Madhya Bharati: Bilingual Research Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences Madhya Bharati, मध्य भारती: Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences [72, 72 ed.] [PDF]

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Citation preview

e / ; H k k j r h e k u f o d h , o al e k t f o K k u d h f } H k k " k h ' k k s/ k & i f = k d k ISSN 0974-0066



¼ v ad & 7 2 ] t u o j h & t wu ] 2 0 1 7 ½ l aj { k d i zk sj k ? k o sU n zi h f r o k j h d qy i f r i z/ k k u l E i k n d i zk sv f E c d k n Ù k ' k e k Z l E i k n d i zk sf u o sf n r k e S= k k M k Wi ad t p r qo sZn h M k Wv k ' k qr k s" k d qe k j f e J i zc U / k l E i k n d M k WN f c y d qe k j e sg sj



M k WD V j g j h f l ag x k Sj f o ' o f o | k y ; l k x j ¼ e / ; i zn s' k ½ & 4 7 0 0 0 3 n wj H k k " k % ¼ 0 7 5 8 2 ½ 2 6 4 4 5 5 b Z& e sy % [email protected]



l E i k n d h ; i j k e ' k Ze . M y g i zk so h j sU n ze k sg u ] f g U n h f o H k k x g i zk s, , u ' k e k Z] e k u o ' k k L = k f o H k k x g i zk sf n o k d j ' k e k Z] l e k t ' k k L = k f o H k k x g i zk si h i h f l ag ] f o f / k f o H k k x g i zk sc zt s' k d qe k j J h o k L r o ] b f r g k l f o H k k x g M k Wv u qi e k d k Sf ' k d ] j k t u h f r ' k k L = k f o H k k x



e / ; H k k j r h e k u f o d h , o al e k t f o K k u d h f } H k k " k h ' k k s/ k & i f = k d k v ad & 7 2 ] t u o j h & t wu ] 2 0 1 7 ISSN 0974-0066 ¼ i wo Z& l e h f { k r v ) Zo k f " k Zd ' k k s/ k & i f = k d k ½ M k WD V j g j h f l ag x k Sj f o ' o f o | k y ; ] l k x j ¼ e i z½ i zd k f ' k r j p u k v k sa d sv f H k e r l sM k WD V j g j h f l ag x k Sj f o ' o f o | k y ; ] l k x j ; k l E i k n d k sa d h l g e f r v f u o k ; Zu g h ag SA



l n L ; r k ' k qY d i zf r v ad v k t h o u O ; f D r x r # 1 5 0 @ & # -2 0 0 0 @ & l aL F k k x r # 2 0 0 @ & # 4 0 0 0 @ &



l E i k n d h ; i = k O ; o g k j % e / ; H k k j r h M k WD V j g j h f l ag x k Sj f o ' o f o | k y ; ] l k x j ¼ e i z½ & & 4 7 0 0 0 3 n wj H k k " k % ¼ 0 7 5 8 2 ½ 2 6 4 4 5 5 b Z& e sy % [email protected] v k o j . k % M k WN f c y d qe k j e sg sj e qn z. k % v e u i zd k ' k u d V j k u e d e aM h ] l k x j ¼ e i z½



v u qØ e f . k d k c p i u ] f ' k { k k v k Sj o Sf ' o d l e k t 5 d Sy k ' k l R ; k F k h Z



f u e Zy o e k Zd k H k k j r c k s/ k % i zk e k f . k d l aL d `r k R e k d k i zR ; f H k K k u 1 7 v f E c d k n Ù k ' k e k Z



H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu k sa d si zf r j k g qy t h d h n `f " V % d qN f o ' k s" k r k , ¡ 2 7 i zn h i x k s[ k y s



l ar qy u d k l k San ; Zv k Sj f o M E c u k 3 3 i ad t p r qo sZn h



m Ù k j & v k / k qf u d r k o k n v k Sj f o K k u d h v k y k sp u k 4 8 v k y k sd V . M u



H k f D r % e k s{ k ' k r k f è k d k 5 4 j e k d k U r i k . M s;



e g k d f o e k ? k d k j k t & / k e Z 7 7 l × t ; d qe k j



i zo k l u ¼ e k b x zs' k u ½ d sf o d Y i d h t : j r 8 7 f o o sd d qe k j t k ; l o k y



l e d k y h u i f = k d k v k sa e sa L = k h & v f L e r k 9 3 v f [ k y d qe k j x qI r k



H k k j r h ; l aL d `f r v k Sj d y k e sa x t1 0 5 e h u wv x zo k y



j k l v k Sj d F k d d k v U r j l E c U / k



1 1 1



' k k E H k o h ' k qD y k f e J k



d k aV d su h f r ' k k L = k d sv k / k k j H k wr e k U ; r k v k sa e sa ' k qH k l ad Y i d k e g Ù o1 1 9 e f Y y d k d qe k j h



v i j k / k h O ; o g k j d k T ; k sf r " k f o ' y s" k . k h ; n `f " V d k s. k 1 2 6 f o o sd e sg r k , o an h i d x qI r k



Revisiting Portuguese Colonization in India



1 3 5



Susheel Kumar Sharma



The Conception of Jñâna and its relation to Karma in the Bhagavadgîtâ



1 5 7



Binod Kumar Agarwala



Professional Ethics for Bureaucracy



1 9 1



Sanjay Kumar Shukla



Familial and Human Relationships in M.R. Anand



2 0 4



Archana Shrivastava



Women in the Plays of Girish Karnad : An overview



2 1 1



Anurodh Chadar



From Identity Crisis to Identity Search : Journey of a Transgender



2 2 6



Pallavi Priyadarshini



Spatial Variation in Literacy : A Case Study of Sample Village, Ambedkarnagar District



2 3 4



Alok Pandey and Chandra Shekhar Dwivedi



Nagpur Session of Congress (1920) : Watershed on the Issue of Leadership in Central Provinces



2 4 2



Sanjay Barolia



i qL r d & L k e h { k k 2 4 7 L o n s' k h l t Zd & v k y k sp d f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag v t ; d qe k j i V u k ; d



c p i u ] f ' k { k k v k Sj o Sf ' o d l e k t d Sy k ' k l R ; k F k h Z u k c sy s ' k k f ar i j qL d k j f o t r s k e Sa F k k sM +k t k u c w> d j m / k j d h v k sj t k j g k F k k ] D ; k saf d f t l e ap l sb l f o ' o f o | k y ; d sd qy i f r t h c k sy j g sg Sa e sj h f g E e r u g h ag qb Zf d e Sa m l h e ap l st k d j c k sy u k ' k q: d : ¡] y sf d u v k i u sv k n s' k f n ; k g S r k sf Q j e Sa ; g h al sc k sy w¡x k A I ; k j sc P p k s] ' k g j d si zf r f " B r u k x f j d x . k ] c g u k sv k Sj H k k b ; k s] v k t l o sj st c g e ; g k ¡i g q¡p sr k sf n Y y h l si wj sj k L r se sa v k Sj ; g k ¡H k h c M +k d k sg j k F k k A F k k f d u g h a F k k \ y sf d u v H k h r k sd k Q h j k s' k u h g k sx b Zg S] l wj t f u d y v k ; k g SA j k st & j k st v k i y k sx l wj t f u d y r sn s[ k r s g k sax sA D ; k sa H k k b Zu k St o k u y k sx k s] l wj t f u d y r k g Sf d u g h af u d y r k g S\ l wj t r k sj k st f u d y r k g Sy sf d u l k x j f o ' o f o | k y ; d si zk ax . k e sa t Sl k l wj t v k t f u d y j g k g S] o Sl k i g y sd H k h u g h af u d y k A e Sa ; g c k r D ; k sa d g j g k g w¡] b l d k t o k c n w¡x k A y sf d u l c l si g y se Sa v k n j . k h ; x k Sj t h d k sc g qr f o u e zr k l sJ ) k at f y v f i Zr d j u k p k g r k g w¡A e Sa m u d sc k j se sa t c f o f n ' k k e sa j g r k F k k r c H k h i < +r k F k k ] t k u r k F k k f d d Sl sm U g k sau s v i u h i Sr `d l E i f Ù k d j h c n k sd j k sM +# i ; sd h n k u n h ] d Sl sm U g k sau sc h l y k [ k t k st e k F k so g , d f o ' o f o | k y ; c u k u sd sf y , n k u f n ; sA 1 9 2 0 d sn ' k d e sa t c y k sx l k sp H k h u g h al d r sF k sm l l e ; m U g k sau s d k u wu h r j h d sl s; sd k sf ' k ' k d h f d y M +f d ; k sa d h ' k k n h d h m e z1 2 l sc < +k d j 1 4 d j n h t k ; A m l l e ; m U g k sau sb l c k r i j H k h t í k st sg n d h f d e f g y k v k sa] y M +f d ; k sa d k sH k h Law d j u sd sc k n o d h y c u k ; k t k ; v k Sj m U g sa v f / k d k j i q# " k o d h y d sc j k c j f n ; st k , ¡A b r u h Ø k af r d k j h l k sp ] b r u h n k u ' k h y r k ] b r u k K k u ] b r u k d f o R o ] b r u h r R i j r k ] t k sm u d sv U n j F k h ] m l d sl k e u si wj k l k x j u g h a] i wj k e / ; i zn s' k u g h a( i wj k H k k j r u g h a] i wj k f o ' o u r e L r d g SA e q> s; g k ¡v k d j c g qr v i u k i u y x j g k g SA y x r k g S; k sa r k sl k j h / k j r h e sj h d e ZH k wf e g SA l k j h / k j r h e sj h e k ¡g SA y sf d u f Q j d g h au d g h a] d g h au d g h av i u h f e ê h d h l k sa/ k h l qx U / k c g qr v y x y x r h g SA c qU n sy [ k . M d h f e ê h e sa e sj sc k i & n k n s] e sj si wo Zt i Sn k g q, A e Sa H k h f o f n ' k k e sa i Sn k g qv k v k Sj l c sj sl s ; g k ¡v k ; k g w¡A ; g k ¡d h g o k ] ; g k ¡d h f e ê h ] ; g k ¡d k i k u h ] b r u k L o k f n " V ] b r u k v P N k y x j g k g S] n qf u ; k e sa d g h ad k i k u h u g h ay x r k ] d g h ad h f e ê h ] d g h ad h g o k u g h ay x r h A e Sa c qU n sy [ k . M d sr e k e c f y n k f u ; k sa] r e k e o h j k sa] r e k e y s[ k d k sa v k Sj d f o ; k sa] r e k e l aL d `f r d f e Z; k sa] f t u d sc k j se sa b f r g k l l se Sau sl h [ k k g S] m u d k s H k h u e u d j r k g w¡A y sf d u t c e Sa i g y h c k j l k x j v k ; k ] i g y sm l d h ? k V u k l qu k u k p k g r k g w¡A v i u h / k e Zi R u h l se k Q h e k ax r sg q, ] o k sr k sl l qj k y e sa g S] e Sa r k sH k k b Ze k ; d se sa g w¡A e / ; H k k j r h & 7 2 ] t u o j h & t wu ] 2 0 1 7 ] ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 5-16



6 @ e / ; H k k j r h



v x j c P p sd g sax sr k sl qu k n w¡x k e Sa] l P p h l qu k n w¡\ t c e Sa i g y h c k j l k x j v k ; k r k sf o f n ' k k l s f d l h u sr k d h f p V ~B h m u d sc sV sd k sn su h F k h ] t k s; g k ¡i zk sQ sl j F k sA i zk sQ sl j l k g c f o f n ' k k e sa t k si j h { k k g k sr h g S , e , l l h d h ] m l d k o k b o k g k sr k g S( m l e sa v k u so k y sF k sA , l , l t s, l d k Wy st g e k j s; g k ¡g qv k d j r k F k k A m l i j h { k k e sa t c o k b o k g k su k F k k r k sf o f n ' k k d sc g qr l sy M +d s& y M +f d ; k ¡c SB sF k si j h { k k n su sd sf y , v k Sj f o f n ' k k d h , d c M +h l qU n j l h y M +d h H k h c SB h F k h A c r k Å ¡x k ] u g h av x j v k i y k sx e q> sg wV d j k sx s] r H k h e Sau s v i u h / k e Zi R u h l se k Q h e k ax y h g SA e Sa N k = k u sr k F k k v i u sd k Wy st d k ] v i u s' k g j d k A y { e h n k n k d k si r k g S] t c ; sf ' k { k k e a= k h F k sr k s b u d sf [ k y k Q H k h i zn ' k Zu d j r sF k sv k Sj b u d sl k F k H k h d j r sF k sA x k Sj h ; k n o l k e u sc SB sg SaA m l y M +d h u s f d l h r j g e q> s, i zk sp f d ; k ] r qe y k sx k sa d k sd k sb Zy M +d h , i zk sp d j sr k so g e r d j u k t k se Sau sf d ; k ] c r k Å ¡ D ; k sa\ m l u sd g k ] d Sy k ' k ] r qe r k sc g qr L e k V Zg k s] r qe p k g k sr k se q> so k b o k e sa l k Se sa l sl k Su E c j f n y o k l d r s g k sA e Sau sd g k d Sl s! r k so g c k sy h l k x j f o ' o f o | k y ; e sa , d i zk sQ sl j g Sa] i zk sQ sl j l D l su k ; k o e k Zm u d k u k e F k k A o g , d u sr k d sc sV sF k s] v x j r qe m u d sf i r k t h d h f p V ~B h y sd j p y st k v k sr k sc g qr v P N k g k sx k A e q> s b u d k e k sa e sa d k sb Z; d h u u g h aF k k ] y sf d u o g y M +d h ' k g j d h l c l st k u h & i g p k u h y M +d h F k h v k Sj e Sa H k h ' k g j d k l c l st k u k & i g p k u k y M +d k F k k f o f n ' k k e saA e Sa u sr k t h d h f p V ~B h y sd j f o f n ' k k l s; g k ¡v k ; k ; wf u o f l ZV h e sa ' k k e d k sA ; g c k r d j h c p k y h l l k y i qj k u h g k sx h A m u d s? k j e sa f p V ~B h n h f d v k i d sf i r k t h u sf H k t o k b Zg SA m U g k sau sf p V ~B h [ k k sy d j i < +h v k Sj d g k ] B h d g S] f i r k t h d k sg e k j k u e L r sd g u k ] t c g e v k , ax sr k sb l c k r d k / ; k u t : j j [ k sax sA e Sa v i u k d k Wy j & o k y j Å ¡p k d j d so k i l v k ; k ] l k x j l sf o f n ' k k d sf y , d k sb Zl h / k h V ªsu u g h aF k h ] b l f y , c h u k p y k x ; k A c h u k e sa j k r g k sx b Z] ? k j o k y k sa d k sH k h u g h ac r k u k F k k ] t Y n h & t Y n h H k k x d j f o f n ' k k i g q¡p u k F k k ] j k r d k sc k j g & , d c t sl si g y sA L V s' k u e sa i wN u si j i r k p y k f d j k r e sa d k sb ZV ªsu f o f n ' k k u g h at k r h ] l c sj s f e y sx h A e Sau sd g k H k k b Z] j k r e sa d k Su b U r t k j d j sA e Sa v d sy k v k ; k F k k f d l h y M +d sd k sl k F k u g h ay k ; k F k k ] t k u c w> d j v d sy k v k ; k F k k f d i wj k Ø sf M V e q> sf e y sA ; k sa r k se Sa v d sy k p y r k u g h aF k k y sf d u r c H k h p y k s] L V s' k u e k L V j u sc r k ; k f d o g k ¡; k M Ze sa d qN e k y x k f M +; k ¡[ k M +h g Sa t k sH k k si k y d h r j Q t k r h g Sa] i Sn y p y d j p y st k v k sA c h u k L V s' k u l se Sa e k y x k f M +; k sa d h r j Q x ; k A j k r F k h ] v ¡/ k sj k H k h F k k v k Sj i V f j ; k sa d sc h p l se Sa n k SM +r k & n k SM +r k t k j g k F k k A v c r k sn s' k e sa L o P N r k v f H k ; k u p y j g k g S] i r k u g h af d r u k l q/ k k j g k sj g k g S\ y sf d u m l o D r t k u c w> d j y k sx ; sH k wy t k r sF k sf d o g k ¡V sªu g S] i V f j ; k sa i j g h v i u k ' k k Sp d j r sg SaA e Sa n k SM +s t k j g k g w¡ v k Sj e sj si Sj y F k i F k g q, t k j g s g Sa y sf d u y M +d h d k p sg j k v k Sj m l d sd g u sd k v U n k t r k se Sa o g k ¡p y k x ; k A i wN & r k N d j u si j f d l h u s d g k ; g V ªsu g S] f d l h u sd g k o g V ªsu g SA e k y x k M +h e sa i h N sd sx k M Zl se Sau si wN k ] D ; k sa H k S; k ] ; sV ªsu H k k si k y d h v k sj t k r h g S\ m l u sd qN d g k g k sx k ] v ¡/ k sj k H k h F k k v k Sj x k M +h p y p qd h F k h A e Sau sl qu k g k ¡] m l u sg k F k f g y k ; k r k se Sa y i d d j V ªsu e sa p < +x ; k A F k k sM +h n sj V ªsu p y r h j g h e Sau sl k sp k ? k . V sM s< +? k . V se sa i g q¡p u sd h c k r v k t k , x h A M s< +? k . V sc k n t c e Sau sv U n j ? k ql d j x k M Zl si wN k r k sm l u sd g k ] ; g V ªsu r k sd V u h d h r j Q t k j g h g SA v c e Sa d g k ¡m r : ¡] t g k ¡x k M +h # d sx h ] o g h am r : ¡x k A g k F k & i k Wo t k sM +d j e Sa m r j k v k Sj l o sj s& l o sj sf o f n ' k k i g q¡p k A g k y r [ k j k c ] l c d qN c qj h g k y r e sa f Q j H k h F k k sM +k g h j k sc u u sd sf y , m l h g k y r e sa y M +d h d s? k j p y k x ; k ] f n [ k k u sd sf y , f d i wj h j k r i j s' k k u g k sd j v k ; k g w¡A y sf d u b l d h b af r g k ; g u g h ag qb Z] m l u sd g k g k sx ; k d k e \ f p V ~B h n sn h \ e Sau sd g k ] g k ¡] n sn h A o g c k sy h ] c g qr & c g qr / k U ; o k n d Sy k ' k H k k b Zl k g c !b l f y , r qe ; g e r d j u k !



c p i u ] f ' k { k k v k Sj o Sf ' o d l e k t @ 7



e q> su k sc sy i qj L d k j d h ? k k s" k . k k g qb Zv H k h n k sl k y i g y sA v k t l c sj sd b Zy k sx k sa u si wN k f d d Sy k ' k t h ] v k t c M +k l k SH k k X ; g Sf d v k i ; g k ¡v k ; sg Sa b l i zk ax . k e saA y sf d u H k k j r d sy k sx r c r d f d l h d k su g h a i g p k u r s] t c r d f d c k g j d k d k sb Zv k d j B I i k u y x k n sA r k se Sau sm l u k St o k u d k st o k c f n ; k f d H k k b Z] e sj sl k F k ; g c k r T ; k n k b l f y , y k x wu g h ag k sr h f d e Sau sd H k h B I i k y x k u sd h d k sf ' k ' k H k h u g h ad j h ] u n s' k e sa] u f o n s' k e saA e Sau sd H k h i z; k l u g h af d ; k f d y k sx e q> st k u saA D ; k saf d t c l sc p i u c p k v k sv k U n k sy u d h ' k q: v k r d h v k Sj n wl j sc M +s v k U n k sy u k sa d h ( e sj se u e sa j g k f d v x j , d H k h v k n e h e sj sl k F k t qM +r k g S] , d H k h u k St o k u e sj sl k F k t qM +r k g S] , d H k h # i ; k d k sb Zn sr k g Sr k sm l d h i k b Z& i k b Zm u c P p k sa d sÅ i j [ k p Zg k s] f t u d k sm l d h t : j r g SA ; g e sj h u Sf r d f t E e sn k j h g S] e sj k p sg j k v [ k c k j e sa Å i j N i o k u sd sf y , f c Y d qy [ k p Zu g h ag k su k p k f g , A y sf d u f t l f n u b l d h ? k k s" k . k k g qb Z] , d v k Sj c g u v H k h [ k k r so ä i wN j g h F k h f d f t l o ä v k i u s; sd k e ' k q: f d ; k r k sv k i d k s; sv u qe k u F k k f d , sl k g k st k ; sx k A e Sau sd g k ] f c Y d qy u g h aF k k ] e Sa r k sl k sp H k h u g h al d r k F k k A g k ¡] , d c k r t : j A e Sau su k sc sy i qj L d k j d k u k e r c l qu k F k k t c e Sa 6 & 7 l k y d k F k k A , d l i u k n s[ k k F k k e Sau sA y sf d u ; g l i u k ; su g h aF k k f d e q> su k sc sy i qj L d k j f e y t k ; sA ; g l i u k e sj h l k sp d sc k g j d k l i u k F k k ] e Sa l k sp H k h u g h al d r k F k k A e sj k l i u k ; sF k k f d , d u , d f n u , d u k sc sy i qj L d k j f o t sr k d sl k F k g k F k f e y k y w¡ v k Sj Q k sV k s f [ k ap k y w¡A b l c k r d sf y , e q> si p k l l k y b U r t k j d j u k i M +k ] i p k l l k y c k n e q> s, sl k e k Sd k f e y k f d , d c k j e Sa v k Sj n y k b Zy k e k e ap i j l k F k & l k F k c SB sF k sA n y k b Zy k e k c g qr H k y s] c g qr l qU n j ] c g qr e g k u v k n e h ] m U g k sau s¼ i qj k u h c k r g S1 5 & 2 0 l k y i g y s½ e ap i j g h e sj k g k F k i d M +d j c k r p h r ' k q: d j h ] o se sj k g k F k i d M +s g q, F k sv k Sj e Sa] Q k sV k sx zk Q j k sa d h r j Q n s[ k j g k F k k f d d k sb Ze sj k Q k sV k s[ k h ap y sA Q k sV k sf [ k ap t k ; sx k r k se Sa i wj s? k j e sa c M +s& c M +s i k sL V j c u o k d j y x o k n wax k A y sf d u Q k sV k sx zk Q j o g k ¡^ , y k m * u g h aF k sv k Sj v k t d h r j g ; sN k sV s& N k sV sL e k V Zd Se j sg Sa u A n s[ k k s] o g i zk sQ sl j l k g c [ k k sy d j c SB sg SaA t k sd qN e Sa c k sy j g k g w¡] o g v k j g k g Sm l e sa v k Sj v x j ; s[ k c j i M +x b Zf o f n ' k k e sa m l y M +d h d k sr k s\ v k i r k sf j d k M Zd j j g sg k sA m l d si f r d k s[ k c j u g h ai M +u h p k f g , ] m l d k si M +t k ; sr k sd k sb Zc k r u g h aA m l l e ; ; sg qv k u g h ad j r k F k k ; sN k sV s& N k sV sd Se j sr k se q> se u e sa , d i N r k o k j g x ; k f d H k S; k Q k sV k su g h ae sj k f d l h u k sc sy f o t sr k d sl k F k A f t l f n u e q> s? k k s" k . k k g qb Zr k sf d l h v [ k c k j o k y su sd g k d Sy k ' k t h ] u k sc sy i zk b t !r k so g b r u sm R l k g e sa F k k u k St o k u f d i wj h c k r u g h ad g i k ; k A e Sau sl k sp k f d f d l h d k su k sc sy i qj L d k j d h ? k k s" k . k k g qb Zg S] n qf u ; k e sa f d l h v k n e h d k sA p w¡f d e Sa , d l k e k f t d d k ; Zd r k Zg w¡ r k se q> l so g d k sb Zd e saV p k g r k g Sr k se Sa v i u sy Si V k Wi e sa [ k k st u sy x k A u k sc sy i h l i zk b t 2 0 1 4 r c m l e sa H k h u g h av k ; k F k k A r c r d e sj sd qN l k F k h v k se i zd k ' k ] j k d s' k n k SM +r sg q, Å i j v k ; sA [ k q' k h d se k j s; si k x y g q, t k j g sF k sA H k k b Zl k g c & H k k b Zl k g c v k Sj e q> l sf p i V d j [ k M +s g k sx ; sA e Sau sl k sp k ] b U g h ae sa l sf d l h d k su k sc sy i qj L d k j f e y x ; k g SA y sf d u r c e Sa l e > x ; k f d e sj su k e d h ? k k s" k . k k g qb Zg Sr k se Sau sb u d k sN k sM +k v k Sj v i u s d e j se sa c k F k : e d h v k sj x ; k A o g k ¡' k h ' k k y x k F k k ] e Sa m l d sl k e u s[ k M +k g k sx ; k v k Sj i P p h l & r h l l sY Q h y s y h A d e l sd e i g y k Q k sV k sr k sv k ; su k sc sy i qj L d k j f o t sr k d sl k F k r k sg e l c d k sH k h ; sl k sp u k p k f g , A g j c P p k t k s; g k ¡c SB k g ] Sg j u k x f j d t k s; g k ¡c SB k g S] o g v u U r l E H k k o u k v k sa l sH k j k g SA g e sa m u l E H k k o u k v k sa d k sr y k ' k u k g SA y sf d u n qH k k ZX ; l sv k t H k k j r e sa v k Sj i wj h n qf u ; k e sa b u l E H k k o u k v k sa d k s c p i u l sg h d qp y f n ; k t k j g k g SA c M +k l i u k n s[ k u sd h l E H k k o u k ] c M +k l ad Y i y sd j v k x sd qN d j x qt j u s



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d h l E H k k o u k c p i u e sa g h d qp y n h x b ZA v k t l o sj sl se Sa d qN e sy i < +j g k g w¡A e Sa , d v U r j k " V ªh ; v f H k ; k u d k f g L l k g w¡] c g qr l k j sv f H k ; k u k sa d k f g L l k g w¡A y sf d u , d v f H k ; k u p y j g k g Su k b t h f j ; k e sa] , d t x g g S f ' k o k sd A d y , d ? k V u k d k s, d g t k j f n u g k sx ; sg SaA , d g t k j f n u i g y sf ' k o k sd d sc k sd k sg j k e u k e d v k r ad o k n h l ax B u u sr h u l k Sd sy x H k x y M +f d ; k sa d k sv x o k d j f y ; k A o sv x o k d j d sy sx ; sf d l h d k s i r k u g h a] g M +d ai e p x ; k A f ' k o k sd v k Sj v k l i k l d sb y k d k sa e sa L d wy c U n d j f n ; sx ; sA v k r ad d sM j d s e k j sv k Sj d j h c n k sy k [ k c P p k sa d sL d wy N wV x ; sA , d g t k j f n u i g y sA v c e k ¡& c k i j k sr sf x M +f x M +k r sj g sA i wj h n qf u ; k e sa g k ; r k Sc k e p x b ZA m u e sa l sd qN y M +f d ; k ¡f d l h r j g V ªd l sd wn d j H k k x x b ZaA m u y M +f d ; k sa e sa l s, d y M +d h l se sj h c k r p h r g qb ZA p waf d e Sa m l v k U n k sy u d k f g L l k g w¡] t k sb l c k r d h e k ¡x d j j g k g S f d g e k j h c sf V ; k sa d k so k i l f d ; k t k ; sA g j r j g d h d k sf ' k ' k g e y k sx d j j g sg SaA y M +d h u sc r k ; k f d l r j g x k f M +; k ¡[ k M +h d j n h x b ±] L d wy d sf ' k { k d k sa d k sc k ¡/ k f n ; k x ; k v k Sj y M +f d ; k sa d k sc k ¡/ k d j V ªd k sa e sa M k y f n ; k x ; k v k Sj m B k d j y sx ; sf d l h d k se k y we u g h aA m u d h v k ¡[ k k sa i j i f ê ; k ¡c k ¡/ k n h x b ±v k Sj y st k d j V ªd k sa e sa Q sad f n ; k & , d d sÅ i j , d o sy M +f d ; k ¡i M +h j g h aA m u d h p h [ k sa c k g j u g h av k i k ; h aA y sf d u t k sy M +f d ; k ¡t k s y k SV d so k i l v k ; h a] m U g k sau sc r k ; k A ; sc k sd k sg j k e ] ; sv k r ad o k n h f t l p h t l sM j j g sg Sa] o g g Sf ' k { k k A m u d k s[ k r j k g Sf d v x j ; sy M +f d ; k ¡i < +x ; h ar k sm u d k f n e k x [ k qy sx k ] m u d h l k sp e sa r C n h y h v k ; sx h a b l f y , y M +f d ; k ¡f d l h g k y r e sa u i < +l d sa] y M +d sH k h u i < +l d sA m U g k sau sm u d h p k sj h d h 3 0 0 l sT ; k n k y M +f d ; k sa d k sp qj k ; k ] 2 0 0 y M +f d ; k ¡v k t r d u g h af e y h a] , d g t k j f n u g k sx ; sA ; sf ' k { k k d h r k d r g S] t k s v k r ad o k n h l e > r sg SaA f ' k { k k d h r k d r g S] t k sg e k j sd ' e h j e sa L d wy k sa e sa v k x y x k u so k y sv k Sj L d wy k sa d k s r k sM +u so k y sy k sx l e > r sg SaA m u d k se k y we g Sf d v x j g e k j sc sV s& c sf V ; k ¡] v x j c P p si < +x ; sr k so si h N su g h a j g sax sA o sv i u sn s' k d sc k j se sa t k u asx s] v i u h l H ; r k v k Sj l aL d `f r d sc k j se sa t k u sax s] m u d h l k sp o SK k f u d g k sx h m u d k sc g y k Q ql y k d j v k r ad o k n h u g h ac u k ; k t k l d r k A ; sy k sx t k u r sg Sa f ' k { k k d h r k d r A n k s l k y g q, g Sa] y x H k x n k sl k y i g y si k f d L r k u e sa i s' k k o j d sv k e h ZL d wy e sa d qN y k sx ? k ql x ; sv k Sj n s[ k r s& n s[ k r s x k sf y ; k ¡p y k u h ' k q: d j n h aA M s< +l k Sd sy x H k x c P p k sa d k sx k sf y ; k sa l sH k wu M k y k A , d e k ¡l se sj h c k r g k sj g h F k h A m l e k ¡u sd g k ] H k k b Zt k u ] v k t l c sj s& l c sj se sj sl sc M +h x y r h g qb Z] e sj k c sV k n sj l sm B k A e Sau sm l sF k I i M + e k j k f d o g n sj l sm B k g Sv k Sj t c j n L r h m l d sd U / k si j L d wy d k c L r k V k ¡x f n ; k ] m l d sd i M +s c n y f n ; s] ; wf u Q k We Zi g u k f n ; k A o g L d wy u g h at k u k p k g r k F k k ] e Sau sm l sL d wy H k st f n ; k v k Sj n sj l sm B u sd h l t k n h A e k ¡u se q> l si wN k ] H k k b Zt k u ] e sj k D ; k d l wj F k k ] e sj sc sV sd k D ; k d l wj F k k \ e Sau sv i u sc sV sd k s; wf u Q k We Ze sa H k st k v k Sj v i u sc sV sd h y k ' k d k sd Q u e sa y i sV k g qv k i k ; k A v k r ad o k f n ; k sa d k sf ' k { k k d h r k d r e k y we g Sf d v x j g e k j sc P p si < +x ; sr k sm u d sf n e k x d k si zn wf " k r d j d sm U g sa d B e qY y si u d h j k g i j u g h a/ k d sy k t k l d sx k A ; sr k d r ; e u e sa] ; sr k d r l h f j ; k e sa ; sr k d r v Q x k f u L r k u e sa b u y k sx k sa d k se k y we g Sf d d g h a c P p sv P N h i < +k b Zu i < +t k ; saA c g qr p qu k Sf r ; k ¡g aS v k t n qf u ; k d sl k e u s] c g qr l k j h p qu k Sf r ; k ¡A m u e sa ; sc g qr c M +h p qu k Sr h g SA v H k h d qN e g h u k sa i g y sb aX y S. M e sa ; wu k b V sM f d ax M e e sa , d j sQ sj s. M e g qv k ] , d j k ; ' k qe k j h g qb ZA m l j k ; ' k qe k j h e sa i wN k x ; k f d t k s; wj k si d k e g k l a? k g S] m l e sa j g u k p k g r sg Sa ; k m l l sv y x g k su k p k g r s g SaA v y x g k su so k y k sa d h t h r g k sx b ZA v y x g k su so k y k sa d k r d ZF k k f d ; sf o n s' k h y k sx g e k j sn s' k e sa v k j g sg Sa] u k Sd f j ; k ¡N h u j g sg SaA ' k j . k k F k h Zy k sx g e k j sn s' k e sa v k j g sg Sa] g e k j k H k k st u & i k u h ] g e k j sl al k / k u b u i j [ k p Z g k sj g sg SaA g e k j sc P p sd g k ¡i < +sax sA ; wj k si d h r k d r d e g k sx b Z] b aX y S. M d k sm l l sv y x g k su k i M +k A Ý k al e sa



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b l r j g d h e k ¡x m B j g h g S] t e Zu h e sa b l r j g d h e k ¡x m B j g h g S( v e j h d k e sa b l r j g d h e k ¡x as m B h av k Sj ; s y k sd f i z; g k sr h t k j g h g Sa] n qf u ; k d k sN k sV k d j u sd sf y , A f d r u k c M +k f o j k s/ k k H k k l g S] f d r u h c M +h x M +c M +g SA x M +c M +; sg Sf d , d r j Q c k t k j ] O ; k i k j ] / k u n k Sy r ] l wp u k , ¡] V sD u k sy k Wt h Q Sy j g h g aS v k Sj b U g sa Q Sy k u se sa Q k ; n k f e y j g k g Sy k sx k sa d k sA l j d k j d k sH k h Q k ; n k g SA l e k t d k H k h Q k ; n k l j d k j k sa d k su t j v k r k g SA ; s o S' o h d j . k Q Sy j g k g S] y sf d u n wl j h r j Q l e k t d h e k u f l d r k v k Sj j k t u h f r f l d qM +j g h g SA f l Q Z v i u s& v i u se sa d sf U n zr g k sj g h g Sv k Sj y k sx b l si l U n d j j g sg SaA v y x & v y x u k e n sd j ] v y x & v y x t k e k i g u k d j A ; g c g qr c M +k f o j k s/ k k H k k l g SA v k n e h & v k n e h d sf j ' r sf l d qM +t k ; sa v k Sj V sy h Q k su k sa i j t qM +u sd s f j ' r sc < +r st k ; saA n s' k d k sV ~o h V j ] Q sl c qd ] b aL V k x zk e v k Sj O g k V ~l , i ] g k b d ; sf j ' r sc < +j g sg Sa] t qM +j g sg Sa] ; s c g qr c M +h x M +c M +g Sd g h au d g h aA v x j ; st k u d k j h d sl wp u k d sv k n k u & i zn k u d sf j ' r sc < +r sg Sa r k sv k n e h e sa , d & n wl j sd si zf r f t E e so k j h d k f j ' r k H k h c < +u k p k f g , ] y sf d u o g ? k V j g k g SA ? k j & ? k j e sa ? k V j g k g SA e Sa n s[ k j g k g w¡ d b Zi f j o k j k sa e sa t g k ¡n k sH k k b Zv k Sj , d c g u l k F k & l k F k b at h f u ; f j ax d h i j h { k k n sj g sg aS , M f e ' k u d s f y , ; k v k b Z, , l d h r S; k j h d j j g sg SaA , d g h e k ¡& c k i d sc sV sv k Sj c g u o s, d & n wl j sl sd k Wf E i V h ' k u d j j g sg SaA D ; k saf d t x g c g qr d e g Sv k Sj r h u k as e sa l sg j , d d k so g k ¡t k u k g SA , d g h ? k j e sa] , d g h i k sL V d s f y , r h u & r h u ] p k j & p k j y k sx v I y k b Zd j j g sg aS v k Sj N qi k & N qi k d sd j j g sg SaA D ; k asf d i k sL V , d g h g Sv k Sj m l e sa e q> si g q¡p u k g SA e sj k H k k b Z; k e sj h c g u u i g ¡qp t k ; sA ; sd Sl k r e k ' k k g k sj g k g SA ; sl k sp u sd h c k r g SA v c f ' k { k k f t l d h v k t c k r g k sj g h g S] f t l d sf y , b l f o ' o f o | k y ; d k f u e k Z. k g qv k A g e k j s ; g k ¡c g qr i f j H k k " k k , ¡f ' k { k k d h g e k j s' k k L = k k sa e sa g qb Zg SaA y sf d u e q> sc g qr l j y r e , d t k sl aL d `r d k o k D ; ; k n g So g g S& ^ l k f o | k ; k f o e qD r ; s* A f ' k { k k o g g S] f o | k o g g S] t k sv k i d k sv k t k n d j k ; sv k i d sf n e k x d k sv k t k n d j k v k i d k sl k e k f t d ] v k f F k Zd ] j k t u h f r d ] v x j d g h an k l r k g Sr k sm l l sv k t k n d j k D ; k saf d v k t k n h f n y k u so k y h t k sp h t g S] o g g Si < +k b Z] f ' k { k k A r h u r j h d sl sb l sn s[ k saA v k t t c l c sj se q> l sl o k y i wN k x ; k b l h r j g d sd k ; ZØ e e sa r k se Sau sd g k ] e Sa b l d k t o k c n w¡x k A i < +k b Zd k t k si g y k c M +k Q k ; n k g S v k t d sl U n H k Ze sa m l d k sl e > saA v k t d h n qf u ; k i Sl s] n k Sy r ] v k f F k Zd r j D d h i j f V d h g SA l e k t d k i Se k u k ; g u g h ag Sf d n q[ k & l q[ k e sa d k Su f d l d sd k e v k j g k g SA l e k t d k i Se k u k g Sf d t h M h i h f d r u h c < +h ; k f d r u h ? k V h A l k sp u sd h c k r g Sf d l d y j k " V ªh ; m R i k n d k i zf r ' k r f d r u k c < +& ? k V j g k g SA g e y k sx f d r u s[ k q' k g Sa] f d r u k n q% [ k n n Ze as t h j g sg S; g c k r f i N M +x ; h g SA v k f F k Zd r k Sj i j g e k j st h o u d k e wY ; k ad u g k sr k g Sr k sf ' k { k k d k l c l sc M k Q k ; n k v k t d st e k u se sa g SA , d v / ; ; u g qv k 5 0 n s' k k sa e sa t k sf d f o ' o c Sad u sd j k ; k v k Sj f j t Y V e sa f u d y k f d , d n s' k d s] f d l h x j h c n s' k d sc P p si < +u k & f y [ k u k l h [ k x ; s] i zk F k f e d i < +k b Zm u d k sv k x b Zr k sm l n s' k d sl d y j k " V ªh ; m R i k n e sa 0 3 7 ; k y x H k x 0 4 Q h l n h d h o `f ) l k y k u k g k sl d r h g SA 1 0 l k y r d v x j o si < +s& f y [ k sc P p sm l n s' k e sa j g r sg Sa] c M +s g k st k ; sax sr k sm l n s' k e sa l d y j k " V ªh ; m R i k n 4 Q h l n h c < +t k ; sx k A v x j b l f g l k c l sn s[ k k t k ; sA , d n wl j h p h t f d v x j x j h c n s' k k sa d sc P p k sd k si < +u k f l [ k k f n ; k t k ; ( f l Q Zi < +u k ] f y [ k u k u g h aA f d l h H k h x j h c n s' k d k c P p k v x j i < +u k l h [ k t k r k g Sv k Sj l k j sx j h c n s' k k sa d sc P p sv x j i < +u k l h [ k t k ; sa] r k sl = k g d j k sM +y k sx k sa d k sx j h c h j s[ k k l sm $ i j m B k ; k t k l d r k g SA f l Q Zi < +u k l h [ k u si j n qf u ; k e sa t k sx j h c h g S] m l e sa 1 2 Q h l n h d h d e h v k l d r h g SA i < +k b Zd k Q k ; n k g Sf d u g h a\ f u t h r k Sj i j Q k ; n k c r k r k g w¡ r qe y k sx k sa d k sA v x j d k sb ZH k h c P p k i zk F k f e d f ' k { k k i wj h d j y sr k g S] r k sm l d h f t U n x h e sa t k sd e k b Zg k sx h ] o g n l l si U n zg Q h l n h T ; k n k d e k b Zg k sx h ] i zk F k f e d d { k k i j , d l k y i < +u so k y sc P p sd k sA f t l u sn l l k y i < +k b Zd j y h r k so g M s< +l k S



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Q h l n h i Sl k d e k , x k ; k u h f d v x j v k i c M s+ g k su sd sc k n v k i d h r u [ o k g n k sg t k j # i ; sg Sv k Sj n l o h a d { k k r d v k i u si < +k b Zd j y h r k sv k i d h r u [ o k g f d r u h g k st k ; sx h \ M s< +l k SQ h l n h A d k sb Zc r k l d r k g S\ l k SQ h l n h v x j c < +sx k r k sn k sg t k j v k Sj n k sg t k j ] p k j g t k j v k Sj v x j M s< +l k SQ h l n h c < +sx k r k si k ¡p g t k j g k st k ; sx h A 1 0 l k y r d i < +y k so sr u n k sg t k j d h t x g i k ¡p g t k j g k st k ; sx k A Q k ; n k g Sf d u g h ai < +k b Zd k v k f F k Zd Q k ; n k ] y sf d u l k e k f t d Q k ; n k H k h g Sb l d k A l k e k f t d ] l k aL d `f r d i { k H k h g Sb l d k A v x j c P p s i < +f y [ k t k , ¡A y M +f d ; k ¡v x j i < +f y [ k t k ; sa n l o h ad { k k r d ] r k sc k y f o o k g i k ¡p x qu k d e g k st k r k g SA c k y f o o k g d h j ¶ r k j ? k V d su h p sv k t k r h g SA y M +f d ; k ¡v x j i < +f y [ k t k , ¡r k st k sN sM +[ k k u h g k sr h g Sg e k j s i f j o k j k sa e sa t k sd b Zc k j f j ' r sn k j ] c qt qx Zy k sx ] i M +k sl h y k sx d j r sg Sa] m l N sM +[ k k u h e sa d e h v k r h g SA , p v k b Z o h , M ~l d h t k sc h e k j h g k sr h g Sm l l si k ¡p y k [ k y k sx k sa d k sc p k ; k t k l d r k g Sf l Q Zi < +k b Zl sA b r u k c M +k o saf V y s' k u g Si < +k b Zd k A b l d sl k e k f t d Q k ; n sc g qr g SaA t k sy M +f d ; k ¡e j t k r h ad e m e ze sa c P p k i Sn k g k sr s o D r ] c P p k g qv k v k Sj e j x b ZA m u d h l a[ ; k e sa H k h i k ¡p x qu k d e h y k ; h t k l d r h g S] i k ap x qu k A v k i d k sb Z n o k b Zu n k s] f l Q Zi < +k n k sr k sb r u k Q k ; n k g k sx k f ' k { k k d k A v k t d h n qf u ; k t k sl wp u k d h n qf u ; k g S] t k sK k u d h n qf u ; k g S] t k sV sD u k sy k Wt h d h n qf u ; k g S] d E I ; wV j i j p y u so k y h n qf u ; k g S( o g i < +k b Zd sc x Sj u g h ap y l d r h A g j , d c P p sd k si < +u k t : j h g SA y sf d u n qH k k ZX ; l sv k t n qf u ; k e sa l k r f e f y ; u y x H k x N % d j k sM +c P p sn qf u ; k e sa , sl sg Sa t k sf ' k { k k l so af p r g Sa] x , g h u g h ad H k h L d wy v k Sj c h l d j k sM +c P p s, sl sg Sa t k sL d wy r k sx , y sf d u i zk F k f e d d { k k e sa g h m u d h i < +k b ZN wV x ; h A N C c h l d j k sM +c P p s, sl sg Sa r k s; g v P N h c k r g Sf d c qj h c k r g S\ N C c h l d j k sM +v k i d sH k k b Z c f g u L d wy k sa e sa g k su sp k f g , f t u d h m e zv B ~B k j g l k y r d d h g S] y sf d u o g L d wy e sa u g h ag aSA v c t k sc P p s L d wy e sa u g h ag Sa] o sd g k ¡i j g Sa \ d g k ¡i j g Sa c r k v k s\ c k y e t n wj h d j j g sg SaA c k y e t n wj h d j j g sg Sa] d g h a ' k k j h f j d f o d `f r ; k sa d h o t g l sL d wy u g h at k i k j g sg Sa] d g h ax E H k h j c h e k f j ; k sa d h o t g l su g h at k i k j g sg aS( d g h a& d g h aL d wy g h u g h ag Sn qf u ; k e saA n qf u ; k e sa d b Zn s' k k sa e sa L d wy u g h ag Sa] t k su t n h d g k sa v k Sj c P p k m u e sa i < +u st k l d sA b l d h o t g l sH k h L d wy l sc k g j g Sa c P p sA v k t g e y k sx t c e Sau sd g k u ; si zd k j d sl wj t d sn ' k Zu d j u k p k g r sg Sa] r k sm l d si h N s, d e d l n g SA m l d si h N sd k e d l n v i u h f t U n x h l st k se Sau sl h [ k k g S] m l d sv k / k k j i j c r k r k g ¡wA e Sau s f t U n x h e sa c g qr l k j h c k r sa l h [ k h af o f n ' k k e sa j g r sg q, v k Sj c k d h l a? k " k Zd sn k Sj k u A i g y h c k r t k se Sau sl h [ k h v k Sj n wl j h v k Sj r h l j h ] r h u k sa c k r sa] m u d k l E c U / k ; g g Sf d e Sau sv i u sv U n j n s[ k k f d e Sa v H k h t o k u g ¡w v k Sj e sj sv U n j r k d r g SA ; g k ¡i j c g qr l su k St o k u y k sx c SB sg Sa] y M +d sy M +f d ; k ¡c SB sg Sa L d wy k sa d sA v H k h v k i d s d U / k k sa e sa r k d r g SA v H k h v k i d sg k F k & i k ¡o e sa r k d r g SA v k i d se t c wr f n y g SaA e t c wr b j k n sg SaA v H k h t k s p k g k so g d j l d r sg k sv k i A e Sau sr h u p h t sa m B k u h l h [ k h a] m B k y h A i g y h p h t e Sau sl h [ k k l o k y m B k u k ] D ; k m B k u k \ l o k y m B k u k ] n wl j h p h t e Sau sl h [ k k t k sf [ k e m B k u k ] f j L d m B k u k v k Sj r h l j h p h t l h [ k k e Sau s f t E e so k j h m B k u k A v k i ; sr h u k sa p h t sa m B k l d r sg k sA l o k y m B k u k D ; k sa t : j h g S\ t k sf [ k e m B k u sd k D ; k Q k ; n k g Sv k Sj f t E e so k j h D ; k sa m B k u h p k f g ; s\ l k sf p , m l sA g e sa t k sp h t f l [ k k b Zx b Z] o g p h t ; g f l [ k k r h g S f d c P p sg aS ; sr k sc P p k sa e sa v d y d g k ¡g S\ f l [ k k r sg Sa f d u g h ae k ¡& c k i \ v d y d k l k j k B sd k r k sg e k j h m e zd s y k sx k sa u sy sj [ k k g SA c P p k sa d sf y , e k u k t k r k g Sf d c P p sr k su k l e > g SaA c P p sr k sd e v D y g aS] c q) wg Sa] b l f y , t k s c M +k d g j g k g S] e Sa d g j g k g w] ¡o g h l p g SA e Sa D ; k d g r k g ¡w v i u sc P p sd k s] e sj h m e zd sy k sx D ; k d g r sg Sa\



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d g r sg Sa f d r qe c zk ã . k g k s] r qe f g U n wg k s] r qe e ql y e k u ] r qe b Zl k b Zg k sA e sj h m e zd sy k sx D ; k l e > k r sg Sa c P p k sa d k s; g i g p k u n sr sg Sa f d r qe c zk ã . k ] r qe j k t i wr g k s] r qe n f y r g k s] r qe v g h j g k sA e sj h m e zd sy k sx f l [ k k r sg Sa f d r qe y M +f d ; k ¡g k s] y M +d k sa l sn wj j g k sA e sj h m e zd sy k sx f l [ k k r sg aS f d y M +f d ; k sa d k st Y n h l s? k j y k SV u k p k f g , A ; f n f d l h y M +d sd sl k F k c k r p h r d j r h n s[ k h x b Zr k sp k j v k n e h ' k d d j sax s] ' k k n h C ; k g d Sl sg k sx k A ; g c k r f l [ k k r sg Sa g e k j h m e zd sy k sx A g e b l i j l o k y m B k ; saA g e k j sm e zd sy k sx k sa d si k l l k j h n qf u ; k e sa g j p h t d st o k c g SaA y sf d u b r u sl k j st o k c g e k j sÅ i j F k k si st k r sg Sa f d g j , d ; qo d & ; qo r h M j k g qv k g Sv k t l e k t e saA g e d g r sg Sa f d v x j f d l h y M +d h d sl k F k x i ' k i d j r si d M +s x ; s r k sy k sx D ; k d g sax s] e k ¡c k i D ; k d g sax s\ y M +f d ; k ¡H k h ; g h l k sp r h g SaA g e k j sM j d se k j s] b r u k M j Q Sy x ; k g S f d e Sa [ k qn f n Y y h e sa j g j g k g w¡ f i N y sN Ù k h l & l Sar h l l k y l sA e sj sc P p sc M +s g q, c sV k H k h v k Sj c sV h H k h A e Sa v [ k c k j k sa e sa i < +u sy x k f d g j n wl j sp k SF k sf n u f d l h y M +d h d sl k F k N sM +[ k k u h g k sx ; h A e Sa v [ k c k j k sa e sa i < +u s y x k f d y M +d h d sl k F k N sM +[ k k u h ] c y k R d k j d j u s] e q¡g d k y k d j u so k y sy k sx k sa e sa m U g h ad sf j ' r sn k j g Sa] p k p k & r k Å g Sa] t k sN sM +n sr sg Sa e k Sd k n s[ k d j A d g h aN wy sr sg Sa f d l h f g L l sd k sA e Sa i < +u sy x k v [ k c k j k sa e sa f d c l d sv U n j c SB d j t k u k l qj f { k r u g h ag S] / k D d k & e qD d h g k sj g h g SA y M +d sl qj f { k r u g h ag Sa] y M +f d ; k sa d h c k r N k sM +k sA ; sl k j h p h t sa l e > e sa v k u sy x h a] r k se Sa M j u sy x k ] e q> sM j y x u sy x k f d e sj h c sV h n sj l sL d wy l s y k SV h g S] r k sd g h ad qN x M +c M +r k su g h ag k sx ; h A e sj h c sV h n sj j k r e sa y k SV r h g SA t c o g v e sf j d k l si < +d j v k x ; h v k Sj [ k qn v i u h d k j p y k d j t k r h F k h ] v i u sn k sL r k sa l sf e y u s] l g sf y ; k sa l sf e y u sv k Sj v x j n sj g k s t k r h F k h ] r k se Sa f p U r k d j r k F k k ] e sj h i R u h f p U r k d j r h F k h f d d g h ad qN x M +c M +r k su g h ag k sx ; h A ; sM j i j v k / k k f j r l e k t g Sv k Sj e Sa v k i y k sx k sa l sl o k y d j r k g w¡ ; g k ¡f d t k sH k k j r ] t k sn qf u ; k M j i j c u h g qb Zn qf u ; k g SA D ; k v k i m l d k st k j h j [ k u k p k g r sg k s\ g e k j h c sf V ; k ¡c k sy sa f d D ; k o sM j e sa t h u k p k g r h g Sa\ b r u s/ k h j s u g h ap y sx k A f g E e r d sl k F k c k sf y , A v x j H k k j r d h , d H k h y M +d h M j e sa t h r h g Sr k s; g g e k j h l H ; r k i j ] g e k j h l aL d `f r i j ] g e k j h / k e ZO ; o L F k k i j ] g e k j s/ k e k Zp k ; k s± i j ] g e k j sl af o / k k u i j ] g e k j su sr k v k sa i j c g qr c M +k l o k f y ; k f u ' k k u g Sf d H k k j r d h , d H k h y M +d h D ; k sa M j j g h g SA g e M j l sv k t k n h p k g r sg Ss v k Sj t k sy k sx M j l sv k t k n h p k g r sg Sa] o g g k F k Å i j [ k M +k d j asA t k sM j l sv k t k n h p k g r sg Sa o g v i u k g k F k Å i j [ k M +k d j saA M j d sj g u k p k g r sg k s; k M j l sv k t k n h p k g r sg k sv k i y k sx \ b l l si g y sd H k h g k F k Å i j f d ; k v k i u s\ M j l sv k t k n h d sf y , f d l h u sg k F k Å i j f d ; k i g y s d H k h \ n s[ k k s; g u ; k l wj t g SD ; k saf d v k t g e k j su k St o k u ] g e k j h c g u sa] g e k j h c sf V ; k ¡M j l sv k t k n h d sf y ; s g k F k Å i j d j j g h ag SaA v k t g e l k x j d k sH k ; e qD r l k x j c u k , ax sA c k sy k sr S; k j g Sa b l d sf y ; sv k i y k sx \ v x j g e k j h , d H k h N % l k y ] u k Sl k y d h c sV h v k R e g R ; k d j r h g S] r k s; g g e k j sÅ i j d y ad g SA b l d y ad d k sg e p y u sn sax sf d f e V k , ax s\ f e V k , ax sA i wj h n qf u ; k d h ; g l e L ; k g Sf e = k k saA e Sa ; g c k r b l f y , H k h d g j g k g w¡ f d d g h an sj u g k st k , A e Sa , d ; k = k k f u d k y j g k F k k v k Sj ; k = k k e sa H k k j r ] i k f d L r k u ] v Q x k f u L r k u ] c k aX y k n s' k b u n s' k k sa d sy M +d s& y M f d ; k ¡l k F k p y j g sF k sA l c y k sx b l h c k r d sf y , g k F k m B k j g sF k sv k Sj y k sx k sa e sa p sr u k t x k j g sF k sx k ¡o & x k ¡o e saA , d ' k k e d k se Sa c P p k sa d k sc SB d j l qu j g k F k k A d qN y M +d sv k Sj y M +f d ; k ¡ c k r d j j g sF k s] v k i l e saA f n u & H k j g e y k sx ; k = k k d j r sF k s] t qy wl d j r sF k s] u k V d d j r sF k s] u qD d M +u k V d v k Sj j k r d k s x i ' k i d j r sF k s] r k se Sau sn s[ k k f d , d d k su se sa d qN c P p sx i ' k i d j j g sg SaA , d y M +d h u sn wl j h y M +d h l si wN k t k sf d l h n wl j sn s' k d h F k h i wN k f d b r u sf n u l sg e y k sx l k F k & l k F k p y j g sg aS D ; k e Sa , d l o k y i wN w¡\ m l u s



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d g k i wN k sA o g d g u sy x h f d ; g c r k v k sc g u f d r qe f d r u si Sl se sa f c d h F k h a\ r k so g c k sy h f d e Sa c k n e as c r k Å ¡x h ] i g y sr qe c r k v k sA , d y M +d h u sd g k f t l u sl o k y i wN k F k k f d e q> si k ¡p g t k j # i ; se as c sp k x ; k F k k ] r k sn wl j h u sd g k f d r qe l sr k sv P N h e Sa g w¡ e q> sl k r g t k j # i ; se sa c sp k x ; k g SaA , d y M +d k o g k ¡[ k M +k F k k y M +d su sd g k v j s! r qe y M +f d ; k ¡g k sd j H k h b r u sd e d h e r e sa f c d h g k se Sa r k sv k B g t k j # i ; se sa f c d k g w¡A v k i t k u r sg Sa f d c P p k sa d k sp qj k d sc g y k Q ql y k d st k u o j k sl sH k h d e d h e r e sa c sp k t k j g k g S\ v k i t k u r sg k sf d H k k j r e sa g j ? k . V se sa v k B c P p sx k ; c g k sr sg Sa\ f t u e sl si k ¡p c P p s; k p k j c P p sf e y r sg h u g h g Sa d H k h A ; st k sc P p sH k h [ k e k ¡x r sg Sa L V s' k u k sa i j A o st k sc P p sd g h a] f d l h ? k j e sa x qy k e h d j j g sg SaA d k Su t k u r k g Sf d m u c P p k sa d k sn s' k d sf d l h f g L l sl sp qj k d j y k ; k x ; k g k s\ v k Sj n y k y k sa u sm l si k ¡p g t k j ] N % g t k j # i ; se as c sp k A ; sc P p sv k i l e sa c k r d j j g sF k sf d r qe f d r u se sa f c d sg k sv k Sj e Sa d k su se sa [ k M +k n h o k j e sa d k u y x k d j l qu j g k F k k A b r u se sa , d y M +d h u sd g k f d n s[ k k sr qe y k sx i k ¡p & i k ¡p ] N % ; k v k B g t k j e sa f c d sg k se Sa n l g t k j e sa f c d h g w¡] r k si g y h y M +d h u si wN k f d D ; k r qe ; g t k u r sg k sf d v i u sx k ao e as H k aSl sa f d r u sd h f c d r h g Sa\ r k s? k c j k d j l c u s, d & n wl j sd h r j Q n s[ k k v k Sj , d y M +d h u sd g k f d g e k j s; g k ¡H k Sl f c d sx h M s< +y k [ k d h ] n k sy k [ k d h A l c y M f d ; k sa& y M d k sa u s, d & n wl j sd h r j Q n s[ k k v k Sj f d l h u sd g k f d g e k j s; g k ¡H k h b r u h d h e r g SA , d y k [ k V d sd h g S] M s< +y k [ k V d sd h g S] f d l h u sd g k , d y k [ k ] n k sy k [ k # i ; sd h A e sj h v k ¡[ k k sa e sa v k ¡l wv k x ; sA g e k j sc P p sv k i l e sa p p k Zd j j g sg Sa f d o g i k ¡p g t k j v k Sj n l g t k j e sa f c d sg Sa v k Sj m U g h ad sx k ¡o d h H k Sal n k sy k [ k # i ; se sa f c d j g h g SA v j s! f t l l e k t e sa c sf V ; k ¡i k ¡p g t k j ] n l g t k j # i ; sd h f c d sv k Sj H k Sal sn k sy k [ k # i ; sd h f c d s v k Sj v k i d k sm l l e k t d sf [ k y k Q x qL l k i Sn k u g h ag k sr k r k sv k i b U l k u d g y k u sd sg d n k j u g h ag aSA ; s H k k j r d k l e k t g S] ; sv Ý h d k d k l e k t g S] v e j h d k d k l e k t g S] ; wj k si d k l e k t g S]; se k u o l e k t g S] t g k ¡g e k j h c sf V ; k ¡] g e k j h c g u as] g e k j sc sV s] g e k j sc P p st k u o j k sa l sn l x qu k d h e r e sa [ k j h n sc sp st k r sg SaA ; s f d l d sc P p sg Sa\ ; sv k i d sH k k b Zc f g u g Sa ; k u g h ag aS\ D ; k v k i d se u e sa m u d si zf r d qN H k k o u k g S\ v k i v [ k c k j e sa i < +r sg k s] Q k sV k sd sl k F k d b Zc k j v Q x k f u L r k u ] b Zj k d ] l h f j ; k e sa v k i t k u r sg Sa] g e k j si < +s f y [ k sy k sx g t k j k sa& g t k j c sf V ; k sa d k s] y M +f d ; k sa d k s] m u d h e k ¡v k sa d h ] f i r k v k sa d h N k r h l s] x k sn l s N h u d j ] o sf p i V d j [ k M +h g Sa v k Sj v [ k c k j e sa Q k sV k sN i r k g Sf d f d l r j g m u d k sN h u d j n f j an s] v k r ad o k n h y st k j g sg Sa v k Sj y st k d j m u d k sx qy k e c u k d j j [ k sg q, g SaA N % g t k j c g w& c sf V ; k ¡v k b Z, l v k b Zd s; g k ¡ x qy k e c u h g Sa v k Sj t c ; g [ k c j N i r h g Sv [ k c k j e sa f d c k j g l k y d h y M +d h d k s] r sj g l k y d h y M +d h d k s g o l d k f ' k d k j c u k u sd sf y , f l x j sV d si Sd sV l sH k h d e d h e r e sa c sp k x ; k r k sb U l k u g k su sd su k r sv k i d s f n y i j D ; k x qt j r h g S\ t c Q k sV k sN i r k g Sf d , d c k j g l k y d h y M +d h u sv i u sx zk g d k sa d k sl ar q" V u g h a f d ; k ] r k si g y sl so g k ¡d c z[ k k sn d j j [ k h g qb Zg Sv k Sj m l d c zd sv U n j m l c sV h d k sf t U n k n Q u d j f n ; k t k r k g SA v x j v k i d h c f g u g k sr h r k sv k i D ; k l k sp r s\ v x j v k i d h c sV h g k sr h r k sv k i D ; k l k sp r s\ ; s f d l d h c sf V ; k ¡g Sa\ N k sV s& N k sV sc P p k sa d sg k F k k sa e sa c U n wd sa F k e k r sg Sa v k Sj d g k t k j g k g Sf d x k sy h e k j n k sA N k sV s c P p sd k s] i k ¡p l k y d s] l k r l k y d sc P p sd k sc U n wd i d M +u k u g h av k r h o g d Sl sx k sy h e k j sx k f o j k s/ k h d k s v k Sj v x j o g u g h ad j i k r k r k sv [ k c k j e sa [ k c j N i r h g Sf d i g y sl s[ k qn h d c zd sv U n j m l f t U n k c P p s d k sn Q u d j f n ; k x ; k A



c p i u ] f ' k { k k v k Sj o Sf ' o d l e k t @ 1 3



n qf u ; k e sa f d l l e k t d k f u e k Z. k d j j g sg Sa] g e y k sx \ , d n wl j sd si zf r g e k j h d k sb Zf t E e so k j h g S f d u g h a\ v k i t c k c n h f t , ; sf d l d h c g u sa g aS\ f t u d k sb l r j h d sl sn Q u d j f n ; k t k j g k g SA v k i d h c g u sg Sa ; k u g h ag S\ v k i y k sx k sa d k sv x j ; sy x r k g Sf d ; sl k j sc P p sp k g so sl h f j ; k e sa n Q u d j f n ; st k j g s g Sa] p k g sH k k j r e sa n Q u d j f n ; st k j g sg k saA v l e l sy M +f d ; k sa d k s[ k j h n d sy k ; k t k j g k g Sv k Sj f n Y y h e sa c sp k t k j g k g SA g e k j sn s' k e sa t k sv k B c P p sg j ? k . V sx qe g k sj g sg SaA ; sg e k j sH k k b Z& c f g u g Sa f d u g h ag S\ v x j g Sa r k st k sj l sc k sf y , A v x j v k i d k su ; k l wj t y k u k g Sl k x j d sb l e Sn k u e sa r k sg k F k Å i j d j d sc k sf y , A ; s v k i d sH k k b Zc f g u g Sa ; k u g h ag aS\ v k i n k su k sa g k F k Å i j d j d sc k sf y , A ; sg e k j sc P p sg SaA g e k j sH k k b Zc f g u g SaA D ; k v k i b u d sf y , d qN d j u k p k g r sg Sa r k se Sa v k i d k s v k t c qU n sy [ k . M d h b l / k j r h i j v k e af = k r d j r k g w¡A e Sa v k i d k ] b l h / k j r h d k , d c sV k g w¡A e Sa v k i d k H k k b Zg w¡A e sj k v k i i j g d g SD ; k saf d b l / k j r h l si Sn k g qv k g w¡ e SaA e sj k H k k j r d sg j u k x f j d i j g d g SA f t l o ä u k sc sy i qj L d k j f e y k r k sy k sx k sa u se q> l si wN k d Sy k ' k t h i g y sH k k j r h ; g aS v k i u k sc sy ' k k af r i qj L d k j i k u s o k y sA ; g f d l d sf y , g S\ e Sau sd g k ; g H k k j r e k r k d sf y , g Sv k Sj e sj h H k k j r e k r k ] m u i k ¡p f l r k j k g k sV y k sa e sa] m u e g ¡x s& e g ¡x sv k y h ' k k u H k o u k sa e sa] e k St & e L r h d j u so k y k sa d h H k k j r & e k r k u g h ag SA e sj h H k k j r & e k r k n sg k r d sd k su s& d k su se sa b l h c qU n sy [ k . M e sa t k si k u h l sH k w[ k se j r sg Sa] I ; k l se j r sg Sa] t k sj k st x k j d sv H k k o e sa f c d u sd sf y , e t c wj g Sa] f n Y y h ] e qE c b Z] d y d Ù k k e saA m u y k sx k sa d sv U n j t k sc l r h g Sa] o g h e sj h H k k j r e k r k g SA d qN y k sx k sa u sd g k d Sy k ' k t h v k i j k t u Sf r d c k r d j j g sg SaA H k k j r d h b r u h c M +h l e L ; k x qy k e h ] c k y e t n wj h v k i m l d k sm t k x j d h f t , A f o n sf ' k ; k sa l se Sau sd g k , d f o n s' k h i = k d k j l sf d f e = k e Sa r qE g sa c r k n sr k g w¡ f d H k k j r c g qr l e L ; k v k sa d h / k j r h g SA H k z" V k p k j d h ] x Sj c j k c j h d h ] x j h c h d h ] n g st d h ] y M +f d ; k sa i j v R ; k p k j d h y sf d u e q> sx o Zg Sf d e sj h H k k j r e k r k , d v j c l e k / k k u k sa d h H k h / k j r h g SA l e L ; k v k sa d h / k j r h u g h ag S; g l e k / k k u k sa d h / k j r h g S] n qf u ; k d k c M +k l sc M +k l e k / k k u ; g k ¡l s[ k k st k x ; k g Sv k Sj [ k k st k t k ; sx k A e Sau sj k " V ªi f r t h d k sf p ë h f y [ k n h f d ; g t k sl k su sd k e sM y i g y h c k j v k ; sx k H k k j r e sa] v k i l qu d j g Sj k u g k sax sf d i g y k e sM y t k sH k k j r e sa v k ; k o g j o h U n zu k F k t h d k v k ; k A ' k k f U r d k H k y sg h u g h aF k k ] y sf d u e g k u x q# n so d se k / ; e l so g e sM y v k ; k H k k j r e sa v k Sj d qN l k y c k n o g p k sj h g k sx ; k ' k k af r f u d sr u l sA t c v k t d sj k " V ªi f r e g k e f g e i z. k o e q[ k t h Zt h f o n s' k e a= k h F k s] m U g k sau se q> s[ k qn d g k f d d Sy k ' k t h o g t k se sM y p k sj h g k sx ; k r k sg e u sm l d k M qI y h d sV y k u sd h d k sf ' k ' k d h v k Sj f o n s' k e a= k h d su k r s e Sa [ k qn L V k Wd g k se x ; k v k Sj o g e sM y y sd j v k ; k ] M qI y h d sV A r k f d d qN r k sj g sH k k j r e sa] D ; k saf d c k d h y k sx k sa d k st k se sM y f e y k g So g ; k r k si g y sg h f o n s' k h c u p qd sF k s; k f o n s' k d sl k F k m u d k f j ' r k F k k r k so g e sM y H k k j r d h / k j r h i j u g h aj g k A o sy sx ; sv i u sv i u sl k F k ] v i u sn s' k k sa e saA e q> sy x k f d ; g H k k j r d h / k j k sg j g S] l o k l k Sd j k sM +y k sx k sa d h / k j k sg j g S] b l d k se Sa v i u s? k j e sa] y k Wd j e sa u g h aj [ k w¡x k A e Sau sm u d k sf p ë h f y [ k n h j k " V ªi f r e g k sn ; ] e Sau st Sl k i g y sf n u d g k F k k f d b l d k se Sa j k " V ªd su k e l e f i Zr d j u k p k g r k g w¡A e Sa v k i d s e k / ; e l s; g j k " V ªd k sn su k p k g r k g w¡A e Sa v k i d k sy st k d sf n ; sn sr k g w¡ r k sp k aSd x ; so g f d , sl k d Sl k i k x y v k n e h g S] l k / k q& l U r r k si Sl k d e k u sd sp D d j e sa y x sg Sa v k Sj , d l k / k k j . k v k n e h n qf u ; k d k l c l sc M +k i qj L d k j y k SV k u sd sp D d j e sa y x k g SA , sl k l k sp k d b Zy k sx k sa u sv k Sj m U g k sau sH k h l k sp k f d , sl k r k si g y sd H k h g qv k u g h an qf u ; k e sa] f d l h u s' k k af r i qj L d k j d k e sM y f n ; k u g h aj k " V ªd su k e ; g d Sl sg k sl d r k g S\ r k se Sau s d g k f d v x j v k i u g h ay k sx sv k Sj E ; wf t ; e o x Sj g e sa b l su g h aj [ k k sx sr k se Sa b l d k sj k " V ªf i r k x ak / k h t h d h



1 4 @ e / ; H k k j r h



l e k f / k i j t k d j l e f i Zr d j n ¡wX k k A D ; k saf d x k a/ k h d k u k e H k h d b Zc k j b l i qj L d k j d sf y , x ; k F k k r k se sj h ; g c g qr f o u e z, d l k / k k j . k H k k j r h ; u k x f j d d h , d J ) k at f y g k sx h A j k " V ªi f r e g k sn ; u s< wa< +k ] [ k k st k ] d g h a] d H k h , sl k g qv k u g h aF k k A y sf d u e Sa m u d si zf r c g qr & c g qr u r e L r d g w¡ f d m U g k asu s, d u ; k i zk sV k sd k Wy r S; k j f d ; k f t l d sr g r m U g k asu so g e sM y L o h d k j f d ; k v k Sj e aSu so g e sM y y st k d j n sf n ; k j k " V ªi f r t h d k sv k Sj f t l o D r e Sau sj k " V ªi f r t h d k sf n ; k r k se Sau s, d d c h j d k n k sg k i < +k v k Sj v ax zst h e sa m l d k v u qo k n H k h d j d sm u d k sl qu k ; k A t k sj k " V ªd k s] H k k j r e k r k d k sl e f i Zr g SA ^ ^ e sj k e q> e sa d N qu g h a] t k sd N qg Sl c r k sj A r sj k r q> d k sl k Sai r s] D ; k y k x r g Se k sj A A * * e Sa t k sH k h g w¡] b l h / k j r h d h o t g l sg w¡A v k t c qU n sy [ k . M d h / k j r h i j l k / k k j . k x k ao d sc P P k k sa l s y x k d j ] d k U o saV L d wy k sa d sc P p s] i zk b o sV L d wy k sa d sc P p s] ; wf u o f l ZV h d sN k = k k sa] v / ; k i d k as] i zk / ; k i d k sa] u sr k v k sa v k Sj g e k j sd qy i f r t h l c d sl k e u sc g qr f o u e zr k d sl k F k v k i d k v i u k g k su sd su k r s, d v k à k u d j r k g w¡ f d , d v k U n k sy u t k sn qf u ; k d k l c l sc M +k v k U n k sy u g S] n qf u ; k d sb f r g k l d k ] e Sa l c l sc M +k ; qo k v k U n k sy u [ k M +k d j u sd h f g E e r t qV k j g k g w¡A e Sa ' k k ar c SB u so k y k v k n e h u g h ag w¡] H k y sg h e q> s, d n t Zu ' k k af r i qj L d k j n sn k sA e Sa , d x qL l sl sH k j k g qv k v k n e h g w¡A e Sa t k u r k g w¡ f d g e e sa l sl c d sv U n j x qL l k g SA y sf d u o g x qL l k v g ad k j d h o t g l sg k sr k g SA o g x qL l k g S] f p M +f p M +si u d h o t g l sg k sr k g SA v k i f d l h d k sp k ; d sf y , c qy k v k sv k Sj u v k ; sr k sx qL l k v k r k g Se u e saA v k r k g Sf d u g h av k r k \ ; k v k i f d l h y M +d h d k b U r t k j d j j g sg aS] [ k M s+ g q, ] o g u g h av k ; h ] o D r l sr k sx qL l k v k x ; k ; k v i u h x y ZÝ saM d sl k F k f d l h v k Sj y M +d sd k sn s[ k f y ; k r k sx qL l k v k x ; k A t e h u t k ; t k n e sa x qL l k v k x ; k ] i f j o k j e sa x qL l k v k x ; k ] y sf d u ; g c g qr N k sV k m n k g j . k g SA v H k h f d l h u sd g k F k k f d x qL l sd sc k j se Sau sv k i d k H k k " k . k l qu k g Sr k sx qL l se sa t : j c k sy k sA e Sau sd g k x qL l k g e k j h c g qr c M +h i w¡t h g S] c g qr c M +h r k d r g SA , u t h Zt k sg k sr h g So g d H k h u " V u g h ag k sr h A f c t y h d k sg o k e sa c n y n k s] g o k d k sf c t y h e sa c n y n k sA v k x d k sB . M si k u h e sa c n y n k s] i k u h d k sv k x e sa c n y n k s; g l c p y r k j g r k g SA v k i t k u r sg Sa f d d k s; y sd k sf c t y h c u k n k s] V h o h p y k n k s c f < +; k ] r k st k sÅ t k Zg S] o g d H k h [ k R e u g h ag k sr h A x qL l k H k h , d Å t k Zg SA g e l c d k sx qL l k l E g k y d sj [ k u k p k f g , v k Sj x qL l sd k b L r se k y d j u k p k f g , ] c qj k b ; k sa d sf [ k y k Q A v x j g e d k sb Zp h t v P N h l e > r sg Sa] g e k j su k St o k u d k sb Zp h t v P N h l e > r sg Sa v k Sj m l p h t d k sv x j l e k t L o h d k j u g h ad j j g k ] i f j o k j L o h d k j u g h ad j j g k r k sI ; k j d sl k F k ] f o u e zr k d sl k F k m l d k sd f g ; st : j ] y sf d u e u e sa m l l sf g al k ; k ? k `. k k u g h av k u h p k f g , A g e u sr ; f d ; k f t l o D r H k k j r e as f ' k { k k e k Sf y d v f / k d k j u g h aF k h A e Sa c P p k sa d k sv k t k n d j k r k F k k x qy k e h l sv k Sj t c t k r k F k k ] L d wy e sa n k f [ k y k d j k u sd sf y , r k sg sM e k L V j e sj h c k r u g h al qu r sF k s] c sb T t r d j r sF k sA e Sa f y [ k k & i < +h d j r k j g r k F k k ] n l & i U n zg l k y i g y sA f y [ k k & i < +h d j d se Sa c M +s& c M +s y k sx k as r d x ; k f d n sf [ k , ; sc P p si k ¡p l k y ] l k r l k y ] n l l k y c k n x qy k e h d j u sd sc k n e sa L d wy l sN wV sg Sa] b u d k L d wy e sa n k f [ k y k d j n k s] u g h ad j r sF k sA c k sy sf d b l d k d k sb Zd k u wu u g h ag Sr k sg e u s] e sj se u e sa ; g f o p k j v k ; k f d d k u wu D ; k sa u g h ag S] o d h y l si wN k A o d h y k sa u sd g k f d l af o / k k u e sa g h b l d sf y ; si zk o / k k u u g h ag SaA f ' k { k k e k Sf y d v f / k d k j u g h ag SA e Sau sv i u sd qN l k f F k ; k sa l sc k r p h r d h v k Sj d U ; k d qe k j h l sy sd j d ' e h j r d v k Sj d ' e h j l sf n Y y h r d , d ; k = k k d h ] f t l d k m n ~n s' ; F k k f d l af o / k k u c n y k sv k Sj f ' k { k k d k s e k Sf y d v f / k d k j c u k v k sA y k [ k k sa y k sx ; k = k k e sa ' k k f e y g q, A , d & n k si zn s' k r d l k al n m l e sa ' k k f e y g q, v y x & v y x t x g i j ] f t l o D r ; k = k k f n Y y h i g q¡p h r k si z/ k k u e a= k h ] j k " V ªi f r l c d sl k F k g e k j h e qy k d k r



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g qb ZA m U g k sau sc P p k sa d si zf r f u f / k e . M y l sc k r d h r k st c x qy k e h l sN wV sc P p st k sn s' k d h b r u h y E c h ; k = k k ] d j d sv k ; sF k s] m U g k sau sd g k r k si z/ k k u e a= k h v k Sj v U ; v f / k d k f j ; k sa e sa l sd k sb Ze u k u g h ad j l d k v k Sj N % e g h u sd sv U n j H k k j r d sl af o / k k u e sa l a' k k s/ k u g qv k 2 0 0 1 e sa v k Sj f ' k { k k e k Sf y d v f / k d k j c u x b ZA g e k j sx qL l su s] e sj sx qL l su s] e q> s, d v k b f M ; k f n ; k b l d sv y k o k f d e Sa m l V h p j d k si h V r k ; k e Sa m l f ' k { k k f / k d k j h d sl k F k g k F k k i k b Zd j r k t k sg e k j sc P p k sa d k sL d wy e sa n k f [ k y u g h ad j k u k p k g r k F k k ] g e u s f ' k { k k d k se k Sf y d v f / k d k j c u k u sd sf y , y M +k b Zy M +h v k Sj t h r H k h i k b ZA i wj h n qf u ; k e sa c P p k sa d h x qy k e h d s f [ k y k Q 1 9 9 8 r d d k sb Zd k u wu u g h aF k k A g e k j st Sl sp U n l k f F k ; k sa u s, d l k Sr h u n s' k k sa e sa N % e g h u sr d ; k = k k d k u sr `R o f d ; k v k Sj ' k k f e y g q, A t k sv Ý h d k l sp y h m l t x g l st g k ¡u sY l u e aM sy k t sy e sa c U n F k sA , d ; k = k k p y h e u h y k l s] , d ; k = k k p y h y Sf V u v e sf j d k l s] c zk t h y l sv k Sj r h u k sa ; k = k k , ¡; wj k si r d v k ; h A m l e sa 1 5 f e f y ; u ¼ M s< +d j k sM +½ y k sx ' k k f e y g q, v k Sj l c u st k sj y x k d j d g k f d v U r j k " V ªh ; l e qn k ; d k u wu c u k v k sv k Sj g e k j sl k F k t k su k St o k u F k s] ; st k sn k su k as ; k = k k v k sa d h e Sa c k r d j j g k g w¡ ; sc qt qx k s± d h d h e r i j u g h ag qb Z] ; sn k Sy r d h r k d r i j H k h u g h ag qb Z] ; st T c sd h r k d r i j g qb Zv k Sj t T c k u k St o k u k sa d k t T c k F k k A g e k j sL d wy h N k = k k sa v k Sj d k y st ; wf u o f l ZV h d sN k = k k sa d k t T c k F k k A 1 0 3 n s' k k sa d h ; k = k k t c i wj h g qb Zv k Sj f t u so k e sa t k sl a; qD r j k " V ªl a? k H k o u g S] m l e sa t c g e y k sx x ; s] N k sV s& N k sV sc P p s] u o ; qo d ] ; qo f r ; k sa u s[ k M +s g k sd j d g k e ap i j f d n qf u ; k b r u h x j h c u g h ag Sf d g e k j sg k F k k sa l sv k St k j v k Sj g f F k ; k j N h u d j g e k j sg k F k k sa e sa f d r k c sa u g h an sl d r h r k sy k sx l qu d j g Sj k u g k sx ; sA m U g k sau sd g k f d g e sa d k u wu p k f g , A c P p k sa d h x qy k e h d sf [ k y k Q d k u wu p k f g , ] c P p k sa d h x qy k e h d sf [ k y k Q d k u wu p k f g , v k Sj v k i l qu d j g Sj k u g k sax sf d l k j h n qf u ; k d sj k " V ªk / ; { k k sa u s] l k j h n qf u ; k d h l j d k j k sa u s, d l k y d sv U n j ; g L o h d k j d j f y ; k v k Sj , d v U r j k " V ªh ; d k u wu c u x ; k A l k f F k ; k s! l o k y m B k u k l h [ k k sA t k sv k i d sb n Z& f x n Zx M +c M +g S] m l i j l o k y m B k v k s] p qI i h r k sM +k sA p qI i h g t k j k sa c h e k f j ; k sa] l e L ; k v k sa d h t M +g Sv k Sj v k o k t y k [ k k sa l e L ; k v k sa d k l e k / k k u g SA c k sy k s] v k o k t m B k v k sA e Sa v k o k t m B k u sd sf y , n wl j h c k r d g j g k g w¡aA f j L d H k h m B k v k s] t k sf [ k e H k h m B k v k sA g e u s, d v k U n k sy u y k ap f d ; k g S] j k " V ªi f r H k o u l sj k " V ªi f r t h d sl k F k i g y h c k j A ' k k ; n H k k j r d sb f r g k l e sa i g y h c k j j k " V ªi f r H k o u l s, d v k U n k sy u d h ' k q# v k r g qb Zg SA v H k h v k n j . k h ; d qy i f r t h u sm l d k f t Ø f d ; k F k k A o h g Sg aM ªsM f e f y ; u Q k Wj g aM ªsM f e f y ; u A n l d j k sM +d sf y ; sn l d j k sM +A n l d j k sM +c P p sf t u d h e Sau sp p k Zd h v H k h ] x qy k e h d sf ' k d k j g Sa] f c d j g sg Sa] t c j n L r h [ k j h n sc sp st k j g sg S] t c j n L r h e k ¡& c k i d k s m u l sN h u k t k j g k g SA n l d j k sM +c P p sf g al k d sf ' k d k j g SaA v k i d sd sm e zd sy M +d s& y M +f d ; k ¡v k Sj n l d j k sM +y k sx ] c P p s] u k St o k u n qf u ; k e sa , sl sg Sa] f t u d s v U n j r k d r g Sa] f t u d sv U n j g k Sl y k g SA y sf d u f t u d k sj k L r k u g h ae k y we A m u d k sc g d k r sg SaA d b Zc k j e k r k & f i r k c g d k r sg Sa] d b Zc k j i M +k sl h c g d k r sg Sa] d b Zc k j / k e Zx q# c g d k r sg Sa] d b Zc k j j k t u sr k c g d k r sg SaA l c d sf y , c k r y k x wu g h ag Sa] y sf d u d b Zc k j d g j g k g w¡A y sf d u f d l h B h d j k L r si j t k sn qf u ; k d k sl qj f { k r n qf u ; k c u k l d s] , sl k j k L r k r S; k j u g h ag k sr k A n l d j k sM +d k v k ad M +k c g qr N k sV k g SA i wj h n qf u ; k e sa t k si P p h l l k y d su h p sd su k St o k u g Sm u d h r k n k n g Sr h u v j c v k Sj v V ~B k j g l k y d s; qo d ; qo f r ; k sa d h r k n k n g Sn k s v j c ; k m l l sF k k sM +k d e ] r k sg e r h u v j c e sa l sn l d j k sM +, sl su k St o k u k sa d k p ; u d j j g sg S] f t u d sv U n j H k w[ k g Sf d o g d qN d j d sf n [ k k , ¡l e k t e saA t k sH k k j r d k s, d e g k u H k k j r c u k u k p k g r sg SaA t k sn qf u ; k d k s



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e g k u n qf u ; k c u k u k p k g r sg SaA , sl h H k w[ k m u d sv U n j g SA m u d sv U n j Å t k Zg S] m u d sv U n j v k n ' k Zo k n g S y sf d u m u d k sj k L r k u g h af e y j g k A v k t e sa , d l o k y i wN j g k g w¡ v k i l c l s] D ; k v k i m u n l d j k sM +e sa l s, d c u u k p k g r sg Sa\ t k s m u n l d j k sM +y k sx k sa d h r j Q l sv k o k t m B k , x k A v k i y k sx k sa d k se sj h c k r l qu k b Zi M +j g h g S\ D ; k v k i d qN c sg r j d j u k p k g r sg Sa n qf u ; k d k s\ D ; k v k i v i u sm u H k k b Z& c g u k sa d k sv k t k n h ] f ' k { k k v k Sj l qj { k k ] m u d h f t U n x h e sa f o d k l y k u k p k g r sg Sa\ H k k j r e sa , sl sr h u d j k sM +u o ; qo d ] ; qo f r ; k sa d h t : j r g SA l k s' k y e h f M ; k e k / ; e l sv k i d k sc g qr t Y n h g h g e k j h t k u d k j h f e y sx h A g e k j h o sc l k b V g S Hundredmn.org m l d s e k / ; e l sv k i d k si r k y x sx k f d v k i D ; k D ; k d j l d r sg SaA d g h a& d g h a' k k f n ; k sa d h m e zd e d h t k j g h g SA v j s! l k sp k sy x H k x l k Sl k y i g y s] ; g h ab l h l k x j d s, d l i wr u sd g k f d ' k k n h d h m e zc < +k b Zt k ; ] y sf d u n qf u ; k e sa d g h av x j ' k k n h d h m e zd e d h t k j g h g Sr k sv k o k t m B k v k sx sv k i y k sx \ D ; k sa H k k b Z; k ; w¡ g h g j h f l ag x k Sj t h d k u k e y sr sj g k sx s\ f ' k { k k i j [ k p Zu g h ad j j g h l j d k j sa v k o k t m B k v k sx s\ m l o sc l k b V d s e k / ; e l sm B k l d r sg k sA o k y sf U V ; j c u d j m B k l d r sg k sA ' k k s/ k N k = k c u d j m B k l d r sg k sA d g h av k i v k l i k l d k sb Zc k y e t n wj h d j j g k g S] r k sv k o k t m B k l d r sg k sA v k i d s? k j k sa e sa ; k f j ' r sn k j k sa d s? k j k sa e sa v x j d k sb Zc P p k ] ? k j sy wu k Sd j k u h g k sr k sv k i e u k d j n k sf d b l ? k j e sa r k sg e i k u h H k h u g h af i ; sax s] p k ; u g h a f i ; sax sA ; sd k e d j sax sv k i y k sx \ ; sN k sV h & N k sV h p h t sa H k k j r d k se g k u H k k j r c u k , ax h A n qf u ; k d k se g k u n qf u ; k c u k , ax h A e Sa v k i l s, d c k r d g d j f Q j l h / k s& l h / k si wN w¡x k A , d g e k j sg h i zn s' k d sH k k si k y e sa u k Sd j h d j r sF k s] ' k k ; j g q, g Sa] n q" ; U r d qe k j A n q" ; U r u sd g k g S& & ^ ^ f l Q Zg ax k e k [ k M +k d j u k e sj k e d l n u g h aA e sj h d k sf ' k ' k g Sf d ; sl wj r c n y u h p k f g , A A e sj sl h u se sa u l g h r sj sl h u se sa l g h A g k sd g h aH k h v k x y sf d u v k x t y u h p k f g , A A * * v x j v k i d sv U n j H k k j r d k s] n qf u ; k d k sc n y u sd k t T c k g Sr k sv k i g k F k Å i j d j d se q> sl e F k Zu n h f t , v k Sj d f g , f d e Sa m u n l d j k sM +c P p k sa d st h o u e sa i f j o r Zu y k u sd h r j Q l sl k Sx U / k y sr h g ¡w@ y sr k g w¡A v k i r S; k j g Sa] v k i t k sj l sc k sf y , 1 0 0 f e f y ; u Q k Wj 1 0 0 f e f y ; u A n l d j k sM +d sf y ; sn l d j k sM +A v k i d sg k F k b r u sd e t k sj g Sa D ; k \ g k F k Å i j m B k d j c k sf y , ] n l d j k sM +d sf y , n l d j k sM +A v k i y k sx k sa d k c g qr & c g qr / k U ; o k n A v k i d H k h , sl sv f H k ; k u e sa ' k k f e y g q, t k sn qf u ; k d k sc n y u s d sf y , g k sj g k g k sA l wj t d h r j Q n s[ k k sf d , d u ; k l wj t l k x j e sa f u d y k g Sf d u g h af u d y k g S\ o g l wj t v k l e k u e sa u g h ag SA o g l wj t v k i d sv U n j g SA c k g j f d l h g h j k sd k se r r y k f ' k , A f l u se k e sa t k sg h j k sd k e d j r sg Sa] o g v P N h c k r c k sy u sd k H k h i Sl k y sr sg SaA v i u sv U n j d sg h j k sd k si g p k f u , v k Sj H k k j r d k s, d u ; k H k k j r c u k u se sa e n n d h f t , A c g qr & c g qr / k U ; o k n ! ¼ 9 t u o j h 2 0 1 7 d k sM k Wg j h f l ag x k Sj f o ' o f o | k y ; ] l k x j e sa ^ x k Sj O ; k [ ; k u e k y k * d sv U r x Zr f n ; k x ; k O ; k [ ; k u A ½



i zL r qr d Ù k k Z% l q' k h y d qe k j x x Z ' k k s/ k & v / ; sr k ] f g U n h f o H k k x M k Wg j h f l ag x k Sj f o ' o f o | k y ; ] l k x j ¼ e i z½



f u e Zy o e k Zd k H k k j r c k s/ k % i zk e k f . k d l aL d `r k R e k d k i zR ; f H k K k u v f E c d k n Ù k ' k e k Z c h l o h a' k r k C n h d sH k k j r h ; l k f g R ; d k j k sa e sa f u e Zy o e k Zd k u k e v i u sn s' k v k Sj v i u sn s' k l sc k g j f o n s' k e sa c M +s v k n j d sl k F k f y ; k t k r k g SA l k f g R ; m u d sf y , K k u d h , d ' k k [ k k e k = k u g h av f i r qK k u d h l E i w. k ZO ; o L F k k g SA b l h f y , m u d h l k f g R ; & l t Zu k e sa / k e Z] n ' k Zu ] b f r g k l ] i qj k . k ] l aL d `f r ] l H ; r k v k Sj d y k b R ; k f n l c d sl c f o e ' k Zd sf o " k ; c u r sg SaA e Sa ; g k ¡m u d h l k f g R ; & l t Zu k d sm l i { k d k sm t k x j d j u sd k i z; k l d : ax k t k sv D l j y k sx k sa d h v k ¡[ k k sa l sv k s> y j g t k r k g SA f u e Zy o e k Zd h f o p k j & H k wf e d k ; g i { k , d n k ' k Zf u d d k g St k sl k f g R ; l si ze qf n r g k sd j , d ^ l H ; r k & l e h { k d d s: i e sa v k d j x zg . k d j r k g SA ; | f i ; g l e h { k k H k k j r d s l k aL d `f r d & l k H ; f r d c k s/ k d k s y sd j g S y sf d u H k k j r h ; l aL d `r k R e k d k i zR ; f H k K k u d j k u sd sf y , m U g k sau s; wj k si d k i wo Zi { k p f d r d j n su so k y h e k Sf y d r k d sl k F k i zL r qr f d ; k g SA I t e Zu h d sg Sf M y c x Zf o ' o f o | k y ; e sa ^ v K s; e Se k sf j ; y O ; k [ ; k u * n sr sg q, m U g k sau sv K s; t h i j e k f e Zd f V I i . k h d j r sg q, d g k F k k f d ^ ^ o sl e d k y h u H k k j r h ; i f j n `' ; e sa m u f o M E c u k x zL r f o p k j d k sa e sa l s , d F k st k sH k k j r h ; k sa d k s? k j l sc s? k j g q, t k u i M +r sF k sv k Sj ; wj k si h ; k sa d k s, d , sl k H k k j r h ; f t l u sv i u k ? k j d H k h N k sM +k g h u g h a* * & ¼ H k k j r v k Sj ; wj k si ] i `4 0 ½ A n s[ k k t k ; r k s; g c k r v K s; t h d sf y , f t r u h l g h g S m l l sv f / k d L o ; af u e Zy o e k Zd sf y , H k h l R ; g SA v i u so Sp k f j d t h o u d si zk j f E H k d f n u k sa e sa o sl e k t o k n h ; wj k si d h f o p k j & l j . k h l si zH k k f o r i zr h r g k sr sg SaA b l h f y , m u d sf p U r u d k se k D l Zo k n h x k s= k d k d g d j i j E i j k o k n h m u d h v k y k sp u k f d ; k d j r sF k sA i j U r qp sd k sL y k f o ; k i zo k l d sn k Sj k u e k D l Zo k n d k ^ f g al k R e d l R ; * n s[ k d j m u d k â n ; d n k f p r ~: i k U r f j r g qv k A m u d sg h ' k C n k sa e sa ^ ^ c k n d so " k k sZa e sa v u sd m r k j & p < +k o v k , & d E ; wf u L V i k V h Ze sa ' k k f e y g k su k ] g ax j h v k Sj p sd k sL y k f o ; k d h ? k V u k , ¡] L o ; aH k k j r h ; l e k t o k n h v k U n k sy u l sf u j k ' k k ] f d U r qb u l c d sc k o t wn ; g f o ' o k l v f M x j g k f d f t l v U ; k ; v k Sj m n k l h u r k d h n qf u ; k e sa g e t h r sg Sa] m l l se qf D r i k u sd k f o d Y i d g h av o ' ; g k sx k ¼ n wl j s' k C n k sa e sa] i `9 9 ½ A ; g h o g f o ' o k l F k k f t l d sp y r so sH k k j r h ; f o ' o n `f " V d h v k R e k d k sv ar j ax g k sd j i g p k u u se sa i zo `Ù k g k sr sx , A o L r qr % H k k j r h ; f o ' o n `f " V d h ; g v u qi e f o ' k s" k r k g Sf d ; f n v k d L e k r ~H k h m l d s; F k k F k Zd h , d n h f I r f d l h e sa i zf o " V g k st k , r k so g v U n j g h v U n j c n y u sy x r k g SA f u e Zy o e k Ze sa g q, , sl sg h c n y k o d sd k j . k m u d si qj k u sf e = k k sa d k sm u d sf p U r u e sa n f { k . k i aF k h f g U n wi j E i j k o k n d h x g j h N k i f n [ k k b Zn su sy x h A , d g h O ; f D r d st h o u e sa f o p k j k sa d k , sl k d k ; k d Y i v f o ' o l u h ; g k sr sg q, H k h o k L r o e as o Sl sl H k h c qf ) t h f o ; k sa e / ; H k k j r h & 7 2 ] t u o j h & t wu ] 2 0 1 7 ] ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 17-26



