (C) that they were usually larger than northeastern fireplaces (D) how they were safer than northeastern fireplaces 3.



The word "scorched" in line 6 is closest in meaning to (A) burned (B) cut (C) enlarged (D) bent



4.



The word "it" in line 6 refers to (A) the stonework (B) the fireplace opening (C) the mantel tree (D) the rising column of heat



5.



According to the passage, how was food usually cooked in a pot in the seventeenth century? (A) By placing the pot directly into the fire (B) By putting the pot in the oven (C) By filling the pot with hot water (D) By hanging the pot on a pole over the fire



6.



The word "obtain" in line 12 is closest in meaning to (A) maintain (B) reinforce (C) manufacture (D) acquire



7.



Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 2 as a disadvantage of using a wooden lug pole? (A) It was made of wood not readily available. (B) It was difficult to move or rotate. (C) It occasionally broke. (D) It became too hot to touch.



8.



It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that, compared to other firewood, "oven wood" produced (A) less smoke (B) more heat (C) fewer embers (D) lower flames



9.



According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of a colonial oven EXCEPT: (A) It was used to heat the kitchen every day. (B) It was built as part of the main fireplace. (C) The smoke it generated went out through the main chimney. (D) It was heated with maple sticks.



10. According to the passage, which of the following was an advantage of a "bake kettle"? (A) It did not take up a lot of space in the fireplace. (B) It did not need to be tightly closed. (C) It could be used in addition to or instead of the oven. (D) It could be used to cook several foods at one time.