1 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h



d k [ k j k l p g St k sv a/ k J ) k l su g h ac f Y d v k R e k y k sp u d h x g u i zf Ø ; k l sx qt j d j H k k j r d sl k aL d `f r d & l k H ; f r d v f / k d k j c k s/ k e sa L o i zf r " B g k su sd h v k d k a{ k k j [ k r sg SaA ; g v k d k a{ k k l c e sa g k s] ; g t : j h u g h a] i j U r qo Sl sO ; f D r ; k sa d sf y , l k e k U ; d g h t k l d r h g Sf t u e sa v i u sL o : i v k Sj l k F k g h L o : i l sf o L F k k f i r g k su sd h v k R e p sr u k f d l h u f d l h : i e sa c u h g qb Zg SA e k u k su h R l sd h ^ ' k k ' o r o k i l h * d k sl aK k u e sa j [ k r s g q, b l v k d k a{ k k i j f V I i . k h d j r sg q, f u e Zy o e k Zu sm f p r g h d g k g Sf d ^ ^ m i f u o s' k o k n d sd k j . k m R i U u g q, m U e wy u e sa , d H k k j r h ; c qf ) t h o h d k sd k ; k U r j . k d h r e k e v o L F k k v k sa l sx qt j d j g h v i u k f o ' o l u h ; v k R e g k f l y g k si k r k g S* * ¼ H k k j r v k Sj ; wj k si ] i `4 1 ½ A n z" V O ; g Sf d f u e Zy o e k Zd sH k k j r c k s/ k d k v U r j k F k Zb l h f o ' o l u h ; l k aL d `f r d & v k R e d k si zk I r g k su k g SA n wl j s' k C n k sa e sa d g sa r k s& ; f n l aL d `f r v k Sj l H ; r k v k sa d sf o ' o b f r g k l e sa H k k j r h ; l aL d `f r v k Sj l H ; r k d k v k Sf p R ; v H k h H k h ' k s" k g Sv k Sj m l d h n h f I r l se k u o r k i zn h I r g k sl d r h g Sr k sm l sm l d h v k R e k e sa i zf r f " B r d j u k g k sx k A b l d sf y , H k k j r d si zk e k f . k d l k aL d `f r d & v k R e d h r y k ' k v k Sj i g p k u t : j h g ] S r k f d v k Si f u o sf ' k d K k u d sv a/ k d k j l sm l l aL d `r k R e k d k se qD r f d ; k t k l d s] f t l d k L o : i v R ; ar g h / k o y g SA f u e Zy o e k Zb l r y k ' k v k Sj i g p k u d k s^ l e > n k j h d h = k k l n h d h l e L ; k * d s: i e sa n s[ k r sg SaA ; | f i ; g m f p r g h g S] D ; k saf d v K k u d sf u j k d j . k d h l e L ; k l e > d h g h l e L ; k g k sr h g S( r F k k f i f d l h H k h l H ; r k & f o e ' k Zd d k sf u e Zy o e k Zd h b l n `f " V e sa g k ; M sX x j d s^ i zk st sD V v k WQ F k k WV * d h i zf r / o f u l qu k b Zi M + l d r h g SA i j U r q; f n b l sl g h H k h e k u f y ; k t k , r k sb l l sf u e Zy o e k Zd h x o s" k . k k g k ; M sX x sf j ; u u g h ag k s t k r h ] c f Y d v k Si f u o s' k h d `r H k k j r d h o k L r f o d l e L ; k d k sf o n X / k r k d sl k F k l E c k sf / k r v k Sj m n ~? k k f V r d j r h g SA g k ; M sX x j r d u h d h u k f L r d r k ¼ e u q" ; i j e ' k h u h & l H ; r k d k v i zf r g r i zH k qR o ½ d k se k u o l H ; r k d k l c l sc M +k [ k r j k e k u r sg SaA i j U r qb l so se u q" ; d h d k sb Z, sl h f u ; f r u g h ae k u r sf t l l se qD r g k su k l E H k o g h u g h aA o sb l c k r i j t k sj n sd j d g r sg Sa f d ; g o k af N r e qf D r f d l h j k t u h f r d d k ; Z; k st u k d s} k j k l E H k o u g k sd j ^ i zk st sD V v k WQ F k k WV * d s} k j k l E H k o g SA ¼ n z" V O ; ] H k k j r h ; r k d sl k e k f l d v F k Z& l U n H k Z] H k k j r h ; K k u i h B ] i `4 4 ½ A p w¡f d r d u h d h u sg e k j h l k sp d k sg h c n y f n ; k g S] b l f y , m l l k sp d k sc n y d j g h g e t h o u v k Sj t x r ~d sm l e k Sf y d L o : i d k sv k R e l k r ~d j l d r sg Sa t k sr d u h d h ^ b U Ý sf e ax * l st d M +k g qv k u g k sA D ; k B h d b l h r j g f i N y sn k sg t k j o " k k sZa d sn k Sj k u f o n s' k h v k Ø e . k k sa] , sf r g k f l d m F k y & i qF k y v k Sj f o ' k s" k d j v k Si f u o s' k h d j . k d h i zf Ø ; k u sH k k j r d si j E i j k c k s/ k d k s/ k wf e y v k Sj d y qf " k r u g h ad j f n ; k g S\ f u ' p ; g h H k k j r d h v k R e k d k s, d N n ~e v k R e v k Sj m l d h p sr u k d k s, d N n ~e p sr u k e sa : i k U r f j r d j f n ; k x ; k g SA b l l sm l d sL o : i v k Sj , sf r g k f l d f Ø ; k U o ; u d h l k r R ; r k g h e k u k sf N U u & f H k U U k g k sx b Zg SA v r % ; g d k sb Zj k t u h f r d l e L ; k v F k o k j k t u h f r d v k f / k i R ; d k se k = k L o h d k j d j y su sd h l e L ; k u g h ag SA ; f n i zk j E H k e sa o g j k t u h f r d l e L ; k j g h H k h g k sr k sv k t / k h j s& / k h j s; g j k t u h f r d l e L ; k l k aL d `f r d n k l r k d sr k Sj i j ^ b . V j u y k ; T M * g k sx b Zg SA v r , o f o & v k Si f u o s' k h d j . k d s} k j k H k k j r d si zk e k f . k d v k R e d h i g p k u v k Sj m l sv i u se sa L o k ; Ù k d j u k ; f n f u e Zy o e k Zd sf y , o k L r o e sa l e > n k j h d h l e L ; k g Sr k s; g l o ZF k k m f p r g h g SA ; f n , d l k H ; f r d j k t u h f r d h , sf r g k f l d l k f t ' k d s} k j k H k k j r h ; k sa d sH k k j r c k s/ k d k s c n y k x ; k g Sr k sm l l e > d k sg h c n y d j g e k j h ^ l u k r u o k i l h * g k sl d r h g SA f u e Zy o e k Zv i u sf o f H k U u v k Si U ; k f l d d `f r ; k sa r F k k c g qf o / k o Sp k f j d , o al k f g f R ; d f u c U / k k sa e sa o L r qr % i zk e k f . k d l aL d `r k R e k e sa i qu Zi zf r " B g k su sd h o Sp k f j d d k ; Z; k st u k d k sg h f o f H k U u L r j k sa i j f Ø ; k f U o r d j r sg SaA b l f Ø ; k U o ; u e sa o s



f u e Zy o e k Zd k H k k j r c k s/ k % i zk e k f . k d l aL d `r k R e k d k i zR ; f H k K k u @ 1 9



; wj k si d sv k R e [ k f . M r y sf d u n qn k ZU r v g ad k j l sx zL r e q[ k k SV sd k sH k h c su d k c d j r sg Sa v k Sj l k F k g h l k F k m l , sf r g k f l d i zf Ø ; k d k sH k h r k j & r k j d j r sg q, f o ' y sf " k r d j r sg Sa f t l e sa H k k j r d h v k R e k d b ZL r j k sa i j v k R e f o H k k f t r g qb Zg SA b l m i Ø e e sa o sH k k j r d sv k R e f o H k k f t r [ k aM k sa d k st k sM +u sd h o d k y r u g h ad j r s c f Y d m l d sv [ k . M L o : i d k l ad sr H k h d j r sg Sa t k sb r u sd n Ze & d y q" k k sa d sc h p H k h v { k r c u k g qv k g SA II b l i zd k j v i u sc j D l H k k j r d h i zk e k f . k d l aL d `r k R e k d h i qu i zk Zf I r d h x g j h o sn u k g h f u e Zy o e k Zd k sH k k j r h ; r k d sl e F k Zd c g qr sj sc qf ) t h f o ; k sa l sv y x d j r h g SA v i u h b l o sn u k l so s, d , sl h f o p k j & H k wf e f u f e Zr d j r sg Sa f t l d k y { ; v k Si f u o s' k h d j . k d h c y h ; l h i zf Ø ; k v k Sj m l d h l ap k y d ' k f D r ; k sa l st k u N qM +k d j H k k x u k u g h ag Sc f Y d m l d k l k e u k d j r sg q, m l si k j d j t k u k ; k f Q j v k x s f u d y t k u k g SA n wl j s' k C n k sa e sa v k Si f u o sf ' k d n k l r k l sH k k j r d h e qf D r d k v f H k ; k u i zf r x k e h ¼ j h x zs' k u ½ r j h d sl su g h ac f Y d i qj k sx k e h ¼ i zk sx zs' k u ½ r j h d sl sg h i zk e k f . k d r k Sj i j l E H k o g SA n z" V O ; g Sf d v i u s l e d k y h u k sa e sa d so y f u e Zy o e k Zg h , sl su g h aF k st k sb l l e L ; k i j b l r j g l k sp r sF k sA l k f g R ; d k j k sa d h V k sy h e sa v K s; v k Sj l E i zf r j e s' k P k U n z' k k g d sv f r f j D r d e l sd e n k sn k ' k Zf u d k sa d k m Y y s[ k d j u k ; g k ¡l e h p h u g k sx k ( f t u l sf u e Zy o e k Zd k f p U r u c g qr g n r d i zH k k f o r j g k g SA b l e sa i g y sO ; f D r d sl h H k ê k p k ; Zj g sg Sa t k sf o & m i f u o s' k h d j . k d h Q y J qf r ^ f o p k j k sa e sa L o j k t * e sa n s[ k r sF k sA b l l E c U / k e sa 1 9 2 9 e sa g wx y h d k Wy st d s f i zaf l i y i n l sm u d k ^ L o j k t b u v k b f M ; k t * ' k h " k Zd l sf n ; k x ; k O ; k [ ; k u c g qr g h n `f " V & f o n k j d g SA m u d sv u ql k j ^ ^ l k aL d `f r d i j k / k h u r k l k / k k j . k r % v p sr u i zd k j d h g k sr h g SA t c e Sa l k aL d `f r d i j k / k h u r k d h c k r d j r k g w¡ r k se sj k v f H k i zk ; f d l h f o n s' k h l aL d `f r d k se k = k v i u k y su sl su g h ag k sr k A b l i zd k j d k v i u k y su k v k o k aN u h ; g h g k s] ; g v k o ' ; d u g h aA , d L o L F k f o d k l d sf y , ; g d H k h & d H k h t # j h H k h g k s l d r k g SA f d l h H k h i f j f L F k f r e sa m l d k v F k ZL o k / k h u r k d h g k f u u g h ag k sr k v k Sj g k su k H k h u g h ap k f g , A l k aL d `f r d i j k H k o d so y r c g k sr k g St c O ; f D r d sv i u si j E i j k x r f o p k j k sa v k Sj H k k o u k v k sa d k sf c u k r qy u k R e d e wY ; k ¡d u f d , g h , d f o n s' k h l aL d `f r d sf o p k j v k Sj H k k o u k , ¡m [ k k M +Q sad r sg SaA o g f o n s' k h l aL d `f r O ; f D r d k s, d H k wr ; k i zsr d h r j g v i u so ' k e sa d j y sr h g SA b l i zd k j d h i j k / k h u r k v k R e k d h n k l r k g SA t c O ; f D r v i u sv k i d k sm l l se qD r d j y sr k g Sr k sm l sy x r k g St Sl sm l d h v k ¡[ k sa [ k qy x b ZaA m l s, d u , t U e d h v u qH k wf r g k sr h g S¼ n z" V O ; ] H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu d s5 0 o " k Z] f o ' o f o | k y ; i zd k ' k u ] l k x j ] i `3 7 3 ½ A H k ê k p k ; Zf o p k j k sa e sa L o j k t d se k / ; e l sf t l u , t U e d h v u qH k wf r d h c k r d j j g sg Sa o g o k L r o e sa v i u sv k i d k sf Q j l si k u k g h g SA i j U r qb l d sf y , v i u sd k s[ k k s, f c u k ^ v U ; * l sl ao k n d j u k v k Sj v i u s l U n H k Ze sa ^ v U ; * d k e wY ; k ¡d u d j u k r F k k m l ^ v U ; * d k sl U n H k Zc u k d j v i u sd k sl e > u k H k h t # j h g SA f u e Zy o e k Z^ H k k j r v k Sj ; wj k si % i zf r J qf r d s{ k s= k * u k e d f o f ' k " V f u c U / k e sa b l m i Ø e d k sv u k s[ k s< ax l s l k / k r sg Sa v k Sj e k u k sa d sl h H k V ~V k p k ; Zd s^ L o j k t b u v k b f M ; k t * i j H k k " ; & o k f r Zd f y [ k r sg q, i zr h r g k sr sg SaA d sl h H k V ~V k p k ; Zd sv f r f j D r o g n wl j sO ; f D r t M +k o y k y e sg r k g Sa t k sv k Si f u o s' k h d j . k d h v i f g f r ; k sa d k s , d ^ Ø k b f l l v k WQ v . M j L V Saf M ax * d s: i e sa n s[ k r sg SaA i k j E i f j d v k Sj v k / k qf u d i f ' p e d h x g u l e > j [ k u so k y si zk sQ sl j e sg r k v k Si f u o s' k h d j . k d h v k R e i h M +k d k sv k R e d F k k c u k d j d g r sg Sa f d ^ ^ e Sa b l r F ; d k sH k qy k u g h al d r k f d e Sa v k t d sf g U n qL r k u d st h o u & l al k j d k H k h H k k x h n k j g w¡ v k Sj b l d sv y k o k ] b l l s i j s] i f ' p e h i zf o f / k d h m l f o ' o O ; k i h ? k V u k d k H k h f t l u sv c l e wp h n qf u ; k d k sv i u sp i sV e sa y sf y ; k g S



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% g k b M sX x j d se qg k o j se sa ^ o Y M Zf l f o y k ; t s' k u * d h ' k D y e saA , sl h i f j f L F k f r e sa] e sj sf y , d j u sd k sc p r k g h D ; k g Sf l o k b l d sf d e Sa i k o u r k d sv f o f ' k " V i n f p U g k sa d k v u ql j . k d j r sg q, , sl h H k k " k k i k u sd k i z; R u d : ¡f t l l so sf p U g v k Sj o g v k f n l zk sr v k t v F k k sZU e s" k d < ax l se q[ k j g k sl d sa* * ¼ l e sf d r n k ' k Zf u d f o e ' k Z] f o ' o f o | k y ; i zd k ' k u ] l k x j ] i `9 8 ½ A i qu % o sn wl j si zl ax l sd g r sg Sa f d ^ ^ i wo Ze sa e sj sf y , d k sb Zn wl j k j k L r k [ k qy k u g h ag Sf l o k ; b l d sf d ; wj k si h ; d j . k d sl k F k p y r sg q, v k Sj m l l si j sf u d y t k u sd sA f o n s' k v k Sj f o f p = k d h b l ; k = k k l sx qt j d j g h g e v i u sd k sn wc k j k i k l d sax s] v k Sj b l f y , ; g k ¡H k h g e sa m l h f p t r d i g q¡p u sd sf y , t k sg e k j sc sg n l e h i g S] , d y E c k j k L r k i k j d j u k g k sx k * * ¼ H k k j r v k Sj ; wj k si ] i `4 1 i j m ) `r ½ A L i " V g Sf d f u e Zy o e k Zd k H k k j r c k s/ k v i u sd qN v f r f o f ' k " V l e d k f y u k sa d h f o p k j & i j E i j k e sa g h f o d f l r g qv k g Sv k Sj l H k h d sb l c k s/ k d k m n ~n s' ; ^ b e SU l h i s' k u v k WQ v k WF k sf . V d d Y p j y l sY Q * g SA III ; g k ¡e Sau sf u e Zy o e k Zd sv f r f j D r m u d sl e d k y h u f t u n k sl x k s= k h ; f o p k j d k sa d k f t Ø f d ; k g S] m u d h o k L r f o d f p U r k d k sl e > u sd sf y , v k Si f u o s' k h d j . k v k Sj ; wj k si h ; d j . k d sv F k Zv k Sj f u " i f Ù k ; k sa d k s , d n wl j s l s v y x d j d s l e > u k t # j h g SA f o ' k s" k d j H k k j r d s l U n H k Z e sa ; g c sg n t # j h g SA v k Si f u o s' k h d j . k , d j k t u h f r d i zf Ø ; k g Sv k Sj m l d k y { ; l k e zk T ; & f o L r k j d sf y , i j k s{ k & v i j k s{ k : i l s j k t u h f r d v k f / k i R ; L F k k f i r d j u k g k sr k g SA ; | f i b l v F k Ze sa H k h v k Si f u o s' k h d j . k ; wj k si h ; d j . k d h l o k j h v o ' ; c u r h g SA i j U r q; wj k si h ; d j . k v i u sv k i e sa v f / k d O ; k i d , d l k aL d `f r d & l k H ; f r d i zf Ø ; k g SA v k / k qf u d r k d su k e i j b l u sv k t , d c f y ; l h f o ' o l H ; r k d k : i v f [ r ; k j d j f y ; k g SA ; g k ¡/ ; k u n su s d h c k r ; g g S f d o Sl s m i f u o s' k f t u d h d k sb Z l k aL d `f r d & l k H ; f r d i g p k u u g h a j g h g k s]o s v k Si f u o s' k h d j . k l se qD r d so y j k t u h f r d L o r a= k r k i zk I r d j g k sl d r sg Sa v k Sj b l r j g j k t u h f r d : i l s L o r a= k g k sd j H k h o sl H k h ; wj k si h ; d j . k d h l k H ; f r d i zf Ø ; k d sv ax H k wr c u sj g sl d r sg SaA v f / k d k a' k m i f u o s' k v i u h v k t k n h d sv k Sf p R ; d k e wY ; k ¡d u b l h n `f " V l sd j r sg SaA i j U r qD ; k H k k j r d k l U n H k ZH k h , sl k g h g S\ H k k j r l aL d `f r v k Sj l H ; r k v k sa d sc g q/ k zqo h ; f o ' o e sa , d N k sV k & e k sV k n s' k u g h av f i r qv k / k k X y k sc g SA b l f y , H k k j r d h L o r a= k r k d k e wY ; v U ; m i f u o s' k k sa d k sf e y h j k t u h f r d L o r a= k r k l su d so y f H k U u c f Y d O ; k i d v k Sj o `g Ù k j H k h g SA v r % H k k j r d sf y , v k Si f u o s' k h d j . k l sc M +h l e L ; k ; wj k si h ; d j . k d h g SA ; f n ; g l e L ; k H k k j r d sf y , g Sr k s; wj k si d sf y , H k h , d d f B u k b Zl sd e u g h aA v k t r d ; wj k si d k sH k h v i u sf e ' k u e sa H k k j r h ; i zf r j k s/ k d k l k e u k d j u k i M +j g k g SA i j U r qv i u h d qN , sf r g k f l d H k wy k sa d sp y r s v k t g e k j h i zf r j k s/ k d { k e r k d e t k sj i M +x b Zg SA f Q j l si zf r j k s/ k h { k e r k v f t Zr d j u sd sf y , v k Sj b l l e L ; k l sf u t k r i k u sd sf y , H k k j r h ; l aL d `f r v k Sj l H ; r k d s^ v e `r u k H k * d k sl e > u k g k sx k v k Sj l k F k g h l k F k m l sf o " k k D r d j u so k y s^ v ar j ax v U ; k sa* v k Sj ^ i j k , v U ; k sa* d h i g p k u H k h v k o ' ; d g SA v U ; F k k v i u s L o : i d si zf r e qX / k c u sj g u k d k sb Zv P N h c k r u g h aA d k sb Zl aL d `f r v k Sj l H ; r k t c r d v U ; k sa d si f j i zs{ ; e sa d B k sj v k R e k y k sp u d h i zf Ø ; k l su g h ax qt j r h g Sr k so g v K s; t h d s' k C n k sa e sa , d ^ v k y k sp d j k " V ª* e sa : i k f ; r u g h ag k sl d r h A b l d sf y , H k k j r d k sv k Si f u o s' k h d j . k d k f o j k s/ k j k t u h f r d L r j i j d j u sd s l k F k & l k F k b l d k i zf r o k n l k aL d `f r d & l k H ; f r d L r j i j H k h d j u k g k sx k A v k Si f u o s' k h d j . k d k l o k Zf / k d u d k j k R e d v k Sj f V d k Å i zH k k o ; g g Sf d b l u sg e l c k sa e sa v i u h g h l aL d `f r v k Sj l H ; r k d si zf r v k R e g h u r k d k H k k o i Sn k f d ; k g SA v k t g e e sa l sv f / k d k a' k o g h t k u r sg Sa t k sg e u s; wj k si l sl h [ k k g SA g e k j s



f u e Zy o e k Zd k H k k j r c k s/ k % i zk e k f . k d l aL d `r k R e k d k i zR ; f H k K k u @ 2 1



e u e sa ; g c k r H k f y & H k k ¡f r c SB k b Zx b Zg Sf d K k u d h l k j h t M +sa ; wj k si e sa g SaA ; g H k h f d H k k j r h ; l aL d `f r d k f o ' o & l H ; r k d k sd k sb Z; k sx n k u u g h ag SA v i u sg h L o : i d si zf r b l i zd k j d sL e `f r H k za' k l sm c j u sd sf y , i g y sv i u h l aL d `f r v k Sj l H ; r k d si zk e k f . k d c k s/ k d k sL o k ; Ù k d j u k v k Sj f Q j i wj h n qf u ; k d sv i zf r g r ; wj k si h ; d j . k d sf o # ) , d o Sd f Y i d l H ; r k & c k s/ k d k sm i L F k k f i r d j u k g k sx k A f u e Zy o e k Zd su t f j ; sl s n s[ k sa r k sH k k j r d h o k L r f o d l e L ; k ; g g Sf d g e 1 9 4 7 b Ze sa j k t u h f r d : i l sL o r a= k g k sd j H k h ; wj k si h ; d j . k d sv ax H k wr c u sg q, g SaA v k t H k k j r f d l h l k e zk T ; o k n h l Ù k k d k m i f u o s' k u g h ag Sf Q j H k h o g v i u h l aL d `r k R e k i j ; wj k si h ; l H ; r k d sm l ' k j h j d k si zR ; k j k sf i r f d , g q, g Sf t l d h v k R e k d c d sm l s N k sM +d j d j p y h x b Zg SA d g k t k r k g Sf d e k b f d y , af t y k sd h l c l sv f / k d l ' k D r v k Sj m T T o y e wf r Z; k sa e sa t k sx g j sv o l k n d sH k k o g Sa o g b l h d h i zf r d k R e d v f H k O ; f D r g Sf d ; wj k si d s' k j h j l s; k f u v k / k qf u d ; wj k si d s' k j h j l sm l d h v k R e k N k sM +d j p y h x b Zg SA b l h f y , f u e Zy o e k Zv i u sc g qv k ; k e h f o p k j & f o r k u e sa ; wj k si h ; l H ; r k c k s/ k d sm l i { k d k sc g qr e wy x k e h : i l sm t k x j d j r sg Sa t g k ¡m l sv d wr & H k k Sf r d m i y f C / k ; k sa d sc h p ^ v k R e k f o g h u ' k j h j * v k Sj ^ l aL d `f r f o g h u l H ; r k * d s: i e sa n s[ k k t k l d r k g SA m u d sg h ' k C n k sa e sa& ^ ^ v i u h l e wp h H k k Sf r d l e `f ) v k Sj o SH k o d sc k n H k h ; wj k si v k U r f j d m t k M +d h m l ^ o sL V y SaM v u qH k wf r * l sv k Ø k U r y x r k g S& t k sm l d sd k O ; v k Sj d y k v k sa e sa c g qf o / k : i l se q[ k f j r g qb Zg S] f t l sv k x sp y d j g k ; M sX x j u s^ c s? k j i u d h v u qH k wf r d g k g S ¼ H k k j r v k Sj ; wj k si ] i `7 3 ½ A l k F k g h l k F k o sH k k j r h ; l H ; r k c k s/ k d k sH k h m r u sg h e e ZL i ' k h Z< ax l sm n ~? k k f V r d j r sg Sa] f t l d sp y r sv k t H k h o g r e k e v P N k b Z; k sa& c qj k b Z; k sa d sl k F k t h f o r g SA ; g d k sb Zd g u se k = k d h c k r u g h af d H k k j r h ; l aL d `f r d h f u j U r j r k d k ' k k u h n qf u ; k e sa d k sb Zn wl j h l aL d `f r v k Sj l H ; r k u g h ag SA f u e Zy o e k Zd h n `f " V e sa H k k j r h ; l aL d `f r d k ^ v e `r u k H k * m l d k v k R e i wf j r g k su k g Sv k Sj m l d k y { k . k ; g g S f d o g ^ v U ; * d sl U n H k Ze sa v i u sd k si f j H k k f " k r u g h ad j r k ¼ H k k j r v k Sj ; wj k si ] i `5 6 ½ A b l y { k . k d k sB k sl v k / k k j i zn k u d j u sd sf y , H k k j r h ; l aL d `f r d sd qN , sf r g k f l d i zo `f Ù k ; k sa d k sn s[ k u k & l e > u k j k sp d g k s l d r k g SA b l e sa i g y k ; g f d v r h r e sa H k k j r t Sl k H k h j g k g k sy sf d u m l d h [ ; k f r d H k h ; g u g h aj g h f d i j k , n s' k k sa e sa v i u si zl k j d sf y , m l u sd k sb Zt k sf [ k e m B k , g k sa & u / k e k ZU r j . k d h v k d k a{ k k l sv k Sj u g h i j k , n s' k k sa d k st h r u sd h b P N k l sg h H k k j r u sf o ' o e sa v i u h m i f L F k f r n t Zd h g SA D ; k ; g f o y { k . k c k r u g h af d f c u k f d l h l SU ; v k Ø e . k ; k ; q) f d , , f ' k ; k d sO ; k i d H k w& H k k x k sa i j H k k j r h ; l aL d `f r Q Sy l d h ] f t l sg e ^ f o ' k k y H k k j r * d h l aK k l st k u r sg Sa ¼ H k k j r v k Sj ; wj k si ] i `4 2 ½ A n wl j h c k r ; g f d H k k j r h ; k sa e sa n wl j h l aL d `f r ; k sa v k Sj l H ; r k v k sa d k st k u u sd h m R l qd r k b f r g k l d sy E c sv U r j k y e sa H k h f n [ k k b Zu g h ai M +r h A ; f n d k sb ZH k k j r h ; c k g j x ; k H k h r k st k u u sd h f t K k l k l su g h ax ; k A f u e Zy o e k Zd sg h ' k C n k sa e sa & ^ ^ f g U n qv k sa v k Sj m u d si zk p h u j h f r & f j o k t k sa d k st k u u sd h v i u h f t K k l k d sf y , ; wu k f u ; k sa v k Sj p h u h ; k f = k ; k sa v k Sj c k n e sa e ql y e k u b f r g k l d k j k sa d sb f r o `Ù k k sa l sg e H k y sg h t k u y sa f d o sH k k j r v k Sj H k k j r h ; k sa d sc k j se sa D ; k l k sp r s F k s] y sf d u ; g k ¡d sy k sx c k g j l sv k , e sg e k u k sa v k Sj m u d h l aL d `f r d sc k j se sa D ; k l k sp r sF k s] ; g t k u u sd s f y , g e k j si k l d k sb Zn L r k o st m i y C / k u g h ag SA ; g k ¡r d m u e ql y e k u k as d sf o " k ; e sa H k h u g h af t u d sl k F k o s c g qr y E c sl e ; r d j g s] f t U g k sau sm u d h f u ; f r i j l o Z' k f D r e k u i zH k qr k v k Sj / k k f e Zd f o p k j / k k j k l s' k k l u f d ; k ] f t l d h o sf d l h H k h f L F k f r e sa v o g sy u k u g h ad j l d r sF k sA u g h i k j E i f j d f g U n wx zaF k k sa e sa g e m y se k v k sa l sg q, n k ' k Zf u d v k Sj / k k f e Zd ' k k L = k k F k k asZ d k d k sb Zf o o j . k i k l d r sg SaA ; g b l f y ; sv k Sj H k h f o f p = k



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y x r k g S] t c g e sa ; g e k y we g k sf d v i u h v u sd v U ; d e t k sf j ; k sa d sc k c t wn f g U n wi f . M r [ k . M u & e . M u d s e k e y se sa d H k h i h N sj g sg k saA f t l c k Sf ) d i zp aM r k d sl k F k v i u sc k S) i zf r } f U } ; k sa v k Sj c k n e sa d qN g n r d b Zl k b Zf e ' k u f j ; k sa d sl k F k ' k k L = k k F k Zf d , F k s] o sb l d sT o y ar m n k g j . k g Sa* * ¼ H k k j r v k Sj ; wj k si ] i `4 3 ½ A IV f g U n qv k sa d h n wl j h l aL d `f r ; k sa v k Sj / k e k sZa d si zf r b l p qI i h v k Sj m n k l h u r k d k d k j . k v D l j n wl j k sa d si zf r m u d h f t K k l k d sv H k k o e sa n s[ k k & l e > k t k r k g SA b l d k , d n wl j k d k j . k ; g H k h g k sl d r k f d H k k j r h ; k sa u si g y sg h , d , sl h v k R e f u H k Zj v k Sj v k R e i wf j r O ; o L F k k r S; k j d j y h F k h t k st h o u v k Sj t x r ~d h r e k e t # j r k sa] f t K k l k v k sa d k l e k / k k u d j u se sa l { k e F k h A v r % m U g as n wl j h l aL d `f r ; k sa l sd qN l h [ k u sd h v k o ' ; d r k t k u u g h ai M +h ] t c f d ^ ^ v k u k sH k n zk Ø r o k s; U r qf o ' o r % * * m u d h [ k qy h f t K k l k d k v k n ' k ZF k k A f u e Zy o e k ZH k k j f r ; k sa d h b l i zo `f Ù k d h O ; k [ ; k f o p k j d h , d f H k U u d k sf V e sa d j r sg SaA ; g d k sf V l k aL d `f r d e u k sf o K k u d h d k sf V g St k sl k aL d `f r d & l k H ; f r d p f j = k v k Sj O ; o g k j d k sl e > u sd h c g qr d k j x j v k Sj x g j h n `f " V i zn k u d j r h g SA f u e Zy o e k Zd sv u ql k j ¼ H k k j r h ; k sa d k ½ ^ v U ; * l aL d `f r ; k sa d si zf r m n k l h u r k d k , d v f / k d x E H k h j d k j . k H k h F k k ] o g ; g f d m u d sf y , v i u h v f L e r k d k si f j H k k f " k r d j u sd k l U n H k Z d H k h ^ v U ; * j g k g h u g h a] t Sl sf d ; wj k si h ; k sa d sf y , F k k A v k R e d k sg e s' k k v k R e & l U n H k h Z: i e sa L o h d k j k x ; k A ^ v U ; * m u d h v f L e r k d sf y , u r k sd k sb Z[ k r j k F k k v k Sj u g h m u d h v f } r h ; r k d k l zk sr A ^ v U ; * d h m u d h v o / k k j . k k ; wj k si h ; l aL d `f r d h b l v o / k k j . k k l sf c y d qy f H k U u F k h A v i u sl sg e s' k k v y x ] , d c k g j d h o L r q( v k r ad d k l zk sr v k Sj v k d k a{ k k d h o L r qn k su k sa , d l k F k A l k = k Zd h i zf l ) m f D r ^ n wl j s& o su d Z g Sa* g sx y d h l ' k D r i zf r / o f u e k y we n sr h g S] t g k ¡v k R e g e s' k k ^ v U ; * d sf o # ) g h v i u h v f L e r k d k s i f j H k k f " k r d j r k g SA , d , sl k ^ v U ; * f t l s; k r k sv f / k x `g h r f d ; k t k l d r k g S; k f Q j u " V g h f d ; k t k u k p k f g , ¼ H k k j r v k Sj ; wj k si ] i `4 4 ½ A ^ v U ; * d h H k k j r h ; v k Sj ; wj k si h ; v o / k k j . k k d k t Sl k v U r j f u e Zy o e k Zu sf d ; k g So g n k su k sa i j E i j k v k sa d h n k ' k Zf u d n `f " V l sH k h l ax r g SA H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu e sa p sr u k L o l af o r ~; k L o ; ai zd k ' k g k su sl sv i u s r k f Ù o d L o : i e sa g h L o & l an H k h Zg St c f d ; wj k si h ; n ' k Zu e sa p sr u k d k e r y c g h ^ v k WQ d k WU ' k l u sl * g k su sl s o g l n So i j & l an H k h Zg h g k sr k g SA i j U r qi j & l an H k h Zv k R e p sr u k d sl an H k Ze sa ^ v U ; * d h ; wj k si h ; v o / k k j . k k v i u sv k i e sa c M +k g h } a} k R e d g SA ; f n ^ v U ; * d k so g i wj h r j g v i u so ' k e sa d j y sr k g Sr k sL o ; am l d h v f L e r k l an sg k L i n g k st k r h g SA ; | f i o g ^ v U ; * d k su " V d j d sg h i w. k Zg k su k p k g r k g S] y sf d u f c u k ^ v U ; * d so g d qN H k h u g h aj g r k A f c u k ^ v U ; * d sd qN u g h ag k su k ; k f u l k = k Zd k ^ u f F k ax u sl * A v r % ; wj k si h ; l aL d `f r ; k sa d sf y , ^ v U ; * v i u h ^ v l e k o s' k h v U ; r k * e sa g h f t K k l k d k f o " k ; c u r k g S] t c f d H k k j r h ; k sa d s f y , ^ v U ; * t c r d f d l h r j g v i u s; k v i u sr a= k e sa l e k f o " V u g k sr k so g , d , sl k l E c k s/ k h c u g h u g h a l d r k f t l l sv F k Zi w. k Zl ao k n f d ; k t k l d sA f g U n wi j E i j k d sf y , c k S) , sl sg h ^ v ar j ax v U ; * F k sA b l h f y , c zk ã . k k sa v k Sj c k S) k sa d sc h p , d g t k j l sv f / k d o " k k sZa r d ' k k L = k k F k Zp y k v k Sj n k su k sa , d n wl j sd k sH k j i wj l E c k sf / k r d j i k , A c k S) i j k , g k sr sg q, H k h l k aL d `f r d n `f " V l sl e k u r a= k h F k sA m u d k i j k ; k i u / k k f e Zd n `f " V l sH k y sg h v l e k o s' k h g k sy sf d u l k aL d `f r d n `f " V l so sm l h r j g v ar j ax j g sf t l r j g H k k j r h ; l aL d `f r d s v ar j ax ' k So ] ' k k D r v k Sj o S" . k o j g sg SaA ; f n c k S) l k aL d `f r d L o k ; Ù k r k d k n k o k f d , g k sr sr k sd f B u k b Zt : j g k sr h ] y sf d u , sl k g qv k u g h aA b l h f y , f u e Zy o e k Zd k ; g d F k u c g qr g h l e h p h u g Sf d c k S) / k e ZH k k j r e sa



f u e Zy o e k Zd k H k k j r c k s/ k % i zk e k f . k d l aL d `r k R e k d k i zR ; f H k K k u @ 2 3



y qI r u g h ay h u g k sx ; k ¼ H k k j r v k Sj ; wj k si ] i `4 5 ½ A i j U r q; g h c k r H k k j r d sb f r g k l e sa e ql y e k u k sa v k Sj b Zl k b Z; k sa d sf y , u g h ad g h t k l d r h A b u n k su k sa d h ^ v U ; r k * / k k f e Zd v k Sj l k aL d `f r d n k su k sa g h n `f " V ; k sa l s f g U n wi j E i j k d sf y , ^ v l e k o s' k h v U ; * d h d k sf V e sa v k r k g SA ; g h d k j . k g Sf d ; sn k su k sa / k e ZO ; k i d / k e k ZU r j . k d j o k u sd sc k n H k h H k k j r e sa l aL F k k c ) r k sg Sa y sf d u l aL d `f r c ) u g h ag k si k , g SaA b l n s' k e sa / k e k ZU r j . k r k sc k c k l k g c H k h e j k o v E c sM d j H k h d j o k , ] y sf d u c k S) i { k e sa ; g / k e k ZU r j . k c k c k l k g c d s } k j k f d ; k x ; k ^ b . M k sl e k sf ' k l * d `R ; g h F k k A v r % u o c k S) H k h H k k j r h ; l aL d `f r d sf y , v l e k o s' k h v U ; u g h av f i r qv U r j ax v U ; g h g SaA H k k j r e sa n f y r v k U n k sy u d h l Q y r k d k j k t H k h ; g h g Sf d ; g v k U n k sy u m l o x Z} k j k l k aL d `f r d & i g p k u d h e k ax F k h t k sH k k j r h ; l aL d `f r d k v ar j ax v U ; g SA ; wj k si h ; l H ; r k d sc j D l H k k j r h ; l aL d `f r d h , d v k Sj f o ' k s" k r k d k sl aK k u e sa y su k ; g k ¡c g qr v k o ' ; d i zr h r g k sr k g SA ; g f o ' k s" k r k ; wj k si l sl ao k n d j r sg q, H k k j r h ; l aL d `r k R e k d h i zk e k f . k d i g p k u d sf y , x g j h v U r n `Zf " V i zn k u d j r h g SA o g ; g f d H k k j r h ; f o ' o n `f " V e sa e u q" ; d k sl `f " V d k L o k e h u g h a e k u k t k r k A e u q" ; H k h p k j k p j e sa r e k e t h f o r i zk f . k ; k sa d sc h p e g t , d i zk . k h g h g SA b l d sf o i j h r ; wj k si h ; f o ' o n `f " V e sa c k b f c y ¼ x k WM g St f Ø , M sV e Su b u b V ~l f e u h b e st V w: y v k Wo j v F k Z½ l sf o K k u ¼ i zd `f r d k f o t sr k e u q" ; ½ r d e u q" ; d sL o k e h o k n h o p ZL o d k sc u k , j [ k k x ; k g SA ; g h o g v U r j g Sf t l d s p y r sb f r g k l d h H k k j r h ; n `f " V e k u o h ; v r h r d h v o / k k j . k k d s? k sj se sa c ¡/ k h u g h aj g t k r h ] c f Y d l e L r p j k p j d sv r h r l st qM +t k r h g SA v k ' p ; Zg Sf d ; wj k si h ; e u q" ; } k j k f o d f l r f o K k u v k Sj r d Z. k k d h H k k " k k v k t r d b l f o ' k k y ] t h o U r v k Sj j g L ; i w. k Ze k u o sr j l al k j l sl E i zs" k . k d j u sd k d k sb ZH k h j k L r k l q> k u se sa f u " Q y j g h g SA f u e Zy o e k Zd s' k C n k sa e sa d g sa r k s^ ^ e k u o h ; l al k j d k e k u o sr j l al k j l sv y x k o ; wj k si h ; l H ; r k d k l c l s= k k l n v k ; k e j g k g S] f t l u sx k s, V sd k s; g d g u sd sf y , f o o ' k f d ; k f d g j v y x k o e sa f o f { k I r r k d sc h t g SaA g e sa ; g / ; k u j [ k u k p k f g , f d g e m l si u i u su n sa* * ¼ H k k j r v k Sj ; wj k si ] i `7 9 ½ A b l v y x k o l s; wj k si h ; v k R e k d h y g w& y qg k u f o f { k I r r k g h g k sY M j h u v k Sj f j Y d sd h d k O ; v k Sj d y k d `f r ; k sa e sa f n [ k k b Zi M +r h g SA b l d sB h d f o i j h r H k k j r h ; t h o u & n `f " V d k sb l v y x k o d k l k e u k b l f y , u g h ad j u k i M +k f d m l u se k u o sr j l al k j l sd H k h v i u s^ f e f F k d h ; * l E c U / k k sa d k sR ; k x k u g h aA b l t h o u & n `f " V d sf y , b l v y x k o i j f o ' o k l d j u k e qf ' d y g Sf t l e sa t h o u , d : i l sn wl j sd sc h p i qu t ZU e k sa v k Sj d k ; k U r j k sa d h , d v V wV Ü k `a[ k y k g S] t g k ¡g j t h o d sH k h r j n wl j sd sj g L ; k sn ~? k k V u d h d qat h f N i h g SA H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu ] / k e Z v k Sj u h f r b R ; k f n d s} k j k e u q" ; v k Sj i zd `f r ] e k u o h ; v k Sj e k u o sr j l al k j d sc h p d sl E c U / k k sa d sj g L ; k sa d k s g h [ k k sy u sd sc g qf o / k i z; k l f d ; sx , g SaA ^ n so aH k wR o k n so a; t sr ~* d so Sf n d v k n ' k Zl sy sd j ^ v k R e o r ~l o ZH k wr s" k * q d sv k Si f u " k n ~v k n ' k Ze sa ; g x g j si zf r / o f u r g k sr k g SA i zR ; sd H k k j r h ; d sf y , i zf r f n u i ap e g k ; K k sa d k f o / k k u e k u o h ; v k Sj e k u o sr j l `f " V d sc h p l k e j L ; L F k k f i r d j u sd k g h r k sd Ù k ZO ; f o / k k u g SA f u e Zy o e k Z b l H k k j r h ; n `f " V d k f u p k sM +i zL r qr d j r sg q, m f p r g h d g r sg Sa f d ^ ^ i zd `f r j g L ; i w. k Zg S] t Sl k f d g j ^ v U ; * l Ù k k g k sr h g SA y sf d u m l l sv k r af d r g k su sd k d k sb Zd k j . k u g h ag S] D ; k saf d o g e u q" ; d k , d v a' k H k h g S& e k u o h ; i zd `f r ] m l d k L o & L o H k k o * * ¼ H k k j r v k Sj ; wj k si ] i `8 0 ½ A , sr j s; m i f u " k n ~e sa e u q" ; v k Sj i zd `f r ] c k g ~; v k Sj v k U r j d h L o H k k o x r , d r k d k sg h r k s; g d g r sg q, i zf r / o f u r f d ; k x ; k g Sf d & v f X u o k Zx ] H k wR o k e q[ k a i zk f o ' k r ~A o k ; q% i zk . k k sH k wR o k u k f l d s i zk f o ' k r ~A v k f n R ; ' p { k q" k h H k wR o k f { k . k h i zk f o ' k r ~A f n ' k %



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J k sr aH k wR o k d . k k SZ i zk f o ' k r ~A v k S" k f / k o u L i r ; k s H k wR o k R o p a i zk f o ' k u ~A p U n ze k e u k sH k wR o k â n ; a i zk f o ' k r ~A e `R ; qj i k u k sH k wR o k u k f H k ai zk f o ' k r ~A v k i k sj sr k sH k wR o k f ' k ' u ai zk f o ' k r ~A H k k x o r i qj k . k e sa H k h p j k p j l `f " V d s v f o j k s/ k d k sm n ~? k k f V r d j r sg q, d g k x ; k g Sf d & v g L r k f u l g L r k u k av i n k f u p p r q" i n k a] Q Y x qf u r = k e g r k a] t h o k st h o L ; t h o u e ~A y sf o L = k k l u s, sl sg h v U r n Z`f " V ; k sa d k sl E H k o r % ^ ^ , ad j I o k b ±V ~l v k WQ b L V u Z d Y p j * ; k f u i wo h Zl aL d `f r ; k sa d sl E i d Zl w= k d g k g SA i j U r qf c M E o u k ; g g Sf d ; wj k si h ; l H ; r k u sb u l E i d Z l w= k k sa l st qM +u k d H k h L o h d k j u g h af d ; k A b l si f ' p e h e u d k v g ad k j d g k t k , ; k n E H k f d o g i k So k ZR ; v u qH k o d sl g ; k sx l sv i u si f j " d k j d sf y , l H k h r S; k j u g h ag k sr k A V H k k j r h ; l aL d `f r v k Sj l H ; r k d k , d v k Sj f o y { k . k y { k . k m l d sb f r g k l c k s/ k e sa f u f g r g SA , sl k b f r g k l c k s/ k f t l e sa v r h r d k sb Zc h r h g qb Z; k n u g k sd j e sag n h d h r j g o r Ze k u e sa j p h & c l h j g r h g SA ; g d k sb Z, sl h , sf r g k f l d L e `f r u g h at Sl h ; wj k si o k f l ; k sa d h b f r g k l & p sr u k e sa x zh l d h l H ; r k , d f u t h Zo L e `f r e k = k g Sv k Sj f t l so g i qL r d k sa v F k o k l ax zg k y ; k sa e sa ; k n r k sd j l d r k g Sy sf d u m l d so r Ze k u d k so g l E c k sf / k r u g h ad j r k A i j U r q] f u e Zy o e k Zd s' k C n k sa e sa] H k k j r h ; l H ; r k d h ; g v n ~H k qr f o ' k s" k r k j g h g S& t k s m l d st h o U r g k su sd h e ; k Zn k g S& f d o g ^ v r h r * d k sO ; f r r u e k u d j m l sl e d k y h u d h i zr h d O ; o L F k k e sa l a; k sf t r d j i k ; h g S] t k sv k t H k h m r u h g h v F k Zo k u v k Sj l aL d k j l E i é g Sf t r u h i g y sd H k h F k h ¼ H k k j r v k Sj ; wj k si ] i `1 5 ½ A , sl h b f r g k l n `f " V e sa g h i wo Zt c k s/ k e k r k & f i r k l sy sd j b Z' o j r d f o L r k j i k r k g SA r H k h r k s d `" . k i wo Zt k sa e sa v i u sd k s^ v ; Ze k * d g r sg SaA l aL d `r k R e k d h m Ù k j t h f o r k d sf y , f u ' p ; g h , sl h n `f " V L o k x r ; k sX ; g Sv k Sj v k R e p sr u e u q" ; d sf y , l ax r H k h g S] i j U r qo g l aL d `r k R e k v r h r d h e f y u r k v k sa l se qä v i u s/ k o y L o : i e sa o r Ze k u d k sl E c k sf / k r d j s] b l d sf y , , d f o ' k s" k i zd k j d h v k R e k y k sp d v k R e p sr u k U ; wu k f / k d : i e sa L o k H k k f o d : i l sl f Ø ; g k sr h g SA b l h f y , v r h r d h c qj k b Z; k sa l so r Ze k u n k s" k ; qä H k h g k sr k g Sv k Sj i f j " d k j r F k k i z{ k k y u d h i zf Ø ; k H k h l k F k & l k F k p y r h g SA H k k j r h ; b f r g k l e sa l aL d `r k R e k d k , sl k t h o u & p Ø L i " V : i l sn s[ k k t k l d r k g SA i j U r qv k / k qf u d ; wj k si d h b f r g k l & p sr u k o r Ze k u v k Sj v r h r e sa l h / k k & l h / k k H k sn d j r h g SA b l e sa m l l w= k k R e k d k f u r k U r v H k k o g St k so r Ze k u d k sm l d sv r h r l st k sM + l d sA , d v k / k qf u d ; wj k si h ; d sf y , v r h r e k u k st M +o L r qg Sv k Sj m l l sm Ù k j k sÙ k j v i u sd k sd k V r st k u k g h i zx f r ' k h y o r Ze k u g SA n z" V O ; g Sf d H k k j r h ; l aL d `f r v k Sj l H ; r k v i u sb U g h ax q. k & y { k . k k sa d sp y r s; wj k si d s f y , l n So g h f o L e ; c k s/ k d c u k j g k g SA m l d h f o ' o n `f " V d sl k ¡p se sa ; g l e k ; k sf t r u g h ag k si k r k A b l l U n H k Ze sa f u e Zy o e k Zd h f V I i . k h c M +h l V h d g Sf d ^ ^ H k k j r h ; l H ; r k d k v f L r R o i f ' p e d sf y , , d f o M E c u k ] , d i g sy h ] , d f o j k s/ k k H k k l t k u i M +r k j g k g SA ; f n o g ; wu k u v k Sj f e l zd h l H ; r k d h r j g e g t , sf r g k f l d L e `f r d k v o ' k s" k g k sr h r k so g e `r f d U r qe wY ; o k u l R ; g k sl d r h F k h ] ; f n o g , d v Ý h d h ; k y k f r u v e j h d h d c h y sd h r j g d qN i zk x Sf r g k f l d i zF k k v k sa d k i qat e k = k g k sr h ] r k sg t k j k sa u `r Ù o ' k k L = k h b l d h p h j Q k M +d j u s; g k ¡i g q¡p t k r s] ; k f Q j v x j o g v i u sd k sf d l h / k e Zf o ' k s" k e sa f l d k sM + d j , d v l f g " . k ql E i zn k ; x r ^ j k " V ª* e sa c n y n sr h ] r k sH k h o g b Zj k u ; k i k f d L r k u d h r j g L o h d k ; Zg k s l d r h F k h * * ¼ H k k j r v k Sj ; wj k si ] i `1 4 ½ A i j U r qd f B u k b Z; g g Sf d i j E i j k x r H k k j r h ; l H ; r k c k s/ k d k su r k s m l < k ¡p se sa < k y k t k l d r k g S] f t l e sa o r Ze k u l n So v r h r l sv i u sd k sf o ; qD r d j u se sa Q f y r g k sr k g Sv k Sj u g h b l se t g c ] d c h y s; k v k / k qf u d j k " V ª& j k T ; d h f d l h c u h & c u k b ZJ s. k h e sa l ad qf p r f d ; k t k l d r k g SA



f u e Zy o e k Zd k H k k j r c k s/ k % i zk e k f . k d l aL d `r k R e k d k i zR ; f H k K k u @ 2 5



v r % , d v k sj v k / k qf u d ; wj k si } k j k v i u sn i Z. k e sa H k k j r d h v k R e N f o d k sn s[ k u k m l d h b f r g k l & n `f " V d h e k u k si zk x u qH k f o d f o o ' k r k g Sr k sn wl j h v k sj b l b f r g k l & n `f " V d k sp ' e k c u k d j H k k j r h ; l aL d `f r v k Sj l H ; r k d k sl e > u k , d l j k l j c se k u h g SA ; g h d k j . k g Sf d v k / k qf u d ; wj k si v k Sj l e k t o k n h ; wj k si n k su k sa d s i Sj k sd k j k sa u sH k k j r d h r L o h j d k v i u s& v i u sr j h d sl si zf r : i . k f d ; k ] t k sm l d sl e `) v k Sj x k Sj o ' k k y h v r h r l sd V h g qb ZF k h A b l r j g o k L r f o d H k k j r n k su k sa d h v k ¡[ k k sa l sv k s> y g h c u k j g k ] D ; k saf d o g b u d h v k ¡[ k k sa e sa l e k g h u g h al d r k F k k A ; g c k r B h d o Sl sg h g St Sl si j k , v t u c h d k sf d l h ' k g j d so k l h g e s' k k , d ^ H k h M +* f n [ k k b Zn sr sg Sa] m l H k h M +d h y ; v k Sj v U r / k k Zj k d k j g L ; f l Q Zm l u x j d k o k l h g h t k u r k g S ¼ H k k j r v k Sj ; wj k si ] i `2 1 ½ A D ; k H k k j r d si zf r ; g , d v t u c h & n `f " V u g h af d g sx y v i u h ; wj k sd sf U n zr v o / k k j . k k R e d ; k st u k e sa H k k j r d k sv k R e p sr u k d sf o d k l e sa L o f I u y v o L F k k e k u r sg Sa v k Sj ; wj k si d k s v k R e p sr u k d h ' k h " k Zv o L F k k e sa i zf r f " B r d j r sg SaA D ; k H k k j r h ; l aL d `f r d k sl e k U r o k n d h t t Zf j r e j . k k l U u f L F k f r e sa n s[ k u k e k D l Zd h v i u h b f r g k l & n `f " V d h e t c wj h u g h ag S\ o L r qr % v k / k qf u d ; wj k si v k Sj l e k t o k n h ; wj k si d sd k ; n sv k t e g sx y v k Sj e k D l Zv i u h & v i u h b f r g k l & n `f " V d sp y r sg h H k k j r d h f u ; f r v i u h & v i u h f V I i f . k ; k sa e sa V k ¡d n sr sg SaA g sx y d k f o ' o k l F k k f d H k k j r r H k h v i u sd k s, d c k j f Q j e wf r Ze k u d j l d sx k t c o g v i u sv r h r d k s; wj k si h ; o r Ze k u e sa < k y sx k A b l h r j g e k D l Zd h n `f " V e sa H k k j r v i u h f u ; f r d k s, sf r g k f l d H k k Sf r d o k n d h i zf Ø ; k l sx qt j d j g h i zk I r g k sl d r k g SA VI v o / k s; g k sf d H k k j r v k Sj ; wj k si d sc h p , sf r g k f l d n qj f H k l af / k d k ; g h o g L F k y g St g k ¡l s v k / k qf u d ; wj k si v k Sj l e k t o k n h ; wj k si d h H k k j r d k si zk f / k d `r d j u sd h v i u h & v i u h d k ; Z; k st u k ' k q: g k sr h g SA , d d sf y , o k L r f o d H k k j r i qj k r k f Ù o d L F k y l sT ; k n k d qN u g h a] t g k ¡l sm l d sc k Sf ) d v k Sj v k / ; k f R e d o SH k o ] m l d si zk p h u n ' k Zu v k Sj e g k u l k f g R ; k sa d k s[ k k sn d j g h f u d k y k t k l d r k F k k A n wl j sd s f y , o k L r f o d H k k j r , sf r g k f l d H k k Sf r d o k n d st t Zf j r l k e k U r o k n d sl k si k u i j m l d h i z; k sx H k wf e c u u s d sf y , v f H k ' k I r F k k A b l r j g H k k j r d h , d , sl h v k R e i zf r e k f u f e Zr g qb Zf t l d sv r h r v k Sj o r Ze k u e sa c g qr p k SM +h l k aL d `f r d Q k ad d h n j k j i M +h g qb ZF k h A b l h n j k j d k si Sn k d j m l sm l d sl qn wj v r h r l sd k V d j ^ i zk st sD V sM o r Ze k u * d h n g y h t i j ; wj k si h ; o r Ze k u l si zf r d `r g k su sd sf y , r S; k j f d ; k t k u sy x k A , d v k sj m l d k v i j k t s; v r h r ] f t l l sm l d k o r Ze k u i zf r / o f u r u g h ag k sj g k F k k r k sn wl j h v k sj m l d k v k l U u o r Ze k u t k si wj sr k Sj l s; wj k si } k j k i zk f / k d `r f d , t k u sg sr qp r qf n Zd : i l sl E c k sf / k r g k sj g k F k k A b l r j g v k / k qf u d H k k j r v k R e i zf r e k d sl ad V l sx zL r , d l k aL d `f r d & l ad V o k y sn s' k e sa : i k U r f j r g k sx ; k A v r % ; f n g e o k L r f o d H k k j r d sb l o k L r f o d l ad V d k sl e > r sg Sa r k sf d l h H k h H k k j r h ; d sf y , v i u s f o ' o l u h ; v k R e d k sg k f l y d j u k ] i zk e k f . k d l aL d `r k R e k e sa i qu Zi zf r " B g k su k l c l st # j h d k ; Z; k st u k g k s t k r h g SA f u e Zy o e k Z] o k L r o e sa] v i u sl E i w. k Zl k f g f R ; d m i Ø e k sa l sb l h d k ; Z; k st u k d k s^ i zk st sD V v k WQ v . M j L V Saf M ax * d s: i e sa l k / k r sg SaA ; g d k ; Z, d t f V y o k | ; a= k d sl qj f e y k u st Sl k g SA b l d k Q y l aL d `r k R e k d sf u % ' k ad ] f u } ZU } v k Sj f u H k zk ZU r c k s/ k e sa i zf r f " B r g k sd j m l sf Ø ; k f U o r d j u k g SA , sl k f Ø ; k U o ; u f t l sv k R e f Ø ; k U o ; u l sv f H k f g r f d ; k t k l d sA f u e Zy o e k Z} k j k l k / k sx , b l m i Ø e d s v k Sf p R ; d k sJ h e n ~H k x o r x h r k d sl U n H k Ze sa H k h v k R e l k r ~f d ; k t k l d r k g SA x h r k H k h , d ^ i zk st sD V v k WQ v . M j L V Saf M ax * g h g SA m l d k y { ; H k h f o " k k n ; qD r v t qZu d k si zk e k f . k d v k R e c k s/ k v k Sj / k e Zc k s/ k e sa i zf r f " B r



2 6 @ e / ; H k k j r h



d j m l d h i zf L F k f r v k Sj H k wf e d k d k sr ; d j u k g SA ; f n x h r k d k ^ i zk st sD V v k WQ v . M j L V Saf M ax * , d / k e Z; q) e sa f Ø ; k f U o r g k sl d r k g Sr k sH k k j r h ; l aL d `r k R e k d h v H k zk U r l e > d h d k ; Z; k st u k H k h v k Si f u o s' k h d j . k v k Sj ; wj k si h ; d j . k d si zf r o k n d k l k e F ; Zi zn k u d j l d r h g SA v r % H k k j r d h i zk e k f . k d l aL d `r k R e k d s i zR ; f H k K k u } k j k b l l k e F ; Zd k sg k f l y d j u k g h l e L r H k k j r h ; k sa d k v k / k qf u d L o / k e Zg SA n ' k Zu f o H k k x M k Wg j h f l ag x k Sj f o ' o f o | k y ; l k x j ] 4 7 0 0 0 3 ¼ e i z½ l U n f H k Zr i qL r d sa & l f u e Zy o e k Z] H k k j r v k Sj ; wj k si % i zf r J qf r d s{ k s= k ] j k t d e y i zd k ' k u ] u b Zf n Y y h ] 1 9 9 1 l f u e Zy o e k Z] n wl j s' k C n k sa e sa] H k k j r h ; K k u i h B ] u b Zf n Y y h ] 1 9 9 7 l v f E c d k n Ù k ' k e k Z] H k k j r h ; r k d sl k e k f l d v F k Z& l U n H k Z] H k k j r h ; K k u i h B ] u b Zf n Y y h ] 2 0 1 5 l l e sf d r n k ' k Zf u d f o e ' k Z] l E i k v f E c d k n Ù k ' k e k Z] f o ' o f o | k y ; i zd k ' k u ] l k x j ¼ e i z½ ] 2 0 0 5 l H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu d s5 0 o " k Z] l E i k v f E c d k n Ù k ' k e k Z] f o ' o f o | k y ; i zd k ' k u ] l k x j ¼ e i z½ ] 2 0 0 6 l f u e Zy o e k Z] < y k u l sm r j r sg q, ] H k k j r h ; K k u i h B ] 2 0 0 5



H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu k sa d si zf r j k g qy t h d h n `f " V % d qN f o ' k s" k r k , ¡ i zn h i x k s[ k y s b l f u c a/ k e sa e Sau si af M r j k g qy l k ad `R ; k ; u d h H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu k sa d si zf r t k sn `f " V F k h ] m l sl e > u sd k i z; k l f d ; k g SA m u d h t h o u h d h n `f " V l sn s[ k k t k ; r k s; qo k o L F k k l sy sd j c k n d sf n u k sa r d m u d h n k ' k Zf u d –n `f " V c n y r h x ; h g S] , sl k g e d g l d r sg SaA ; qo k o L F k k e sa m u i j o sn k U r e r d k ] o S" . k o e r d k r F k k v k ; Zl e k f t L V e r d k i zH k k o j g k A r sb Zl o sa o " k Ze sa m u e sa c k S) / k e Zd si zf r v k d " k Z. k m R i U u g qv k ] t k s x g j k g k sr k x ; k r F k k c ; k f y l o sa o " k Zr d d k ; e j g k A m l d sc k n e k D l Zo k n d k i zH k k o x g j k g k sr k x ; k r F k k c q) o k n d k i zH k k o d e g k sx ; k A b l d k y e sa m u d h t k sO ; k f e J n `f " V c u h o g h v k x sH k h c u h j g h A m u d s ^ n ' k Zu & f n X n ' k Zu * u k e d x zaF k e sa ; g h O ; k f e J –n `f " V f n [ k k b Zn sr h g SA ^ n ' k Zu & f n X n ' k Zu * d h j p u k m u d h v k ; qd s l Sar k y h l o sa l k y e sa g qb Zt c d E ; qf u L V v k an k sy u d h o t g l so sn k sl k y d sf y ; st sy e sa j g sF k sA j k g qy t h u s H k k j r h ; n k ' k Zf u d i j ai j k d k f o o sp u ^ n ' k Zu & f n X n ' k Zu * e sa f o L r k j l sf d ; k g SA b l f u c a/ k e sa e Sau sT ; k n k r j ^ n ' k Zu & f n X n ' k Zu * d k g h m i ; k sx f d ; k g SA j k g qy t h d h n `f " V , d f u c a/ k e sa i wj h r j g l e > y su k l aH k o u g h a g SA b l f y ; se Sau sd qN f o ' k s" k r k v k sa d si zf r g h / ; k u n su sd k i z; k l f d ; k g SA ¼ 1 ½ e k u o h e f L r " d d h i zx f r d k v k y s[ k & ^ n ' k Zu & f n X n ' k Zu * e sa ; | f i v k / k sl sT ; k n k v a' k H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu k sa d s c k j se sa g S] ; g x zaF k i wj h r j g l sH k k j r h ; n ' k Zu k sa d sf y ; sl e f i Zr u g h ag SA b l x zaF k d h , d f o ' k s" k r k ; g g Sf d ; g x zaF k l k j h e k u o t k f r d sn k ' k Zf u d f o d k l d si f j i zs{ ; e sa H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu k sa d h v k sj n s[ k r k g SA n ' k Zu f n X n ' k Zu d k p k SF k k v / ; k ; H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu k sa d si zf r l e f i Zr g Sr F k k i g y sr h u v / ; k ; Ø e ' k % ; wu k u h n ' k Zu ] b L y k e h n ' k Zu r F k k ; wj k si h ; n ' k Zu k sa d si zf r l e f i Zr g SaA n ' k Zu k sa d si zf r v i u k o Sf ' o d n `f " V d k s. k j k g qy t h u s x zaF k d h H k wf e d k e sa L i " V f d ; k g SA e k u o h e f L r " d d h i zx f r d k t k sv k y s[ k j k g qy t h f p f = k r d j r sg Sa] o g d qN b l i zd k j g S& d k y [ k aM o . k Zu m i y f C / k ; k ¡ b Zi w5 0 0 0 & 3 0 0 0e k u o e f L r " d d h m M +k u [ k sr h ] u g j ] l k Sj i ap k ax d k l c l sH k O ; ; qx b Zi w3 0 0 0 & 2 6 0 0c k Sf ) d t h o u d sv i d " k Zd k l e ;c g qr d e u ; sv k f o " d k j e k u f l d J e d h b P N k ] b Zi w2 6 0 0 & 7 0 0 i w. k Zf o J k e y su sL o I u k o L F k k n ' k Zu d k i zH k k r d k y e / ; H k k j r h & 7 2 ] t u o j h & t wu ] 2 0 1 7 ] ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 27-32



2 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h



b Zi w7 0 0 & 4 0 0



n ' k Zu d k l qo . k Z; qx



H k k j r e sa % m i f u " k n l sc q) r d ; wj k si e sa % F k sy l ~y sy sd j v j L r wr d n ' k Zu k sa d k f u e k Z. k b Zi w4 0 0 & b Z0 0v a/ k sj k ] F k d k u f g an w4 0 0 b Zi wd sv k l & i k l F k d d j c SB t k r sg Sa ; wj k si e sa 3 0 0 b Zi we sa v a/ k sj k b Z0 0 & b Z7 0 0 & b Z9 0 0 v a/ k sj k t k j h ] ; wj k si e sa v a/ k sj k t k j h f p u x k j h d k d e k y H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu k sa d h f p u x k j h d k d e k y b Z9 0 0 & b Z1 2 0 0 n ' k Zu d h e ' k k y c q> r h u g h a b L y k f e d n k ' k Zf u d k sa d sg k F k e sa n ' k Zu d h e ' k k y t y r h g S] f t l d k i f j . k k e v k / k qf u d ; wj k si i j H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu b L y k f e d n ' k Zu d sl e d { k b Z1 2 0 0 & b Z1 7 0 0v a/ k d k j H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu k sa d h f p j l e k f / k ; wj k si h ; n ' k Zu e sa L d k sy k f L V f l T e b Z1 7 6 0 l sv k x s v k / k qf u d d k y ; wj k si e sa L d k sy k f L r d n ' k Zu d kv ar i zk ; k sx k f J r f p ar u ]l k ; U l H k k j r e sa L d k sy k f L r d n k d r j k sa d k i Sn k g k su k t k j h b l p k V Zl sj k g qy t h d h H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu k sa d si zf r t k sn `f " V F k h ] m l i j H k h i zd k ' k M k y k t k l d r k g SA b Zl o h l u ~' k wU ; l sb Zl o h l u ~l k r l k Sd k d k y o sH k k j r h ; n ' k Zu k sa d h f p u x k j h d k d e k y e k u r sg SaA ; g h d k y g Sf t l e sa f n ³ u k x v k Sj / k e Zd h f r Zd k m n ; g qv k r F k k m U g k sau sU ; k ; v k Sj e h e k al k d k t k sj n k j i zf r o k n f d ; k A l k r l k sd sc k n ' k ad j k p k ; Zv k r sg SaA y sf d u ' k ad j k p k ; Zd sd k y d k sj k g qy t h T ; k n k v g f e ; r u g h an sr s g SaA o s' k ad j k p k ; Zd k si zP N U u c k S) e k u r sg Sa r F k k ' k ad j k p k ; Zd k i zf r i k n u d j r sl e ; v k y k sp u k d se qí sH k h i zL r qr d j r sg SaA b Zl o h l u ~1 2 0 0 d sc k n d sd k y d k s] t c c k S) n ' k Zu H k k j r e sa v L r ax r g k su sy x r k g S] o s v a/ k d k j d k d k y e k u r sg SaA b Zl o h l u ~1 7 6 0 d sc k n ] t c ; wj k si e sa v k / k qf u d d k y ' k q: g k sr k g S] r c H k k j r e sa L d k sy k f L V f l T e ; k u s/ k e k Zf / k f " B r n ' k Zu t k j h g S] ; g j k g qy t h d k f u j h { k . k g SA j k g qy t h d h f ' k d k ; r g Sf d c k j g o h al n h d sc k n H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu , sl h l e k f / k y sr k g Sf d v k t r d H k h m l d h l e k f / k [ k qy h u g h a¼ i `8 7 ½ j k g qy t h d k # [ k m l i zo `f Ù k d h r j Q g S] t k sH k k j r h ; n ' k Zu d k sl k ; U l l sr F k k v k V Zl sv y x ] y sf d u / k e Zl s t qM +k g qv k n s[ k u k p k g r h g SA j k g qy t h d k e k u u k g Sf d v k t H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu d k f o d k l l k ; U l v k Sj d y k d k l g ; k sx h c u d j g h g k sl d r k g S] / k e Zd k x qy k e c u d j u g h aA Å i j h p k V Zl s; g H k h L i " V g Sf d j k g qy t h n ' k Zu k sa d k b f r g k l o Sf ' o d L r j i j y sr sg SaA x zaF k e sa n ' k Zu k sa d h p p k Zd j r sl e ; o sd b Zc k j r k Sy f u d f c U n qi zL r qr d j r sg SaA H k wf e d k e sa o sd g r sg Sa f d ^ ^ e Sau s; g k ¡ n ' k Zu d k sf o L r `r H k wx k sy d se k u f p = k i j , d i h < +h d sc k n n wl j h i h < +h d k sl k e u sj [ k r sg q, n s[ k u sd h d k sf ' k ' k d h g SA * * ; g f o L r `r n `f " V r F k k , sf r g k f l d n `f " V g e sa x zaF k e sa c k j & c k j i zr h r g k sr h g SA ¼ 2 ½ H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu & f o " k ; d / k k j . k k , ¡& n ' k Zu & f n X n ' k Zu e sa j k g qy t h d h H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu & f o " k ; d t k s/ k k j . k k , ¡ i zd V g k sr h g Sa] m u e sa l sd qN / k k j . k k , ¡v / k k sj sf [ k r d j u s; k sX ; g SaA



H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu k sa d si zf r j k g qy t h d h n `f " V % d qN f o ' k s" k r k , ¡@ 2 9 (2:1) H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu k sa d k v ar } ZU }



H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu k sa d k f o d k l i j L i j o k n & f o o k n r F k k l a? k " k Zl sg qv k g SA ; g o k n & f o o k n f H k U u & f H k U u : i k sa e sa l k e u s v k r kg SA b Z' o j o k n & f u j h ' o j o k n ]v k R e o k n & v u k R e o k n ], d k U r o k n & v u sd k U r o k n ] v k f L r d o k n & u k f L r d o k n b R ; k f n b l v U r } ZU } d sf H k U u & f H k U u i g y wg SaA m u e sa l sj k g qy t h d sf y ; sd k Su l k } U } v g e ~g S; g l k sp u sd k f o " k ; g SA e q> sy x r k g Sf d i zF k e r % v k f L r d & u k f L r d } a} m u d sf y ; sv g e ~g SA v k f L r d ; k u so sn i zk e k . ; e k u u so k y k r F k k u k f L r d ; k u so sn i zk e k . ; u k e k u u so k y k A o sn i zk e k . ; e k u u so k y s n ' k Zu c zk ã . k o k n h g aS r F k k o sn i zk e k . ; u k e k u u s o k y s n ' k Zu c zk ã . k o k n f o j k s/ k h g SaA b l f y ; s ; g h } U } c zk ã . k o k n v k Sj c zk ã . k o k n f o j k s/ k d sc h p e sa g SA b l } a} e sa j k g qy t h d k i { k i k r c zk ã . k o k n f o j k s/ k h i { k d s i zf r g SA ; g } a} U ; k ; c qf ) L V d k U V ªk so l h Zd k : i y sr k g Sr F k k c k n e sa o sn k ar & c k S) d k U V ªk so l h Zd k : i y sr k g SA c h l o h al n h e sa c zk ã . k o k n i { k d si zf r f u f / k d s: i e sa v } Sr o sn k ar n ' k Zu d k si ze q[ k : i e sa l k e u sv k r k g qv k g e n s[ k r sg SaA b l f y ; sj k g qy t h d sf o o sp u e sa H k h v } Sr o sn k U r v k Sj c k S) n ' k Zu d sc h p d k v ar } Zo U } v g e ~c u t k r k g SA (2:2) c k n j k ; . k d k c zk ã . k o k n j k g qy t h d k o sn k ar d k f o o j . k b l f y ; se q> s[ k k l y x r k g Sf d H k k " ; k sa d k sv y x j [ k r sg q, c k n j k ; . k d sc zã l w= k d h e k Sf y d p p k Zj k g qy t h u si zL r qr d h g S¼ i `6 6 4 & 7 0 3 ½ A m U g k sau sL i " V f d ; k g Sf d ' k wn zk sa d k so sn k f / k d k j u n su sd k r F k k ' k wn zk sa i j g k su so k y sv R ; k p k j k sa d k l e F k Zu c k n j k ; . k u sf d l i zd k j f d ; k g SA c k n j k ; . k u sb l f o " k ; e sa x k Sr e / k e Zl w= k d sd B k sj v k K k d k sv k n ' k Zo k D ; c u k ; k A b l v k K k o k D ; d k s f o p f y r d j u sd h f g E e r u ' k ad j u sf n [ k k b Zu k j k e k u qt u sA b l d sf o i j h r c k S) o . k ZO ; o L F k k f o j k s/ k h F k sA m U g k sau so . k Zg h u l e k t d h d Y i u k l k d k j d j u k p k g k A (2:3) v } Sr o sn k U r v k Sj c k S) n ' k Zu e sa } a} d k O ; k f e J : i o sn k U r ] f o ' k s" k r % v } Sr o sn k U r v k Sj c qf ) T e e sa f t l i zd k j l k e k f t d L r j i j l a? k " k Zg S] m l h i zd k j l S) k f U r d L r j i j H k h l a? k " k Zg SA ; g l a? k " k Zc g qr g h O ; k f e J g SA o sn k ar i { k d h v k / k k j f ' k y k j [ k u so k y s x k SM i k n l h / k sr k Sj l sc q) v k Sj u k x k t qZu d sv u q; k ; h F k s¼ i `8 2 1 ½ [ k aM u [ k aM [ k k | d k j J h g " k Zd k H k h e k / ; f e d n ' k Zu l su t n h d h j o S; k g SA v r % ' k ad j k p k ; Zd k si zP N U u c k S) d g k t k u k j k g qy t h d h n `f " V e sa t k ; t g SA f Q j H k h ' k ad j k p k ; Zd sn ' k Zu v k Sj c k S) n ' k Zu e sa e k Sf y d v ar j g SA j k g qy t h e k u r sg Sa f d b u n ' k Zu k sa e sa e k u sx ; s v af r e r Ù o i j L i j f o j k s/ k h g SaA o sn k af r ; k sa d k c zã l r & f p r & v k u an : i e k u k x ; k g SA r k sc q) u sl k j s/ k e k saZ d s c k j se sa f = k y { k . k f l ) k ar v i u k ; k g SA j k g qy t h f n [ k k r sg Sa f d ; sn k sf l ) k ar f d l i zd k j i j L i j f o j k s/ k h g SaA o sn k ar h o L r qr Ù o d k sl r ~; k u sf u R ; e k u r sg Sa r k sc k S) l k j so L r qt k r d k sv f u R ; e k u r sg SaA o sn k ar h o L r qr Ù o d k s f p r ~; k u sv k R e : i e k u r sg SaA r k sc k S) o L r qt x r d k sv u k R e e k u r sg SaA o sn k U r h o L r qr Ù o d k sv k u U n : i e k u r sg Sa] r k sc k S) o L r qt x r d k sn q% [ k e k u r sg SaA b l i zd k j j k g qy t h d h b u n k sn ' k Zu k sa d sl ac a/ k d sc k j se sa n k sg j h / k k j . k k g SA , d v k sj o sf n [ k k r sg Sa f d v } Sr o sn k U r n ' k Zu c k S) n ' k Zu l sv R ; ar i zH k k f o r g SA n wl j h v k sj o sf n [ k k r sg Sa f d d Sl sn k sn ' k Zu k sa e sa e k Sf y d v ar j g SA (2:4) j k / k k d `" . k u d h l e h { k k t Sl k f d e Sau sl wf p r f d ; k g S] j k g qy t h d k d g u k F k k f d t c f d m U u h l o h a& c h l o h al n h e sa ; wj k si e sa L d k sy k f L V d ; k u s/ k e Zi k s" k d & n ' k Zu d k v ar g k sj g k F k k ] m l l e ; H k k j r e sa / k e Zi k s" k d n ' k Zu g h t k sj k sa i j F k k A



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l k ; U l ; k d y k d sc t k ; H k k j r d sn ' k Zu ' k k L = k h / k e Zl sg h l k e at L ; j [ k u k p k g r sF k sA b l j o S; sd si zf r j k g qy t h v l ar q" V F k sA e q> sy x r k g Sf d H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu d si zf r t k so sn k U r i z/ k k u n `f " V d k s. k F k k f t l e sa n ' k Zu d k l ac a/ k l k ; U l l su g h a] c f Y d / k k f e Zd f o ' o k l r F k k v ar % i zK k d sl k F k t k sM +u sd k i z; k l F k k A m l d si zf r j k g qy t h m r u sg h v l ar q" V F k sA b l h f y ; sg e n s[ k r sg Sa f d o sM k Wj k / k k d `" . k u d sv k y k sp d c u x ; sA j k g qy t h d h n `f " V e sa c k S) n ' k Zu d sc k j se sa j k / k k d `" . k u d h / k k j . k k , ¡f o i ; ZL r F k h aA , d r k so sn k U r v k Sj c k S) n ' k Zu e sa t k s e k Sf y d v ar j g S] o g f e V k d j c k S) n ' k Zu o sn k U r e sa f o y h u d j u sd k j k / k k d `" . k u d k i z; k l F k k A n wl j h v k sj c q) d k si zP N U u o sn k U r h d s: i e sa i s' k d j u sd k m u d k i z; R u F k k A j k / k k d `" . k u u sd g k f d c q) l P p sv F k Ze sa v k R e o k n d k f o j k s/ k h F k k g h u g h aA j k / k k d `" . k u d sb l j o S; si j j k g qy t h c k j & c k j V wV i M +r sg SaA o s; g k ¡r d d g r sg Sa f d n ' k Zu d k b f r g k l f y [ k u sd sf y ; sj k / k k d `" . k u f c y d qy v ; k sX ; g SaA ¼ n ' k Zu & f n X n ' k Zu ] i `5 3 1 ½ ¼ 3 ½ c k S) n ' k Zu d h l e h { k k j k g qy t h d h n `f " V e sa H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu k sa e sa l c l se g Ù o i . k Zn ' k Zu c k S) n ' k Zu g SA ; | f i j k g qy t h [ k qn H k k Sf r d o k n h F k s¼ ; k c u x ; sF k s½ v k Sj c k S) n ' k Zu d k so sv H k k Sf r d n ' k Zu e k u r sF k s] f Q j H k h c k S) n ' k Zu e sa , sl s i g y wF k st k se k D l Zo k n h j k g qy l k ad `R ; k ; u d k sH k h v k d `" V d j r sF k sA d k Su l sF k so si g y w\ (3:1) x zh d n k ' k Zf u d g sj k f D y V l e sa r F k k g sx sy v k Sj e k D l Ze sa t k sv f u R ; r k o k n F k k ] M k ; y sf D V D l F k k ] o Sl k g h M k ; y sf D V D l j k g qy t h d k sc k S) n ' k Zu e sa u t j v k r k F k k A ^ v F k Zf Ø ; k l e F k aZ l r ~* ; g l r ~d k ; k u s Reality d k y { k . k b l h M k ; y sf D V D l d k s v / k k sj sf [ k r d j r k g SA ; k sx k p k j M k ; y sf D V D l g sx sf y ; u M k ; y sf D V D l l sc g qr f e y r k g S] , sl k H k h j k g qy t h e k u r sF k sA (3:2) o Sf ' o d L r j i j f t l i zd k j i w¡t h o k n l s/ k k s[ k k g S] m l h i zd k j H k k j r e sa c zk ã . k o k n l s/ k k s[ k k g SA b l c zk ã . k o k n d k i zc y i zf r i { k g Sc qf ) T e A (3:3) e k D l Zu sf t l d E ; qf u L V l e k t d h d Y i u k d h F k h ] o Sl sg h r Ù o k sa i j v k / k k f j r l a? k d h ; k u sd E ; wu d h j p u k c q) u sd h F k h A v k B v R ; k o ' ; d p h t sa N k sM +d j c k d h l k j h l E i n k f d l h O ; f ä d h u g h a] c f Y d l a? k d h l E i n k F k h A (3:4) i zr h R ; l e qR i k n d k f l ) k ar r F k k g sr qi zR ; ; l k e x zh l sd k ; Zm R i U u g k su sd k f l ) k ar ] t k s/ k e Zd h f r Ze sa L i " V : i e sa f e y r k g S] ; g f l ) k ar H k h j k g qy t h d sf y ; se g Ù o j [ k r k F k k A i f j e k . k k R e d i f j o r Zu l s x q. k k R e d i f j o r Zu g k sr k g S] b l e k D l Zd sf l ) k ar l so g f e y r k t qy r k F k k A ¼ 4 ½ c qf ) T e d k i zH k k o r F k k = k qf V ; k ¡ c k S) n k ' k Zf u d k sa e sa l sv l ax v k Sj / k e Zd h f r Zd k j k g qy t h i j f o ' k s" k i zH k k o j g k g k sx k ] , sl k i zr h r g k sr k g SA i zr h R ; l e qR i k n d k { k f . k d r k i j d v F k Zj k g qy t h u sv l ax l sf y ; k ¼ n ' k Zu & f n X n ' k Zu ] i `7 2 5 & 7 2 6 ½ ] v l ax l sH k h T ; k n k / k e Zd h f r Zd k d f B u r e x zaF k i ze k . k o k f r Zd m U g k sau si < +k v k Sj l e > k F k k A n ' k Zu & f n X n ' k Zu e sa / k e Zd h f r Zd sf o p k j k sa d k f o L r `r f o o j . k m U g k sau si ze k . k o k f r Zd d sv k / k k j i j g h f d ; k g S¼ n ' k Zu & f n X n ' k Zu ] i `7 5 5 & 8 0 6 ½ A / k e Zd h f r Zd k x k Sj o o s 'India's unparallel philosopher' b u ' k C n k sa e sa d j r sg Sa ¼ Buddhism : The Marxist Approach] i `8 ½ A H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu k sa d sb f r g k l e sa c qf ) T e d h v k sj l c l sT ; k n k > qd sg k sr sg q, H k h m U g k sau sc qf ) T e d k s f u j i s{ k : i s. k r F k k i w. k Z: i s. k u g h av i u k ; k A [ k qn H k k Sf r d o k n h g k su sl sr F k k e k D l Zo k n h g k su sl sm U g k sau sc qf ) T e d h v k sj H k h l e h { k k d h n `f " V l sn s[ k k A c qf ) T e e sa t k se q[ ; = k qf V ; k ¡m U g sa u t j v k ; h F k h a] o sd qN b l i zd k j g Sa & (4:1) c q) u s{ k f . k d o k n d k sv k f F k Zd O ; o L F k k d s: i e sa y k x wu g h af d ; k A b l h f y ; sm U g sa j k t k v k sa l s r F k k O ; k i k f j ; k sa l sl g k ; r k f e y h ] ¼ n ' k Zu & f n X n ' k Zu ] i `5 1 1 & 5 1 2 ½ c q) u sn f j n zr k v k Sj n k l r k d k sl e k I r



H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu k sa d si zf r j k g qy t h d h n `f " V % d qN f o ' k s" k r k , ¡@ 3 1



d j u k v i u si zk sx zk e d k v ax u g h ac u k ; k A _ . k h d k s] n k l d k sr F k k j k t l Sf u d k sa d k si zo zT ; k o f t Zr d j d sl Ù k k l ai f Ù k o k y so x Zd sf y ; sc q) d k n ' k Zu f o " k n U r g h u l i Zl k c u k ¼ n ' k Zu & f n X n ' k Zu ] i `5 4 1 & 4 2 ½ A (4:2) ; | f i c q) u sf u R ; v k R e k d k , d ' k j h j l sn wl j s' k j h j e sa v k o k x e u d s: i e sa i qu t ZU e e k u u sl sb U d k j f d ; k F k k ] r k sH k h n wl j s: i e sa i j y k sd v k Sj i qu t ZU e d k se k u k F k k ¼ n ' k Zu & f n X n ' k Zu ] i `5 3 8 & 3 9 ½ A / k e Zd h f r Zt Sl sr k f d Zd H k h n q% [ k d sd k j . k d k sv y k Sf d d : i e sa i wo Zt U e e sa f u f g r c y r k r sg SaA ¼ n ' k Zu & f n X n ' k Zu ] i `7 5 6 ½ A ¼ 5 ½ j k g qy t h d sf o p k j k sa e sa f L F k r v ar } ZU } r F k k l e U o ; d h v k sj b l i zd k j g e d g l d r sg Sa f d j k g qy t h d sf o p k j k sa e sa g e sa , d } a} l k f n [ k k b Zn sr k g SA H k k j r h ; n ' k Zu k sa d sL r j i j c qf ) T e d si zf r v k d " k Z. k r F k k t k x f r d f o p k j / k k j k v k sa d sL r j i j e k D l Zo k n d si zf r v k d " k Z. k A b u n k sn ' k Zu k sa e sa d b Zc k r sa e sy [ k k r h g SaA f Q j H k h c qf ) T e v H k k Sf r d o k n h ] i qu t ZU e o k n h r F k k v k f F k Zd O ; o L F k k d k l e F k Zd g k su sl sr u k o c u k j g r k g SA i z' u ; g m B r k g Sf d D ; k b u n k sn ' k Zu k sa e sa l e U o ; g k sl d r k g S\ g e n s[ k r sg Sa f d H k k j r e sa c h l o h al n h d si wo k Z/ k Zr F k k e / ; d sn j E ; k u , sl sd qN f o } k u ~f o p k j d g q, f t U g sa c qf ) T e v k Sj e k D l Zo k n ] b u n k su k sa d si zf r y x k o F k k r F k k b u n k su k sa d sl e U o ; d sc k j se sa o sl k sp r sF k sA / k e k Zu U n d k sl k ac h ] j k g qy l k ad `R ; k ; u ] c k c k l k g sc v k ac sM d j r F k k H k n U r v k u an d k Sl Y ; k ; u b u l c d h x . k u k b l d k sf V e sa g k sl d r h g SA c zk ã . k o k n l se qd k c y k d j u se sa m U g sa c q) o k n v P N k y x r k F k k r F k k i w¡t h o k n l s e qd k c y k d j u se sa e k D l Zo k n v P N k y x r k F k k ] , sl k g e l k e k U ; r k Sj i j d g l d r sg SaA y sf d u c q) o k n v k Sj e k D l Zo k n e sa d qN e qí k sa i j e k Sf y d v ar j g k su sd sd k j . k b u n k su k sa d k sb d ë k d Sl sy k ; k t k , ] ; g l e L ; k F k h A e wy : i l sn s[ k k t k ; r k sb l l e L ; k d k l e k / k k u n k sr j h d k sa l sg k sl d r k F k k A , d r k sc q) o k n d k si ze q[ k r k n sr sg q, e k D l Zo k n h f c U n qv k sa d k sm l e sa l e k f o " V d j u k A n wl j k r j h d k g k sx k e k D l Zo k n d k si ze q[ k r k n sr sg q, m l d sv ar x Zr c q) o k n d si g y qv k sa d k sy k u sd h d k sf ' k ' k d j u k A g e d g l d r sg Sa f d / k e k Zu U n d k sl k ac h ] c k c k l k g c v k ac sM d j r F k k H k n U r v k u an d k Sl Y ; k ; u u sd e ; k T ; k n k r k Sj i j i g y k j k L r k v i u k ; k r k s j k g qy l k ad `R ; k ; u u sn wl j k j k L r k v i u k ; k A d b Zc k j g e n s[ k r sg Sa f d c q) o k n d sf o d k l d k L i " V h d j . k d j r sl e ; j k g qy t h g sx sy v k Sj e k D l Zd h } a} k R e d i ) f r d k (dialectical method) m i ; k sx d j r sg Sa f t l d h i ze q[ k d Y i u k g Sf d thesis, antithesic v k Sj f Q j synthesis b l Ø e l sf o d k l g k sr k g SA g e u s; g H k h n s[ k k g Sf d d Sl sj k g qy t h e k D l Zo k n h n `f " V v i u k r sg q, c q) o k n d h l e h { k k d j r sg SaA c q) o k n d k se k D l Zo k n d sl k F k t k sM +u k g k sr k sd qN l e L ; k v k sa d k l k e u k t : j d j u k i M +r k g SA m u e sa l s, d g St M +v k Sj p Sr U ; d k l ac a/ k ] v F k k Zr ~: i v k Sj u k e d k l ac a/ k A v k Sj m l h l sl ac af / k r l e L ; k g S d e Zo k n r F k k i qu t ZU e o k n A ; sf l ) k ar H k k Sf r d o k n d sf o j k s/ k e sa t k r sg SaA c q) o k n d k se k D l Zl o k n d sl k F k t k sM +u k g k sr k s, d r k sb u f l ) k ar k sa d k sN k sM +d j = k qf V r ; k e ; k Zf n r : i e sa c q) o k n d k sv i u k u k i M +sx k ; k b u f l ) k ar k sa d k f d l h u ; s< ax l sv F k Zy x k r sg q, c q) o k n d h i qu j Zp u k d j u h g k sx h A e q> sy x r k g Sf d j k g qy t h u sT ; k n k r j c q) o k n d k se ; k Zf n r : i e sa g h v i u k u k m f p r l e > k ] r F k k c q) o k n d h i qu j Zp u k d k j k L r k u g h a v i u k ; k A f Q j H k h v i o k n : i e sa d H k h & d H k h j k g qy t h u sc q) o k n d h i qu j Zp u k d h l aH k k o u k d h r j Q b ' k k j k f d ; k g S] , sl k f n [ k k b Zn sr k g SA c qf ) L V M k ; y sf D V D l u k e d f u c a/ k e sa m U g k sau s^ ^ f o K k u i f j . k k e k s· l k S* * ; k u s: i f o K k u d k i f j . k k e g S] b l e r d k f t Ø f d ; k g SA ; g e r v H k k Sf r d o k n d si { k e sa t k r k g SA b l e r d k f t Ø d j r sg q, m U g k sau sl E H k k o u k i zd V d h g Sf d m Y V k H k h g k sl d r k g S; k u sf d ^ : i i f j . k k e f ' p r ~* ; k u sp Sr U ; : i d k i f j . k k e g S (Buddhism : The Marxist Approach] i `- 7)A



3 2 @ e / ; H k k j r h



j k g qy t h d k ; g d F k u m U g sa c k c k l k g c v k ac sM d j d sf o p k j k sa d su t n h d y k r k g SA c k c k l k g c v k ac sM d j u s^ n c q) , . M f g t / k E e * e sa u k e v k Sj : i d k L i " V h d j . k n sr sg q, : i d k s; k u s Matter d k s i zk F k f e d r k n h g Sr F k k u k e d k s; k u s Mind d k sm l i j v o y af c r e k u k g Sv k Sj b l i zd k j c q) o k n d k s H k k Sf r d o k n l st k sM +k g SA ; g k ¡g e d g l d r sg Sa f d c k c k l k g c v k ac sM d j r F k k j k g qy l k ad `R ; k ; u d h n `f " V ; k ¡ f H k U u g k sr sg q, H k h m u e sa , d v k ar f j d l k e at L ; g SA ¼ 6 ½ / k e Zd h f r Zd h l k ai zn k f ; d i g p k u v k p k ; Z/ k e Zd h f r Zd sc k j se sa j k g qy t h u st k sf p ar u i zL r qr f d ; k g S] m l f o " k ; e sa , d f u j h { k . k v k i d sl k e u sj [ k r sg q, e Sa b l f u c U / k d k l e k i u d j u k p k g r k g w¡A t Sl sf d e Sau sd g k ] n ' k Zu & f n X n ' k Zu e sa j k g qy t h u si ze k . k o k f r Zd d sv k / k k j i j / k e Zd h f r Zd sn k ' k Zf u d f p ar u d k f o o j . k f d ; k g SA o g k ¡j k g qy t h u s , sl k d g k g Sf d / k e Zd h f r Z; k sx k p k j ; k u sf o K k u o k n e k u u so k y sF k sA y sf d u o s' k q) ; k sx k p k j h u g h a] c f Y d l k S= k k f U r d ; k sx k p k j h e k u st k r sg Sa ¼ n ' k Zu & f n X n ' k Zu ] i `7 5 1 ½ A v i u se r d h i qf " V d sf y ; sj k g qy t h u s i ze k . k o k f r Zd d sd b Z' y k sd k sa d k v k / k k j H k h f y ; k g S¼ i `7 5 6 & 7 5 7 ½ A y sf d u D ; k j k g qy t h d k / k e Zd h f r Zd s c k j se sa ; g h v f U r e e r F k k \ b l d sc k j se sa ' k d f d ; k t k l d r k g SA v e j f l ag ] f t U g k sau sj k g qy t h d se k x Zn ' k Zu e sa i ze k . k o k f r Zd d k v / ; ; u f d ; k F k k ] d g r sg Sa f d [ k qn j k g qy t h / k e Zd h f r Zd se r d sf o K k u o k n h v U o ; k F k Z d sc k j se sa l a' k ; m i f L F k r d j r sF k sA ¼ v e j f l ag ¼ 1 9 8 4 ½ ] i `1 ½ A / k e Zd h f r Zd k v F k Zf Ø ; k d k f j R o d k f l ) k ar ] L o y { k . k d h v o / k k j . k k r F k k c q) d h l o ZK r k u d k j u k ; sf c U n q/ k e Zd h f r Zd sf o K k u o k n h g k su sd sf o j k s/ k e sa t k r sg Sa] , sl k j k g qy t h d k e k u u k F k k ] , sl k v e j f l ag d k d g u k g SA [ k qn v e j f l ag u sf n ³ ~u k x r F k k / k e Zd h f r Z l k S= k k f U r d g h F k s] l k S= k f U r d & ; k sx k p k j h u g h a] ; g v i u k i { k l i ze k . k f l ) d j u sd k i z; k l f d ; k g SA b l i zd k j / k e Zd h f r Zd k l k S= k k f U r d ; k sx k p k j h g k su k , d l aH k k o u k g SA r F k k ' k q) l k S= k k f U r d g k su k n wl j h l aH k k o u k g SA y sf d u e q> sv k Sj , d l aH k k o u k f o p k j . k h ; i zr h r g k sr h g SA o g b l i zd k j g SA i ze k . k o k f r Zd e sa / k e Zd h f r Zu sd H k h & d H k h l k S= k k f U r d i { k v i u k ; k g S] r k sd H k h & d H k h ; k sx k p k j i { k d k l e F k Zu f d ; k g SA l U r k u k U r j f l f ) d si zk j E H k e sa m U g k sau sd g k g Sf d ; k sx k p k j r F k k l k S= k k f U r d ] n k su k sa i { k k sa d k sl U r k u k U r j d k v f L r R o e k u u k i M +sx k A ; g k ¡/ k e Zd h f r Zn k su k sa l ai zn k ; k sa l sl e k u k U r j (equidistant) f n [ k k b Zn sr sg SaA b l i zd k j / k e Zd h f r Zd k f e J l k ai zn k f ; d ; k , d y l k ai zn k f ; d u k g k sr sg q, n k su k sa l ai zn k ; k sa l sl e k u k U r j g k su k ; g , d r h l j h l aH k k o u k g SA ; g k ¡b r u k g h d g u k m f p r g k sx k f d b l f o " k ; i j v f / k d f o p k j g k su k p k f g ; sA d sU n zh ; f r C c r h v / ; ; u f o ' o f o | k y ; ] l k j u k F k ] o k j k . k l h l U n H k Z& 1. 2.



Amar Singh (1984) : The Heart of Buddhist Philosophy & Diïnàga and Dharmakãrti, MunshiramManoharlal Publishers, New DelhiSankrityayan Rahul et-al- (1981) (First Print 1970) :Buddhism : The Marvist Approach, People's Publishing House, New Delhi-



3 -d k Sl Y ; k ; u ] H k n U r v k u an ¼ 1 9 7 8 ½ ] n ' k Zu ¼ o sn l se k d Z~l r d ½ ] f H k { k q& f u o k l ] n h { k k H k wf e ] u k x i qj & 1 0 ] ¼ i zF k e k o `f Ù k ½ 4 -i k aM s; ] u h j t d qe k j ¼ 2 0 0 9 ½ ] c k S) o k ³ ~e ; e sa j k g qy l k ad `R ; k ; u d k ; k sx n k u ] d k ' k h i zl k n t k ; l o k y ' k k s/ k l aL F k k u ] i V u k ] 2 0 0 9 5 -l k ad `R ; k ; u ] j k g qy ¼ 1 9 7 8 ½ % ¼ i zF k e l aL d j . k 1 9 4 4 ½ ] n ' k Zu & f n X n ' k Zu ] f d r k c e g y ] b y k g k c k n A



l ar qy u d k l k San ; Zv k Sj f o M E c u k i ad t p r qo sZn h ^ r n ~H k o * d sl ai k n d v f [ k y s' k u sd qN v l k Zi g y se q> l s, d c k r d g h F k h ] f t l se Sa f c y d qy l g h e k u r k g w¡& & ^ ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k i j y s[ k r k sd H k h & d H k k j v k r sj g r sg Sa] e x j m l d k sd sU n ze sa j [ k d j t k sc g l m B u h p k f g , ] o g m B u g h ai k j g h g SA * * t +k f g j g Sf d m u d k b ' k k j k c g l d h l at h n x h ] O ; k i d r k v k Sj m n k R r r k d h v k sj g S& & m l d h ; qx k ar j d k j h e wY ; & p sr u k v k Sj v k ar f j d ' k f D r d h r j Q +A c s' k d e qf D r c k s/ k d s l e ; e sa v k Sj m l d sv k l i k l L o ; ae qf D r c k s/ k ] v K s; v k Sj f o t ; n so u k j k ; . k l k g h l j h [ k sv u sd f n X x t j p u k d k j k sa& f p ar d k sa d sf o ' k n v k y k sp u k R e d v k Sj o Sp k f j d v o n k u d h c n k Sy r d f o r k i j c g l d k t k s l e `) o k r k o j . k c u k F k k ( m l d h p j e m i y f C / k d s r k Sj i j 1 9 6 8 e sa i zd k f ' k r u k e o j f l ag d h v k y k sp u k & d `f r ^ d f o r k d su ; si zf r e k u * d k sg e n s[ k l d r sg SaA e x j ; g m l n k Sj d k ' k h " k Zf c U n qH k h g Sv k Sj , d r j g l si V k { k si H k h ( D ; k saf d f Q j p k y h l o " k Zc h r x ; s] i j d k O ; k y k sp u k d h n qf u ; k e sa d k sb Zc M +k v k Sj ; ' k L o h d k e u g h ag qv k A f N V i qV r k Sj i j d qN c sg n e g Ù o i w. k Zd k e t +: j g q, A e l y u ~e y ; t v k Sj f o " . k q[ k j s d h f d r k c sa v k ; h a& & ^ d f o r k l sl k { k k R d k j * v k Sj ^ v k y k sp u k d h i g y h f d r k c * A , sl k u g h af d b l v ar j k y e sa e g Ù o i w. k Zv k y k sp d g q, u g h a] e x j m U g k sau sb l v k sj l sv i u k g k F k v D l j [ k h ap sj [ k k A d k sb Zc M +k g L r { k si u g h a f d ; k ] f t l sg e k j sl e ; e sa , d i zL F k k u d se k f u an i g p k u k t k l d r k A f o ' o u k F k f = k i k B h ] e Su st j i k . M s; v k Sj f u R ; k u U n f r o k j h t Sl si ze q[ k v k y k sp d k sa l sc g qr k sa d k sm E e h n F k h ] t k sv c H k h m E e h n g h g SA c d +k Sy v k y k sd / k U o k ] ^ ^ D ; k g Sp k ¡n d sm t k y se sa @ b l f c [ k j r h g qb Zv k / k h j k r e sa @ , d v l g k ; r k @ t k se q> sd qp y r h 1 g Sv k Sj , d m E e h n @ t k sr d y h Q +t Sl h g SA * * v x j p sb u t Sl sd qN v k y k sp d k sa v k Sj T +; k n k r j g e k j sl e ; d sc M +s d f o ; k sa& f o p k j d k sa d sQ qV d j f u c U / k k sa] l e h { k k v k sa] o D r O ; k sa] M k ; f j ; k sa v k Sj l k { k k R d k j k sa l sb r u k r k sg qv k f d u k x k t qZu ] f = k y k sp u ] e qf D r c k s/ k ] ' k e ' k sj ] j ? k qo h j l g k ; ] / k wf e y ] d q¡o j u k j k ; . k ] d sn k j u k F k f l ag ] f o u k sn d qe k j ' k qD y ] f o " . k q[ k j sv k f n l s e ax y s' k M c j k y d h i h < +h r d d sv g e d f o ; k sa d h f ' k u k [ +r g k si k ; h A b u d h d f o r k d k o `g r ~] v ar j ax v k Sj c g qv k ; k e h f o ' y s" k . k r F k k e wY ; k ad u e qe f d u u g h ag qv k ( i j m l d se g Ù o v k Sj f o f ' k " V r k d k s, d t +: j h g n r d j s[ k k af d r f d ; k x ; k A ; g H k h l p g Sf d d f o r k & l E c U / k h f o p k j & f o e ' k Zv k Sj v k y k sp u k d sl e ; d k i f g ; k c h r sp k y h l l k y l sp k g st Sl h l qL r h ] v d M +; k ' k k u d sl k F k ? k we j g k F k k ( e x j v k B o sa n ' k d r d v k r s& v k r sF k e & l k x ; k A u r h t k ; g g Sf d v k B o sa n ' k d d k sH k h v V ~B k b Zl l k y g k sx ; s] y sf d u i zf r f " B r d f o ; k sa v k Sj v k y k sp d k sa l sc k r d h f t ; s] r k se k y we g k sx k f d f g U n h d f o r k d k v H k h v k B o k ¡n ' k d g h p y j g k e / ; H k k j r h & 7 2 ] t u o j h & t wu ] 2 0 1 7 ] ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 33-47



3 4 @ e / ; H k k j r h



g SA d k sb Zr k T t qc u g h af d y x H k x i Sar h l o " k Zi g y st k s^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * d g h t k r h F k h ] o g v k t H k h ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * g S! d f o v k Sj v k y k sp d n k su k sa f e y d j ; k v y x & v y x b l d k , d u ; k u k e r d b Zt k n u g h ad j l d sA b u e sa& l sd qN y k sx v k t j k e p U n z' k qD y d h v k y k sp u k R e d { k e r k v k sa i j i z' u f p º u y x k r sg Sa v k Sj d qN m U g sa i g p k u r sr d u g h aA , sl h g h f L F k f r ; k sa l sg r k ' k g k sd j f = k y k sp u u sf y [ k k g k sx k & & ^ ^ # [ +k n s[ k d j 2 l e h { k k d k v c e Sa g w¡ g k e h @ d k sb Zf y [ k k d j sd qN ] t Y n h g k sx k u k e h A * * v x j v k B o sa n ' k d i j u t +j f V d k ; sa] r k so D +r d sl k F k ; g n i Z. k d h r j g l k Q +v k Sj f u f ' p r g k s p y k g Sf d m l d se g Ù o i w. k Zd f o d k Su g SaA f o p k j / k k j k d sL r j i j ; g k ¡n k s/ k k j k , ¡g Sa& & , d ] ^ v Y V ªk y s¶ +V * ] ; k u h Ø k f U r d k j h o k e ( n wl j s] y p h y k ; k ^ l k W¶ +V y s¶ +V * ] ; k u h f d af p r ~m n k j v k Sj O ; k i d o k e A ^ v Y V ªk y s¶ +V * d s i ze q[ k d f o l k f c r g k sr sg Sa v k y k sd / k U o k ] x k sj [ k i k . M s; v k Sj o h j su M ax o k y A u j e o k e d h H k h n k s/ k k j k , ¡g SaA , d ] o sd f o ] t k sv x zt i h < +h e sa j ? k qo h j l g k ; d k sv i u k v k n ' k Ze k u r sg SaA b u e sa e q[ ; g Sa& & e ax y s' k M c j k y ] v l n t +Sn h ] u j sU n zt Su v k Sj e u e k sg u A n wl j h / k k j k d sd f o j ? k qo h j l g k ; d k sn `f " V & i F k l sv k s> y u g h ad j r s( e x j v i u h d k O ; & p sr u k ] m l sp f j r k F k Zd j u sd sd y k R e d v an k t +] e ar O ; k sa] l j k sd k j k sa v k Sj # > k u k sa d se k e y se sa d sn k j u k F k f l ag d sT +; k n k u t +n h d g SaA b u e sa v x zx . ; g Sa& & v # . k d e y ] j k t s' k t k s' k h v k Sj K k u sU n zi f r A ; g n q[ k n v p j t d k f o " k ; g Sf d b r u h d f o r k & l t x v k Sj v k y k sp u k & l t x b l i h < +h u sv i u sg h , d d f o x k sj [ k i k . M s; d sO ; f D r R o u l g h ] e x j d f o r k d k st k u s& v u t k u su t +j v an k t +v k Sj f o L e `r & l k d j f n ; k g SA v H k h ; ' k L o h d F k k d k j v k Sj ^ i g y * d sl ai k n d K k u j at u u s^ i g y * d sl e k i u i j v k ; h ' k k sd k d qy 3 i zf r f Ø ; k v k sa] f p ar k v k sa v k Sj i z' k f L r ; k sa d sl an H k Ze sa d g k g Sf d ^ ^ g e k j sl e k t e sa e j . k d k e k g k R E ; c g qr g SA * * e k u k s x k sj [ k d h d f o r k d s e g Ù o d k s i g p k u u s d s f y , ^ e `R ; q& c k s/ k d k v k ? k k r * H k h d k Q +h u F k k ] f t l d h & & c d +k Sy u k e o j f l ag & & e qf D r c k s/ k d h i zf r " B k d si zl ax e sa d H k h , d H k wf e d k j g h F k h A i zx f r ' k h y d k O ; & v k an k sy u v k Sj u D l y c k M +h & J h d k d qy e f d l k u & f o n zk sg d h l e sf d r i `" B H k wf e e sa x k sj [ k i k . M s; ] v k y k sd / k U o k v k Sj o h j su M ax o k y , sl sd f o g Sa( f t U g k sau sv i u h d f o r k e sa l e x zl e k t v k Sj j k T ; & O ; o L F k k d s Ø k f U r d k j h : i k U r j . k d sf y , l e > k Sr k f o g h u l e j d h c k r d h A b u e sa x k sj [ k v U ; r e F k s] D ; k saf d ' k k sf " k r v k Sj i h f M +r l k / k k j . k t u r k l sm u d sf t r u h ^ v k o ; f o d , d k R e r k * f d l h v k Sj f u E u & e / ; o x h Z; d f o e sa u F k h v k Sj v x j m u d h H k k st i qj h j p u k v k sa d k sH k h l k { ; e k u d j p y sa( r k sv k e f d l k u ] e t +n wj ] N k = k ] L = k h v k Sj n f y r l e k t d h t h o u & f L F k f r ; k sa d k f t r u k l k an z] e k f e Zd v k Sj i zH k k o ' k k y h f p = k . k m U g k sau sf d ; k ] d k sb Zv k Sj u g h ad j i k ; k A d y k v k Sj v k U n k sy u / k f e Zr k ] n k su k sa g h d l k Sf V ; k sa i j [ k j h m r j u so k y h v u sd J s" B v k Sj v f o L e j . k h ; j p u k , ¡m U g k sau sl aH k o d h aA l k SU n ; Z& p sr u k ] n q[ k d h O ; k i d r k d k , g l k l v k Sj ; F k k f L F k f r d h v l º ; r k d k r u k o m u d h , d N k sV h & l h d f o r k ^ v k ¡[ k sa n s[ k d j * ¼ 1 9 7 8 ½ e sa f t l r j g , d l k F k ? k f V r g k sr sg Sa v k Sj d f o r k d sv ar e sa t +k f g j g k su so k y sl ai w. k Zi f j o r Zu d sf o p k j ; k v k d k a{ k k d k sf t r u k l ' k D r ] f o ' o l u h ; v k Sj â n ; L i ' k h Zc u k n sr sg Sa] o g v i u sv k i e sa c sf e l k y g S& & ^ ^ ; sv k ¡[ k sa g Sa r qE g k j h r d y h Q +d k m e M +r k g qv k l e qan j b l n qf u ; k d k s f t r u h t Y n h g k s 4 c n y n su k p k f g , A * * , d r j Q +d f o ? k k sj l k e k f t d f o " k e r k d k x o k g g S& &



l ar qy u d k l k San ; Zv k Sj f o M E c u k @ 3 5



^ ^ Q +l y d k V sx b y h an q[ k o k f c l k j l t u k m u d sH k f j f n g y h al k su k l sc [ k k j l t u k 5 v i u s? k j sv k b y c k s> k n qb p k j l t u k * * n wl j h v k sj o g t u r k d sn q[ k ] f o i U u r k v k Sj v k R e & o ap u k d sf y , f t +E e sn k j r k d +r k sa d h H k h f ' k u k [ +r d j r k g S& & ^ ^ [ +k wu p wl ] n sl c sp o k ] y c k j l t u h 6 b Zn y k y i w¡t h i f r t +e h an k j l t u h * * l e wp sl an H k Ze sa L o k H k k f o d g h F k k f d m l d sf u ' N y ] U ; k ; f i z; ] l t x v k Sj l a? k " k Z' k h y e k u l e sa b l f o ' o k l u s x g j h t M +sa t e k y h F k h a& & 7 ^ ^ f c u k Ø k f U r d su g k sb Zm f / k ; k j l t u k * * x k sj [ k i k . M s; u sb l f o ' o k l d h d +h e r v i u h t k u n sd j p qd k ; h A ^ l e > n k j k sa d k x h r * t Sl h i zf l ) d f o r k f y [ k u so k y sx k sj [ k n j v l y v i u so D +r d sn wl j sc qf ) t h f o ; k sa v k Sj d f o ; k sa d h e k f u an u r k s f d l h d e r j f d +L e d sn q[ k d k i zn ' k Zu d j i k ; s] u f o j k s/ k d k st +: j h l e > u sd sl e k U r j l e > k Sr k d j l d s v k Sj u l e > k Sr k i j L r h d s^ v k Sf p R ; * d k sf l ) d j u k m u d h u Sf r d p sr u k d k sx o k j k g qv k & & ^ ^ g e l k j h n qf u ; k d sn q[ k l sn q[ k h j g r sg Sa @ g e l e > r sg Sa @ e x j g e f d r u k n q[ k h j g r sg Sa ; g H k h @ g e l e > r sg Sa @ ; g k ¡f o j k s/ k g h o k f t c d +n e g S@ g e l e > r sg Sa @ g e d +n e & d +n e i j l e > k Sr k d j r sg Sa @ g e l e > r sg Sa @ g e l e > k Sr sd s f y , r d Zx < +r sg Sa @ g j r d Zd k sx k sy & e V k sy H k k " k k e sa @ i s' k d j r sg Sa] g e l e > r sg Sa @ g e x k sy & e V k sy H k k " k k d k 8 r d ZH k h @ l e > r sg SaA * * v i u sj p u k R e d ] c k Sf ) d ] l k aL d `f r d v k Sj j k t u h f r d l a? k " k Zd sc k o t wn t c m U g sa l e x zl k e k f t d : i k U r j . k d k l i u k l p g k sr k u g h af n [ k k ] r c m U g k sau st u o j h ] 1 9 8 9 e sa v k R e ? k k r d j f y ; k A m l l e ; d qN y k sx k sa d k sy x k F k k v k Sj v k t H k h ' k k ; n o s, sl k e k u r sg k sa f d b l v k R e ? k k r d sf u t h d k j . k F k s& & t Sl sI ; k j ] n k E i R ; ] L o k L F ; ; k v k t h f o d k l st qM +h v l Q y r k , ¡A y sf d u ; sy k sx p k g sa] r k sb l l p k b Zd sl e { k v i u h v k ¡[ k sa [ k k sy d j x k sj [ k d sc g qv k ; k e h l a? k " k Z] m u d sj p u k R e d r F k k o Sp k f j d v o n k u d k v o e wY ; u d j u sl sc k t +v k l d r sg Sa f d m i ; qZD r f u t h d k j . k k sa d k o `g r ~l an H k Z& & f t l e sa o L r qr % x k sj [ k l f Ø ; v k Sj j p u k j r F k s& & g j f x t +f u t h u g h aF k k A m u d sf u d V r k sI ; k j d k L o I u H k h r H k h l k d k j g k sl d r k F k k ] t c v k e t u r k d sn q' e u l k e ar h v k Sj i w¡t h o k n h f u t +k e d k sf e V k ; k t k l d sA m u d h , d l qan j ] e k f e Zd v k Sj f o y { k . k j p u k ^ l i u k * b l g d +h d +r d k sl e > u se sa g e k j h e n n d j l d r h g S& & ^ ^ l wr y j g y h al i u , d n s[ k y h a l i u e u H k k o u g k sl f [ k ; k ] v ¡f [ k ; k d su h j o k H k b y [ k sr l k su o k r [ k sr H k b y sa v k i u g k sl f [ k ; k ] d sg wu k g h aÅ ¡p & u h p d sg wd su k H k ; u k g h ad sg wc k H k ; k o u g k sl f [ k ; k ] e sg u f r e k V h p k j k sa v k sj p e d o y h < g y b u j k l u g k sl f [ k ; k ] c b j h i b l o k d sj t o k e sV o y h a 9 f e y y e k sj l k t u g k sl f [ k ; k A * *



3 6 @ e / ; H k k j r h



Ø k f U r d k j h o k e / k k j k d sn wl j sd f o g Sa v k y k sd / k U o k ] f t U g k sau sv H k h r d ? k k sf " k r r k Sj i j v i u h v k f [ +k j h d f o r k 1 9 9 7 e sa f y [ k h g SA ; k sa m u d sp qi v k Sj L F k f x r g k su sd h D ; k o t g g S\ D ; k m R r j & l k sf o ; r n k Sj d h o g n k # . k l p k b Zg h u g h a] f t l e sa Ø k f U r , d u k e qe f d u & l h c k r y x u sy x h v k Sj d f o u sm l l sd e f d l h , t s. M se sa ' k j h d g k su k u g h ap k g k \ D ; k ; g , d ^ v k R e g ar k v k L F k k * u g h af d f o p k j / k k j k ] l ax B u v k Sj v k an k sy u d s' k wU ; d sl e ; e sa d f o v i u sm l h t T +c k r h i f j o s' k e sa l k ¡l y su k i l an d j r k g S] D ; k saf d m l l s c k g j v k r sg h m l sv i u sf o i f F k r g k st k u sd k v an s' k k g S& & ^ ^ v k Sj r qe L o ; al e qn z l w; Zv k Sj u e d d sg k s r qE g k j h v k o k t + v k U n k sy u v k Sj x g j k b Zd h g Sr qE g sa i k j d j u sd h b P N k v D l j u g h ag k sr h 1 0 H k V d t k u sd k M j c u k j g r k g SA * * ¼ 1 9 9 4 ½ v p j t u g h af d b l v l e at l ] v f u P N k v k Sj c sp Su h d sN k sj i j ; k m l d h p j e i f j . k f r d s: i e sa u k WL V sf Y t ; k ] O ; F k Zr k & c k s/ k v k Sj g r k ' k k d h o g b c k j r g S] f t l e sa d f o u se k u k sv i u h d f o r k d k l e k f / k & y s[ k f y [ k f n ; k g S& & ^ ^ H k k j r e sa t U e y su sd k e Sa H k h d k sb Ze r y c i k u k p k g r k F k k v c o g H k k j r H k h u g h aj g k 1 1 f t l e sa t U e f y ; k * * ¼ 1 9 9 7 ½ v k f [ +k j d k j b l / k k j k d s, d d f o g Sa o h j su M ax o k y ] t k s2 0 1 5 r d t h f o r ] l f Ø ; v k Sj j p u k j r j g sA 2 0 0 2 e sa m u d k n wl j k d f o r k & l ax zg N i r k g S& & ^ n q' p Ø e sa l z" V k * A c n y sg q, g k y k r e sa v i u sg h n s' k e sa f u o k Zf l r f d ; st k u s; k c sx k u si u d k n a' k m U g sa H k h g S] ^ ^ H k h " k . k r e e qf ' d y e sa n h u v k Sj n s' k * * d k f o d V , g l k l H k h ( e x j m u d sd f o d sc p sj g sv k u sd h c qf u ; k n e sa ; g l ad Y i / k e k Zp sr u k g S& & ^ ^ n sl f c j k u k g qv k e x j b l e sa g h j g u k g S d g h au k N k sM +d st k u k g Sb l so k i l H k h i k u k g S 1 2 c l u r wv k ¡/ k h e sa m f M +; k sA e r h u k v k ¡/ k h e sa m f M +; k sA * * i wj se k e y sd k ; g , d l d k j k R e d i g y wg SA i j b l d k n wl j k i g y wc r k r k g Sf d Ø k f U r d k j h o k e l s v i u h i zf r c ) r k d sv k ' k ; k sa d k f o L r k j d j r sg q, o h j su M ax o k y / k h j s& / k h j sv i u h i h < +h d sv U ; d f o ; k sa } k j k i g y sl sv i u k ; h t k j g h f d af p r ~m n k j v k Sj O ; k i d o k e l j f . k e sa n k f [ +k y g k st k r sg SaA b l h f y , , d v k sj o s ^ ^ g s] v j s] v c s] v k sd # . k k f u / k k u !!* * t Sl h e wy x k e h l k g l l sH k j h d k O ; & i af D r f y [ k r sg Sa] r k sn wl j h r j Q + i f j f L F k f r t U ; f o o ' k r k d k g o k y k n sr sg q, ; g H k h L o h d k j d j r sg Sa f d m u d su ; s? k j e sa & & ^ ^ , d x qI r d k su k H k x o k u d sf y , H k h g S f t l d sc x +Sj v k t d y x qt +j u g h aA ; k sa g j t +: j r d k s/ ; k u e sa j [ k d j c u k 1 3 , d l k r d k su k sa o k y k ? k j e q> se ; L l j g qv k * *



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, d r j Q +^ v k R e x zL r f N N y k i u g h t Sl st h o u e sa ' k s" k * j g k v k r k g S( n wl j h v k sj b l l k j s/ k q¡/ k y d s] v o l k n v k Sj v k R e X y k f u d k sp h j r h g qb Z; sb P N k , ¡H k h f l j m B k r h v k Sj , d n e e qu k f l c e k y we g k sr h g Sa& & ^ ^ ; g d k Su u g h ap k g sx k m l d k sf e y sI ; k j c sV s& c sV h d k sf e y sf B d k u k n qf u ; k e sa d qN b T +T +k r g k s] d qN e k u c < +s] Q y & Q wy t k ; ¡i k i M +& p V u h ] v k ¡p k & i k ¡p k ] g Y y k & x qY y k n k s& p k j t ' k u H k h d H k h ] d H k h d qN / k we & / k k ; ¡ f t r u k l E H k o g k sn s[ k l d sa] b l / k j r h d k s g k sl d st g k ¡r d ] m r u h n qf u ; k ? k we v k ; ¡ 1 4 ; g d k Su u g h ap k g sx k \ * * n j v l y ] ; g h o g l k e k U ; H k k o H k wf e g S] f t l i j T +; k n k r j ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * j p h x ; h g SA b l s i zl U u r k v k Sj r d y h Q +d sc h p d k } U } d g sax s; k l ar qy u \ , sl k d g u sv k Sj e k u u sd sf y , i ; k ZI r l qc wr g Sa& & x k sf d m U g sa ; g k ¡i zL r qr d j u sd k v o d k ' k v k Sj t +: j r u g h a& & f d v i u sl o ZJ s" B : i e sa ; g v k R e l a? k " k Z] } U } v k Sj i zf r j k s/ k d h d f o r k g S( y sf d u v i u sd e t +k sj { k . k k sa e sa l U r qy u ] l k e at L ; v k Sj i zn R r f L F k f r ; k sa d s y k p k j l e F k Zu ; k m u l s, d l k ; k l i y k ; u d h d f o r k H k h g SA Ø k f U r d k j h o k e l s; g j k t u h f r d v k Sj o Sp k f j d ^ f ' k ¶ +V * ; k v ar j . k o `g Ù k j l k e k f t d & l k aL d `f r d i zf Ø ; k l sv y g n k v k Sj L o k ; R r ] d k sb ZL o r % L Q wr Z i f j ? k V u k u g h aF k h ( c f Y d ; g m l d sg h n c k o d k u r h t k F k h A ; qo k v k y k sp d v k ' k qr k s" k d qe k j u sf c y d qy l g h f y [ k k g S& & ^ ^ u D l y c k M +h g h v k B o sa n ' k d d h j p u k ' k h y r k d k e wy l an H k ZF k k A f o n zk sg d si g y sv k o sx e sa f g U n h d h Ø k f U r d k j h o k e d f o r k o t wn e sa v k ; h A x k sj [ k i k . M s; ] v k y k sd / k U o k ] d qe k j f o d y b l h v k o sx d h m i y f C / k ; k ¡F k sA e x j f o n zk sg d h l P p k b Zl sn e u d k ; F k k F k Zd e c M +k u F k k A ; f n i f j o r Zu b r u k n q: g F k k ] r k s j p u k d k j k sa d k sy x k f d d f o r k e sa t h o ar e k u o h ; l ao sn u k v k sa d k sn t Zd j d sl qj f { k r d j y su k l c l si g y s t +: j h g SA b l h f y , v k B o sa n ' k d d h d g k f u ; k sa& d f o r k v k sa e sa V wV r sg q, t h o u & e wY ; k sa d k sc p k u sd h v k r qj r k v k Sj m u d sV wV u sl sm i t u so k y h o sn u k d se k f e Zd f p = k b r u sv f / k d g SaA v k B o sa n ' k d d h d f o r k d h 1 5 H k k o i zo . k r k d k e wy H k h ; g h g SA * * f n y p L i g Sf d ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * v i u sl sB h d i g y sd h d f o r k & & ; k u h ^ v d f o r k * d k sv i u h i zsj . k k d k l an H k Ze k u u sl sb u d k j d j r h g SA b l d sd k j . k c r k r sg q, b l n k Sj d si ze q[ k d f o & l e h { k d f y [ k r sg Sa f d m l e sa t h o u & n zO ; d k v H k k o ] d k sj h j k t u h f r d c ; k u c k t +h ] N n ~e & Ø k f U r d k f j r k ] l j y j k t u h f r d l e > ] ^ H k k o k sP N ~o k l e sa f y i V h e u % f L F k f r ; k ¡* v k Sj ^ f o p k j & m P N ~o k l k sa r F k k i zf r K k v k sa* d h c g qr k ; r F k h A d f o e wY ; g h u g k sr st k r sv i u si f j o s' k e sa c k d +h l e k t l s[ +k qn d k sv y x & F k y x ] v d sy k v k Sj , d m P p r j u Sf r d t +e h u i j v o f L F k r e g l wl d j r k F k k v k Sj b l h f y , , d f d +L e d h v k R e c ) r k ] v k R e & l ad k sp v k Sj v k R e & H k R l Zu k d k f ' k d k j H k h F k k A m l d h v f H k O ; f D r d sy g t se sa l ao k n d h l g t r k d h c t k , v k Ø k e d r k F k h v k Sj b l h f y , v i u sH k k f " k d O ; o g k j e sa o g d k Q +h f g al zv k Sj v k R e e qX / k F k k A c s' k d m l e sa c sp Su h ] f o n zk sg



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v k Sj ; q; qR l k F k h ( i j d qy f e y k d j m l u sv k R ; f U r d f u j k ' k k ] v o l k n ] v u k L F k k ] l o Z& f u " k s/ k k R e d r k ] : e k u h v k Ø k s' k ] ; k Su d qaB k ] f l f u f l T +e v k Sj v j k t d r k l sy Sl d k O ; & o k r k o j . k d k sg h f u f e Zr f d ; k A b l e k g k Sy d s c j v D l ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * d s d f o e k D l Zo k n h f o p k j / k k j k e sa v k L F k k d k l d k j k R e d i zL r k o y sd j v k r sg SaA o sf o p k j d h i z/ k k u r k ] d k sj h j k t u h f r d c ; k u c k t +h v k Sj O ; k [ ; k d s f o # ) H k k o d h i z/ k k u r k v k Sj H k k j r h ; t u & t h o u d s, sf U n z; v k Sj o L r qi j d f p = k . k d k sd f o r k d sf y , v g e e k u r sg SaA o st h o u d sv ar f o Zj k s/ k k sa v k Sj t f V y r k d k sl e > u sd h d k sf ' k ' k d j r sg SaA o sd f o r k e sa O ; k i d t h o u & n `f " V v k Sj H k k " k k d so Sf o / ; d k sf o U ; L r f d ; st k u sd h e k ¡x d j r sg SaA , sf U n z; r k d k b l j k j , sf U n z; f p = k . k d sf y , e ' k g wj d f o v # . k d e y g h u g h ad j r s] m l d sf y , v D l j u t k u st k u so k y sd f o f o t ; d qe k j H k h d j r sg Sa& & ^ ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k d sl al k j e sa j p u k d k j d h i s' k d ' k ; f n , d v k sj v i u s e k g k Sy e sa O ; k I r v R ; U r Ø wj f d +L e d h l P p k b ; k sa d k se wr Zd j u se sa g S] r k sn wl j h v k sj o g ' k k sf " k r t u d h u Sl f x Zd v k L F k k ] f t +U n k j g u sv k Sj t w> u sd h i zo `f R r d k sm d sj u se sa g SA j p u k d k j v k Sj i f j o s' k d sc h p , d u ; s f d +L e d sy x k o v k Sj , sf U n zd f j ' r su sl a? k " k Zd k u ; k l k SU n ; Z' k k L = k b / k j d h d f o r k e sa j p u k v k j E H k 1 6 f d ; k g SA * * i wo Zo r h Zd f o r k d sf o i j h r v k B o sa n ' k d d sd f o ; k sa u sL i " V f d ; k f d m u d sf y , j k t u h f r v y x l si zd V ; k j s[ k k af d r f d ; st k u sd h f o " k ; & o L r qu g h a] c f Y d t h o u d k g h f g L l k g SA c d +k Sy v # . k 1 7 d e y & & ^ ^ j k t u h f r Å i j & Å i j d h p h t +u g h a] c f Y d i wj st h o u & O ; k i k j e sa i sc L r g SA * * f o t ; d qe k j u sH k h f y [ k k f d v k B o sa n ' k d d h d f o r k u sj k t u h f r d p sr u k d k sf t l r j g v k H ; ar j h d `r f d ; k ] o Sl k i g y su g h a g qv k F k k & & ^ ^ m l ¼ d f o r k ½ d h j k t u h f r d p sr u k d so y d qN f l E c Y l r d l h f e r u g k sd j t h o u d h t f V y i zf Ø ; k v k sa d k s, d , sf r g k f l d c k s/ k l sl E i U u d j u se sa g SA v k B o sa n ' k d d sn k Sj k u l c l se g Ù o i w. k Zi f j o r Zu ; g ? k f V r g qv k g Sf d H k k j r h ; l e k t e sa t u r k af = k d p sr u k e k = k j k t u h f r d i k f V Z; k sa v k Sj p qu k o d st ax y l s f u d y d j l e k t d se wy < k ¡p sd h m u H k h r j h i r k sZa r d t k j g h g S] t k sv c r d ^ i k f y V h * d h i d M +d sc k g j 1 8 F k sA * *v ar o ZL r qd sL r j i j v k ; sb l c n y k o l sf ' k Y i i j ; g v l j i M +k f d d f o r k d sf y , i f j . k f r g h u g h a] i zf Ø ; k H k h e g Ù o i w. k Zg k sx ; h A d f o r k v i u si zH k k o d sf y , e g t +d qN i af D r ; k sa] f u " d " k k sZa ; k c h p e sa y x s& f y i V sp y sv k u so k y sn k ' k Zf u d v k Sj f o o sp u k R e d e ar O ; k sa i j v k f J r u g h aj g x ; h ( c f Y d m l d h i wj h l aj p u k e sa d k O ; k F k Zd k v u qL ; wr g k su k i zk F k f e d e k u k x ; k A b l h e k u h e sa v # . k d e y u sf y [ k k & & ^ ^ l e d k y h u 1 9 d f o r k u s, d c k j f Q j d f o r k d sl e x z] l af ' y " V f o U ; k l d k v k x zg l k e u sj [ k k A * * b l i `" B H k wf e e sa r k T t qc u g h af d d k O ; & f o e ' k Zd h H k k " k k e sa l e wp st h o u l sx g j h v k l f D r ] v u qH k wf r ] l ao sn u k ] d # . k k ] , sf U n z; r k ] i zx h r k R e d r k v k Sj j k x k R e d r k t Sl si k f j H k k f " k d ' k C n k sa d k n c n c k d +k ; e g k sx ; k A , d v k sj v # . k d e y u s^ l ai w. k Zt h o u d sj k x & f o j k x * d h v g f e ; r i j t +k sj f n ; k ( n wl j h r j Q +j k t s' k t k s' k h u sf u . k k Z; d v an k t +e sa b l d k O ; & m i y f C / k d k , sy k u f d ; k & & ^ ^ v k B o sa n ' k d d h d f o r k u s , d c k j i qu % m l d f o r k d k sl aH k o c u k ; k g S] f t l e sa t h o u d sl H k h j k x & j ax e k St wn g SaA ; g d f o r k e sa t h o u 2 0 d si qu o k Zl d h d f o r k g SA * * u D l y c k M +h f d l k u & v k an k sy u d sv y k o k v k B o sa n ' k d d sd f o i zx f r ' k h y d k O ; & v k an k sy u d k s v i u h l d e Zd j p u k ' k h y r k d k l an H k Ze k u r sg SaA m u d k n k o k g Sf d m U g k sau su k x k t qZu ] f = k y k sp u ] ' k e ' k sj v k Sj d sn k j u k F k v x zo k y d h d f o r k d sN wV sg q, / k k x k sa d k sf Q j l sm B k ; k ] b u d f o ; k sa d k i qu j k f o " d k j f d ; k v k Sj b u d sn k ; d k sv k x sc < +k r sg q, b U g sa u ; sf l j sl si zk l af x d c u k ; k A b l c k r e sa l p k b Zd k v a' k g k sl d r k g S] i j



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; g l ai w. k Zl p k b Zu g h aA ; qo k v k y k sp d i z. k ; d `" . k u sg k y g h i zd k f ' k r v i u s, d v k y s[ k e sa b u n k su k sa r j g d h d f o r k v k sa d sc M +s v k Sj c qf u ; k n h Q +d +Z m t k x j f d ; sg SaA ; sv ar j b u d f o ; k sa d h l k e k f t d & l k aL d `f r d H k wf e v k Sj H k wf e d k l sy sd j b u d h d k O ; k u qH k wf r d h l aL d `f r v k Sj K k u e h e k al k r d e sa v ar O ; k ZI r g Sa& & ^ ^ ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * i f j & ^ f L F k f r * & o k p d g S] x f r & o k p d m r u h u g h aA m l sb l f y , u g h ai < +k t k u k p k f g , f d o g v i u s n k Sj d sf o j k V ~? k V u k p Ø k sa] m u d sf d j n k j k sa v k Sj m u d sv k o sx k sa d k x f r & f p = k i zL r qr d j sx h A i zx f r ' k h y d f o ; k sa e sa x f r d k r h o zv k d " k Z. k F k k A o sv i u sl e ; d sr st +? k qe k o k sa d sd f o F k s] v k U n k sy u k sa d h r k d e sa j g r s F k s& & i f j . k k e k sa d h f Q +Ø m U g sa m r u h u g h aj g k d j r h F k h A u k x k t qZu r k sb l i zo `f R r d sv k d +k F k sA l e d k y h u d f o r k u s[ +k qn d k sf u j k y k & u k x k t qZu & d sn k j & f = k y k sp u l c l st k sM +k ] y sf d u m l d k v u qH k o & t x r ~ v k Sj v u qH k o & i z. k k y h b u d f o ; k sa l sd k Q +h f H k U u g SA ; sl H k h d f o x k ¡o d st h o u d h v k sj > qd sg q, F k sA m u d h v i u h n qf u ; k o g h aF k h A m u d h i zx f r ' k h y r k e sa f o p k j / k k j k v k Sj B sB x ¡o b Zn `f " V d k sv y x k u k e qf ' d y g SA i zx f r ' k h y d f o d h ; k = k k x k ¡o & d +L c k & ' k g j d h f n ' k k e sa g S]t c f d l e d k y h u d f o d s f y , ; g ' k g j & d +L c k & x k ¡o d h f n ' k k g SA i zx f r ' k h y d f o d sf y , ' k g j l c l sn wj g S] l e d k y h u d f o d sf y , x k ¡o A i zx f r ' k h y v k Sj l e d k y h u d f o r k d h K k u e h e k al k H k h v y x g SA t g k ¡i zx f r ' k h y d f o i f j o s' k d h g y p y k sa e sa ' k k f e y g q, c x +Sj m l st k u u sd k n k o k u g h ad j r k ] o g h al e d k y h u d f o c x +Sj t k u s' k k f e y u g h a g k su k p k g r k A d g l d r sg Sa f d o g T +; k n k v k R e & l t x g SA i zx f r ' k h y d f o ; k sa e sa H k h d k y l si j st k u sd k p k o u g h aF k k ] y sf d u , sf r g k f l d d k y d k , d c M +k v k ; k e m u d h v u qH k wf r d h c u k o V e sa g h l f Ø ; F k k A o s ? k V u k v k sa] x f r f o f / k ; k sa v k Sj p f j = k k sa d sH k h r j i SB r sg Sa( t c f d l e d k y h u d f o r k e q[ ; r % f o ' y s" k . k @ l w{ e i ; Zo s{ k . k i j v f / k d f u H k Zj j g d j x qt +j p qd h v P N h & c qj h ? k V u k v k sa d sc k n H k h r j v k Sj c k g j d h i f j f L F k f r i j 2 1 N k sM +s x ; sm u d sf u ' k k u k r v k Sj m u d sv f H k i zk ; v af d r d j r h g SA * * i z. k ; d `" . k u sb l v k sj H k h / ; k u v k d `" V f d ; k g Sf d i zx f r ' k h y d f o d sc j v D l l e d k y h u d f o d k l a? k " k Zv D l j l e k t ] j k t u h f r v k Sj l aL d `f r d s [ k qy s] O ; k i d v k Sj o s/ ; i f j l j d h c t k , H k k " k k d h l j g n k sa e sa g h e g ~n wn g S& & ^ ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * l e ; v k Sj l e k t e sa o k af N r o k L r f o d i zf r j k s/ k d k si zsf j r ] l ax f B r d j u sd h H k wf e d k u g h ap qu r h A o g H k k " k k e sa g h i zf r j k s/ k j p r h g SA l E H k o r % l e d k y h u d f o d k f o ' o k l g Sf d m l sd f o r k d h t +e h u i j H k k " k k d sv k St +k j k sa l sg h y M +u k g SA m l d k e wy d k e ; g h g SA d k O ; & f u e k Z. k d s v k ar f j d x f r & f u ; e ] t k sl k e k f t d ; k i k f F k Zo t x r ~d sx f r & f u ; e k sa l sv i s{ k ; k L o k ; R r g Sa] o sg h m l s 2 2 l o k Zf / k d O ; L r j [ k r sg SaA * * o Sl sc k g j l sH k h r j ; k o k º ; l sv k R e d h r j Q +y k SV v k u sd h ; g ' k q: v k r u D l y c k M +h l sl h / k s i zH k k f o r d f o ; k sa d h Ø k f U r d k j h o k e p sr u k d sl e k U r j v U ; l e d k y h u d f o ; k sa e sa m n k j o k e p sr u k d s m n ; d sl k F k g h g k sx ; h F k h A b l d k i ze k . k e qg S; k d j r sg q, f o t ; d qe k j u sf y [ k k g S& & ^ ^ / k wf e y f o i { k d h d f o r k d k sc k g j & c k g j l sy sd j v k x sc < +s F k sA d f o ; k sa d h i j o r h Zi h < +h d k sv c b l f o j k s/ k d k sm l d h 2 3 v k ar f j d r k v k Sj t f V y r k e sa i k u k F k k A * *t f V y r k v k Sj l a? k " k Z/ k wf e y d h d f o r k d so L r q& l al k j e sa H k h d e u g h ag S] c f Y d T +; k n k g h g S( e x j f t l v k ar f j d r k d h c k r ; g k ¡d h x ; h g S] m l u sg h l e d k y h u d f o d k s& & i z. k ; d `" . k d k ' k C n b L r se k y d j sa r k s& & ^ v k R e l t x * c u k ; k g SA ; g v k R e l t x r k m l sf d l h y M +k b Ze sa ' k k f e y g k su s; k v i u so t wn d k sn k ¡o i j y x k u sl sT +; k n k ^ f o ' y s" k . k * d sf y , i zsf j r d j r h g SA [ +k qn j k t s' k t k s' k h v i u sn k Sj d h d f o r k d h ; g h f o ' k s" k r k c r k r sg Sa& & ^ ^ v k B o sa n ' k d d h d f o r k v i u si wo Zd k O ; & v k U n k sy u k sa l s b l v F k Ze sa f H k U u d f o r k g SA o g o L r qr % f o ' y s" k . k k R e d f o o sd v k Sj f o ' y s" k . k k R e d i zf Ø ; k d h d f o r k g SA



4 0 @ e / ; H k k j r h 2 4 o g v k X ; wZe saV d h d f o r k g SA * * b l d F k u e sa m u d k ; g v k R e & L o h d k j H k h t k sM +n sa] r k sf d l h v k Sj O ; k [ ; k d h t +: j r u g h aj g t k r h f d m i ; qZD r d f o r k u s^ ^ , d , sl k b u j & L i sl H k h c u k ; k g S] f t l e sa , d v k f R e d j k g r 2 5 H k h g Sv k Sj l `t u k R e d r k d sf y , v o d k ' k H k h A * * ^ v k ar f j d r k * ] ^ v k R e l t x r k * ; k ^ f o ' y s" k . k k R e d f o o sd * d k g h r d +k t +k F k k f d ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * u sl k e k f t d i f j o r Zu d h v k d k a{ k k v k Sj ^ t h o u d sj k x & j ax * d sc h p l ar qy u d k sv i u k v k n ' k Z 2 6 c u k ; k A b l r j g d f o r k ] v # . k d e y d s' k C n k sa e sa] ^ ^ l k f g R ; d h l e r y H k wf e i j f L F k j * *d h t k l d h A 2 7 m U g k sau sv i u sn k Sj d sd f o ; k sa } k j k ^ ^ T +; k n k l ar qf y r j k t u h f r d n `f " V d k s. k * *v i u k ; st k u sd h l j k g u k d h A l p i wf N ; s] r k s^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * f u j k y k ] i zx f r ' k h y d k O ; & v k an k sy u ] u D l y c k M +h ] j ? k qo h j l g k ; v k Sj d sn k j u k F k f l ag d h d f o r k & & i ze q[ k : i l sb u i k ¡p f n ' k k v k sa v k Sj v k ; k e k sa e sa v i u h j p u k R e d l f Ø ; r k d s? k sj s c u k r h v k Sj f o L r `r d j r h g SA o g v i u h v f H k # f p v k Sj v ar n `Zf " V d se qr k f c d +b u i k ¡p l an H k k sZa l sv f t Zr o L r qv k sa , o am i k n k u k sa d k p ; u / k e h Zb L r se k y d j r h g SA o g f t r u se qn ~n k sa i j b u l sl k > k d j r h g S] m r u sg h f c U n qv k sa i j b u l sv y x H k h u t +j v k r h g SA m l d h d k sf ' k ' k b u l s[ +k qn t qM +u sv k Sj V d j k u sd sl k F k & l k F k b u d s v k i l h l E c U / k & l w= k k sa d h r y k ' k v k Sj b u d sc h p l k e at L ; d h t +e h u d k sv i u sf y , L o k ; R r d j u sd h j g h g S( t Sl k f d j k t s' k t k s' k h d sb l c ; k u l st +k f g j g S& & ^ ^ ; g d f o r k v i u h i wj h i j E i j k d k sv k R e l k r ~d j d s g h l E H k o g qb Zg SA v i u sl si wo Zd f o r k d sm P N sn u l su g h aA ; g e k = k i zx f r o k n h d f o r k d k f o L r k j u g h ag SA ; g r k sf o f H k U u i j L i j & f o j k s/ k h d k O ; & i zo `f R r ; k sa v k Sj d k O ; & v k U n k sy u d s? k k r & i zf r ? k k r l s] m l d h i zf Ø ; k l s 2 8 i zf r Q f y r g qb Zg SA * * l U r qy u d k v i u k l k SU n ; Zv k Sj v k d " k Z. k F k k ] i j m l l sy x h & f y i V h m l d h f o M E c u k , ¡v k Sj [ +k r j s H k h F k s( f t u d k v an k t +k v k Sj k sa d k sH k y sc k n e sa g qv k g k s] e x j l e d k y h u d f o ; k sa d k si g y sl sg h F k k ] D ; k saf d o s m l i f j n `' ; d s^ b u l k b M j * F k sA m U g k sau sn s[ k k f d l k e k f t d c n y k o d sl o k y ] v k d k a{ k k v k Sj c sp Su h d k s t h o u d h j k x k R e d r k d s v k x zg u s / k h j s& / k h j s g k f ' k ; s d h v k sj / k d sy k v k Sj f Q j m l s f u L r st v k Sj v i zk l af x d & l k c u k f n ; k A f o t ; d qe k j u s1 9 8 8 e sa g h v k x k g f d ; k F k k & & ^ ^ e u q" ; d h j k x k R e d r k v k Sj , sf U n zd r k d k sf p f = k r d j u sd su k e i j ; g ¼ ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * ½ d g h ab l l e d k y h u n qf u ; k d k sr u k o g h u 2 9 v k Sj l ar qy u i j d c u k d j r k si s' k u g h ad j j g h \ * * n wl j h v k sj ] f g U n h d k O ; & n `' ; e sa f H k U u i `" B H k wf e ; k sa] # f p ; k sa v k Sj n `f " V ; k sa d sr e k e d f o ; k sa d s' k k f U r & l k Sg k n Zi w. k Zl g & v f L r R o d k sf d l h c qf u ; k n h e qf ' d y ; k { k j . k d h f u ' k k u h e k u r sg q, j k t s' k t k s' k h u sB h d g h ' k d f d ; k g S& & ^ ^ D ; k d f o r k d sl e k t e sa l k j so Sp k f j d V d j k o v k Sj r u k o [ +k R e g k sx ; sg Sa \ D ; k f d l h , sl st u r U = k d k m n ; d f o r k e sa g k sx ; k g S] f t l e sa j k t u h f r d l o k y 3 0 x k S. k g k sp qd sg Sa \ * * b l f c U n qi j d k sb Zt k u u k p k g l d r k g Sf d v k / k qf u d f g U n h d f o r k d sb f r g k l e sa ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * d sd qy v o n k u d k o Sf ' k " V ~; ; k e g Ù o D ; k g S\ j k t s' k t k s' k h d h e k u sa] r k sm l e sa x g j k b Z] Å ¡p k b Z] t f V y r k ] v f } r h ; r k v k Sj u k ; d R o t Sl h [ +k ql wl h ; r sa u g h ag SaA b u d sm y V f o L r k j ] o Sf o / ; ] l k / k k j . k r k ] l g t r k ] l p k b Zv k Sj l ao k n / k f e Zr k m l d h f o ' k s" k r k , ¡g SaA ; g l c b l f y , e qe f d u g qv k g S] D ; k saf d ; g & & m u d s 3 1 ' k C n k sa e sa& & ^ ^ v i u sl si g y sd h l ai w. k Zd f o r k d h c f u L c r l c l sv f / k d t u r k f U = k d d f o r k g SA * *j k t s' k t k s' k h d sv u ql k j t h o u d k f o ' k n f p = k . k g h ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * d k [ +k k l e d +l n j g k g S& & ^ ^ e q> sy x r k g Sf d v k B o sa n ' k d d h d f o r k o L r qr % g k f j t saV y , f D l l d h d f o r k g SA m n k R r r k ] x g j k b Z] Å ¡p k b Z; k t f V y r k e sa / k ¡l u k t Sl si n k sa e sa m l su g h al e > k t k l d r k A v k t d h d f o r k e sa x w< +k F k Zu g h a] f u f g r k F k Ze g Ù o i w. k Zg SA -



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; g k ¡u k ; d k sa d k i zo s' k f u f " k ) g SA ; g p f j = k k sa d h d f o r k g SA ; g g e k j sv k l i k l v k Sj n wj r d Q Sy s t h o u & i zl ax k sa d h d f o r k g SA o g t h o u d k sm l d h f o f ' k " V r k e sa u g h a] m l d sf o L r k j v k Sj f o f o / k r k e sa j p u k 3 2 p k g r h g SA * * b l f l y f l y se sa x +k Sj r y c g Sf d v # . k d e y u sv i u sf o ' y s" k . k e sa g n n j t sd h b Ze k u n k j h ] i k j n f ' k Zr k v k Sj v k R e & f u e Ze l k g l d h f e l k y i s' k d h g SA o sy k [ k d g as& & ^ ^ e q> e sa t k sl c l sc M +h d e t +k sj h g S] 3 3 o g g Sf d l h d k sH k h n q[ k h u d j u k A b l h f y , e Sa v P N k v k y k sp d u g h ac u l d k A * *e x j ; g l p u g h ag SA m U g k sau sf d l h d sH k h n q[ k d h i o k Zu d j r sg q, f y [ k k g S& & ^ ^ d f o r k d sf y , e q[ ; p h t +g St h o u & n `f " V ] t k s f o p k j / k k j k v k Sj n ' k Zu l sl E c ) g k sd j H k h m l l sf H k U u v k Sj c M +h g SA l e d k y h u d f o r k u so Sl h n `f " V g k f l y d h ; k u g h a] ; g l af n X / k g Sl e d k y h u d f o r k b u l c d sc k o t wn v H k h N k sV sd +n & d k B h d h d f o r k g SA t k sO ; x zr k ] t k sN V i V k g V f u j k y k e sa g S] t k sf Q j e qf D r c k s/ k & ' k e ' k sj e sa g S] o g l e d k y h u d f o r k e sa l E H k o r % u g h ag SA f d l h H k h f o p k j & l w= k ; k H k k o & l w= k d k sm l d sv af r e N k sj r d y st k u so k y k t h o V v k Sj / k S; ZH k h u g h a f e y r k A N an d h l e `f ) v k Sj t h o u d h o Sl h f o i qy r k u g h a f e y r h A l ai w. k Z i j ai j k d k l e k g k j u g h a 3 4 f e y r k A * *b l o D r O ; d h j k S' k u h e sa e q> se ax y s' k M c j k y d k o g o k D ; ; k n v k r k g S] t k s, d k f / k d c k j f u t h c k r p h r e sa m U g k sau se sj h e k St wn x h e sa c g qr f o p f y r g k sd j d g k g S& & ^ ^ g e e sa& l sd k sb Zc M +k d f o u g h ac u i k ; k A * * ; sc ; k u f l Q +Z ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * d k st k u u s& l e > u sd h x +j t +l si zL r qr f d ; st k j g sg Sa] b l f y , u g h af d l k n k & f n e k x +k sa d h ' k Sy h e sa b U g sa v f H k / k k e sa x zg . k f d ; k t k ; s; k l p e k u f y ; k t k ; sA j p u k d se g Ù o d k Q +Sl y k r k sm l d sf o ' y s" k . k v k Sj e wY ; k ad u d h c qf u ; k n i j g h g k sx k ] , sl sc ; k u k sa v k Sj v k R e & L o h d `f r ; k sa d h f c u k i j u g h aA b l l an H k Ze sa l g h j k L r k g e sa ; g e ' k g wj j . k u h f r g h f n [ k k l d r h g S& & ^ ^ d g k u h i j H k j k sl k d j k s] d g k u h d k j i j u g h aA * * v y c R r k m i ; qZD r c ; k u k sa l s; g r k sl h [ k k g h t k l d r k g Sf d d f o ; k sa v k Sj j p u k d k j k sa e sa d Sl h O ; k d qy r k ] i S' k u ] f o u e zr k ] v i f j x zg v k Sj v k R e & f u e Ze r k g k su h p k f g , A , d , sl sl e ; e sa b l d k e wY ; v k Sj c < + t k r k g S( t c v g E e U ; ]v k Ø k e d ]d Wf j ; f j L V ]e wY ; & f o e q[ k v k Sj r k d +r o j y k sx k sa u s l k f g R ; & l al k j d sn j o k t +s r k sM +M k y sg SaA b l d sc j v D l & & c d +k Sy x +k f y c & & r e h t +r k s; g g k sr h & & ^ ^ f ? k l r s& f ? k l r sf e V t k r k ] v k i u s^ v c l c n y k 3 5 u ¡x & , & f l t ~n k l se sj s] l ¡x & , & v k L r k ¡v i u k * * c g j g k y A ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * e sa ^ t h o u d h j k x k R e d r k * d k i wo Zx zg Ø e ' k % b r u k c M +k : i y sr k x ; k f d m l u sd f o r k d h c k d +h l H k h f o ' k s" k r k v k sa d k sn k s; e c u k f n ; k A d f o r k d qN l k e k U ; i zo `f R r ; k sa l s i g p k u h v k Sj l aH k o d h t k u sy x h A e l y u ~e wy H k wr e k u o h ; l ao sn u k v k sa d k sc p k u sd h f p ar k ] ? k j & i f j o k j ] c P p s] i sM +] Q wy & i R r h ] f p f M +; k ¡] v k l i k l d k i f j o s' k ] x k ¡o & d +L c sd h L e `f r ; k ¡] f L = k ; k sa] ' k k sf " k r v k Sj m i sf { k r r c d +k sa d si zf r ^ o k L r f o d l g k u qH k wf r d h [ k k st * o x +Sj g f e y d j ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * d so L r q& l al k j d k sf u f e Zr d j r sg SaA t c d f o r k d h v ar o ZL r q] l aj p u k ] L o H k k o ] ' k Sy h v k Sj H k k " k k d k s, d f d +L e d h l o k Zu qe f r g k f l y g k s x ; h ( r k s; g l k j k f Ø ; k & O ; k i k j , d [ +k k l e k u h e sa : < +H k h g k sx ; k A b l d h l h e k , ¡] v ar j k y v k Sj v l Q y r k , ¡ L o ; a l e d k y h u d f o ; k sa d s l e { k m t k x j g k s x ; h aA ; g d g u k T +; k n r h u g h a g k sx h f d i f j o r Zu d k e h f o p k j / k k j k v k Sj t h o u d sj k x k R e d f p = k . k d sc h p l ar qy u d s^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * d sf t l l qan j ] v k d " k Zd v k Sj e wY ; o k u ~x +qC c k j su sv k l e k u e sa , d v l sZ r d m M +k u H k j h ( o g v i u h , sf r g k f l d j p u k R e d H k wf e d k v k Sj f t +E e sn k j h d sf u o k Zg d sc k n Q wV H k h x ; k A f u E u f y f [ k r o D r O ; k sa e sa g e b l ? k V u k d h e k f e Zd v k g V sa l qu l d r sg Sa& &



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¼ 1 ½^ ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k i j , d v k j k si v D l j y x k ; k t k r k g Sf d o g Q wy & i R r h & f p f M +; k & c P p k 3 6 d h d f o r k g SA ; g v k j k si , d v F k Ze sa l g h g SA * * & v # . k d e y ¼ 2 ½^ ^ o g ¼ ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * ½ f o f ' k " V g k su sd sn i Zl sc k g j v k ; h g SA l g t g k su sd h i zf Ø ; k e sa m l u sv i u sd k sL o r U = k f d ; k g Sv k Sj L o r U = k g k su sd h i zf Ø ; k e sa o g l g t g qb Zg SA ' k k ; n 3 7 b l h f y , b l d f o r k e sa i sM +] f p f M +; k v k Sj c P p sc M +h l a[ ; k e sa f n [ k r sg SaA * * & j k t s' k t k s' k h ¼ 3 ½^ ^ f d l h H k h v u qH k o d s, d : i k d k j d sd qN n wj r d p y u sd sc k n t M +g k st k u sd s[ +k r j s g e s' k k c u sj g sax sA D ; k saf d g e k j sv u qH k o d sn k ; j sv H k h H k h d k Q +h l h f e r g Sa v k Sj j p u k d k j d s o x Z& v i l j . k d h i zf Ø ; k v H k h H k h o k L r f o d l P p k b Zu g h ag SA v r % f d l h H k h l k e k f t d d U l u Z d sv e wr Zg k st k u sv k Sj m l d s, d ^ f o ' k Q +qy f F k af d ax * e sa c n y t k u se sa n sj u g h ay x r h A l e d k y h u d f o r k e sa f p f M +; k ] i sM +v k Sj c P p k sa d k l an H k Zb l h f y , c M +h t Y n h , d v F k Zg h u 3 8 j SV k f j d e sa H k h r C n h y g k sx ; k g SA * * & f o t ; d qe k j l ar qy u d sf t l Q +y l Q +s d k f t +Ø b l y s[ k e sa c k j & c k j f d ; k x ; k g S] o g f t l c M +s d f o d h d k O ; & n `f " V v k Sj d k O ; & l `f " V d sl c l su t +n h d i M +r k g S] o sg Sa d sn k j u k F k f l ag A v k ' k qr k s" k d qe k j u sl g h f y [ k k g Sf d v k B o k ¡n ' k d ^ ^ v k Sj t f V y v u qH k wf r ; k sa d k o g u d j u se sa l { k e , d u ; h d k O ; & H k k " k k d s< y u sv k Sj 3 9 d sn k j u k F k f l ag d sd k O ; & ; wV k sf i ; k d si j o k u p < +u sd k n ' k d * * H k h g SA v k B o sa n ' k d d sc k n d sr e k e ; qo k d f o ; k sa i j l ar qy u d sb l Q +y l Q +s d k t k sn wj x k e h v k Sj O ; k i d v l j i M +k & & t k sv i u h i zd `f r e sa l `t u k R e d l sT +; k n k f o u k ' k d k j h l k f c r g qv k & & m l l sd sn k j u k F k f l ag d h d f o r k v k Sj ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * n k su k sa d h g h ' k f D r v k Sj l E e k sg u d k i r k p y r k g SA c k n d sb u ; qo k d f o ; k sa d h T +; k n k r j d f o r k e sa ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * d h v U ; i zo `f R r ; k sa d sx r k u qx f r d n k sg j k o v k Sj f o L r k j d sl k F k & l k F k i sM +& f p f M +; k & Q wy & i R r h & c P p k sa o x +Sj g d k t k sl e k j k sg f e y r k g S( m l sn s[ k d j f t K k l k g k sr h g Sf d ; g l c d g k ¡l sv k ; k g S] t Sl sx +k f y c u sl `f " V d s 4 0 l k SU n ; Zl sf o f L e r g k sd j i wN k F k k & & ^ ^ l C t +% & v k s& x qy d g k ¡l sv k ; sg Sa@ v c zD ; k p h t +g S] g o k D ; k g S\ * * d k sb Z H k h F k k sM +h & l h K k u & l ao sn u k R e d d k sf ' k ' k d sl g k j st k u l d r k g Sf d ; sp h t +sa d sn k j u k F k f l ag v k Sj m u d si zH k k o e sa j g h v k B o sa n ' k d d h d f o r k l sv k j g h g Sa] t Sl k f d f o t ; d qe k j u sb l c k c r f y [ k k g S& & ^ ^ e u q" ; d s c qf u ; k n h j k x v k Sj , saf n zd r k d k sc p k u si j c g qr v f / k d t +k sj f n ; k x ; k ] f t l d sp y r s, d v k l k u v k Sj 4 1 m R l o / k e h Zd f o r k d k sH k h b l e sa [ k i t k u sd h i wj h N wV f e y x ; h A * * v k B o as n ' k d d k sv V ~B k b Zl o " k Zg k sx ; sA b l y E c sl e ; k U r j k y e sa f t r u s; qo k d f o l k e u sv k ; sg Sa] m u d h l a[ ; k & & v c b l c k r d k d k sb Ze u k sj at d e wY ; H k y sg h g k s] i j ; g l p g S& & m r u h g h g k sx h ] f t r u h f d b l o D +r f g U n h d h l k f g f R ; d y ? k q& i f = k d k v k sa d h l a[ ; k g SA ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * u s& & j k t s' k t k s' k h d k ' k C n y sd j d g sa r k s& & d f o r k d k sf t l r j g , d ^ t u r k af = k d * f o / k k c u k ; k g S] m l d k , d u r h t k ; g H k h g S] t k s v i u sv k i e sa L o k x r & ; k sX ; g SA e x j e qf ' d y ; g g Sf d b u e sa& l sc g qr l k j s; qo k d f o r c l sy sd j v k t r d y k sd d s v k x zg d s u k e i j y k sd o k n h j k se k u ] l j y h d j . k ] b d g j si u ] f o p k j & ' k wU ; r k v k Sj f i N M +s g q, H k k o & l aL d k j k sa l sx zL r d f o r k f y [ k j g sg SaA f o t ; d qe k j u sB h d g h b l s^ ^ m R l o / k e h Zy k sd & l aL d `f r * * d h ] ^ ^ d `f = k e r k d h g n k sa d k sL i ' k Zd j r h l q? k M +d f o r k * * d g k g SA l ar qy u d sQ wV sg q, x +qC c k j sd k sg o k e sa y g j k ; st k u s d sd k j k sc k j i j , d o k f t c v k y k sp u k R e d v k Ø k s' k e sa m U g k sau sf y [ k k g S& & ^ ^ v L l h d sn ' k d e sa l j d k j h



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d y k & H k o u k sa v k Sj v d k n f e ; k sa u s, d [ +k k l r j g d h } a} & j f g r ] v U u & t y d k sx k u so k y h ] v u Sf r g k f l d v k Sj ' k k ' o r f d +L e d h d f o r k d k sc < +k o k n su k ' k q: f d ; k A b l h d f o r k d k sv L l h d sn ' k d d h e q[ ; i zo `f R r d s : i e sa i zL r qr d j u sd h d k sf ' k ' k sa g qb Zg SaA ; g d f o r k Å i j h r k Sj i j i zx f r ' k h y H k h y x r h g S] D ; k saf d b l e sa y k sd & t h o u v k Sj , sf U n zd r k d h x a/ k e g l wl g k sr h g S] i j v i u h i wj h ^ , i zk sp * e sa ; g d f o r k y k sd & t h o u d k s f d l h f M i k V Ze saV y L V k sj e sa j [ k st k u sy k ; d +p e d n k j v k Sj l q? k M +c u k n sr h g SA ; g k ¡; F k k F k Ze sa f n [ k j g h p h t +k sa e sa v F k Zd k f o L r k j d f o d sf u t h t h o u d si zR ; { k ? k " k Z. k l su g h a] c f Y d , d f u } ZU } f d +L e d h j f l d r k ; k d S' k k s; ZH k k o qd r k d sL r j i j f d ; k t k r k g SA ; g k ¡l e k t d h n q% l º ; f L F k f r ; k ¡d g h aH k h O ; f D r d sf [ +k y k Q + [ k M +h u g h ag k sj g h g k sr h a] c f Y d g j t x g d f o m U g sa d e k aM d j r sg q, m u d h H k h r j h v F k Zo R r k d k sl e k I r d j n sr k g SA , sl h d f o r k e wy r % v k u an o k n h g k sr h g SA ; g d f o r k v d k y d h f o H k h f " k d k d k sf n [ k k u sd sc t k , t k u s d g k ¡l sv d k y e sa > V & l s, d l k j l d k si d M +y k r h g Sv k Sj i k B d l sd g r h g S& & n sf [ k ; s] v k i r u k o v k Sj f o " k k n e sa u M wc sa] v k f [ +k j v d k y e sa H k h r k st h o u f n [ k g h t k r k g SA t +k f g j g S] ' k k l d & o x Zd y k l sb l h r j g d s l j y h d j . k p k g r k H k h g SA n j v l y ; g , d l af n X / k p f j = k o k y h j k x k R e d r k g S] f t l d k v k Sl r e u q" ; d s H k h r j h b y k d +k sa l sd k sb Zo k L r k u g h ag Sv k Sj ; g f d l h u qL [ +k sd h r j g m E e h n d k c [ k k u d j r h g SA ; g v k ' p ; Z d h c k r u g h ag Sf d v L l h d sn ' k d e sa d y k & H k o u d sj f l ; k v k sa v k Sj i zk / ; k i d & v k y k sp d k sa u sb l j k x k R e d r k 4 2 d k sH k j i wj i zk sR l k f g r f d ; k A * * f i N y sy x H k x r h l o " k k sZa e sa m H k j s; qo k d f o ; k sa i j f o f H k U u j p u k d k j k sa ; k v k y k sp d k sa } k j k t k se q[ ; v k j k si y x k ; sx ; sg Sa] m u d k f c U n qo k j m Y y s[ k b l f y , t +: j h g Sf d b l { k s= k e sa l f Ø ; y k sx k sa d k sv k u so k y s l e ; e sa f u . k Z; , o af o ' y s" k . k d h l qf o / k k i zk I r g k sl d s& & ¼ 1 ½v u qH k o d sx g u l k { k k R d k j v k Sj , d o `g R r j o Sp k f j d i f j i zs{ ; d h d e h A ¼ 2 ½b u d f o ; k sa u su ; k ; k v y x d qN u g h af d ; k g Sv k Sj ; sT +; k n k & l s& T +; k n k v k B o sa n ' k d d h d f o r k d k g h ^ , D l V sa' k u * g aSA ¼ 3 ½b u d f o ; k sa d s ; g k ¡ o Sp k f j d l a? k " k Z d e & l s& d e f e y r k g SA ; s v k y k sp u k R e d x | u g h a f y [ k r s] f o p k j & d e Zl sv D l j i j g st +d j r sj g sg Sa v k Sj o Sp k f j d ^ L V SaM * ; k i { k y su sl sd r j k r sg Sa& & ^ ^ f d l h f o o k n e sa u g h ai M +u k p k g r sA * * ¼ 4 ½f o ' o & l k f g R ; l sv u f H k K r k A ¼ 5 ½v i u h i j E i j k d k v K k u A ¼ 6 ½i zk ; % x +Sj & j k t u h f r d d f o r k A ¼ 7 ½^ e k b u j i k sb V ªh * ; k d f u " B d f o r k d k f o i qy m R i k n u A ¼ 8 ½d qN i zp f y r u qL [ +k k sa i j v k / k k f j r v k R e & r q" V ] , d k ax h ] r u k o g h u ] l j y & l qx e ] v k Sl r ] l q? k M +] l qi k P ; v k Sj ^ l Q y * d f o r k A v k R e & l a? k " k Zv k Sj j p u k R e d t n ~n k st sg n d h f ' k f F k y r k v k Sj v u qi f L F k f r A ¼ 9 ½t h o u d h t f V y r k ] v ar f o Zj k s/ k k sa] l af ' y " V r k ] l w{ e r k v k Sj m l d sf o f o / k v k ; k e k sa e sa i zo s' k d j u sl s c p r h g qb Zd f o r k A ¼ 1 0 ½ ^ b aV sy sD p qv y V Q +u sl * ; k c k Sf ) d l k U n zr k d k v H k k o A ¼ 1 1 ½ y k sd o k n h j k se k u l sx zL r A x k ¡o d h x +Sj & l e d k y h u ] l qan j ] l q[ k n ] L o f I u y ] l t y ] ' k k ar ] , sf U n z; ] v u k y k sp u k R e d v k Sj v ; F k k F k ZL e `f r ; k sa v k Sj N f o ; k sa d k f u e k Z. k A ¼ 1 2 ½ ^ ' k g j h f l U F k sf V d i s. V * l sx zL r & & v u k o ' ; d : i l st f V y ] n qc k sZ/ k ] p V [ +k ] v i k j n ' k h Z] f o o j . k & c g qy ] , d j l r k ] ' k C n & L Q h f r ] l wp u k v k sa v k Sj r F k k d f F k r K k u l sv k Ø k U r d f o r k A



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¼ 1 3 ½ d f o r k d sf ' k Y i ] H k k " k k ] ' k Sy h ] O ; at u k v k Sj y ; o x +Sj g d sL r j i j i z; k sx / k f e Zr k u n k j n A ; sv k j k si y x r sj g sg Sa v k Sj y x r sj g sax sA b u e sa l p k b ZH k h g SA y sf d u b u e sa& l sT +; k n k r j m u ; qo k d f o ; k sa d sl E c U / k e sa l p g Sa] f t U g k sau st k u s& v u t k u sv i u sd f o & d e Ze sa ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * d k ^ , D l V sa' k u * c u u k v k Sj c u sj g u k e at +wj f d ; k g SA b u d h f ' k u k [ +r d j u k v l aH k o u g h ag SA , d f t +E e sn k j v k y k sp u k d k ; g t +: j h d k ; Z& H k k j g SA v c o D +r v k x ; k g Sf d b Y T +k k e g o k v k sa e sa u y x k ; st k ; sa] c f Y d f t u d f o ; k sa v k Sj d f o r k v k sa d k se n ~n su t +j j [ k d j , sl k f d ; k t k j g k g k s] m u d k l an H k ZH k h f u f ' p r v k Sj L i " V f d ; k t k ; A v k y k sp u k d h l at h n x h v k Sj f o ' o l u h ; r k m l d h b Ze k u n k j h v k Sj o L r qi j d r k i j f u H k Zj g SA J s" B d f o ' k k ; n g j n k Sj e sa f x u s& p qu sg h g k sr sg Sa] l k s; g k ¡H k h g Sa] f t U g k sau s^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * d sc k n u ; k c g qr & d qN f d ; k g S v k Sj v i u h , d v y x ] e qd E e y i g p k u ; k e qg k o j k [ k k st k v k Sj x < +k g SA ; so g h d f o g Sa] f t U g k sau s^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * d sl ar qy u d sQ +y l Q +s d k su k e at +wj d j f n ; k g S; k t k sm l l sl k i sf { k d < ax l sL o k ; R r g SaA n so h i zl k n f e J ] d qe k j v E c qt ] d k R ; k ; u h ] v u h r k o e k Z] v k ' k qr k s" k n qc s] v " V H k qt k ' k qD y ] c n zh u k j k ; . k ] f u y ; m i k / ; k ; ] u h y s' k j ? k qo a' k h v k Sj O ; k se s' k ' k qD y , sl sg h d f o g SaA l ar qy u L F k k f i r d j u sd h d k sf ' k ' k e sa f t l ^ l q[ k d s , d k y k i * d k sj p u se sa ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * d h i f j . k f r g qb Z] m i ; qZD r ; qo k d f o ; k sa u sm l sv L o h d k j d j u sd k j Sf M d y l k g l f d ; k g SA L e j . k h ; g Sf d y x H k x , d n ' k d i g y sn so h i zl k n f e J u sv i u s, d o D r O ; e sa d g k F k k & & ^ ^ d f o r k d sl zk sr g k sr sg h u g h a] r y k ' k u si M +r sg SaA l ao sx k sa i j b l h f y , c g qr T +; k n k l e ; r d H k j k sl k u g h af d ; k t k l d r k g SA l ao sx i j H k j k sl k v k u an d h r k u k ' k k g h d k st U e n sr k g SA o g l q[ k d k , d k y k i j p r k 4 3 g S] t c f d f g U n h d f o r k d k l c l so S/ k l zk sr l q[ k v k Sj ' k f D r d s< k ¡p sd k s< g k u se sa f u f g r g SA * *; qo k d f o ; k sa d sb l r j g d sf o p k j k sa v k Sj ^ l e d k y h u d f o r k * l sm u d h d f o r k d h e wy H k wr f H k U u r k v k sa d k sj s[ k k af d r d j r s g q, ; qo k v k y k sp d v k ' k qr k s" k d qe k j u s; g e wY ; o k u ~f o ' y s" k . k i zL r qr f d ; k g S& & ^ ^ f u L l an sg l e d k y h u d f o r k t h o u d sj p u k R e d & l k SU n ; k ZR e d l ao sx k sa d h [ k k st v k Sj m U g sa d f o r k e sa c p k ; sj [ k u sd h d f o r k F k h A m ) r f o n zk sg ] Ø q) v l g e f r ] v l ar k s" k v k Sj v L o h d k j d h t x g m l u si zf r j k s/ k d h , d u ; h H k k " k k f o d f l r d j u s i j c y f n ; k F k k ] f t l e sa u k ' k v k Sj f o / o al d h t x g f t t h f o " k k v k Sj l `t u d k L o j i zc y g k sA , sl k u g h aF k k f d b l d f o r k e sa n q[ k d k j k x ; k g k g k d k j d k l ax h r ^ d qN d e j g k g SA * f Q j H k h ; qo k d f o r k d k sm l e sa ^ l q[ k d k , d k y k i * g h v f / k d l qu k ; h i M +k ] r k sb l d h o t g ; g F k h f d m l ^ g k g k d k j * e sa ^ t h o u d h l qx a/ k * r k s c g qr F k h ] ' k f D r & l aj p u k v k sa d sf o / o al d h f o d y r k c g qr d e A d f o d g r k r k sF k k f d ^ ^ m B r k g k g k d k j f t / k j g S] m l h r j Q +v i u k H k h ? k j g S* * ] i j r qj U r ; g H k h t k sM +r k F k k f d ^ ^ [ +k q' k g w¡ v k r h g Sj g & j g d j ] t h o u 4 4 d h l qx a/ k c g & c g d j A * * m i ; qZD r u qD r sd sv y k o k n k sc k r sa ; g k ¡v k Sj x +k Sj r y c g SaA j k t s' k t k s' k h u sv i u s, d b aV j O ; we sa l g h d g k g Sf d ^ x k ¡o l sd k sb Zc M +k d f o b l l e ; f g U n h e sa u g h ag SA * g e f l Q +Z ; g d g u k p k g r sg Sa f d x k ¡o d s t h o u v k Sj i zd `f r d sd e & l s& d e n k se g Ù o i w. k Zd f o g e k j sc h p t +: j g Sa& & v " V H k qt k ' k qD y v k Sj f u y ; m i k / ; k ; A [ +k k l c k r ; g g Sf d b U g k sau sx k ¡o d h l qan j ] l q[ k n ] l t y ] v ; F k k F k Zv k Sj j k se k u h r L o h j i s' k u g h a d h g S( c f Y d n k # . k v k Sj f o " k k D r g k sp qd sl e d k y h u x zk e h . k ; F k k F k Zd h i zk e k f . k d d f o r k f y [ k h g SA n wl j s] v k B o sa n ' k d d sc k n d h d f o r k e sa d o f ; f = k ; k sa d h m i f L F k f r v i u sv k i e sa , d j Sf M d y ? k V u k g SA d k R ; k ; u h ] v u h r k o e k Z] ' k qH k k ] f u e Zy k x x Zv k Sj u h y s' k j ? k qo a' k h , sl su k e g Sa f d ^ j Sf M d y * ' k C n d k i z; k sx t k ; t +g SA f L = k ; k sa d sc k j se sa d f o r k r k si g y sH k h f y [ k h g h t k j g h F k h ( e x j m u d sf o p k j k sa] l k SU n ; Z& c k s/ k v k Sj v u qH k o k sa d s l al k j d sm u d h v i u h H k k " k k e sa m t k x j g k su sl sT +; k n k l P p h ] v g e v k Sj l ' k D r d f o r k o g u g h ag k sl d r h A c d +k Sy e Su st j i k . M s; ] ^ ^ L = k h t h o u d sv u sd f L = k ; k sf p r v u qH k o k sa d h v f H k O ; f D r d k sb Zi q# " k y s[ k d



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u g h ad j l d r k A n f y r k sa d st h o u k u qH k o v k Sj m l d h v f H k O ; f D r d si zl ax e sa T ; k sf r c k Q qy sd k ; g d F k u v R ; U r e g Ù o i w. k Zg Sf d x +qy k e h d h ; k r u k d k s^ t k sl g r k g S] o g h t k u r k g S* v k Sj t k st k u r k g S] o g h i wj k l p 4 5 d g l d r k g SA d so y j k [ k g h t k u r h g St y u sd k v u qH k o A * * f g U n h d f o r k d h n qf u ; k e sa v x j b l l e ; ' k r k f / k d ; qo k d f o j p u k j r g Sa] r k s b u e sa& l s c h l & i P p h l d f o f u ' p ; g h m Y y s[ k u h ; g SaA c k j g d k u k e e Sa y sp qd k g w¡A f t u d h d f o r k f d l h & u & f d l h : i ; k v F k Ze sa e g Ù o i w. k Zg S] , sl sd qN v k Sj d f o g Sa& & f o e y d qe k j ] x x u f x y ] i o u d j . k ] c k sf / k l R o ] l qan j p an B k d qj ] v k j p sr u Ø k f U r ] l at ; d qU n u ] f ' k j h " k d qe k j e k S; Z] f x f j j k t f d j k M wv k Sj x h r p r qo sZn h A t k su k e f y ; s g Sa] m u d h c k c r ; g n k o k g j f x t +u g h ag Sf d b u l H k h u sv i u k d f o & O ; f D r R o f u f e Zr d j f y ; k g SA d qN u s f d ; k g S] d qN m l i zf Ø ; k e sa g Sa v k Sj d qN i zf Ø ; k e sa g k sr sg q, ' k k ; n d j i k ; saA l k j k e k e y k m u d sv / ; o l k ; v k Sj d f e V e saV i j e qu ~g f l j g SA c g qr & l sm Y y s[ k u h ; ; qo k d f o ; k sa e sa ; g l e L ; k u t +j v k j g h g Sf d m u d s i g y sd f o r k & l ax zg l sy sd j n wl j sv k Sj n wl j sl sr h l j sr d d sl Q +j e sa d k O ; & r Ù o d k Ø e ' k % f o L e ; t u d { k j . k g k sr k x ; k g SA o sv P N h d f o r k , ¡r k sf y [ k y sj g sg Sa] i j v P N h d f o r k d su Sj U r ; Zd k sl aH k o u g h ad j i k j g sA y sf d u d f o & O ; f D r R o d k f u e k Z. k b l r j g d h [ k f . M r ; k f o " k e l `t u k R e d r k l su g h ag k sl d r k ( t Sl k f d ; ' k L o h d f o f o u k sn d qe k j ' k qD y d g r sg Sa& & ^ ^ v x j f d l h u sv i u st h o u e sa , d H k h d f o r k f y [ k h ] r k s; g , d m i y f C / k g k sr h g SA i j j p u k d k j d k t k sO ; f D r R o c u r k g S] m l O ; f D r R o d sc u u se sa , d j p u k i ; k ZI r 4 6 u g h ag k sr h A * * v x j f y [ k h t k j g h d f o r k d sL r j e sa b l r j g d h v f u f ' p r r k g j sd n k Sj e sa g k sr h g S] r c r k sd k sb Z c k r g h u g h aA y sf d u o r Ze k u ; qo k d f o r k e sa [ +k k l r k Sj i j ; g f p ar k t u d i SV u Zf n [ k j g k g k s] r k sb l d sd k j . k k sa i j c g l g k sl d r h g SA y sf d u c g l d k Su d j sx k v k Sj f d l l s\ ; qo k d f o ; k sa e sa i j L i j f t l l ao k n g h u r k d k e k g k Sy g S] v k / k qf u d f g U n h d f o r k d sb f r g k l e sa ' k k ; n , sl k i g y sd H k h u g h aj g k g k sx k A b l y s[ k e sa ; qo k d f o r k i j f t u r sj g v k j k si k sa d k f c U n qo k j f t +Ø f d ; k x ; k g S( m u e sa& l sr h l j k v k j k si v P N s& c qj sl H k h r j g d s d f o ; k sa d sl E c U / k e sa v f / k d k a' k r % l p g SA b u d f o ; k sa d s; g k ¡o Sp k f j d t n ~n k st sg n d e & l s& d e g S] ; s f o p k j & d e Zl si j g st +d j r sg Sa v k Sj i { k y su sl sc p r sg SaA , sl h g h L i ' k Z& d k r j v k L F k k v k sa d sg k su sd sp y r sc h r s i P p h l & r h l o " k k sZa d h ; qo k d f o r k i j l k F k Zd f o e ' k Zd k d k sb Zo k r k o j . k u g h ac u l d k g SA f t r u k v k Sj t Sl k x | b u e sa& l sd qN d f o ; k sa u sf y [ k k g S] o g v U ; F k k H k y se wY ; o k u ~g k s] i j b l o k r k o j . k d k sc u k u se sa f d l h d k e d k u g h ag SA g e sa v P N h v k Sj [ +k j k c d f o r k v k Sj d f o ; k sa d k Q +d +Z u g h ae k y we ] D ; k saf d g e v H k h H k h b l l k e ar h l aL d k j l si h f M +r g Sa f d d k sb Zv k y k sp u k v k ; sx h v k Sj d +; k e r d sf n u ; sp e R d k j h Q +Sl y sl qu k ; sx h A o f j " B v k y k sp d u k e o j f l ag u sf d l h d sg o k y sl s, d c M +h v P N h c k r d g h g Sf d ^ v H k k x k g So g n s' k ] f t l d si k l v k y k sp d u g h ag Sv k Sj m l l sH k h v H k k x k o g g S] f t l sv k y k sp d d h r y k ' k g SA * m U g k sau s; g H k h d g k g Sf d ^ t k s o k L r o e sa g e k j h i j ai j k d sl e F k Zv k Sj c M +s j p u k d k j g Sa] m U g k sau sv i u sl e ; d h v k y k sp u k l su d H k h d k sb Z v i s{ k k d h ] u m l d h f ' k d k ; r g h A * ; sd f o p k g sa] r k sb f r g k l d sb l r F ; l sH k h i zsj . k k y sl d r sg Sa f d N k ; k o k n l sy sd j v k t r d d h d f o r k d k sl e > u sv k Sj m l d se g Ù o d k sl k e u sy k u sd k l c l se wY ; o k u ~o Sp k f j d v k Sj v k y k sp u k R e d d k e d f o ; k sa u sg h f d ; k g SA b l h x +j t +l sf o " . k q[ k j s] v ' k k sd o k t i s; h ] e ax y s' k M c j k y ] v # . k d e y v k Sj v l n t +Sn h l j h [ k sd f o y E c sv l sZ l sb u d f o ; k sa l sv k y k sp u k R e d x | ; k f o p k j & d e Zd h m E e h n d j r sj g sg SaA e ax y s' k M c j k y r k sd g r sg Sa f d ^ t k sv i u se k / ; e d k c M +k f p ar d u g h ag S] o g m l d k c M +k d y k d k j H k h u g h a g k sl d r k A * f u d V v r h r e sa H k h g e n s[ k l d r sg Sa f d v k B o sa n ' k d d h d f o r k d se g Ù o d h t k sH k h i g p k u g k s



4 6 @ e / ; H k k j r h



l d h g S] o g f d l h v k y k sp d d sv u qx zg l su g h a] c f Y d v k B o sa n ' k d d sg h d f o ; k sa d h l e o sr v k y k sp u k R e d d k sf ' k ' k k sa d h c n k Sy r A H k wy u k u g h ap k f g , f d f o t ; d qe k j H k h n j v l y d f o g Sa] v k y k sp u k r k sm U g k sau sv i u s l k F k h d f o ; k sa d h ^ l g ; k = k k * d sr k Sj i j d h g S] t k sm u d sg h ' k C n k sa e sa ^ ^ d f o r k d sl k F k d h x ; h , d 4 7 v k / k h & v / k wj h l ax r H k j g SA * *e q[ +r l j ; g f d v k B o sa n ' k d d sc k n d h ; qo k f g U n h d f o r k d h n qx Zf r ] m i s{ k k v k Sj v o e wY ; u d h e q[ ; o t g [ +k qn m l d sg h d f o ; k sa d h o Sp k f j d f u f " Ø ; r k g SA b u e sa& l sc g qr & l sd f o ; k sa e sa l R r k & i zf r " B k u d si zf r t k s, d e wd v k Sj f o o ' k l e i Z. k d k H k k o f n [ k k ; h i M +r k g S] m l d k l c c H k h v i u si { k d k st +k f g j u d j u sd h l k g l g h u r k g S; k d g sa f d ^ d f e V e saV * d k v H k k o A d k O ; & i f j n `' ; l sd f o r k d h l k F k Zd ] l ao sn u ' k h y v k Sj m R d `" V v k y k sp u k d sl g l k x +k ; c g k su sd k u r h t k ; g g qv k g Sf d f g U n h d s; qo k d f o d h f d +L e r d qN ^ i s' k so j * l e h { k d k sa] l ai k n d k sa v k Sj i qj L d k j k sa d sf u . k k Z; d k sa d h e qV ~B h e sa c an j g r h g SA v p j t u g h af d f g U n h d sl k f g f R ; d l R r k & i zf r " B k u d s, d g k F k e sa ; qo k d f o ; k sa d sf y , ^ H k k j r H k w" k . k * v k Sj ^ v ad qj f e J l E e k u * t Sl sv u sd i qj L d k j g Sa] r k sn wl j sg k F k e sa f r j L d k j A ; k u h d f o r k d k sN k i u s] i qj L d `r d j u sv k Sj m l i j f y [ k u so k y sT +; k n k r j y k sx c k d +k ; n k ; g d g r sv k Sj f y [ k r sg q, H k h i k ; st k r sg Sa f d ; qo k d f o r k e sa [ +k k l d qN g Su g h aA ; g f L F k f r n q[ k n ] g Sj r u k d v k Sj n qH k k ZX ; i w. k Zg SA e k u k sv k t l sy x H k x i U n zg o " k Z i g y sv # . k d e y u st k sv an s' k k t +k f g j f d ; k F k k ] o g v c g d +h d +r d h ' k D y e sa l k e u sg S& & ^ ^ [ +k r j k ; g g Sf d ; g i k B d & o x Z; f n v p k u d y qI r g k st k ; ] r k sd f o v k Sj d f o r k d sL F k k u d k f u / k k Zj . k d qN i = k & i f = k d k , ¡] i qj L d k j & l f e f r ; k ¡v k Sj Q +k Sj h l e h { k d f d ; k d j sax sA f g U n h d f o r k d k ; w¡ H k h d k sb Zi zR ; { k l E c U / k l k e k U ; 4 8 i k B d k sa l su g h ag SA * *; sg k y k r b l f y , i Sn k g q, f d ; qo k d f o ^ d f o & d e Z* d k sg h i ; k ZI r e k u r sg Sa] x k s; k b l d e Zd k d k sb Zl an H k Zg h u g k sA y sf d u l an H k Zg S] b l f y , v ar r % e qf D r c k s/ k d h ; k n v k u k L o k H k k f o d g S& & ^ ^ x f y ; k sa e sa v a/ k d k j H k ; k o g e k u k se sj sd k j . k g h y x x ; k e k ' k Zy y k Wo g ] e k u k se sj h f u f " Ø ; l aK k u sl ad V c qy k ; k ] e k u k se sj sd k j . k g h n q? k ZV 4 9 g qb Z; g ? k V u k A * * f g U n h f o H k k x ] M k Wg j h f l ag x k Sj f o ' o f o | k y ; ] l k x j & 4 7 0 0 0 3 ¼ e i z½ l U n H k Z& 1 -v k y k sd / k U o k ] ^ n qf u ; k j k st +c u r h g S* ] j k t d e y i zd k ' k u ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 1 9 9 8 ] i `9 2 2 -d sn k j u k F k f l ag ¼ l a½ ] ^ i zf r f u f / k d f o r k , ¡* % f = k y k sp u ] j k t d e y i si j c SD l ] u ; h f n Y y h ]1 9 8 5 ] i `1 1 1 3 -f o t ; j k ; ¼ i `l a½ ] ^ y e g h * ¼ = k Se k f l d ½ ] y [ k u Å ] t u o j h & e k p Z] 2 0 0 9 ] i `9 4 -x k sj [ k i k . M s; ] ^ t k x r sj g k sl k su so k y k s* ] j k / k k d `" . k i zd k ' k u ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 1 9 8 3 ] i `2 9 5 -o g h ] i `1 3 0 6 -o g h ] i `1 3 2 7 -o g h ] i `1 3 2 8 -o g h ] i `3 3



l ar qy u d k l k San ; Zv k Sj f o M E c u k @ 4 7 9 -o g h ] i `1 1 1 1 0 v k y k sd / k U o k ] ^ n qf u ; k j k st +c u r h g S* ] j k t d e y i zd k ' k u ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 1 9 9 8 ] i `7 0 1 1 o g h ] i `9 3 & 9 4 1 2 o h j su M ax o k y ] ^ n q' p Ø e sa l z" V k * ] j k t d e y i zd k ' k u ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 2 0 0 2 ] i `1 0 9 1 3 o g h ] i `4 8 & 4 9 1 4 o g h ] i `1 4 1 5 j k e t h j k ; ¼ i zl a½ ] ^ l e d k y h u t u e r * ¼ = k Se k f l d ½ ] b y k g k c k n ] v i zSy & f l r E c j ] 2 0 0 4 ] i `7 7 1 6 f o t ; d qe k j ] ^ d f o r k d h l ax r * ] v k / k k j i zd k ' k u ] i ap d wy k ] 1 9 9 6 ] i `1 8 1 7 v # . k d e y ] ^ d f o r k v k Sj l e ; * ] o k . k h i zd k ' k u ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 1 9 9 9 ] i `2 2 1 8 f o t ; d qe k j ] ^ d f o r k d h l ax r * ] v k / k k j i zd k ' k u ] i ap d wy k ] 1 9 9 6 ] i `1 6 1 9 v # . k d e y ] ^ d f o r k v k Sj l e ; * ] o k . k h i zd k ' k u ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 1 9 9 9 ] i `2 0 2 0 j k t s' k t k s' k h ] ^ , d d f o d h u k sV c qd * ] j k t d e y i zd k ' k u ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 2 0 0 4 ] i `1 6 8 2 1 e k d Z. M s; ¼ l a½ ] ^ d F k k * ¼ v f u ; r d k f y d ½ ] b y k g k c k n ] v ad & 1 3 ] u o E c j ] 2 0 0 8 ] i `1 1 6 & 1 1 7 2 2 o g h ] i `1 1 2 & 1 1 3 2 3 f o t ; d qe k j ] ^ d f o r k d h l ax r * ] v k / k k j i zd k ' k u ] i ap d wy k ] 1 9 9 6 ] i `4 6 2 4 j k t s' k t k s' k h ] ^ , d d f o d h u k sV c qd * ] j k t d e y i zd k ' k u ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 2 0 0 4 ] i `1 6 7 2 5 o g h ] i `1 6 5 2 6 v # . k d e y ] ^ d f o r k v k Sj l e ; * ] o k . k h i zd k ' k u ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 1 9 9 9 ] i `2 0 2 7 o g h ] i `1 8 8 2 8 j k t s' k t k s' k h ] ^ , d d f o d h u k sV c qd * ] j k t d e y i zd k ' k u ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 2 0 0 4 ] i `1 6 5 2 9 f o t ; d qe k j ] ^ d f o r k d h l ax r * ] v k / k k j i zd k ' k u ] i ap d wy k ] 1 9 9 6 ] i `2 1 3 0 j k t s' k t k s' k h ] ^ , d d f o d h u k sV c qd * ] j k t d e y i zd k ' k u ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 2 0 0 4 ] i `1 6 4 3 1 o g h ] i `1 6 5 3 2 o g h ] i `1 6 4 3 3 e g k o h j v x zo k y ¼ l a½ ] ^ l k i s{ k * ] n qx Z] v ad & 5 0 ] i `5 5 8 3 4 v # . k d e y ] ^ d f o r k v k Sj l e ; * ] o k . k h i zd k ' k u ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 1 9 9 9 ] i `2 2 3 5 v y h l j n k j t k Q +j h ¼ l a½ ] ^ n h o k u & , & x +k f y c ^ ] j k t d e y i si j c SD l ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 1 9 9 6 ] i `4 9 3 6 v # . k d e y ] ^ d f o r k v k Sj l e ; * ] o k . k h i zd k ' k u ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 1 9 9 9 ] i `2 2 3 7 j k t s' k t k s' k h ] ^ , d d f o d h u k sV c qd * ] j k t d e y i zd k ' k u ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 2 0 0 4 ] i `1 6 5 3 8 f o t ; d qe k j ] ^ d f o r k d h l ax r * ] v k / k k j i zd k ' k u ] i ap d wy k ] 1 9 9 6 ] i `2 1 3 9 j k e t h j k ; ¼ i zl a½ ] ^ l e d k y h u t u e r * ¼ = k Se k f l d ½ ] b y k g k c k n ] v i zSy & f l r E c j ] 2 0 0 4 ( i `7 5 4 0 v y h l j n k j t k Q +j h ¼ l a½ ] ^ n h o k u & , & x +k f y c * ] j k t d e y i si j c SD l ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 1 9 9 6 ] i `1 2 1 4 1 f o t ; d qe k j ] ^ d f o r k d h l ax r * ] v k / k k j i zd k ' k u ] i ap d wy k ] 1 9 9 6 ] i `4 9 4 2 o g h ] i `4 9 & 5 0 4 3 f c U n qv x zo k y ¼ l a½ ] ^ m o Zj i zn s' k * ] o k . k h i zd k ' k u ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 1 9 9 9 ] i `6 4 4 4 j k e t h j k ; ¼ i zl a½ ] ^ l e d k y h u t u e r * ¼ = k Se k f l d ½ ] b y k g k c k n ] v i zSy & f l r E c j ] 2 0 0 4 ( i `0 7 6 4 5 e Su st j i k . M s; ] ^ e sj sl k { k k R d k j * ] f d r k c ? k j i zd k ' k u ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 1 9 9 8 ] i `1 1 9 4 6 e g k o h j v x zo k y ¼ l a½ ] ^ l k i s{ k * ] n qx Z] v ad & 5 0 ] i `2 8 2 4 7 f o t ; d qe k j ] ^ d f o r k d h l ax r * ] v k / k k j i zd k ' k u ] i ap d wy k ] 1 9 9 6 ] i `9 4 8 v # . k d e y ] ^ d f o r k v k Sj l e ; * ] o k . k h i zd k ' k u ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 1 9 9 9 ] i `1 9 5 4 9 v ' k k sd o k t i s; h ¼ l a½ ] ^ i zf r f u f / k d f o r k , ¡* % e qf D r c k s/ k ] j k t d e y i si j c SD l ] u ; h f n Y y h ] 1 9 9 4 ] i `1 4 3



m Ù k j & v k / k qf u d r k o k n v k Sj f o K k u d h v k y k sp u k v k y k sd V . M u m Ù k j & v k / k qf u d r k o k n u si j E i j k x r e k U ; r k v k sa& o SK k f u d r d Zd h l k o ZH k k Sf e d r k ] o L r qf U k " B r k v k Sj l R ; d k si z' u k af d r d j r sg q, ] i f j i zs{ ; o k n h # [ k v i u k d j ] b u l E i zR ; ; k sa d k sm u d sf o ' k s" k l k e k f t d ] l k aL d `f r d v k / k k j k sa l st k sM +d j n s[ k k A i f j . k k e L o : i v i u s& v i u sl k aL d `f r d l an H k k sZa l st qM +s l H k h f o K k u ] y k sd & f o K k u k sa d s: i e sa n s[ k st k u sy x sf t u e sa K k u i zk f I r d sr j h d sf H k U u & f H k U u g k sl d r sg Sa f d U r qo sc j k c j h l s ; qf D r l ax r g SaA b l d k m n ~n s' ; x Sj & i wat h o k n h ] x Sj & i q# " k o p ZL o o k n h ] x Sj & v k / k qf u d ] x Sj & i f ' p e h K k u i zk f I r d s r j h d k sa l sl e k u r k n ' k k Zu k F k k f t l l sf o K k u d k sv f / k d e k u o h ; c u k ; k t k l d sv k Sj K k u i zk f I r d sv U ; r j h d k sa d k si zk e k f . k d r k i zk I r g k sl d sA b l d sv U r Zx r L F k k f i r f o K k u d h v k y k sp u k d b Zr j h d k sa l sl k e u s v k ; h f t l e sa o SK k f u d K k u d sl e k t ' k k L = k d h c y ' k k y h ; k st u k (SSK)] u k j h o k n h v k y k sp u k ] l k aL d `f r d v / ; ; u v k Sj m R r j & v k Si f u o sf ' k d v k y k sp u k i ze q[ k g SaA b u r j h d k sa d k s^ l k e k f t d f u e k Z. k o k n (Social Constructivism) d sv U r x Zr j [ k k t k l d r k g SA i zk d `f r d f o K k u k sa d sl an H k Ze sa b l d k e r g Sf d o SK k f u d K k u v i u se sa] r d Zd sl k o ZH k k Sf e d f l ) k ar i j v k / k k f j r L o k ; R r K k u u g h ag SA ; g l k e k f t d f g r k sa v k Sj i f j f L F k f r ; k sa l sl h / k st qM +k g qv k g SA b l d h i ze q[ k i wo Z& e k U ; r k ; sa f u E u g Sa & 1 -o SK k f u d m i Ø e d sl H k h i g y w] m l d h v U r o ZL r qv k Sj i f j . k k e ] L F k k u h ; ] , sf r g k f l d & l k aL d `f r d l an H k Z l si ze k f . k r g k sr sg Sa v k Sj v i u sl an H k Zl sg h l e > st k l d r sg SaA 2 -f o ' k s" k : i l so SK k f u d [ k k st d si f j . k k e & i zd `f r d sr F k k d f F k r f u ; e ] l k e k f t d f u f e Zr d s: i e sa n s[ k s t k u sp k f g ; sA m u d h i zk e k f . k d r k f o ' k s" k K k sa d h v k e j k ; i j m l h r j g f u H k Zj g Sf t l r j g i k si d h o S| r k d k f M Zu y k sa d h i f j " k n i j f u H k Zj g k sr h g SA 3 -l c wr k sa d se wY ; k ad u d se k i n . M ] e u q" ; d se f L r " d v k Sj i zd `f r d sl ac a/ k d sc k j se sa l aL d `f r d h i wo Z/ k k j . k k v k sa i j v k / k k f j r g k sr sg SaA ; s/ k k j . k k , af y ax ] t k f r ] u L y v k Sj o x Zd sl k F k i zR ; sd l aL d `f r e sa c n y r sj g r h g SaA b l d si g y sf d g e ^ l k e k f t d f u e k Z. k o k n * d h e q[ ; n y h y k sa d k i j h { k . k d j sa] g e sa F k k sM +h p p k Zm l l an H k Zd h H k h d j y su h p k f g , f t l e sa , sl sf o p k j d k t U e g qv k A 1 9 6 0 d sn ' k d d sv ar d sv k l i k l i f ' p e h t x r e sa d qN , sl sl k e k f t d & l ak L d `f r d i f j o r Zu g q, f t u d sd k j . k v k / k qf u d f o K k u d k s^ l e L ; k d s l e k / k k u * d sL F k k u i j ^ l e L ; k d st u d * d s: i e sa n s[ k k t k u sy x k A f g j k sf ' k e k v k Sj u k x k l k d h i j f x j k ; s x ; si j e k . k qc e ] f o ; r u k e d h y M +k b Z] u k x f j d v f / k d k j k sa d k l a? k " k Z] u k j h & v f / k d k j k sa d h f y ; sy M +k b Zv k Sj e / ; H k k j r h & 7 2 ] t u o j h & t wu ] 2 0 1 7 ] ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 48-53



m Ù k j & v k / k qf u d r k o k n v k Sj f o K k u d h v k y k sp u k @ 4 9



r h l j h n qf u ; k d sn s' k k sa d k m i f u o s' k o k n f o j k s/ k h l a? k " k Z] l H k h u sf e y d j f o K k u v k Sj i zk s| k sf x d h d k s] l R r k o p ZL o d sl ac a/ k k sa d k sc u k ; sj [ k u se sa m u d h H k wf e d k d sf y , d B ? k j se sa [ k M +k d j f n ; k A / k h j s& / k h j sy k H k v k Sj y M +k b Zd sf y , f o K k u d h ; g v k y k sp u k ] f o K k u d h v U r o ZL r qv k Sj m l d h ; k f U = k d r d Zd h v k y k sp u k e sa c n y x b ZA e k D l Zo k n d h o SK k f u d r k i j m B k ; sx ; sl an sg H k h / k h j s& / k h j sl e L r o SK k f u d K k u i j m B k ; st k u s y x sA F k k e l d qu d so SK k f u d f o d k l d sv / ; ; u d sl k e u sv k u sd sc k n ; g i zo `f R r v k Sj c < +x b ZA l k F k g h r h l j h n qf u ; k d sn s' k k sa d sc qf ) t h f o ; k sa u sv i u h & v i u h i j E i j k v k sa e sa O ; k I r K k u d k si f ' p e h n qf u ; k d s v k / k qf u d o SK k f u d K k u d so p ZL o l se qD r d j u sd k v f H k ; k u N sM +f n ; k A b l d si f j . k k e L o : i m R r j & v k Si f u o sf ' k d v / ; ; u l k e u sv k ; sf t u e sa f o K k u d h m R r j & v k / k qf u d v k y k sp u k d k l k aL d `f r d j k " V ªo k n l s l e U o ; d j u sd k i z; k l f d ; k x ; k A ^ f o H k sn * d sl k F k v u Sf r g k f l d l k j r R o o k n d k e sy d j k u sd k ; g i z; k l v k t H k h r h l j h n qf u ; k d sj k " V ªo k n h c qf ) t h f o ; k sa d k y x k r k j p y u so k y k m i Ø e g SA f t l d sv U r x Zr d H k h ^ o Sf n d f o K k u * r k sd H k h ^ T ; k sf r " k d h o SK k f u d r k * d k u k j k c qy U n f d ; k t k r k g SA f o K k u d h m R r j & v k / k qf u d v k y k sp u k d h m R i f R r d sl k e k f t d l an H k Zd sm i j k sD r f o o sp u l s; g i r k p y r k g Sf d f d l r j g v k / k qf u d r k l se k sg H k ax g k su sd sl k F k & l k F k ' k d d h l qb Zf o K k u d h v k sj f [ k l d r h x b Zy sf d u g e k j h l e > r c r d v / k wj h g h j g sx h t c r d f d g e b l v k y k sp u k d si h N sd k ; Zj r l k i s{ k r k o k n h f l ) k ar d k i j h { k . k u d j y saA b l d k r k R i ; Z; g g Sf d g e l an H k Zu g h a] b u f l ) k ar k sa } k j k f o K k u d h v U r o ZL r qd h v k y k sp u k d h t k ap & i M +r k y d j saA ; g c k r b l f y , H k h e g R o i w. k Zg Sf d f o K k u d h o L r qf u " B r k v k Sj l k o ZH k k Sf e d r k d k se k u u s& u e k u u sd sv i u s& v i u sj k t u Sf r d i f j . k k e H k h g k sr sg SaA ; f n g e l k aL d `f r d i ze k f . k d r k d k sg h l R ; d sf u / k k Zj . k d h d l k SV h e k u y sax sr k sf Q j r h l j h n qf u ; k d sn s' k k sa e sa K k u k sn ; d h i j ai j k e sa l sd qy j o k n l se q¡g e k sM +d j i zf r x k e h v k / k qf u d r k d si Sj k sd k j c u t k ; sax sA ^ f H k U u r k * d k m R l o e u k u sd su k e i j g e l Sd M +k sa f i N M +h ] ' k k s" k d ] o p ZL o o k n h v k Sj v U / k f o ' o k l i j v k / k k f j r l k e k f t d : f < +; k sa v k Sj l aj p u k v k sa d si { k e sa v i u sd k s[ k M +k i k ; sax sA b l f y ; sl an H k Zd h t k u d k j h t : j h r k sg Sf d ar qi ; k ZI r u g h aA g e sa m u l H k h f l ) k ar k sa d k i j h { k . k d j u k g k sx k t k s^ l k e k f t d f u e k Z. k o k n * ; k ^ l k e k f t d j p u k o k n * d s i f j o k j d sv U r Zx r v k r sg SA M sf o M C y wj d h i qL r d ^ Knowledge and Social Imagery* t k s1 9 7 6 e sa i zd k f ' k r g q; h F k h ] d k i zF k e o k D ; g S& ^ ^ D ; k K k u d k l e k t ' k k L = k ] o SK k f u d K k u d h v U r o ZL r qv k Sj L o : i d h i M +r k y v k Sj O ; k [ ; k d j u se sa l { k e g S\ * * b l i qL r d u so SK k f u d K k u d sl e k t ' k k L = k d k so SK k f u d K k u d si j E i j k x r l e k t ' k k L = k ¼ d k y Ze Su g k b e l sj k c V Ze V Zu r d ½ l sv y x , d u ; k , t sU M k i zn k u f d ; k t k sK k u d s ^ l e k t ' k k L = k d k c y ' k k y h d k ; ZØ e * ? k k k sf " k r g qv k A o SK k f u d K k u d sm R i k n u d h i f j f L F k f r ; k sa d sv / ; ; u l sg V d j o SK k f u d K k u d h v U r o ZL r qd k sg h v / ; ; u d k f o " k ; c u k f n ; k x ; k A b l m n ~n s' ; d h i zk f I r d s f y ; sf u E u p k j l S) k af r d d l k Sf V ; k sa d h ? k k s" k . k k g q; h & 1 -d k j . k r k & m u i f j f L F k f r ; k sa d k v / ; ; u t k sf o ' o k l v k Sj K k u d si h N sd k ; Zj r g k sr h g SaA 2 -f u " i { k r k & l p v k Sj > wB ] r k f d Zd r k v k Sj v r k f d Zd r k ] l Q y r k v k Sj v l Q y r k ¼ f d l h f o ' o k l d sl an H k Ze sa½ 3 -l k e U t L ; r k& O ; k [ ; k d sl an H k Ze saA , d g h i zd k j d sd k j . k k sa l sl P p sv k Sj > wB sf o ' o k l k sa d h O ; k [ ; k A 4 -f p U r u ' k h y r k & O ; k [ ; k d k t k s< ax f o K k u e sa i z; qD r g k sr k g Sm l sg h f o K k u d sl e k t ' k k L = k e sa v i u k u k A



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m i ; ZqD r d l k Sf V ; k sa d sv k / k k j i j K k u d sc y ' k k y h d k ; ZØ e d sv / ; sr k v k sa u s; g f u " d " k Zf u d k y k f d l H k h l e k t k sa e sa O ; f D r i zd `f r d k sl e k u < ax l s] l e k f t d & l k aL d `f r : i l sv U r f u Zf g r d k sf V ; k sa d se k / ; e l sl e > u sd k i z; k l d j r k g SA , d g h i zd `f r v y x & v y x l e k t k sa e sa f H k U u & f H k U u < ax l si zf r f u f / k R o i k r h g S r F ; v k Sj d Y i u k d sc h p v U r j r ; d j u sd k d k sb Zj k L r k u g h ag SA b u i zk : i k sa d k si zd `f r d sr F ; v k Sj f u ; e e sa c n y u sd si h N s] l H k h e k e y k sa e sa] l e wg d so se k u n . M j g r sg Sa t k sm l u sl k { ; k sa d se wY ; k ad u d sf y , v i u k ; s g k sr sg SaA t c r d o SK k f u d f o f H k U u l k aL d `f r d l e wg k sa } k j k v i u k ; sx ; sb u e k u n . M k sa d k sb Ze k u n k j h l s v i u k r sg Sa] m U g sa r d Zl E e r g h d g k t k ; x k A l k e U t L ; r k d h b l d l k SV h d k sy k x wd j u sd k i f j . k k e ; g g S f d v k / k qf u d f o K k u H k h m l h u k o e sa g Sf t l e sa v U ; K k u & O ; o L F k k ; sa g SaA ; g i f ' p e h l k aL d `f r d l k e k U ; K k u l sm l h r j g t qM +k g St Sl sf d v U ; l e k t k sa d k f o K k u v i u s& v i u sl k aL d `f r d l k e k U ; K k u l sA v r % v k / k qf u d f o K k u d h e k U ; r k v k sa d k o g h L F k k u g St k sf d l h H k h d c h y s] l e k t ] d sl k e wf g d f o ' o k l d k A b l r j g H k k j r h ; f o K k u ]i f j p e h f o K k u , sl h / k k j . k k v k sa d k t U e g k sr k g S v k Sj v k / k qf u d f o K k u d h l k o ZH k k Sf e d r k i j i z' u f p U g y x t k r k g SA l e wg d se k u n . M L o h d k j u sd h r d Z; qD r r k d h m i j k sD r l e > l H k h l e wg k sa d k sv i u sv k i r d Z; qD r d j k j n sr h g SA t c r d l e wg d sl n L ; ] l e wg d h o k L r f o d r k v k Sj r d Z; qD r r k d h e k U ; r k v k sa d s v u q: i f o ' o k l j [ k r sg Sr c r d o sr d Zl E e r g h d g st k ; sax sA r d Z; qD r r k d h b l l e > d k sU ; wu r e d g k t k l d r k g SD ; k saf d ; g f o ' o k l k sa d sl p ] > wB ] r k f d Zd r k ] v r k f d Zd r k v k Sj m n ~n s' ; k sa d h i zk f I r l sl ax r r k d k e wY ; ak d u u g h ad j r h A m n k g j . k d sf y , l e k t ' k k L = k d sc y ' k k y h d k ; ZØ e (SSK) d sv u ql k j p sp d d k s e k r k d k i zd k si e k u u k ; k f d l h t h o k . k qd k ] n k su k sa g h r d Z; qD r g Sa D ; k saf d n k su k sg h v i u s& v i u sl k aL d `f r d l e wg k sa d h ; F k k F k Zv k Sj r d Z; qD r r k d h e k U ; r k v k sa d sv u q: i g SaA b l r j g r d Z; qD r r k d se k u n . M d k s l k e k f t d f j o k t e k u d j K k u d sc y ' k k y h d k ; ZØ e u sl H k h l aL d `f r ; k sa d sj h f r & f j o k t k sa d k sf o K k u d k n t k Z i zn k u d j f n ; k A b l d sl k F k g h f o K k u d k sn h t k u so k y h r qy u k R e d K k u k R e d J s" B r k t k sm l sl k o ZH k k Sf e d r k n sr h g S] l e k I r g k st k r h g SA ; f n o SK k f u d i f j . k k e k sa d k sv U r r k sx R o k l k e k f t d j h f r & f j o k t k sa d sv k / k k j i j v k Sf p R ; i zn k u f d ; k t k ; x k r k sf Q j f d l h , d d k so j h ; r k n su sd k d k sb Zr F k k R e d ; k r k f d Zd d k j . k u g h a j g sx k A v k / k qf u d f o K k u d k sm l d sf o ' k s" k k f / k d k j l sv y x d j n su sd k i f j . k k e ; g g k sx k f d v u sd v r k f d Zd ] v a/ k f o ' o k l k sa d k sH k h l R ; r k d k v f / k d k j i zk I r g k st k ; x k A m U g sa v k / k qf u d f o K k u d sv k / k k j i j p qu k Sr h n su k l aH k o u g h ag k sx k A v k / k qf u d r k o k n d h n `f " V e sa t g k ¡f o K k u v k Sj l e k t ] i zd `f r v k Sj l aL d `f r ] e u q" ; v k Sj e ' k h u , d n wl j sl sf H k U u l Ù k k ; sa g Sa] o g h al e k f t d j p u k o k f n ; k sa ¼ m R r j & v k / k qf u d ½ d h n `f " V e sa ; sf o H k k t u l k e k f t d f j o k t e k = k g Sa t k sc u s& c u k ; s' k f D r l ac a/ k k sa v k Sj v F k k sZa d s< +k ¡p sd k sc u k ; sj [ k u sd sd k e v k r sg SaA l k e k f t d l an H k Zf o K k u d k sc k g j l si ze k f . k r d j u so k y k r R o u g h av f i r qm l d sl H k h v k ; k e k sa d h l aj p u k d k f g L l sn k j g k sr k g SA f o K k u d sL k H k h i g y w& f t l so SK k f u d i zd `f r e k u r sg Sa] f t U g sa o st k ap d s; k sX ; l e > r sg Sa] f t u i z; k sx k R e d i f j . k k e k sa i j o s/ ; k u d sf U n zr d j r sg Sa v k Sj f t U g sa o sf o ' o k l d s; k sX ; l e > r sg Sa& l H k h l e k t d h l aL d `f r } k j k i zn k u e g R o l sg h i zd k ' k i k r sg SaA f o K k u l aL d `f r g h g SA f o K k u d h l e > d k ; g l aL d `f r o k n h e k sM +v e sf j d u u k j h o k n h M k su k g k j k o sv k Sj Ý k al h l h l e k t o sR r k c zwu k sy k V wj d sd k ; k sZa d k i f j . k k e g SA l aL d `f r o k n h n `f " V e sa f o K k u ] l e k t v k Sj m l d sl k aL d `f r d e wY ; k sa d si zn w" k . k l sl qj f { k r d k sb Zf d y k u g h ag SA e k u o h ; f L F k f r e sa v U ; r R o k sa d sl e k u g h f o K k u , d l k b Zc k x Z (Cy borg) g S& v a' k r % i zd `f r ]



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v a' k r % l aL d `f r ] v a' k r % r k f d Zd ] v a' k r % f e F k A l aL d `f r o SK k f u d l ad Y i u k v k sa d k si zn wf " k r d j u so k y k r R o u g h sg Sf t l s> wB l e > d j n wj j [ k k t k ; v i f r q; g r k sf o K k u d sg k su sd h , d ' k r Zg SA ; F k k F k Zv k Sj r d Z l k aL d `f r d v F k k sZa d h i wo Zi h f B d k i j g h i zd V g k sr sg Sa v k Sj l aL d `f r d s: i d k sa v k Sj d Y i u k v k sa l sg h v f H k O ; f D r i k r sg SaA o SK k f u d v i u h i z; k sx ' k k y k v k sa l sc k g j j g u so k y k sa l sf H k U u u g h ag SA ; g f o H k k t u H k h , d f j o k t e k = k g SA f o K k u d k v / ; ; u l aL d `f r & f u j i s{ k : i e sa u g h v f i r ql k e k U ; t u k sa d h l aL d `f r d h l aL d `f r d s: i e sa d j u k p k f g ; sA f o K k u d sl k aL d `f r d v / ; ; u u s] t Sl k f d i zf l ) l aL d `f r d e k u o ' k k L = k h M sf o M g sl d k d g u k g S] f o K k u d sl e k t ' k k L = k d h e wy v U r n `Zf " V d sk L o h d k j r sg q, m l l sH k h v k x sc < +d j ; g L F k k f i r d j u sd k i z; k l f d ; k f d r F ; k sa] v / ; ; u f o f / k ; k sa] f l ) k ar k sa] e ' k h u k sa v k f n d sc h p H k sn l k aL d `f r d : i l sv F k Zi w. k Zg k sr s g Sv k Sj m U g sa L F k k u h ; l k e k f t d f o H k sn k sa d h f u f e Zr d s: i e sa O ; k [ ; k f ; r f d ; k t k l d r k g SA l h / k s& l k n s' k C n k sa e sa& f H k U u & f H k U u l aL d `f r ; k sa e sa j g u so k y se u q" ; k sa d s[ k k st h & l o k y k sa] ; k sX ; v / ; ; u f o f / k ; k sa] / ; k u n su s; k sX ; l k { k ; k sa] v k Sj r F ; k sa e sa f H k U u r k v k Sf p R ; i w. k Zg SD ; k saf d i zR ; sd l aL d `f r v i u sv f L r R o x r v F k k Zas d sv k / k k j i j g h i zd `f r v k Sj f o K k u d k se k U ; r k i zn k u d j r h g SA b l d k v F k Z; g g qv k f d & f H k U u l aL d `f r ] f H k U u f o K k u A l H k h f o K k u c j k c j h l sv k Sf p R ; i w. k Zg Sa] b l l sT ; k n k e g R o i w. k Z; g g Sf d l H k h f o K k u v i u h & v i u h l aL d `f r ; k sa d sl an H k Ze sa c j k c j h l sv F k Zi w. k Zg k sr sg SaA v r % , d L o r a= k l e k t e sa l H k h l k aL d `f r d i j ai j k v k sa d k s c j k c j h d k g d v k Sj ' k f D r d sU n zk sa r d i g qap u sd k j k L r k c j k c j h l sf e y u k p k f g , A v k / k qf u d f o K k u d h ; g e k U ; r k f d f O k K k u d sf u ; e o SK k f u d k sa } k j k i z; k sx ' k k y k v k sa e sa [ k k st st k r sg Sa x y r g S] o k L r o e sa o sm U g sa f o j k l r e sa i k ; sl k aL d `f r d v F k k sZa l sf u % l `r d j r sg SaA f o " k ; h v k Sj o L r q] l aL d `f r v k Sj i zd `f r d sc h p v y x k o , d r j g d k v k / k qf u d H k V d k o g SA n j v l y f o K k u v k Sj l aL d `f r ] n k su k sa , d n wl j sd k l k F k & l k F k f u e k Z. k d j r sg SaA l k aL d `f r d i j ai j k v k Sj j k t u Sf r d ' k f D r ] u f d v U r e wZr e wy r R o g h i zd `f r v k Sj l aL d `f r d k i zk : i r ; d j r sg SaA g k j k o sr k s; g k ¡r d d g r h g Sa f d i zk d `f r d f o K k u k sa d k sH k h l k e k f t d f o K k u k sa d sv / ; ; u d s e k M y d k sv i u k u k p k f g , v k Sj v / ; ; u d h i zk d `f r d f o " k ; O k L r qe sa d r ZR o d k sL o h d k j d j u k p k f g , A i zk d `f r d f o K k u k sa d k s^ [ k k st d sr d Z* (Logic of discovery) l su g h av f i r q' k f D r i w. k Zl k e k f t d l ac a/ k k sa d s e / ; ^ l ao k n * (conversation) l sx k b M g k su k p k f g , A i zk d `f r d h j g L ; e ; t f V y r k d sl k e u se k u o h ; K k u d h l h e k v k sa d k sl e > u se sa f o K k u d s l k aL d `f r d v / ; ; u l sv o ' ; y k H k g k sl d r k g Sy sf d u i zk d `f r d o L r qv k sa d k se u q" ; d sl e k u g h t : j r k sa v k Sj : f p ; k sa l sl E i U u e k u u k m f p r u g h ay x r k A ; g f o K k u d h e k u o & d sU n zh ; r k v k Sj e k u o o k n d k f o j k s/ k h n `f " V d k s. k t k u i M +r k g SA d qN u k j h o k f n ; k sa t Sl sg sy su y k f U t u k s] l k U M ªk g k f M Zx v k f n } k j k f o K k u d h v k y k sp u k d k sH k h m R r j & v k / k qf u d l k e k f t d j p u k o k n d si f j o k j d sv U r x Zr g h e k u k t k l d r k g SA b u d k d g u k g Sf d o SK k f u d Ø k af r d si zk j aH k l sg h u k j h d so S" k f ; d v u qH k o k sa& l e k u qH k wf r i w. k Zl e > n k j h ] l ac a/ k i z? k k u f o p k j / k k j k v k Sj m i ; k sx h K k u & d h m i s{ k k d h x b Zg SA ; g e k u r sg q, f d K k r k d k f y ax K k u e h e k al h ; n `f " V l se g R o i w. k Z g k sr k g S] u k j h o k n h K k u e h e k al k u d so y v k f / k d k f / k d u k f j ; k sa d sf y , o SK k f u d i z; k sx ' k k y k v k sa d s} k j [ k k sy u k p k g r h g S v f i r q b l s v / k wj k v k Sj u k d k Q h e k u r s g q, u k j h & v u qH k o l s t qM +s i j L i j f Ø ; k o k n h (interactionist) e wY ; k sa d sv k / k k j i j i zd `f r v k Sj m l d sK k u d h u b Zl e > n k j h f o d f l r d j u k p k g r h g SA i zd `f r v k Sj o L r qf u " B K k u d h ; g u k j h o k n h n `f " V o SK k f u d l e L ; k d sp qu k o ] i z; k sx k R e d l k { k ; k sa d s



5 2 @ e / ; H k k j r h



e wY ; k ad u v k Sj f u " d " k k sZa d sv k Sf P k R ; d k f u / k k Zj . k d j u se sa l { k e g k sx h ] ; g u k j h o k n h K k u e h e k al k d k o k n k g SA u k j h o k f n ; k sa d k su k j h o k n h K k u k R e d e wY ; k sa d k sv i u k u k p k f g , f t l e sa o si zd `f r ] f o K k u v k Sj l aL d `f r e sa ^ f y ax H k sn * d k sl k e u sy k l d saA l k e k f t d j p u k o k f n ; k sa d sf u f ' p r e r f d l e L r K k u l k e k f t d & l k aL d `f r d f u f e Zr g S] d k s L o h d k j u sd sc k n u k j h o k f n ; k sa d sf y , b l / k e Zl ad V l si k j i k u k v k l k u u g h ag Sf d r d Z; qD r v k y k sp u k l si j s u k j h o k n h e wY ; k sa d k st k sL o ; al k aL d `f r d f u f e Zr g S] u k j h o k n h K k u e h e k al k d k v k / k k j L o h d k j f d ; k t k ; A ; f n f o f H k U u l e qn k ; v i u sv i u sl U n H k Zx r e wY ; k sa d k s] b l c k r d h i j o k g f d ; sc x Sj f d o sv k / k qf u d o SK k f u d K k u l sf d r u h l ax r r k j [ k r sg Sa] K k u d h d l k SV h e k u sax sr k sl H k h y k sd i j ai j k , af o K k u d k n t k Zi k t k ; sax h A f Q j p sp d d k se k r k d k i zd k si e k u u sd sv k Sf p R ; i j l o k y u g h am B k ; k t k l d sx k A ; g l e L ; k K k u k R e d l k i s{ k r k o k n (epistemic relativism) l sc < +d j g SD ; k saf d b l e sa , d f o ' k s" k i zd k j d se wY ; k sa] ¼ u k j h o k n h ] v } Sr o k n h ] i w. k Zr k o k n h ½ d k sv k y k sp u k l si j se k u f y ; k x ; k g SA v k o ' ; d u g h af d ; se wY ; i zx f r ' k h y g h g k saA f o K k u d h m R r j v k / k qf u d r k o k n h v k y k sp u k i f j o k j d k , d l n L ; & l e wg m R r j & v k Si f u o sf ' k d f o p k j d k sa d k g Sf t l e sa x k ; = k h p Ø o r h Z] i k F k Zp V t h Z] K k u i zd k ' k ] v k ' k h " k u an h i ze q[ k g SaA ; g , M o M Zl b Zn v k Sj x k a/ k h } k j k i k ' p k R ; l aL d `f r & l H ; r k d h v k y k sp u k l si zsj . k k i k d j m i f u o s' k o k n d h v k y k sp u k K k u e h e k al h ; v k / k k j i j d j u sd k i z; k l g SA l k e k f t d j p u k o k f n ; k sa] l k aL d `f r d v / ; ; u d j u so k y k sa v k Sj u k j h o k f n ; k sa d sl e k u g h b u d h H k h n y h y g Sf d o SK k f u d K k u l k e k f t d f u f e Zr g Sv k Sj m l d h l R ; r k d s e k u n . M l aL d `f r d h K k u k R e d d k sf V ; k sa i j f u H k Zj g SaA f o K k u d h o L r qf u " B r k ] l k o ZH k k Sf e d r k d k n k o k i f ' p e d si wo Zi j v k Si f u o sf ' k d v k f / k i R ; d h ; k st u k d k v ax e k = k g SA v y x & v y x l aL d `f r ; k sa e sa i zd `f r d k s l e > u sd sv i u si z; k l g q, g Sa] m u l H k h K k u & r a= k k sa d k sl e k u v k / k k j i j e wY ; k af d r f d ; k t k u k p k f g , A m R r j & m i f u o s' k o k n h ] l k aL d `f r d v / ; ; u v k Sj u k j h o k n h v k y k sp u k d k sl k U M ªk g k f M Zx ¼ 1 9 9 8 ½ d h i qL r d 'Is Science Multicultural ?' l sv k Sj c y f e y k A m u d h n y h y F k h f d p waf d v k / k qf u d f o K k u ] i f ' p e & d sf U n zr v k Sj i q: " k & d sf U n zr g S] b l f y , u k f j ; k sa v k Sj m i f u o s' k k sa e sa j g u so k y k sa d k sf e y d j i f ' p e h f o K k u d sf [ k y k Q e k sp k Zc u k u k p k f g , f t l l si f ' p e h f o K k u d sm l i g y wd k sl k e u sy k ; k t k l d st k s v k / k qf u d r k d sy k H k m B k u so k y k sa d k sf n [ k k b Zu g h an sr k A o Sd f Y i d f o K k u d sl H k h l e F k Zd k sa d sl k e u s; g p qu k Sr h c j k c j c u h g q; h g Sf d L F k k u h ; K k u d k s d B k sj ] v u qH k o f l ) i j h { k . k d h d l k SV h i j d Sl sd l saA , d x aH k h j f d L e d sK k u e h e k al h ; l k i s{ k r k o k n l s d Sl sc p k t k l d r k g S] b l d k d k sb Zm R r j b u d si k l u g h ag SA , d c M +h l e L ; k ; g H k h g Sf d t g k ¡L F k k u h ; K k u i f ' p e e sa f o K k u d h d f e ; k sa d h v k sj b af x r d j r k g So g h ai wo Ze sa L F k k u h ; r k d sn `f " V d k s. k l sK k u d k v k x zg o p ZL o ' k k y h ' k k s" k d o x k sZa v k Sj l aL F k k v k sa d k si k sf " k r d j r k i zr h r g k sr k g SA b l d k m i ; k sx j k t u h f r e sa i zf r f Ø ; k o k n h r R o k sa } k j k v k l k u h l sK k u k sn ; v k Sj l sd qy j o k n d h m i y f C / k ; k sa d k su d k j u se sa f d ; k t k l d r k g SA g e k j sm i j k sD r f o o sp u d sv k / k k j i j g e d g l d r sg Sa f d m R r j & v k / k qf u d r k o k n l si zsf j r l k e k f t d j p u k o k n (Social Constructivism) d s l H k h i zd k j , d x aH k h j i zd k j d h K k u e h e k al h ; l k i s{ k r k d k } k j [ k k sy n sr sg Sa f t l d k H k k j r , sl sn s' k e sa j k t u Sf r d n q# i ; k sx l aH k o g SA y sf d u b l d k e r y c f o K k u d h i qj k u h l e > ^ i zR ; { k o k n * ¼ positivism½ d k l e F k Zu d j u k H k h u g h ag SA o SK k f u d K k u d sf u e k Z. k



m Ù k j & v k / k qf u d r k o k n v k Sj f o K k u d h v k y k sp u k @ 5 3



e sa l k e k f t d i g y wd k su t j an k t u g h af d ; k t k l d r k y sf d u m l sl k i s{ k r k o k n h f l ) d j u k H k h m i ; qD r u g h a g SA o SK k f u d K k u d si j k l ak L d `f r d f o d k l v k Sj m l d h m i ; k sf x r k d k , sf r g k f l d l p b r u k o M +k g Sf d m l s l k e k f t d j p u k o k n d sg o k y su g h af d ; k t k l d r k A f o K k u d h m R r j & v k / k qf u d r k o k n h v k y k sp u k d h l h e k v k sa d h v k sj b af x r d j u sd si h N sm l d s v o n k u d sk d e d j u k H k h u g h ag SA d b Zn `f " V ; k sa l s; g e g R o i w. k Zg S& 1 -K k u d h [ k k st e sa y x so SK k f u d d k sv c , d ^ n ' k Zd * d sL F k k u i j ^ H k k x h n k j * d s: i e sa n s[ k k t k r k g St k s e wY ; & r V L F k r k d h v k M +e sa l k e k f t d i { k / k j r k l sc p u g h al d r k A 2 -^ f o H k sn * v k Sj ^ f o L F k k i u * d sv k x zg k sa d k i f j . k k e ; g g qv k f d v k t o SK k f u d v u ql a/ k k u d k sf d l h , d ^ o SK k f u d i ) f r * l su g h ac k a/ k k t k l d r k A , d r j g d k c g qy r k o k n ¼ pluralism½ L o h d `r g k sj g k g SA 3 -v k / k qf u d r k o k n e sa t g k av k f o " d k j k sa d sr d u h d h i { k i j t k sj f n ; k t k r k g So g h am R r j v k / k qf u d r k o k n h f o e ' k Zl k e k f t d v k Sj l k aL d `f r d l an H k k sZa i j / ; k u d sf U n zr d j r k g SA 4 -m R r j & v k / k qf u d f o e ' k Z u s o SK k f u d K k u d s l an H k Z e sa o L r qf u " B r k ]r d Z; qD r r k ]L F k k u h ; r k ] l k o ZH k k Sf e d r k v k f n i zR ; ; k sa i j i qu f o Zp k j d j u sd k sc k / ; f d ; k g SA ^ f L F k f r c ) r d Z; qD r r k * , sl si zR ; ; l k e u sv k ; sg St k sv r k f d Zd r k v k Sj l k i s{ k r k o k n l si j sg k su sd h v k sj b af x r d j r sg SaA 5 -r h l j h n qf u ; k ¡d sn s' k k sa v k Sj f u E u o x k sZa d h i j ai j k x r K k u & O ; o L F k k v k sa d k so SK k f u d K k u d h e q[ ; / k k j k e sa y k u sd k i z; k l f d ; k t k u sy x k g SA 6 -l k e k f t d f u e k Z. k o k n (Social Constructivism) d sf l ) k ar u sf o K k u & n ' k Zu e sa r h o zc g l d k st U e f n ; k g SA v k t g e u r k sg e d k y Zi k i j d so SK k f u d K k u d k sv o SK k f u d K k u e sa v y x d j u sd s f e F ; k d j . k ¼ falseability½ d s f l ) k ar i j i wj k H k j k sl k d j l d r s g S v k Sj u Q s; j k c sU M d s i w. k Z v j k t d o k n d k sg h i zJ ; n sl d r sg SaA g e sa e / ; e k x Zv i u k u k g k sx k A 3 7 ] v l j Q V k sy k ] g j n k sb Z] m Ù k j i zn s' k l U n H k Z& 1.



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H k f D r % e k s{ k ' k r k f è k d k j e k d k U r i k . M s; ^ H k f D r * ' k C n ^ H k t ~l so k ; k e ~* è k k r ql s^ f D r u ~* i zR ; ; d j u sl sf u " i é g k sr k g Sf t l d k v F k Zg S& f o H k k x ] l so k ] x k S. k h o `f Ù k ] H k ú h ] v u qj k x f o ' k s" k ] b Z' o j e sa i j k v u qj f D r ] m i k l u k ] i j e s' o j f o " k ; d i j e i zse ] m i k L ; k d k j k d k f j r f p Ù k o `f Ù k ] v k j k è k u k v k f n A i zL r qr i zl ax e sa H k f D r ' k C n l sg e sa i j e s' o j f o " k ; d i j e i zse g h v H k h " V g S] ; g h i zL r qr O ; k [ ; k u d k f o o sP ; f o " k ; g SA H k f D r ' k C n d h f = k f o è k O ; qR i f Ù k d h t k r h g S& 1 H k t u aH k f D r % ¼ H k k o O ; qR i f Ù k % ½ 2 H k T ; r s; k l k H k f D r % ¼ d e ZO ; qR i f Ù k % ½ 3 H k T ; r s· u ; k b f r H k f D r % ¼ d j . k O ; qR i f Ù k % ½ A b l i zd k j v i u sm i k L ; i j i j e v u qj k x : i f p Ù k o `f Ù k H k f D r g S] H k D r v k Sj H k x o k u ~d k i k j L i f j d H k k o k R e d l E c U è k f o ' k s" k H k f D r g S] i j e i zse l si f j I y k f o r H k D r d sâ n ; d k b Z' o j d si zf r i w. k Zl e i Z. k H k k o H k f D r g Sr F k k H k D r d sâ n ; l si j e i zse d si zo k g d h H k k o è k k j k H k f D r g SA v r , o ' k k f . M Y ; u s^ l k 1 i j k u qj f D r j h ' o j s* d g d j H k f D r d k y { k . k i zL r qr f d ; k g SA f t l d k v f H k i zk ; g S& i j e k R e k d si zf r i j e v u qj k x : i f p Ù k o `f Ù k g h H k f D r g SA b l h r F ; d k sL i " V d j r sg q; s' k k f . M Y ; l af g r k d k j u sd g k g S& l o k ZR e u k f u f e Ù k So L u sg è k k j k u qd k f j . k h A o `f Ù k % i zse i f j " o D r k H k f D r e k Zg k R E ; c k sè k t k A A H k f D r i n k F k Zd k si f j H k k f " k r d j r sg q; su k j n H k f D r l w= k e sa d g k x ; k g S& ^ l k R o f L e u ~i j e i zse : i k A v e `r L o : i k p A ; Y y C è o k i qe k u ~f l ) k sH k o f r ] v e `r k sH k o f r ] r `I r k s H k o f r ] ; r ~i zk I ; u f d f × p n ~o k × N f r ] u ' k k sp f r ] u } sf " V ] u j e r s] u k sR l k g h H k o f r A ; T K k R o k e Ù k k sH k o f r ] 2 L r C è k k sH k o f r ] v k R e k j k e k sH k o f r * A ^ o g H k f D r b Z' o j e sa i j e i zse : i g S] v e `r L o : i g S] f t l si k d j i q# " k f l ) g k st k r k g SA v e `r g k s t k r k g S] r `I r g k st k r k g S] f t l si k d j o g v k Sj d qN u g h ap k g r k ] u ' k k sd d j r k ] u } s" k d j r k ] u d g h aj e r k ] u m R l k g h g k sr k A f t l st k u d j H k D r e r o k y k g k st k r k g S] L r C è k g k st k r k g Sv k Sj v k R e k j k e g k st k r k g SA * u k j n u sH k f D r d k s^ i j e i zse * d g r sg q; s; g H k h c r k ; k g Sf d ; g ^ i j e i zse * v k l f D r d sf c u k u g h a i zk I r g k sr k A m U g k sau si j e i zse d sf y ; sv k o ' ; d v k l f D r d sX ; k j g H k sn c r k ; sg Sa & ¼ 1 ½ x q. k e k g k R E ; & v k l f D r ] ¼ 2 ½ : i & v k l f D r ] ¼ 3 ½ i wt k & v k l f D r ] ¼ 4 ½ L e j . k & v k l f D r ] ¼ 5 ½ n k L ; & v k l f D r ] ¼ 6 ½ l [ ; & v k l f D r ] ¼ 7 ½ d k U r & v k l f D r ] ¼ 8 ½ o k R l Y ; & v k l f D r ] ¼ 9 ½ v k R e f u o sn u & v k l f D r ] ¼ 1 0 ½ r U e ; r k & v k l f D r v k Sj 3 ¼ 1 1 ½ i j e f o j g & v k l f D r A e / ; H k k j r h & 7 2 ] t u o j h & t wu ] 2 0 1 7 ] ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 54-76



H k f D r % e k s{ k ' k r k f è k d k @ 5 5



b l i zd k j H k f D r v k j k è ; d si zf r H k D r d k i w. k Zl e i Z. k H k k o g S] v k R e r Ù o k F k Zd k c k sè k g S] i j e l q[ k d si zk f I r d k l k è k u g SA H k f D r f o " k ; d i k ' p k R ; f o p k j d f r i ; i k ' p k Ù ; f o p k j d k sa d k e r g Sf d H k k j r e sa H k f D r d h v o è k k j . k k b l k b Zè k e Zl sv k ; h g SA d e Zi zè k k u ; g wn h è k e Zd h v i s{ k k b l k b Zè k e Ze sa i zse d k v R ; f è k d e g Ù o v k Sj i zk p q; Zg SA b l k b Zè k e Zd k e wy f l ) k ar g h v k j k è ; d si zf r i zse i zk p q; Z; k H k f D r g SA v r % i k ' p k Ù ; l e h { k d b l k b Zè k e Ze sa g h l o Zi zF k e H k f D r d sm n ; d h c k r d j r sg SaA m u d sv u ql k j H k k j r o " k ZH k f D r d h v o è k k j . k k d sf y ; sb l k b Zè k e Zd k _ . k h g SA , sl sf o p k j d k sa e sa c so j ] d h F k v k Sj f x z; l Zu i ze q[ k g SaA 4 f x z; l Zu u se k u k g Sf d i zk p h u l e ; e sa b l k b ; k sa d h , d c L r h e n zk l d si k l F k h ] m U g h ad si zH k k o l s f g U n qv k sa e sa H k f D r d k i zk n qH k k Zo g qv k v k Sj d k y k U r j e sa H k f D r n f { k . k H k k j r l sl E i w. k ZH k k j r e sa Q Sy x ; h A c so j d `" . k d h H k x o k u ~d s: i e sa d Y i u k d k J s; Ø k b " V d k sn sr sg SaA m u d sv u ql k j d `" . k t U e k " V e h i o Zv k Sj e g k H k k j r e sa ' o sr } h i d k o . k Zu H k h b l k b Zè k e Zd h n su g SA f o y l u u sH k f D r d k sv o k Zp h u ; qx d h m i t c r k r sg q; s; g f l ) d j u sd k m i Ø e f d ; k g Sf d 5 f o f H k é l E i zn k ; k sa d sx q# v k sa u sv i u h i zf r " B k d sf y ; sb l d k i zp k j f d ; k A i k ' p k R ; f o p k j d k sa d k [ k . M u o k L r o e sa b u i k ' p k Ù ; f o } k u k sa d h v o è k k j . k k ; sa f u e wZy g SaA J h j k e p k Sè k j h ] i ax k Sj h ' k ad j g h j k p U n v k s> k ] c k y x ax k è k j f r y d ] J h d `" . k L o k e h v ; ax k j v k f n f o } k u k sa u sm i ; qZD r i k ' p k Ù ; f o } k u k sa d k [ k aM u d j r sg q; sH k f D r d k l zk sr o sn k sa d k sc r k ; k g SA f u " d " k Zr % i k ' p k Ù ; f o } k u k sa d k ; g e r L o h d j . k h ; u g h ag SA m u d k ; g d F k u i w. k Zr % f u e wZy ] f u j k è k k j v k Sj d i k sy d f Y i r r F k k l o ZF k k v i zk e k f . k d g SA H k k j r o " k Ze sa H k f D r d k m n ; b l k b Zè k e Zd sm n ; l sc g qr i g y sg k sp qd k F k k A b r u k i g y sf d m l l e ; r d b l k b Zè k e Zd h d Y i u k r d u g h ag k sl d h F k h A o sn f t l i zd k j K k u v k Sj d e Zd sm n ~x e L F k y g Sa m l h i zd k j H k f D r d k H k h e wy l zk sr o sn 6 g h g SaA ; g k ¡; g ' k ad k d h t k l d r h g Sf d o sn k sa e sa H k f D r ' k C n d k i z; k sx r k sg Su g h a] f Q j o g k ¡H k f D r d h v o è k k j . k k d k f u è k k Zj . k d Sl sf d ; k t k l d r k g S\ o L r qr % o sn k sa e sa H k f D r i zo . k â n ; l sn so r k v k sa d h L r qf r d h x ; h g SA n so r k v k sa d sl k F k g h o g k ¡e k r k ] f i r k ] H k k b Z] f e = k v k f n f L u X è k c U è k qv k sa d k L u sf g y l E c U è k o f . k Zr g SA v u sd e a= k k sa e sa n so r k v k sa d si zf r L r qf r d r k Zv k sa d k v u qj k x L i " V n `f " V x r g k sr k g SA _ X o sn d sv è k k sf y f [ k r e U = k ; g k ¡n z" V O ; g Sa & 7 ^ R o af g u % f i r k o l k sR o ae k r k ' k r Ø r k sc H k wf o F k v è k k r sl qL u e h e g s* r F k k & 8 l [ k k f i r k f i r `r e % f i r `. k k ad r qZe qy k sd e ' u qr so ; k sè k k % b l i zd k j b U n zf e = k r k ] l â n ; r k ] e k r `R o v k Sj f i r `R o d k v k o k l H k wf e e k u k x ; k g SA b U n zd sl k F k b l i zd k j d sH k k o i w. k Zf L u X è k l E c U è k d k sn s[ k d j o sn k sa e sa H k f D r d sv H k k o d h c k r d j u k l o ZF k k v u qf p r g SA L r o u d sl e ; f o f H k é n so r k v k sa d h H k k o i zo . k L r qf r ; k sa e sa f u f g r l j l H k k o qd r k g h L r k sr k v k sa d sâ n ; e sa H k f D r d sl n ~H k k o e sa i ze k . k g SA v f o o sf d ; k sa d h f o " k ; f u " B i j e v k l f D r d sl e k u H k D r d h b Z' o j e sa v u qj f D r g h H k f D r g SA r qy l h u sL i " V ' k C n k sa e sa d g k g S&



5 6 @ e / ; H k k j r h



d k f e f g u k f j f i ; k f j f t f e y k sf H k f g d sf i z; n k e A f r f e j ? k qu k F k f u j U r j f i z; y k x g qe k saf g j k e A A r qy l h d sm i ; qZD r ' k C n f o " . k qi qj k . k d sv è k k sf y f [ k r ' y k sd l sl ao k n d j r sg Sa & ; k i zh f r j f o o sd k u k af o " k ; s" o u i k f ; u h A 9 R o k e u qL e j r % l k e sâ n ; k u ~e k · i l i Zr qA A c zk ã . k x zU F k k sa d k v u q' k h y u d j sa r k sg e i k r sg Sa f d b u x zU F k k sa e sa H k f D r H k k o u k d k m Ù k j k sÙ k j f o d k l g qv k g SA ; g h f L F k f r v k j . ; d x zU F k k sa e sa H k h n `f " V x r g k sr h g SA m i f u " k n ~x zU F k r k sH k f D r l si f j i w. k Zg SaA ; g k ¡ f p Ù k o `f Ù k f u j k sè k k R e d ; k sx l s i q" V l k è k d k sa d k â n ; H k f D r d s i zf r v f è k d v k d `" V f n [ k k b Z n sr k g SA ' o sr k ' o r j m i f u " k n ~e sa L i " V : i l sH k f D r ' k C n d k i z; k sx g qv k g S& ; L ; n so si j k H k f D r ; ZF k k n so sr F k k x qj k S 1 0 r L ; Sr sd f F k r k á F k k Z% i zd k ' k U r se g k R e u % A A v k x k e h d k y e sa m i f u " k n k sa e sa i zf r i k f n r H k f D r d k g h f o d k l e g k H k k j r ] x h r k ] J h e n ~H k k x o r ] H k f D r l w= k k sa r F k k v u sd o S" . k o l E i zn k ; k sa e sa g qv k A ; g k ¡; g H k h r F ; m i L F k k f i r d j u s; k sX ; g Sf d m i ; qZD r x zU F k k sa d si z. k ; u d sl e ; H k k j r d k i k ' p k Ù ; t x r ~l sd k sb Zl E c U è k u g h aF k k ] v r % b u x zU F k k sa e sa H k f D r d k i zf r i k n u b l k b Zè k e Zd si zH k k o l se k u k t k u k U ; k ; k sf p r u g h ag SA b l f o " k ; e sa d k sb ZH k h r d Zn su k f o p k j d d h i wo k Zx zg x zL r r k r F k k H k k j r h ; i j E i j k v k sa l sm l d h v u f H k K r k d k si ze k f . k r d j r k g SA J h e n ~H k k x o r L i " V d g r k g Sf d K k u v k Sj d e Zd sl k F k H k f D r d k i zf r i k n u H k h o sn k sa d k v H k h " V 1 1 g SA ^ H k f D r % i ze s; k J qf r H ; % *d g d j ' k k f . M Y ; u sH k h b l r F ; d k l e F k Zu f d ; k g SA b l l w= k d h O ; k [ ; k d j r sg q; sv i u h H k f D r p f U n zd k u k e d V h d k e sa u k j k ; . k r h F k Zu sH k f D r v k Sj m l d sH k sn k sa d si zf r i k n u g sr q v u sd o sn e U = k k sa d k sm n ~è k `r f d ; k g Sf t u e sa J o . k ] d h r Zu v k f n d k L i " V i zf r i k n u g SA H k f D r d k L o : i H k f D r d k L o : i t k u u sd sf y ; s; g k ¡i zF k e r % g e y k Sf d d v u qj k x d k sl e > u sd k i z; k l d j r sg SaA y k Sf d d v u qj k x r h u i zd k j d k g S& 1 L u sg ] 2 i zse v k Sj 3 J ) k A i q= k ] d U ; k r F k k f ' k " ; v k f n d si zf r f i r k ; k x q# v k f n d sâ n ; e sa f o | e k u f u E u x k e h v u qj k x ^ L u sg * d g k x ; k g SA f e = k v k Sj d y = k v k f n d si zf r g k su s o k y k l e k u x k e h v u qj k x ^ i zse * g Sr F k k e k r k ] f i r k v k f n e k U ; k sa d si zf r e k U ; x k e h v u qj k x g h ^ J ) k * i n o k P ; g SA ; g v u qj k x H k h n k si zd k j d k g S& d k e e wy d v k Sj i zse e wy d A d k e e wy d v u qj k x e sa v k l f D r d k v k f è k D ; n `f " V x r g k sr k g St c f d i zse e wy d v u qj k x e sa H k k o d k i zk è k k U ; g k sr k g SA d k e d k e wy L o k F k Zg S] m l d h y { ; b f U n z; k ¡g Sa f d U r qi zse d k e wy i j k F k Zg Sv k Sj m l d k y { ; v k R e k g k sr k g SA L o k F k Zd h v K k u e wy r k d sd k j . k d k e h e sa f o ' k q) i zse d k v H k k o g k sr k g SA m l sd F k e f i H k f D r d k v f è k d k j h u g h ae k u k t k l d r k A H k x o k u ~d si zf r m U e q[ k H k x o R i zse h g h H k f D r d k v f è k d k j h g SA J h e n ~H k k x o r d g r k g S& f e F k k sH k t f U r ; sl [ ; % L o k F k SZd k U r k s| e k f g r sA 1 2 u r = k l k Sâ n aè k e Z% L o k F k k ZF k Za r f ) u k · U ; F k k A A ^ v g ac zã k f L e * ^ r Ù o e f l * b R ; k f n e g k o k D ; k F k Zd sf o f ' k " V v F k Zd k f p U r u d j r sg q; sc zã l sv f H k é v k R e r Ù o d k l k { k k R d k j g h H k f D r g S&



H k f D r % e k s{ k ' k r k f è k d k @ 5 7



e k s{ k d k j . k l k e x z; aH k f D r j so x j h ; l h A 1 3 L o L o : i k u ql U è k k u aH k f D r f j R ; H k h è k h ; r sA A u k j n b l sv k Sj H k h L i " V d j r sg Sa & l o k sZi k f è k f o f u e qZD r ar R i j R o su f u e Zy e ~A 1 4 â " k h d s. k â " k h d s' k l so u aH k f D r # P ; r sA A L u sg v k f n o `f Ù k ; k ¡y k Sf d d g Sa] v r % f o u ' o j g SaA f d U r qH k f D r m u L u sg v k f n l sf o y { k . k g SA H k f D r d k v k J ; f u R ; ] f u e Zy ] v k u U n L o : i i j e k R e k g S] v r % H k f D r H k h f u R ; g SA f e = k ] i q= k ] d y = k v k f n d si zf r L u sg f o u ' o j v k Sj c U è k u d k d k j . k g Sf d U r q^ H k f D r * i n o k P ; i j e s' o j f o " k ; d v y k Sf d d v u qj k x c U è k u d k d k j . k u g h aA H k f D r f u R ; ] l R ; ] l u k r u ] l d y d k e u k v k sa d h v è k h ' o j h g S] e k sg k r h r g S] ' k q) l Ù o x q. k e ; h g S] H k x o n ~â n ; f o g k f j . k h g S] l k { k k r ~e qf D r i zn k f ; u h g Sv k Sj y k sd k r h r g SA o sn k sa e sa i zf r i k f n r H k f D r g k sv F k o k n k ' k Zf u d k sa ; k e è ; d k y h u r qy l h ] u k u d ] d c h j v k f n d s} k j k i zo f r Zr H k f D r ] l c , d g Sa] m u e sa i j L i j d k sb ZH k sn u g h ag SA b u e sa n `f " V x r g k su so k y k c k á H k sn x ú k e sa r h F k k sZa d s } k j k f d ; sx ; sH k sn d h r j g g SaA â " k h d s' k ] g f j } k j ] i z; k x ] d k ' k h v k f n r h F k k sZa d s} k j k O ; o â r g k su so k y k H k sn e k = k r h F k Z& i ; Zo l k ; h g S] x ú k r k so g h g SA f t l i zd k j f g e k y ; l sf u x Ze d k y e sa d k sb Zè k k j k v y d u U n k ] d k sb Ze U n k f d u h r k sd k sb ZH k k x h j F k h d g y k r h g SA c k n e sa l e r y H k wf e e sa v k d j r h u k sa f e y r h g Sa v k Sj ^ x ú k * u k e l sy k sd f o J qr v k Sj y k sd i wT ; c u r h g Sa] m l h i zd k j v u qj k x e ; h è k k j k L u sg ] i zse v k Sj J ) k : i l si q= k ] f e = k ] d y = k ] i f r ] f i r k v k Sj x q# e sa p ap y r k l si zo k f g r g k sr h g qb Zt c v i u sf = k f o è k u k e ] : i v k Sj L o H k k o d k sR ; k x n sr h g Sr F k k L o k F k Zj f g r H k x o n ~H k k o e ; l e r y i zn s' k e sa , d g k sd j ' k k U r è k k j k l sc g r h g S] r c o g h è k k j k ^ H k f D r * d g h t k r h g SA i q= k ] f e = k v k f n e sa t k sv u qj k x k sR i f Ù k L u sg ] i zse v k Sj J ) k : i l sg k sr h g So g h c k n e sa H k x o n ~H k k o k sU e q[ k g k su si j ^ H k f D r * i n o k P ; c u r h g SA t h o v i u sL o : i d k sH k wy d j b P N k ] l q[ k ] n q% [ k v k f n è k e k sZa d k sv i u si j v k j k sf i r d j r k g qv k t U e e `R ; qd sp Ø e sa Q ¡l t k r k g Sv k Sj v k è ; k f R e d ] v k f è k n Sf o d v k Sj v k f è k H k k Sf r d n q% [ k k sa d k sH k k sx r k g Sf d U r qt c H k f D r i zo . k g k sd j o g t h o v i u sd k s' k j h j = k ; k u o f P é ] r n ~x r l q[ k n q% [ k l sv l E c ) ] l o ZO ; k i d i w. k k Zu U n L o : i e k u r k g Sr c o g K k u h H k D r v i u sL o : i d k si zk I r d j r k g Sr F k k i w. k Zl f P p n k u U n l k x j e sa f u e f T t r g k sr k g SA J h e n ~H k k x o r e sa J h d `" . k u sd g k g S& r L e k n ~K k u su l f g r aK k R o k L o k R e k u e q) o A K k u f o K k u l E i  k sH k t e k aH k f D r H k k o r % A A K k u f o K k u ; K su e k f e " V ~o k R e k u e k R e f u A l o Z; K i f r ae k ao Sl af l f ) ae qu ; k s· x e u ~A A H k f D r ay C è k o r % l k è k k s% f d e U ; n o f ' k " ; r sA 1 5 e Õ ; u U r x q. k sc zã . ; k u U n k u qH k o k R e f u A A b l i zd k j l o Zl k { k h ] l o k ZU r ; k Ze h ] l o Z' k f D r e k u ~] l o sZ' o j ] l o Z' k k l d ] f u j f r ' k ; K k u o k u ~] l o ZK i j e k R e k d si zf r n zo h H k k o i wf o Zd k e u d h H k x o n k d k j : i k l f o d Y i k o `f Ù k g h H k f D r g SA e è k ql wn u l j L o r h u s è k e Zi wo Zd H k x o n ~x q. k k sa d sv k j k è k u l sn zo h H k wr â n ; d h r Sy è k k j k o n ~v u o f P N é è k k j k o k f g d H k x o n k d k j o `f Ù k d k s g h H k f D r d g k g S&



5 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h



n zqr L ; H k x o ) e k Z) k j k o k f g d r k ax r k A l o sZ' k se u l k so `f Ù k H k Zf D r f j R ; f H k è k h ; r sA A ^ n zo h H k k o i wf o Zd k e u l k sH k x o n k d k j : i r k l f o d Y i k o `f Ù k H k Zf D r % * l e L r l k al k f j d i zk f . k ; k sa d h i zo `f Ù k l q[ k i zk f I r e sa g h g k sr h g SA d k sb Zd H k h H k h n q% [ k d h d k e u k u g h a d j r k A d k sb ZH k h f o o sd h L o Y i r k e sa l q[ k d k v u qH k o u g h ad j r k ] l H k h d k sf u j U r j v f è k d k f è k d l q[ k d h v f H k y k " k k g k sr h g SA t h o t c r d v u U r l q[ k u g h ai k y sr k r c r d i z; r e k u g h j g r k g SA H k x o r h 1 6 N k U n k sX ; J qf r d g r h g S& ; k so SH k we k r R l q[ k au k Y i sl q[ k e f L r A ¼ 6 2 2 9 ½ H k f D r g h f u R ; v k Sj ' k k ' o r l q[ k g S] o g h j l g S] o g h c zã H k h A b l j l e sa g h t h o l q[ k d k v u qH k o d j r k g SA x h r k e sa J h d `" . k d k d F k u g S& H k D R ; k e k e f H k t k u k f r ; k o k u ~; ' p k f L e r Ù o r % A 1 7 r r k se k ar Ù o r k sK k R o k f o ' k r sr n u U r j e ~A A b l i zd k j ^ ; n k ; n k f g / k e ZL ; ¼ x h r k ] 4 7 & 8 ½ b R ; k f n i zf r K k d sv u ql k j i zk f . k ; k sa d sd Y ; k . k d s f y ; s/ k e Zd h L F k k i u k d sf y ; s]v / k e Zd sf o u k ' k d sf y ; s] l ar k sa d sl aj { k . k d sf y ; s] n q" V k sa d sn e u d sf y ; sv k Sj H k D r k sa d k sv k u f U n r d j u sd sf y ; st k sv o r k j y sr k g S] H k D r k sa d k sv k u f U n r d j r k g S] ' k k L = k h ; e ; k Zn k v k sa d k i k y u d j r k g S] l e L r y k sd d k sl q[ k i zn k u d j r k g S] o g i j e k R e k H k x o k u ~] i j e s' o j ] v k j k è ; g Sr F k k m l b Z' o j d si zf r i j e k u qj f D r ; k v u U ; i zse g h H k f D r g SA H k f D r d sH k sn v k p k ; k sZa u sx k S. k h v k Sj i j k H k sn l sH k f D r d k sf } f o è k c r k ; k g SA ; g x k S. k h n k si zd k j d h g S& o Sè k h v k Sj j k x k f R e d k A o Sè k h d su k SH k sn d g sx ; sg Sa & J o . k ] d h r Zu ] L e j . k ] i k n l so u ] v p Zu ] o U n u ] n k L ; ] l [ ; v k Sj v k R e f u o sn u & J o . k ad h r Zu af o " . k k s% L e j . k ai k n l so u e ~A 1 8 v p Zu ao U n u an k L ; al [ ; e k R e f u o sn u e ~A A x k Sr e h ; r U = k e sa H k f D r d sv k B g h H k sn c r k ; sx ; sg Sa & n so r k ; k ap e U = k sp r F k k e U = k i zn sx qj k SA H k f D r j " V f o è k k ; L ; r L ; d `" . k % i zl h n f r A A R ; D r t u o k R l Y ; ai wt k ; k ap k u qe k sn u e ~A l qe u k v p Z; sf é R ; ar n F k sZ n E H k o t Zu e ~A A r R d F k k J o . k sj k x L r n F k sZ p k u qf o f Ø ; k A r n u qL e j . k af u R ; a; L r é k E u k si t h o f r A A H k f D r j " V f o è k k á s" k k ; f L e u ~E y sP N s· f i o r Zr sA 1 9 l e qf u % l R ; o k n h p d h f r Ze k u ~l H k o sé j % A A i Á i qj k . k e sa d k f r Zd e k g k R E ; d si zl ax e sa H k h H k f D r d sv k B g h H k sn d g sx ; sg Sa & J o . k ad h r Zu ai wt k l o Zd e k Z¿ i Z. k aL e `f r % A 2 0 i f j p ; k Zu e L d k j % i zse L o k R e k i Z. k ag j k SA A v U ; = k i n ~e i qj k . k d sm Ù k j [ k . M e sa f ' k o i k o Zr h d sl ao k n d si zl ax e sa H k f D r d s1 6 H k sn c r k ; sg Sa & v k | U r qo S" . k o ai zk sD r aj k ³ ~t p Ø v ø u ag j s% A



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è k k j . k ap k sè o Zi q. M ªk . k k ar U e U = k k . k k ai f j x zg % A A v p Zu ap t i k sè ; k u ar é k e L e j . k ar F k k A d h r Zu aJ o . k ap So o U n u ai k n l so u e ~A A r R i k n k sn d l so k p r f é o sf n r H k k st u e ~A r n h ; k u k ap l al so k } k n ' k h o zr f u " B r k A A r qy l h j k si . k af o " . k k sn sZo n so L ; ' k k f ú Z. k % A 2 1 H k f D r % " k k sM ' k è k k i zk sD r k H k o c U è k u f o e qD r ; sA A i zL r qr i zl ax e sa ' k a[ k p Ø d k v ad u ] m è o Zi q. M ªè k k j . k ] m u d se U = k k sa d k i f j x zg ] v p Zu ] t i ] è ; k u ] f o " . k qu k e k sa d k L e j . k ] d h r Zu ] J o . k ] o U n u ] i k n l so u ] p j . k k e `r x zg . k ] H k x o k u ~d k sl e f i Zr i n k F k Zd k i zl k n x zg . k ] m u d sH k D r k sa d h l so k ] } k n ' k h o zr v k Sj r qy l h d k j k si . k ] H k f D r d sv U r x Zr i f j x f . k r g SaA o S" . k o l E i zn k ; e sa e q[ ; : i l sH k f D r d sr h u H k sn g Sa & o Sè k h ] j k x k f R e d k v k Sj i j k A i zF k e r % o Sè k h r n u U r j j k x k f R e d k v k Sj m l d sc k n i j k H k f D r m R i  g k sr h g SA l k è k u n ' k k d h x k S. k h H k f D r g h f l ) k o L F k k e sa ^ i j k * ' k C n l sO ; i f n " V g k sr h g SA b l f y ; si j k H k f D r d h i zk f I r d sf y ; st k sl k è k u k o L F k k g k sr h g S] o S" . k o m l sg h x k S. k h H k f D r d k u k e n sr sg SaA o Sè k h H k f D r d k v u q" B k u d j j g sH k D r d sâ n ; e sa H k x o k u ~d si zf r v i wo Zv u qj k x m R i é g k st k r k g S] o g H k x o n ~H k k o l k x j e sa f u e X u g k sd j v e U n v k u U n d k l U n k sg i zk I r d j u sy x r k g S] m l d k f p Ù k v u o f P N é H k f D r i zo k g l sl j k c k sj g k st k r k g S] m l H k D r d h ; g n ' k k g h ^ j k x k f R e d k * H k f D r d g y k r h g SA j k x k f R e d k H k f D r d h n ' k k e sa H k D r d k e u k se è k qi i zH k qi k n e d j U n d sj l k L o k n l sm U e Ù k g k sd j l o Z= k i zH k qd k g h l k { k k R d k j d j r k g Sv k Sj f u j U r j v k u f U n r g k sr k j g r k g SA m l H k D r d k â n ; l k al k f j d f o " k ; k sa l s f o j D r g k sd j v g f u Z' k H k x o k u ~e sa g h y h u j g r k g SA i f j i D o n ' k k d k ; g h i f j . k k e ^ i j k * H k f D r d su k e l s v f H k f g r g k sr k g SA b l v o L F k k e sa H k D r l o Z= k v k R e n ' k Zu d j r k g SA ' k ad j k p k ; Zd sv è k k sf y f [ k r i | e sa H k f D r d h b l v o L F k k d k sn s[ k k t k l d r k g S& l E i w. k Za t x n so u U n u o u al o sZ· f i d Y i n zqe k x ú k ao k f j l e L r o k f j f u c g % i q. ; k % l e L r k % f Ø ; k % A o k p % i zk d `r l aL d `r k % J qf r f x j k so k j k . k l h e sf n u h l o k Zo f L F k f r j L ; o L r qf o " k ; k n `" V si j sc zã k f . k A A H k D r d k sv k R e K k u g k st k u sd sv u U r j m l d sf y ; sl E i w. k Zl al k j g h u U n u o u g k st k r k g S] l H k h o `{ k d Y i o `{ k ] l e L r t y x ax k t y ] l e L r f Ø ; k ; sa i q. ; f Ø ; k ; sa] l H k h i zk d `r v k Sj l aL d `r o k . k h J qf r o p u ] l e L r o l qU è k j k o k j k . k l h g k st k r sg SaA m l sl o Z= k v k R e l k { k k R d k j g k sr k g SA v k R e r Ù o d sv f r f j D r m l sd k sb Z r Ù o H k k f l r g h u g h ag k sr k A H k f D r j l o sn ] c zk ã . k ] v k j . ; d v k Sj m i f u " k n k sa l sg k sr h g qb ZH k f D r d h è k k j k j k e k ; . k ] e g k H k k j r ] i qj k . k k sa] e g k d k O ; k sa] [ k . M d k O ; k sa] u k V d k sa r F k k L r k s= k k sa r d i zo g e k u g qb ZA l aL d `r l k f g R ; d h x g u v f H k O ; f D r ; k sa l s N y d d j o g y k sd H k k " k k ] y k sd l k f g R ; ] y k sd x h r k sa r F k k y k sd u k V d k sa e sa H k h v f H k f " k D r g qb ZA n k ' k Zf u d i zL F k k u k sa u s m l d s L o : i d k i f j ' k h y u f d ; k & ^ j l a á so k · ; a y C è o k v k u U n h H k o f r * A p Sr U ; d s v u q; k ; h d k O ; ' k k f L = k ; k sa u sm l sj l d h d k sf V r d i g q¡p k ; k A ^ j l k so Sl % * t Sl h J qf r ; k sa d k v k J ; y sd j m U g k sau sH k f D r



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j l d h g h c zã : i r k L o h d k j d h A j l d h c zã : i r k v k Sj c zã d h j l : i r k d k i zf r i k n u d j b u d k O ; ' k k f L = k ; k sa u sv i u h f o p k j è k k j k d sl k e u sn k ' k Zf u d k sa d k sH k h > qd k f n ; k A o L r qr % o S" . k o l E i zn k ; e sa c zã d h j l : i r k g h L o h d `r g S] v r % ; g k ¡m u m u v k p k ; k sZa d se r e sa H k f D r & j l d k L o : i t k u u k v k o ' ; d g SA d k O ; ' k k L = k e sa H k f D r j l d k s j l R o i zn k u u g h a f d ; k x ; k A m l s H k k o r d g h l h f e r j [ k k x ; k A ^ j f r n sZo k f n f o " k ; k * d g d j e E e V u sm l d sH k k o R o d k i zf r i k n u f d ; k A f d U r qc k n e sa ; g H k f D r j l j l j k t c u k A j k e k u qt v k Sj H k f D r j l f o f ' k " V k } Sr o k n h j k e k u qt } k j k i zf r i k f n r j l d k O ; j l u g k sd j n ' k Zu d k j l g SA o g c zã d k i ; k Z; g SA ; g k ¡è ; k r O ; g Sf d d k O ; ' k k L = k e sa i zf r i k f n r j l c zã k u U n u g k sd j c zã k u U n l g k sn j g Sf d U r q^ ^ j l k s o Sl % * * ^ ^ v k u U n k sc zã * * v k f n J qf r ; k sa l si zf r i k f n r j l c zã d k i ; k Z; g SA j k e k u qt j l ] v k u U n v k Sj l q[ k ' k C n k sa d k i z; k sx c zã d si ; k Z; d s: i e sa g h d j r sg Sa & v k u U n k sc zã b R ; qP ; r sA f o " k ; k ; Ù k R o k r ~K k u L ; l q[ k : i r ; k c zã So l q[ k e ~A r f n n e k g & j l k so Sl % ] 2 2 j l aá so k · ; ay C è o k · · u U n h H k o f r A f o f ' k " V k } Sr e sa c zã ^ v k u U n L o : i * , o a^ K k u L o : i * g SA ; g k ¡v k u U n v k Sj K k u ' k C n , d k F k Zd H k h g SaA j k e k u qt d sv u ql k j o g h K k u f o ' k s" k v k u U n g Sf t l d s} k j k y k sd v k u U n d k sl k è ; l e > r k g S& i zh f r ' p K k u f o ' k s" k , o A u u qp l q[ k ai zh f r f j R ; u F k k ZU r j e ~] l q[ k ap K k u f o ' k s" k l k è ; ai n k F k k ZU r j f e f r 2 3 y k Sf d d k % A u So e ~A ; su K k u f o ' k s" k s. k r r ~l k è ; f e R ; qP ; r s] l , o K k u f o ' k s" k % l q[ k e ~A b l hr F ; d s v k è k k j i j j k e k u qt i j e r Ù o c zã d k s c g q= kK k u k u U n Sd : i d g r s g Sa ¼ K k u k u U n Sd : i % ] x h r k H k k " ; ] v o r j f . k d k ] i `1 ½ v r % j k e k u qt d k K k u v k u U n k R e d g S v k Sj v k u U n K k u k R e d A c zã v k u U n L o : i g S r F k k K k u L o : i H k h g Sv k Sj v k u U n r F k k K k u m l e sa x q. k d s: i e sa H k h f o | e k u g Sa ¼ t h o k R e L o : i aK k u k u U n Sd x q. k k r ~] o sn k F k Zl ax zg ] i `1 ½ A ; g d F k u i j L i j f o # ) v o ' ; i zr h r g k sr k g Sf d U r qj k e k u qt K k u r F k k v k u U n d k sv k R e k d k L o : i f u : i d è k e Zg h e k u r sg SaA c zã ^ v k u U n L o : i * ; k ^ K k u L o : i * g S] b l d k v k ' k ; g h ; g g Sf d o g v k u U n , o aK k u d k v k è k k j g SA c zã d h v k u U n : i r k , o av k u U n x q. k r k n h i T ; k sf r v k Sj n h i i zH k k d sm n k g j . k l sl e > h t k l d r h g SA f t l i zd k j n h i f ' k [ k k i zH k k d k v k J ; g Sm l h i zd k j K k u L o : i v k Sj v k u U n L o : i c zã K k u v k Sj v k u U n d k v k è k k j g S ¼ ; F k Sd e so r st k sn zO ; a i zH k k i zH k k o n zwi s. k k o f r " B r sA v L ; k L r q x q. k R o O ; o g k j k s f u R ; r n k J ; R o r P N s" k R o f u c U è k u % ] J h H k k " ; ] 1 1 1 ] i `6 7 ½ A i zH k k , d n zO ; g k sd j H k h n h i f ' k [ k k d sv k f J r ' k s" k : i j g u sd sd k j . k x q. k : i g h g S] b l h i zd k j K k u & v k u U n H k h L o ; an zO ; g k sd j n zO ; : i v k R e k d sx q. k g k sl d r sg Sa ¼ ; F k k f g e f . k | qe f . k i zH k `f r r st k sn zO ; ai zH k k o n zwi s. k k o f r " B e k u ai zH k k : i x q. k k J ; % ] n zO ; : i k f i r P N s" k R o f u c U è k u x q. k O ; o g k j k A , o e ; e k R e k L o i zd k ' k f p n zwi , o p Sr U ; x q. k % ] l o Zn ' k Zu l ax zg % ] j k e k u qt n ' k Zu ] i `9 8 & 9 9 ½ f d l h n zO ; d sx q. k g k su sd sf y ; sv k è k s; r k g h v i sf { k r g SA v k è k k j H k wr i n k F k Zo L r qr % n zO ; g Sv k Sj v k è k s; i n k F k Zx q. k A b l i zd k j K k u v k Sj v k u U n v k R e k d sL o : i H k h g Sa v k Sj x q. k H k h A j k e k u qt d sK k u L o : i v k Sj v k u U n L o : i d g u sd k v F k Z; g h g Sf d c zã K k u & v k u U n x q. k k sa l sf o f ' k " V g SA ¼ K k u su è k e sZ. k L o : i e f i f u : f i r e ~] u r qK k u e k = k ac zã sf r A K k u L ; è k e Ze k = k R o k n ~è k e Ze k = k L ; Sd L ; o L r qR o i zf r i k n u k u qi i Ù k s' p A v r % l R ; K k u k f n i n k f u L o k F k ZH k wr K k u k & f n f o f ' k " V e so c zã i zf r i k n ; f U r ¼ o sn k F k Zl ax zg ] i `6 ½ v r % j k e k u qt



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c zã d k sv k u U n d g u sd h v i s{ k k v k u U n d k sc zã d k è k e Zc r k r sg SaA c zã ^ v k u f U n * g SA J h H k k " ; e sa b l r F ; 2 4 d k sv k Sj H k h v f è k d L i " V r k d sl k F k i zf r i k f n r f d ; k x ; k g SA , sl k u g h ag Sf d ; g ^ K k u k u U n L o : i r k * r F k k ^ K k u k u U n Sd x q. k r k * d so y c zã e sa g h j g r h g SA j k e k u qt t h o e sa H k h b u è k e k sZa d k i zf r i k n u d j r sg SaA L o : i r % c zã v k Sj t h o n k su k sa d sK k u k u U n v i f j f P N é g Sa f d U r qt h o d sK k u k u U n v f o | k d s} k j k l ad qf p r g k st k r sg Sa] v f o | k d sn wj g k st k u si j i qu % v i f j f P N é j g t k r sg Sa f d U r qc zã d sK k u k u U n i w. k Z] f u j f r ' k ; ] v u U r , o al ad k sp f o d k l l si j sg k sr sg SaA m u i j v f o | k d k i zH k k o u g h ai M +r k A f o f ' k " V k } Sr e qD r t h o k sa d h H k h n k sd k sf V ; k sa d k sL o h d k j d j r k g SA , d r k so se qD r t h o g k sr sg Sa t k s d e Z: i v f o | k l se qD r g k sd j K k u k u U n L o : i j g t k r sg Sa v k Sj v i u sv i f j f P N é K k u k u U n d k v u qH k o d j r s g SaA f d U r qm u d k ; g v k u U n f u j f r ' k ; , o av u U r u g h ag k sr k A f u j f r ' k ; ] i f j i w. k Zv k u U n d h v u qH k wf r o sg h e qD r t h o d j i k r sg Sa t k so Sd q. B o k l h ' k s" k ' k k ; h H k x o k u ~u k j k ; . k d si f j d j e sa l f E e f y r g k sd j i j e i zh f r i wo Zd v i u h ' k s" k r k d h v u qH k wf r d j r sg SaA v r % f o f ' k " V k } Sr d k i j e i zk I ; j l o g h f u j f r ' k ; v k u U n g S t k sc zã d k L o : i f u : i d è k e Zg SA o g h f u j f r ' k ; , o av u U r g SA j k e k u qt d k ; g v k u U n & L o : i c zã ' k ad j d sv k u U n & L o : i c zã d sl e k u f u x qZ. k , o af u f o Z' k s" k u g h ag S] l f o ' k s" k , o al x q. k g S] b r u k g h u g h ao g f n O ; : i ] f n O ; v k d `f r ] , o af n O ; o SH k o l sH k h i f j i w. k Zg SA b l i zd k j j k e k u qt d k v k j k è ; c zã v u U r d Y ; k . k x q. k k sa l sf o f ' k " V u k j k ; . k i q# " k k sÙ k e H k h g SA m u d sb l c zã L o : i e sa] t Sl k f d M k j k è k k d `" . k u ~u si zf r i k f n r f d ; k g S] o sn & v k x e & i qj k . k v k Sj i zc U è k e ~d k l e U o ; g qv k g SA b l i zd k j e qD r t h o d s} k j k d h t k u so k y h c zã k u U n d h v u qH k wf r f u f o Z' k s" k , o av u qH k wf r e k = k u g k sd j l f o ' k s" k ] l x q. k ] l k d k j l k SU n ; Zd h v u qH k wf r g SA j k e k u qt d k c zã o s| H k h g S] v u qH k o u h ; H k h A m l e sa n ' k Zu v k Sj H k f D r f e y d j , d g k sx ; h g SaA ; g h f o f ' k " V ]l x q. k ]y h y k e ; ]K k u k U n & L o : i ]K k u k U n Sd x q. k ]v U r ; k Ze h ]i j c zã i q# " k k sÙ k e H k x o k u ~o k l qn so j k e k u qt d sn ' k Zu d k i zf r i k | j l r Ù o g SA j k e k u qt d sb l ^ j l & r Ù o * d sf o " k ; e sa f u E u c k r sa g e k j sl e { k v k r h g Sa & 1 -^ j l * i j e k R e r Ù o c zã d k i ; k Z; g S] i j e r Ù o ^ j l & L o : i * g SA 2 -^ j l * o L r qr % c zã d k L o : i u g h a] m l d k L o : i & f u : i d è k e Zg SA o g L o ; av k u U n u g h a] v k u U n & x q. k l s; qD r g SA m l d k ; g v k u U n f u j f r ' k ; & f u j o f è k d g SA c zã d sb l v k u U n x q. k d k s] t k so L r qr % K k u d k i ; k Z; g h g S] i j e H k D r t h o v u qH k o d j r k g SA 3 -i j e r Ù o u k j k ; . k y h y k e ; i zH k qg SA o g f p n f p n ~& e ; f o ' o d sl t Zu & f u e h y u d h y h y k d j r k g SA b l y h y k e sa o g j l k L o k n u d j r k g SA b l i zd k j o g v i u sg h ^ y h y k j l * d k H k k sD r k g SA v i u sH k D r k sa d sl k F k ? k qy & f e y t k u k m l H k D r o R l y d k H k k sx g SA 4 -j l k L o k n u d j u so k y sH k D r d h n `f " V l so k L r f o d j l g Sm l ' k s" k h d s' k s" k : i e sa v i u h l P p h f L F k f r d si f j K k u d sl k F k f u R ; l k e qT ; d h v u qH k wf r A H k D r t h o d k ; g p j e n k L ; H k k o g S] t k sj R ; k R e d g SA ; g j f r v i u s' k s" k h i j e s' o j d si zf r g SA b l e sa v i u s' k s" k h d si zf r v i u h ' k s" k r k d k K k u H k h g S] v k Sj m l d si zf r x g j h v u qj k x k u qH k wf r H k h A v r % ; g j f r K k u v k Sj



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v u qH k wf r d k ? k k sy g SA b l sj k e k u qt ^ v ' k s" k ' k s" k r Sd j f r : i f u R ; l k ; qT ; * d g r sg Sa] v k Sj b l f L F k f r d k sg h H k D r d h , d j l k R e r k c r k r sg SaA b l i zd k j j k e k u qt d k ^ j l * i j e H k D r t h o d h v i u s v k j k è ; ' k s" k h i j e k R e k d s i zf r v ' k s" k & ' k s" k r k e ; h f u R ; l k ; qT ; d h j R ; k f R e d k v u qH k wf r g Sf t l e sa ' k s" k h i j e k R e k d sf u j f r ' k ; f u j o f è k d v k u U n d k v k L o k n u H k D r d k sg k sr k g SA j k e k u qt d h H k f D r K k u : i k g S] e k = k i zh f r u g h a] m U g k sau sb l r F ; d k L F k y & L F k y i j i zf r i k n u f d ; k g SA i j U r qo g l k e k U ; r % c k S) & K k u u g h a] K k u & f o ' k s" k g SA d so y c k S) K k u e sè k k d h f Ø ; k g S] m l e sa v u qj k x d k ; k sx g k su si j t k sK k u d k f o ' k s" k : i c u r k g SA o g h H k f D r g S& ^ ^ H k f D r : i k i u k s· u qè ; k u su So y H ; r s]u d so y o sn u e k = k s. k ]u e sè k ; sf r f u f " k ) R o k r ~A ; n k r L ; r f L e é so k u qè ; k u sf u j o f è k d k f r ' k ; k i zh f r t k Z; r sr n So r su y H ; r si j % i q# " k % A * * b l i zd k j j k e k u qt d h H k f D r e sa n k sv a' k g Sa & , d g So sn u d k ] n wl j k g Si zh f r d k A v k Sj ] o sb l i zh f r d k sH k h K k u d k g h , d f o ' k s" k : i e k u r sg Sa& ^ ^ H k f D r ' k C n ' p i zh f r f o ' k s" k so r Zr sA i zh f r ' p K k u f o ' k s" k , o A * * e è o k p k ; Zv k Sj H k f D r j l v k p k ; Ze è o } Sr o k n d si zf r " B k i d g SaA m U g k sau sj k e k u qt d h v u sd e k U ; r k v k sa d h L o h d k j f d ; k g S r F k k f i o g H k sn ] H k sn k H k sn v k Sj v H k sn d k sl e sV u so k y h j k e k u qt d h i zf Ø ; k l sl g e r u g h ag SaA m U g k sau sL i " V r % H k sn o k n d k i zf r i k n u f d ; k g SA e è o u s^ j l k so Sl % * J qf r o k D ; e sa j l & ' k C n d k sc zã d k i ; k Z; o k p h u e k u d j f o ' k s" k . k d s: i e sa L o h d k j f d ; k g SA ^ l % * f o ' k s" ; g S] ^ j l % * f o ' k s" k . k A c zã d sl U n H k Ze sa l r ~] f p r ~] v k u U n r h u ' k C n k sa d h p p k Z p y k d j r h g S] f t u e sa i zk ; % ^ j l * ' k C n d k s^ v k u U n * d k i ; k Z; o k p h i zf r i k f n r f d ; k x ; k g SA f d U r qe è o u s m l s^ f p r ~* d si ; k Z; d s: i e sa f n [ k k ; k g S% ^ ^ j l k s o S l % ]j l a á so k ; a y C è o k u U n hH k o f r b f r j l ' k C n su f o ' k s" k . k k r ~ r R l k j H k wr a f p U e k = k e so k sP ; r sA * * ¼ H k k " ; & 1 1 1 6 ½ L o : i r % t h o d k se è o u sc y ] v k u U n ] K k u ] v k st v k f n è k e k sZa l se qD r e k u k g SA o sb l l E c U è k e sa x k Si o u J qf r d h e k U ; r k L o h d k j d j r sg Sa & c y e k u U n v k st ' p l e K k u e u k d qy e ~A 2 5 L o : i k . ; so t h o L ; O ; T ; r si j e k n ~f o H k k s% A A i j e k R e k d k v k u U n i zp qj ] v l h e , o af u R ; g SA f d U r qt h o d k v k u U n c ) n ' k k e sa f r j k sf g r g k s t k u so k y k r F k k l l h e g SA t h o d sb l f u t k u U n d h v f H k O ; f D r H k x o R l k f é è ; l se qf D r & n ' k k e sa g k sr h g SA ^ ^ O ; T ; r si j e k n ~f o H k k s% * * A c ) n ' k k e sa o g n q% [ k h g k sr k g S] v K k u h g k sr k g S] v c y g k sr k g SA e qD r n ' k k e sa 2 6 i j e k R e & l E i d Zl sm l d sK k u & v k u U n k f n è k e ZO ; D r g k st k r sg SaA b l h f L F k f r d k s^ ^ j l aá so k ; ay C è o k v k u U n h H k o f r * * b R ; k f n J qf r & o p u f u : f i r d j r sg SaA e è o u s ^ j l * d k sf p n k R e d f L F k f r d g k g SA ; g K k u & n ' k k g SA c ) n ' k k v K k u d h g k sr h g S] f t l e sa n q% [ k k f n d k v o d k ' k g k sr k g SA i w. k Zf p n k R e d i j e s' o j d k s] t k sj l & : i g S^ j l k so Sl % * J qf r f t l d h j l & f o f ' k " V r k c r k r h g S] i zk I r d j e qf D r & ; k sx h t h o H k h v k u U n h g k st k r k g S] m l d sL o : i k R e d v k u U n & K k u k f n x q. k k sa ; k è k e k sZa d h v f H k O ; f D r g k st k r h g SA



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f u E c k d Zv k Sj H k f D r j l } Sr k } Sr o k n h f u E c k d Zd sv u ql k j H k h ^ j l * ; k v k u U n c zã d k i ; k Z; g h g S] f t l d k i zf r i k n u ^ j l k s o Sl % * J qf r } k j k f d ; k x ; k g SA v i u sH k k " ; d si zF k e v è ; k ; d s1 3 o sa l w= k l sy sd j 2 0 o sa l w= k r d m U g k sau s c zã d h v k u U n e ; r k d k g h i zf r i k n u f d ; k g SA m u d h L i " V e k U ; r k g Sf d v k u U n e ; r k d k l E c U è k c zã l s g h g S] t h o l su g h a& v k u U n e ; % i j e k R e k ] u r qt h o % ] d qr % \ i j e k R e f o " k ; d k u U n & i n k H ; k l k r ~A H k k 1 @ 1 @ 1 3 j l aá so k ; ay C è o k · · u U n h H k o f r b f r o k D ; su y C è k `y C è k O ; ; k s& H k sZn O ; i n s' k k P p t h o k s· u k u U n e ; % A H k k 1 @ 1 @ 1 8 l k e k U ; r % ^ v k u U n * , d x q. k o k p d ' k C n g S] v r % v k u U n x q. k g S] c zã x q. k h g S] , sl k d g u k p k f g , A r F k k f i ] v k u U n c zã d k f u R ; , o aL o : i & f u : i d è k e Zg S] v r % x q. k & x q. k h e sa , sD ; ; k v H k sn e k u d j c zã d k s g h ^ j l * ; k ^ v k u U n * d g k t k l d r k g SA f Q j H k h v k u U n ' k C n J qf r ; k sa e sa x q. k v k Sj x q. k h n k su k sa d sf y , f e y t k r k g SA ^ v k u U n k sc zã * ^ v k u U n k n ~è ; so [ k f Y o e k f u H k wr k f u t k r k f u * b R ; k f n e sa v k u U n ' k C n x q. k h c zã d k o k p d g Sr k s^ v k u U n ac zã . k k sf o } k u ~u f o H k sf r d n k p u * b R ; k f n e sa x q. k & o k p d A c zã e sa v k u U n d h v u U r r k d g h x b Z g SA m l s v k u U n e ; d g k x ; k g SA ; g k a e ; V ~ i zR ; ; f o d k j k F k Zd u g k sd j i zk p q; Zv F k Ze sa g S] v k Sj ; g i zk p q; Zv u U r r k v k Sj H k we r k d h d k sf V d k g S] b l h f y , c zã d k s ^ l R ; aK k u e ~v u U r e ~* d g k x ; k g SA ; g v u U r r k v k u U n d h g h v u U r r k g S& l R ; aK k u e u U r ac zã sf r e U = k i zk sD r ae k U = k o k f . k Zd ar n so k u U n ' k C n su x h ; r sA ¼ H k k 1 1 1 6 ½ c zã d k sl r ~] f p r ~] v k u U n d g k t k r k g SA b u r h u ' k C n k sa e sa l r ~m l d h f u R ; l Ù k k d k o k p d g S] f p r ~K k u d k A ; g f p r ~c zã d h K k u ] H k k sx ; k b Z{ k . k d h ' k f D r g S] f t l d s} k j k o g L o : i k R e d v k u U n d k v u qH k o d j r k g SA b l i zd k j ; | f i f p r ~v k Sj v k u U n n k su k sa c zã d sL o : i H k wr g h g Sa] r F k k f i ; g d g k t k l d r k g Sf d c zã d sv k u U n k u qH k o e sa m l d k v k u U n m l d sf p r ~d k f o " k ; c u r k g SA f p r ~d h H k k sx d r `Zr k v k Sj v k u U n d h H k k sX ; r k c u r h g SA o Y y H k k p k ; Zv k Sj H k f D r j l ' k q) k } Sr o k n h o Y y H k u sv k u U n r Ù o i j n k ' k Zf u d n `f " V l sf o p k j i zk ; % v i u sv . k qH k k " ; v k f n n k ' k Zf u d x zU F k k sa e sa , o aj l k R e d n `f " V l sJ h e n ~H k k x o r & l qc k sf è k u h e sa f d ; k g SA m u d s" k k s³ ' k x zaF k k sa e sa H k h b r L r r % , r f } " k ; d n `f " V d k s. k f c [ k j sf e y t k r sg SaA m u d sn ' k Zu d k v f U r e i zf r i k | v k u U n r Ù o i j c zã g S] v k Sj H k k o u k d k v f U r e y { ; v k u U n r Ù o j l s' o j J h d `" . k A v k Sj ] ; g d g u sd h v k o ' ; d r k u g h af d m u d k i j c zã i q# " k k sÙ k e y h y k e ; j l L o : i J h d `" . k g h g SA e g k i zH k qo Y y H k u sv i u sf o f o è k x zU F k k sa e sa] f o ' k s" k r % J h e n ~H k k x o r d h l qc k sf è k u h V h d k e sa v i u h p sr u k d sv u ql k j f u : f i r j l & r Ù o d k f o o sp u d k O ; & ' k k L = k d h i n k o y h e sa H k h f d ; k g SA c k r d j r s& d j r so s d k O ; ' k k L = k h ; ' k C n k o y h i j v k t k r sg SaA l k e k U ; r % m U g k sau sv i u s; qx r d i f j f u " B k f i r v f H k O ; f D r o k n d h e k U ; r k v k sa d k v o y E c u f y ; k g Sf Q j H k h H k f D r j l d h v k o ' ; d r k v k sa d sv u q: i v u sd e k Sf y d c k r sa H k h f u : f i r d h g SaA g e ; g k ¡m u l c d h p p k Zu d j r sg q; sd so y j l & f u " i f Ù k l sl E c ) d f r i ; i ze q[ k c k r k sa d k g h m Y y s[ k d j sax sA v k f o H k k Zo o k n & o Y y H k d sj l & f l ) k U r d k s^ v k f o H k k Zo o k n * d k u k e f n ; k t k l d r k g SA ; | f i m U g k sau s ^ m R i f Ù k * ^ v f H k O ; f D r * ] v k f n ' k C n k sa d k H k h i z; k sx f d ; k g S] r F k k f i m u d k e U r O ; o g k ¡v k f o H k k Zo l sg h g k sr k



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g SA m u d sv u ql k j y h y k e ; d `" . k v k f o H k wZr g k sd j g h i w. k Zj l g Sa] v r % m u d sv u ql k j ^ j l k f o H k k Zo * d k f l ) k U r f u : f i r g k sr k g S& r k j r E ; su j l k u k aØ e s. k k f o H k k Zo se g k u ~j l % A A H k k x l qc k s1 0 2 1 4 j l y h y k e ; d `" . k & o Y y H k d k j l r Ù o y h y k e ; d `" . k g SA c zã v u k f o H k wZr y h y k o k y k j l r Ù o g S] d `" . k v k f o H k wZr y h y k e ; & ^ ; n k H k x o k u ~y h y k : i s. k i zd V k st k r % r n k r L ; k ay h y k ; k a; k sj l % l , o c zã f . k ] i j a u k f H k O ; D r % A * ¼ l qc k s2 1 9 ½ o Y y H k j l d k sd k O ; ' k k L = k h ; i zf Ø ; k i j n ' k i zd k j d k e k u r sg SaA ¼ l qc k s1 0 4 3 2 2 ½ m l h d sv k è k k j i j ; g j l e ; d `" . k H k h n ' k f o è k y h y k e ; g k sr k g SA ¼ 1 0 4 3 2 2 ½ f t l H k D r e sa f t l i zd k j d h H k k o u k & o k l u k g k sr h g S] m l e sa m l h i zd k j d h y h y k d sl k F k H k x o k u ~d k v k f o H k k Zo g k sr k g SA b l h i zd V y h y k e ; : i d h p p k ZJ h e n ~H k k x o r e sa g SA ; g L o : i r % v k u U n e ; g k su sd sd k j . k l k d k j g SA H k D r k sa d k sm l d h g h d `i k l sv H k k Sf r d b f U n z; k f n l sx zk á g SA ; g d `" . k L o ; aj l e ; , o aj l & L o : i g k sr sg q, f t l e sa v k f o H k wZr g k sr k g S] m l H k D r â n ; d k s j l k R e d c u k n sr k g S] t Sl sm n ~x r v f X u l o Z= k y h u v f X u d k v k f o H k k Zo d j n sr k g S] o Sl sg h m l d sv k f o H k k Zo 2 7 l sv k J ; H k D r d h v u qH k wf r ; k ¡H k h j l & : i g k st k r h g SaA y h y k e ; d `" . k j l & L o : i , o aj l e ; g h u g h a] b l i zd k j l o Zj l e ; H k h g SA v k p k ; Zo Y y H k u sb l l o Zj l e ; r k d k i zf r i k n u l qc k sf è k u h e sa v u sd L F k y k sa i j i ; k ZI r f o L r k j l s f d ; k g S & r = k s' o j k s f g l o Zl E H k k sD r k H k o f r ] l o Zj l % b f r J qr s% ¼ l qc k sf / k u h 1 0 1 9 1 6 ½ n ' k e L d U è k d s1 2 l s1 8 r d d sv è ; k ; k sa d h l qc k sf è k u h e sa ; g r F ; v f è k d L i " V r % l k e u sv k ; k g SA f Q j H k h b l l o Zj l e ; r k e sa m u d k ' k k j h f j d : i g h l o ZJ s" B g S] f t l d k v k L o k n u d so y x k sf i ; k sa d k sg h g qv k g S& c zã k f n f H k % J qf r f H k ' p H k x o k u = k i zk F k Zu ; k u h r % ] j l L r qx k sf i d k f H k j so H k qD r % ] r , o f g j l a t k u f U r ] ¼ l qc k sf / k u h 1 0 1 5 4 3 ½ b u x k sf i ; k sa d sl k F k j l e ; j k l e sa L o ; ad `" . k d k j l e ; : i i w. k Zr % v k f o H k wZr g k sr k g S] v k Sj m u d sl E i d Zl sb u x k sf i ; k sa e sa H k h j l v k f o H k wZr g k sr k g SA b l i zd k j x k sf i ; k sa d h l e L r d k e p s" V k , ¡j l e ; h , o aj l : i k g k st k r h g SaA b u d k e p s" V k v k sa e sa , d p j e f u " d k e r k j g r h g S] b l h d k j . k m Q i j l sy k Sf d d d k e d sl e k u f n [ k k ; h n su si j H k h o Sl h u g h ag k sr h A j l d sn k s: i & o Y y H k y h y k e ; j l : i d `" . k d k sn k s: i k sa e sa L o h d k j d j r sg Sa] è k e Zl f g r v k Sj d so y A b l n `f " V l so sj l d sH k h n k sH k sn d j r sg Sa& è k e Zl f g r v k Sj d so y A d so y j l d k l E c U è k u k V ; k R e j l l sg S] f t l d h p p k Z o sd k O ; ' k k L = k h ; i n k o y h e sa d j r sg Sa] è k e Zl f g r j l H k x o k u ~d h l E H k k sx k R e d y h y k v k sa l sl E c U è k j [ k r k g SA d g u k p k f g , ] , d d k l E c U è k d k O ; k R e d : i e sa v u qH k o d j u so k y sv k L o k n f ; r k v k sa l sg S] n wl j sd k e wy x k si h v k f n y h y k & i k = k k sa l sA ^ ^ j l k sf g f } f o è k % & è k e Zl f g r % d so y ' p A d so y k su k V ~; si zf l ) % ] è k e Zl f g r % l E H k k sx sA H k x o r k o i q# H k ; f o è k e f i A * * ¼ H k k x o r 1 0 % 2 1 % 7 ½ f u " i f Ù k & v . k qH k k " ; e sa v k u U n e ; v f è k d j . k e sa d k O ; ' k k L = k h ; i n k o y h d sl k F k f u " i é j l d k L o : i o Y y H k u si zL r qr f d ; k g S& ^ ^ r n k u qH k o f o " k ; % i zd V v k u U n e ; b f r r R L o : i e qP ; r sA r = k f u # i f è k i zh f r j so e q[ ; k u k U ; f n f r K k i u k ; f i z; L ; i zè k k u k ú R o e qP ; r sA r n k f i z; s{ k . k k f n f H k j k u U n k R e d , o f o f o è k j l H k k o l U n k sg m R i | r s; % ] l n f { k . k % i { k m P ; r sA r r % L i ' k k Zf n f H k % i wo Zf o y { k . k % i zd `" V k u U n l U n k sg k s; % ] l m Ù k j % i { k m P ; r sA u k u k f o è k i { k l e wg k R e d R o k r ~r ; s% i { k ; k s; qZD r ar F k k R o e ~A L F k k f ; H k k o L ; Sd : i R o k n k R e R o e qP ; r s; r L r S% , o f o H k k o k f n f H k f o Zf o è k H k k o k sR i f Ù k % A



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o Y y H k d sv u ql k j m i f u " k n ~d sb u ' k C n k sa e sa v k u U n e ; j l : i d sv k f o H k k Zo d k i zf r i k n u g SA m i f u " k n ~b l d k f o o sp u i q# " k d s] i { k h d s: i d l sd j r h g SA b l v k f o H k wZr v k u U n e ; d k f ' k j v F k k Zr ~ l o Zi ze q[ k r Ù o o Y y H k d sv u ql k j f u # i k f è k i zh f r g SA ; g j f r g h L F k k ; h H k k o g SA f i z; d sn ' k Zu k f n l sb l j f r d k i w. k Zi f j i k d g k sr k g SA ; g j f r L o : i r % v k u U n k R e d g S] m l d k f o " k ; v k u U n e ; d `" . k g SA b l j f r d sm n ~c k sè k u d sf y , ; g h f i z; n ' k Zu k f n g h i ze q[ k f o H k k o k f n l k e x zh g SA o s. k qx h r ¼ v 2 1 @ 8 ½ d h l qc k sf è k u h e sa b l H k k o & f o d k l d h i zf Ø ; k d k sv k Sj L i " V f d ; k x ; k g SA t Sl k f d i qf " V e k x Zd h e wy è k k j . k k g S] H k x o n u qx zg : i k i qf " V d h m i y f C è k l s; g i zh f r H k k o d f y d k l si w. k Zf o d f l r i q" i d s: i e sa v k t k r h g SA b l d k i f j . k k e L o H k k o r % g k sr k g S] f i z; : i i Q y d sv k f o H k k Zo l so g j f r v k Sj m l l sm n ~H k wr l e L r v u qH k wf r ; k ¡j l k R e d g k st k r h g SaA H k f D r j l d h L F k k i u k p Sr U ; e g k i zH k qd sv u q; k ; h v k p k ; Z: i x k sL o k e h r F k k t h o x k sL o k e h u sH k f D r j l d h L F k k i u k d h A : i x k sL o k e h ^ H k f D r j l k e `r f l U / k q* r F k k ^ m T T o y u h y e f . k * u k e d x zU F k k sa d k i z. k ; u d j H k f D r j l d k s' k k L = k h ; L o : i i zn k u f d ; k A b u v k p k ; k sZa d sv u ql k j H k f D r v k u U n e ; h v u qH k wf r g S& v U ; k f H k y k f " k r k ' k wU ; aK k u d e k Z| u k o `r e ~A 2 8 v k u qd wY ; su Ñ " . k k u q' k h y u aH k f D r j # Ù k e k A A J s" B l sJ s" B H k k sx k sa v k Sj e k s{ k r d d h v f H k y k " k k l s' k wU ; ] K k u v k Sj d e Zd sv k o j . k k sa l se qD r ] H k x o k u ~Ñ " . k d k si zl U u d j u sd h H k k o u k l sv k sr i zk sr Ñ " . k d k v u q' k h y u g h m Ù k e H k f D r g SA H k f D r d h H k k o u k d k Ø f e d f o d k l g k sr k g SA b l h f y ; sm l d h l k / u v k Sj l k è ; v o L F k k v k sa d h p p k Zb u v k p k ; k sZa } k j k d h x ; h g SA o L r qr % H k f D r d h l k è ; f L F k f r g h v k u U n k f R e d k g SA r F k k f i m l f L F k f r r d y st k u so k y k l k / k u ; k e k x ZH k h L o : i r % v k u U n k R e d g SA v r % H k f D r d h l H k h H k wf e d k v k sa l sv k u U n d k l h / k l E c U / k g SA : i x k sL o k e h u sH k f D r d sf o d k l Ø e d k sf n [ k k r sg q; sd g k g S& v k n k SJ ) k r r % l k / k ql Ä~x k s· F k H k t u f Ø ; k A r r k s· u F k Zf u o `f Ù k % L ; k r ~r r k sf u " B k : f p L r r % A v F k k l f D r L r r k sH k k o % r r % i zse k H ; qn × p f r A 2 9 l k / k d k u k e ; ai zsE . k % i zk n qH k k Zo sH k o sr ~Ø e % A A b l Ø f e d f o d k l d k sè ; k u e sa j [ k r sg q; sH k f D r d sl k e k U ; r % r h u H k sn f d ; sx ; sg Sa& l k / k u ] H k k o v k Sj i zse k ¼ l k H k f D r % l k / k u aH k k o % i zse k p sf r f = k / k sf n r k ½ A l k / k u H k f D r d k d k ; ZH k k o & H k f D r d k m n ; d j u k g SA H k k o k sn ; d sv u U r j l k / k u H k f D r d h m i ; k sf x r k l e k I r g k st k r h g SA H k k o u k e d H k f D r d h g h i w. k Z i f j . k r v o L F k k d k s^ i zse k * u k e f n ; k x ; k g S¼ H k k o % l , o l k U n zk R e k c q/ k % i zse k f u x | r s½ A i z. k ; ] L u sg ] j k x ] e k u ] v u qj k x ] e g k H k k o v k f n b l h i zse k d h f o f ' k " V f L F k f r ; k ¡g SaA b u x k sL o k e h v k p k ; k sZa u sH k f D r j l d k sg h e q[ ; j l e k u k g Sr F k k e q[ ; v k Sj x k S. k H k sn l sb l H k f D r j l d s 1 2 H k sn e k u s g SaA b u e sa ' k k f U r H k f D r j l ]i zf r H k f D r j l ]i zs; k u ~ H k f D r j l ]o R l y H k f D r j l r F k k e / k qj H k f D r j l ] i k ¡p e q[ ; j l g SaA ' k k f U r ] i zh f r ] l [ ; ] o k R l Y ; ] f i z; r k ; k e / k qj k j f r Ø e ' k % b u d sL F k k ; h H k k o g SaA x k S. k H k f D r j l l k r g Sa& g k L ; H k f D r j l ]v n ~H k qr H k f D r j l ]o h j H k f D r j l ]d # . k H k f D r j l ]j k Sn zH k f D r j l ] H k ; k u d H k f D r j l v k Sj c h H k R l H k f D r j l A g k l j f r ] f o L e ; j f r ] m R l k g j f r ] ' k k sd j f r ] Ø k s/ k j f r ] H k ; j f r r F k k t qx qI l k j f r Ø e ' k % b u d sL F k k ; h H k k o g SaA



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: i x k sL o k e h u sH k f D r j l d sf o f H k U u i { k k sa i j f o L r `r f o p k j f d ; k g SA e / k ql wn u l j L o r h d s ^ H k f D r j l k ; u e ~* r F k k d j i k = k L o k e h d s^ H k f D r j l k . k Zo * d k si k d j H k f D r j l d k n k ' k Zf u d i { k v k Sj H k h i q" V g qv k g SA j l d h L o ; ai zd k ' k r k ] v [ k . M r k r F k k v U ; i { k k sa d sf u : i . k e sa H k f D r j l o k n h v k p k ; Zf u ' p ; g h i zk p h u d k O ; ' k k f L = k ; k sa d s_ . k h g SaA m n k g j . k k F k Zf o ' o u k F k u sj l d h v [ k . M r k ; g f n [ k k d j i zf r i k f n r d h g S f d j f r d k K k u l sr k n k R E ; g k sr k g Sv k Sj K k u L o : i r % L o ; ai zd k ' k v k Sj v [ k aM g k sr k g SA b u x k sL o k e h v k p k ; k sZa u sH k h i w. k Zr % m l h ' k Sy h e sa v i u h n k ' k Zf u d p sr u k l sj l d k v [ k . M R o f u : f i r f d ; k g S& i j e k u U n r k n k R E ; k n ~j R ; k n sj L ; o L r qr % A 3 0 j l L ; L o i zd k ' k R o e [ k . M R o ap f l ) ; f r A A b l i zd k j H k f D r j l d k i zf r i k n u d j b u v k p k ; k sZa u sJ qf r d sl k { ; l sH k f D r j l d k sc zã : i r k i zn k u d h g Sr F k k H k x o k u ~d h g h H k f D r j l d s: i e sa v f H k O ; f D r e k u h g S& H k x o k u ~i j e k u U n L o : i % L o ; e so f g A e u k sx r L r n k d k j j l r k e sf r i q" d y k e ~A A H k f D r j l d k l k f g f R ; d l k SU n ; Z v k p k ; Ze E e V ^ f ' k o sr j { k r ; s* d g d j d k O ; d sf t l i z; k st u d k m Y y s[ k d j r sg Sa] o k L r o e sa d f o r k d k o g h i j e i z; k st u g SA f ' k o v F k k Zr ~d Y ; k . k l sb r j & f H k U u e k ; k e k sg v k f n l st U ; n q% [ k d k f o u k ' k H k x o R l f é f / k d h i zk f I r v k f n d f o r k l sg h l E H k o g k sr sg SaA v k t H k h y k sd e sa v u sd ' k r d k sa] L r k s= k k sa v k Sj i qj k . k v k f n d si k B d h i j E i j k i zf l ) g SA ' k r d , o aL r k s= k v k f n d k i k B y k Sf d d d k e u k v k sa d h i wf Ù k Zd s f y , H k h f d ; k t k r k g Sv k Sj e k s{ k i zk f I r d sf y , H k h A v r % ; g k ¡f ' k o sr j { k f r l sd k O ; ' k k f L = k ; k sa d k sy k Sf d d l q[ k y k H k d sl k F k v k R ; f U r d n q% [ k f u o `f Ù k ] H k x o n ~H k f D r r F k k f u R ; l q[ k k R e d e k s{ k H k h v H k h " V g SA l w; Z' k r d d h j p u k v k Sj m l d si k B l se ; wj d f o d k d q" B n wj g qv k ] ; g d f o r k d k y k Sf d d i Q y g SA m l d sl r r i k B l s t U ; i q. ; i f j i k d d sd k j . k i zk I r g k su so k y h H k f D r m l d k v k è ; k f R e d Q y g SA d k O ; y k sd d k i f j R ; k x d j ' k k L = k d h H k k ¡f r d so y v k è ; k f R e d Q y d k > k ¡l k u g h an sr k A m l d h n `f " V e sa y k sd v k Sj v è ; k R e n k su k sa l e k u g SaA y k Sf d d l q[ k k sa d h d k e u k m r u h g h i zk e k f . k d g Sf t r u h v k è ; k f R e d Q y d h A y k Sf d d l q[ k d k v i y k i d j d so y v è ; k R e d sl g k j st h o u p Ø p y k u k v f r d f B u v k Sj v f o ' o l u h ; g SA d f o r k v i u sQ y d k s r h u L r j k sa i j i zn k u d j r h g S& i k B d sl e ; ^ l | % i j f u o `Zf r * d s: i e sa] i k B t U ; i q. ; l si zk I r g k su so k y s y k Sf d d l q[ k d s: i e sa v k Sj r T t U ; i q. ; k f r ' k ; l si zk I r H k x o n ~H k f D r d s: i e saA b l i zd k j v k u U n d h ; g f = k L r j h ; v u qH k wf r d k O ; d h v i u h f o y { k . k r k g SA J h e n ~H k k x o r H k f D r j l l si f j i w. k Zi qj k . k g SA ; g k ¡H k f D r v k Sj d f o r k i j L i j , sl sv k sr & i zk sr g Sf d n k su k se sa i k F k ZD ; d j i k u k H k h d f B u g k st k r k g SA H k f D r i zo . k O ; k l d h o p u k o y h j l v k Sj ' k k L = k h ; r Ù o k sa d h l e f U o r f = k o s. k h g SA v u sd o Sf n d l wD r v k Sj J qf r o p u H k x o r d h d f o r k e sa l g t g k sd j i zo g e k u n `f " V x k sp j g k sr sg SaA f u x qZ. k c zã d h l x q. k r k d h H k k ¡f r ; g k ¡d k O ; f u " B H k f D r d k v k L o k n p e R d `r v k Sj H k k o f o º o y d j n sr k g SA x t sU n zd h v k Ù k Zo k . k h e sa b l d k , d u e wu k n s[ k k t k l d r k g S& ; % L o k R e u h n af u t e k ; ; k f i Zr a D o f p n ~f o H k k r aD o p r f Ù k j k sf g r e ~A



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v f o ) n `D l k { ; qH k ; ar n h { k r s l v k R e e wy k s· o r qe k ai j k R i j % A A l E i w. k ZH k k x o r e g k i qj k . k H k f D r d k g h d k O ; k R e d : i g SA x g u ' k k L = k h ; i { k k sa d k sO ; k l u s d k O ; k R e d : i n sd j b l i zd k j i zL r qr f d ; k g Sf d H k k x o r v k u U n d k l k x j c u x ; k g SA x E H k h j n k ' k Zf u d f l ) k U r m l v k u U n l k x j d h x E H k h j r k e sa j R u k sa d h r j g f N i sg SaA ; g k ¡J qf r o p u d f o r k c u x ; sg Sa v k Sj d f o r k J qf r c u x ; h g SA O ; k l b l sf u x e d Y i r # d k v e `r â | Q y c r k r sg Sa & f u x e d Y i r j k sx Zf y r aQ y a' k qd e q[ k k n e `r n zo l a; qr e ~A f i c r H k k x o r aj l e k y ; ae qg qj g k sj f l d k H k qf o H k k o qd k % A A ; g k ¡i z; qD r j l ' k C n H k k x o r d sd k O ; R o d k | k sr d g SA d k O ; ' k k L = k h f u " d " k Zr % j l d k sg h d k O ; d g r sg Sa r F k k p Sr U ; d sv u q; k ; h v k p k ; ZH k f D r j l d k sg h d k O ; e k u r sg SaA H k k x o r , sl k f u x e Q y g St k s i j e k u U n : i n zo l sl a; qr g S] v r % O ; k l e k s{ k i ; ZU r b l d si k u sd h e U = k . k k n sr sg SaA ' k ad j k p k ; Z] v f H k u o x qI r v k Sj x k sd qy u k F k t Sl sd f o ; k sa d h o k . k h H k f D r l e f U o r r k sg Sg h ] o g d f o r k v k Sj H k f D r n k su k sa d h i j k d k " B k H k h g SA , sl sd f o ; k sa d h j p u k v k sa e sa H k f D r d f o r k d k L o H k k o c u d j m r j r k g SA f ' k o ' k r d H k f D r d k O ; H k h g S] L r k s= k H k h g Sv k Sj v i u sm i k L ; d sv U o s" k . k d k m i Ø e H k h A x k sd qy u k F k v i u s; qx d se g k u ~v k p k ; ZF k s] , sl sv k p k ; Zf t U g sa i k d j o k L r o e sa ^ l o Zr U = k & L o r U = k * ' k C n v U o F k Z g k st k r k g Sr F k k f i f ' k o ' k r d x k sd qy u k F k d h o Sn q" ; d h p k sV h l si f r r ' k k L = k i k " k k . k u g h ag S] o g m u d sH k k o f c U n qv k sa l si f j f l f × p r l g t d k O ; g SA i q= k h d k n E c j h d sv d k y e j . k l sH k X u â n ; f i r k d k v i u sv k j k è k ; d sl e { k d # . k i f j n so u g S] v i u sv k j k è k ; d sm l L o : i d sn ' k Zu d k i z; k l g St k s^ v . k k sj . k h ; k u ~* H k h g Sv k Sj ^ e g r k se g h ; k u ~* H k h A x k sd qy u k F k d h d f o r k H k f D r d sè k j k r y i j v ad qf j r H k h g qb Zg S] ' k k L = k h ; t y f c U n qv k sa l sl h p h H k h x ; h g Sv k Sj m l sH k k o r Ù o k sa l sm Q t ZL o y H k h c u k ; k x ; k g SA B h d m l h r j g t Sl s, d v ad qj d k sm l d s v u q: i i ; k Zo j . k v k Sj l sp u v k f n f n ; k t k r k g SA m l si k d j g h o g v ad qj o `{ k c u r k g Sv k Sj e è k qj Q y k sa l s t u e k u l d k sr `I r d j r k g SA x k sd qy u k F k f ' k o l sd g r sg Sa f d e Sa i `F o h u g h ag w¡] t y u g h ag w¡] r st u g h ag w¡ v k Sj o k ; qr F k k v k d k ' k H k h u g h ag w¡A r k sf i Q j b f U n z; ; k ' k j h j g k sl d r sg k s\ u g h ae Sa o g H k h u g h ag w¡A e Sa d k y v k Sj f n d ~H k h u g h ag w¡A e Sa f p r ~ H k h u g h ag w¡] f p Ù k H k h u g h ag w¡A r k sf Q j D ; k g k s\ e Sa r k sr qE g k j k v a' k H k wr t h o k R e k g w¡ & u è k j f . k & l f y y k u y k u o k ; qu Z[ k e r , o u [ k k f u u k f i o " e ZA u l e ; & d d qH k k Su f p U u f p Ù k a i q# " k i qj U n j i w# " k L r o k f L e A A v k R e k x U è k j f g r g k su sd sd k j . k i `F o h u g h ag k sl d r k ] ' k h r L i ' k Zo k u ~u g k su sd sd k j . k t y H k h u g h a g k sl d r k ] m " . k o Ù o m l e sa g Su g h a] v r % r st H k h u g h ag k sl d r k A ' k C n x q. k u g k su sd sd k j . k v k d k ' k H k h d Sl s g k sl d r k g SA i ap e g k H k wr k sa d sx q. k k sa d k x zk g d u g k su sd sd k j . k o g b f U n z; H k h r k su g h ag SA m U g h ai ap e g k H k wr k sa d k f o d k j u g k su sd sd k j . k m l s' k j h j H k h u g h ad g k t k l d r k A o g d k y v k Sj f n d ~H k h u g h ag SA K k u ] p Sr U ; ] p sr u k ; k e u H k h u g h ag SA o g r k sf ' k o d k v a' k H k wr f o H k qv k R e k g SA ^ i w# " k L r o k f L e * d g d j d f o u sv i u s v k j k è ; d si zf r v i wo Zv k R e l e i Z. k f d ; k g SA i wj h d f o r k m u d h l w> & c w> d k i zf r f u f è k R o d j r h g SA v k R e k m D r l e L r r Ù o k sa l sf H k  g SA



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i zf r H k k ' k k y h d f o d h d f o r k e sa d k O ; d sl e L r p k # R o g sr qv g e g f e d ; k V wV i M +r sg SaA m l d h d f o r k l e L r d k O ; r Ù o k sa l su o o è k wd h r j g v y ad `r g k st k r h g Sv k Sj m l l sm l d k d F ; m l h r j g v f H k O ; D r g k si M +r k g St Sl su o o è k wd h v k ¡[ k k sa l sf i z; r e d si zf r l g t l e i Z. k v f H k O ; D r g k sr k g SA i zd `f r p V qy !l w{ e H k wr ' k s" k si zd `f r f o d k j f u d k sp H k k f t d k y sA v f o j r i f j o `f Ù k [ k sn f [ k U u sL o f i f r t u si zf r c qè ; l sR o e sd % A A d f o d k f ' k o i zd `R ; k p V qy g S] p ap y g Sr H k h r k si zy ; d k y e sa i zd `f r d sl H k h f o d k j k sa d sf l e V t k u s i j H k h ] u k u k ; k sf u ; k sa e sa H k V d d j f [ k U u g q, v k R e k d sl k st k u sd sc k n H k h o g v d sy k t k x r k j g r k g S] l e L r y h y k d k v o y k sd u d j r k j g r k g SA b l l c d k v o y k sd u d j r sd j r sg h m l d se u e sa ^ , d k s· g ac g q L ; k e * d h H k k o u k t k x `r g k sr h g Sv k Sj o g l x Zf o è k k u d j r k g SA ; g i zy ; v k Sj l `f " V d k f o è k k u g h m l d h p V qy r k g SA : i d x k sd qy u k F k d k i j e f i z; v y ad k j g SA b l d si z; k sx e sa x k sd qy u k F k b r u sn { k g Sa f d f ' k o d h l w{ e l sl w{ e v o L F k k d k sv f H k O ; D r d j u se sa m U g sa d k sb Zd f B u k b Zu g h ag k sr h A v i u sv k j k è ; f ' k o d k sr Sf y d ] t x r ~d k sf r y r F k k t h o k sa d k sr Sf y d d k o `" k H k d g d j x k sd qy u k F k : i d d se k è ; e l s, sl k r k u k & c k u k c qu r sg Sa f d d f o r k ] y k sd v k Sj ' k k L = k r h u k sa , d g k st k r sg SaA r h u k sa d h b l f = k o s. k h l sv i wo Zd k O ; k F k ZL Q qf j r g k sr k g S& f o f è k o ' k f e f y r k sH k o k è o ; k = k k ag j f l t x f Ù k y i s" k r Sf y d k s· f l A u r o i ' k qi r s! f o n f U r i k ' k af i f g r n `' k % i ' k o % i f j H k ze f U r A A ; k = k k d sf y , f u d y sj k g h d k s; f n f o f è k o ' k k r ~r Sf y d f e y t k ; r k so g v i u h ; k = k k d k sN k sM +d j ? k j o k i l p y k t k r k g SA y k sd e sa ; k = k k d k y e sa r Sf y d d k f e y u v i ' k d qu e k u k t k r k g SA l al k j e sa u k u k ; k sf u e sa H k ze . k d j r sg q, v k R e k d k sf o f è k o ' k ; f n f ' k o f e y t k , a] m u d k l k { k k R d k j g k st k , r c r k s m l d h l al k j ; k = k k l se qf D r f u f ' p r g SA o g f ' k o e ; g k st k ; sx k A ; g t h o f ' k o d si k ' k d k sl e > u g h ai k j g k A r sy h d sc Sy d h r j g v k ¡[ k c k ¡è k sm l h H k o k V o h d sp k j k sa v k sj ? k we j g k g SA x k sd qy u k F k d h d f o r k m u d si k ¡f M R ; v k Sj d f o R o d k f u d " k g S] H k f D r d k O ; d h i j k d k " B k g Sr F k k H k f D r v k Sj l e i Z. k d h l h e k g SA f g U n h d f o ; k sa e sa t k ; l h ] r qy l h ] l wj ] i zl k n v k f n d h d f o r k ' k k L = k h ; r F ; k sa d k sv i u sv U r l ~e sa l e sV d j l â n ; d k sv u qj af t r d j r h g SA t k ; l h d k i n ~e k k o r v k Si f u " k f n d t h o & c zã o k n d k l V h d m n k g j . k g SA m i f u " k n k sa d k f u x qZ. k c zã o k n m u d h d `f r e sa i x i x i j n `f " V x k sp j g k sr k g SA t k ; l h x zU F k d sv k j E H k e sa e ax y k p j . k d sO ; k t l s d g r sg Sa & l qf e j k Sv k f n , d d j r k : A t sf g f t m n h U g d h U g l al k : A A d h U g sf l i zF k e t k sf r i j d k l wA d h U g sf l r sf g f i j h r d Sy k l wA A d h U g sf l v f x f u ] i o u ] t y [ k sg k A d h U g sf l c g qr Sj ax m j sg k A A d h U g sf l è k j r h ] l j x i r k : A d h U g sf l c j u & c j u v k Sr k : A A d h U g sf l f n u ] f n u d j ] l f l j k r h A d h U g sf l u [ k r r j k b u & i k ¡r h A A t k ; l h b Z' o j d st x R d r `ZR o d k i zf r i k n u d j r sg q, ; g H k h L i " V d j r sg Sa f d b l l `f " V i zf Ø ; k e sa



H k f D r % e k s{ k ' k r k f è k d k @ 6 9



m l sd so y , d i y d k l e ; y x k A m l u sv k d k ' k d h , sl h l `f " V d j n h f d o g f c u k l g k j sd s[ k M +k g SA n so n u qt ] ; { k ] f d U u j ] u k x ] e u q" ; v k f n g t k j k sa ; k sf u ; k sa d k l `f " V d r k Zo g h g SA n qf u ; k e sa t k sd qN f n [ k j g k g So g d qN H k h u g h ag SA o g i j e s' o j g h , d e k = k f u R ; r Ù o g S( l c Su k f L r o g v g f F k j , sl l k t t sf g d sj ) A o g v y [ k g S] v : i g S] o . k Zj f g r g S] o g i zx V H k h g Sv k Sj x qI r H k h g SA o g l o ZO ; k i h g SA m l d k d k sb Zf i r k u g h ag S] m l d h d k sb Ze k r k u g h ag S] m l d k d k sb Zi f j o k j v k Sj l E c U è k h u g h ag SA o g t k sp k g r k g Sd j r k g SA m l sd k sb Z j k sd u so k y k u g h ag SA v y [ k v : i v c j u l k sd r k ZA o g l c l k sa l c v k sf g l k sc r k ZA A i j x V x qi qr l k sl j c f c v k i h A è k j e h p h U g ] u p h U g Si k i h A A u v k sf g i wr u f i r ku e k r k A u v k sf g d qV qac u d k sb Zl x u k r k A A t k sp k g k l k sd h U g sf l d j St k sp k g Sd h U g A c j t u g k j u d k sb Zl c Sp k g f t m Q n h U g A A ^ t U e k | L ; ; r % * d sH k k " ; e sa ' k ad j k p k ; Z^ t x T t U e k f n d k j . k R o * d k sc zã d k r V L F k y { k . k c r k r s g SaA t Sl sd k sb Zc zk ã . k f d l h u k V d e sa { k f = k ; j k t k d k v f H k u ; d j r k g Sr c m l sj k t k l e > k t k r k g Si j U r q u k V d l e k I r g k su si j o g c zk ã . k d s: i e sa v k t k r k g SA d qN l e ; d sf y , j k t k c u u k m l d k L o : i y { k . k u g h aF k k A o g r k sr V L F k y { k . k F k k A m l h i zd k j t x R d r `ZR o v k f n c zã d k r V L F k y { k . k g SA r Sf Ù k j h ; k si f u " k n ~& ^ ; r k so k b e k f u H k wr k f u t k ; U r s; su t k r k f u t h o f U r A ; R i zR ; f H k f o ' k f U r r n ~c zã ¼ 3 1 ½ d g d j d k j . k c zã d k f u : i . k d j r h g SA c zã r k sl f P p n k u U n k R e d g S& l R ; aK k u e u U r ac zã ¼ r Sf Ù k 2 1 1 ½ f o K k u e k u U n ac zã ¼ c `g n k 3 9 2 8 ½ b R ; k f n J qf r o p u c zã d sL o : i y { k . k d k i zf r i k n u d j r sg SaA t k ; l h b u l H k h r F ; k sa l si f j f p r g Sa v k Sj l c d k l c v i u h d f o r k e sa H k j n sr sg SaA r qy l h o sn k U r ' k k L = k d se g k i f . M r g SaA H k f D r d sf l ) k U r k sa d k sy k sd k sU e q[ k c u k d j i zL r qr d j n su k m u d h f o y { k . k r k g SA x w< +r e f o " k ; r qy l h d h y s[ k u h d k l aL i ' k Zi k d j p e d m B r k g Sj k e p f j r e k u l ] f o u ; i f = k d k v k f n e sa m u d si k f . M R ; d h i j k d k " B k v k Sj H k f D r f u : i . k d k o Sf ' k " V ~; n s[ k k t k l d r k g SA f u x qZ. k v k Sj l x q. k c zã d k f u : i . k d j r sg q, o sd g r sg Sa & v x qu l x qu n qb Zc zã l : i k A v d F k v x k è k v u k f n v u wi k A A O ; k i d q, d qc zã v f c u k l h A l r p sr u ? k u v k u an j k l h A A v x qu v [ k aM v u U r v u k n h A t sf g f p U r f g ai j e k j F k c k n h A A u sf r u sf r t sf g c sn f u : i k A f u t k u U n f u # i k f è k v u wi k A A r qy l h d h d y e l sl H k h o sn k U r ' k k L = k h ; i k f j H k k f " k d ' k C n m r j r sp y r sg Sa v k Sj d k O ; e sa p e R d k j m R i U u d j r sg q; sH k D r â n ; d k sv k u f U n r d j r sg SaA H k k x o r K k r k & K s; l sj f g r ] v [ k . M v f } r h ; K k u r Ù o d k sg h c zã ] i j e k R e k v k Sj H k x o k u ~ d g r k g S& o n f U r r Ù o f o n L r Ù o a; T K k u e } ; e ~A c zã sf r i j e k R e sf r H k x o k f u f r ' k C n r sA A 1 1 1 A A H k k x o r d sv u ql k j c zã v k Sj t h o n k su k sa f u R ; g Sa f d U r qt x r ~v f u R ; g S& f u R ; k s· t k s· t l zl q[ k k s



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f u j × t u % A i w. k k sZ· } ; k s e qD r m i k f è k r k s· e `r % ¼ 1 0 1 4 2 3 ½ A r qy l h b l x w< + j g L ; d k s ^ j k e c zã f p U e ; v f c u k l h * r F k k ^ t h o f u R ; r qE g d sf g y f x j k so k * b Z' o j v al t h o v f o u k l h ^ j k e l f P p n k u U n f n u sl k * v k Sj ^ l k sb Zl f P p n k u an ? k u j k e k * d g d j L i " V d j n sr sg SaA r qy l h d sj k e y k sd d sj k e g Sa] y k sd m u e sa , d h H k wr g SA o g y k sd d sv k j k è ; r k sg Sa g h r qy l h u sj k e d k b r u k y k Sf d d h d j . k d j f n ; k g Sf d j k e d H k h i q= k d s: i e sa] d H k h t k e k r k d s: i e sa] d H k h c U è k qv k Sj l [ k k d s: i e sa i zR ; sd O ; f D r d sl k F k j g r sg SaA g j ? k j e sa t U e y su so k y k i q= k j k e g S] f i r k n ' k j F k g Sv k Sj e k r k d k Sl Y ; k r F k k o g u x j v ; k sè ; k c u t k r k g SA y k sd e sa i q= k d st U e k sR l o i j x k , t k u so k y sy k sd x h r k sa e sa g j ? k j e sa j k e t U e d h v k g V l qu k b Zn sr h g SA b l h i zd k j i q= k h l h r k l sv H k sn j [ k r h g SA j k e v k Sj l h r k l si zR ; sd i q= k v k Sj i q= k h d k v H k sn t U e v k Sj f o o k g n k su k sa L F k y k sa i j v f H k O ; D r g k sr k g SA i zR ; sd f i r k n ' k j F k v k Sj t u d n k su k sa g S] u x j v ; k sè ; k v k Sj t u d i qj h n k su k sa g SA d k j . k l k e x zh d sf o | e k u g k su si j m l i j y k sd o Sl k O ; o g k j d j u sy x r k g SA r qy l h d h ; g h f o ' k s" k r k g Sf d m U g k sau sj k e d k st u e k u l e sa c l k d j m l e sa l e L r ' k k L = k h ; r Ù o k sa d k s? k V k ; k A o sn k U r e sa i zf r i k f n r c zã d h l f P p n k u U n : i r k i af M r d k sl e > e sa v k l d r h g Sf d U r q y k sd m l su g h al e > l d r k A y sf d u r qy l h t c m l sj k e e sa ? k V k r sg Sa r k s, d f u j { k j H k h m l d se e Zr d i g q¡p t k r k g SA m i f u " k n k sa e sa f u : f i r c zã d h t x R d k j . k r k d k sr qy l h l g t r k l sj k e e sa v k j k sf i r d j i zL r qr d j r s g Sa & t k sd j r k H k j r k g j r k l qj l k g sc n h u n qu h d k s¼ d f o r k o y h 7 1 4 6 ½ ] t sf g l `f " V m i k b Zf = k f c è k c u k b Zl ax l g k ; u n wt k * A l e x zr qy l h l k f g R ; H k f D r r Ù o k sa d h v f H k O ; f D r g SA , sl h v f H k O ; f D r t k st u e k u l e sa j p h c l h g S v k Sj t u e k u l m l e sa j p k & c l k g SA j k e p f j r e k u l H k f D r d k O ; d k m R d `" V r e m n k g j . k g Sf t l u so k L r o e sa v ' k k L = k K d k sl j y r k l s' k k L = k f l [ k k ; k g SA y k sd J qf r d h t x g r qy l h c k c k d k si ze k . k e k u r k g Sv k Sj r qy l h J qf r d k sA J qf r d sj g L ; d k sr qy l h t k u r sg Sa f d U r qy k sd r qy l h d k st k u r k g SA r qy l h H k f D r d k sv i u h d f o r k e sa m r k j d j y k sd d sv k l & i k l d h p h t c u k n sr sg Sa v k Sj m u d h d f o r k H k f D r d k : i y sd j y k sd d k e k x Zn ' k Zu d j r h g SA r qy l h H k f D r d k sc zã l q[ k l sv k x sd h d k sf V e sa j [ k r sg SA t u d j k e n s[ k d j f o n sg g k st k r sg Sv k Sj L o ; af o ' o k f e = k l si w¡N r sg S& e wj f r e / k qj e u k sg j n s[ k h A H k ; g f c n sg qf c n sg qf c l s[ k h A A d g qu k F k l qU n j n k sm c k y d A e qf u d qy f r y d f d u `i d qy i k y d A c zã t k sf u x e u sf r d f g x k o k A m H k ; o s" k / k f j d h l k sb Zv k o k A l g t f c j k x : i e u e k sj k F k f d r g k sr f t f e p U n p d k sj k A r k r si zH k qi w¡N m ¡l f r H k k m # A d g g qu k F k t f u d j g qn qj k m # A b U g f g f c y k sd r v f r v u qj k x k A c j c l c zã l q[ k f g ae u R ; k x k A r qy l h e k s{ k d k f u j k n j d j d sH k f D r e sy qC / k g k su so k y sl ar k sa a d k s^ l ; k u s* d g r sg S& v l f c p k f j t sl ar l ; k u sA e qd qf r f u j k n f j H k x f r y qH k k u sA A e g k d f o f o | k i f r H k h H k f D r d k O ; d si z. k ; u e sa v u qi e g SaA m u d h j k è k k d `" . k d k st i r st i r sL o ; a d `" . k e ; g k st k r h g Sv k Sj L o ; ad k s[ k k st u sf u d y i M +r h g S&



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v u q[ k u e k è k o e k / k o l qe j b r j k / k H k sf y e è k k b ZA o g f u t H k k o l qH k k o f g f o l j y v i u sx qu qy qc qè k k b Z g u qe U u k V d d h l h r k H k ze j h H k wr d h V d k sn s[ k d j M j x b ZA v x j j k e d sv u qè ; k u l so g i qaL R o d k s i zk I r d j x b Zr k sj k e d sl k F k j f r d Sl sg k sx h A f d U r qf o | k i f r d h j k è k k d `" . k R o d k si k d j c M +h l g t r k l s j k è k k d k s[ k k st u sf u d y i M +r h g SA v k R e k U o s" k . k d h b r u h l V h d v k Sj d k sb ZO ; k [ ; k g k sH k h u g h al d r h A l wj d h n k L ; i f j d Y i u k e sa H k h d H k h d H k h n SU ; d sL F k k u i j , d , sl sf u / k M +d i u d h > y d f e y r h g St k sn k L ; e sa u g h l [ ; e sa g h l E H k o g S& v k t qg k Sa , d , d d f j V f j g k SaA d Sr qe g h a] d Sg e g h ae k / k S] v i u sH k j k sl sy f j g k SaA g k Sa r k Si f r r l k r i h f < +u d k S] i f r r Sà Sf u L r f j g k SaA v c g k Sa m ? k f j u p u & p k g r g k Sa] r qE g Sa f o j n f c u d f j g k SaA A i zL r qr i zl ax e sa j l [ k k u d h r k n k R E ; k u qH k wf r H k h n z" V O ; g S& e k sj & i [ k k f l j Å i j j k f [ k g k Sa x qat d h e k y x j si f g j k Sax h A v k sf < +f i r E c j y Sy d qV h c u x k s/ u X o k y u l ax f i Q j k Sax h A H k k o r k so k sf g e sj k sj l [ k k f u l k sr sj sd g sl c L o k ax d j k Sax h ; k e qj y h e qj y h / k j d h v / k j k u / k j h v / k j k u / k j k Sax h A A j l [ k k u d k f o j g e sa l a; k sx d k L e j . k H k h v f } r h ; g S& d k g d g k Sa j f r ; k d h d F k k c f r ; k ¡d f g v k o r g Su d N wj h A v k ; x k si k y f y ; k sH k f j v ad f d ; k se u H k k ; k sf i ; k sj l d w¡j h A r k f g f n u k l k sx M +h v f [ k ; k ¡j l [ k k f u e sj sv ax v ax e sa i wj h A i Su f n [ k k b Zi j Sv c l k ao j k sn Sd Sf o ; k sx f c F k k d h e t wj h A A j l [ k k u d k si j k R i j c zã r Ù o Ñ " . k d qat k sa d sH k h r j j k / k k d sp j . k i y k sV r sf e y r sg Sa& c zã e sa < w< ; k sa i qj k u u x k ; u o sn f j p k l qf u p k Sx qu sp k ; f u A n s[ ; k sn qj ~; k so g d qat d qV h j e sa c SB k si y k sV r qj k f / k d k i k ; f u A A H k f D r v k Sj y k sd H k f D r d k i f j f u f " B r L o : i o sn k sa] i qj k . k k sa , o aL r k s= k k sa d sv f r f j D r y k sd u k V ; k sa] H k k " k k l k f g R ; r F k k y k sd i j E i j k v k sa e sa H k h n `f " V x r g k sr k g SA i zk p h u l k f g R ; , o an ' k Zu H k f D r f o " k ; d f t u f l ) k U r k sa d h p p k Z d j r k g Sy k sd u sm l sv k R e l k r ~f d ; k r F k k v i u sO ; o g k j e sa m r k j k A v y o k j k sa u sr f e y e sa v i wo ZH k f D r è k k j k c g k b ZA m u d s^ f n O ; i zc U è k e ~* d k si k d j l k f g R ; l t Zu k è k U ; g qb ZA ; g è k k j k n f { k . k l sc g r h c g r h l qn wj i wo k sZÙ k j H k k j r r d i g q¡p h A e g k i q# " k ' k ad j n so u sv i u sv af d ; k u k V k sa d se k è ; e l s? k j ? k j e sa f o " . k qd k sc l k f n ; k A v k l k e e sa v k t H k h b u v af d ; k u k V k sa d se ap u d h i f o = k i j E i j k g SA ' k ad j n so d st k su k V d i zk I r g Sa m u e sa d k f y n e u ; k = k k ] # f D e . k h g j . k ] i k f j t k r g j . k ] j k e f o t ; v k f n i ze q[ k g SaA ' k ad j n so d h ; g f o ' k s" k r k g Sf d m U g k sau sv i u sv af d ; k u k V k sa d sf y ; sj l k u q: i H k k " k k x < +h ] m u d s



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e ap u d k i zd k j v k Sj e ap d h i f o = k r k c u k ; h A ' k ad j n so d su k V k sa d h p p k Zd j sa r k s; sl aL d `r u k V Ô i j E i j k d s m i : i d k sa d sv U r x Zr i f j x f . k r ^ y h y k * l aK d m i : i d k sa e sa v U r H k wZr g k sr sg SaA u k V d s{ k s= k e sa ^ y h y k * ' k C n o sn k U r l sv k ; k i zr h r g k sr k g SA c zã l w= k e sa ^ y k sd o Ù k qy h y k d So Y ; e ~* ¼ c zã l w= k ] 2 1 3 3 ½ d g d j O ; k l ^ y h y k * ' k C n d k i z; k sx d j r sg SaA ; g k ¡y h y k ' k C n l sm u d k v k ' k ; ; g g Sf d f t l i zd k j y k sd e sa u `R ; v k f n d sf y ; sf u " i z; k st u v u qd `f r d h t k r h g S] m l h i zd k j c zã d h y h y k ; g t x r ~ g SA b l sL i " V d j r sg q; sv k p k ; Z' k ad j d g r sg Sa f d f t l i zd k j m P N ~o k l v k Sj f u % ' o k l f c u k f d l h i z; k st u d s L o H k k o r % g k sr sg Sa] m l h i zd k j l `f " V i zf Ø ; k e sa b Z' o j d h i zo `f Ù k f c u k f d l h i z; k st u d sg k sr h g SA o L r qr % f t l e sa f d l h d k sy h u d j u sd h { k e r k g k so g ^ y h y k * g SA y h y k o g Ø h M k g S] f t l e sa Ø h M k d j u so k y k y h u g k st k ; A j k e k u qt u sb l sv k Sj H k h L i " V d j r sg q; sd g k g Sf d f p r ~r F k k v f p r ~o L r q; sa l `f " V f Ø ; k e sa c zã d h y h y k d sm i d j . k g SaA c zã b u e sa r U e ; g k sd j t x n k d k j g k st k r k g SA ¼ n z" V O ; & J h H k k " ; ] c zã l w= k & 1 4 2 7 ½ r U e ; h H k o u d s} k j k t x n k d k j e sa i f j . k f r d s} k j k c zã v U ; : i e sa v k H k k f l r g k su sy x r k g SA b l v U ; F k k H k k l d k sc zã l w= k e sa u V d k m n k g j . k n sd j l e > k ; k x ; k g S& y h y ; k O ; k e k sg u k F k Ze U ; F k k H k k l ; sé V o r ~ ¼ c zã l w= k 1 1 2 9 ½ A ; g y h y k f u x qZ. k d k s l x q. k r F k k v ' k j h j h d k s ' k j h j h c u k r h g S& L o y h y k f l ) F k Za r P N j h j e ~¼ c zã l w= k ] 1 1 2 0 ½ A o Y y H k k p k ; Zu s^ l u j se s] r L e k n sd k d h j e r s* b R ; k f n o k D ; m n ~è k `r d j d sc zã d h f l l `{ k k d k sy h y k d k e wy e k u k g SA y h y k u k V e sa m i ; qZD r n k ' k Zf u d v o è k k j . k k ; sa c h t : i e sa f u f g r g SaA b u v o è k k j . k k v k sa e sa f l l `{ k k ] Ø h M k ; k j at u ] v u qd j . k r F k k v u qd k ; Zd s: i e sa v u qd r k Zd h i f j . k f r & r k n k R E ; ; k r U e ; h H k o u l w= k : i e sa f o | e k u j g r sg SaA J h e n ~H k k x o r d h l qc k sf è k u h V h d k e sa o Y y H k k p k ; Zy h y k d k i z; k st u ^ L o k u U n L F k k i u k * c r k r sg Sa & L o k u U n L F k k i u k F k k Z; y h y k H k x o r k d `r k ¼ j k l i × p k è ; k ; h ] l qc k sf è k u h ] d k f j d k & 1 ½ H k j r e qf u } k j k i zn Ù k v f H k u ; k R e d ^ y h y k * d sy { k . k e sa y h y k d h n k ' k Zf u d v o è k k j . k k v u qL ; wr g S& o k x ú k y ø k j S% f ' k " V S% i zh f r i z; k sf t r Se Zè k qj S% A b " V t u L ; k u qd `f r y h Zy k K s; k i z; k sx K S% A A ¼ u k V ; Ô ' k k L = k ] 2 2 1 4 ½ ; g k ¡y h y k d h L o r % i z; k sT ; r k ] v k u U n e wy d r k ] v u qd j . k k R e d r k ] r k n k R E ; k i f Ù k ; k r Y y h u r k r F k k L o ; ad h v U ; F k k i f j . k f r t Sl h y h y k d h n k ' k Zf u d v o è k k j . k k ; sa L i " V g SaA J h e n ~H k k x o r d h j k l i × p k è ; k ; h d k v k J ; y sd j i zo f r Zr j k l y h y k v k sa e sa o `U n k o u d h r F k k e f . k i qj d h j k l y h y k d k sf o f ' k " V e g Ù o i zk I r g SA b l h i zd k j j k e p f j r e k u l d k sv k è k k j c u k d j i zo f r Zr j k e y h y k d k H k h v i u k f o f ' k " V L F k k u g SA b u y h y k v k sa d k sn s[ k d j H k D r t u x n ~x n d k sm B r sg Sa] j l k I y k f o r g k sd j r Y y h u g k st k r sg SaA H k x o k u ~d sl k SU n ; Z] ' k f D r v k Sj ' k h y b u y h y k v k sa e sa O ; D r g k sm B r sg SaA o Y y H k k p k ; Zu sd g k g Sf d H k x o k u ~u so zt e sa y h y k ; sa b l f y ; sd h f d e qD r t h o k sa d k c zã k u U n l sm n ~è k k j g k s l d sv k Sj m U g sa H k t u k u U n f e y l d s& c zã u U n k r ~l e qn ~è k `R ; H k t u k u U n ; k st u sA y h y ; k ; qT ; r sl E ; d ~l k r q; sZ f o f u : I ; r sA A o Y y H k k p k ; Z; g k ¡; g H k h f u : f i r d j r sg Sa f d j k l e sa d k e d h p s" V k ; sa r k sg Sa i j U r qm u e sa d k e u g h a g SA x k sf i ; k sa d sy k Sf d d d k e d k ' k e u v k Sj v y k Sf d d d k e d h i wf Ù k ZJ h d `" . k } k j k g qb ZF k h A ; f n y k Sf d d d k e



H k f D r % e k s{ k ' k r k f è k d k @ 7 3



l sd k e d h i wf Ù k Zg k sr h r k sm l l sl al k j m R i é g k sr k i j U r q; g k ¡r k sx k si h v k Sj d `" . k n k su k sa e sa y k Sf d d d k e d k v H k k o g Sr F k k l al k j l sf u o `f Ù k g SA b l y h y k l sx k sf i ; k sa d k sL o : i k u U n d h e qf D r f e y h g SA v r % b l y h y k l s y k sd f u " d k e c u r k g SA o g v i u sd k e d h v k g qf r H k x o k u ~e sa d j n sr k g SA H k x o k u ~d k p f j = k l o ZF k k f u " d k e g S] b l l sd k e d k m n ~c k sè k u g h ag k sr k & f Ø ; k l o k Zf i l So k = k i j ad k e k su f o | r sA r k l k ad k e L ; l E i wf r Zf u Z" d k e sf r r k L r F k k A A d k e su i wf j r % d k e % l al k j at u ; sr ~L Q wV e ~A d k e H k k o su i w. k ZL r qf u " d k e % L ; k u ~l a' k ; % A A v r k su d k f i e ; k Zn k H k X u k e k s{ k i Q y k f i p A v r , r P N ªqr sy k sZd k sf u " d k e % l o Zn k H k o sr ~A A H k x o P p f j r al o Za ; r k sf u " d k e e h ; Zr sA v r % d k e L ; u k sn ~c k sè k % r r % ' k qd o p % L Q wV e ~A A ; g o Y y H k k p k ; Zd h v i u h m f D r e k = k u g h ag SA J h e n ~H k k x o r L o ; aH k h b l r F ; d k si ze k f . k r d j r k g S& f o Ø h f M r ao zt o è k wf H k f j n ap f o " . k k s% J ) k f U o r k s· u q' k `. k q; k n F k o . k Z; sn ~; % A H k f D r ai j k aH k x o f r i zf r y H ; d k e a â n zk sx e k ' o i f g u k sR ; f p j s. k è k h j % A A t k sH k h J ) k f U o r g k sd j o zt o è k wf V ; k sa d sl k F k d h x ; h H k x o k u ~d h b l Ø h M k d k J o . k ; k d h r Zu d j sx k ] o g H k x o k u ~e sa i j k H k f D r i k d j e k u f l d d k e j k sx l se qf D r i zk I r d j sx k A y h y k u k V î k sa d h v i u h l qn h ? k Zi j E i j k g Sf t u e sa e g k i q# " k ' k ad j n so v f } r h ; g SaA ^ d k f y n e u ; k = k k * e sa m u d s} k j k o f . k Zr d `" . k d k L o : i f d r u k e u k sg j g S& ; su k d k f j e g k f g n i Zn y u aØ h M k â f n U ; k t y s ; su k H k k f t H k qt Äõ H k k sx e f [ k y ai n ~H ; k ae qn k e f n Zr e ~A ; su k e f k j e g k e g k l qj p e w' p Ø ai j ay h y ; k r L e SJ h d # . k k e ; k ; e g r sd `" . k k ; f u R ; au e % A A ' k ad j n so ' k k L = k k sa d sf u " . k k r i af M r g SaA o sn ] i qj k . k d sx g u v è ; ; u d sl k F k m u d h u k V Ô j p u k p k r qj h v f } r h ; g SA i zs{ k d l â n ; l k e k f t d k sa d sH k D r e u i j x g j h i d M +c u k u sd sf y ; so sl ao k n d sf y ; su b Z H k k " k k x < +r sg Sa t k sl h è k sH k D r k sa d sâ n ; e sa m r j d j m U g sa j l k I y k f o r d j n s] H k f D r f o H k k sj d j n sv k Sj H k D r v k R e f o H k k sj g k st k ; ] v r % u k U n h d sc k n m u d k l w= k è k k j v k R e f o à y g k sd j y y d k j r k g S& ^ ^ v k g sl H k k l n y k sd !t st x r d i j e x q# ] i j e i q# " k ] i q# " k k sÙ k e ] l u k r u ] c zã k e g sl l sf o r p j u i ad t u k j k ; . k J h J h d `" . k v k sf g l H k k e è ; s] d k f y n e u u k e f y y k t k = k k ] d k Sr qd sd j c ] r k g sl k o è k k u sn s[ k g ] l qu g ] f u j U r j sg f j c k sy g f j * * A A l w= k è k k j d h b l y y d k j l sH k f D r d h è k k j k c g m B r h g Sv k Sj H k D r t u m l e sa f u e f T t r g k st k r sg SaA u k V î d h ; g L o k H k k f o d ] l j y v k Sj l g t i zL r qf r H k f D r d k sl k d k j d j n sr h g SA u k V î d se è ; f o f H k é j k x k sa e sa f u c ) H k k o i w. k Zx h r r R d k y h u f L F k f r ; k sa d k sH k D r d sl E e q[ k m i L F k k f i r d j r sg Sa v k Sj H k D r m U g sa l qu d j



7 4 @ e / ; H k k j r h



v i u sf p j v k j k è ; ] t x R i k y d ] t x f é ; U r k ] l u k r u J h d `" . k d sl k F k g k sy sr k g S] m u d k i zR ; { k n ' k Zu d j y sr k g SA H k k j r d si zR ; sd { k s= k e sa , sl h y h y k ; sa ; k è k e Zv k t H k h i zp k f j r g SaA v k l k e e sa ; g e g k i q# f " k ; k è k e Z g S] r k sc ax k y e sa l g f t ; k ] f e f F k y k e sa f d j r f u ; k ¡] m M +h l k e sa i ap l [ k k ] e g k j k " V ªe sa e g k u qH k k o o j d k j h ] j k e n k l h v k Sj g f j n k l h v k f n / k e Zf n [ k k ; h n sr sg SaA m Ù k j i zn s' k e sa j k e y h y k ] o `U n k o u d h j k l y h y k ] e f . k i qj e sa j k l v k f n g SaA j k e k u U n h l E i zn k ; e sa v k u so k y sf u x qZf . k ; k sa d h i j E i j k d k c qy r d i zf r f " B r g k sd j H k f D r d h v y [ k t x k r h j g h A u k u d } k j k i zo f r Zr i aF k v k Sj J h p an d sv u q; k ; h m n k l h u k sa u si at k c v k Sj f l aè k i j x g j h N k i N k sM +h A b l i zd k j l e x zn s' k e sa H k f D r d sx h r x w¡t m B sA K k u s' o j ] u k e n so ] , d u k F k ] r qd k j k e ] n k n wn ; k y ] d c h j ] t ; n so ] f o | k i f r ] p aM h n k l ] e h j k c k b Z] j Sn k l ] u j l h e sg r k ] l wj ] r qy l h t Sl sH k f D r d sv x zn wr l e x zn s' k e sa Q Sy x ; sA d ' e h j e sa l wQ h v k Sj ' k So i j E i j k v k sa d sl f E e J . k l sH k f D r d k , d v i wo ZL o : i l E e q[ k v k ; k f t l e sa m R i y n so v k Sj v f H k u o x qI r t Sl sf ' k o k } ; o k n h i zf l ) g q; sA v f H k u o x qI r v i u h H k f D r i zo . k r k d s d k j . k f g U n qv k sa d sr k si wT ; c u sg h e ql y e k u k sa u sH k h m u d h i h j d s: i e sa i wt k d h A p Sr U ; u sr k sb l si w. k Zr % u ; k : i g h n sM k y k ] t g k ¡H k x o k u ~v k Sj H k D r d se è ; l H k h v U r j k y i V x ; sv k Sj H k D r e k s{ k d k sH k f D r d sl k e u sr qP N e k u u sy x sA m U g sa H k x o k u ~d sl k F k r k n k R E ; m r u k v P N k u g h a H k k ; k f t r u k m l d k x q. k x k u d j u k ] m l e sa r Y y h u j g u k A y k sd e sa , sl h y h y k ; sa v k t H k h n s[ k h t k r h g SaA ? k j l so j ; k = k k d sf y ; sl e L r i q# " k k sa d sp y st k u si j f L = k ; k ¡, d L o k ax j p r h g Sa] f t l e sa d k sb Zj k è k k r k sd k sb Zd `" . k c u d j ? k j d sv k ¡x u e sa y h y k d j r h g SaA f u i V f u j { k j H k D r t c y k sd & d h r Zu k sa d k x k ; u d j r sg Sa r k s^ j l * l k { k k r ~o g k ¡m i f L F k r g k st k r k g SA m u d h H k k " k k e sa d k O ; d sl H k h / e Zv g e g f e d ; k V wV i M +r sg SaA e g k d f o ; k sa d sv y ad k j ] j h f r ] o Ø k sf D r d s i z; k sax k sa d k p e R d k j e U n i M +t k r k g SA H k D r x k r k g S& c u x ; su U n y k y f y y g k j h y h y k x qn o k y k sI ; k j h A y k sd & H k D r k sa d k Ñ " . k I ; k j h j k / k k l sf e y u sd sf y ; s^ L = k h : i * / k k j . k d j r k g Sv k Sj x y h & x y h e sa y h y k x qn o k u sd h V sj y x k r k g SA j k / k k m l V sj d k sl qu d j l [ k h d k sH k st d j f y y g k f j u ¼ x qn u k x k sn u so k y h ½ d k sc qy k y sr h g Sv k Sj m i u sv ax & v ax e sa d g k ¡D ; k x k sn u k g S] o g m l f y y g k f j u d k sc r k r h g S& ^ n `x u e sa f y [ k n k sn h u n ; k y d i k sy u f y [ k n k sÑ " . k e qj k j u k f l d k f y [ k n k su U n d k sy k y J o . k u e sa f y [ k l k ¡o y k v / k u v k u ¡n d U n A B k s< +h e sa B k d qj f y [ k k sx y se sa x k sd qy p U n A A j k / k k j k se & j k se e sa v ax & v ax e sa c k ¡d sc u o k j h d k u k e x k sn u sd k sd g r h g S] i sV e sa i j e k u U n ] u k f H k e sa d # . k k d U n ] t a? k k v k sa e sa t ; x k sf o U n f y [ k u sd k v k x zg d j r h g SA b l h c h p v af x ; k e sa f N i h e qj y h n s[ k d j j k / k k Ñ " . k d k si g p k u y sr h g Sv k Sj n k su k sv k f y ax u c ) g k st k r sg SaA j k t L F k k u d k g y o k g k t k V v i u h c sV h d k sH k x o k u ~d k H k k sx y x k u sd k d g d j x k ¡o p y k t k r k g S v k Sj c sV h [ k h p M +k r F k k ? k h y sd j H k x o k u ~d sl k e u sc SB t k r h g SA m l sD ; k i r k f d ; g e wf r ZH k k st u u g h ad j sx h o g f t n d j r h g Sf d v k t f i r k t h ? k j i j u g h ag Sb l s[ k k y k su g h ar k sH k w[ k k sa e j t k v k sx s&



H k f D r % e k s{ k ' k r k f è k d k @ 7 5



F k k y h H k j d sy k b Zj s[ k h p M +k sÅ i j ? k h d h c k V d h A t h e k sa E g k j k L ; k e / k . k h f t e k o sc sV h t k V d h A A c k c k sE g k j k sx k ao x ; k sg S] u k t k u sd n v k o Sy k s] m Q d sH k j k sl sc SB ; k sj g ; k sr k s] H k w[ k k sg h j g t k o Sy k sA v k t f t e k am ¡r Su sj s[ k h p M +k s] d k y j k c M +h N k N d h A A o g H k x o k u ~d k sH k k st u d j u sd sf y ; sM k ¡V r h g S] Q V d k j r h g Sv k Sj v U r e sa ; g H k h d g t k r h g Sf d t c r d r qe H k k st u u g h ad j k sx se Sa H k h H k w[ k h g h j g w¡x h A b l c k f y d k H k D r d sl k e u sd `" . k d k s> qd u k i M +r k g S v k Sj H k k st u d j u k i M +r k g SA y k sd d k d f o b l d F k u l sf l [ k k r k g Sf d v x j l P p k i zse g k sr k sd k B d h e wf r Z H k h c k sy r h g S] H k k st u d j r h g S] d j e k c sV h m l d k m n k g j . k g SA v r , o / k e Zl e zk V ~] i j e g al ] i f j o zk t d k p k ; Z] ; f r p Ø p wM k e f . k e g k j k t d j i k = k L o k e h H k f D r d k s l Sd M +k sa e k s{ k l q[ k k sa l sH k h v f / k d e k u r sg S& H k f D r % e k s{ k ' k r k f / k d k A j k " V ªh ; l aL d `r l aL F k k u 5 6 & 5 7 ] b U L V h V ~; w' k u y , f j ; k t u d i qj h ] u b Zf n Y y h ] 1 1 0 0 5 8 l U n H k Z& 1 -' k k f . M Y ; H k f D r l w= k & 2 2 -u k j n H k f D r l w= k & 2 & 5 3 -u k j n H k f D r l w= k & 8 2 4.



Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1907, P. 311-36 Encyclopaedia of Religions and Ethics, Part II (Article on Bhakti Marg by Grierson), PP. 539&551



5.



"Bhakti is an invention and apparently a modern one of the institutions of the existing sects intended like that of the mystical holiness of the Gurus, to extend their own authority." Prof. H. H. Wilson, Hindu Religions, P. 232



6 -f o L r k j d sf y ; sn `" V O ; & x k Sj h ' k ad j g h j k p U n v k s> k ] v k s> k f u c U / k l ax zg ] H k k x & 1 ] c k y x ax k / k j f r y d ] x h r k j g L ; v F k o k d e Z; k sx ' k k L = k A 7 -_ X o sn & 8 9 8 1 1 8 -_ X o sn & 4 1 7 1 1 7 9 -f o " . k qi qj k . k & 1 2 0 1 7 1 0 ' o sr k ' o r j m i f u " k n ~& 3 6 2 3 1 1 ' k k f . M Y ; H k f D r l w= k & 1 1 2 9 1 2 J h e n ~H k k x o r & 1 0 3 2 1 7 1 3 ' k ad j k p k ; Zf o o sd p wM k e f . k & i `3 2 1 4 u k j n i k × p j k = k s& 2 1 1 5 J h e n ~H k k x o r & 1 1 1 9 5 & 6 ] 1 1 2 6 3 0 1 6 N k U n k sX ; J qf r d g r h g S; k so SH k we k r R l q[ k au k Y i sl q[ k e f L r A 6 2 2 9 1 7 x h r k & 1 8 5 5 1 8 J h e n ~H k k x o r & l I r e L d U / k



7 6 @ e / ; H k k j r h 1 9 & 2 1 ' k C n d Y i n zqe 2 2 o sn k F k Zl ax zg % & i `4 4 2 3 o g h & i `4 4 2 4 ^ v k u U n k s c zã sf r v k u U n e k = k e so c zã L o : i a i zr h ; r b f r ; n qD r a] r T K k u k J ; L ; K k u a L o : i f e f r i f j â r e ~A K k u e so á u qd wy e k u U n b R ; qP ; r sA f o K k u e k u U n ac zã sR ; k u U n : i e so K k u ac zã sR ; F k Z% A v r , o H k o r k e sd j l r k A v L ; K k u L o : i L ; So K k r `R o e f i J qf r ' k r l e f è k x r f e R ; qD r e ~A r } n so ^ l , d k sc zã . k v k u U n % * ^ v k u U n ac zã . k k sf o } k u ~* b f r O ; f r j sd f u n sZ' k k P p u k u U n e k = k ac zã ] v f i r qv k u f U n A K k r `R o e so á k u f U n R o e ~A & J h H k k " ; ] 1 1 1 1 ] i `7 6 2 5 e è o H k k " ; & 2 3 3 1 2 6 ^ ^ t h o L ; K k u k u U n k f n : i R o e qP ; r sA l n q% [ k k n ~f o e qD r v k u U n h H k o f r ] l k s¿ K k u k n ~f o e qD r k sK k u h H k o f r ] l k s· c y k n ~ f o e qD r k sc y h H k o f r ] l f u R ; k sf u j k r Ä~d k s· o f r " B r b f r i Sf Äú J qr k o k u U n k f n : i R o ai zr h ; r sA v r v k g & ; F k k c k y L ; l n so i qaL R o ; k So u s· f H k O ; T ; r s] , o al r k e so k u U n k n h u k aO ; D R ; i s{ k ; k r n qf D r % A * * & e è o H k k " ; & 2 3 3 1 2 7 l qc k sf / k u h & 1 0 3 3 3 2 8 H k f D r j l k e `r f l U / k q] i wf o y 0 1 ] d k 1 1 2 9 o g h ] 4 ] d k 6 & 7 3 0 o g h ] i `3 0 8



e g k d f o e k ? k d k j k t & / k e Z l × t ; d qe k j i zR ; sd j k " V ªd k sm U u r r F k k l qO ; o f L F k r d j u sd sf y , j k t & / k e Zd h e g r h v k o ' ; d r k g k sr h g SA l n k l sg h j k " V ªd sf g r S" k h e u h f " k ; k sa } k j k j k t & / k e Zd sm i n s' k f n ; st k r sj g sg SaA b l h : i e sa e g k d f o e k ? k d h H k h x . k u k d h t k r h g SA m u d s} k j k f o j f p r f ' k ' k qi k y o / k e g k d k O ; e g k H k k j r d sl H k k i o Z, o aJ h e n ~H k k x o r i qj k . k i j v k / k f j r g k su sd sd k j . k j k t / k e Zd k H k y h H k k ¡f r f o ' y s" k . k d j r k g SA j k t O ; o L F k k d k m f p r f u ; e g h j k t & / k e Zd g y k r k g SA l aL d `r o k M ~e ; e sa j k t & / k e Zd sf y , n . M u h f r ] u h f r ' k k L = k ] { k = k f o | k ] j k t u h f r v k f n ' k C n k sa d k i z; k sx f e y r k g SA b l d h m i k n s; r k d k K k u b l h l sg k st k r k g Sf d b l d sf o " k ; e sa o sn ] j k e k ; . k ] e g k H k k j r ] i qj k . k ] L e `f r ; k sa , o ae g k d k O ; k sa v k f n e sa f o f / k o r i zf r i k n u f d ; k x ; k g SA v F k Z' k k L = k ] u h f r l k j ] v k f n x zU F k r k si w. k Zr % b l h f o " k ; d k f o o sp u d j d sm u d sv R ; f / k d v k o ' ; d r k d k m n ~? k k s" k d j r s g SaA L e `f r ; k sa d k s/ k e Z' k k L = k d g k t k r k g Sv k Sj j k t & / k e Zd k s/ k e Z' k k L = k d sv ar x Zr g h e k u k t k r k g S] f t l l s f o f n r g k sr k g Sf d / k e Z' k k L = k l k e k U ; / k e k Zp j . k d sv f r f j D r j k t k d sv k p j . k d k sH k h / k e k Zp j . k e k u r k g SA 1 l R ; H k h g S& ^ / k j . k k n ~/ k e Ze ~b R ; k g q* d sv u ql k j j k t & / k e Zd sl e qf p r m i ; k sx l sg h j k t k i zt k , o aj k T ; d k s / k k j . k d j r k g SA j k t k i zt k d k H k k X ; f o / k k r k g k sr k g SA m l d si zR ; sd d k ; Zd k i j k s{ k & v i j k s{ k : i l si zt k i j i zH k k o i M +r k g SA m l d sj g u si j i zt k g k sr h g Sv k Sj u g h aj g u si j i zt k H k h u g h aA b l h r F ; d k sL i " V d j r sg q, f g r k si n s' k e sa d g k x ; k g S& u j s' k st h o y k sd k s· ; af u e h y f r ] f u e h y f r A 2 m n sR ; qn h ; e k u sp j o k f o o l j k s# g e ~A A v F k k Zr ~j k t k d su s= k e w¡n u si j l E i w. k Zl al k j ¼ i zt k ½ H k h v k ¡[ k e wn y sr k g Sv k Sj j k t k d sm n ; g k su si j g h i zt k H k h m n ; o k y h ¼ l q[ k h ½ g k sr h g SA t Sl sl w; Zd sm n ; r F k k v L r g k su si j d e y f [ k y r k v k Sj c an g k sr k g SA d g u sd k H k k o ; g g Sf d j k t k ; f n v i u s/ k e Zd k f u o k Zg l E ; d ~i zd k j l sd j r k g Sr k si zt k H k h v i u s d Ù k ZO ; & i k y u e sa f u " B k o k u g k sr h g SA ; F k k j k t k r F k k i zt k d h m f D r H k h g e sa ; g h f ' k { k k n sr h g SA e u qL e `f r e sa d g k x ; k g Sf d p k j k sa v k sj l sH k ; k Ø k U r d h j { k k d sf y , g h j k t k d k sc zã k u sm R i U u f d ; k g S& v j k t d sf g y k sd s· f L e u l o Zr k f o n zqr sH k ; k r ~A 3 j { k k F k Ze L ; l o ZL ; j k t k u e l `t r i zH k qA A v F k k Zr ~j k t k l sj f g r ; g y k sd H k ; l sl H k h v k sj H k k x u sd k si j o ' k g k su si j b l l E i w. k Zt x r ~d h j { k k d sf y , b Z' o j ¼ c zã k ½ u sj k t k d k sm R i U u f d ; k ] b l i zd k j j k t k c zã k d h v u qi e l `f " V g SA j k t k d s L o : i d sf o " k ; e sa e g k d f o e k ? k f y [ k r sg Sa & e / ; H k k j r h & 7 2 ] t u o j h & t wu ] 2 0 1 7 ] ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 77-86



7 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h



c qf ) ' k L = k % i zd `R ; ³ ~x k s? k u l ao `f Ù k d × p qd % A 4 p k j s{ k . k k sn wr e q[ k % i q# " k % d k s· f i i k f F k Zo % A A v F k k Zr ~ c qf ) : i h' k L = k o k y ki zd `f r : i hv ³ ~x k sa o k y k ]v R ; U r x k si u e U = k : i hd o p o k y k ] x qI r p j : i h u s= k o k y k ] v k Sj n wr : i h e q[ k o k y k d k sb ZH k h i q# " k j k t k g k sr k g SA ; g k ¡d f o d k v f H k i zk ; ; g g Sf d f t l j k t k d h c qf ) d q' k k x zg k sr h g So g v i u h c qf ) d s} k j k g h ' k = k qd k si j k L r d j n sr k g SD ; k saf d ' k L = k i z; k sx l sf l f ) e sa l U n sg j g r k g Sf d U r qc qf ) i z; k sx l sd k ; Zf l f ) e sa l U n sg u g h aj g r kg SA b l h f y , d f o j k t k d k s c qf ) : i h ' k L = k o k y k d g k g SA i zd `f r d k r k R i ; Zj k t k d sN % v ax k sa l sg SA j k t k d sN % v ax g SaA & l U / k h ] f o x zg ] ; k u ] v k l u ] l aJ ; v k Sj } Sn h H k k o A l k e k U ; e u q" ; v i u sg k F k & i Sj b R ; k f n v ax k sa l sv i u k d k ; Z& O ; o g k j d j r k g Sm l h i zd k j j k t k v i u k l E i w. k Zj k T ; d k ; Zv i u sf o ' k s" k j k t k ax k sa d s} k j k g h l E i k f n r d j r k g SA f d ; sx ; sv R ; U r x qI r e a= k g h f t l d sd o p g SaA d k sb ZO ; f D r n `< +d o p i g u d j v k R e j { k k d j r k g Sf d U r qj k t k v i u se a= k d k sv R ; U r x qI r j [ k d j g h m l h d s} k j k v k R e j { k k d j r k g SA e a= k d k H k sn [ k qy u k g h j k T ; d sf y , l ad V m R i U u d j u k g SA x qI r p j g h j k t k d su s= k e k u st k r sg SaA j k t k v i u sd q' k y x qI r p j k sa d k sv i u sr F k k ' k = k qd sj k T ; k sa e sa H k st d j l E i w. k Zo `r k U r d k K k u i zk I r d j r k g SA n wr g h j k t k d k e q[ k e k u k t k r k g SA d k sb Zj k t k v i u sn wr d s} k j k g h v i u sj k t d h ; v u qn s' k k sa d k sv U ; j k T ; k sa e sa H k st r k g SA b u y { k . k k sa l s; qD r i q# " k g h j k t k g k sr k g SA j k t k d s x q. k k sa d k sv k Sj L i " V d j r sg q, e g k d f o e k ? k f y [ k r sg Sa& " k k M ~x q. ; e qi ; q× t h r ' k D R ; i s{ k h j l k ; u e ~A 5 H k o U R ; L ; So e ³ ~x k f u L F k k L u wf u c y o f U r p A A v F k k Zr ~' k f D r i zH k q' k f D r ] e U = k ' k f D r ] m R l k g ' k f D r d k sp k g u so k y sd k s" k M ~x q. k : i h j l k ; u ¼ l f U / k f o x zg b R ; k f n ½ d k l so u d j u k p k f g , A b l i zd k j d j u sl sb l d sv ax ¼ L o k e h v e k R ; b R ; k f n l k r v ax ½ 6 f L F k r r F k k c y o k u g k sr sg SaA j k t k d s" k M ~x q. k d sf o " k ; e sa e u qL e `f r e sa H k h d g k x ; k g SA ; k K o Y D ; L e `f r e sa b l d su k e d k f u n sZ' k b l : i e sa i zk I r g k sr k g S& l af / k ap f o x zg a; k u e k l u al aJ ; ar F k k A 7 } S/ k h H k k o ax q. k k u sr k u ~; F k k o R i f j d Y i ; sr ~A A v F k k Zr ~l af / k ] f o x zg ] ; k u ] v k l u ] l aJ ; v k Sj } S/ k h H k k o ; sN % j k t k v k sa d sx q. k g SaA t c t Sl k l e ; g k s r n u ql k j m u d k m i ; k sx d j u k p k f g , A j k T ; d sl k r v ax k sa d sf o " k ; e sa e u qL e `f r e sa d g k x ; k g S& L o k E ; e k R ; k Si qj aj k " V ªa d k s' k n . M k Sl qâ r ~r F k k A l I r i zd `r ; k sá k sr k % l I r k ³ ~x aj k T ; e qP ; r sA A l I r k u k ai zd `r h u k ar qj k T ; L ; k · · l k a; F k k Ø e e ~A 8 i wo ±i wo ±x q# r j at k u h ; k n ~ O ; l u a e g r ~A A v F k k Zr ~L o k e h ] v e k R ; ] i qj j k " V ª] d k s' k ] n . M ] f e = k ; sl k r j k T ; d si zd `f r ; k sa e sa Ø e l si g y s] i g y s] v x y s& v x y sl sv f / k d e g R o i w. k Zl e > u k p k f g , A b U g h al k r v ax k sa d k i zf r i k n u ; k K o Y D ; L e `f r e sa H k h 9 f e y r k g SA ; g h l k r v ax j k T ; d s/ k qj h d g st k r sg Sa f t l e sa i zF k e L F k k u j [ k r k g S& j k t k ] j k t k d k sg e k j s 1 0 / k e Z' k k L = k k sa e sa b Z' o j d k v a' k e k u k t k r k g SA m l h d sv k n s' k k u ql k j l E i w. k Zj k T ; O ; o L F k k l × p k f y r g k sr h g SA j k t k d k e q[ ; d k ; Zi zt k i k y u g S] o g v i u h i zt k d sf y , v i u sl E i w. k Zl q[ k k sa d k c f y n k u d j n sr k g SA



e g k d f o e k ? k d k j k t & / k e Z@ 7 9



m Ù k j j k e p f j r e sa H k o H k wf r u sH k h d g k g Sf d i zse ] n ; k ] l q[ k ; k f Q j t k u d h d k sH k h i zt k j × t u d sf y , N k sM +u s 1 1 e sa j k e d k sd " V u g h ag SA j k t k d se u e sa ; g h H k k o l n So g k su k p k f g , A j k T ; d k ; Zd sl × p k y u e sa j k t k d k s i j k e ' k Zn su so k y k v e k R ; g k sr k g SA o g v R ; U r d q' k k x zc qf ) l sr R { k . k f u . k Z; y su se sa l e F k Zg k sr k g SA e u qL e `f r e sa d g k x ; k g Sf d j k t k l H k h d k ; Z L o ; av d sy su g h ad j l d r k g SA b l f y , v i u h l g k ; r k d sf y , e a= k h c u k ; s& v f i ; r ~l qd j ad e Zr n I ; sd su n q" d j e ~A 1 2 f o ' k s" k r k s· l g k ; su f d au qj k T ; ae g k sn ; e ~A A v F k k Zr ~t k sd k ; Zl q[ k l sf d ; k t k l d u so k y k g So g H k h v d sy se u q" ; l sf d ; st k u si j n q% [ k l sg h f d ; k t k r k g SA f o ' k s" k : i l st k se g k u ~Q y n su so k y k j k t d e Zg SA o g l g k ; k sa l sj f g r e u q" ; l sd Sl sf d ; k t k l d r k g S\ v r % j k t k d s} k j k e a= k h d h f u ; qf D r f u f ' p r : i l sd h t k u h p k f g , A j k T ; d k r h l j k v ax i qj v F k k Zr ~n qx Ze k u k t k r k g SA n qx Zd k f u e k Z. k H k h j k t k d k sc g qr l k o / k u h i wo Zd l qj { k k d h n `f " V l sd j u k p k f g , A j k " V ªd k r k R i ; Zt u l a[ ; k ; qD r H k w& H k k x g h g SA f t l H k w& H k k x e sa i zt k g k so g h aj k " V ªg Sv k Sj m l h d k j k t k H k h g k sr k g SA j k " V ªg h i zt k g Sv k Sj m l h d h l so k j k " V ªl so k g SA e u qL e `f r e sa d g k x ; k g S& e k sg k n ~ j k t kL o j k " V ªa ; % d " k Z; R ; u o s{ k ; k A 1 3 l k s· f p j k n ~H k z' ; r sj k T ; k t ~t h f o r k P p l c k U / o % A A v F k k Zr ~t k sj k t k v K k u o ' k v i u sj k " V ªd k n s[ k H k k y u g h ad j d sm l d k sd " V n sr k g SA o g j k t k ' k h ? k z g h j k T ; l sH k z" V g k sr k g Sv k Sj c U / k q& c k U / k o k sa d sl k F k t h o u l sH k h g k F k / k k sc SB r k g SA j k T ; d k i k ap o k v ax d k s' k e k u k t k r k g SA d k s' k g h j k t k d h i zH k q' k f D r d k i zr h d g SA j k t / k e k Zp k f j ; k sa d k e k u u k g Sf d j k T ; d k l E i w. k Zd k ; Zd k s' k i j g h v k / k f j r g k sr k g SA b l f y , j k t k d k sd k s' k l × p ; i j v R ; f / k d è ; k u n su k p k f g , A j k t & / k e Zd sv ar x Zr f t r u k g h e g R o i zt k & i k y u d k g S] m r u k g h e g R o n . M d k H k h g SA o L r qr % n . M g h i zt k d k s/ k j . k d j r k g SA b l d sf o " k ; e sa v k p k ; Ze u qf y [ k r sg Sa & n . M % ' k k f L r i zt k % l o k Zn . M , o k · f H k j { k f r A 1 4 n . M % l qI r s" k qt k x f r Zn . M a/ k e Zf o n qj ~c q/ k k % A A v F k k Zr ~n . M l H k h i zt k v k sa d k sd Ù k ZO ; k d Ù k ZO ; d k m i n s' k n sr k g S] n . M g h l H k h v k sj l sj { k k d j r k g S] y k sx k sa d sl k su si j H k h n . M t k x r k g h j g r k g SA l e > n k j y k sx n . M d k sg h / k e Zd k : i e k u r sg SaA v r % n . M d k l e qf p r i k y u g h j k t & / k e Zg SA j k T ; , o aj k t k d st k s' k qH k f p U r d g k sr sg Sa o sf e = k d g st k r sg SaA ; g h j k T ; d sl k r v ax g SaA b l h d k se g k d f o e k ? k l k r j k t i zd `f r d g sg SaA j k t k } k j k f o n s' k u h f r d h l Q y r k d sf y , i z; qD r d h t k u so k y h l f U / k f o x zg ] ; k u ] v k l u ] } S/ k h H k k o v k Sj l aJ ; & N % ; qf D r ; k ¡g h " k k M ~x q. ; d g y k r h g SaA v i u sl sc y ' k k y h j k t k l sf e y u k g h l f U / k g SA ' k = k qi j v k Ø e . k d j u k f o x zg g SA v H k h " V f l ) u g k su si j m l d k sf l ) d j u sd sf y , ' k = k qi j v k Ø e . k d j u k ; k u g SA v i u h j { k k r F k k ' k = k qe sa Q wV M k y u sd h b P N k l sm f p r L F k k u i j # d sj g u k v k l u g SA n k s ' k = k qv k sa d sc h p v i u sd k so k . k h l sl e f i Zr d j u k v k Sj m u d h e u % f L F k f r d k sl e > u k v k Sj m u e sa Q wV M k y u k } S/ k h H k k o g SA t c n k sc y o k u ' k = k qv k Ø e . k d sf y , r R i j g k sr k sm l sm l l e ; v f / k d c y o k u ' k = k qd k v k J ; y su k g h l aJ ; g SA b u N % x q. k k sa l s; qD r g h j k t k g k sr k g SA e k ? k d sv u ql k j b U g h aj l k ; u k sa d k j k t k l so u d j r k g SA



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v F k k Zr ~i zd V j g u so k y sp j d k sn wr d g r sg Sa v k Sj v i zd V : i l sH k ze . k d j u so k y sn wr d k sx qI r p j d g r sg SaA b l i zd k j n wr n k si zd k j d sg k sr sg SaA x qI r p j k sa d k sO ; k i k j h ] d `" k d ] l U ; k l h v k Sj f H k { k qd v k f n d s: i e sa j g u k p k f g , A v k p k ; Zp k . k D ; x qI r p j k sa d k sj k t k r F k k j k T ; d sf g r d sf y , v R ; U r v k o ' ; d c r k r sg q, 2 1 m u d sv u sd H k sn & i zH k sn d k m Y y s[ k f d ; sg SaA j k t & / k e Ze sa n wr d k v R ; f / k d e g R o g k sr k g SA o g n s' k d k l E e k f u r i zf r f u f / k g k sr k g SA n wr v o ' ; r F k k L o P N U n i zd `f r d k g k sr k g SA , d j k t k v i u k l U n s' k n wl j sj k t k d si k l n wr d sg h e k è ; e l si zsf " k r d j r k g SA n wr d sf o " k ; e sa e u qL e `f r e sa d g k x ; k g S& n wr , o f g l U / Ù k sf H k u Ù ; so p l ag r k u ~A 2 2 n wr l ~r r ~d q# r sd e Zf H k | U r s; su e k u o k % A A v F k k Zr ~n wr g h f o x zg e sa j g r sg q, j k t k v k sa d k st k sM +r k g Sv k Sj l f U / k e sa j g r sg q, j k t k v k sa d k sv y x H k h d j r k g SA n wr o Sl k d e ZH k h d j r k g Sf t l l sf e y sg q, e u q" ; i j L i j Q wV t k r sg SaA b l h e g r ~n `f " V l se g k d f o e k ? k H k h f ' k ' k qi k y d sn wr d k sJ h d `" . k d s; g k ¡H k st u sd k l f U u o s' k d j r sg Sa & n e ? k k s" k l qr su d ' p u i zf r f ' k " V % i zf r H k k u o k u F k A 2 3 m i x E ; g f j al n L ; n % L i Q qV f H k U u k F k e qn k g j } p % A A v F k k Zr ~; q) k F k Z; k s) k v k sa d sr S; k j g k su sd sc k n f ' k ' k qi k y d s} k j k n wr H k st k x ; k ] l e ; k u ql k j m Ù k j n su se sa l e F k Zo g n wr J h d `" . k d sl e h i t k d j l H k k e sa L i " V r % f H k U u v F k Z; qD r o p u d g u sy x k A r k R i ; Z; g g Sf d l k e u sr k so g f i z; o p u c k sy j g k F k k y sf d u i j k s{ k : i l sv f i z; v k Sj f ' k ' k qi k y d h J s" B r k i zd V d j j g k F k k A ; g k ¡m l d h } ; F k Zd o k . k h d k sl e > k t k l d r k g S& v f / k o f g ~u i r ax r st l k s f u ; r L o k U r l e F k Zd e Z. k % A 2 4 r o l o Zf o | s; o f r Zu % i z. k f r af o H k zf r d su H k wH k `r % A A v F k k Zr ~v f X u r F k k l w; Zd sr st d k si zk I r f d , g q, o ' k h H k wr f p Ù k o k y sr F k k d e Ze sa l e F k Zv k Sj l c d k s o ' k e sa d j u sl sf o u ; ' k h y c u k ; sa g q, v k i d k sd k Su j k t k y k sx i z. k k e u g h ad j r sg SaA ; k u h l H k h i z. k k e d j r sg SaA f H k U u v F k Z& v f X u e sa Q f r ax sd sl e k u r st i q# " k k F k Zo k y sv F k k Zr ~l o ZF k k ' k f D r g h u f u f ' p r : i l s v i u k f o u k ' k d j u se sa l e F k Zd k ; Zd j u so k y sv k Sj l c d so ' k o r h Zr qE g k j k i z. k k e f d l x q. k l sj k t k y k sx d j sax sA v F k k Zr ~r qe e sa , sl k d k sb ZH k h x q. k u g h ag S] f t l l sj k t k y k sx v k d j r qE g k j k i z. k k e d j sax sA b l h i zd k j d s v u sd } ; F k Zd c g qo p u d g d j n wr d s' k k U r g k st k u si j H k h d `" . k H k x o k u d k l ad sr i k d j l k R ; f d u sd g k 2 5 f d g sn wr !i zR ; { k e sa e / k qj r F k k i j k s{ k e sa d V qo p u d g u so k y sr qE g k j st Sl sn q" V k sa l sl n k l p sr j g u k p k f g , A f ' k ' k qi k y ; g k ¡f t l H k k o u k l sv k ; sx k ] r n u q: i g h m l d sl k F k O ; o g k j f d ; k t k ; sx k A n wr d k l e qf p r i zf r m Ù k j n su k H k h j k t & / k e Zg h g SA n wr r k sv i u sL o k e h d h i z' k al k d j sx k g h y sf d u m l sc h p e sa j k sd u k m l d s v k R e f o ' o k l d k sr k sM +u k g k sr k g SA y sf d u f ' k ' k qi k y d k n wr v i u sj k t k d h i z' k al k d j u se sa i h N su g h ag V r k g SA o g d g r k g S& r qf g u k a' k qe e qa l qâ T t u k % d y ; U R ; q" . k d j af o j k sf / k u % A 2 6 d `f r f H k % d `r n `f " V f o H k ze k % l zt e sd sH k qt x a; F k k i j sA A v F k k Zr ~f ' k ' k qi k y d k sf e = k y k sx p U n ze k r F k k ' k = k qy k sx l w; Zl e > r sg Sa f t l i zd k j d q' k y , U n zt k f y d d s} k j k n `f " V e sa f o H k ze ; qD r f d ; sx ; sd qN y k sx , d g h j L l h d k se k y k l e > r sg Sa v k Sj n wl j sy k sx l k ai l e > u sy x r sg SaA ; g k an wr v i u sL o k e h d h i z' k al k c g qr g h r k f d Zd < ax l sd j j g k g Sv k Sj m l d h r qy u k e sa



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' k = k qd k sc g qr g h l k / k j . k : i e sa i zL r qr d j j g k g S] t k s, d n wr d h d q' k y r k d k i f j p k ; d g SA v f X u i qj k . k e sa H k h n wr d sl E c U / k e sa d g k x ; k g S& i zx Y H k L e `f r o k U o k X e h ' k L = k s' k k L = k sp f u f " B r % A v H ; L r d e k Zu `i r sn wZr k sH k f o r qe g Zf r A A f u l `" V k F k k sZ f e r k F k Z' p r F k k ' k k l u g k j d % A l k e F ; k ZR i k n r k sg h u k sn wr L r qf = k f o / k % L e `r % A A u k f o K k r ai qj a' k = k k s% i zf o ' k sP p u l al n e ~A d k y e h { k r sd k ; k ZF k Ze u qK k r ' p f u " i r sr ~A f N n za p ' k = k k st k Zu h ; k R d k s" k f e = k o y k f u p A j k x k i j k x k St k u h ; k n `f " V x k = k f o p sf " V r S% A A 2 7 d q; k ZP p r qf o Zè k aL r k s= k ai ' k ; k s# H k ; k sj f i A r i f L o O ; × t u k si sr S% l qp j S% l g l ao l sr ~A A v F k k Zr ~j k t k d k n wr o g h g k sl d r k g St k si zx Y H k ] L e `f r ' k h y ] o k D p r qj ] ' k L = k r F k k ' k k L = k e sa f u i q. k v k Sj d e ZB g k sA n wr r h u i zd k j d sg qv k d j r sg Sa& f u l `" V k F k Z¼ v i u h b P N k l sd k ; Zd j u so k y k ½ ] f e r k F k Z¼ j k t k d sv k n s' k k u ql k j d k ; Zd j u so k y k ½ v k Sj ' k k l u & g k j d t k sf d l h f o ' k s" k l e L ; k i j j k t k d k l qu u so k y k g k sA b u e sa i wo Z& i wo Zo k y k n wr c k n & c k n o k y sn wr d h v i s{ k k l k e F ; Ze sa d e g h g qv k d j r k g SA m l s' k = k qd sv K k r l al n e sa i zo s' k u g h ad j u k p k f g , A m l sd k ; Zd j u sd sf y , ' k = k qd h i zr h { k k d j u h p k f g , v k Sj j k t k d h v u qK k l sd k ; Ze sa t qV t k u k p k f g , A j k t k d k s' k = k qd h n `f " V v k Sj v ax f o d k j l sm l d sn k s" k d k s" k ] f e = k ] l su k ] j k x v k Sj } s" k d k i r k y x k y su k p k f g , A m l s' k = k qn s' k e sa t k d j v i u sv k Sj ' k = k qn k su k sa i { k k sa d h L r qf r d j u h p k f g , v k Sj r i f L o ; k sa d so s' k e sa j g u so k y sx qI r p j k sa d sl k F k f u o k l d j u k p k f g , A e g k d f o e k ? k } k j k f ' k ' k qi k y o / k e g k d k O ; e sa j k t u h f r d k v R ; f / k d : i l si zf r i k n u f d ; k x ; k g SA o L r qr % j k t u h f r g h j k T ; d k sm Ù k e L F k k u i zn k u d j r h g SA i zk p h u l e ; e sa ; g j k t u h f r f o ' k s" k : i l s ' k = k qi j g h d sf U n zr g qv k d j r h F k h A b l d sf o " k ; e sa c y j k e t h d g r sg Sa & v k R e k sn ; % i j T ; k f u } Z; au h f r f j r h ; r h A 2 8 r n wj h d `R ; d `f r f H k o k Zp L i R ; ai zr k ; r sA A v F k k Zr ~v i u h m U u f r r F k k ' k = k qd h v o u f r c l b r u h g h j k t u h f r g SA b l sL o h d k j d j d q' k y i q# " k o k f X e r k d k f o L r k j d j r sg SaA b l r F ; d k i f j i k y u d f o n . M h v i u sn ' k d qe k j p f j r e sa d j r sg SaA m u d sn ' k k sd qe k j j k T ; i zk f I r d sf y , u Sf r d , o av u Sf r d n k su k sa d k v k o ' ; d r k u ql k j v k J ; y sr sg SaA L o ; a d h m U u f r v k Sj ' k = k qd h g k f u l sr k R i ; Z; g g Sf d i zR ; sd j k t k L o f g r d h g h d k e u k d j saA b l h m n ~s' ; d h f l f ) d sf y , b l e g k d k O ; e sa f o L r k j i wo Zd ; q) u h f r d k i zf r i k n u f d ; k x ; k g SA b l : i e sa l o Zi zF k e ; g c r k ; k x ; k g Sf d j k t k d k sv i u s' k = k qd h d H k h H k h m i s{ k k u g h ad j u h p k f g , A e g k d f o e k ? k f y [ k r sg Sa & m f Ù k " B e k u L r qi j k su k si s{ ; % i F ; f e P N r k A 2 9 l e k Sf g f ' k " V Sj k E u k r k So R L ; ZU r k o k e ; % l p A A v F k k Zr ~f g r k f H k y k " k h O ; f D r d k sc < +r sg q, ' k = k qd h m i s{ k k u g h ad j u h p k f g , D ; k saf d c < +u so k y sj k sx r F k k ' k = k qd k sj k t u h f r K f o } k u l e k u : i l s? k k r d e k u r sg SaA f t l i zd k j c < +r sg q, j k sx d h m i s{ k k d j u si j o g h j k sx h d h L o k L F ; d h n `f " V l s? k k r d g k st k r k g SA m l h i zd k j c < +r sg q, ' k = k qd h m i s{ k k d j u si j o g j k T ; d sL o k L F ; d sf y , ? k k r d c u t k r k g SA b l g sr q' k = k qc M +k g k s; k N k sV k m l d sd k ; ZO ; o g k j l sl n So l p sr j g u k g h j k t & / k e Zg SA f ' k ' k qi k y o / k e g k d k O ; e sa d g k x ; k g Sf d l H k h i zd k j d s' k = k qd k u k ' k v k o ' ; d g S] f o u k ' k = k qd k u k ' k f d ; sy k sd e sa i zf r " B k l E H k o u g h ag S& f o i { k e f [ k y h d `R ; i zf r " B k [ k y qn qy ZH k k A 3 0 v u h Ù o k i Ä~d r k a/ wf y e qn d au k o f r " B r sA A



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v F k k Zr ~' k = k qd k f c u k l e wy u k ' k f d ; si zf r " B k y k H k g k su k n qy ZH k g SD ; k saf d / k wf y d k sf c u k d h p M + c u k ; sH k wf e i j i k u h u g h aB g j r k g SA d g u sd k H k k o ; g g Sf d j k t k d k ; ' k ' k = k qd si j k H k o e sa f L F k r j g r k g SA t Sl si k u h è k wy ; qD r d h p M +e sa f L F k j j g r k g SA m l h i zd k j j k t k d h i zf r " B k ' k = k qd sv H k k o e sa Q Sy r h g SA v r % ' k = k qd k j g u k j k t & / k e Zd sf y , m f p r u g h ag S& f è k z; r s; k o n sd k s· f i f j i qL r k o R d qr % l q[ k e ~A 3 1 i qj % f D y ' u k f r l k se af g l Sf g d s; k s· l qj n zqg k e ~A A v F k k Zr ~t c r d , d H k h ' k = k qc u k j g r k g Sr c r d j k t k d k sl q[ k d g k ¡l sg k sl d r k g SD ; k saf d v l qj o Sj h n so k sa d sl k e u sg h j k g qp U n ze k d k si h f M +r d j r k g SA b l h f y , ' k = k qd k r R d k y l e k / k k u g h j k t & / k e Zd h i f j H k k " k k g SA ' k = k qd h m i s{ k k d k v f / k d k j j k t / k e Zd H k h u g h an sr k g S] D ; k saf d m l d h m i s{ k k l sl n So g k f u g h g k sr h g S& f o / k ; o Sj al k e " k sZ u j k s· j k S; m n k l r sA 3 2 i zf { k I ; k sn f p Z" k ad { k s' k sj r sr s· f H k e k # r e ~A A v F k k Zr ~t k sO ; f D r Ø k s/ k ; qD r ' k = k qd sl k F k f o j k s/ k d j m l l sm n k l h u g k st k r k g SA o g ? k k l d h < sj e sa t y r h g qb Zv k x d k sM k y d j g o k d sl k e u s' k ; u d j r kg SA ; k f u v i u se k Sr d k sL o ; av k e af = k r d j r k g SA ' k = k qd sc y k c y d k st k u d j g h m l l sc Sj d j u k p k f g , v k Sj c Sj d j d s' k = k ql sd H k h H k h m n k l h u u g h ag k su k p k f g , ] v U ; F k k o g i zk . k ? k k r d g k st k r k g SA ' k = k qi j n ; k ; k f ' k " V O ; o g k j d j u sd h v u qe f r H k h j k t & / k e Z u g h an sr k g SD ; k saf d ' k = k qd k sr qP N l e > d j m l i j n ; k d j u k f u f ' p r : i l sv i e k u d k st U e n su k g SA b l f o " k ; e sa e g k d f o e k ? k f y [ k r sg Sa & L o ; ai z. k e r s· Y i s· f i i j o k ; k o qi s; qf " k A 3 3 f u n ' k Zu e l k j k . k k ay / k qc Zg qr `. k au j % A A v F k k Zr ~t c e U n g o k p y r h g Sr c H k h f u % l k j r `. k L o ; a> qd t k r sg Sa m l h i zd k j t k se u q" ; N k sV s ' k = k qd sm i f L F k r g k su si j L o ; au e zg k st k r sg Sa ; k n ; k f n [ k k r sg Sa o sr `. k d sl e k u g h f u % l k j i n k F k k s± d s m n k g j . k l e > t k r sg SaA d g u sd k H k k o ; g g Sf d , sl sj k t k v k sa d h f x u r h d e t k sj o n qc Zy j k t k d s: i e sa g k su s y x r h g SA b l i zd k j r qP N ' k = k qi j n ; k f n [ k k u k j k t k d sf y , v i e k u d k d k j . k c u t k r k g SA j k t k d h d h f r Z r k sl n So ' k = k qd so / k e sa o h j k t r h g S& v d `R o k g sy ; k i k n e qP p Se wZè k Zl qf o f } " k k e ~A 3 4 d F k Ä~d k j e u k sy E c k d h f r Z| k Ze f / k j k sg f r A A v F k k Zr ~f t l i zd k j p < +u sd sf y , Å ¡p h l h f < +; k sa d h v k o ' ; d r k g k sr h g S] m l h i zd k j d h f r Zd k sL o x Z r d i g q¡p k u sd sf y , ' k = k qd k o / k v k o ' ; d g Sf t l l sm u d sÅ ¡p se L r d : i h l h f < +; k sa i j i Sj j [ k d j d h f r Z L o x Zr d i g q¡p t k r h g SA f ' k ' k qi k y o / k e g k d k O ; e sa l k e d h H k h c k r d h x b Zg SA ; f n ' k = k q' k k f U r d s} k j k e k u t k , v k Sj v k J ; L o h d k j d j d sp y k t k ; r k so g o / k d sf y , ; k sX ; u g h ag Sy sf d u n . M d sg h } k j k o ' k e sa g k su so k y s' k = k qd sf y , l k e d h u h f r g k f u d j g k sr h g S& p r qF k k sZi k ; l k è ; sr qf j i k Sl k U R o e i f Ø ; k A 3 5 L o s| e k e T o j ai zk K % d k s· E H k l k i f j f " k × p f r A A v F k k Zr ~n . M d s} k j k o ' k e sa d j u s; k sX ; ' k = k qd sl k F k l k e d k O ; o g k j g k f u d k j d g k sr k g SD ; k saf d i l h u sy k u s; k sX ; T o j d k sd k Su p r qj f p f d R l d i k u h l sl h ap r k g S] ; k f u d k sb Zu g h aA i k u h l sT o j d k s' k k ar



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u g h af d ; k t k l d r k g SA b l h i zd k j n . M u h ; ' k = k qd k l k e l sm i p k j H k h l E H k o u g h ag SA f ' k ' k qi k y o / k e g k d k O ; e sa ' k = k qi j p < +k b Zd c d j u h p k f g , ] b l f o " k ; e sa H k h l E ; d r ; k f o p k j f d ; k x ; k g S& L o ' k D o R ; qi p ; sd sf p R i j L ; O ; l u s· i j sA 3 6 ; k u e k g qL r n k l h u aR o k e qR F k k i ; f r } ; e ~A A v F k k Zr ~d k sb Zj k t u h f r K v i u si zH k qn . M y { k . k ' k f D r d sc < +s j g u si j ' k = k qi j p < +k b Zd j u k m f p r d g r sg Sa r F k k d k sb Zj k t u h f r K ' k = k qd k sf o i f Ù k e sa i M +u si j m l i j p < +k b Zd j u k m f p r d g r sg SaA o sn k su k sa g h v i u h ' k f D r d h o `f ) r F k k ' k = k qd h f o i f Ù k ¼ v k y l ; qD r ½ v k i d k s; q) d sf y , m R l k f g r d j j g sg SaA b l f y , ' k = k qf ' k ' k qi k y i j p < +k b Zd j u sd k ; g m i ; qD r v o l j g SA y sf d u v k x se g k d f o e k ? k ; g H k h c r y k r sg Sa f d f o i f Ù k e sa Q ¡l sg q, ' k = k qi j p < +k b Zd j u k , d o h j j k t k d sf y , v i e k u d k f o " k ; g S& u h f r j k i f n ; n ~x E ; % i j L r U e k f u u k sf Ð ; sA 3 7 f o / k qf o Z/ k qU r qn L ; so i w. k ZL r L ; k sR l o k ; l % A A v F k k Zr ~v k i f Ù k e sa Q ¡l sg q, ' k = k qi j p < +k b Zd j u h p k f g , ; g t k su h f r g So g e k u h i q# " k d sf y , y T t k t u d g SA i w. k Zp U n ze k i j f t l i zd k j j k g qv k Ø e . k d j r k g S] m l h i zd k j l e `f ) l si w. k Z' k = k qi j v k Ø e . k d j u k g h e k u h i q# " k d sf y , g " k Zd k f o " k ; g SA ; q) d sl e ; e sa j k t & / k e Z; g f ' k { k k n sr k g Sf d v i u h f o t ; d sf y , l c i zd k j l s' k = k qd k sf o o ' k d j n su k p k f g , A b l : i e sa ' k = k qd k sc k g j h l g k ; r k u g h ai g q¡p u sn su k p k f g , A b l l E c U / k e sa c y j k e d g r sg Sa & f u # ) o h o / k l k j i zl k j kx k b o o zt k e A 3 8 m i # U / U r qn k ' k k g k Z% i qj h ae k f g " e r h af } " k % A A v F k k Zr ~H k k sT ; i n k F k Zv U u k f n f e = k k sa d h l g k ; r k l su k r F k k ? k k l & H k wl k v k Sj b ±/ k u v k f n d k sj k sd u s o k y s; k n o e k f g " e r h u k e d h ' k = k qd h u x j h e sa ' k = k qv k sa d k sb l i zd k j ? k sj y sa f t l i zd k j o g af x ; k sa l sn w/ k v k f n < k su so k y k sa d sv k u s& t k u sd k sj k sd u so k y sx k si k y c zt e sa x k ; k sa d k s? k sj r sg SaA b l i zd k j ' k = k qv k sa d k s? k sj u sr F k k f ' k ' k qi k y d h e k f g " e r h i qj h e sa [ k k | l k e x zh ] l g k ; r k d j u so k y h l su k v k sa v k Sj i ' k qv k sa d sH k k st u o b ±/ k u b R ; k f n d k sj k sd n su si j ' k = k ql g t r k l si j k H k wr f d ; k t k l d r k g SA t c O ; f D r v H k k o x zf l r g k sr k g Sr c m l sv k l k u h l so ' k e sa f d ; k t k l d r k g SD ; k saf d H k w[ k & I ; k l , sl h v o L F k k g St k sO ; f D r d k sd qN H k h d j u sd s f y , f o o ' k d j n sr h g S& R ; t sR { k q/ k · · Ù k k Ze f g y k L o i q= k a [ k k n sR { k q/ k r k ZH k qt x h L o e . M e ~A 3 9 c qH k qf { k r % f d au d j k sf r i k i a] { k h . k k u j k f u " d # . k k H k o f U r A A v F k k Zr ~H k w[ k h L = k h v i u si q= k d k sH k h N k sM +n sr h g S] H k w[ k h l f i Z. k h v i u sv . M k sa d k sH k h [ k k t k r h g S] H k w[ k k v k n e h d k Su l k i k i u g h ad j r k g SD ; k saf d n q% [ k h o { k h . k e u q" ; f u n Z; h g k st k r k g SA o g v i u h H k w[ k & f e V k u sd s f y , l c d qN n k o i j y x k n sr k g SA j k t k d sf y , l E i w. k Zj k T ; d h i zt k v i u sl e k u g k sr h g SA v r % o g v i u s i zt k d sl q[ k d sf y , d qN H k h d j u sd sf y , c k è ; g k st k r k g SA b f r g k l l k { k h g Sf d e g k j k t i zr k i v i u si q= k d k s? k k l d h j k sV h l sn q% [ k h g k sd j ' k = k ql sl e > k Sr k d j u k L o h d k j d j f y ; k F k k A v k t d si f j o s' k e sa H k h ; q) ; k v k i l h l g e f r u g k su si j , d n s' k n wl j sn s' k d k sf d l h i zd k j l g k ; r k u g h ai zn k u d j r k g SA e g k d f o e k ? k d s} k j k ; q) e sa j k t k d sm R l k g ' k f D r d k c g qr o `g n ~: i l so . k Zu f d ; k x ; k g SA



e g k d f o e k ? k d k j k t & / k e Z@ 8 5



m R l k g v k f R e d x q. k g SA v k f R e d m R l k g g h ' k = k qi j f o t ; f n y k r k g SA l su k v k Sj ' k L = k d sj g u si j H k h m R l k g ' k f D r d sf c u k d k sb Zj k t k ; q) e sa f o t ; u g h ai zk I r d j l d r k g SA b l f y , d f o d k e k u u k g Sf d & m n sr qe R ; t U u h g k aj k t l q} k n ' k L o f i A 4 0 f t x h " k qj sd k sf n u d `n k f n R ; sf " o o d Y i r sA A v F k k Zr ~c k j g j k t k v k sa d se è ; e sa m R l k g u g h aN k sM +r k g qv k f o t ; k F k h Zv d sy k H k h j k t k f n u d `r l w; Z d sl e k u m n ; g k su se sa l e F k Zg k sr k g SA ; k f u f t l i zd k j c k j g v k f n R ; d se è ; e sa m R l k g l E i U u r F k k f o t ; k F k h Z, d H k h j k t k v i u h m U u f r d j u se sa l e F k Zg k sr k g SA o sc k j g j k t k f u E u g Sa& 1 ' k = k q] 2 f e = k ] 3 ' k = k q d k f e = k ] 4 f e = k d k f e = k ] 5 ' k = k qd sf e = k d k f e = k ] 6 i k f " . k Zx zk g ¼ v i u si h N sl g k ; r k d sf y , v k u so k y k ½ ] 7 v k Ø U n & ' k = k qd si h N sl g k ; r k d sf y , v k u so k y k ] 8 i k f " . k Zx zk g k l k j & l g k ; r k d j u sd sf y , v i u si { k e sa c qy k ; k g qv k ] 9 v k Ø U n k l k j ( l g k ; r k d j u sd sf y , ' k = k qd si { k e sa c qy k ; k x ; k ] 1 0 f o f t x h " k q( L o ; at h r u s d h b P N k d j u so k y k ] 1 1 e / ; e ] 1 2 m n k l h u A ; sc k j g j k t k d g st k r sg SaA b u e sa i zF k e i k ap v k x sp y u so k y s ; k l k e u sj g u so k y sg k sr sg SaA e è ; e l f E e f y r g q, n k su k sa i { k k sa d k o / k d j u se sa l e F k Zv r , o L o r a= k g k sr k g SA v k Sj m n k l h u m l d se . M y l sc k g j j g r k g SA ; g H k h L o r a= k r F k k l c l sc y h j g r k g SA ; sr k sc k j g j k t k g q, y sf d u f t u c k j g l w; Zl sj k t k d h m i e k n h x b Zg So sc k j g l w; Zg Sa & 1 b U n z] 2 / k r k ] 3 H k x ] 4 i w" k k ] 5 f e = k ] 6 o # . k ] 7 v ; Ze k ] 8 v f p Z] 9 f o o L o k u ] 1 0 R o " V k ] 1 1 l f o r k v k Sj 1 2 f o " . k q; sc k j g v k f n R ; g SaA f n u d k sd j u so k y k f n u d `r v F k k Zr ~l w; Zg Sv U ; d so y l a[ ; k d sf y , g h g SA , d j k t k t c n wl j sj k T ; e sa i g q¡p r k g Sm l j k T ; d k L o k e h n wl j sj k T ; l si / k k j sj k t k d k L o k x r d j r k g SA f ' k ' k qi k y o / k e g k d k O ; e sa t c J h d `" . k v i u sl k e U r k sa d sl k F k ; qf / f " B j d sj k T ; e sa i zo s' k d j r sg Sa r k s; qf / f " B j v i u sH k k b Z; k sa l e sr m u d k L o k x r d j u sd sf y , i g q¡p r sg Sa& ; n qH k r qZj k x e u y C / k t U e u % i ze n k n e k f u o i qj se g h ; f l A 4 1 l g l k r r % l l f g r k s· u qt U e f H k o Zl q/ k k f / k i k s· f H k e q[ k e L ; f u ; Z; k SA A v F k k Zr ~J h d `" . k d s; e qu k u n h d k si k j d j u sd sc k n ; n qi f r d sv k u sl sm R i U u g " k Zd sd k j . k c g qr c M +s u x j e sa u g h al e k l d r sg q, l sj k t k ; qf / k f " B j N k sV sH k k b Z; k sa d sl k F k v x o k u h d j u sd sf y , u x j l sd `" . k d sl k e u sp y i M +sA v k f r F ; l E e k u H k h j k t & / k e Z, d e g R o i w. k Zf g L l k e k u k t k r k g S] m l d k H k h b l e g k d k O ; e sa l E ; D r ; k i k y u f d ; k x ; k g SA b l i zd k j g e n s[ k r sg Sa f d e g k d f o e k ? k d k f ' k ' k qi k y o / k e g k d k O ; H k y h H k k af r j k t & / k e Zd k si zL r qr d j u so k y k e g k d k O ; g Sf t l e sa j k t & / k e Zd sv ax d s: i e sa j k t k ] e a= k h ] i qj ] j k " V ª] d k s' k ] n . M ] f e = k d s l k F k & l k F k l f U / k f o x zg ] ; k u ] v k l u ] l aJ ; v k Sj } S/ h H k k o ; qD r j k t k d sN % x q. k k sa d k H k h f o L r k j l so . k Zu f d ; k x ; k g SA n wr v k Sj x qI r p j k sa d k sj k T ; d sv i f j g k ; Zv ax d s: i e sa i zL r qr f d ; k x ; k g SA ; q) u h f r d s f o f / k o r ~i f j i k y u l sf ' k ' k qi k y o / k e g k d k O ; ; q) d k O ; d s: i e sa l E e q[ k v k r k g SA v k f r F ; ] l E e k u b l e g k d k O ; d k i j j k T ; l E c U / k k sa d k sL F k k f ; R o i zn k u d j u so k y sH k k o d s: i e sa L F k k f i r g qv k g SA f t l l s; g f u f ' p r g k sr k g Sf d e g k d f o e k ? k j k t & / k e Zd se k u n . M k sa B h d i zd k j l si zL r qr d j u so k y se g k d f o g SaA l aL d `r f o H k k x M k Wg j h f l ag x k Sj f o ' o f o | k y ; ] l k x j ¼ e i z½



8 6 @ e / ; H k k j r h l U n H k Z& 1 -e g k H k k j r 1 2 @ 1 1 0 @ 1 1 2 -f g r k si n s' k ] p k S[ k E c k l qj H k k j r h i zd k ' k u ] o k j k . k l h ] 2 0 1 0 ] f o x zg % & 1 4 7 3 -e u qL e `f r ] ] 7 @ 3 4 -f ' k ' k qi k y o / k e ~] p k S[ k E c k f o | k H k o u ] o k j k . k l h ] 2 0 1 3 ] 2 @ 8 2 5 -o g h ] 2 @ 9 3 6 -e u qL e `f r ] p k S[ k E c k f o | k H k o u ] o k j k . k l h ] 2 0 1 0 ] 7 @ 5 8 7 -; k K o Y D ; L e `f r ] 1 @ 1 3 @ 3 4 7 8 -e u qL e `f r ] 9 @ 2 9 4 & 2 9 5 9 -; k K o Y D ; L e `f r 1 @ 1 3 @ 3 5 3 1 0 -e u qL e `f r ] 7 @ 4 1 1 -m Ù k j j k e p f j r e ~1 @ 1 2 1 2 -e u qL e `f r ] 7 @ 5 5 1 3 -o g h ] 7 @ 1 1 1 1 4 -o g h ] 7 @ 1 8 1 5 -f ' k ' k qi k y o / k e ~] 2 @ 9 0 1 6 -n ' k d qe k j p f j r e ~] m Ù k j i h f B d k v " V e k sP N ~o k l ] e k sr h y k y c u k j l h n k l ] 1 9 9 3 i `2 8 0 & 2 8 1 1 7 -f d j k r k t qZu h ; e ~] p k S[ k E c k l qj H k k j r h i zd k ' k u ] o k j k . k l h ] 2 0 1 5 ] 1 @ 4 1 8 -f ' k ' k qi k y o / k e ~] 2 @ 1 1 2 1 9 -o g h ] 2 @ 1 1 3 2 0 -v f X u i qj k . k ] f g U n h l k f g R ; l E e sy u ] i z; k x ] 1 9 8 5 ] 2 4 1 @ 1 2 2 1 -v F k Z' k k L = k ] 1 @ 1 0 ] 1 3 @ 2 @ 5 5 ] 4 @ 5 @ 6 2 2 -e u qL e `f r ] 7 @ 6 6 2 3 -f ' k ' k qi k y o / k e ~] 1 6 @ 1 2 4 -o g h ] 1 6 @ 5 2 5 -o g h ] 1 6 @ 1 7 2 6 -o g h ] 1 6 @ 6 4 2 7 -v f X u i qj k . k ] 2 4 1 @ 7 & 1 1 2 8 -f ' k ' k qi k y o / k e ~] 2 @ 3 0 2 9 -o g h ] 2 @ 1 0 3 0 -o g h ] 2 @ 3 4 3 1 -o g h ] 2 @ 3 5 3 2 -o g h ] 2 @ 4 2 3 3 -o g h ] 2 @ 5 0 3 4 -o g h ] 2 @ 5 2 3 5 -o g h ] 2 @ 5 4 3 6 -o g h ] 2 @ 5 7 3 7 -o g h ] 2 @ 6 1 3 8 -o g h ] 2 @ 6 4 3 9 -f g r k si n s' k ] p k S[ k E c k l qj H k k j r h i zd k ' k u ] o k j k . k l h ] 2 0 1 3 ] l f U / k @ 6 0 4 0 -f ' k ' k qi k y o / k e ~] 2 @ 8 1 4 1 -o g h ] 1 3 @ 2



i zo k l u ¼ e k b x zs' k u ½ d sf o d Y i d h t : j r f o o sd d qe k j t k ; l o k y f d l h H k h O ; f ä d k v i u si Sr `d L F k k u ; k i k j ai f j d t x g l sy x k o g k su k L o k H k k f o d g SA v k f n o k l h l e k t k sa e sa ; g H k k o u k R e d y x k o v U ; l e k t k sa d sc j D l d g h av f / k d g k sr k g SD ; k saf d ; g , d , sl k l e k t g S f t l e sa i k j ai f j d e wY ; k sa v k Sj l aL d `f r ; k sa d k sl at k su sd k d k e l f n ; k sa l sp y k v k j g k g k sr k g SA , sl h f L F k f r e sa ; g d g k t k l d r k g Sf d l k e k U ; i f j f L F k f r ; k sa e sa f d l h H k h O ; f ä d k i zo k l u u g h ag k sl d r k A v k f n o k l h l e qn k ; k sa d sc h p H k h i zo k l u d h d k sb Zi j ai j k t Sl h p h t u g h aj g h g SA b u l e k t k sa e sa i zo k l u g e s' k k i f j f L F k f r t U ; j g h g SA v k f n o k f l ; k sa d si zo k l u d k sn k sr j h d k sa l sl e > k t k l d r k g SA l k e k U ; ' k C n k sa e sa d g sa r k si g y k f o d " k Z. k l sm R i U u i zo k l u (pushed out factors) v k Sj n wl j k v k d " k Z. k l s 1 m R i U u i zo k l u (pulled into factors) A i g y h J s. k h d si zo k l u d sl k e k f t d & v k f F k Zd d k j d g Sa f t u e sa x j h c h ] H k q[ k e j h ] c h e k j h ] i zk d `f r d v k i n k , av k f n g Sa v k Sj n wl j h J s. k h e sa o sd k j d v k r sg Sa f t u e sa O ; f ä j k st x k j ] c sg r j v k ; ] L r j h ; t h o u & ; k i u v k f n d h r y k ' k e sa i zo k l d j r k g SA v k f n o k l h l e k t k sa e sa i zo k l u b u n k su k sa g h d k j d k sa d k i f j . k k e g Sa v k Sj d k Q h l a[ ; k e sa v k f n o k f l ; k sa d k i zo k l u ' k g j h ] u x j h ; v k Sj l qn wj L F k k u k sa i j g qv k A r h l j k , d v k Sj l c l sT ; k n k e g Ù o i w. k Zd k j d g S] j k t u h f r d d k j d A Å i j d sv U ; n k s d k j d k sa d k sr k se k St wn k l e ; e sa m u d sf o d k l i { k d k s/ ; k u e sa j [ k r sg q, t k ; t B g j k l d r sg Sa y sf d u ; g r h l j k d k j d u r k sv k d " k Z. k l sm R i U u g k sr k g Sv k Sj u g h f o d " k Z. k l sA ; g i zk ; k sf t r d k j d g Sf t l e sa , sl h f L F k f r ; k ai Sn k d h t k r h g Sa f t l l sv k f n o k l h l e k t k sa d k si zo k l u d sf y , e t c wj g k su k i M +r k g SA H k k j r h ; l an H k Ze sa i zo k l u d k sg e v k Si f u o sf ' k d d k y l sg h n s[ k l d r sg Sa f t l e sa l e ; & l e ; i j f o f H k U u t x g k sa l sy k sx v k , v k Sj ; g k al sc k g j H k h x , A d k y & [ k aM v k Sj i zd `f r d sf g l k c l sg e b l sr h u 2 H k k x k sa e sa c k aV d j n s[ k l d r sg SaA i g y k o g l e ; F k k ] t c H k k j r f c zf V ' k k sa d k m i f u o s' k g qv k d j r k F k k A b l l e ; n k l & i zF k k d s m U e wy u d su k e i j H k k j r h ; e t n wj k sa d k sf c zf V ' k k sa } k j k l qn wj L F k k u k sa i j H k st k x ; k A , sl k b l f y , f d ; k x ; k D ; k saf d H k k j r e sa l L r sn j i j f e y u so k y se t n wj k sa d h c g qy r k F k h v k Sj b l c g qy r k d k d k j . k F k k f c zf V ' k k sa ' k k l u d sn k Sj k u x k ao k sa v k Sj m u e sa p y j g s? k j sy wm | k sx k sa d k sr st h l su " V f d ; k t k u k A x k ao k sa e sa ? k j sy wm | k sx k sa d s u " V g k su sl sv l a[ ; y k sx k sa d sl k e u st h o u & ; k i u d h l e L ; k m H k j h A y k sx x j h c v k Sj c sj k st x k j g k sx , v k Sj m u d sl k e u sf c zf V ' k k sa d sv / k h u e t n wj h d sf l o k v k Sj d k sb Zj k L r k u g h aF k k A n wl j k d k j . k F k k f d f c zf V ' k ] Ý sap v k Sj i qr Zx k f y ; k sa u s; g i k ; k f d H k k j r h ; y k sx d q' k y e t n wj g k su s e / ; H k k j r h & 7 2 ] t u o j h & t wu ] 2 0 1 7 ] ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 87-92



8 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h



d sl k F k & l k F k e sg u r h v k Sj m u d sd k e d sf y g k t l sm i ; k sx h g SaA b l r j g d k i zo k l u r sy l ad V d sl e ; l s n h [ k i M +r k g Sf t l e sa H k k j r h ; e / ; o x Zd k f o n s' k k sa e sa r st h l si zo k l g k su sy x k F k k A b l e sa T ; k n k r j y k sx O ; o l k ; h ] O ; k i k j h ] d y k d k j ] Q SD V ªh o d Zj v k f n d s: i e sa v e j h d k v k Sj f c zV su t Sl sf o d f l r n s' k k sa e sa x , A ; g i zo k l v o l j , o a/ k u d e k u sd h i zR ; k ' k k e sa g qv k A r h l j k n k Sj l e d k y h u l an H k k saZ l st qM +k g qv k g SA b l e sa T ; k n k r j f ' k f { k r l aH k zk ar o x Z¼ b y h V D y k l ½ d s y k sx f o d f l r n s' k k sa e sa v y x & v y x m í s' ; k sa t Sl s& i < +k b Z] c M +h u k Sd j h ] c M +s m | k sx k sa v k f n d sf y , y x k r k j t k j g sg SaA f c zf V ' k d k y h u H k k j r e sa e t n wj k sa d k sf Q t h ] x q; k u k ] l wj h u k e ] e k Wj h ' k l ] f = k f u n k n ] V k sc Sx k sv k f n n s' k k sa e sa r k sH k st k g h t k j g k F k k ] b l d sl k F k g h b u d k sH k k j r e sa g h , d j k T ; l sn wl j sj k T ; k sa e sa H k st k t k j g k F k k t g k a b u d sm | k sx L F k k f i r F k sA f c g k j ] m M +h l k ] e / ; i zn s' k v k Sj > k j [ k aM l st u t k f r ; k sa d k sv l e e sa L F k k f i r p k ; c k x k u k sa e sa d k e d j u sd sf y , H k st k x ; k A ; g n k Sj 1 8 3 0 & 4 0 d sv k l & i k l d k F k k A c k x k u e sa d k e d j u so k y s e t n wj o g k ad sL F k k b Zf u o k l h H k h F k s] i j o sd so y r d u h d g h l h [ k r sF k sv k Sj d e l a[ ; k e sa F k st c f d d M +h e sg u r d k i wj k d k e c k g j l sv k , e t n wj k sa l sd j k ; k t k r k F k k A 1 0 u o ac j ] 1 8 5 5 d k sf c zf V ' k g qd we r u sb l b y k d se sa e k ' k Zy y k Wd k , sy k u f d ; k v k Sj b l sl su k d sg k F k k sa l k Sai f n ; k A v k f n o k f l ; k sa d h c f L r ; k am t k M +h x b Za] v k x y x k b Zx b Z] g t k j k sa t o k u ] c w< +s] v k Sj r sa v k Sj c P p se k j sx , A v k f n o k l h v i u sb y k d sl sm t M +d j H k V d u s d k sf o o ' k g q, A n k f t Zf y ax v k Sj v l e d sp k ; c k x k u k sa e sa t c p h u h v k Sj v l e h e t n wj l Q y u g h ag q, ] r k s b U g sa o g k ac l k ; k x ; k A 3 p k ; c k x k u k sa e sa e t n wj k sa d h H k r h Zd h n k si zf Ø ; k , av i u k b Zt k r h F k h aA i g y h i zf Ø ; k d k s^ v j d ê h * d g k t k r k F k k v k Sj b l e sa N k sV k u k x i qj ¼ i g y sf c g k j v c > k j [ k aM e sa½ v k Sj v U ; t u t k r h ; { k s= k k sa l sv k , g q, e t n wj k sa d h H k r h Zd h t k r h F k h A b u e sa e q[ ; : i l sl aF k k y ] e qaM k ] m j k ao v k f n t u t k f r ; k av k b ZaA n wl j h i zf Ø ; k d k u k e F k k ^ l j n k j h * A ; so g u , y k sx g k sr sF k st k si g y sl sg h f d l h n wl j sp k ; c k x k u e sa d k e d j j g sg k sr sF k sA b l e sa e f g y k , aH k h d k Q h l a[ ; k e sa v k b ZaA v l e e sa f t r u h t u t k f r ; k ag Sa m u e sa p k ; e t n wj k sa d h r k n k n l c l s T ; k n k g Sv k Sj p k ; t u t k f r d g d j l ac k sf / k r f d ; k t k r k g SA p k ; e t n wj k sa d h d qN t u l a[ ; k r d j h c u 7 0 y k [ k c r k b Zt k r h g SA v l e d k p k ; m | k sx p k ; e t n wj k sa d h e sg u r d sl g k j sg h f o d f l r g k sr k x ; k g Sv k Sj n s' k d h v F k ZO ; o L F k k e sa v g e ; k sx n k u d j r k j g k g SA f c g k j d sb y k d k sa l sv l e d sp k ; c k x k u k sa e sa t k u so k y h t u t k f r ; k sa u s] f t U g sa g e v k t i wo Zt u k e n sl d r sg Sa] u sv i u h i h < +h r d v i u sv k l & i k l r e k e f o i j h r i f j f L F k ; k aO ; k I r g k su sd sc k o t wn f u t H k k " k k v k Sj l aL d `f r d k sc p k , j [ k k A v k t v l e d sf t u ' k g j k sa e sa p e d & n e d f n [ k j g h g S] m u d si h N sb U g h a ^ V h & V ªk b ZO l * d si l h u k sa d h d e k b Zg S] b l l sd r b Zb u d ?j k u g h af d ; k t k l d r k A f Q j H k h b u p k ; e t n wj k sa d h u b Zi h < +h c sj k st x k j h ] x j h c h ] H k q[ k e j h d h g k y r e sa t h u sd k sc sc l g SA o r Ze k u d h u b Zi h < +h t k sv c f ' k f { k r g Sv k Sj c M +s ' k g j k sa e sa d k e d j j g h g So g v i u h H k k " k k v k Sj l aL d `f r d k sl aj f { k r j [ k u se sa v { k e r k e g l wl d j j g h g SA , sl k b l f y , g k sj g k g SD ; k saf d o sv i u sv k l & i k l i ; k ZI r y k sx k sa d k sv i u h H k k " k k v k Sj l aL d `f r d k sl aj f { k r d j u sg sr qd e i k r sg SaA m U g sa v i u sy k sx f e y r sg h u g h a f t u l so sv i u h H k k " k k e sa c k r d j l d saA b l e sa o r Ze k u d si f j o r Zu ' k h y i f j o s' k v k Sj o S' o h d j . k d k c g qr ; k sx n k u g Sl k F k g h l k F k b l sl e k t d sc n y r su t f j , d si f j i zs{ ; e sa n s[ k k t k u k v k o ' ; d g Sf t l e sa f e f J r



i zo k l u ¼ e k b x zs' k u ½ d sf o d Y i d h t : j r @ 8 9



f o o k g , d e g Ù o i w. k Zd k j . k g St k sy k sx k sa d k sm u d h v i u h H k k " k k v k Sj l aL d `f r l aj f { k r d j u se sa c k / k k i g qap k r k g SA i wo k sZÙ k j e sa 2 0 0 l sv f / k d v u ql wf p r t u t k f r ; k av k Sj 1 0 0 d sd j h c c k sf y ; k ag SaA l H k h t u t k f r ; k a v i u h i g p k u ] l aL d `f r v k Sj c k sy h d k sc p k , j [ k u sd sf y , , d & n wl j sd sl k F k r u k o H k j sg k sM +e sa y x h j g r h g SaA b l d k sy sd j d b Zc k j m u d sc h p v k i l h l a? k " k ZH k h p y r k j g r k g SA d H k h & d H k h v i u h f L F k f r d k se t c wr d j u sd sf y , N k sV h t u t k f r ; k av i u sl sc M +h v k Sj e t c wr t u t k f r e sa t k f e y r h g SaA t u t k f r ; k sa d sl a? k " k Zu su ; k e k sM +r c f y ; k t c c k aX y k n s' k ] E ; k ae k j ¼ c e k Z½ v k Sj u si k y v k f n i M +k sl h n s' k k sa l sv k u so k y s' k j . k k f F k Z; k sa v k Sj ^ ? k ql i Sf B ; k sa* d h l a[ ; k f p ar k t u d : i l sc < +u sy x h A p d e k ' k j . k k f F k Z; k sa d h l a[ ; k o " k Z1 9 6 4 l sv c r d i Sar h l g t k j l sc < +d j , d y k [ k l sH k h v f / k d g k sx b Zg SA v l e d sp k ; c k x k u k sa e sa d k e d j u sd sf y , l aF k k f y ; k sa v k Sj c k g j l sv k u so k y sf g an h H k k f " k ; k sa d h l a[ ; k H k h d k Q h c < +x b ZA c k g j h y k sx k sa d h v k c k n h c < +u sv k Sj l k F k & l k F k l al k / k u k sa , o al Ù k k i j m u d k o p ZL o c < +r k n s[ k d j i k j ai f j d L F k k u h ; v k c k n h d k sv i u sv f L r R o i j l ad V e g l wl g k su sy x u k v L o k H k k f o d u g h ag SA H k f o " ; e sa v f L r R o d s b l h l ad V d sd k j . k ; g r u k o i Sn k g k su k ' k q: g qv k A p k ; c k x k u k sa d se t n wj e wy : i l sv k f n o k l h v k Sj t u t k r h ; l e qn k ; d sg SaA o sf t u j k T ; k sa l s v l e e sa v k , m u j k T ; k sa e sa m u d h t u t k f r d k sl ao S/ k k f u d e k U ; r k f e y h g qb Zg S] y sf d u p k ; t u t k f r d k s v k t r d l ao S/ k k f u d e k U ; r ku g h a n hx b Z g SA f u j { k j g k su s d s d k j . kp k ; t u t k f r d s y k sx l k e k f t d & v k f F k Zd : i l sf i N M +s g q, g SaA f ' k { k k d h l qf o / k k l so af p r g k su sd sd k j . k v k t H k h p k ; & t u t k f r d s c h p d qj h f r ; k sa& v a/ k f o ' o k l v k f n d k i zp y u g SA p k ; c k x k u e k f y d k sa u st k u c w> d j p k ; e t n wj k sa d sc P p k sa d h f ' k { k k d se l y si j d H k h / ; k u u g h af n ; k A b l r j g p k ; c k x k u k sa e sa d b Zi h f < +; k sa l sf u j { k j r k d k v a/ k sj k d k ; e j g k g SA e k f y d k sa d k sy x r k j g k g Sf d v u i < +p k ; e t n wj k sa d k ' k k s" k . k d j u k v f / k d v k l k u g S] i < +s& f y [ k se t n wj t k x : d g k sd j v i u sv f / k d k j k sa d sf y , v k o k t c qy an d j l d r sg SaA c k x k u e k f y d b l r j g d k [ k r j k e k sy y su k u g h ap k g r sA p k ; c k x k u k sa e sa f ' k { k k d k i zf r ' k r e g t N g g SA t g k ac k x k u e k f y d k sa d h r j Q l sf ' k { k k d si zp k j & i zl k j d h r j Q / ; k u u g h af n ; k t k r k ] o g h a l j d k j H k h p k ; e t n wj k sa d sc P p k sa d k sf ' k f { k r c u k u sd sf y , d k sb Zv f H k ; k u p y k u k t : j h u g h al e > r h A c k x k u d se t n wj H k h v i u h c n g k y v f F k Zd f L F k f r d k sn s[ k r sg q, v i u sc P p k sa d k sL d wy H k st u se sa # f p u g h ay sr s v k Sj c P p k sa d k se t n wj h d sd k e e sa y x k n sr sg SaA b l r j g f u j { k j r k d h f o j k l r , d i h < +h l sn wl j h i h < +h r d g L r k ar f j r g k sr h j g r h g SA M s< +l k So " k k saZ l sp k ; c k x k u k sa e sa d k ; Zd j j g se t n wj k sa d si f j o k j k sa d h v k f F k Zd f L F k f r e sa v k t k n h d sN g n ' k d k sa e sa H k h d k sb Zc n y k o u g h av k i k ; k A i f j o k j d s, d ; k n k sl n L ; e t n wj h d j r sg Sa v k Sj m u d sm i k t Zu i j g h i wj si f j o k j d k x qt k j k p y r k g SA b l r j g d sT ; k n k r j f g L l se sa p k ; e t n wj k sa d si f j o k j k sa d k sv H k k o d k l k e u k d j u k i M +r k g SA p k ; e t n wj k sa d sf y , f t l r j g f ' k { k k d k m f p r b ar t k e u g h af d ; k x ; k g Sm l h r j g m U g sa L o k L F ; l qf o / k k v k sa l sH k h o af p r j [ k k x ; k g SA p k ; c k x k u k sa e sa t k si zk F k f e d L d wy g Sa m u d sH k o u t h . k Z& ' k h . k Zf L F k f r e sa g S v k Sj f ' k { k k d k v u qd wy e k g k Sy u g h ag k su sd sd k j . k c P p s, sl sL d wy k sa e sa v k u k i l an u g h ad j r sA c k x k u k sa d s L d wy k sa d k l j d k j h d j . k H k y sg h d j f n ; k x ; k g Se x j p k ; c k x k u i zc a/ k u d h r j Q l sL d wy k sa d h m i s{ k k d h t k r h g SA p k ; c k x k u k sa e sa r Su k r f ' k { k d k sa l sc k x k u d k ; k Zy ; d sd k e H k h d j o k , t k r sg SaA ; g h o t g g Sf d v l e e sa l H k h t u t k f r ; k sa d h r qy u k e sa p k ; t u t k f r l o k Zf / k d f i N M +h g qb Zg Sv k Sj o k sV c Sad d s: i e sa f i N y s



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d b Zn ' k d k sa l sm l d k H k y sg h b L r se k y f d ; k t k r k j g k g Se x j c n f d L e r h d k sc n y u se sa l j d k j f n y p L i h u g h ay sr h j g h g SA f c zf V ' k d k y e sa v ax zst k sa } k j k t k sv k f n o k l h p k ; c k x k u k sa e sa d k e d j u sd sf y , ; g k ay k , F k sr H k h l s ; s' k k af r f i z; v k f n o k l h l e qn k ; j k T ; d h v k f F k Zd r j D d h e sa p qi p k i v i u k ; k sx n k u n sr k j g k g SA c k o t wn b l d s; sg e s' k k m i s{ k k d k f ' k d k j g h j g sA v k f n o k f l ; k sa d sl ao S/ k k f u d v f / k d k j k sa d si zf r l j d k j d sm n k l h u j o S, u sy k sx k sa e sa v l ar k s" k c < +k ; k v k Sj v c ; sH k k o u k i wj sH k k j r e sa Q Sy x b Zg SA 1 9 9 6 e sa c k sM k sy SaM b y k d se sa c k sM k st u t k f r v k Sj v k f n o k f l ; k sa d sc h p g q, t k r h ; l a? k " k Zu sd b Z v k f n o k f l ; k sa d k sc s? k j d j f n ; k A b u e sa l sd qN v H k h H k h l g k ; r k f ' k f o j k sa e sa j g u sd k se t c wj g SaA p k ; t u t k f r ; k sa d sl ax B u k sa d k d g u k g Sf d ^ ^ g e v i u sv f / k d k j k sa d sf y , ' k k af r i w. k Zy k sd r k af = k d r j h d k sa l sy M +u s e sa ; d h u j [ k r sg SaA g e k j sl e qn k ; d h b P N k , ac g qr y ac h & p k SM +h u g h ag SaA v x j f d l h u sg f F k ; k j m B k ; k g Sr k s b l d h o t g v k R e j { k k g S] f d l h d k si zr k f M +r d j u k u g h aA * * p k ; t u t k f r v l f e ; k t u t h o u d k f g L l k H k y sg h c u p qd h g Se x j b l t u t k f r d sy k sx k sa d k s v k t H k h u k j d h ; i f j f L F k f r ; k sa e sa t h u sd sf y , e t c wj g k su k i M +j g k g SA p k ; t u t k f r d k 1 5 0 o " k k saZ d k b f r g k l v l y e sa ' k k s" k . k v k Sj n e u d k j g k g SA b u o " k k saZ e sa p k ; c k x k u d s{ k s= k Q y ] p k ; m R i k n u ] d h e r ] c k t k j v k f n e sa d k Q h c n y k o v k p qd k g S e x j p k ; e t n wj k sa d h l k e k f t d & v k f F k Zd f L F k f r e sa d k sb Z l d k j k R e d c n y k o l aH k o u g h ag k si k ; k g SA c h l o h a' k r k C n h d sm Ù k j k / k Ze sa e / ; i zn s' k v k Sj > k j [ k aM l st h o u ; k i u d h r y k ' k e sa H k k j h l a[ ; k e sa i zo k l u g qv k A 1 9 5 0 v k Sj 1 9 8 0 d sc h p t u t k f r ; k sa d k i zo k l u f c g k j v k Sj i f ' p e c ax k y d sx zk e h . k b y k d k sa e sa g qv k A y sf d u 1 9 8 0 d sc k n o sf n Y y h ] e qac b Zv k Sj d y d Ù k k t Sl sc M +s ' k g j k sa d h r j Q # [ k d j u sy x sA g k y d so " k k saZ e sa t u t k f r ; k sa d si zo k l u e sa , d u ; k –n `' ; t k sm H k j k o g ; g f d H k k j h l a[ ; k e sa d so y e f g y k , a g h i zo k f l r g k su sy x h ag Sa t c f d i g y st u t k r h ; b y k d k sa l sd so y i q# " k g h j k st x k j d h r y k ' k e sa ' k g j t k r s F k sA t u t k r h ; i f j o k j k sa e sa c < +r h x j h c h u sv f o o k f g r y M +f d ; k sa d k v k Sj e f g y k v k sa d k sd k e d h r y k ' k e sa ' k g j k sa d h r j Q H k k x u k ' k q: f d ; k g SA ; g e f g y k , av i u se k f y d k sa d sm R i h M +u d k f ' k d k j r k sg Sa g h l k F k g h v U ; v l k e k f t d r R o k sa d sm R i h M +u v k Sj ' k k s" k . k d k v y x & v y x r j h d k sa l sH k h f ' k d k j g k sj g h g SaA v k d " k Z. k v k Sj f o d " k Z. k n k su k sa d k j d k sa d h o t g l st u t k f r ; k sa v k Sj f o ' k s" k d j m u d h e f g y k v k sa d s i zo k l u d k p Ø h ; L o : i m H k j r k g SA H k k j r d st u t k f r ; k sa e sa p Ø h ; i zo k l u v k Sj x zk e h . k & ' k g j h i zo k l u d k s e q[ ; : i l sc < +r sg q, n s[ k k t k l d r k g SA 2 0 0 8 d s, d v / ; ; u d sv u ql k j i zf r o " k Zr h l g t k j e t n wj c k sy k ax h j f t y sl si f ' p e h m M +h l k d s{ k s= k k sa e sa i zo k f l r g k sj g sg SaA b l h i zd k j e / ; i zn s' k d st ax y h v k Sj l qn wj o r h Zb y k d k sa l sH k h i zo k f l r g k su so k y sy k sx k sa d h l a[ ; k H k h y x H k x , sl h g h g SA n f { k . k h e / ; i zn s' k d s t u t k r h ; f t y k sa d sy x H k x 6 5 %i f j o k j i zo k f l r g k sp qd sg SaA , d f j i k sV Zd sv u ql k j > k j [ k aM d s1 2 x k ao k sa d s v / ; ; u e sa , sl k i k ; k x ; k f d m u e sa l s, d f r g k b Zi f j o k j k sa e sa l sd e l sd e , d l n L ; i zo k l u d j p qd k g SA H k k j r e sa l c l sd e f o d f l r j k T ; k sa e sa l se / ; i zn s' k , d g SA v U ; j k T ; k sa d h r qy u k e sa l c l sT ; k n k t u t k f r ; k sa d h t u l a[ ; k o k y k i zn s' k g SA b l d sn f { k . k h f t y k sa l sg k su so k y si zo k l u i j g h b u d k t h o u & ; k i u f V d k g qv k g SA ; g k ad sy k sx v i u si M +k sl h j k T ; k sa e g k j k " V ªv k Sj x qt j k r t k r sg SaA 2 0 0 5 r d b l { k s= k l s L F k k u h ; , t saV } k j k H k k j h l a[ ; k e sa b u d h H k r h Ze t n wj k sa d s: i e sa d h x b ZA b l i zf Ø ; k d k s^ e qD d í e * d g k



i zo k l u ¼ e k b x zs' k u ½ d sf o d Y i d h t : j r @ 9 1 4 t k r k g SA b l i zf Ø ; k e sa i zo k l h e t n wj k sa d h v u qi f L F k f r e sa m u d si f j o k j d k st h o u & ; k i u d sf y , v f x ze / k u j k f ' k n sn h t k r h g Sv k Sj d b Zc k j b l j k f ' k d k m i ; k sx i zo k l h e t n wj d k ; ZL F k y i j t k u sd sf y , t : j h o L r q, a[ k j h n u se sa H k h d j r k g SA c k n e sa ; g j k f ' k e t n wj k sa d so sr u l sd k V y h t k r h g St c o sd k e d j u sd s f y , v i u sx ar O ; i j i g qp t k r sg SaA b l H k r h Zi zf Ø ; k e sa e t n wj k sa d h H k r h Zl e wg k sa e sa d h t k r h g Sv k Sj o g l e wg l k F k & l k F k g h j g r k g Sv k Sj d k e d j r k g SA d k ; Z& L F k y i j b u i zo k l h e t n wj k sa d k sB sd sn k j d so y , d v L F k k b Z N r e qg S; k d j k r sg SaA b u i zo k l h e t n wj k sa d sl k F k i qf y l ] ' k g j h v f / k d k f j ; k sa v k Sj B sd sn k j k sa } k j k f d , t k u so k y s m R i h M +u v k e c k r g SA i h u sd si k u h v k Sj l Q k b Zd h d k sb Zl qf o / k k u g h ag Sv k Sj b u d sc P p sv k Sj y M +f d ; k a c h e k j h ] n q? k ZV u k v k sa v k Sj ; k Su m R i h M +u d k f ' k d k j g SaA i zo k l h t u t k f r ; k sa d k sQ SD V ªh & e t n wj ] i k sV Zj ] ? k j sy wu k Sd j ] l Q k b Zd e h Zv f n d s: i e sa j [ k k x ; k g SA i zo k l h e t n wj k sa d k s, sl sd k e f n , t k r sg Sa t k sn wl j sv U ; e t n wj u g h ad j l d r s; k u g h ad j u k p k g r sA ¼ t Sl s& x an s] [ k r j so k y sd k e v k f n ½ A b l r j g d sd k e k sa d sf y , e t n wj h H k h d e n h t k r h g Sv k Sj b l e sa v l qj { k k H k h d k Q h g k sr h g Sy sf d u b l r j g d sd k e k sa d k sd j u sd sf y , o g b l f y , r S; k j g k st k r sg Sa D ; k saf d m U g sa v i u h v i s{ k k T ; k n k e t n wj h f e y t k r h g SA „ 0 0 6 d s, d l j d k j h v k ad M +s d sv u ql k j b l f L F k f r u sm u d h x j h c h d qN g n r d d e d h g SA g k y d so " k k saZ e sa f d , x , v / ; ; u k sa e sa ; g n s[ k k x ; k g Sf d > k j [ k aM ] N Ù k h l x < +] m M +h l k v k Sj i f ' p e c ax k y d h f ' k f { k r ] v f ' k f { k r v k Sj f u j { k j v k f n o k l h e f g y k , ac M +h l a[ ; k e sa n s' k d sf o f H k U u H k k x k sa v k Sj f n Y y h ] e qac b Zv k Sj d k sy d k r k t Sl sc M +s ' k g j k sa e sa l ax f B r ] v l ax f B r v k Sj ? k j sy wu k Sd j k u h d s: i e sa v P N s j k st x k j v k Sj t h o u & ; k i u d h r y k ' k e sa i zo k f l r g qb Zg SaA o si zk ; % ' k k j h f j d v k Sj e k u f l d : i l si zr k f M +r g k s j g h g SaA b u e f g y k v k sa d h v k Sl r m e z3 0 o " k Zg Sv k Sj f n Y y h v k Sj e qac b Zt Sl s' k g j k sa e sa i zo k f l r v k f n o k l h e f g y k v k sa e sa v k / k h l sT ; k n k e f g y k v k sa d h v k Sl r m e z2 5 o " k Zf t u e sa l s, d f r g k b Zv f o o k f g r g SaA b u e sa l s v f / k d k a' k e f g y k , a, sl h g Sa f t u d k ? k j l sf u d y u sd sc k n n qc k j k ? k j l sl ai d Zg h V wV x ; k A , sl h e f g y k v k sa 5 d k sn s' k O ; k i k j e sa / k d sy f n ; k x ; k ; k f Q j c sp f n ; k x ; k A 6 v k ; l sg k su so k y h c p r d k H k h i zf r ' k r c g qr d e g SA N Ù k h l x < +v k Sj > k j [ k aM d h e f g y k v k sa d k s v i s{ k k d `r d e o sr u f n ; k t k r k g SA l k F k g h e k f y d k sa v k Sj B sd sn k j k sa } k j k ' k k j h f j d n aM H k h f n ; k t k r k g Sv k Sj d H k h & d H k h H k k st u u n sd j n af M r f d ; k t k r k g SA e k u f l d v k Sj ; k Su m R i h M +u H k h e k e y sl k F k & l k F k p y r k j g r k g SA b l v / ; ; u e sa ; g H k h L i " V f d ; k x ; k g Sf d l c l sT ; k n k m R i h M +u f c p k Sf y ; k sa } k j k f d ; k x ; k g SA ; g f d r u k g k L ; k L i n g Sf d b u f L F k f r ; k sa d sc k o t wn e k = k 1 5 0 i f j o k j k sa i j f d , x , b l v / ; ; u d sl j d k j h v k ad M +s b l c k r d k si q" V d j r sg Sa f d v k f n o k l h e f g y k v k sa d si zo k l u l sm u d si f j o k j k sa d h f L F k f r ; k sa e sa g j r j g d k l q/ k k j g qv k g Sv k Sj v k f n o k f l ; k sa d k i zo k l u m u d k l q[ k n v k Sj l qj f { k r H k f o " ; f u f e Zr d j u se sa d k j x j g k sj g k g SA t c f d m U g h ad k , d v k ad M +k ; g H k h d g r k g Sf d m u d h v k ; d h i zf r ' k r r k e sa r k so `f ) g qb Zg Sy sf d u m u d h L o k L F ; ] l Q k b Z] l ar qf y r v k g k j ] f ' k { k k v k f n d sc k j se sa t k x : d r k e sa d k sb Z[ k k l o `f ) u g h ag qb Zg Sv k Sj l k F k g h ; g H k h d g r k g Sf d m u d h l aL d `f r ] m u d h i j ai j k ] H k k " k k ] O ; o g k j v k Sj v U ; i k j ai f j d p h t k sa d se k e y k sa e sa l ad V x zL r r k c < +h g SA d qy f e y k d j i zo k l u l sy k H k d sc t k , n q" i zH k k o d g h aT ; k n k g SA D ; k saf d ; g f L F k f r t u t k r h ; v f L e r k ] l aL d `f r v k Sj m u d h l qj { k k i j [ k r j sd sl wp d g SaA o sy k sx t k sv i u sL F k k u l sn wj g Sa o si zk d `f r d l al k / k u k sa d k b L r se k y r d H k wy r st k j g sg Sa v k Sj v i u sl e qn k ; d sf u . k Z; k sa e sa H k h u g h o g f g L l k y si k r sg Sa



9 2 @ e / ; H k k j r h



v k Sj u g h d k sb Zn [ k y n si k r sg SaA l e x zr k e sa m u d h L F k f r e sa f d l h H k h i zd k j d k x q. k k R e d c n y k o n s[ k u sd k s u g h af e y r k f t l l s; g d g k t k l d sf d m u d si zo k l u l sm u d h f L F k f r ; k sa e sa l q/ k k j v k ; k g SA b u f L F k f r ; k sa d s e í su t j b l c k r d h t : j r g Sf d v k f n o k f l ; k sa v k Sj m u d h e f g y k v k sa d si zo k l u d k sr R d k y j k sd u sd h v k o ' ; d r k g SA L F k k u h ; L r j i j j k st x k j d sl k / k u m i y C / k d j k d j ] m U g sa i zo k l u d sn q" i f j . k k e k sa d sc k j se sa c r k d j ] o Sd f Y i d j k st x k j d h O ; o L F k k v k f n d st f j , m u d si zo k l u e sa d e h y k b Zt k l d r h g SA l ap k j , o ai = k d k f j r k f o H k k x M k WD V j g j h f l ag x k Sj f o ' o f o | k y ; ] l k x j ¼ e i z½ l U n H k Z& 1 -^ e k b x zs' k u v k WQ V ªk b c y o we su % b V ~l l k sf l ; k sb d k su k Wf e d b Q sD V ~l * , u b u & M sI F k L V M h v k WQ N Ù k h l x < +] > k j [ k aM ] e / ; i zn s' k , aM v k sf M ' k k ] 2 0 1 0 l c f e V sM c k W; l k sl k ; V h Q k Wj j h t u y f j l p Z, aM , u k f y f l l ] ; k st u k v k ; k sx ] H k k j r l j d k j 2 -^ e k b x zs' k u , aM á we u M so y i e saV b u b af M ; k * ] , f j l p Zi si j l c f e V sM c k W; f i z; k n sf ' k ax d j , aM ' k k g h u v [ r j ] ; w, u M h i h 2 0 0 9 3 -^ Q h e sy y sc j e k b x zs' k u b u b af M ; k * ] d s' k k aF k h ] e n zk l L d wy v k WQ b d k su k Wf e D l ] 2 0 0 6 http://eschooltoday.com/migration/the-pull-and-push-factors-of-migration.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_human_migration http://joais.org/papers/vol3no1/1.%20Making%20of%20Tea%20Tribes%20in%20Assam%20116.pdf



4 -^ e k b x zs' k u , aM á we u M so y i e saV b u b af M ; k * ] , f j l p Zi si j l c f e V sM c k ; f i z; k n sf ' k ax d j , aM ' k k g h u v [ r j ] ; w, u M h i h 2 0 0 9 , i `1 3 5 -^ Q h e sy y sc j e k b x zs' k u b u b af M ; k * ] d s' k k aF k h ] e æ k l L d wy v k WQ b d k su k sf e D l ] 2 0 0 6 ] i `0 9 6 -^ e k b x zs' k u , aM á we u M so y i e saV b u b af M ; k * ] , f j l p Zi si j l c f e V sM f i z; k n sf ' k ax d j , aM ' k k g h u v [ r j ] ; w, u M h i h 2 0 0 9 ] i `2



l e d k y h u i f = k d k v k sa e sa L = k h & v f L e r k v f [ k y d qe k j x qI r k H k k j r e sa L o r a= k r k d sc k n t c l af o / k k u d sv u ql k j l H k h d k sl e k u k f / k d k j ] L o r a= k r k o l k e k f t d U ; k ; d h v o / k k j . k k l sv f / k d k j f n , x , v k Sj j k t u h f r d r F k k v k f F k Zd v o l j k sa d h l e k u r k i j c y f n ; k x ; k r k sy x k f d l p e sa v k t k n h f e y x ; h A H k k j r h ; l e k t H k k " k k ] / k e Z] t k f r ] { k s= k r F k k l e qn k ; } k j k f o H k k f t r g Sv k Sj f d l h H k h v U ; n s' k d h H k k ¡f r H k k j r e sa H k h v k / k h v k c k n h d k sv i u sv f / k d k j k sa d k si zk I r d j u s e sa y x k r k j l a? k " k Zd j u k i M +j g k g SA f L = k ; k sa d sl a? k " k ZH k h f o f H k U U k v k ; k e k sa e sa c V sg q, g SaA f Q j p k g sc k r ' k g j h o x zk e h . k e f g y k v k sa d h g k s; k d k j i k sj sV t x r l sy sd j l M +d k sa i j f o f H k U u d k ; k sZa e sa y x h e f g y k v k sa d h aA H k k j r h ; l e k t d h f o f o / k r k d sv u ql k j m u d se qn ~n s] l a? k " k Zo f o p k j H k h f H k U U k g k sr sg aSA l E i w. k ZH k k j r e sa e f g y k t x r e sa D ; k g k sj g k b l d k B h d & B h d v u qe k u y x k u k H k h v k l k u d k e u g h ag SA H k k j r e sa f g U n h H k k " k k , d l E i d ZH k k " k k d s: i e sa y x k r k j v i u k f o L r k j d j r h j g h g Sf t l l sf o p k j k sa d k v k i l e sa v k n k u i zn k u g k sr k j g k g SA c k sy u so k y k sa d h l a[ ; k v k Sj j k T ; k sa d h v k f / k d k f j d H k k " k k d s: i e sa H k h f g U n h H k k " k k l o Zi zF k e g S b l f y , f g U n h e sa l k f g R ; ] v [ k c k j ] i f = k d k , ar F k k v U ; f o / k k v k sa d k f o d k l [ k wc g qv k v k Sj l k f g f R ; d t x r e sa l c l sT ; k n k g y p y ] c n y k o o f o L r k j H k h b l h e as g k sr k j g k g SA H k k j r h ; l e k t d h l k e k f t d l aj p u k e sa d qN o x Z, sl sg aS t k sy E c sl e ; l sg k f ' k , i j j g sa g aSA b u e sa n f y r ] v k f n o k l h ] f L = k ; k ar F k k v Y i l a[ ; d i ze q[ k g SaA b u o x k s± d k l a? k " k Zb f r g k l e sa f o | e k u g Sf d v k t H k h o k se q[ ; / k k j k e sa ' k k f e y g k su sd sf y , i z; k l j r g aSA v k t k n h c k n d sb u l R r j o " k k sZa e sa l e x zr k l sl ai w. k ZH k k j r h ; e f g y k v k sa d h f L F k f r f d r u h c n y h A v k t k n h d sm u d se k ; u sD ; k g aS , o ao k sf d r u h L o r a= k g Sa r F k k f d r u s v f / k d k j m u d k sg k f l y g Sa v k Sj f d r u k sa d sf y , m U g sa v k Sj y E c k l a? k " k Zd j u k g SA b l d h p p k Zd j u sd sf y , o m u d h v f H k O ; f D r d s: i e sa o r Ze k u e sa L = k h t f u r d k sb ZH k h i f = k d k g e k j sl k e u su g h ag SA e f g y k & f o e ' k Zd s : i e sa g e k j si k l v u sd k sa , sl h i f = k d k , ag Sa f t u e sa m u d sf o p k j o e qn ~n s' k k f e y f d , t k r sg Sa y sf d u H k k j r h ; u k j h d h l ' k D r v f H k O ; f D r d s: i e sa v k t H k h i f = k d k v k U n k sy u l a? k " k Zj r g SA f g U n h e sa i f = k d k d k v k ' k ; m l d h l k e x zh ] v k d k j r F k k i zl k j l sr k sg Sb l d sl k F k g h i k B d k sa d s c h p m l d h m i f L F k f r f d l i zd k j g Sr F k k n k su k sa d sc h p v k , c n y k o k sa d k so k sf d l u t f j ; sl sn s[ k r sg SaA H k k j r e sa v f / k d k a' k i f = k d k v k sa e sa y ? k q& i f = k d k i zf l ) j g h ag aSA f t u d h ' k q: v k r f } r h ; f o ' o & ; q) d sl e ; Ý ak l d s 1 j f t L V sal l e wg l se k u h t k r h g SA L O k k / k h u r k v k U n k sy u d sl e ; y s[ k d k sa o f g U n h l sf o ; k sa u sH k h d b Zi f = k d k , a f u d k y h A e g k o h j i zl k n f } o sn h d h ^ l j L o r h * H k k j r sU n qg f j ' k p U n zd h ^ d f o o p u l q/ k k * r F k k i zse p U n zd h e / ; H k k j r h & 7 2 ] t u o j h & t wu ] 2 0 1 7 ] ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 93-104



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^ g al * f g U n h t x r e sa v R ; f / k d i zf l ) j g h aA b l d sv y k o k / k e Z; qx ] l k f j d k ] e k / k qj h ] p k ¡n ] r F k k L = k h n i Z. k i f = k d k , aH k h p f p Zr j g h aA H k k j r e sa 1 9 6 0 v k Sj 7 0 d k n ' k d i f = k d k t x r e as f o d k l o f o L r k j d k l e ; j g k A f g U n h t x r e sa i f = k d k v k sa u sn s' k d k y d sv u ql k j l k e x zh i zd k f ' k r d h aA L o r a= k r k i wo Zv ax zst k sa d h u h f r ; k a r F k k H k k j r h ; k sa d k l a? k " k Zf n [ k y k ; k x ; k v k Sj L O k r a= k r k c k n H k k j r h ; l e k t d sf o f H k U u i g y wv k sa i j p p k Zd h t k u sy x h A f t l l e ; f g U n h t x r e sa i f = k d k v k sa d sf o d k l e sa r st h v k b Zm l h l e ; f L = k ; k sa d si { k e sa c k r k sa d h ' k q: v k r g qb ZA v c ? k j sy w f g al k ] i n k Z] n g st ] c k y & f o o k g ] c k f y d k g R ; k ] j k st x k j ] f ' k { k k ] L o k L F ; ] c y k R d k j ] r F k k y aSf x d f o H k k t u d sv k / k k j i j f o f H k U u f o e ' k k sZa d h ' k q: v k r g qb ZA i f = k d k t x r e sa b U g h af o e ' k k sZa d k si ze q[ k r k l sm B k ; k x ; k v k Sj d qN f L = k ; k sa d h i f = k d k , aH k h ' k q: g qb ZA u b Zf n Y Y k h e sa l R r j d sn ' k d l si zd k f ' k r ^ e k u q" k h * u sH k k j r h ; e f g y k v k sa d h n ' k k v k Sj f L F k f r i j t k u d k j h Q Sy k b Zr F k k ; g i f = k d k c g qr k sa r d i g qap h A 7 0 v k Sj 8 0 d sn ' k d e sa d b Zv U ; i f = k d k , aH k h ' k q: g qb ZaA i V u k l s^ v i u h v k t k n h d sf y , * j k ; i qj l s* v k Sj r d h v k o k t ] m R R k j k [ k aM l s^ m R r j k * f n Y Y k h l s^ l c y k * v k Sj x k sv k l s^ c k sy p k sa l k n * v k f n i f = k d k v k sa u sn s' k d sf o f H k U u H k k x k sa d h e f g y k v k sa d h l e L ; k v k sa d k sm t k x j 2 f d ; k x ; k A [ k k l c k r ; g j g h g Sf d b u i f = k d k v k sa e sa J e ] j k st x k j ] f ' k { k k ] L O k k L F ; ] v f / k d k j ] L o r a= k r k ] l e k u r k r F k k t k x : d r k d k sc < +k ; k A b l d k i zH k k o 7 0 d sn ' k d d sv ar e sa ^ f o e su Q h p j l f o Zl * d h L F k k i u k g qb Z] b l d k m n ~n s' ; f i zaV e h f M ; k e sa e f g y k v k sa d su k j h o k n h u t f j , o e qn ~n si zd k ' k e sa y k u k F k k A 9 0 d sn ' k d e sa ^ d k y h Q Wk j f o e su * , d i w. k Ze f g y k i zd k ' k u l aL F k k u [ k qy k A b l l se f g y k v k sa l ac a/ k h m P p J s. k h d h i qL r d k sa 3 d si zd k ' k u d k f l y f l y k t k j h g qv k A ; g , d ' k q: v k r H k j F k h f t l l sl e d k y h u u k j h o k n h f o e ' k Zl ap k f y r g SA i f = k d k v k sa e sa L = k h f o e ' k Zu su k j h o k n h v k an k sy u d k st U e f n ; k f t l l se f g y k v k sa e sa t k x : d r k v k ; h ] l ax f B r g qb Zv k Sj v i u h L o r a= k r k o v f / k d k j k sa d sf y , l a? k " k Zd j u sy x h aA o r Ze k u l e ; e sa f o f H k U u l k f g f R ; d i f = k d k v k sa d s l k F k & l k F k ]f o p k j ]l aL Ñ f r ]f o e ' k Z] l e l k e k f ; d h ] j k t d k t ] l j d k j h ] x Sj & l j d k j h ] l e k p k j & i = k k sa d h i f = k d k , ar F k k d qN e f g y k f o ' k s" k i f = k d k , a H k h i zd k f ' k r g k sj g h ag SaA b l d sl k F k g h n f y r ] v k f n o k l h ] v Y i l a[ ; d ] o k e i aF k h ] t u o k n h ] i zx f r ' k h y r F k k d k j i k sj sV t x r d h i f = k d k , aH k h y x k r k j v i u k f o L r k j d j j g h ag aSA i f = d k v k sa d si k B d k sa d h e k ¡x r F k k f o f H k U u f o e ' k k sZa i j d sf U n zr l e d k y h u i f = k d k , a, d u , v k U n k sy u d h t e h u H k h e qg S; k d j k j g h ag SaA b u e sa e f g y k v k sa d sl k e k f t d ] j k t u h f r d ] v k f F k Zd r F k k l k aL d `f r d f o p k j k sa d k s' k k f e y f d ; k t k r k g SA b l d sl k F k g h m u d sl ' k f D r d j . k ] v k U n k sy u ] u sr `R o r F k k H k wf e d k d h i M +r k y H k h t k r h g SA b u i f = k d k v k sa e sa l k f g R ; o l aL d `f r l st qM +h g qb Zg al ] i zf r e k u ] u ; k K k u k sn ; ] o r Ze k u l k f g R ; ] l aL d `f r ] v k o r Z] o r Ze k u l an H k Z] i g y ] c l q/ k k ] v k y k sp u k l e d k y h u l `t u ] v c ] f u " d " k Z] d r k j ] t r u ] i y ] g L r k { k j ] b l f y , ] n L r d ] l k E ; ] c g qe r ] l ao sn ] i k [ k h ] m R r j k ) Z] t u i F k ] v d k j ] r g y d k ] ; k st u k ] d q: { k s= k ] v k t d y ] b f . M ; k V qM s] v k m V y qd ] l e ; k U r j ] ' k qØ o k j r F k k v g k f t an x h i ze q[ k g SaA L = k h v k Sj i q# " k k sa d sc h p g e s' k k l sg h J e d k sy sd j f o H k k t u j g k g Sf d ; g d k ; Zi q# " k d j sx sa v k Sj ; s e f g y k v k sa d sf y , g SA o r Ze k u l e ; e sa b U g h d f M +; k sa d k sr k sM +r h g qb Ze f g y k , av k x sf u d y v k b Zg SaA H k k j r e sa v D l j g h f g U n h t x r e sa g e sa i wo k sZR r j d h e f g y k v k sa d h d k sb Zt k u d k j h f e y r h g SA l k / k k j . k r k Sj i j H k k j r d k i wo k sZR r j e q[ ; / k k j k e sa v k u sd sf y , l a? k " k Zj r f n [ k k b Zn sr k g Sy sf d u ; g k ad h e f g y k , an s' k d sn wl j sH k k x k sa d sf y , , d v k n ' k Zi zL r qr d j r h u t j v k r h g SaA e f . k i qj d h j k t / k k u h b aQ k y d sd sU n ze sa ^ b Ze k d SF k sy * , d v k u k s[ k k



l e d k y h u i f = k d k v k sa e sa L = k h & v f L e r k @ 9 5



c k t k j g St k si w. k Z: i l se f g y k v k sa } k j k l ap k f y r g SA b l c k t k j e sa f o f H k U u i zd k j d h o L r q, af e y r h g Sy sf d u l H k h n qd k u n k j e f g y k , ag h g aSA ; g e f g y k , au f l Q Zv i u k o v i u si f j o k j d h t h f o d k p y k j g h ag aS c f Y d j k T ; o n s' k d h v F k ZO ; o L F k k e sa H k h v i u k ; k sx n k u n sj g h ag aSA 3 0 o " k h Z; i q" i k r h u c P p k sa d h e k ag aS] p k o y v k Sj v k V sd sc u sy M ~M wc sp r h g aSA c k t k j e sa m u d h t x g , d i f j o k j d h f o j k l r d h r j g g S] t k sm u d h l k l d s n sg k ar d sc k n f e y h A o g d g r h ag aS f d ? k j e sa j g u sd sc t k ; ; g k aB g j u k T ; k n k i l an d j r h g w¡A ; g k ¡v k u sd s 4 c k n t h o u t h u sd sf y , , d f n ' k k f e y x b Zg SA e f g y k , ab l c k t k j d se k / ; e l su f l Q Zv k i l e sa l ax f B r g qb Z] L o y ac h r F k k v k f F k Zd : i l sl ' k D r g qb Zc f Y d e f g y k m | f e r k l sH k h t qM +h aA e f g y k v k sa u sv i u h , l k sf l , ' k u c u k u k H k h i zk aj H k f d ; k f t l l sm U g sa v k f F k Zd l g k ; r k H k h f e y h v k Sj m U g k su sa v i u sc P p k sa d h i j o f j ' k c sg r j < +ax l sd h A b l c k t k j e sa y x H k x 4 0 0 0 e f g y k , ad k e d j r h g aS t k si q: " k o k n h l e k t e sa d k ; Zl s, d u , v k an k sy u d h r j g g SA ; g c k t k j u d so y H k k j r e sa c f Y d f o ' o L r j i j H k h v i u h i g p k u d k ; e f d , g q, g S] ; g , f ' k ; k e sa e f g y k v k sa d k n wl j k l c l sc M +k c k t k j g SA ; g d so y [ k qn j k c k t k j u g h g So j u c h , l b Z¼ c c ab ZL V k Wd , D l p sat ½ ] c Sad l ZQ sM j s' k u l st qM +k f o R r v k Sj o k f . k T ; d saU n z 5 H k h j g p qd k g SA o k L r f o d r k e sa ; g f l Q Z, d m n k g j . k g Se f g y k v k sa d sv k f F k Zd l ' k f D r d j . k d k ] v x j m U g sa m f p r l al k / k u e qg S; k d j k a, t k , ar k so k sf o d k l d su , i zf r e k u L F k k f i r d j l d r h ag aSA e f g y k , ab l c k t k j e sa H k h n k sg j h H k wf e d k f u H k k r h g SaA , d v k sj o k sf o Ø sr k g aS r k sn wl j h v k sj v i u si f j o k j d si wj sd k e d k sH k h n s[ k r h g SaA e f g y k v k sa u sg e s' k k l sg h n k sg j h H k wf e d k f u H k k b Zg SA f Q j p k g sJ f e d k sa d s: I k e sa g k s; k J f e d d s i qu f u Ze k Z. k e saA b Ze k d SF k sy c k t k j d k b f r g k l c g qr i qj k u k g S; g y x H k x 1 5 3 5 d sv k l i k l v f L r R o e sa v k ; k y sf d u b l d sv k / k qf u d L o : i d k f c zf V ' k d k y e sa f o d k l g qv k A 1 9 0 4 e sa f c zf V ' k l j d k j u s; g k ¡d k p k o y f u ; k Zr d j u k i zk aj H k f d ; k A L F k k u h ; L r j i j b l d k f o j k s/ k H k h g qv k ] f t l e sa d b Ze f g y k , a' k g h n g qb Zv k Sj d qN d k st sy H k h t k u k i M +k A b l s* u qi h y k y * ; k u h e f g y k v k sa d s; q) d s: i e as t k u k x ; k A v k t H k h m u ' k g h n 6 e f g y k v k sa d k sg j l k y 1 2 f n l E c j d k s; k n f d ; k t k r k g SA L F k k u h ; L r j i j j k T ; l j d k j u sb l c k t k j d k l k SU n ; h Zd j . k d j k ; k y sf d u ; g k ¡i j d k e d j u so k y h e f g y k v k sa d h l e L ; k v k sa i j f c Y d qy H k h / ; k u u g h a f n ; k A e f g y k v k sa d k sc Sad [ k k r k ] c h e k r F k k _ . k t Sl h v u sd l e L ; k v k sa l sl a? k " k Zd j u k i M +r k g SA l j d k j ; f n / ; k u n sr k s; g c k t k j u f l Q Zj k T ; r F k k n s' k d h v k f F k Zd l e `f ) e sa v i u k v e wY ; ; k sx n k u n sl d r k g Sc f Y d H k k j r h ; u k j h p sr u k o l ' k f D r d j . k d h , d u b Zb c k j r H k h f y [ k l d r k g SA H k k j r e sa 9 0 d k n ' k d m n k j h d j . k d sf y , ; k n x k j c u x ; k A v k f F k Zd e an h d sd k j . k t c l e wp h n qf u ; k b l l si zH k k f o r F k h r k sb l d k v l j H k k j r i j H k h i M +k y sf d u b l h c h p H k k j r u sv k f F k Zd O ; o L F k k e sa i f j o r Zu d j r sg q, v i u sn j o k t sm n k j o k n d s[ k k sy sA m n k j o k n u sH k k j r d sv k f F k Zd i f j n `' ; d k si zH k k f o r f d ; k f t l d k v l j l e k t d sf o f H k U u H k k x k sa l sm | e h f u d y d j l k e u sv k , A e f g y k v k sa u sH k h b l h c h p v i u h d k S' k y r k d k i f j p ; f n ; k v k Sj n f y r l e k t l sH k h e f g y k , am | e h d s: I k e sa m H k j h A * d e k u h V ~; wO l * , d , sl h g h d ai u h g Sf t l d h e k y f d u d Y i u k l j k st , d n f y r g SaA m U g k su as v i u si f j J e o l w> c w> l s d k u wu h : i l sc an i M +h b l d ai u h d k u f l Q Zv f / k x zg . k f d ; k c f Y d b l sn s' k d h v x z. k h d ai f u ; k sa e sa ' k k f e y d j f n ; k A o g , d n f y r e f g y k d h i h M +k l sx qt j p qd h g SaA o g v i u k f i N y k t h o u u g h aH k wy h c f Y d l k r o h a d { k k e sa i < +r so D r m u d h ' k k n h g k sx ; h ] , d g h l k M +h d k s/ k k su sv k Sj l q[ k k d j i g u u sd h ; a= k . k k l sx qt j p qd h



9 6 @ e / ; H k k j r h 7 g SaA v k t m u d sc P P k sf o n s' k k sa e sa i < +j g sg Sv k Sj m U g k sau sg t k j k sa y k sx k as d k sj k st x k j f n ; k g SA n f y r e f g y k v k sa d s l k F k e sa l e L ; k , av k Sj c < +t k r h g Sa D ; k saf d m u i j t k f r ] f y ax r F k k l o . k Ze f g y k v k sa d so p ZL o l sH k h m u d k s l a? k " k Zd j u k i M +r k g SA f i r `l R r k d sl k F k t k f r d h l aj p u k e sa m U g sa v k Sj H k h l e L ; k v k as l s: c : g k su k i M +r k g SA n f y r l e k t d h e f g y k , av k t t k f r c a/ k u k sa d k sr k sM +r h g qb Zf o d k l d h e q[ ; / k k j k e sa v k u sd sf y , i z; k l j r g SA t k f r v k Sj i q# " k o k n h l e k t e sa m U g sa v i u sv f / k d k j k sa o L O k r a= k r k d sf y , v i u sl a? k " k Zd k sf r x qu k d j u k g k sx k f t l l so k sH k k j r h ; e f g y k t x r e sa v i u k t k ; t e qd k e g k f l y d j l d saA H k k j r t Sl sc g ql k aL d `f r d f o f o / k r k o k y sn s' k e sa L o r a= k r k o v f / k d k j k sa d sl k F k & l k F k l H k h d h v f H k O ; f D r H k h e k ; u sj [ k r h g SA f Q j p k g so g i q: " k g k s; k e f g y k A l af o / k k u d sl e { k l H k h l e k u g Sy sf d u l e ; k U r j k y i j j k t l j d k j k sa } k j k b l i j v ad q' k y x k u sd k H k h i z; k l f d ; k t k r k j g k g SA f d l h H k h n s' k d h r j g H k k j r e sa r F k k d f F k r v i u h l aL d `f r o l H ; r k d k sJ s" B e k u d k j p y u so k y so v i u k j k " V ªv y k i u so k y s H k k j r h ; y k sd r k af = k d i z. k k y h i j H k h d qB k j k ? k k r d j r sg aS r F k k o " k k sZa d h f o d f l r l k a> h l aL Ñ f r d k s[ k af . M r d j r sg SaA b l d sf y , f o f H k U u l e k t d si zc q) t u k sa l sy sd j y s[ k d ] i = k d k j ] L O k ; al so h ] N k = k ] l f Ø ; r k o k n h ] t u l so d ] e h f M ; k d e h Zr F k k d y k l st qM +s y k sx v i u h v k o k t e q[ k j d j r sj g as g SaA b u e sa e f g y k , aH k h i h sN su g h a g aSA m u d k l f Ø ; l g ; k sx g e s' k k f e y r k j g k g Sf t l l sl e k t e sa c n y k o g k sr sj g as g SaA c k c k l k g c H k h e j k o v E c sM d j u sg e sa c k sy u sr F k k v f H k O ; f D r d h L o r a= k r k d k e g R o i w. k Zv f / k d k j f n ; k A i zf l ) L o r a= k r k l su k u h v k Sj r f e y e g k d f o l qc zã . ; e ~H k k j r h u sv f H k O ; f D r d sv f / k d k j d sc k j se sa , d : i d d st f j , l e > k ; k g S& H k w[ k l se j j g h , d v k Sj r n f y ; k d k d V k sj k y sd j v i u h g k y r d k n k o k u g h ad j r h ] f t l l sf d o g 8 v i u h e k Sr d k sj k sd l d sA v f H k O ; f D R k d h L o r a= k r k d k v f / k d k j e u q" ; d st h o u v k Sj m l d h L o r a= k r k l s H k h c < +d j g SA v k t d sl e ; d sf y , ; g v f r v k o ' ; d g Sf d i zR ; sd O ; f D r v i u sf o p k j j [ k sD ; k saf d f o p k j g h e k u o c k s/ k d k m n k g j . k i s' k d j r sg SaA e f g y k v k sa d sf y , ; g c g qr t : j h g Sf d o k sL o ; av i u se u k sH k k o k sa l s n s' k d k sn s[ k as u d h t Sl s' k k l u m U g sa v i u sf u ; a= k . k e sa j [ k u k p k g r k g SA v k t e f g y k , af l Q Z? k j d h p k j n h o k j h e sa j g d j g h Q Sl y su g h ad j r h ac f Y d m u d sf u . k Z; f o ' o O ; k i h c n y k o H k h y k r sa g aSA H k k j r e sa g k f ' k , i j j g u so k y si zR ; sd l e k t d sf y , ; g t : j h g Sf d m l i j d k sb ZH k h p h t F k k si h u t k , c f Y d m l sr d Zd sv k / k k j i j n su sd h d k sf ' k ' k d h t k , A H k k j r e sa d b Zy k sx k sa d s 9 f y , v f H k O ; f D r d h L o r a= k r k t h o u d sv f / k d k j d h x k aj V h n sr k g SA ; g k ¡i j , sl sc g qr l sy k sx g aS t k s u sr k v k sa] d y k d k j k sa d h u d y d j d se u k sj at u d j r sg Sa f t l l sm u d k t h o u ; k i u H k h p y r k g SA O ; ax d s d k ; ZØ e H k h [ k wc g k sr sj g r as g SaA f o f o / k r k d h v i u h , d i g p k u g Sf d b l e sa l H k h j ax f e y d j g h y k sd d k j ax c u k r sg aSA H k k j r t Sl sn s' k e sa / k e Z] j k t u h f r v k Sj l k f g R ; i j e r H k sn g k su k H k h p k f g , D ; k asf d v k f [ k j e as v f H k O ; f D r d k j k L r k H k h r k sb l h l sf u d y d j l k e u sv k , x k A ; g h , d l ' k D r y k sd r k af = k d n s' k d h i g p k u H k h g SA y k sd r a= k e sa y s[ k u v k Sj d k ; Zv f H k O ; f D r d k , d l ' k D r e k / ; e j g sa g SaA H k k j r e sa u k j h o k n h p sr u k d sf o d f l r g k su si j y s[ k u d h f o f H k U u f o / k k v k sa e sa u k j h f o e ' k Zd k i k B f d ; k t k j g k g SA d f o r k ] d g k u h ] m i U ; k l ] v k y k sp u k ] l aL e j . k l sy sd j u k V d k sa d k i qu Zi k B H k h t k j h g SA l e d k y h u d b Ze f g y k y sf [ k d k , a b l e sa v k Sj ; k sx n k u n sj g h ag Sa f t l l sH k k j r h ; u k j h o k n h l k f g R ; l e `) g k sj g k g SA f g U n h l k f g R ; r F k k v U ; i f = k d k v k sa e sa g e sa b u d h l e h { k k l sy sd j u k j h o k n n `f " V d k s. k l sb l d k e wY ; k d au H k h i zd k f ' k r g k sr k j g r k g SA



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j t u h x qI r ] j h u k e su k f j ; k ] r l u h e [ k k u ] j k sf g . k h v x zo k y ] l qH k n zk j k B k Sj ] i zf r e k e qn f y ; k j ] x h r k J h ] v k H k k n wc s] r F k k j f ' e j f o t k b R ; k f n u k e c l , d d M +h g S] J `a[ k y k r k sc g qr y E c h g SA y sf [ k d k v k sa d s} k j k u k j h d k s H k k j r h ; i f j i k V h l sy sd j f o ' o d si f j n `' ; e sa n s[ k k t k j g k g Sv k Sj o k sJ `a[ k y k d h m u d f M +; k sa d k sH k h r k sM +j g h g Sf t u d h t M sa+ f i r `l R r k l si k sf " k r g SaA j k sf g . k h v x zo k y d h * L o I u v k Sj l ad Y i * ] * l k f g R ; d h t e h u * v k Sj * L = h & e u d sm P N ~o k l * ] * f g U n h d g k u h % o D r d h f ' k u k [ r * v k Sj * l `t u d k j k x * r F k k * l k f g R ; d k L = k h L o j * m u d h e g R o i w. k Zf d r k c sa g aSA f t u e sa m U g k sau sn s' k d h e f g y k v k sa d h e u k sn ' k k d k e e ZO ; D r f d ; k g SA o g , d v k sj v k y k sp u k d se k / ; e l s l k f g R ; d k u k j h o k n h i k B d j r h ag aS r k sn wl j h v k sj d F k k & ; k = k k l sL = k h f o e ' k Zd k sd sU n ze sa j [ k d j H k k j r h ; u k j h d su , l k si k u H k h i zL r qr d j r h ag SaA m u d h l e h { k k r F k k v k y k sp u k f o f H k U u i f = k d k v k sa e sa i zd k f ' k r g k sr h j g r h g SA d F k k d h i j E i j k d k sm l d s' k q: v k r h N k sj l so r Ze k u d sO ; k i d Q y d r d y k u k v k Sj b l f o r k u e sa L = k h d sL O k j d k sV sD L V d sl c V sD L V l sc k g j y k u sd h i Su h v ar n `f " V m u d si k l g SA i k B d si qu Zi k B l so g u d so y f o p k j d h u b Zl j f . k ; k sa d k sj p r h g Sa c f Y d j p u k d si wo Zi k B l sd b Zv ar f o j k s/ k k sa d k sm t k x j d j r h g qb Zv i u h 1 0 u O ; L F k k i u k v k sa d k sl `f t r d j r h as g SaA m u d sy s[ k u e sa L = k h e u d h i h M +k g Sr k sm l d sf u n k u d sf y , f o e ' k Z H k h A m U g k sau sl e d k y h u d F k k & ; k = k k e sa u , l k si k u L F k k f i r f d , g aSA o k so r Ze k u n k Sj d h , d l ' k D r y sf [ k d k g Sf t u d sy s[ k u e sa L = k h i zf r j k s/ k d sl k F k & l k F k l k Sg k n Zd k l k e at L ; H k h g SA l k f g R ; l e k t d h m l r L o h j d k sm t k x j d j r k g Sf t l e sa r F k k d f F k r f o d f l r o l aH k zk r y k sx v i u h v k i k F k k i h e as g h [ k k s, j g r sg aSA v k t f t n ax h d h v a/ k n k SM +e sa f o d k l d si Se k u sc n y x , g SaA c g qr g h d e , sl sy s[ k d g q, g Sa f t U g k sau sv k e t u k sa d k l t h o f p = . k v i u sl k f g R ; d se k / ; e l si zL r qr f d ; k g SA H k k j r d sf o f H k U u H k k x k sa l sd qN e f g y k v k sa u sH k h b l d k c h M +k m B k ; k v k Sj , sl si zf r e k u L F k k f i r f d , f d o k sv i u s v k i e sa c st k sM +g SaA v k ' k k i w. k k Zn so h , d , sl k g h u k e g Sf t U g k sau se k = k 1 3 o " k Zd h m e zl sy s[ k u d h ' k q: v k r d h A m U g k sau se k u o h ; l ao sn u k v k sa d h d b Zi h f < +; k sa d k s, d l k F k f n [ k y k ; k ] c k r p k g se k u o o i zd `f r d sf j ” r k sa d h g k s; k L = k h d h L o r a= k r k o v f / k d k j k sa d h A m u d h j p u k v k sa e sa g e sa l `t u d sm l y k sd d k n ' k Zf e y r k g St k s v f H k t u l si j sg SA o g v i u sy s[ k u d h f o " k ; o L r qd sf y , d g r h H k h g Sf d ^ ^ e sj sl `t u d h e wy l k e zx h D ; k g S\ m R r j e sj k ; g h g k sl d r k g Sf d e sj sl e L r j f p r l k f g R ; d h , d e k = k v k / k k f j d l k e x zh g e k j sl e k t d k l k e k U ; t u & e k u o o x Zg S& o sv l g k ; i zk . k h g aS f t u d h i h f M +r v k R e k v k sa d h d j k g sa L o j u g h ai k r h ] e k = k f l l f d ; k sa d s : i e sa i zd V g k sr h g SaA b U g h a v l a[ ; i zk f . k ; k sa d k f u r k ar ? k V u k ' k wU ; t h o u v k Sj b u d s c u r s& f e V r se k u l d k ] u k u k i zd k j d h m y > u k sa e sa : / k s& Q Wal sf n u & j k r k sa d k e k u f p = k i zL r qr d j r h g Sa e sj h 1 1 j p u k , WA * *m u d h j p u k v k sa e sa ^ i zF k e i zf r J qf r * ] ^ l qo . k Zy r k * v k Sj ^ c d qy d F k k * H k k j r h ; l k e k f t d b f r g k l d k t h o k ar m n k g j . k g Sb u e sa H k k j r h ; L = k h d k o `g n f p = k . k f d ; k x ; k g St k sd k y [ k . M k sa e sa c V h v i u h v y x & v y x n s' k t ' k Sy h e sa g SA b l h i zd k j d qj Zr qy , su g Sn j u sH k h l k f g R ; d h f o f o / k f o / k k v k sa d s} k j k H k k j r h ; l e k t d k sf n [ k y k ; k g SA m U g k sau sm i U ; k l r F k k d g k u h d se k / ; e l sf c zf V ' k d k y h u H k k j r l sy sd j v k / k qf u d H k k j r d h r L o h j i s' k d h A * v k f [ k j & , & ' k c d sg e l Q j * m i U ; k l e sa o g f c zf V ' k c ax k y l sy sd j c k aX y k n s' k c u u sr d L F k k u h ; j k t u h f r ] Ø ak f r d k j h ] f o p k j / k k j k , ar F k k O ; f D r ; k sa i j p p k Zd j r h ag aSA ^ x f n Z' k & , & j ax & , & p e u * e sa 1 8 5 7 l s y sd j v k / k qf u d H k k j r d h l ' k D r v f H k O ; f D r g SA , d L r j i j ; g m u e f g y k v k sa d h d g k u h g St k s



9 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h 1 2 i f j f L F k f r ; k sa r F k k l k e k f t d i wo k Zx zg k sa d h f ' k d k j c u h g SA m R r j i zn s' k d h l k e k f t d l aj p u k i j v k / k k f j r * p k Wan u h c sx e * d F k k e sa y [ k u Å d h l e l k e f ; d i `" B H k wf e e sa l e k t d sr F k k d f F k r g f j t u r F k k ^ v x y st U e e k sg sf c f V ; k u d h t k sa* e sa y [ k u Å d h f p d u d k j h x j k sa d h ' k k s" k . k H k j h n k L r k c ; k ad j r h g Sa b l d sv y k o k m U g k asu s f o ' o i f j n `' ; d k s H k h / ; k u e sa j [ k d j y s[ k u d k ; Z f d ; k A y s[ k u e sa e f g y k v k sa d h f L F k f r ] t k f r & o p ZL o ] / k e Z] l aL Ñ f r o f i r `l R r k d sf o f o / k v k ; k e k sa e sa H k k j r h ; l e k t d k sf n [ k y k ; k x ; k g SA l k f g R ; d sl k F k j ax e ap H k h v f H k O ; f D r d k , d l ' k D r e k / ; e g SA f t l l se k u o L o H k k o l ao sn u k ] i zf r j k s/ k ] l a? k " k Zr F k k v f H k y k " k k v k sa d k si zn f ' k Zr d j r k g SA l e d k y h u j ax e ap d se k / ; e l sH k k j r h ; y k sd d s x zk e h . k t h o u d k sc g qr g h e k f e Zd < a+x l sf n [ k y k ; k t k j g k g SA i q: " k o k n h b l f o / k k e sa e f g y k , aH k h v i u h H k wf e d k d k sr y k ' k r sg q, v i u sf y , j k L r sl sc u k j g h ag SaA e f g y k j ax d f e Z; k sa e sa , sl sv u f x u r u k e g aSA f t u l s v k t d k H k k j r h ; j ax e ap v k sf t r g S] f t u e sa t k sg j k l g x y ] d qn f l ; k t Sn h ] ' k h y k H k k f V ; k ] n h u k i k B d ] u af n r k n k l ] f o H k k j k u h r F k k m e k > qu > qu o k y k b R ; k f n e f g y k v k sa u sa j ax e ap d k s, d u b Zf n ' k k n h g SA v k t e f g y k v k sa d sj ax e ap e sa ' k k f e y g k su sl sL = k h o k n h e qn ~n k sa d k sr j t h g n h t k u sy x h g SA b l h Ø e e sa f = k i qj k f j ' k e k Zt k s, d j ax d e h Zg h u g h ac f Y d d F k k d k j ] u k V d d k j ] v u qo k n d r F k k d q' k y i zf ' k f { k d k H k h g aSA o k sd g r h ag Sa f d e f g y k v k sa d sv k u sl sf F k , V j c n y r k g SA e f g y k v k sa u sf F k , V j d k sc g qr d qN f n ; k g Se f g y k M k ; j sD V j g k sr h ag Sa r k so g n l c k j f d l h p h t d k sy sd j l k sp r h ag SaA m u e sa ; g c k r u g h ag Sf d l g h g S; k x y r y sf d u , d i z' u 1 3 v k Sj l ao n su k t qM +h g SA e f g y k j ax d e h Zj ax e ap d k s, d u k j h o k n h n `f " V d k s. k l sH k h n s[ k r h g Sv k Sj f t u l a? k " k k sZa l sm u d k l k e u k g k sr k v k ; k g Sm l l so si zf r j k s/ k H k h d j r h ag SaA H k k j r h ; l e k t e sa v u sd , sl sd k ; Zg Sf t u i j g e s' k k l sg h i q# " k k sa d k o p ZL o j g k g SA ; f n b u d k e k sa d k sd k sb Ze f g y k v i u k u k p k g sr k sm l i j f i r `l Ù k k R e d O ; o L F k k r at d l r h ] r k u se k j r h r F k k f o j k s/ k H k h d j r h g Sf d r qe ; sd k e u g h ad j l d r h aA f c g k j d h j k t / k k u h i V u k l sF k k sM +h n wj i j f L F k r n k u k i qj i z[ k aM d s < +h c j k x k ao d h 1 2 e g k n f y r e f g y k v k sa u sv x L r 2 0 1 3 e sa l k e wf g d : i l s, d Ø k af r d k j h f u . k Z; y sd j L o ; a d k , d E ; wf t d y c SaM c u k ; k A ; g l H k h e f g y k , ¡[ k sf r g j e t n wj g Sa f t U g k sau s, d , sl si s' k sd k sv i u k ; k t k s i q# " k i zH k qR o d k i zr h d g SA u k j h x qat u l aL F k k u sb l c SaM d k sv k f F k Zd l g k ; r k ] i zf ' k { k . k n sd j , d u ; k e qd k e f n ; k ; g c SaM ^ l ax e c SaM * d su k e l si zf l ) g qv k A f t l d h m i f L F k f r i V u k r F k k f c g k j d sd b Zf t y k sa e sa b l c SaM u sv i u sd k ; ZØ e i zL r qr f d ; sA b l V h e u se q[ ; e a= k h d sd k ; ZØ e e sa H k h v i u h m i f L F k f r n t Zd j k ; h A 1 2 e f g y k v k sa e sa l s2 e f g y k , av i u s? k j sy wd k j . k k sa l sb l l sv y x g k sx b aZA v H k h b l l e wg e sa 1 0 e f g y k , ag aS t k s x k r h o c SaM H k h c t k r h g aSA b u e sa l f o r k n so h ] v f u r k n so h ] y k y r h n so h ] i ap e k n so h ] f p = k y s[ k k n so h ] l k su k n so h ] f o t ; U r h n so h ] M k se u h n so h ] N f B ; k n so h v k Sj e k U r h n so h ' k k f e y g SaA ; sl c d h l c f o o k f g r g k su sd s v y k o k * f y [ k y k s< +k i < +i k F k j * v f ' k f { k r g aSA f Q j H k h l k f o = k h n so h Q Ø l sd g r h ag aS] ^ e sj sf y ; sr k sd k y k v { k j 1 4 H k Sal c j k c j g S] y sf d u M j e i j c t u so k y h / k qu d k s> V l si d M +y sr h g w¡A 3 8 l k y d h l k f o = k h n so h b l l e wg d h e qf [ k ; k g aSA i zÑ f r f u f e Zr b l l al k j e sa , sl k d k sb Zd k ; Zu g h ag St k se f g y k , au d j l d saA J e d k f o H k k t u H k h e k u o u sg h f d ; k g Sb l f y , e f g y k , av c g j m l { k s= k e sa v i u h m i f L F k f r n t Zd j k j g h ag aS f t u e sa i q# " k k sa d k o p ZL o j g k g SA o r Ze k u e sa ; g c n y k o d h c ; k j g Sv k Sj l e k u r k d h | k sr d H k h A b l sg e e f g y k l ' k f D r d j . k d s: i e sa H k h n s[ k l d r as g aSA H k k j r e sa e f g y k l ' k f D r d j . k d k sg e f l Q Zv f / k d k j k sa o L o r a= k r k r d g h l h f e r u g h ad j l d r s



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c f Y d l al k / k u k sa] f o p k j / k k j k r F k k j k t u Sf r d o v k f F k Zd { k s= k k sa e sa f u . k Z; y su sd h ' k f D r H k h m U g sa g k f l y g k su h p k f g , r H k h o g l ' k D r g k sl d r h ag SaA f i r `l Ù k k R e d < k ap su s, d , sl h O ; o L F k k d k si k sf " k r f d ; k g Sf t l e sa j k T ; ] d k u wu ] l e k t r F k k / k e Zm l d sv f H k U u v ax c u x , g SaA y k sd r k af = k d O ; o L F k k e sa H k h v k / k h v k c k n h d h v k o k t d k sv u n s[ k k d j f n ; k t k r k g SD ; k saf d e f g y k v k sa d k sH k h d b ZH k k x k as e sa c k V f n ; k t k r k g SA b l f y , t : j r g Sf d e f g y k d k s, d o x Zd s: i e sa n s[ k u sd sc k n m l d sv f / k d k j k sa d k se t c wr c u k ; k t k , r H k h o g l ' k D r g k sx h A e f g y k v k sa d k l ' k f D r d j . k l r r v k Sj x f r ' k h y n k su k sa g h r j g d h i zf Ø ; k g Sv k Sj ; g e f g y k v k sa d k si j k / k h u j [ k u so k y s< k ap k sa v k Sj f o p k j / k k j k v k sa d k sc n y u sd h e f g y k v k sa d h ; k sX ; r k e sa o `f ) 1 5 d j r h g SA o k L r f o d r k e sa e f g y k l ' k f D r d j . k f l Q Ze f g y k d k sg h l ' k D r c u k u k u g h g Sc f Y d i q# " k k as d h e u k sn ' k k e sa H k h c n y k o d j u k t : j h g Sf d o k se f g y k v k sa d sn n Zo m u d h l e L ; k v k sa d k sl e > saA e k ¡c u u sd h i zf Ø ; k l sy sd j c P p k sa d h i j o f j ' k ] e k f l d / k e Z] e f g y k v k sa d h c h e k f j ; k ¡] f g al k ] N sM +N k M +] m R i h M +u r F k k r k m e z? k j sy wd k e f t l d k e wY ; k ad u u g h af d ; k t k r k ] b u l c d si zf r l e k t e sa v k Sj f o ' k s" k d j i q# " k k sa d k s l ao sn u ' k h y c u k u k g k sx k A f t l l so k sv k / k h v k c k n h d si zf r v i u h u t j o u t f j ; k r F k k n ' k k , o af n ' k k n k su k sa c n y s; g h l ' k f D r d j . k g k sx k v k Sj r H k h l e k t e sa c j k c j h v k l d sx h A H k k j r e sa c j k c j h d h ' k q: v k r x zk e h . k L r j l sg k su h p k f g , v k Sj e f g y k v k sa d k sb l e sa e k Sd k n su k p k f g , A L F k k u h ; L o ' k k l u ; k f o d sU n zh d j . k d sl aL F k k u k sa e sa e f g y k v k sa d k si ; k ZI r i zf r f u f / k R o n su k p k f g , A b l d h ' k q: v k r d s: i e sa i ap k ; r h j k t e sa e f g y k v k sa d sf y , v k j { k . k f n ; k x ; k v k Sj e f g y k v k sa u s[ k qn d k s l Q y H k h l k f c r f d ; k A v u sd x k ¡o k sa e sa l j i ap o i ap d h H k wf e d k d s: i e sa e f g y k v k sa u sx zk e h . k l e k t d k l o k Zax h . k f o d k l f d ; k A c k r sp k g se u j sx k ] b af n j k v k o k l ] i sa' k u ] i ; k Zo j . k ] ' k j k c c an h ] H k z" V k p k j d h g k s; k f g al k o d qj h f r ; k sa i j v ad q' k y x k u sd h A e f g y k v k sa u si zR ; sd e k sp sZ i j [ k qn d h d k f c f y ; r d k sl k f c r f d ; k A b l l s; g f l ) g k sr k g Sf d m U g sa ; f n m f p r v o l j f n , t k , ar k so g d qN H k h d j l d r h ag SaA e f g y k v k sa d k sb l { k s= k e sa v k u sd sf y , H k h v u sd d f B u k b ; k sa o d M +k l a? k " k Zd j u k i M +k A , d v k sj x k ¡o d so p ZL o ] i zH k qR o ' k k y h o l k e ar h r R o m U g sa v i u sl e { k [ k M +k n s[ k u k u g h p k g r so g h an wl j h v k sj m u d su k e k ad u e sa m P p v f / k d k f j ; k sa l s l k ¡B & x k ¡B d j d sv k x sc < +u sl sj k sd r sa g aSA e f g y k , ¡b u l H k h l e L ; k v k sa d k sn j f d u k j d j r sg q, v k x sc < +j g h ag aS r F k k i ap k ; r h j k t e sa m u d h H k wf e d k o f g L l sn k j h c < +j g h g SA v / ; ; u k sa l s; g H k h f u d y d j l k e u sv k ; k f d v c e f g y k v k sa d si f r f t U g sa l j i ap i f r d g k t k r k g Sd h t x g e f g y k , ¡v i u h f t E e sn k j h e t c wr h l sl aH k k y j g h ag aSA v t e sj f t y sd sf d ' k u x < +C y k Wd d h g M +e k j k i ap k ; r d h l j i ap u k Sj r h c k b Z, d , sl h g h l ' k D r l j i ap l k f c r g qb Zf t U g k sau sx k ao d h n ' k k g h c n y n h A m U g k sau sx k ao l sv f r Ø e . k g V o k ; k ] e ql y e k u k sa d sf y , d f c zL r k u e qg S; k d j k ; k ] H k z" V k p k j d j u so k y k sa d k sl t k f n y k b Z] l ai d Ze k x Z] u k y h ] r k y k c ] b af n j k v k o k l r F k k i sa' k u t Sl sv u sd d k ; k sZa e sa l q/ k k j d j d sx k ao d k f o d k l f d ; k A l wp u k d sU n zo d k ; k Zy ; c f < +; k c u o k r sg q, 1 6 H k h 1 0 y k [ k : i ; sd sc t V e sa l s, d y k [ k : i ; sl sH k h v f / k d d h / k u j k f ' k d h c p r d j n h A b l l se t n wj k sa d k sx k ao e sa g h d k ; Zf e y k o i zo k l h e t n wj c u u sd h l e L ; k i j v ad q' k y x k v k Sj m u d si f j o k j k sa e sa H k h [ k q' k g k y h j g h A f o d V i f j f L F k f r ; k sa e sa b u m i y f C / k ; k sa d k si zk I r d j u sd sf y , u k Sj r h c k b Zd k sj k " V ªh ; L r j i j i qj L d k j H k h f n ; k x ; k A ; g [ k q' k g k y x k ao l sl e `) n s' k d sf o d k l d h , d u b Z' k q: v k r j g h A l e d k y h u n k Sj e sa y M +f d ; k sa u sr e k e , sl se qn ~n k sa d k sm B k u k v k j E H k f d ; k f t u i j l e k t e k Su j g r k



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g SA g k WL V y e sa j g u so k y h N k = k k v k sa u s' k k e g k sr sg h g k WL V y o k i l h ] i h f j ; M ~l d sn k Sj k u e af n j i zo s' k i j i k c an h ] l k s' k y e h f M ; k i j g Si h V wC y h M ] e f g y k v k sa d k v i u k v [ k k M +k r F k k f o ' o f o | k y ; k sa e sa l Sf u V j h i SM v f H k ; k u d se k / ; e l sv k / k h v k c k n h u sv i u sv f / k d k j k sa o L o r a= k r k d h e k ax d k sv k x sv k Sj c < +k ; k A f n Y y h f o ' o f o | k y ; d h n so k ax u k d f y d k o m l d h l k f F k ; k sa u s^ f i at j k r k sM +* v k U n k sy u d h ' k q: v k r d h f t l s t s, u ; w] t s, e b Zr F k k , ; wM h d sf o | k f F k Z; k sa } k j k H k h l e F k Zu f e y k A b l v k U n k sy u d h e k ax F k h f d > wB h l qj { k k d su k e i j ' k k e g k sr sg h y M +f d ; k sa d k sg k WL V y e sa d Sn d j f n ; k t k r k g SA d f y d k d g r h g S] ^ ^ ' k k e 7 c t s g k WL V y x sV i j r k y k y x k d j g e sa H k sM +& c d f j ; k sa d h r j g v an j c an d j n su k g e k j h l qj { k k u g h a] c f Y d u Sf r d 1 7 i g j sn k j h g SA * * y M +f d ; k sa d k sH k h c k g j d h n qf u ; k i j m r u k g h g d g Sf t r u k y M +d k sa d k ] f Q j g e k j sl k F k g e s' k k g h H k sn H k k o D ; k sa f d ; k t k r k g SA v c l e ; l a? k " k Zd k g Sv k Sj g e H k h f j L d y sl d r sg aSA v k t d h y M +f d ; k sa u sm u c af n ' k k sa d k si wj h r j g n j f d u k j d j f n ; k t k sl e k t } k j k i z; k sf t r g k sr h g aS] o k sr d Zr F k k o SK k f u d l k sp d sl k F k v k x sc < +d j y M +d k sa d sl k F k c j k c j h d j j g h ag aSA H k k j r h ; l e k t e sa v c H k h d qN x aH k h j l e L ; k , aO ; k I r g aSA t Sl sc k y f o o k g ] c y k R d k j o g R ; k , ¡A e k p Z2 0 1 5 e sa t k j h H k k j r d h t u x . k u k & 2 0 1 1 d sd qN [ k k l v k ad M +s c r k r sg Sa f d b l l e ; n s' k e sa 7 2 1 d j k sM + 1 8 y k sx , sl sg S] f t u d k c k y f o o k g g qv k g SA c k y f o o k g d sl o k Zf / k d e k e y k sa o k y sj k T ; k sa e sa m Ù k j i zn s' k ] j k t L F k k u ] f c g k j ] e g k j k " V ª] i f ' p e c ax k y r F k k e / ; i zn s' k i ze q[ k g SaA b u j k T ; k sa e sa f ' k { k k ] t k x : d r k ] l k ae r h r R o o o p ZL o d h j k t u h f r u sH k h l e k t d k st d M +d j j [ k k g Sy sf d u f Q j H k h y M +f d ; k sa u sb u l e L ; k v k sa d s f o : ) v i u h v k o k t m B k u h v k j E H k d j n h g Sv k Sj l Q y H k h j g h ag SaA y M +f d ; k sa u st c v i u s? k j i f j o k j l s v i u h l e L ; k d k su g h l e > k l d h ar k s' k k l u l se n n e k ¡x d j v i u sf y , u , j k L r sc u k , aA e / ; i zn s' k d s n e k sg f t y se sa , d , sl h u k c k f y d y M +d h u sl k g f l d d n e m B k d j v i u sc k y & f o o k g d k s: d o k u sd sf y , i z' k k l u l se n n y h A f o o k g j k sd u se sa ' k k f e y j g h ae / ; i zn s' k c k y f o d k l f o H k k x d h d e Zp k j h Ñ " . k k f o ' o d e k Zc r k r h ag Sa] ^ ^ y M +d h u sv i u h t U e f r f F k d sl c wr H k h H k st sF k sA , sl se sa l j d k j h V h e e ; i qf y l c y d sx k ao i g qap h A i f j o k j o k y k sa d k sc g qr l e > k ; k x ; k v k Sj t c o su g h ae k u sr k sd k u wu h < ax l s' k k n h : d o k n h 1 9 x b Z* * A l e k t e sa ; f n c n y k o y k u k g Sr k sf d l h d k s' k q: v k r d j u h g h g k sx h A v k t y M +f d ; k av i u s v f / k d k j k sa o L o r a= k r k d sf y , l p sr g k sj g h ag Sa f t l l sc n y k o H k h n s[ k u sd k sf e y j g as g SaA l e d k y h u n k Sj e sa f i zaV e h f M ; k d h i g q¡p l e k t d si zR ; sd f g L l sr d g SA H k y sg h v k / k h v k c k n h e sa l k { k j r k d k i zf r ' k r d e g Sy sf d u o k sl ao k n d se k / ; e l sH k h v i u se qn ~n k sa d sc k j se sa l p sr j g r h ag aSA l al k / k u k sa v k Sj f o p k j k sa d h ' k f D r l sf u f e Zr d k j i k sj sV t x r d h v i u h g h , d v y x n qf u ; k g St g k ¡l ao sn u k ] H k k o u k , ¡ r F k k v i u k i u u k e e k = k d k g h u t j v k r k g SA H k k j r h ; c qt qZv k l e k t e sa e f g y k v k sa l sl ac a/ k c r k u so k y h v u sd , sl h i f = k d k , ¡g Sa t k sL o ; ad k s^ e Sg w¡ e sj h i g p k u * ] ^ e f g y k v k sa d h v i u h i f = k d k * r F k k e f g y k i f = k d k d s : i e sa c r k r h ag Sa ; k i g p k u h t k r h ag aSA e f g y k f o ' k s" k o x Zd sv k / k k j i j c V h b u i f = k d k v k sa e sa l k SU n ; Z] J `ax k j ] [ k k u & i k u ] Q S' k u ] f o o k g ] e sd i r F k k f o f H k U u _ r qv k sa d sv u ql k j v i u si f j / k k u r F k k R o p k o ? k j d k sB h d j [ k u so k y h l k e x zh g h i zd k f ' k r g k sr h j g r h g SA l sD l v k Sj b l d si zf r l p sr u b R ; k f n e qn ~n k sa i j H k h b u e sa y s[ k f e y t k r sg aS y sf d u L = k h v f L e r k d si z' u i j ; si f = k d k , ¡e k Su j g r h ag aSA g k ¡y k f d b u i f = k d k v k sa d k , d f o ' k s" k o x Zg Sy sf d u ; sn k o k d j r h ag Sa e f g y k v k sa d h v i u h i f = k d k A o k L r f o d r k e sa ? k j sy wd k e x k j ; k l M +d f d u k j k sa i j f o f H k U u d k ; k sZa e sa y x h e f g y k v k sa d se qn ~n s' k k ; n g h d H k h i zd k f ' k r g q, g k asA g e l e d k y h u n k Sj e sa



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p y j g h i ze q[ k i f = k d k v k sa e sa e f g y k v k sa d se qn ~n sr y k ' k j g sa g Sa r k sb u i j H k h , d u t j M k y r sg Sa f d b u e sa D ; k i zd k f ' k r g k sr k g SA v P N sL o k L F ; l sg h O ; f D r i zR ; sd d k e d k si w. k Zd j l d r k g SA e f g y k v k sa d sf y , v i u sL o k L F ; d s c k j se sa T ; k n k l p sr o t k x : d j g u sd h v k o ' ; d r k g SD ; k saf d o sv i u sv y k o k i wj si f j o k j d h n s[ k H k k y d j r h ag SaA l n h Zd k e k Sl e d b Zo SD V h f j ; y v k Sj o k ; j y l aØ e . k o k y h c h e k f j ; k sa d k sy k r k g SA b l f y , v i u s ' k j h j d k f o ' k s" k / ; k u j [ k u k p k f g , A l f n Z; k sa d h l e L ; k v k sa l sc p k o d sf y , M k WD V j l y k g n sr sg Sf d g j h i Ù k sn k j l f C t ; k sa l f g r r k t k [ k k | i n k F k k sZa d k l so u d j v i u h i zf r j { k k d k sc < +k , aA v i u h i zf r j k s/ k d { k e r k c < +k u sd sf y , y k sx k sa d k s, d h u sf l ; k ] y g l qu ] f o V k f e u l h v k Sj f t ad t Sl sx q. k o Ù k k i w. k Zf o V k f e u d k l so u 2 0 d j u sd h l y k g n h t k r h g SA b l i zd k j d h t k u d k j h i zR ; sd i f = k d k e sa g k su h p k f g , c ' k r sZ f d l so u d j u s o k y h p h t sa i zR ; sd e f g y k d h i g q¡p e sa g k sa v k Sj o k sb u d sc k j se sa t k u r h ag k asA H k k j r h ; l e k t e sa t g k ¡c sV h d st U e l sg h f n D d r as i f j o k j i j v k t k r h ag aS v k Sj y k sx m l s, d H k k j d h r j g l e > r sg aSA f o o k g d h f p U r k g e s' k k g h l r k r h j g r h g Sv k Sj ; f n m l d h d qaM y h e sa f d l h x zg ; k u { k = k l sn k s" k g Sr k sm l d k f o o k g H k h , d l e L ; k g h c u t k r k g SA l e k t b u p h t k sa d k so SK k f u d < ax l su r k s l qy > k i k r k g Sv k Sj u g h t k x : d r k d sd k j . k v k x sc < +u sd k g k Sl y k j [ k r k g SA ; f n c sV h d h d qaM y h e sa e ax y n k s" k g Sr k sm l d sl k F k e k u f l d ] H k k o u k v k sa r F k k v a/ k f o ' o k l d su k e i j u t k u sf d r u sv f t c k sx j h c d k ; Z f d , t k r sg SaA y M +d k sa l sb u p h t k as d k r k sd k sb Zo k L r k g h u g h ag SA y M +f d ; k sa d sl k F k e sa d qaH k f o o k g ] i h i y d s i sM +l s' k k n h ] d k y sd qÙ k sl sf o o k g b R ; k f n i zd k j d sv a/ k f o ' o k l h d k ; Zd j k , t k r sg aSA n k sl k y i g y s, sl k e k e y k > k j [ k . M e sa n s[ k u sd k sf e y k t g k ¡1 8 l k y d h y M +d h d h ' k k n h , d d qÙ k sl sd j k n h x b Zr k f d m l d s 2 1 n k s" k d qÙ k se sa p y st k , av k Sj o g l q[ k h o So k f g d t h o u t h l d sA ; f n g e T ; k sf r f " k ; k sa d h c k r k sa i j f o ' o k l d j sa r k sm u d k e k u u k g Sf d ; g 2 8 l k y d h m e zd sc k n v i u sv k i [ k R e g k st k r k g SA e x j H k z" V i k sax k i af M r b U g h v a/ k f o ' o k l k sa d su k e i j v i u k / k a/ k k p y k j g as g SaA g e k j h ; g u Sf r d f t E e sn k j h c u r h g Sf d g e b u u d k j k R e d p h t k sa d si zf r l p sr j g sa v k Sj l e k t d k sH k h t k x : d d j saA H k k j r h ; l e k t e sa / k e Zl c l sv g e p h t g Sf t l d k v l j g e i zR ; sd t x g i j i k r sg Sa c k r p k g s f o o k g i wo Z1 6 l k se o k j ] l ar k s" k h e k r k o c `g L i f r v k f n d sf y , m i o k l j [ k u k g k s; k x j h c v k Sj r k sa d s} k j k o SH k o y { e h d k o zr j [ k u k A v k t H k h o zr m i o k l d su k e i j / k e Zd sB sd sn k j k sa u se f g y k v k sa d k sv i u k v / k h u L F k c u k j [ k k g SA d b Zc k j b u v a/ k f o ' o k l k sa d sd k j . k y k sx k sa d h t k u H k h p y h t k r h g SA g Sn j k c k n d h 1 3 l k y d h y M +d h v k j k / k u k d { k k 8 e sa i < +r h F k h A m l u sp k Se k l k o zr e sa [ k k u k N k sM +f l Q Zi k u h i h ; k o y x k r k j 6 8 f n u k sa r d m i o k l j [ k k A b l l so g c g qr d e t k sj g k sx b ZA f Q j H k h m l sn qy g u d h r j g l t k d j 2 2 j F k i j c SB k d j t qy wl f u d k y k x ; k A b l d s2 f n u c k n o g y M +d h e j x b ZA H k y sg h m l d se k ¡c k i i j x Sj b j k n R u g R ; k d k v k j k si y x k ; k x ; k y sf d u e k e y sd k s/ k k f e Zd j ax p < +k d j N k sM +f n ; k x ; k A i zk ; % ; g h n s[ k u s d k sf e y r k g Sf d f L = k ; k sa o y M +f d ; k sa d k sg h b u l H k h l e L ; k v k sa d h d h e r p qd k u h i M +r h g SA l e k t e sa L F k k f i r f i r `l Ù k k R e d O ; o L F k k u sg h / k e Zd k sb r u k i q[ r k d j f n ; k g Sf d f L = k ; k sa d k sg h b l d h H k saV p < +u h i M +r h g SA v k t d so SK k f u d ; qx e as b l i zd k j d h i zF k k v k sa d k v f L r R o e sa g k su k ; g h f l ) d j r k g Sf d g e sa v H k h v k Sj f ' k f { k r o t k x : d g k su sd h v f r v k o ' ; d r k g SA t c r d l e k t e sa / k e Zd su k e i j v k M E c j o v a/ k f o ' o k l c u k j g sx k r c r d f L = k ; k sa d k ' k k s" k . k g k sr k j g sx k A



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v k t d sn k Sj e sa t g k ¡, d v k sj / k e Zd su k e i j v a/ k f o ' o k l o v k M E c j g k sr k g So g h an wl j h v k sj i zse f o o k g d se k / ; e l st k f r ] / k e Z] H k k " k k ] { k s= k r F k k l e qn k ; d h l h e k , aH k h V wV j g h ag aSA H k y sg h v k t i zse f o o k g d j u k d f B u g Sl e k t ] ' k k l u r F k k i f j o k j v u sd l e L ; k , a[ k M +k d j r k g Sy sf d u b l l s, d v k l H k h t x h g S f d v k u so k y k d y c sg r j g k sx k A t g k ¡b l i zd k j c k V u so k y h l aL Ñ f r [ k R e g k sx h A V h o h t x r d se ' k g wj v f H k u sr k l q' k k ar f l ag m Ù k j i zn s' k d sf c t u k Sj f t y sd st k V f c j k n j h l sg Sm u d h e qy k d k r e k sf y u k l sf n Y y h e sa g qb Zt k se f . k i qj d h g aSA l q' k k ar f F k , V j d j r sF k sv k Sj e k sf y u k d R F k d l h [ k r h aF k h aA 1 6 l k y i g y sm u d h ' k k n h g qb ZF k h A e k sf y u k c r k r h g aS ^ ^ e f . k i qj h o sf M ax c g qr f l ai y < +ax l sg k sr h g SA o g k a' k k n h e sa d so y H k t u & d h r Zu g k sr k g Si j g e k j h ' k k n h e sa t c c k j k r h c an wd k sa l sg o k b ZQ k ; f j ax d j u sy x sr k se sj si f j o k j o k y sc qj h r j g ? k c j k 2 3 x , i j ; g v u qH k o e su sf y , c g qr e t sn k j F k k * * A f o i j h r l aL d `f r d sf o o k g e sa n k su k sa y k sx k sa d k sv k i l e sa , d n wl j sd k sl e > u sd sf y , l e f i Zr g k su k i M +r k g Sf t l l sf j ' r se sa l P p k b Zv k Sj i zse c u k j g r k g SA t k s, d e t c wr f j ” r sd h c qf u ; k n j [ k u se sa e n n d j r k g Sv k t d h i h < +h d k sb l h l P p k b Zo i zse l sv i u sf y , j k L r s c u k u sp k f g , A l e k u r k ] c j k c j h o l ' k f D r d j . k d h f n ' k k e sa ; g , d v P N h i g y g Sf t l sn wj r d y st k u s d h t : j r g SA y M +f d ; k sa] e f g y k v k sa d k sv i u sl k F k h d sp qu k o e sa i w. k ZL o r a= k r k g k su h p k f g , y sf d u ; f n l k F k h d h r j Q l st c j n L r h g k sr k sm U g sa l t d j g d j b l d sf y , v k o k t H k h m B k u h p k f g , A v k t d sn k Sj e sa r d u h d h Ø k af r u sl wp u k d se k / ; e l sv u sd , sl sm i d j . k H k h f o d f l r f d , g Sa f t l l se f g y k , ¡o y M +f d ; k ¡v i u h l qj { k k d k sv k Sj i q[ r k d j l d r h ag aSA v k t L e k V ZQ k su g e k j h f t U n x h d k , d v g e f g L l k c u x ; k g Sv k Sj t k s f L = k ; k ¡o y M +f d ; k ¡b u d k m i ; k sx d j r h g S] m u d sf y , r e k e , sl s, sI l f o d f l r f d , x , f t u l so k sl qj f { k r j g l d r h ag SaA v k b ZQ h y l sQ ] f o n ; w] L Ø h e v y V Z] L e k V Z2 4 x7 ] ' k sd V wl s¶ V h ] i qd k j ] l s¶ V h f i u ] l f d Zy v k WQ 6 ] v k b Z, e ' k f D r r F k k f g E e r i ze q[ k l s¶ V h , sI l g aSA e f g y k , ¡] y M +f d ; k ¡b u l sN sM +N k M +] v d sy sg k su si j g k su so k y h ? k V u k , ar F k k v l qj f { k r j g u si j l qj { k k i zk I r d j l d r h ag aSA v k b Z, e ' k f D r , si d k [ k r j sd h f L F k f r e sa b L r se k y d j u sd sf y , v k i d k s2 f e u V d sH k h r j 5 c k j i k o j c V u i zsl d j u k g k sx k ] f t l l sv y V Z 2 4 , l , e , l ] t h i h , l y k sd s' k u d sl k F k & l k F k v k i d sb e j t Sal h d k SaV sD V ~l d si k l i g qap t k , x k A b l i zd k j d s , sI l d k e d k t h e f g y k , ¡r F k k y M +f d ; k sa d k sl qj { k k i zn k u d j l d r sg Sa t k sL e k V ZQ k su d k b L r se k y d j r h g SaA v l y e sa r k sl e k t d h e k u f l d r k d k sc n y u k g Sf t l l se f g y k v k sa d sf [ k y k Q g k su so k y h ? k V u k , al e k I r g k s l d saA H k k j r e sa e f g y k v k sa i j g k su so k y h ? k V u k , a] f g al k ] ' k k s" k . k o x Sj & c j k c j h r k sc l , d c k u x h g SA n j v l y o r Ze k u e sa l k e k f t d & j k t u h f r d { k s= k t k sv H k h H k h v k f F k Zd O ; o L F k k l sl ap k f y r g Sm l e sa ; f n c n y k o u g h f d ; k t k r k r c r d l e k u r k d k i z; k l v / k wj k j g sx k A g e sa f i r `l Ù k k R e d O ; o L F k k e sa g k sj g s i f j o r Zu k sa , o ab l d sc n y r sf o f o / k v k ; k e k sa d k sH k h l e > u k g k sx k t k sL = k h e qf D r j k g e sa v M +p u c u sg q, g aSA j k t u h f r d { k s= k v H k h H k h L = k h d h l f Ø ; r k o L = k h n `f " V l sO ; k [ ; k d h e k ¡x d j r k g S] f t l d k o k L r f o d l ac a/ k L = k h d h l k e k f t d f L F k f r l sg SA j k " V ª] y k sd r a= k ] l af o / k k u ] d k u wu o f o f / k v k f n l aj p u k v k sa d k sf d l l h e k r d c n y k t k l d k g S; k c n y k o d h d k sf ' k ' k d h t k j g h g S] ; g i z; k l L = k h d h l k e k f t d f L F k f r d k si zR ; { k 2 5 : i l si zH k k f o r d j r k g SA t c r d l k e k f t d O ; o L F k k d h l aj p u k e sa e wy H k wr c n y k o u g h g k sx k r c r d f L = k ; k sa d k l a? k " k Z, d k ax h g h j g sx k v k Sj m u d sv k U n k sy u o l a? k " k Ze sa f o [ k j k c c u k j g sx k A b l f y , g e sa m u d s



l e d k y h u i f = k d k v k sa e sa L = k h & v f L e r k @ 1 0 3



y s[ k u o f o e ' k Zd k se q[ ; / k k j k d h l e L ; k e k u d j l e > u k g k sx k A m u d si zf r u f l Q Zl ao sn u k ] t k x : d r k o l g ; k sx d h v k o ' ; d r k g Sc f Y d m u d sv f / k d k j k sa , o aL o r a= k r k d sf y , i q# " k k sa d k sH k h v k x sv k u k g k sx k A v k t e f g y k , ¡v i u sy s[ k u d s} k j k f l Q Zd g k u h ] m i U ; k l ] d f o r k ] j s[ k k f p = k ] t h o u h ] v k R e d F k k ] l aL e j . k o j k t u h f r d & l k e k f t d v k y s[ k r d g h l h f e r u g h ag Sa c f Y d m u d sy s[ k u d k Q y d f ' k { k k r a= k ] v F k Zr a= k ] H k we . M y h d j . k ] c k t k j o k n o m i H k k sD r k o k n d h l aL d `f r r d O ; k i d g SA g e sa u k j h o k n ] L = k h f o e ' k Z v k Sj L = k h l k f g R ; d k sH k h l e > u k g k sx k f d e f g y k , ¡L o ; ab l n qf u ; k d k sf d l u t f j , l sn s[ k r h ag SaA m u d h e k ¡x sa] v k ' k k , ao c n y k o d h m u d h p k g D ; k g SA e f g y k v k sa u sv i u se u k sH k k o k sa d k sr k sc sg r j < ax l sO ; D r d j u k c g qr i g y sl sg h ' k q: d j f n ; k F k k c l n sj F k h m l sl e > u sd h A v k t L = k h l k f g R ; l e ; v k Sj l e k t d h / k M +d u g SA L = k h j p u k d k j v i u h c k r [ k qy d j l k g l d sl k F k d g j g h ag aSA l e ; v k Sj l e k t d h g j 2 6 / k M +d u i j v ax qy h j [ k j g h g SA ; g f l Q Zc n y k o d h C k ; k j u g h ] l e ; k ar j u g h c f Y d o D r d h t : j r g St k s v c r d v / k wj k y s[ k u g k sj g k F k k o k sv k / k h v k c k n h d h v f H k O ; f D r l si w. k Zr k d h v k sj c < +j g k g SA l e d k y h u i f = k d k , ¡g e sa L = k h t x r d k , d O ; k i d Q y d f n [ k y k r h g Sa f t l e sa e k r `R o l ao sn u k ] e g k n f y r d k m R l k g ] v k f n o k f l ; k sa d k l a? k " k Z] v Y i l a[ ; d l ' k f D r d j . k v k Sj b u l c e sa l c l sc < +d j l k e wf g d r k d sl k F k e sa v k / k h v k c k n h d h v k ' k k , ao m u d k f o d f l r g k sr k r a= k u t j v k r k g SA i f = k d k , af l Q Z m u d sv k U n k sy u ] l a? k " k Zo y s[ k u d k i zp k j e k = k u g h ag aS c f Y d f L = k ; k sa d si zf r v k b Zt k x : d r k o l ao sn u k v k sa d k s H k h O ; D r d j j g h ag aSA H k y sg h c k t k j o k n ] m i H k k sD r k o k n o i awt h d sx B t k sM +l sf u f e Zr d qN i f = k d k , ¡b y h V e f g y k d h i g p k u d s: i e sa [ k qn d k sv i u h e f g y k i f = k d k c r y k r h ag aS y sf d u m u e sa H k h g e sa f L = k ; k sa d si zf r , d u t f j ; k r k sf e y r k g h g SA g e sa i f = k d k v k sa d se k / ; e l se f g y k v k sa d k sf l Q Z, d m R i k n o u k j h n sg d s: i e sa g h u g h n s[ k u k p k f g , c f Y d d k ; Zd sc n y r sv k ; k e o < k ap sd s: i e sa l e > u k g k sx k A l e ; d sv u ql k j l e k t ] l k f g R ; ] f o p k j / k k j k r k sc n y r h g Sb l d sl k F k d k ; k asZ e sa H k h i f j o r Zu v k r k g St Sl sF k M Zt saM j ] l sD l o d Zj o i k su k Zsx zk Q h H k h l e k t d k f g L l k c u x , g aSA y k sx H k y sg h b u i j [ k qy d j p p k Zu d j sa y sf d u c n y k o d h C k ; k j r k sp y i M +h g SA v k t l s2 0 & 3 0 l k y i g y s^ f y o & b u & f j y s' k u * d k sd k sb Zt k u r k u g h aF k k y sf d u y k sx b l sH k h n s[ k ] t k u & i g p k u j g as g aSA v f H k O ; f D r d k e k / ; e v k t l a? k " k Zd sj k L r sv k U n k sy u d k e q[ ; j k L r k c u x ; k g Sf t l i j p y d j g h L = k h e qf D r d k l i u k l p g k sx k A v k t l e k t d sn i Z. k e sa o g r L o h j u t j v k u s y x h g St k si wo Zo " k k sZa e sa , d d Y i u k e k = k F k h A l k f g R ; d sf o d f l r f o f H k U u : i k sa e sa e f g y k , aL o ; ad h e t c wr m i f L F k f r n t Zd j j g h ag Sa v k Sj b l d k Q y u g e sa i f = k d k v k sa e sa H k h n s[ k u sd k sf e y j g k g SA ' k k s/ k k F k h Z] b f r g k l f o H k k x ] M k Wg j h f l ag x k Sj f o ' o f o | k y ; ] l k x j ¼ e i z½ l U n H k Z& 1 -j k t h o j at u f x f j ] y ? k q& i f = k d k v k U n k sy u % l aj p u k v k Sj l j k sd k j ] l k f g R ; m i Ø e f n Y y h ] 2 0 1 5 ] i st u a5 2 -l k / k u k v k ; Z] f u o sf n r k e su u o v U ; ] u k j h o k n h j k t u h f r % l a? k " k Z, o ae qn ~n s] f g U n h e k / ; e d k ; k ZU o ; f u n s' k k y ; ] f n Y Y k h f o ' o f o | k y ; ] f n Y y h ] 2 0 1 0 ] i st u a2 8 0 3 -o g h 4 -u k j h m R d " k Z] e k p Z2 0 1 6 ] v ad 2 ] j k t h o d qe k j ] f n Y y h ] i st u a1 9 5 -o g h -



1 0 4 @ e / ; H k k j r h 6 -o g h 7 -' k qØ o k j ] 1 & 1 5 f l r E c j 2 0 1 5 ] v ad 1 7 ] u k so k i f C y d s' k u , . M f i zU V l ZQ j h n k c k n ] i st u 1 9 8 -v k m V y qd ] 1 6 & 2 9 v x L r 2 0 1 6 ] v ad 1 0 ] v k m V y qd i f C y f ' k ax b af M ; k i zk 0 f y 0 ] u b Zf n Y y h ] i st u 2 3 9 -o g h 1 0 i k [ k h ] e k p Z2 0 1 6 ] b af M i saM saV e h f M ; k b u h f ” k , f V o l k sl k b V h ] u k s, M k ] i st u a7 4 1 1 u ; k K k u k sn ; ] f o ' k s" k k ad ] v x L r 2 0 1 5 ] H k k j r h ; K k u i h B ] u b Zf n Y y h ] i st u a4 5 1 2 o g h ] i st u a4 8 1 3 v k t d y ] e b Z2 0 1 6 ] i zd k ' k u f o H k k x ] l wp u k , o ai zl k j . k e a= k k y ; H k k j r l j d k j ] u b Zf n Y y h ] i st u a4 4 1 4 r g y d k ] 1 5 u o E c j 2 0 1 5 ] v ad 2 1 ] v u ar e h f M ; k i zk f y ] u k s, M k ] i st u a6 0 1 5 ; k st u k ] f l r E c j 2 0 1 6 ] l wp u k , o ai zl k j . k e a= k k y ; H k k j r l j d k j ] u b Zf n Y y h ] i st u a1 0 1 6 d q: { k s= k ] u o E c j 2 0 1 5 ] l wp u k , o ai zl k j . k e a= k k y ; H k k j r l j d k j ] u b Zf n Y y h ] i st u a3 3 1 7 b af M ; k V qM s] 7 & 1 3 t u o j h 2 0 1 6 ] v ad 9 ] f y f o ax e h f M ; k b af M ; k f y f e V sM ] u b Zf n Y y h ] i st u a3 2 1 8 b af M ; k V qM s] 9 & 1 5 v i zSy 2 0 1 5 ] v ad 2 2 ] f y f o ax e h f M ; k b af M ; k f y f e V sM ] u b Zf n Y y h ] i st u a4 2 1 9 o g h ] i st u a4 5 2 0 x `g y { e h ] f n l E c j 2 0 1 6 ] M k ; e aM e Sx t h al i zk 0 f y 0 ] u b Zf n Y y h ] i st u a8 2 2 1 e sj h l g sy h ] f n l E c j 2 0 1 6 ] i k ; k sf u ; j c qd d E i u h i zk f y ] e qE c b Z] i st u a7 9 2 2 x `g ' k k sH k k ] f n l E c j ¼ i zF k e ½ 2 0 1 6 ] f n Y y h i zsl i = k i zd k ' k u i zk f y ] u b Zf n Y y h ] i st u a7 0 2 3 t k x j . k l [ k h ] f n l E c j 2 0 1 6 ] L o k e h t k x j . k i zd k ' k u f y f e V sM ] u b Zf n Y y h ] i st u a6 4 2 4 e qD r k ] f n l E c j 2 0 1 6 ] f n Y y h i zsl i = k i zd k ' k u i zk f y ] u b Zf n Y y h ] i st u a4 1 2 5 l e ; k ar j ] t u o j h 2 0 1 6 ] l e ; k ar j ] f n Y y h ] i st u a3 5 2 6 v g k f t an x h ] e k p Z2 0 1 6 ] v ad 7 ] n Sf u d H k k L d j d k j i k sj s' k u f y ] t ; i qj ] i st u a2 1 -



H k k j r h ; l aL d `f r v k Sj d y k e sa x t e h u wv x zo k y 1 X k t l su k v k Sj f ' k f o j d h ' k k sH k k g k sr sa g Sa& ^ ^ d qat j k % i j e k ' k k sH k k f ' k f o j L ; c y L ; p A * * A x t , s' o ; Z] l e `f ) , o a' k f D r d s| k sr d g k sr sa g SA l e qn ze aF k u v k [ ; k u d sp k Sn g j R u k sa e sa l s, d e sa x t j R u F k k A , sj k o r 2 b U n zd k o k g u g SA , sU n zh ' k f D r , sj k o r i j v k : < +f n [ k k b Zt k u h p k f g , & ^ ^ , sU n zh x t so t zg L r k * * A f o u k ; d 3 x t k u u g Sa& ^ ^ f o u k ; d k su j k d k j k so `g R d qf { k x Zt k u u % * * i k Sj k f . k d d F k k v k sa e sa x t k u u ] x t sU n ze k s{ k ] x t k l qj l ag k j d h d F k k , ¡f e y r h g SaA v f X u i qj k . k d sv u ql k j i ap e h f r f F k d k sf o " . k qy { e h d sl k F k l k F k , sj k o r x t d h 4 v p Zu k d j u h p k f g , A i k Sj k f . k d i j E i j k e sa v k B f n X x t k sa d su k e f e y r sg Sa & d qe qn ] , sj k o . k ] i | ] i q” i n U r ] o k e u ] l qi zr h d ] v at u v k Sj l k o ZH k k Se & ^ ^ d qe qn Sj k o . k % i | % i q" i n U r k s· F k o k e u % A l qi zr h d k s· U t u k su k x k v " V k S 5 g k se k s· F k n f { k . k k e ~A * * A b u e sa l sd qe qn u S_ R ; d k s. k d k ] , sj k o . k i wo Zf n ' k k d k ] i | v k X u s; d k s. k d k ] i q" i n U r o k ; O ; d k s. k d k ] o k e u n f { k . k f n ' k k d k ] l qi zr h d b Z' k k u d k s. k d k ] v at u i f ' p e f n ' k k d k ] v k Sj l k o ZH k k Se m Ù k j f n ' k k d k f n X x t g SA t Su i j E i j k e sa r h F k Zad j v f t r u k F k d k y k aN u x t g SA c k S) i j E i j k d sv u ql k j c q) u s, d c k j " k M n U r g k F k h d s: I k e sa t U e f y ; k F k k A x k Sr e d sx H k Ze sa v k u sl si wo Ze g k e k ; k u sL o I u e sa y k y e L r d o k y s" k M n U r ' o sr x t d k sx H k Ze sa i zo s' k d j r sn s[ k k F k k A e k S; Zd k y h u d y k e sa x t m M +h l k e sa / k k Sy h u k e d L F k k u i j i g k M +h p ê k u d k sr j k ' k d j f o ' k k y d k ; x t e wf r Zf u f e Zr d j u sd k v ' k k sd d k y h u d y k d k j d k i z; k l d y k d h v n ~H k qr f o ' k s" k r k g SA b l e sa x t d sv x y sH k k x d k sg h i zn f ' k Zr f d ; k x ; k g Sa f i N y k H k k x i k ” k k . k [ k . M d s: I k e sa b l i zd k j f u ; k sf t r g Se k u k sa i g k M +h l sf u d y r sg q, o U ; I k ' k q d k i zk d `f r d n `' ; g k sA u h g k j j at u u sb l f ' k Y i d h i z' k al k e sa f y [ k k g S^ ^ l p r k s; g g Sf d b r u sf o ' k k y i zk . k h d k , sl k : i k ad u ] f d l h N f o d k , sl k e u H k k o u v k Sj J s" B v ad u ] f o " k ; o L r qd sv ax i zR ; ax d k b r u k l w{ e K k u v k Sj I k ' k qd h , sl h p k y ] j s[ k k v k sa d k b r u k i zp qj i zo k g e k S; Zd k y d sf d l h n wl j h I k ' k qe wf r Ze sa u g h 6 f e y r k * * A v ' k k sd d s/ k k Sy h f ' k y k y s[ k e sa ^ L o sr k s* r F k k f x j u k j f ' k y k y s[ k e sa ^ L o sr k sg f L r l o Zy k sd l q[ k k g j k s* d k m Y Y sk [ k g SA l af d l k d sx t ' k h " k Zd L r E H k e sa ' k h " k Zd d s: I k e sa x t d k v ad u d y k R e d r k sg Sy sf d u m l e sa f d l h H k h i zd k j d h x Ù ; k R e d r k u g h g SA d k y l h y s[ k d si wo h ZH k k x e sa j s[ k k v k sa l sx t d k v ad u g SA v ' k k sd d s L r E H k k sa d s, c sd l o k y sH k k x i j p k j e g k v k t u s; I k ' k qv k sa e sa x t H k h , d g SA l k ap h H k j g qr d h d y k e sa x t l k ap h H k j g qr d h d y k e sa J h d k v f H k " k sd d j r sx t ] x t k : < +l qi zo k l ; { k ] x t k : < +p qy d k sd k



e / ; H k k j r h & 7 2 ] t u o j h & t wu ] 2 0 1 7 ] ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 105-110



1 0 6 @ e / ; H k k j r h



n so r k ] x t ' k h " k Zd L r E H k ] x H k k Zo Ø k f U r n `' ; e sa ' o sr x t ] j k t d h ; l o k j h d s: I k e sa x t ] e k r `i k s" k d t k r d d s d F k k ad u e sa e k r `H k D r x t ] g f L r e P N i j l o k j ] g k F k h d sl waM +e sa i q" i x qP N ] c U n j k s} k j k j L L k h l sc k ¡/ k d j y s t k ; k t k r k g k F k h ] U ; x zk s/ k o U n u k e sa l ay X u x t l e wg ¼ ^ ^ c g qg f F k d k sf u x k s/ k k su n k sn s* * y s[ k l f g r ½ v k f n d sn `' ; m Ù d h . k Zg SaA Q k g ~; k u d sv u ql k j ^ ^ y qf E c u h d k u u l si wo Zd h v k sj i k ¡p ; k st u p y d j t c o sj k e u k e d t u i n e sa i g ¡qWp s] ; g k ¡W c q) n so d s/ k k r qd sv a' k i j f u f e Zr L r wi > h y d sf d u k j sF k k A m l > h y e sa , d u k x j g r k F k k ] o g h L r wi d h i wt k v p Zu k d j r k F k k A v ' k k sd l k r L r wi k sa d k / o al d j b l v k B o sa L r wi d k s[ k qn o k u k p k g r k F k k ] i j u k x u st c m l su k x y k sd e sa y st k d j i wt k d h l k e x zh f n [ k k b Zr k so g n ax j g x ; k v k Sj m l u s b l L r wi d k su g h af x j k ; k A o g k ¡W ? k u k t ax y g k sx ; k F k k v k Sj g k F k h v i u h l waM +l si k u h H k j d j L r wi i j p < +k r s v k Sj o g k ¡W l Q k b Zd j r sF k sA , d c k j d g h ad k d k sb Z; k = k h L r wi d sn ' k Zu d sf y , v k ; k ] j k g e sa m l sg k f F k ; k sa d k > qaM f e y k ] ; k = k h n s[ k r sg h H k ; d se k j si sM +i j p < +x ; k v k Sj o g k ¡W l sn s[ k r k j g k A g k f F k ; k sa u sv i u h l waM +e sa i k u h y k d j L r wi i j f N M +d k ] v k Sj f Q j Q wy r k sM +d j y k d j p < +k , ] g k f F k ; k sa d k ; g d `R ; n s[ k d j m l sX y k f u g qb Z] 7 o g f H k { k qg k sx ; k v k Sj o g k ¡W l Q k b Zd j d sj g u sy x k l k ap h H k j g qr d h i zL r j d y k e sa y { e h d k v f H k " k sd d j r s g k f F k ; k sa d k v ad u g SA d k S' k k E c h d h d y k e sa x t d k S' k k E c h d h b Zl k i wo Zd h f } r h ; ' k r k C n h d h e `f Ù k d k d y k e sa m n ; u o k l o n Ù k k g k F k h i j v k : < + 8 f n [ k k , x , g SA ¼ f p = k 2 ½ d k S' k k E c h d h d q" k k . k d k y h u e `. e wf r Ze sa y { e h d h f ' k j k sH k w" k k d s: I k e sa n k sx t k sa d k 9 v ad u f ' k Y i d sf o j y , o av u wB si z; k sx d g st k l d r sa g SaA ¼ j s[ k k f p = k 1 ½ d k S' k k E c h l sr k e zf l D d k sa i j ] } k j r k sj . k i j ] o sf n d k L r E H k i j x t y { e h d sv ad u i zk I r g SaA v U ; = k d y k e sa x t H k k t k d si f ' p e h c j k e n sd sn k f g u s} k j d si zk p h j i j x t k : < +b U n zd k v ad u g S] f t l e sa p y k ; e k u e qn zk e sa l waM +Å i j m B k , x t i j b U n zv k Sj b U n zk . k h f o j k t e k u g SaA H k sM +k ? k k V f L F k r p k Sl B ; k sf x u h e af n j , d ; k sf x u h d k o k g u x t g SA [ k t qj k g k sl e wg e sa o j k g e af n j d st a? k k H k k x i j c SB sg q, v u sd v y ad `r x t k sa d k v ad u f d ; k x ; k g SA , sl k v k H k k f l r g k sr k g Sf d ; sl H k h e qd qV e k y k / k k j h x t e af n j d sH k k j d k sm B k , g q, g SaA f o ' o u k F k e af n j e sa H k k j o k g h x t i af D r ; k ¡f ' k j k sH k w" k . k ] g k j v k f n l sv y ad `r l waM +e sa e k y k i d M +s g q, g SA m M +h l k d sd k s. k k Zd d sl w; Ze af n j e sa i wo Zf n ' k k l si zo s' k d j u si j u V e aM i d sl k si k u e k x Zd sn k su k as i k ' o Ze sa f l ag k sa } k j k g k f F k ; k sa d k si j k H k wr d j u sd k n `' ; g S] ; g k ¡f l ag k sa d k sf o ' k k y v k d k j e sa r F k k g k f F k ; k sa d k sl ad qf p r v k Sj H k ; H k h r e qn zk e sa n ' k k Z; k x ; k g SA x t y { e h x t k f H k f " k D r k y { e h v F k k Zr ~x t k sa } k j k v f H k f " k D r d h t k u so k y h y { e h A x t k sa d s} k j k ? k V l sL u k u d j k ; h t k r h y { e h d h v u sd e wf r Z; k ¡i k ; h x b Zg SA d e y v k Sj x t n k su k sa g h y { e h d sv f H k U u v ax d g st k l d r sa g SaA l k x j e aF k u v k [ ; k u l sf o f n r g k sr k g Sf d y { e h l k x j l sf u d y h F k h ab l f y , m U g sa l k x j r u ; k H k h d g r sa g SaA d e y ; k i ù H k h t y l E H k wr g SA x t k f H k f " k D r y { e h d k L o : I k H k k j r h ; d y k e sa l o k Zf / k d y k sd f i z; j g k A ' k aqx d k y l sg h f e y u so k y k ; g m Ù d h . k Zu l k ap h ] H k j g qr ] d k S' k k E c h ] v e j k o r h ] e F k qj k ] i h r y [ k k sj k ] , y k sj k ] [ k . M f x f j v k f n f o f H k U u L F k k u k sa d h d y k e sa n s[ k u sd k sf e y r k g SA d k S' k k E c h d sf l D d k sa i j H k h x t y { e h d k v ad u f e y r k g SA x t k f H k f " k D r y { e h d k L o : I k i k Sj k f . k d f o o j . k k sa e sa f e y r k g SA f o " . k q/ k e k sZÙ k j i qj k . k e sa y { e h d sv f H k " k sd h x t k sa d k s' k a[ k v k Sj i ù f u f / k d sl e k u c r k ; k x ; k g SA o k L r q' k k L = k



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e sa } k j d se / ; e sa x t k f H k f " k D r J h y { e h d h v k d `f r c u k u s; k m u d h e wf r ZL F k k f i r d j u sd k f u n sZ' k f n ; k x ; k g SD ; k saf d b l l sn so h m l x `g d sL o k e h d k sl q[ k ] ' k k sH k k v k Sj l e `f ) i zn k u d j r h g SA l e j k ax . k l w= k / k k j e sa d g k x ; k g S& ^ ^ } k j e . M y e / ; L F k k L u k I ; e k u k x t k sÙ k e S% A i ù k l u k i ù g L r k J h ' p d k ; k ZL o y ad `r k A * * d k S' k k E c h l si zk I r i zF k e ' k r k c n h b Zi wd k , d Q y d ] t k sl E i zf r b y k g k c k n l ax zg k y ; e sa g S] f d l h r k sj . k } k j d h c M +sj h d sc k , ¡H k k x d k v a' k i zr h r g k sr k g SA b l Q y d d k e wy : I k b l r k sj . k Q y d i j c k , ¡l s Ø e ' k % x t l waM +] x t y { e h ] o `" k v k Sj i Ù k k sa l sc u sL o k f L r d d k v ad u g SA e / ; e sa L F k k u d e qn zk e sa y { e h d k n k f g u k g k F k v H k ; e qn zk e sa] c k ¡; k g k F k d f V i j v o y f E c r g S] n so h d sn k su k sa v k sj d U / k k sa r d Å i j m B r sg q, l u k y d e y i j [ k M +s x t y E c h x n Zu o k y s? k V l st y k f H k " k sd d j j g sa g SA b l d sv f r f j D r n k su k sa v k sj , d , d i ù v k Sj d y h H k h F k k sM +h d e Å ¡p k b Zr d i zn f ' k Zr g SA } k j y { e h ; k r k sj . k y { e h i zo s' k } k j v F k o k r k sj . k d s e / ; H k k x e sa L F k k f i r d h t k r h F k h A B h d , sl k g h v ad u l k ap h d sf o ' k k y L r wi d sn f { k . k h r k sj . k d h f u p y h c M +sj h i j H k h i k ; k x ; k g SA x t c k n y k sa d si zr h d e k u sx , r k sy { e h H k wn so h g Sa b l h f y , f o " . k qi R u h y { e h d h o U n u k H k wn so h d s : I k e sa d h x b Z^ ^ l e qn zo l u sn sf o i o Zr L r u e aM y sA f o " . k qi f R u u e L r qH ; ai k n L i ' k Z{ k e L o e sA * * c k n y o " k k Zd j d s H k wn so h d k sl `f ” V d sf y , l { k e c u k r sa g SaA y { e h l t Zu k d h i zr h d g SA f c u k o `f ” V d sy { e h ' k L ; l t Zu k e sa l { k e u g h aA x t k f H k f " k D r y { e h d k ; g h f u f g r k F k ZF k k A d n k f p r i zk p h u d k y e sa y g y g k r h Q l y k sa d k sx t l su k d s H k ; l sc p k u sd sf u f g r k F k ZH k h y { e h d k sx t k sa l sl E i `D r f n [ k k ; k t k u sy x k g k sA u , i z; k sx i qj k r R o l ax zg k y ; [ k t qj k g k sa d so S" . k o d { k e sa i zl a8 2 4 e sa " k M H k qt h l j L o r h i zf r e k d sÅ i j h n k su k s v k sj , d , d x t d h v k d `f r g Sv k Sj i k n i h B i j g al d k H k h v ad u g SA l j L o r h i zf r e k e sa g al v k Sj o h . k k d s l k F k l k F k x t d k v ad u [ k t qj k g k sa f ' k Y i h d h f o f ' k " V d Y i u k ' k f D r d k i f j p k ; d g SA x t d k l E c U / k y { e h l st qM +k g S] y { e h d h x t k f H k f " k D r i zf r e k , ¡H k h i zk I r g S] y sf d u l j L o r h i zf r e k e sa x t d sv ad u d k ; g f o j y 1 0 m n k g j . k g SA b l i zl ax e sa o k e u i qj k . k d sf o o j . k k sa i j n `f " V i k r i zk l af x d g k sx k A o k e u i qj k . k e sa y { e h d sp k j : i k sa d h p p k Zg S& l j L o r h ] t ; J h ] y { e h v k Sj J h n so h A b u e sa l j L o r h d k s' o sr x t i j v k : < +d g k x ; k 1 1 v g S A l k e k U ; r ; k y { e h d k sn k sx t k sa } k j k v f H k " k sd f d , t k r sf n [ k k u sd h i j E i j k d y k e sa i zk ; ' k % f e y r h g SA 1 1 c y sf d u j k g qy l k ad `R ; k ; u l ax zg k y ; ] d q' k h u x j e sa f l ag k : < +x t k f H k f ” k D r , d i zf r e k g SA m Ù k j i zn s' k d s, V k f t y se sa f c y l M +u k e d L F k k u l si zk I r f l ag o k g u k x t k f h H k f " k D r k n so h i zf r e k d k H k h m Y Y sk [ k M k W, , y 1 1 l J h o k L r o u sf d ; k g SA f l j k sg h j k t L F k k u l si zk I r v k B o h al n h d h ] c k n k e h d h N B h l n h d h ] , y k sj k d h v k B o h al n h d h ] x t y { e h i zf r e k v k sa e sa p k j x t k sa l sv f H k f " k D r y { e h f n [ k k b Zx b Zg SaA X k t k ar d i zf r e k v k sa e sa x t x t , d n SR ; d k H k h u k e g SA i k Sj k f . k d f o o j . k k sa d sv u ql k j , d c zk ã . k } k j k —f r o k l s' o j f y ax d h i wt k d sl e ; x t k l qj } k j k f o ? u i Sn k d j u si j f ' k o u sm l d k l ag k j f d ; k F k k v k Sj x t p e Zd k s' k j h j i j / k k j . k f d ; k F k k A f ' k o d k ; g : I k x t k U r d d g y k ; k A v a' k qH k sn k x e d sv u ql k j x t k ar d : I k e sa f ' k o d k o k e g L r x t i j ] n k f g u k g L r Å i j m B k g qv k ] x t d h i waN m u d se L r d i j g k su h p k f g , A x t d h v k —f r b l i zd k j f u f e Zr d h t k u h p k f g , f d i zf r e k d si h N si zH k k e . M y c u t k , A , y k sj k d sx qQ k l a1 4 v k Sj 1 6 e sa v k B o h a' k r k C n h b Zd h n k sx t k ar d i zf r e k , ¡m Ù d h . k Zg SA y sf d u e Y g k j d h , d e / ; d k y h u i zf r e k e su `R ; 1 2 H k Sj o d s' k h ' k d sÅ i j c k ; h av k sj g k F k h d k e L r d v k Sj l waM +m Ù d h . k Zg SA



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f o " . k qi zf r e k v k sa e sa x t d h m i f L F k f r f o " . k q} k j k x t sU n ze k s{ k d k i k Sj k f . k d v k [ ; k u i zf l ) g SA d y k e sa ; g v ad u H k k x o r i qj k . k d sm l v k [ ; k u d h v f H k O ; f D r g Sf t l d sv u ql k j i k . M ; o a' k h j k t k b U n z| qE u e g f " k Zv x L r d s' k k i o ' k x t g k sx , F k sA , d c k j t c o s{ k h j l k x j d sr V i j f L F k r f = k d wV i o Zr d h r j k b Ze sa l j k so j e sa v i u h g f F k f u ; k sa d sl k F k f o g k j d j j g sF k sr c m l h l j k so j e sa x U / k o Zg wg wt k se g f " k Zn so y d s' k k i l sx zk g : I k e sa j g j g sF k s] u sx t d k s i d M +f y ; k A ; g y M +k b Zy E c h p y h ] v U r e sa F k d d j x t sU n zu s, d d e y i q" I k r k sM +d j l waM +m B k d j v k r ZL o j l sf o " . k qd h L r qf r d h ] r c f o " . k qu si zd V g k sd j m u n k asu k sd k m ) k j f d ; k F k k A i k Sj k f . k d x t sU n ze k s{ k d k v ad u y f y r i qj f t y se sn so x < +d sn ' k k o r k j e af n j d h c k g j h n h o k j d sf ' k y k i ê i j g SA b l i zf r e k e sa l j k so j d sd e y i q" I k k sa o k y st y i zo k g d se / ; x t sU n zÅ i j d h v k sj m B h g qb Zl waM +e sa d e y i q" I k y sd j [ k M +k g SA x t sU n zd sl e { k u k x N = k ; qD r x U / k o Zg qg qv i u h i R u h l f g r v k H k w" k . k k sa l sv y ad `r r F k k v at f y e qn zk e sa d f V H k k x r d n f ' k Zr g S] x t d sÅ i j h H k k x e sa u `x : M +i j v k : < +] x n k f y , p r qH k qZt h f o " . k qf d j h V e qd qV ] d q. M y ] e k y k / k k j . k f d , n f ' k Zr g SaA Å i j h H k k x i j e k y k / k k j h ; qx y x U / k o k sZa d k f p = k . k g SA ; g v ad u x qI r d k y d h l qU n j v f H k O ; f D r g SA ¼ f p = k 7 ½ f o " . k qi zf r e k v k sa e sa x t d sv ad u d sd qN u , v u qi z; k sx H k h f e y r sg Sa] t Sl s& g f j ; k . k k e sa i k u h i r f t y se sa n so h e af n j e sa c k j g o h a' k r h d h y { e h u k j k ; . k i zf r e k e sa ' k a[ k ] p Ø ] x n k f y , u k j k ; . k f o " . k qy { e h l f g r x : M +i j v k l h u g S] x : M +f o " . k qd sn k f g u sp j . k v k Sj c k , ¡? k qV u sd k sl g k j k n sr sg q, i zn f ' k Zr g Sa y sf d u 1 3 y { e h d k c k ; k ¡i Sj g k F k h d se L r d i j j [ k k g SA ¼ f p = k 3 ½ l k e k U ; r ; k f o " . k qd k o k g u x : M +L o h —r g S y sf d u j k u h e g y ] > k al h e sa n l o h a& X ; k j g o h a' k r k C n h d h , d i zf r e k e sa p r qH k qZt h f o " . k qd k sp Ø ] x n k ] ' k a[ k d s l k F k x t i j l o k j , o ao k e f u p y sg L r d k sg k F k h d h l waM +i j j [ k sf n [ k k ; k x ; k g SA b l sd j h o j n e qn zk d g k x ; k g SA ¼ f p = k 4 ½ o k j k . k l h e sa j k t ? k k V l si zk I r n l o h a& X ; k j g o h a' k r k C n h d h , d i zf r e k e sa x : M +o k g u i j 1 4 p Ø ] x n k ] ' k a[ k / k k j h f o " . k qv i u sc k , ¡f u p y sg k F k l sx t } k j k m B k b Zx b Zl waM +l si ù y sr sf n [ k k , x , g SaA ¼ f p = k 5 ½ ; g v ad u x t sU n ze k s{ k d F k k d k L e j . k d j k r k g S] x zk g } k j k i d M +s t k u si j x t u sv k r ZL o j l s u k j k ; . k d h v k j k / k u k d h F k h v k Sj i zd V g k su si j l j k so j d si n ~e d k sm U g sa v f i Zr d j L r qf r d h F k h A n so i ê k sa i j x t d sv ad u e / ; i zn s' k d sf o Ø e d h f r Ze af n j ] m T t Su d sx qu k i ê i j Å i j l sr h l j sc U / k i j n k sx t k sa d k v ad u 1 5 g Sa] i zF k e n k si f ê d k v k sa i j r h u r h u x . k s' k i zn f ' k Zr g SaA j k t L F k k u d sX ; k j g o h a' k r k C n h d sn so i ê i j r h l j s c U / k i j n k sn k sx . k s' k d se / ; e sa x t d k v ad u g Sb U g sa x t f o u k ; d d h l aK k n h t k l d r h g SA ' k k L = k k sa d s v u ql k j f o / u j k t x . k s' k d h L r qf r u k x v F k k Zr ~x t ; k i q# " k n k su k sa : i k sa e sa d h t k l d r h g S& ^ ^ i n a L r qf r u k e i n aJ qr h u k ay h y k o r k j ai j e k R e e wr sZ% A u k x k R e d k so k i q: " k k R e d k so sR ; H k s| k e k | aH k t f o ? u j k t aA A * * x t k f H k f " k D r x . k i f r d y k e sa x t k f H k f " k D r y { e h d si z; k sx i zk ; ' k % K k r g Sa y sf d u v k a/ k zi zn s' k d so k j ax y f t y se sa j e I i k e af n j e sa x t k f H k f " k D r x . k i f r d sr sj g o h a' k r k C n h d sn k sm n k g j . k f o j y g aSA i g y sQ y d i j v k l h u x . k i f r d sn k su k sa v k sj , d , d f n O ; x t g Sa f t u d h l waM +x . k i f r d sÅ i j v f H k " k sd ; k o U n u e qn zk e sa v k i l e sa l a; qD r 1 6 1 7 g S]n wl j sQ y d i j u `R ; j r x . k i f r d sn k su k sa v k sj f n O ; x t k sa d h l waM +i h N se qM +h g Sv k Sj i waN l sl a; qD r g SA 1 8 ¼ f p = k 6 ½ b u n `' ; k ad u k sa e sa f n O ; x t k sa } k j k x . k i f r d so U n u d k v f H k i zk ; g SA f ' k o i qj k . k e sa x t k sa } k j k x . k i f r d so U n u d k l ad sr g SA



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x t k Ø k U r f l ag e af n j k sa d s} k j p k S[ k V d h n sg y h o k y sH k k x i j x t k Ø k U r f l ag d sv u sd n `" V k U r m i y C / k g SA i wo Ze / ; d k y e sa x t k Ø k U r f l ag d k v ad u d y k e sa i zp qj : I k l sg qv k A ¼ f p = k 8 ½ 1 9 j ? k qo a' k d h d k O ; k R e d v f H k O ; f D r e sa b l i zr h d d h > y d v u qH k wr g SA j ? k qo a' k d sv u ql k j j k t k n ' k j F k u sx t l e wg k sa l s? k k sj f o j k s/ k d j u so k y sv k Sj V s< +s u [ k k sa d sv x zH k k x e sa f L F k r x t e qD r k o k y sm u f l ag k sa d k s e k j d j ; q) d k ; Ze sa m i d k j d j u so k y sg k f F k ; k sa d s_ . k l sv i u sd k se qD r g qv k e k u k F k k µ ^ ^ r k U g R o k x t d qy c ) r h o zo Sj k u ~d k d qR L F k % d qf V y u [ k k x zy X u e qD r k u ~A v k R e k u aj . k —r d e Z. k k ax t k u k e k u `. ; ax r f e o e k x Z. Sk j e L r aA A * * f p = k Q y d



j s[ k k f p = k 1 d k S' k k E c h l si zk I r x t y { e h d h f ' k j k sH k w" k k d s: I k e sa x t } ;



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j s[ k k f p = k 5 j s[ k k f p = k 4 t d h l waM l si n e i q" I k y sr s d j h o j n e qn zk e sa x t k : < + x x : M k l h u f o " . k q ] o k j k . k l h ] f o " . k q] j k u h e g y ] > k al h ] 1 0 & 1 1 o h al n h 1 0 & 1 1 o h al n h ]



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f p = k 8 X k t k Ø k U r f l ag i zk p h u b f r g k l ] l aL Ñ f r , o ai qj k r R o f o H k k x l n u y k y l k ao y n k l [ k U u k e f g y k e g k f o | k y ; b y k g k c k n ¼ m i z½



l U n H k Z& 1 -v f X u i qj k . k ] 2 8 7 ] 5 ] 2 -v f X u i qj k . k ] 5 0 ] 2 1 3 -v f X u i qj k . k ] 5 0 ] 2 3 4 -v f X u i qj k . k ] 2 9 1 ] 1 ] 5 -v f X u i qj k . k ] 2 9 1 ] 4 ] 6 -j k ; ] u h g k j j at u ] u U n e k S; Z; qx h u H k k j r ] l au h y d . B ' k k L = k h ] i `4 1 8 ] 7 -o e k Z] t x U e k sg u ] p h u h ; k = k h Q k g ; k u d k ; k = k k f o o j . k ] v u qo k n ] i `2 5 ] u s' k u y c qd V ªL V v k Wo b af M ; k ] 1 9 9 6 ] i zF k e l aL d j . k u k f x j h i zp k f j . k h l H k k d k ' k h } k j k i zd k f ' k r 1 9 1 8 e sa] 8 -f p = k 2 9 -j s[ k k f p = k 1 ] b y k g k c k n f o ' o f o | k y ; ] d k S' k k E c h l ax zg k y ; ] 1 0 f l ag ] v t h r i zl k n ] [ k t qj k g k sd h ' k So ' k k D r i zf r e k , ¡ 1 1 v o k e u i qj k . k ] 7 5 ] 1 7 l s3 0 1 1 c J h o k L r o ] , , y ] ^ ^ y k ; u e k m aV b u x t y { e h f Q x j l * ] K k u i zo k g c qy sf V u u 1 0 ] 2 0 0 6 & 0 7 ] i `4 9 & 5 8 ] 1 1 l J h o k L r o ] , , y ] ^ ^ , d v Y i K k r n so h d k e wf r Zf ' k Y i * ] f n f j l p Zj ] o k WXVI-XVII i `8 4 & 9 0 ] 12. S.R.Sharma,'Natraj forms in Early Medieval Art of Chhatisgarh [in M.P.]', Bulletin of Museums and Archaeology, Lucknow, 43-44, 1989, page 49, 1 3 f p = k3 Handa, Devendra 'Vaishnav Icons' Punjab University Research Bulletin[Arts], XVI, 2,October,1985,figure 35, page 148-149, and Devendra Handa,Sculptures from Haryana, Iconography and Style, Simla, 2006, plate 76, page 64, 1 4 f p = k 4 r F k k 5 ] Silpsahasradal, vol. 2, VLD.99 & VLD.99a 15. Joshi,. N.P. 'Varansi Patt from Rajasthan: A New variation', Jnana Pravah Research Journal, Varansi, XV 2011-12, PP 72-77, 16. Paul Martin-Dubost, 'Ganesa : The Enchanter of the Three Worlds', 1997, page 28, figure 28 17. Paul Martin-Dubost, 'Ganesa : The Enchanter of the Three Worlds', 1997, page 162, figure 73 ]



1 8 o k ; o h ; l af g r k d sm Ù k j H k k x ] 3 1 ] 6 8 ] 1 9 j ? k ao a' k ] 9 ] 6 5 ]



j k l v k Sj d F k d d k v U r j l E c U / k ' k k E H k o h ' k qD y k f e J k j k l u `R ; d so y , d u `R ; i zd k j g h u g h av f i r qv i u sv k i e sa , d l qn h ? k Z, o al ai w. k Zd `" . k H k f D r i j ai j k g SA , d , sl h u `R ; i j E i j k t k sy k sd u `R ; v k Sj ' k k L = k h ; u `R ; d sc h p d h , d v R ; ar e g R o i w. k Z, o al qU n j d M +h g SA ^ ^ j k l u `R ; d k sv i u se wy L o : i e sa y k sd u `R ; d h J s. k h e sa g h j [ k k t k l d r k g SA ^ j k l * , d , sl h v u wB h n s' k O ; k i h u `R ; i j E i j k g Sf t l u sx zk e h . k v ap y k sa l sy sd j ' k g j h e ap k sa r d v i u sd y k l k e F ; Z] d y k l k S" B o ] , o ad y k v k Sf p R ; d k sf l ) f d ; k g SA j k l u `R ; d h i j E i j k x qt j k r ] e f . k i qj ] v l e ] c ax k y o n s' k d s 1 v u sd i zk U r k sa e sa g So g H k h e ap d s: i e sa * * A j k l d k si f j H k k f " k r d j u sd sØ e e sa g e i k , ¡x sf d ^ ^ j k l ' k C n d se wy e sa j l i k s" k d r R o g Sb l f y , v f / k d k a' k f o } k u k sa u s^ f o " . k q; k e y * u k e d x zU F k e sa n h x b Zj k l d h i f j H k k " k k ^ j l k u k al e wg k sj k l % * d k sm i ; qD r 2 e k u r sg q, L o h d k j f d ; k g SA * * j k l u `R ; d h i zk p h u y k sd i j E i j k d sl ad sr _ X o sn d sf u E u f y f [ k r ' y k sd e sa 3 n `f " V x k sp j g k sr sg SA * * ^ ^ ; n ~n so k v n % l f y y sl ql aj C / k k v f r " B r A 3 v = k o k su `R ; r k f e o r h o zk sj s. k qj t k ; r A A * * ¼ _ X o sn 1 0 @ 7 2 @ 6 ½ v F k k Zr l `f " V d sv k j aH k e sa , d e g k u l f y y & l e qn zF k k ] f t l e sa n so r k x . k , d n wl j sl sg k F k f e y k d j ¼ l ql aj C / k k & J `a[ k y k c k a/ k d j ½ B g j sg q, F k sA m u d su `R ; ; k r k y c a/ k p j . k { k k sH k l st k sr h o z/ k wy N k x b Z] o g h ; g f o ' o g SA v F k k Zr ~, sl k u `R ; f t l e sa d b Zu `r d i j L i j N an k se ; H k k o l su `R ; d j r sg q, p j . k k sa d sr k y l sj s. k qd k m R F k k i u d j saA L o x h Z; M k Wo k l qn so ' k j . k v x zo k y d k s; g o . k Zu j k l l aK d e aM y h u `R ; ; k l k o Zr p j . k & l ap k y ; d h v k sj g h l ad sr d j r k t k u i M +r k g SA g e k j sn `f " V d k s. k e sa v i u se wy L o H k k o o L o : i e sa j k l , d i zd k j d h f o f ' k " V y k sd u `R ; i j E i j k g S f t l u sd k y k U r j e sa f o L r `r v k Sj i f j " d `r g k sr sg q, , d l ai w. k Z' k Sy h d k L o : i i zk I r d j ' k k L = k h ; u `R ; k sa d s e / ; v i u k l ' k D r , o av n ~H k qr L o : i i zL r qr f d ; k g SA j k l d k s, d u k V ~; & u `R ; d g u k m f p r g k sx k D ; k saf d j k l & u `R ; , d , sl h t h o U r f o / k k g St k s' k k L = k h ; e ; k Zn k d sf u ; e k sa e sa c a/ k h g qb Zg SA o r Ze k u e sa j k l d k , d i f j " d `r o i f j i D o L o : i e f . k i qj h u `R ; ' k Sy h d s: i e sa g e k j sl e { k g SaA b l f y , j k l d sb l e f . k i qj h L o : i d k s' k k L = k h ; u `R ; g k su sd h e k U ; r k H k h i zk I r g SA o r Ze k u e sa j k l d sn k si zp f y r L o : i g e k j sl e { k g SaA , d L o : i g Sc `t d h j k l y h y k n wl j k L o : i e / ; H k k j r h & 7 2 ] t u o j h & t wu ] 2 0 1 7 ] ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 111-118



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g Se f . k i qj d h j k l y h y k A i j U r qj k l d so y c `t ; k e f . k i qj d h g h u g h av f i r ql ai w. k ZH k k j r d h , d n s' k O ; k i h i j E i j k j g h g SA d qN sd f H k U u r k v k sa d sl k F k b l u `R ; i j E i j k d k sx qt j k r ] v l e ] e f . k i qj ] c ax k y ] m R r j i zn s' k o v U ; i zk U r k sa u sH k h e ap h ; f o / k k d s: i e sa L o h d k j k g SA ' k k f C n d O ; qR i f R r d sn `f " V d k s. k l sj l / k k r qe sa ^ ? k × k * i zR ; ; y x k d j j k l ' k C n m R i U u g qv k g SA j k l d k m R l g Sj l v k Sj l ax h r d k L = k k sr g Su k n A n k su k sa g h d `" . k : I k g S] v r % j k l d sv k f n : I k e sa g SaA v k Sj d `" . k d s f c u k l ax h r o u `R ; d h d Y i u k e k = k H k h l aH k o u g h aA f t l l s¼ d s} k j k ½ j l d h m R i f R r g k so g j k l g SA b l n `f " V l sl ai w. k Zm R r j H k k j r d h , d e k = k ' k k L = k h ; u `R ; ' k Sy h d F k d v k Sj j k l , d g h J s. k h e sa j [ k st k l d r sg aSA l k aL d `f r d i f j n `' ; e sa i zR ; sd d k y e sa d y k v k sa d k ] i j E i j k v k sa d k v k i l h v k n k u & i zn k u g k sr k j g r k g St k sL o r % ? k f V r g k su so k y h , d L o k H k k f o d v ar j i zf Ø ; k g Sv k Sj ; g i zf Ø ; k j k l u `R ; v k Sj m R r j H k k j r d s , d e k = k ' k k L = k h ; u `R ; ' k Sy h d F k d d se / ; l E i U u g qb ZA d F k d d k m n ~H k o j k e k ; . k d k y l sd F k k o k p d k as d h i j E i j k l se k u k t k r k g Sb l f y ; sj k e d si q= k y o o d q' k d k sg e i zF k e d F k d d g l d r sg Sa t c f d j k l u `R ; d k i zk n qH k k Zo e g k H k k j r d k y l se k u o t k f r d k s d `" . k v o r k j d sl aK k u i ' p k r e k u k t k u k ; F k k sf p r g k sx k A i j U r qj k l y h y k d k i zp k j e / ; d k y e sa y x H k x i an zg o h a' k r k C n h l sg qv k i zr h r g k sr k g St k sl k sy g o h a' k r k C n h e sa i qu l Ze `) f d ; k x ; k A b l i zd k j j k l , d y k sd i j E i j k l sf o d f l r g k sd j u k V ~; & u `R ; d h l e `) o v i u sv k i e sa l ai w. k Zf o / k k c u l d k A f d U g h aH k h n k s f o / k k v k sa i j f o p k j & f o e ' k Zo v / ; ; u d j r sg q, m u d h , sf r g k f l d i `" B H k wf e d k K k u & l aK k u v k o ' ; d g SA t h o u g k s; k d y k f d l h d k sH k h i u i u sd sf y , m i ; qD r o k r k o j . k d h v k o ' ; d r k g k sr h g SA l `t u i zd `f r d k f u ; e g S] v u qd wy o k r k o j . k e sa ; g Q y r k & Q wy r k g SA b Zl k i wo Zn wl j h ' k r k C n h l so S" . k o / k e Zd k i zp k j & i zl k j i qj k . k l k f g R ; } k j k i zk j aH k , o ai zp k f j r g qv k t k sf d l k sy g o h a' k r k C n h d sl ar d f o ; k sa , o a/ k e k Zp k ; k sZa } k j k m U u r v k Sj l Q y r e : i e sa i zf r i k f n r g qv k A b l d k y e sa l ai w. k ZH k k j r e sa , sl so k r k o j . k d k f u e k Z. k g qv k f t l u sL o L F ; v k Sj l e `) H k k j r e sa d y k v k sa d k sf o d f l r o i f j " d `r g k su sd k v o l j i zn k u f d ; k A b l h l k sy g o h a' k r k C n h e sa c `t d h j k l i j E i j k d h o r Ze k u ' k Sy h d k i qu # R F k k u g qv k A b f r g k l d k ; g d k y [ k . M ^ e / ; d k y * d sv ar x Zr v k r k g SA e / ; d k y h u b f r g k l e sa e qx y d k y f o ' k s" k d j v d c j ¼ l u ~1 5 5 6 & 1 6 0 5 b Zr d ½ t g k ¡x h j ¼ l u ~1 6 0 5 & 1 6 2 7 b Zr d ½ r F k k ' k k g t g k ¡¼ l u ~1 6 2 7 & 1 6 5 7 b Zr d ½ d s' k k l u d k y d k sm R r j e / ; d k y h u L o . k Z; qx d g k t k r k g SA D ; k saf d b l l e ; e sa H k k j r h ; l aL d `f r d h y x H k x l H k h i zo `f R r ; k sa d k f o d k l l qp k : : i l sg qv k A v d c j f g U n wl aL d `f r d si zf r l e k u H k k o j [ k r sF k sA m u d sj k T ; d k y e sa g h o `U n k o u e sa j k l y h y k d k x B u g qv k A i zf l ) l k f g R ; d k j ^ v k f o Z& t k st Z* u sH k h v i u h i qL r d ^ n l k b al v k Q Wb af M ; u E ; wf t d * e sa b l c k r d h i qf " V d h g SA ; g k a, d c k r m Y y s[ k u h ; ; g g Sf d d k O ; l k f g R ; d sb l d k y [ k aM d k sv d c j d s' k k l u d k y d s n k Sj k u g h ^ ^ H k f D r d k y * * d g k t k u sy x k A b l d k y e sa c M +s / k k f e Zd e g k R e k , o al ax h r K m R i U u g q, A l ax h r k p k ; k sZa e sa L o k e h g f j n k l ] d f o ; k sa , o al ax h r K k sa e sa l wj n k l ] e h j k c k b Z] d c h j ] r qy l h r F k k j k / k k o Y y H k l E i zn k ; d sJ h j k e k u qt k p k ; Z] e g o k p k ; Z] f u E c d k Zp k ; Zr F k k o Y y H k k p k ; Zd sl k F k g h ^ v " V N k i * d sd f o ; k sa } k j k v l a[ ; i n k sa d h j p u k d h x b Zv k Sj m U g sa x k ; k & c t k u st k u sy x k A g k y k af d c `t & j k l d h i j E i j k c `t e sa i zk p h u d k y l sp y h v k j g h F k h i j U r qt c b l n k Sj e sa j k l d s i qu : ) k j d h v k o ' ; d r k e g l wl d h x b Zr c ; g e g k u d k ; Zv k p k ; Zo Y y H k , o aJ h u k j k ; . k H k V ~V u sc [ k wc h l E i U u f d ; k A ^ ^ , sf r g k f l d r F ; g Sf d i U n zg o h ' k r k C n h l sl k sy g o h a' k r k C n h d sc h p u k j n t h d k v o r k j



j k l v k Sj d F k d d k v U r j l E c U / k @ 1 1 3



e k u st k u so k y sn f { k . k d si zf l ) H k D r k p k ; Z] x k ; d ] d f o , o ad q' k y o h . k k o k n d x k sL o k e h u k j k ; . k H k V ~V u s 4 j k l d si qu # ) k j d k c M +k d k ; Zl ai k f n r f d ; k A * * J h u k j k ; . k H k V ~V u st ; i qj d se g k j k t l o k b Ze k u f l ag d s n j c k j d sv o d k ' k i zk I r i zf l ) u r Zd J h o Y y H k n k l d sl g ; k sx l sj k l u `R ; d k sr d u h d h l e `f ) i zn k u d h v k Sj u `R ; k p k ; Zo Y y H k u sj k l d k sl qO ; o f L F k r , o al qan j L o : I k i zn k u f d ; k A m Y y s[ k u h ; g Sf d v k p k ; Zo Y y H k e wy r % j k t L F k k u d sd F k d u r Zd F k sA e k u k t k r k g Sf d v k e sj ; k u st ; i qj d su j s' k e g k j k t e k u f l ag u sg h v i u s; g k ¡l sj k t L F k k u h d F k d k sa d h i j E i j k l sv k , d F k d u r Zd ^ ^ o Y y H k * * d k sc `t d sc zk ã . k c k y d k sa d k sf ' k { k k & n h { k k n su sd sf y , o `U n k o u H k st k F k k A ^ ^ v k p k ; Zo Y y H k } k j k j f p r , d ^ x . k s' k i j u u k F k } k j k d s' k ad j t h l qr ? k u ' ; k e t h i [ k k o t h u sv i u se g k u x azF k ^ e `n ax l k x j * d s v k j aH k e sa g h f y f i c ) d h g Sf t l e sa o Y y H k u k e k sY y s[ k H k h g SA b l ^ x . k s' k i j u * d k st ; i qj ? k j k u sd si zf l ) u `R ; k p k ; Zu k j k ; . k i zl k n t h c g q/ k k f d ; k d j r sF k sr F k k i zf l ) i [ k k o t h t h L o x h Z; i q: " k k sR r e n k l t h b l 5 i j u d k sc M +h : f p l si [ k k o t i j f u d k y r sF k sA * * m i j k sD r d k y d si zf l ) f o } k u u k H k k n k l t h u sv i u h j p u k ^ H k D r e k y * e sa r R d k y h u i f j n `' ; d k o . k Zu f d ; k g SA b U g k sau sv k p k ; Zo Y y H k ¼ t k sf d e wy r % u r Zd F k s½ d h i z' k al k e sa v / k k sf y f [ k r i n H k h j p k A ^ ^ u `R ; H k k x u qu f u i qu ] j k l e sa j l c j l k o r A v c y h y k ] y f y r k f n ] o f y r ] n ai r f g f j > k o r A v f r m n k j f u L r k j ] l qt r c `t e aM y v k t r A e g k e g k sP N o d j r l n k ] l c g h l q[ k l k t r A J h u k j k ; . k H k V ~V i zH k q] i j e i sze j l c l d h A 6 c `t o Y y H k o Y y H k i j e ] n qj y H k l q[ k u Su u f g A * * b l l an H k Zd sl k F k g h ; g k ¡m u d `" . k H k D r d f o ; k sa d h j p u k v k sa m ) j . k n su k H k h v k o ' ; d i zr h r g k sr k g Sf t U g k sau sd F k d u `R ; d sr d u h d h ' k C n k sa d sl k F k g h u `R ; d sc k sy k sa d k i z; k sx H k h v i u h j p u k v k sa e sa f d ; k g SA m n k g j . k L o : i H k D r d f o v k p k ; Zu an n k l d k ; g i n n sf [ k , & y k L ; H k sn f u i qu d k sd j l m t k x j h A y sr l qy i m j i f r j i v o f u m j t c n u f Q j r ] f u j r r f x f j / k j u l ax ] j ax H k j h u k x j h A A o `U n k o u j E ; t g k ¡f c g j r f i ; I ; k j h r g k ¡e . M y j p h j k l j f l d t qo f r c u c k x j h A c k t r v u g n e `n ax r k y c h u x f r l q< ax ] v ax v ax y X ; k Sf u j f [ k t X ; k Sj ax j k x j h A A r r ~F k sb Z' k C n d j r l d y u `R ; H k sn l f g r l qy i l ap m i j f r j i y sr u k x j h A A v k p k ; Zd qE H k u n k l r k sj k l i zl ax d si n k sa e sa ^ r k E c wy * & f o r j . k o . k Zu r d u g h aH k wy s! f u E u f y f [ k r i n e sa n s[ k s& x k o r f x f j / k j u l ax i j e ] e qf n r j k l j ax m j i f r j i y sr r k u u k x j u k x j h A l f j x e I k / k f u x e I k / k f u m ? k V f r l I r l qj f u



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y sf r y k x & M k ¡V d k y x f r m t k x j h A A p o Zu r k E c wy n sr / k qzo r k y f g ax r f g ay sr f x f M +f x f M +r d F k qax F k qax v y x y k x j h A A b l i zd k j d sv u sd m ) j . k i zR ; sd r k R d k f y d d `" . k H k D r d f o d h j p u k l si zL r qr f d ; st k l d r s g SaA t k sf l ) d j r sg Sa f d ^ ^ b u d sj f p ; r k u d so y d F k d u `R ; d sf Ø ; k R e d : I k l si f j f p r F k sc f Y d m u l s b r u si zH k k f o r F k sf d v i u sv k j k / ; d `" . k & j k f / k d k d su `R ; d h d Y i u k e sa v at k u sg h b u d se q[ k l sd F k d d s c k sy f u % l `r g k su sy x r sF k sA ; g l c d F k d u r Zd k sa d k m l o S" . k o i j E i j k l s? k f U k " V l ai d Zd k l c y i ze k . k g S 7 f t l u sj k l y h y k d k i zo r Zu f d ; k A * * f d l h H k h f o / k k d k st k u u s& l e > u sd sf y , e k sV sr k Sj i j n k sc k r sa t k u u k v f r v k o ' ; d g SA i g y h m l f o / k k d k f ' k Y i o n wl j k f o / k k f o ' k s" k d k d F ; A ; sn k si ze q[ k v k / k k j f e y d j f d l h H k h d y k d k sf u f e Zr d j r sg SaA m R r j H k k j r h ; ' k k L = h ; u `R ; d F k d v k Sj u k V ~; & u `R ; j k l H k h b l h d k j . k l sv ar j l E c f U / k r v k Sj i j L i j , d n wl j si j v k f J r g SaA t Sl si g y sH k h m Y y sf [ k r f d ; k x ; k g Sf d e / ; d k y e sa ; sn k su k sa d y k , a, d n wl j sd sl ? k u l ai d Ze sa F k h ab l f y ; s, d n wl j sd k si zH k k f o r d j l d h av k Sj ; F k k ; k sX ; d y k l k e x zh d k v k n k u i zn k u H k h d k Q h g qv k A b u n k su k sa f o / k k v k sa e sa d F ; d h v R ; k f / k d l e k u r k g Sv k Sj l k aL d `f r d m n ~n s' ; H k h l e k u g SA H k k " k k ] c k sy h r F k k n ' k Zd l e qn k ; d h l k aL d `f r d c u k o V H k h n k su k sa u `R ; k sa d sf y ; sy x H k x , d l h g Sa b l f y ; sb u u `R ; f o / k k v k sa e sa d b Zc k j v R ; k f / k d l e k u r k i zx V g k sr h g SA ^ ^ d `" . k y h y k o . k Zu v k Sj H k f D r H k k o * * d h n k su k sa u `R ; k sa e sa i z/ k k u r k g Sb l f y , , sl sv u sd i n ] d f o R r v k Sj B qe j h v ax d h j p u k , af e y r h g aS t k sj k l u `R ; v k Sj d F k d n k su k sa e sa g h i z; qD r g k sr h ag SaA ; g n q[ k v k Sj v k ' p ; Zd k f o " k ; g Sf d b l c k r d k K k u o r Ze k u d sv f / k d k a' k d F k d u r Zd v k Sj j k l u r Zd k sa d k su g h ag h g SA j k l u `R ; d sH k h n s' k d sv y x & v y x H k k x k sa e sa i zk ar h ; o i zk n sf ' k d l aL d `f r d sv u q: i v i u sd qN v y x & v y x L o : i i zx V g q; sA m n k g j . k d sr k Sj i j n f { k . k H k k j r d sd sj y i zn s' k d si zk ; % e af n j k sa e sa f d ; k t k u s o k y k u k V ~; & u `R ; d `" . k k u k V ~V e ~e sa f o f o / k d `" . k y h y k v k sa d k sv k B u k V ~; H k k x k sa e sa i zn f ' k Zr f d ; k t k r k g Sf t u e sa l s^ j k l Ø h M +k * r h l j k H k k x g k sr h g SH k k j r d so r Ze k u ' k k L = k h ; u `R ; k sa e sa n f { k . k H k k j r d sd sj y i zn s' k d sd F k d f y u `R ; u s^ ^ d `" . k k u k V ~V e ~* * , o ad sj y d sg h , d v o k Zp h u ; q) & u `R ; ^ ^ d k y k f j i ; R r q* * b u n k su k sa g h f o / k k i zd k j k sa l sd k Q h r R o , o au `R ; v ax x zg . k f d , g SaA e f . k i qj j k l u `R ; d k t k sL o : i v k t g e n s[ k j g sg Sa o g o L r qr % v B k j g o h a' k r k C n h d h n su g SA b l ' k r k C n h e sa e f . k i qj d si zp f y r y k sd u `R ; v k Sj j k l d sl f E e J . k l sd qN u `R ; v k p k ; k sZa u s, d ' k k L = k l E e r r d u h d v k Sj O ; k d j . k d sl g k j se f . k i qj h j k l d k s[ k M +k f d ; k t k sf d v i u sv k i e sa , d ' k k L = k h ; u `R ; d k n t k Z g k f l y d j p qd h f o / k k g SA j k l d k ; g L o : i c `t d sj k l l sf H k U u g SA c `t d k j k l v i u sv k j af H k d n k Sj l sg h c `t e sa g h m R i U u g qv k v k Sj b l d k Ø f e d f o d k l , d k / k v i o k n d k sN k sM +d j y x H k x u Sl f x Zd : i e sa g h g qv k g SA c `t H k wf e , sf r g k f l d : i l sm R r j H k k j r d h v u sd d y k v k sa d k d sU n zj g h g SA ; g k ¡p k j . k ] d y k o ar ] H k k V d h r Zu d k j ] < k < +h ] u V o k ] d F k d v k f n v u sd l ax h r t h o h t k f r ; k ¡v k Sj l e qn k ; i u i r sj g sg SaA c `t e sa v u sd u `R ; t Sl sp k ap j ] / k e k j ] Q k x ] g k sj h ] j k l y h y k , ¡r F k k e g k j k l v k t H k h i zp f y r g Sa t k s; g k ¡d sl k e k f t d ] / k k f e Zd t h o u d k v f H k U u v ax g SaA c `t d h j k l y h y k e wy : i e sa c `t e sa g h i qf " i r i Y y f o r g qb Zr F k k ' k u S% ' k u S% o `U n k o u v k f n L F k k u k sa i j i zp k f j r g qb ZA c `t d h j k l y h y k v k Sj d F k d u `R ; ] b u n k su k sa d y k v k sa d k L F k k u ] d k y o i f j o s' k y x H k x , d l k



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j g k b l f y , b u e sa , sl h d b Zf ' k Y i x r ; k ' k Sy h x r f o ' k s" k r k , af e y r h g Sa t k s, d n wl j sl sd k Q h g n r d l k E ; j [ k r h g SaA e wy H k wr : I k l sn s[ k k t k , r k sd F k d u `R ; d sn k si { k g k sr sg Sa , d ^ r k y v ax * n wl j k ^ H k k o & v ax * A n k su k sa i { k k sa d sv ar x Zr g h l k j h j p u k , ai zL r qr d h t k r h g SaA b l h i zd k j c `t d h j k l y h y k d sH k h n k sH k k x g k sr sg Sa i g y k H k k x j k l d g y k r k g Sf t l e sa j k / k k & d `" . k o x k sf i ; k sa d k l e wg ^ u `R r * d j r k g SA , d ; g k ¡j k sp d r F ; ; g g Sf d f t u o . k k sZa d k d F k d e sa i z; k sx g k sr k g Sm U g h ao . k k sZa d k b L r se k y j k l y h y k d sb l i wo k Z/ k ZH k k x e sa f d ; k t k r k g SA o so . k Zf t l e sa d F k d u `R ; d se wy H k wr v ax ^ ^ r r d k j * * d h j p u k g qb Zm U g h ae wy o . k k sZa ; k u sr k ] F k sb Z] r r d h / o f u ; k sa l sf e f J r c k sy k sa d k sv k / k k j c u k d j j k l / k k j h u `r d ' k q) u `R r d j r sg Sm l so sf u R ; & j k l l aK k l s i qd k j r sg Sa v F k k Zr f t l d k f u R ; v H ; k l f d ; k t k r k g k sA b l v H ; k l d h f l ) h d sf c u k d k sb Zd F k d v k Sj d k sb Zj k l u `r d v P N k u `r d u g h ag k sl d r k A / k e k j r k y d k sd F k d u `R ; e sa u k p r sg Sa B h d m l h r j g j k l d sb l i wo k Z) H k k x e sa j k l u `r d H k h / k e k j r k y d k i z; k sx d j r sg SaA b l d sv y k o k d F k d e sa i z; qD r v U ; c k sy k sa d k i z; k sx H k h j k l e sa g k sr k g St Sl s& r r ~r r ~F k qa F k qa f r x / k k f n x f n x F k sb ZA r f d V f / k f d V ] f / k Y y k ax ] r k n h e ] f n d r d v k Sj n h e b R ; k f n c k sy i z; qD r g k sr sg SA j k l e sa u `R r d s l e ; l H k h i k = k ^ v j k y g L r * d k i z; k sx d j r sg Sa f t l d k i z; k sx d F k d e sa H k h c g qr k ; r e sa g k sr k g SA c k sy k sa d h l e k u r k d sl k F k & l k F k d F k d o j k l e sa r k y d h H k h l e k u r k , ¡i k b Zt k r h g SA f t u d k j k l d h v y x & v y x e aM f y ; k av y x & v y x r j g l si zL r qf r d j . k d j k r h g SaA ^ ^ d qN / k e k j r k y e sa i wj k u `R r d j o k r h g Sr k sv U ; e aM f y ; k a/ k e k j o r h u r k y e sa l H k h c k sy k sa i j u `R r l a; k st u d j r h g SA j k l e sa n qx qu ] p k Sx qu d h y ; d k j h H k h d h 8 t k r h g Sv k Sj d F k d d h g h H k k af r / k h j s& / k h j se wy y ; H k h c < +k b Zt k r h g SA * * j k l e sa H k h ^ ^ F k sb Zr r r r r k ] F k sb Zr r ~ r r ~r k ] F k sb Zr r ~r r ~r k * c k sy k sa d k i z; k sx c g qr g k sr k g Sv k Sj d F k d u `R ; e sa r k sb u c k sy k sa d h i z/ k k u r k g k sr h g h g SA j k l d h p k g st k sH k h e aM y h i zL r qf r d j sb u c k sy k sa d k i z; k sx v o ' ; g h d j r h g Sv k Sj g j i k = k g j u `R ; d s 9 c k sy d k s^ ^ f r g k b Z* * y x k d j g h l E i U u d j r k g SA j k l u `R ; d k n wl j k H k k x g k sr k g Sy h y k d k f t l e sa d `" . k d h f o f o / k d F k k v k sa d k su k V ~; k R e d v f H k O ; f D r i zn k u d h t k r h g Sb l m Ù k j k / k Z/ k k j k e sa d `" . k & y h y k v k sa d h c n y & c n y d j i zL r qr d h t k r h g SaA j k l / k k j h p qu & p qu d j l q: f p i w. k Zy h y k v k sa d k si zn f ' k Zr d j r sg SaA b l p qu k o e sa i f j o r Zu l n k g k sr k j g k g SA f o f H k U u J k sr k l e qn k ; k sa e sa y h y k v k sa d k p qu k o v y x & v y x g k sr k g SA o Y y H k l E i zn k ; d s v u q; k ; h e k [ k u p k sj h ] d al & e n Zu ] v k f n y h y k , ¡n s[ k u k i l an d j r sg Sa] o g h aj k / k k o Y y H k l ai zn k ; d sv u q; k ; h l x k b Z] f o o k g v k f n d h y h y k v k sa d k e u k sj F k d j sx saA J h f u E c k d Zl E i zn k ; d sv u q; k ; h l a; k sx d h y h y k v k sa d k sn s[ k sx sa r k sJ h p Sr U ; e g k i zH k qd sv u q; k ; h f o ; k sx d h y h y k v k sa e sa v f / k d j l y sr sg SaA ^ ^ j k l y h y k d sm n ~f o d k l e sa e g k i zH k qo Y y H k k p k ; Zd sv f r f j D r L o k e h g f j n k l ] J h f g r g j h o a' k k p k ; Z] J h ? k e . M n so , o aJ h u k j k ; . k H k V ~V u sv g e H k wf e d k f u H k k b ZA d `" . k y h y k v k sa d k sm R r j k / k Ze sa i zL r qr d j u sd h i j E i j k H k h J h u k j k ; . k H k V ~V u sg h 1 0 i zk j aH k d h F k h A * * d F k d v k Sj j k l e sa g e f t u d y k r R o k sa d sv k n k u & i zn k u d h c k r d j j g sF k sm l d k , d v k Sj e g R o i w. k Zm n k g j . k g S? k qV u sd sc y c SB d j H k zk e j h ¼ p D d j k sa½ d k A u `R r i { k e sa d `" . k i k = k t c v i u k u `R r i zL r qr d j r k r c o g ? k qV u si j c SB d j r st x f r l sp D d j y sd j u `R ; d k l e k i u d j r k g SA ; g n `' ; c M +k g h e u e k sg d g k sr k g SA , sl k i zr h r g k sr k g Sf d d F k d k sa u sb u j k l & u `r d k sa l sg h i zsj . k k i k d j d F k d u `R ; e sa ? k qV u sd s



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p D d j k sa d k i z; k sx i zk j aH k f d ; k g k sx k A v i u h u `R ; i zL r qf r ; k sa e sa c u k j l ? k j k u sd se ' k g wj u r Zd i ax k si h d `" . k f o f H k U u d k Sr qd i w. k Zr d u h d k sa d k b L r se k y d j r sF k sA o sv i u sl e ; e sa H k zk e j h d sv u sd i zd k j k sa d sf y ; si zf l ) F k sA m i j k sD r o f . k Zr ? k qV u k sa d sp D d j e sa H k h o sg h l o k Zf / k d f l ) g L r e k u sx ; sa ^ u `R r i { k * d k , d v k st i w. k Z c k sy g S^ ^ f / k y k ax * * A ; g H k h j k l o d F k d n k su k sa e sa c j k c j h l si z; qD r g k sr k g SA j k l e sa ^ ^ f / k y k ax * * d k i z; k sx ^ ^ r d * * c k sy d k sl k F k y x k d j f d ; k t k r k g St Sl sr d f / k y k ax v k Sj d F k d e sa ^ ^ f / k y k ax * * d k i z; k sx m U e qD r r k d sl k F k f d ; k t k r k g SA m n k g j . k d sr k Sj i j b l c af n ' k d k sn s[ k k t k l d r k g S& f r d V f r d V f / k Y y k ax f / k d r d r k sn h e f / k y k ax r d F k k sr k f / k Y y k ax f / k d f / k Y y k ax f F k d r d r k sn h e r k sn h e / k sR r k e / k sR r k e f / k Y y k ax f / k Y y k ax f / k Y y k ax r d x f n f x u F k sb Zx f n f x u F k sb Zx f n f x u F k sb Z m i j k sD r c af n ' k , d , sl h j p u k g Sf t l sj k l u `R ; , o a' k k L = k h ; d F k d u `R ; n k su k sa f o / k k v k sa e sa c j r k t k r k j g k g SA j k l u `R ; d si wo k Z/ k ZH k k x ; k u s] f u R ; j k l d su `r i { k e sa e q[ ; i k ¡p i j e sy qv k sa i j u `R ; f d ; k t k r k g SA m i j k sD r c af n ' k m U g h ai k ¡p i z/ k k u c af n ' k k sa e sa l s, d g SA b l j p u k d k st ; i qj ? k j k u sd sl qi zf l ) d F k d x q: o u r Zd L o x h Z; l qan j i zl k n t h v y x & v y x i zd k j k sa l su `R ; k f H k O ; f D r i zn k u d j r sg q; su `R ; i zL r qf r d j r sF k sA j k l y h y k d h i j ai j k o d F k d d st ; i qj ? k j k u sd sv k n k u i zn k u d k ; g t h o U r o i ze k f . k d m n k g j . k g SA b l d sv y k o k d F k d d sr k sM +s] i j u ] o an u k ] x . k s' k i j u , o aL r qf r b R ; k f n l k e k U ; r % j k l y h y k e sa H k h f n [ k k b Zn sr sg SaA j k l e sa ^ f / k y k ax * u k e d c k sy H k h d `" . k d k sv f H k u h r d j u so k y k i k = k n k su k sa g k F k k sa d k s^ i q" i i qV * e qn zk e sa f l j d sÅ i j g o k e sa m N y d j H k wf e i j v k r k g SA ; g f Ø ; k d qN sd d y k d k j l k San ; Zd sl k F k i zL r qr d j r sg SaA y sf [ k d k d sx q: o j i aj k t sU n zx ax k u h l sy sf [ k d k d k s, d f o f ' k " V m B k u d h r k y h e f e y h A ; g m B k u e sj sn k n k x q: L o d qU n u y k y x ax k u h t h d h j p u k g SA b l m B k u d h f o ' k s" k r k ; g g Sf d b l d k u `R r v ax j k l u `R ; l si zsf j r g k sj p k x ; k f t l e sa ? k qV u sd sc y c SB d j f Q j i qu % r qj ar m B k t k r k g SA ; g f o f ' k " V j p u k b l i zd k j g S& m B k u ¼ r h u r k y & f o y f E c r y ; ½ ¼ F k sb Zb Zb Zr · r F k sb Zr F k sb Zr F k sb Zr F k sb Zr k F k sb Zr k f r x / k k r r ½ 2 r k · F k sb Z· v k · F k sb Zr k F k sb Zr k ¼ f r x / k k F k sb Zr k F k sb Z· · ½ · 2 F k sb Z· r k · F k sb Z· r k · F k sb Z· F k sb Z· F k sb Zr k F k sb Z ; g F k sr k y v ax e sa u `R r i { k d sd qN m n k g j . k g SaA H k k o k f H k u ; d sn `f " V d k s. k l sn s[ k u si j H k h d b Z l e k u r k , an s[ k h t k l d r h g SA f t l i zd k j d F k d u `R ; i zL r qf r d k i zk j aH k n so L r qf r l sf d ; k t k r k g Sm l h i zd k j j k l d sy h y k i { k d k v k j aH k H k h e ax y k p j . k l sg k sr k g St k sf d i zk ; % l aL d `r e sa g k sr k g Sf t l e sa J h d `" . k o x q: d h o an u k d h t k r h g SA m n k g j . k d sf y , & ^ ^ J h d `" . k e u k sg j ; k sx r j sA ; n qu U n u u U n f d ' k k sj g j s* * , sl sg h v " V N k i d sd f o ; k sa d sd qN c g q& i zp f y r i n g Sf t u d k d F k d o j k l n k su k sa f o / k k v k sa e sa i z; k sx f d ; k t k r k g SA m n k g j . k d sr k Sj i j d f o l wj n k l } k j k j f p r i n f t l sd F k d d st ; i qj ? k j k u se sa H k k o



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i z/ k k u j p u k d s: i e sa f d ; k t k r k g SA b l j p u k d k se Sa l k r e k f = k d r k y : i d e sa f u c ) d j d si zL r qr d j r h g w¡ , o av i u sf ' k " ; & f ' k " ; k v k sa d k sH k h f l [ k k r h g w¡] ; g i n b l i zd k j g S& ^ ^ u k p r l q/ k ax J h u an u an u * * ; g h i n j k l e aM y h d sv f / k " B k r k L o k e h t h } k j k L o ; ax k ; k t k r k g SA L o k e h t h d `" . k ¼ i k = k ½ j k / k k o x k sf i ; k sa d k sj k l u `R ; d sf y , v k e af = k r d j u sd si ' p k r L o ; ab l i n d k x k u d j r sg SaA n k su k sa ' k Sf y ; k sa d s i z; k sx e sa v ar j d so y b r u k g k sr k g Sf d j k l e sa i n d k s/ k qzi n ' k Sy h d sv k / k k j i j x k ; k t k r k g St c f d d F k d e sa b l sv k / k qf u d o an u k v ax l sx k r sg SaA v " V N k i d sg h v U ; d f o u U n n k l d k i n d k H k h v i u k o Sf ' k " V ~; g SA L i " V n s[ k k t k l d r k g Sf d H k f D r d k y d sd f o ; k sa d h j p u k ; sa d so y f p = k d y k o l ax h r d h g h u g h av f i r qu `R ; d y k d h H k h v k / k k j f o " k ; c u h g qb ZF k h aA ; g j p u k H k h j k l o d F k d n k su k sa e sa i z; qD r g k sr h g S& d f o u U n n k l d k i n y k L ; H k sn f u i qu d k s[ k m l m t k x j h A y sr l qy i m j i f r j i v o f u m j t c n u f Q j r ] f u j r u f x f j / k u u l ax ] j ax H k j h u k x j h A A o `U n k o u j E ; t g k ¡f c g j r f i ; I ; k j h ] r g k ¡e . M y j p h j k l j f l d t qc f r c u u k x j h A c k t r v u g n e `n ax r k y c h u x f r l qn ax ] v ax v ax y X ; k S] f u j f [ k t X ; k Sj ax j k x j h ] r r F k b Z' k C n d j r l d y u `R ; H k sn l f g r l qy i l p m j i f r j i y sr u k x j h A m i j k sD r j p u k e sa g e d F k d e sa i z; qD r g k su so k y h ' k C n k o y h d s' k C n ; F k k f r j i ] m j i ] r r ] F k sb Z v k f n d k v n ~H k qr : i n s[ k l d r sg SaA , d v R ; ar e g R o i w. k Zc k r l o Zf o f n r r k su g h ai j U r ql R ; v o ' ; g Sf d m R r j H k k j r h ; ' k k L = k h ; u `R ; d F k d v k Sj c `t d h j k l y h y k & t k sf d e wy r % , d y k sd & u k V ~; u `R ; g Sd k v k / k k j H k k j r h ; l aL d `f r d k v k d j & x zU F k ] ^ ^ u k V ~; o sn * * ] ^ ^ i ap e o sn * * ; k ¼ l c l si zp f y r l aK k ½ ^ ^ u k V ~; ' k k L = k * * g SA i j U r qD ; k j k l y h y k t Sl s, d y k sd & u k V ~; u `R ; i j E i j k d k H k h ' k k L = k g k sl d r k g S\ m R r j g Sg k ¡A u k V ~; ' k k L = k , d c sg n f o ' k k y ] o `g n f o " k ; k sa v k Sj y f y r d y k v k sa d sK k u d h l w{ e r k v k sa l sv V k i M +k H k O ; v k d j x zU F k g SA d F k d d st k se wy H k wr f l ) k U r g e u sv i u sx q: v k sa l sx q: & f ' k " ; & i j E i j k d sr g r r k y h e y sr sg q, l h [ k s] u k V ~; ' k k L = k d k v / ; ; u d j u si j o g h af l ) k U r g e sa u k V ~; ' k k L = k e sa i zk I r g q, A t Sl s& ; r k sg L r % r r k sn `f " V ; r k sn `f " V r r k se u % A ; r k se u % r r k sH k k o % ; r k sH k k o % r r k sj l % A A v F k k Zr & u r Zd d k t g k ¡g k F k g k s] o g h am l d h n `f " V g k su k p k f g , ] t g k ¡m l d h n `f " V l so g h am l d k e u j e u k p k f g , ] t g k ¡e u y x r k g So g h aH k k o m R i U u g k sr k g Sv k Sj t g k ¡H k k o g k sr k g So g h a^ j l * d h f u " i f R r g k sr h g SA b l c k r d k sg e k j sx q: t u k sa u su `R ; d h r k y h e d si zk j af H k d n k Sj l sg e sa l e > k ; k ] f l [ k k ; k g Sa X k q: v k sa d h H k k " k k d qN b l i zd k j j g k d j r h g S&



1 1 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h



^ ^ l g h n s[ k k s* * A b l h i zd k j j k l y h y k d k L o : i H k h u k V ~; ' k k L = k d sv k / k k j i j f o d f l r f d ; k x ; k F k k A j k l y h y k d si qu : R F k k u e sa v k p k ; Zo Y y H k d sv y k o k J h u k j k ; . k L o k e h ] v k p k ; Z? k e . M h n k l ] J h u k j k ; . k H k V ~V ] L o k e h g f j n k l ] u sv g e ; k sx n k u i zn k u f d ; k A H k k " k k b ZL r j i j d F k d v k Sj j k l n k su k sa f o / k k v k sa e sa g h l aL d `r H k k " k k d k i z; k sx x qf . k t u k sa } k j k f d ; k x ; k g SA i zk p h u d k y e sa j k l u `R ; e sa l aL d `r d sN U n k sa d k i z; k sx g qv k d j r k F k k A y x H k x i U n zg o h a' k r k C n h d s e g k i zH k qo Y y H k k p k ; Z} k j k j k l y h y k d sd F k k u d h e sa l aL d `r d h t x g c `t H k k " k k d k i z; k sx i zk j aH k g qv k A j k l u `R ; e sa x | o i | n k su k sa d k i z; k sx f d ; k t k r k g SA j k l u `R ; d k d F k k u d ] v f / k d k a' k r % i | e sa g k sr k g Si j U r q v k o ' ; d r k u ql k j d g h a& d g h ax | H k h i z; k sx e sa y k ; k t k r k g SA j k l d se / ; ] f o ' k s" k L F k y k sa i j g k L ; j l m R i U u d j u sg sr q, d ^ e u l q[ k k * u k e d i k = k g k sr k g St k sf d l aL d `r u k V ~; i j E i j k d sf o n w" k d d h H k k af r g k sr k g SA j k l u `R ; d sH k k o i { k e sa v f H k u ; d sp k j k sa i zd k j ] v k af x d v f H k u ; ] o k f p d v f H k u ; ] l k f R o d v f H k u ; o v k g k ; Zv f H k u ; d k i z; k sx f o f / k o r : i l sd j o k ; k x ; k g SA b l i zd k j g e d g l d r sg aS f d u k V ~; d h t h o U r f o / k k j k l u `R ; , o ad F k d d k , d g h ' k k L = k h ; v k / k k j L i " V f l ) g k sr k g SA d F k d v k Sj j k l n k su k sa i j E i j k v k sa e sa d b Zl e k u r R o f o | e k u g SaA n k su k sa i j E i j k v k sa d k v i u sr j g l s m n ~H k o o f o d k l g qv k g SA l k F k g h l k F k b u u `R ; i j E i j k v k sa u s, d n wl j sd k sl d k j k R e d : i l si zH k k f o r H k h f d ; k g SA i zk p h u d k y l sg h d F k d o j k l l k F k & l k F k p y r sg q, d H k h , d n wl j sd s, d n e f u d V v k , ] d H k h n wj x ; sr k sd H k h , d k d k j i zr h r g q, A l w; Zd si zd k ' k e sa p y r se u q" ; d sl k F k m l d h N k ; k H k h f o f H k U u v k d k j x < +r h x f r y sr h g S] d H k h N k sV h ] d H k h c M +h ] d H k h l qn wj c M +h ] y E c h r k sd H k h B h d m l h d h H k k ¡f r , d n e l V h d !, sl k t k u i M +r k g Se k u k sd F k d o j k l H k h , d n wl j sd sf y , g k sx , g k as] N k ; k o d k ; k A } k j k & J h , l l h ' k qD y i qj k u h f ' k o V k d h t u ; k c k t k j ] l k x j & 4 7 0 0 0 2 ¼ e i z½ l U n H k Z& 1 -d F k d n i Z. k ] i ar h F k Zj k e v k t k n ] i `4 8 i zd k ' k d u V s' o j d y k e af n j ] u b Zf n Y y h A 2 -, sf r g k f l d i f j i zs{ ; e sa d F k d u `R ; ] M k We k ; k V k d i `1 3 5 ] d f u " d i f C y l l Z] u b Zf n Y y h A 3 -B qe j h d h m R i f Ù k ] f o d k l v k Sj ' k Sf y ; k sa] M k W' k = k q/ k u ' k qD y k ] i `1 0 5 ] f g U n h e k / ; e d k ; k ZU o ; u f u n s' k k y ; ] f n Y y h f o ' o f o | k y ; A 4 -d F k d i zl ax ] J h j k e u k j k ; u v x zo k y d k v k y s[ k ] i `2 1 ] o k . k h i zd k ' k u u b Zf n Y y h A 5 -d F k d i zl ax ] M k Wi q: n k / k h p d k v k y s[ k ] i `1 4 8 ] o k . k h i zd k ' k u u b Zf n Y y h A 6 -d F k d i zl ax ] J h j k e u k j k ; . k v x zo k y d k y s[ k i `2 1 ] o k . k h i zd k ' k u u b Zf n Y y h A 7 -d F k d u `R ; ] M k Wy { e h u k j k ; . k x x Z] i `1 0 4 ] l ax h r d k ; k Zy ; ] g k F k j l ] m Ù k j i zn s' k A 8 -d F k d n i Z. k ] i ar h F k Zj k e v k t k n ] i `4 6 u V s' o j d y k e af n j ] u b Zf n Y y h A 9 -f r g k b Zd k l ax h r e sa v F k Zg k sr k g Sf d l h H k h c k sy k sa d sl e wg d sr h u c k j n k sg j k d j r k y d h i zF k e e k = k k ; k u sl e i j c k i l v k u k A 1 0 d F k d u `R ; f ' k { k k H k k x & n k s] M k Wi q: n k / k h p ] i `5 7 ] f c U n qi zd k ' k u ] b U n k Sj e / ; i zn s' k



d k aV d su h f r ' k k L = k d sv k / k k j H k wr e k U ; r k v k sa e sa ' k qH k l ad Y i d k e g Ù o e f Y y d k d qe k j h g e sa t k u u k p k f g , f d d k aV u sd H k h H k h ; g u g h ad g k f d t h o u e sa l q[ k ; k v k u U n d sf y , g e t k s d e Zd j r sg Sa o sv u Sf r d g SaA m u d k d g u k g Sf d ; g f u r k ar l R ; g Sf d l q[ k , o av k u U n d h i zk f I r e wY ; o k u g SA f d U r qm l d k v k U r f j d m R d " k Z; k e wY ; (Moral worth) u g h ag SA v k U r f j d m R d " k Zr k sm l d e Zd k g St k s v k p j . k d si zx u qH k f o d v k n s' k k sa l sf u ; f e r g SA f d U r q^ ^ f u ; e u * * d k v k ' k ; u Sf r d d r k Zd k l ad Y i & f u ; e u u g h ag SA u Sf r d d r k Zd k l ad Y i ' k qH k o L o r a= k g k s; g h d k E ; g SA o g ' k qH k l ad Y i g k s; g H k h d k E ; g SA x zk m aM o d Zd sv k j aH k e sa d k U V u sf y [ k k g S& "It is impossible to think of anything at all in the world' or indeed even beyond it' that could be considered good without limitation except a good will"1



v F k k Zr ~b l f o ' o e sa v k Sj m l l si j s] ' k qH k l ad Y i l sO ; f r f j ä f d l h v U ; v l h f e r ' k qH k d h d Y i u k d j u k v l aH k o g SA d k U V d sb l d F k u d h O ; k [ ; k v k Sj l e F k Zu d j u k r H k h l E H k o g St c f d g e b l i wo k sZä d F k u d k L e j . k d j sa f d d e Zd k l E i k n u d r ZO ; d h n `f " V l sl ai k f n r g k su si j g e d e Zd su Sf r d m R d " k Zd h c k r d j r sg SaA g e sa b l f o " k ; d k sH k h / ; k u e sa j [ k u k p k f g , f d m U g k sau sd r ZO ; d sv F k Zd k sL i " V d j u sg sr qu Sf r d f u ; e k sa ; k i zx u qH k f o d f u ; e k sa (Moral law or a priori law) d k J ) k i wo Zd v u qi k y u ; k f u % ' k r Zv u qi k y u d j u sd h c k r d h g SA b u l ac f U / k r d F k u k sa d sv k / k k j i j g e d k U V d se k Sf y d u Sf r d f u ; e d h O ; k [ ; k d j l d r sg SaA i z' u g Sd h ^ ^ ' k qH k l ad Y i * * ] f t l l sv f / k d J s" B ' k qH k f o ' o e sa d Y i u k r h r g S] o g f d l i zd `f r d k ' k qH k g S\ d k U V d sf o p k j e sa ' k qH k l ad Y i ] f u % ' k r Z; k v l h f e r (unconditioned or unlimited) ' k qH k g SA ; k u h ] m l d k e wY ; ' k r Zg h u g S; k f d l h v U ; e wY ; i j f u H k Zj u g h ad j r k g SA m l h ' k qH k l ad Y i d sv f / k d k j h d r k Ze sa u Sf r d : i l sm R d `" V v k p j . k d j u sd h { k e r k g SA b l f y , d k U V d h v f H k / k k e sa ^ ^ u Sf r d i zk . k h * * ; k ^ ^ u Sf r d n `f " V l s' k qH k d r k Z* * d k v f H k i zk ; m l d r k Zl sg Sf t l e sa f u " B k g Sf d o g f u ' p ; r % u Sf r d : i l s m R d `" V v k p j . k d j sx k A f d U r qi z' u ; g g Sf d D ; k ' k qH k l ad Y i v i u se sa u Sf r d m R d " k Zd k v f u o k ; Z, o a ; F k s" V v k / k k j g S; k g e sa b l d sl k F k d qN e k u o h ; l n ~x q. k k sa (virtues) d h d Y i u k d j u h p k f g , \ g e n k s f o d Y i k sa d h c k r d j l d r sg Sa % , d ] d qN m P p d k sf V d se k u o h ; l n ~x q. k k sa d h d Y i u k d j u sl s' k qH k l ad Y i d s v l h f e r L o : i i j c ê k u g h ay x r k ; k o Sl k g k su sl s' k qH k l ad Y i l E i U u d r k Zv f / k d l { k e r k l sm R d `" V v k p j . k d j u se sa l e F k Zg k sr k g SA n wl j k ] ' k qH k l ad Y i l sv f r f j ä v U ; U ; l n ~x q. k k sa d k sl e k u k U r j e g R o d h e / ; H k k j r h & 7 2 ] t u o j h & t wu ] 2 0 1 7 ] ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 119-125



1 2 0 @ e / ; H k k j r h



d Y i u k d j u k o `F k k g S] D ; k saf d m l l s' k qH k l ad Y i d k v l h e R o , o af u % ' k r Zg k su sd sy { k . k k sa , o af o ' o e sa m l l s v f / k d J s" B d qN H k h u g k su sd h c k r L i " V u g h ag k sr h A b l f y , ^ ^ ' k qH k l ad Y i * * d sL o : i d k sL i " V r % l e > u s d sf y , m l s^ ^ ' k r Zg h u r k * * ] ^ ^ J s" B r k * * ] ^ ^ f o ' o e sa ; k m l l si j sv f / k d J s" B r k d h v d Y i u h ; r k * * d k sB h d l s l e > u k p k f g , A j k sp d f o " k ; ; g g Sf d d k aV u sQ aM k e saV Y l v k WQ n e sV k f Q f t D l v k WQ e k Wj Y l (Fundamentals of the Metaphysics of Morals) d sv o r j . k l a[ ; k 3 9 0 ¼ i `4 0 8 ½ e sa e U r O ; f d ; k g Sf d ' k qH k l ad Y i d k t k x f r d J s" B R o b l c k r l sl ax f r j [ k r k g Sf d u Sf r d d r k Zl n ~x q. k l E i U u g SD ; k saf d ^ ^ l n ~x q. k * * l s l ad Y i (will) d sm l u Sf r d c y d k c k s/ k g k sr k g Sf t l d sv k / k k j i j d r k Zm u b P N k v k sa d k sv f r Ø k ar d j u se sa l e F k Zg St k sv o k aN u h ; g SA b l f y , ' k qH k l ad Y i d h ' k r Zg h u r k ; k m l d sf u % ' k r Z: i l se wY ; o k u g k su sd s d k j . k J s" B g k su sd h c k r d sl k F k O ; f ä d k l n ~x q. k h g k su sd k d k sb Zr k f d Zd l E c U / k u g h ag SA b l f y , m l O ; f ä d k sd k aV u Sf r d & n `f " V l s' k qH k u g h ad g r st k s' k qH k l ad Y i O ; r h r l sL r j l n ~x q. k k sa d s/ k k j d g SaA ; F k k ] l k g l ; k n ; k y qr k v k f n d sg k su sl s' k qH k l ad Y i d sv H k k o g k su sl sO ; f ä d k su Sf r d & n `f " V l s' k qH k u g h ad g k t k l d r k g SA ; g l R ; g Sf d ' k qH k l ad Y i v i u se k Sf y d d k ; Zd k l E i k n u v k l k u h l sd j l d r k g S( ; f n O ; f ä v i u sl ao sx ] b P N k v k f n i j f u ; a= k . k d j l d s; k m l e sa v k R e & f u ; a= k . k d k l n ~x q. k g k sv k Sj o g b u f o " k ; k sa i j f o p k j d j l d saA f d U r q' k qH k l ad Y i v i u k d k ; Zr c H k h m f p r : i e sa d j i r k g St c o g b u ' k r k saZ l sc a/ k k g qv k g k s] ; k u h ] l n ~x q. k h g k su k m l d k , d ' k r Zu g k sA j k sp d c k r ; g g Sf d x zk m aM o d Zd s3 9 4 o sa i `" B e sa o s L i " V d g r sg Sa f d p k f j f = k d n qc Zy r k ; f n u Sf r d d r k Ze sa g k sr k s' k qH k l ad Y i v i u k o k af N r d k ; ZB h d l sd j u g h ai k r k ] m l sc k / k k i g q¡p r h g SA f d U r qo g O ; f ä f t l e sa ' k qH k l ad Y i g S] t k st k x f r d J s" B r R o g S] o g h u Sf r d n `f " V l s' k qH k O ; f ä H k h g SA v r , o ] p k f j f = k d n qc Zy r k d h l E H k k o u k H k h y x H k x l e k I r g k st k r h g SA , sl k i zr h r g k sr k g Sf d d k aV d sd F k u k sa e sa v l ax f r g SA b l l si wo Zf d g e b l f o " k ; i j d k sb Zf u . k Z; y sa] d k U V d sf o p k j k sa d k sv k Sj v P N s< ax l sg e sa l e > u k p k f g , A g e f d l h , sl su Sf r d d r k Zd h d Y i u k d j l d r sg Sa t k sv u sd l n ~y { k . k k sa d s/ k k j d g Sa , o av f / k d k a' k y k sx m l su Sf r d n `f " V l sv P N k O ; f ä d g r sg SaA l E H k o g Sf d m u l n ~x q. k k sa d sg k su sd sd k j . k o g O ; f ä t h o u d sm u y { ; k sa ; k l k / ; k sa d h i zk f I r d j l d r k g S t k s, d v P N k O ; f ä d j r k g S; k d j l d r k g SA f d U r qd k aV d h n `f " V e sa b r u k l c d qN g k su si j H k h o g v k n ' k Zu Sf r d O ; f ä ; F k k F k Zv F k Ze sa u Sf r d u g h ag S] D ; k saf d o g O ; f ä u Sf r d : i l sm R d `" V d e Z] ; k u h ] f u % ' k r Z : i l sd r ZO ; d j r k g S; k u g h a] ; g L i " V u g h ag SA b l f y , d k aV d k f o p k j g Sf d d f r i ; l n ~x q. k k sa d sg k su s, o a d f r i ; o k af N r l k / ; k sa d h i zk f I r g k su sd sv k / k k j i j u Sf r d m R d " k Zd k e wY ; k ad u g k su k v f u o k ; Zv k Sj ; F k s" V u g h ag SA d k j . k f d v f / k d l aH k k O ; g Sf d d r k Z' k qH k l ad Y i d sf u % ' k r Zv k n s' k k sa d sv k / k k j i j d r ZO ; u g h ad j i z; k st u g sr qv P N sd e Zd j r k g SA Q y r % m u d sd e Z' k qH k l ad Y i d sv k H k k o d h n `f " V l sv u qR d `" V d g k t k , x k A ; g h d k j . k g Sf d f o ' o e sa ' k qH k l ad Y i l sJ s" B d qN H k h u g h ag SA l n ~x q. k ] l n k p k j ] l n ~l k / ; d h i zk f I r ] d qN H k h u g h aA d k U V d s' k C n k sa e sa % "A good will is not good because of what it affects or accomplishes, because of its fitness to attain some proposed end, but only because of its volition] that is, it is good in itself and, regarded for itself, is to be valued incomparably higher than all that could merely be, merely brought about by it in favour of some inclination and indeed if you will] of the sum of all inclinations-"2



d k aV d su h f r ' k k L = k d sv k / k k j H k wr e k U ; r k v k sa e sa ' k qH k l ad Y i d k e g Ù o @ 1 2 1



v F k k Zr ~' k qH k l ad Y i b l d k j . k ' k qH k u g h af d o g f d l h l k / ; d h f l f ) e sa l e F k Zg SA o j u b l d k j . k f d o g v i u se sa ' k qH k g S] ; k u h L o ; a, d l k / ; g SA Q y r % t x r ~e sa r qy u k R e d e wY ; d h n `f " V l so g l o k sZP p g SA v U ; k U ; ' k qH k d Y i u k d j r sg h b f P N r l k / ; k sa d h m i y f C / k g sr qm u d se wY ; d k K k u g k sr k g S] f d U r qo sL o ; a e wY ; o k u u g h ag SaA l c l sj k sp d f o " k ; g Sf d ; g l c d qN d k aV u sv i u h j p u k d si zF k e v / ; k ; e sa f y [ k k g Sf t l e sa m U g k su s^ ^ l k / k k j . k c k Sf ) d i zk f . k ; k sa d su Sf r d l aK k u * * d h c k r d h g SA m U g sa l R ; i zr h r g k sr k g Sf d ' k qH k l ad Y i d h i wo ZL F k k i u k ] l e L r l k / k k j . k y k sx k sa d su Sf r d l aK k u e sa g SA ; g v k ' p ; Zd k f o " k ; g SA ; g c k r v y x g Sf d l k / k k j . k y k sx k sa d k sb l l R ; d k l aK k u g k su k p k f g , A f d U r qD ; k d k aV u s^ ^ l ad Y i * * (will) d s L o : i d k sL i " V d j f n ; k g S\ D ; k l ad Y i d k sb Z' k f ä g S\ ; f n g k ¡] r k sD ; k o g v e wr Zg S\ D ; k d k sb Z{ k e r k ; k ' k f ä v e wr Zg k sl d r h g S\ x zh d u h f r ' k k L = k d b Zn `f " V l sv f r ' k ; e g R o i w. k Zg SA d k aV l so " k k saZ i wo ZI y sV k su s f j i f C y d e sa c k sm y sf l l (boulesis) , o ai zk g sb j sf l l (Prohairesis) t Sl s' k C n k sa d sl g k j s^ ^ l ad Y i * * , o a ^ ^ b P N k * * e sa v ar j f d ; k F k k v k Sj d g k F k k f d l ad Y i ] b P N k d sl e k u u g h ag S (a will is not a wish)A o g e k u o h ; v k ar f j d ' k f ä d k ] t k sv i u se wr Z: i e sa i zd V g k sr k g S] o Sl k u g h ag SA d k aV u sv c r d t k sd qN d g k g S] o g b l l R ; d h v f H k O ; f ä g SA l ad f Y i r d e Zd j u k b f P N r i z; k st u d h i zk f I r g sr qb f P N r d e Zd j u k u g h a g S& l ad Y i ] b P N k d sl e k u u g h ag SA f d U r qD ; k l k / k k j . k e u q" ; ; g t u r k g Sf d t c o g d e Zd j r k g S] m l s f u # í s' ; v k Sj v u Sf P N d g k su k p k f g , \ D ; k u Sf r d d e Zd k sf d l h n `f " V l sv u Sf P N d v k Sj m í s' ; g h u d g k t k l d r k g S\ d k aV d sf o p k j e sa l k / k k j . k e u q" ; k sa d k su Sf r d l aK k u g k su k p k f g , f d d e Ze sa b P N k v k Sj m í s' ; f u f g r g SA , sl k b l d k j . k g Sf d d e Zd k sf u ' p ; r % , o a; F k s" V r % d e Zd si f j . k k e ; k Q y l sl ac f U / k r d j l e > k t k r k g SA ; g l R ; g Sf d l k / k k j . k y k sx d e Zd k sQ y d h b P N k l sv k Sj d e Zd sb f P N r i f j . k k e ; k i z; k st u l sl ac f U / k r d j n s[ k r sg SaA f d U r q; g l o ZO ; k i h l R ; u g h ag SA l o k Zf / k d e g R o i w. k Zf d ; g / k k j . k k u Sf r d n `f " V l sv o k aN u h ; g SA ; g h d k j . k g Sf d m u d e k saZ d k d k sb Ze wY ; u g h ag St k sl E i k n u d si wo Zi f j . k k e d h H k k o u k l sv k Sj i z; k st u d h / k k j . k k l sf u ; f e r g SaA L i " V g Sf d d k aV d sf y , ^ ^ l ad Y i * * u Sf r d f u . k Z; i wo Zd d e Zd j u sd k v k ar f j d r R o g SA f d U r qb l d k v f u o k ; Zv k Sj ; F k s" V l ac a/ k o k af N r l k / ; ¼ Q y ½ d h f l f ) l s u g h ag SA d e Zd j u sd k l ad Y i g k su k v k Sj i z; k st u & f l f ) l sf u ; f e r g k su k e sa r k y e sy u g h ag SA v r % d e Z& { k e r k g k su k d r k Zd s^ ^ l ad Y i * * d k | k sr d u g h ag SA d k U V u sb l sx zk m aM o d Ze sa L i " V d j r sg q, d g k f d d e Zd k c k Sf ) d p ; u (rationalchoice) c k Sf ) d ; k st u k v k f n b l c k r d k | k sr d g Sf d o g t k u o j k sa d se wy i zo `Ù k k R e d f Ø ; k v k sa l sf H k U u g SD ; k saf d o g c qf ) d sv k n s' k k R e d f u ; e l si zsf j r d H k h u g h ag k sl d r k A b l d k j . k g e m l sl ad f Y i r d e Zu g h ad g l d r sA e k u o d k l ad Y i f t l p ; u ; k o j u d h v k sj b af x r d r k Zg S o g b P N k l sf u ; f e r u g h ag S] D ; k saf d b P N k d k f u ; e u e k u o d se u k so SK k f u d f u ; e k sa l sg k sr k g SA b l f y , b P N k , ¡] H k k o k o sx ] e u k so `f Ù k ; k ¡v k f n g e k j sd e Zd sp ; u , o a; k st u k d k f u ; e u d j r sg Sa] f d U r qm U g sa g e l ad f Y i r p ; u , o a; k st u k u g h ad g r sD ; k saf d d r k ZL o r a= k # i e sa L o ; ad e Zd sv k U r f j d e wY ; g sr qp ; u u g h a d j j g k g k sr k A m l d h ; k st u k , o ab l d k p ; u i w. k Zr % c k á r R o k sa l sf u ; f e r g SA d r k Zd h ; k st u k m l d s c k Sf ) d f u ; e l sf u ; af = k r g S] u f d i zo `f Ù k ; k sa] v k d k aN k v k sa] b P N k v k sa v k f n l sA d k aV u sb l l an H k Ze sa v R ; ar d q' k y r k d k i f j p ; n sr sg q, d g k f d l k / k k j . k e u q" ; k sa d h t c g e d Y i u k d j r sg Sa r k so sf o ' o e sa u k u k i zd k j d so k á c k / ; r k v k sa e sa t h o u / k k j . k d j r sg aSA o g b P N k ] v k d k a{ k k ] y k sH k ] H k ; ] m R l k g ] d k e u k l e L r i zd k j d s



1 2 2 @ e / ; H k k j r h



Å g k i k sg e sa t h o u / k k j . k d j r k g Sa m l h e sa j g d j m l su Sf r d p ; u o d e Zd h ; k st u k c u k u h i M +r h g SA b l f y , o g b P N k & i zsf j r ; k o k á f u ; e u l si zH k k f o r d e Zd k p ; u d j r k j g r k g SA f d U r q; f n d k sb Z, sl k g k s t k sb u c k / ; r k v k sa e sa j g d j H k h v f u o k ; Zr % , o al n So f c u k f d l h p wd d sc k Sf ) d f u ; e k sa d sv k n s' k k u ql k j u Sf r d o j u , o av k p j . k d j r k g S] m l sg e d e Zd j u sd sv l k / k k j . k l ad Y i r R o l sl E i U u e k u r sg SaA L i " V r % ^ ^ l ad Y i * * l H k h o k á r R o k sa d sf u ; a= k . k l se qä j g d j l n So c k Sf ) d f u ; e k sa d sv u ql k j u Sf r d p ; u d j v k p j . k d j u sd k v k U r f j d r R o g SA f t l e sa l ad Y i d k i zH k k o g e l n So n s[ k r sg Sa] o g ^ ^ i f o = k l ad Y i * * (Holy will) g SA l E H k o g Sf d o g f d l h J s" B O ; f ä e sa H k h n s[ k k t k , A f d U r ql k / k k j . k y k sx k sa e sa ^ ^ l ad Y i * * d h ' k f ä ^ ^ i f o = k * * : i d k u g h ag S] D ; k saf d o g l n So c k Sf ) d f u ; e k sa d h ; k st u k l sl ad f Y i r d e Zu g h ad j l d r k A f d U r qm l d h f o ' k s" k r k g Sf d o g i ' k qv k sa l sf H k U u c k Sf ) d v k n s' k d sf u ; e k u ql k j p ; u , o ad e Zd j u s e sa l e F k Zg SA ; | f i f d o g v c k Sf ) d b P N k v k sa] v k d k a{ k k v k sa l si zH k k f o r g k sr k g S] r F k k f i b l l so g L o ; ad k s e qä H k h d j l d r k g SA i z' u ; g g Sf d D ; k d k aV ; g l q> k r sg Sa f d l ad Y i v i u se sa b af n z; k u qH k o l si j sf d l h t x r ~e sa g Sv k Sj t k sv i u k i zH k k o n `' ; t x r ~d sO ; k i k j k sa i j M k y r k g S\ b u d f B u i z' u k sa d sm Ù k j g e c k n e sa n sax sA f d U r q; g v o ' ; d g u k p k f g , f d f d l h v F k Ze sa l ad Y i f o " k ; d d k aV h ; / k k j . k k L o r k se wY ; o k u i zx k u qH k f o d f u ; e k sa l sl ac f U / k r g Sv k Sj o g , d r k f R o d (metaphysical) i wo ZL F k k i u k d k sb af x r d j r k g SA b u c k r k sa l s; g / k k j . k k u g h ac u k y su h p k f g , f d l ad Y i e k u o e sa f o | e k u o g v l k / k k j . k y { k . k ; k o `f Ù k g Sf t l d si zH k k o v K k r , o av i wo Zg Sa v k Sj t k sv i u k i zH k k o f d l h v U ; t x r ~l sM k y r k g Sv k Sj b l d k j . k d k aV m l sb l t x r ~l si j sd g r sg SaA l ad Y i d k sb Zv i zk d `f r d , o av n `' ; ] v y k Sf d d ' k f ä u g h ag SA b l d h O ; k [ ; k d k aV u sl o Zn k l k / k k j . k ] u Sf r d d r k Zd k s/ ; k u e sa j [ k d j f d ; k g St k sc k Sf ) d g S, o at k st h o u e sa b l i z' u d sl o Zn k l E e q[ k h u g Sf d g e sa D ; k d j u k p k f g , \ d k aV u sx zk m aM o d Ze sa L i " V d j f n ; k g Sf d l ad Y i v y k Sf d d ' k qH k g k su sd sd k j . k f o ' o e sa J s" B u g h ag SA t x r d sl q[ k v k Sj v k u U n l sf u ; f e r u g h ag SA o g d r ZO ; d sf u % ' k r Zl E i k n u l sl ac f U / k r g SA b l d k j . k o g t k x f r d ' k qH k k as e sa J s" B g SA b l l st k u d k j h f e y r h g Sf d d k U V u sf d l m í s' ; l sl ad Y i d k s^ ^ ' k qH k * * (good) d g k A d k aV d h f o ' y s" k . k k R e d i zf r H k k f o j y g SA o sl ad Y i ; k ' k qH k l ad Y i d sf o " k ; e sa f t K k l k d j r sg Sa f d b l d sf d r u si zd k j g Sa\ g e sa b l d k v k H k k l i zk I r g qv k g St c d k aV u s' k r Zr k / k h u , o a' k r Z~r g h u (extrinsic or qualified and intrinsic or unqualified good) d h c k r d h g SA o k L r o e sa b u n k si zd k j d s' k qH k k sa d sv H k k o e sa g e sa i qu % ' k q) c qf ) d s f u ; e k sa , o af u ; e k u ql k j d r ZO ; l E i k n u d k v F k Zv k Sj e g R o l e > e sa u g h av k r k g SA x zk m aM o d Ze sa d k aV u sd g k g Sf d d b Zo L r q, ¡f o ' o e sa g aS t k si f j i zs{ ; k sa e sa ' k qH k o o k aN u h ; g Sa f d U r qv U ; i f j i zs{ ; k sa e sa v ' k qH k v k Sj v o k aN u h ; A b l d k sf V d s' k qH k k sa e sa g e e s/ k k ] f u . k Z; k R e d r k ] v k u an ] l q[ k v k f n d h d Y i u k d j l d r sg SaA b U g s g e ' k r Zr k / k h u ; k l ' k r Z' k qH k d g r sg SD ; k saf d o sf d l h i f j f L F k f r e sa o k aN u h ; ¼ e wY ; o k u ½ r k sf d l h i f j f L F k f r e sa v o k aN u h ; ¼ v e wY ; o k u ½ f l ) g k sr h g SA m n k g j . k d s: i e sa e s/ k k ; f n ? k i y k d j u sd sg sr qi z; qä g k s; k l q[ k ; f n v U ; d h i h M +k l sg k sr k so sf u ' p ; g h v ' k qH k g Sa v k Sj ; f n e s/ k k v k f o " d k j d h t u u h g k s; k l q[ k f d l h Ø h M +k l si zk I r g k sr k so s' k qH k g SaA v r % e s/ k k ] l q[ k f d l h d k v ar f u Zf g r ; k v k U r f j d u g h av f i r qv k d f L e d ; k c k á e wY ; g SA ; sv e wY ; o k u ; k v i u se sa v ' k qH k u g h ag S] v f i r qL F k k u ] d k y ] i k = k k u ql k j b u d k e wY ; k ad u l k i s{ k : i e sa g k sr k g SA t h b Ze wj u sf i zaf l f i ; k , f F k d k e sa d g k f d f d l h i w. k Zl Ù k k ; k v o ; o h l Ù k k d k l k e x zh d e wY ; m l d sv o ; o k sa d si `F k d & i `F k d e wY ; k sa d s; k sx d sl e k u u g h ag SA ; g h ] l e x zd k e wY ; ] v a' k k sa d s



d k aV d su h f r ' k k L = k d sv k / k k j H k wr e k U ; r k v k sa e sa ' k qH k l ad Y i d k e g Ù o @ 1 2 3



e wY ; k sa l sl ac f U / k r g k sr sg q, H k h m u d s; k sx d sl e k u u g h ag SA ; k u h d k j . k g Sf d ^ ^ l k SU n ; Zd h p sr u k * * v k Sj ^ ^ d q: i d h p sr u k * * e sa e wy H k wr v ar j g SA i zF k e l e x zd k e wY ; v f r ' k ; v f / k d g SD ; k saf d m l l e x zd s ^ ^ l k SU n ; Z* * , o a^ ^ p sr u k * * d si `F k d & i `F k d v a' k n k ; h e wY ; v R ; ar v f / k d g SaA r F k k f i m u d si `F k d e wY ; k sa d h v i s{ k k l e x z: i h ^ ^ l k SU n ; Zd h p sr u k * * d k e wY ; v R ; ar v f / k d g SA ; g h c k r v ' k qH k e wY ; / k k j d ^ ^ d q: i d h p sr u k * * d sl k F k g SA t c f d m l d k , d v a' k ^ ^ p sr u k * * v f r ' k ; e wY ; o k u g Sf d U r q^ ^ d q: i * * l sl ac f U / k r g k sd j l e x ze sa o g v f r ' k ; v e wY ; o k u g k st k r k g SA d k aV d k sg e b l v k / k k j i j v P N s< ax l sl e > l d r sg SaA m U g k sau sB h d g h d g k g Sf d ^ ^ l q[ k * * f d l h v U ; f o " k ; l sl ac f U / k r g k sd j f t l l e x zd k f u e k Z. k d j r k g S] m l d k e wY ; D ; k g S; g t k u u k m f p r g SA i f j f L F k f r o ' k ; f n f d l h O ; f ä d k sf d l h d h i h M +k n s[ k d j l q[ k g k sr k g Sr k so g ¼ ^ ^ i h M +k l sl q[ k * * ½ l e x z: i e sa v f r ' k ; v o k aN u h ; g SA f d U r q; f n g e , sl sf d l h o L r qd h d Y i u k l k F k Zd : i e sa d j l d sa t k sL F k k u ] d k y ] i k = k ] i f j o s' k ] i f j f L F k f r d sf u j i s{ k e wY ; o k u g k sv k Sj f t l d k e wY ; v i f j o r Zu h ; g k s] m l sg e f u % ' k r Z' k qH k d g sax sA f t l o L r qd k , sl k e wY ; g S] m l sg e v k U r f j d e wY ; d g r s g Sa D ; k saf d o g i zF k e d h H k k ¡f r v k d f L e d : i l sd H k h e wY ; o k u r k sd H k h v e wY ; o k u u g h ag SA v r % d k aV , d , sl si zk D d Y i u k d k l g k j k y sr sg Sa f t l e s, d o L r q, sl k g Sf t l d k e wY ; o k u g k su sd k l R ; d H k h u d k j k u t k l d s; k f e F ; k f i r u f d ; k t k l d sA e wj d sf y , t k se wY ; ^ ^ l k SU n ; k Zu qH k wf r * * ] ^ ^ K k u d si zf r i zse * * ] ^ ^ e S= k h d k v u qj k x * * v k f n d k g S] d k aV d sf y , b l d k m Ù k j , d e k = k ' k qH k l ad Y i (good will) e sa i k ; k t k l d r k g SA b l f y , m U g k sau s' k qH k d k st x r ~v k Sj m l l si j s; f n d k sb Zt x r ~g k sm l e sa] l H k h f o " k ; k sa l sf H k U u e wY ; o k u d g k A m l h d k v k U r f j d ; k f u % ' k r Ze wY ; g SA d k j . k ; g f d m l f o " k ; ¼ l ad Y i ½ d k ' k qH k R o l k i sf { k d ; k i f j o r Z~r u h ; ; k v k d f L e d u g h a] v f i r qv f u o k ; Z] v y a? k v k Sj f u j i s{ k g SA o g i zx k u qH k f o d f u ; e k sa } k j k f u ; f e r g S; k m l h d h v f H k O ; f ä g SA p w¡f d ' k q) c qf ) d s; sf u ; e v y a? ; ] f u j i s{ k , o af u % ' k r Zg Sa] m u d k v f H k O ; ä : i f t l l ad Y i e sa g S] o g ' k qH k l ad Y i g h , d e k = k v k U r f j d ' k qH k g SA b l c k r d k sl e > u sd sf y , g e n k sc k r k sa d k l g k j k y sl d r sg SaA i zF k e f d d k aV d sf o p k j e sa ' k qH k l ad Y i , d e k = k v k U r f j d ; k f u % ' k r Z ' k qH k g SD ; k saf d o g f d l h v o L F k k e sa f d l h m P p r j f o " k ; d k ; k ' k qH k o L r qd k l k / k u L o : i e wY ; u g h ag SA v F k k Zr ~o g L o ; al k / ; : i h e wY ; g S; k L o r % l k / ; g SA b l d k j . k ' k qH k l ad Y i d k ' k qH k R o b l d k j . k u g h af d m l d sg k su sl sd Ù k k Zd k sv e qd d h f l f ) g k sr h g SA ; g k ¡g e e wj v k Sj d k aV d sf o p k j k sa e sa v ar j n s[ k r sg SaA d k aV d g l d r sg Sf d f d l h v o L F k k e sa K k u d si zf r i zse L o ; al k / ; u g h aH k h g k sl d r k g SA ^ ^ K k u * * , o a^ ^ i zse * * , o a ^ ^ K k u d k i zse * * v f r ' k ; e wY ; o k u g Sf d U r qm i ; k sf x r k o k n h n k o k d j r sg Sa f d K k u d k i zse v i u se sa d r Z~r k d k l k / ; u g h ag S] o g m P p r j l k / ; d h f l f ) d k , d e g R o i w. k Zl k / k u : i h e wY ; g Sv k Sj o g l k / ; f o ' o e sa ^ ^ m i ; k sf x r k * * d h o `f ) g SA j k sp d c k r ; g g Sf d b l l sd k aV d sf o p k j k sa d s, d i { k d k i j k s{ k r % l e F k Zu g k s t k r k g Sf d v ar r % d qN r k sf o ' o e sa v ar f u Zf g r : i e sa ' k qH k ; k f u % ' k r Z' k qH k g S] t Sl k f d ^ ^ m i ; k sf x r k & o `f ) * * A d k U V f t l d k l e F k Zu u g h ad j r so g ; g f d ^ ^ m i ; k sf x r k & o `f ) * * , d e k = k f u % ' k r Z' k qH k ; k v k U r f j d ' k qH k d k n `" V k ar u g h ag SD ; k saf d v k u qH k f o d l H k h f o " k ; k sa d sc k j se sa m U g k sau si g y sg h f l ) d j f n ; k g Sf d b af n z; k u qH k o f d l h f o " k ; d sL o r k se qY ; d h f l f ) u g h ad j i k r k A o g e k = k ' k q) c qf ) ; k i zk x u qH k f o d l sg h l E H k o g k sr k g S v k Sj i zk x u qH k f o d : i u Sf r d l R ; g Sf d ^ ^ ' k qH k l ad Y i * * , d e k = k v k U r f j d e wY ; l E i U u g SA ; g d k U V d h e g R o i w. k Zi wo ZL F k k i u k g SA n wl j k f d L o r k se qY ; d k v k ' k ; g S% ^ ^ e k = k m l h d se wY ; g sr qe wY ; o k u g k su k * * A b l h v F k Ze sa x zk m aM o d Ze sa d k aV u s^ ^ l ad Y i d se wY ; g sr ql ad Y i * * d h c k r d h g SA d H k h & d H k h ; g , d m y > k ; k g qv k



1 2 4 @ e / ; H k k j r h



d F k u y x r k g SA f d U r q; g l R ; u g h ag SA d k aV ; g k ¡L i " V d j u k p k g r sg Sa f d l ad Y i l k j g h u u g h ag S¼ d qN f o } k u x y r h l sd k U V d sl ad Y i d k sf u % L l k j d g r sg Sa½ ] o j u l ad Y i d sv U r f u Zf g r r R o ; k l k j r R o d h d Y i u k d j l d r sg Sa] t k sm l s' k qH k ; k e wY ; o k u c u k r k g SA d k aV d sf o p k j k sa e sa o g l k j r R o ' k q) ; k ' k q) c qf ) d sv k n s' k k u ql k j f u % ' k r Zu Sf r d p ; u , o ad e Zd k i zsj d R o g SA ; g h l ad Y i d h l d e Zd r k d k sL i " V d j r k g SA v c ; f n l ad Y i d k l k j ; g g Sr k sm l g sr ql ad Y i d j u sd k v F k ZH k h L i " V g SA v F k Z; g f d i zk x u qH k f o d u Sf r d f u ; e k sa d k L o r k se qY ; g S] m l d h J ) k l sv u qi k y u d j f u . k Z; , o ad e Zl E i k n u u Sf r d : i l s e wY ; o k u g SA v F k k Zr ~l ad Y i d k v k ar f j d y { k . k g h m l se wY ; o k u c u k r k g S] m l sL o r % l k / ; c u k r k g SA v k x s g e n s[ k sax sf d ^ ^ d r ZO ; d sf y , d r ZO ; * * d k sl e > u sg sr q; sc k r sa v f r ' k ; e g R o i w. k Zg SaA x zk m aM o d Zd sb u d F k u k sa d k m Y y s[ k ; g k ¡d j u k v k o ' ; d g SA "Hence nothing other than the representation of the law in itself, which can of course occur only in a rational being] insofar as it and not the hoped & for effect is the determining ground of the will-"3



v F k k Zr c k Sf ) d f u ; e d sf l o k ; d qN H k h , sl k u g h ag St k sf d l h c k Sf ) d i zk . k h e k = k e sa l E H k o g S] o g t k si zf r f u f / k R o v i u se sa] u f d f d l h i f j . k k e f d n `f " V l sl ad Y i d k v k / k k j H k wr r R o g SA i qu % "But what kind of law that can be … nothing is left but the conformity of



actions as such with universal law] which alone is to serve the will as its principle-"4



v F k k Zr ¼ m ä ½ f u ; e H k y k D ; k g k sl d r k g Sb l d sf l o k ; f d g e k j sd e Zl o ZO ; k i h f u ; e d sl k F k l ax r g k sa] ; k u h ] ¼ o g h ½ f u ; e l ad Y i d k , d e k = k v k / k k j H k wr f l ) k ar g k sA "It is estimation of a worth that far out weights any worthof what is recommended by inclination, and that the necessity of my action from pure respect for the practical law is what constitutes duty, to which every other motive must give way because it is the condition of a will good in itself-"5



v F k k Zr ~; g e wY ; d k , d v k d y u g St k sv U ; k U ; l e L r e wY ; k sa l st k sf d l h i zd k j d h b P N k l s v u ql af ' k r g S] m l l sv f / k d e wY ; o k u g SA O ; k o g k f j d f u ; e d si zf r ' k q) J ) k d h n `f " V l sf d ; k x ; k f u % ' k r Z d e Zg h d r ZO ; d h l aj p u k d j r k g S] f t l sv U ; l H k h v f H k i zsj . k k v k sa d k se g R o n su k p k f g , D ; k saf d ; g L o r % e wY ; o k u ' k qH k l ad Y i d k v k / k k j g SA "Thus then, we have arrived, within the moral cognition of common human reason, at its principle, which it admittedly, does not think so abstractly in a universal form but which it actually has always before its eyes and uses as the norm for its appraisals-"6



v r , o ] g e u sl k / k k j . k e k u o h ; c qf ) } k j k m i y C / k u Sf r d l aK k u d k si zk I r d j f y ; k g SA g e u sm l f l ) k ar d k si zk I r d j f y ; k g Sf t l d sf o " k ; e sa B h d m l h : i e sa v e wr Zf p ar u l k / k k j . k y k sx u g h ad j r sg Sa] t k s f l ) k ar l o ZO ; k i h f l ) k ar k sa d sl an H k k saZ e sa d j r sg SaA f d U r qo g l o ZO ; k i h f u ; e l n So m u d h p sr u k e sa f o | e k u g S v k Sj m l d k e k u n . M d s: i e sa o si z; k sx d j r sg SaA b u c k r k sa d sv k / k k j i j v c f u E u c k r sa L i " V g k sr h g S& , d l ad Y i ] t k s' k qH k , o aL o r a= k g So g h u Sf r d r k d k v k / k k j L r E H k g SD ; k saf d o g ' k q) c qf ) d sf u ; e d sv u q: i u Sf r d p ; u , o ad e Zd k v k / k k j H k wr r R o g SA n wl j k ] f d ' k q) c qf ) d k f u ; e ; k i zk x u qH k f o d f u ; e i f j . k k e f u j i s{ k r k d h n `f " V l s' k qH k g S] o g



d k aV d su h f r ' k k L = k d sv k / k k j H k wr e k U ; r k v k sa e sa ' k qH k l ad Y i d k e g Ù o @ 1 2 5



i f j . k k e f u j i s{ k r % J s" B ' k qH k g SA r `r h ; f d ; sc k r sa m R d " k Z; k e wY ; d sf o " k ; e sa v k d y u g SaA b l v k d y u e sa J s" B ' k qH k ' k q) c qf ) d sf u ; e k u ql k j d r ZO ; d k l E i k n u g SA v r % d r ZO ; d k L o r k se wY ; g S] b l e wY ; d k l E i k n u J ) k l s; k m l d sJ s" B R o f o p k j l sf u % ' k r Z: i e sa m l sd j u k p k f g , A b l i zd k j d k u Sf r d l aK k u l H k h l k / k k j . k e u q" ; k sa d h u Sf r d p sr u k e sa v U r f u Zf g r g SA g k sl d r k g Sf d B h d m l i zd k j d sl o ZO ; k i h f u ; e d k v e wr Zf p ar u l k / k k j . k r % g e l c u d j r sg k saA f d U r q; g g e k j h p sr u k e sa O ; k I r g S] b l d k K k u O ; o g k j r % t x r ~e sa g e sa g k sr k g Sv k Sj g e m l su Sf r d e k u d e k u r sg SaA n ' k Zu f o H k k x ¼ v k b Zl h v k j Q Sy k s½ j k ¡p h f o ' o f o | k y ; ] j k ¡p h > k j [ k aM l U n H k Z& 1 -d k aV ] b e k u q, y ] n x zk m aM o d Zv k WQ e sV k f Q f t d v k WQ e k Wj Y l ] e sj h x zsx j ¼ v u qf n r ½ ] d Saf c zt ; wf u o f l ZV h i zsl ] d Saf c zt ] 1 9 9 7 ] i `" B 7 A 2 -o g h i `" B 8 A 3 -o g h i `" B 1 4 A 4 -o g h i `" B 1 4 A 5 -o g h i `" B 1 6 A 6 -o g h i `" B 1 6 A



v i j k / k h O ; o g k j d k T ; k sf r " k f o ' y s" k . k h ; n `f " V d k s. k f o o sd e sg r k , o an h i d x qI r k v i j k / k h O ; o g k j d k sl e > u se sa v i j k / k d sd k j . k k R e d d k j d k sa d k v / ; ; u f d ; k t k r k g SA b l d s v ar x Zr v k u qo k af ' k d r k ]' k k j h f j d l aj p u k d k j d ]e k u f l d d k j d ]l k e k f t d ]v k f F k Zd ]H k k Sx k sf y d ] i k f j o k f j d ] / k k f e Zd , o aj k t u Sf r d d k j d r F k k i f j f L F k f r ; k ¡v i j k / k h O ; o g k j d sf y ; sm Ù k j n k ; h e k u h t k r h g SaA i zL r qr ' k k s/ k i = k e sa , d u b Zf n ' k k e sa ; F k k ^ v i j k / k h O ; o g k j d k T ; k sf r " k & f o ' y s" k . k h ; n `f " V d k s. k * i zL r qr f d ; k g SA v i j k / k h O ; o g k j d sf y ; sm i j k sä l H k h d k j d f t U g sa 'Multiple Fectors of Crime' d h l aK k n h t k r h g So sf d l h u f d l h : i e sa v k d k ' k h ; r k j k e . M y ] x zg ] m i x zg ] u { k = k ] j k f ' k ] f r f F k v k f n l sv ar f u Zf g r ] l ac af / k r r F k k i zH k k f o r g SaA v r % e k u o d sv i j k / k h O ; o g k j d k d k j . k k R e d d k j d d s: i e sa T ; k sf r " k h ; i f j f L F k f r ; k as , o ai z? k V u k v k sa d k x g j k l ac a/ k g SA b l n `f " V d k s. k d k sl k i s{ k j [ k d j ^ g R ; k * r F k k ^ g R ; k d k i z; k l * d sv i j k / k h i j ^ p U n zx zg d h f L F k f r d k f r f F k x r i zH k k o * i zL r qr ' k k s/ k i = k d sv / ; ; u d k d sU n z f c U n qg SA i zL r k o u k v i j k / k d h O ; k [ ; k O ; o g k j d se k u n . M k sa d sv k / k k j i j d h t k r h g SA d k u wu d sf o # ) f d ; k x ; k O ; o g k j v i j k / k g SA l k e k f t d n `f " V d k s. k l sl k e k f t d i zf r e k u k sa] i j E i j k v k sa] y k sd k p k j k sa] : f < +; k sa] e k U ; r k v k sa] v k p k j l af g r k v k sa d si zf r d wy f d ; sx ; sO ; o g k j d k sf o p f y r O ; o g k j d s: i e sa v i j k / k d h l aK k n h t k r h g SA v i j k / k h O ; o g k j d sd k j . k k R e d d k j d k sa d s: i e sa ^ i zsr ' k k ó h ; * f o p k j / k k j k u sv i j k / k d k d k j d ^ H k wr & i zsr * d k se k u k r k so g h a^ ' k k ó h ; l E i zn k ; * e sa ^ l q[ k o k n h n ' k Zu * e sa v i j k / k d k d k j d O ; f ä d h l q[ k v k Sj n q% [ k d h v u qH k wf r d k se k u k A d k y k U r j e sa H k k Sx k sf y d i f j f L F k f r ; k ¡v i j k / k d sd k j d d s: i e sa n s[ k h x ; h aA v i j k / k d s e u k so SK k f u d d k j d k sa r F k k e u k sf o ' y s" k . k k R e d d k j d k sa d k so r Ze k u e sa e k U ; r k g SA ' k k j h f j d l aj p u k R e d d k j d ] v k u qo k af ' k d d k j d ] v k f F k Zd d k j d ] i k f j o k f j d d k j d v k Sj f o f H k é l k e k f t d i f j f L F k f r t U ; d k j d k sa d k s 'Multiple Factors of Crime' d s: i e sa e k U ; r k i zk I r g SA m i j k sä l H k h v i j k / k d sd k j d k sa d k s T ; k sf r " k h ; i f j f L F k f r ; k ¡i zH k k f o r d j r h g SaA , d v k sj o k ; q] t y ] i `F o h ] v f X u v k Sj v k d k ' k ; s^ i ap r R o * v k Sj b u l sg h f u f e Zr e k u o i zk . k h d sl k F k t M +& p sr u l H k h r F k k n wl j h v k sj f n u ] j k r ] e k g ] o " k Z] _ r q, ¡v k f n l H k h ; g k ¡r d f d b l l k Sj e . M y d h g j sd o L r qv k d k ' k f L F k r x zg k sa] u { k = k k sa] r k j k sa] j k f ' k ; k sa v k f n l si zH k k f o r r F k k v ar % l E c af / k r g SA b u d si zH k k o e u q" ; i j l d k j k R e d g k su sd sl k F k g h v i u k u d k j k R e d i zH k k o H k h M k y r sg Sa t k sm l sv l k e k U ; O ; o g k j ] f o p f y r O ; o g k j , o av i j k / k h O ; o g k j d j u sd sf y ; sm R i zsf j r d j r sg SaA i zL r qr e / ; H k k j r h & 7 2 ] t u o j h & t wu ] 2 0 1 7 ] ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 126-134



v i j k / k h O ; o g k j d k T ; k sf r " k f o ' y s" k . k h ; n `f " V d k s. k @ 1 2 7



' k k s/ k i = k e sa p U n zx zg d h f r f F k x r f L F k f r d sv k / k k j i j ^ g R ; k * r F k k ^ g R ; k d k i z; k l * d j u so k y sv i j k / k h i j / ; k u d sf U n zr f d ; k x ; k g SA v i j k / k , o aT ; k sf r " k ß ; r f i . M sr r ~c zã k . M sÞ ] v F k k Zr ~t k sf i . M e u q" ; ' k j h j e sa g So g h c zã k . M e sa g SaA ; g l w= k e u q" ; d k T ; k sf r " k l sl E c U / k i zd V d j r k g SA ß f o Q y k U ; U ; ' k k ó k f . k f o o k n L r s" k qd so y e ~A l Q y T ; k sf r " k a' k k ó e ~p U n zk d k S; = k l k f { k . k e ~A A Þ v F k k Zr ~v U ; l H k h ' k k ó f u " Q y g Sa] D ; k saf d m u e sa o k n & f o o k n d sv f r f j ä d qN u g h af e y r k i j U r q l w; Zv k Sj p U n ze k f t l d si zR ; { k l k { k h g Sa] o g T ; k sf r " k ' k k ó g h i w. k Zl Q y g SA v i j k / k , d O ; o g k j g SA , d , sl k O ; o g k j f t l sl e k t e sa v i j k / k d h l aK k n h t k r h g SA b l v i j k / k h d sO ; o g k j ] v i j k / k h d h i zÑ f r ] v i j k / k h d sf Ø ; k d y k i v k f n d k v k d k ' k f L F k r x zg ] u { k = k ] j k f ' k ] d k y e k u ] f o p k j d sv ar x Zr f n u & j k r ] d y k & f o d y k v k Sj v a' k ] t U e o k j ] f r f F k , o ad j . k ] e k l , o ai { k ] _ r q] v ; u ] l aØ k af r ] o " k Z] l ao R l j v k Sj o R l j ] ' k d l E o r ~& l u ~] ; k sx v k f n H k h d k T ; k sf r " k d x . k u k v k sa l sl E c U / k c g qr x g j k g SA ß T ; k sf r " k k al w; k Zf n x zg k . k k ac k s/ k d a' k k ó e ~A Þ v F k k Zr ~l w; k Zf n x zg k sa d sf o " k ; e sa K k u d j k u so k y s' k k ó d k s^ T ; k sf r " k ' k k ó * d sv U r x Zr l w; k Zf n x zg ] m i x zg ] u { k = k ] / k we d sr qv k f n T ; k sf r " k d f i . M k sa d sL o : i ] l ap k j ] i f j H k ze . k ] f L F k f r v k f n f o " k ; k sa i j f o p k j d j r sg q, m u d sl ap k j k u ql k j ? k f V r g k su so k y s' k qH k & v ' k qH k Q y k sa d k f u . k Z; f d ; k t k r k g SA O ; f ä x r n q% [ k k sa d k f o o sp u T ; k sf r " k d s ^ t k r d i zd j . k * e sa f o L r k j i wo Zd f d ; k x ; k g SA l k / k k j . k r % 4 ] 8 ] 1 2 o sa L F k k u e sa l H k h x zg e k j d s' k ] / k u u k ' k ] _ . k H k k j ] j k t l ad V ] j k sx ] ó h u k ' k v k Sj l U r k u v H k k o v k f n d " V k sa d sf u n k u g sr qi wt k v p Zu k ] x zg ; U = k ] x zg j R u r F k k v k S" k f / k x zg . k d j u k v k Sj ó k sr , o ae U = k k sa d k , d k x zr k i wo Zd f u ; e k u ql k j t i d j u k l o k sZÙ k e m i k ; c r k ; k x ; k g SA m i j k sä l H k h i f j f L F k f r ; k ¡v i j k / k d sd k j . k k R e d d k j d d s: i e sa Multiple Factors of Crime d sv U r x Zr n s[ k h t k l d r h g SaA x zg k sa d si zH k k o l sg h O ; f ä n q% [ k & l q[ k ] y k H k & g k f u ] t ; & i j k t ; ] t U e & e `R ; q] i zse ] f e = k r k ] o Se u L ; r k v F k o k t k sd qN H k h e u q" ; d st h o u e sa ? k f V r g k sr k g So g x zg k sa d si zH k k o l sg h g k sr k g SA y x H k x ; g h i f j f L F k f r ; k ¡, d O ; f ä d k sv i j k / k h c u k u se sa l g k ; d g k sr h g SaA x zg k sa d sv ' k qH k g k su si j f u E u i f j f L F k f r ; k ¡H k h v k l d r h g Sa & ¼ 1 ½ n k E i R ; t h o u d k l q[ k e ; u g k su k ] ¼ 2 ½ i f j J e d si ' p k r ~H k h O ; k i k j e sa g k f u ] ¼ 3 ½ v k d f L e d j k sx , o ae `R ; q] ¼ 4 ½ f e = k k sa e sa o Se u L ; r k ] ¼ 5 ½ i k i o `f Ù k d j u k ] ¼ 6 ½ l ar k u u g k su k A m i j k sä l H k h i f j f L F k f r ; k ¡, d O ; f ä d k sf o p f y r r F k k v l k e k U ; d j v i j k / k d h v k sj m } sf y r d j u se sa l g k ; d g SaA x zg f o p k j e sa p U n zx zg English Name – Moon, Luna. l aL Ñ r u k e & l k se ]' k f ' k ]' k h r ; qf r ]f g e k a' k q e k y h ] ' k h r k a' k qe k y h ] b U n zv k f n A v j c h u k e & d e j ] e k g v k f n A d qN l e ; i wo Zr d v k / k qf u d [ k x k sy ' k k ó h p U n ze k d k si `F o h d k g h , d v y x g qv k H k k x v F k o k m i x zg e k u r sF k sA i j U r qv c o sp U n ze k d k s, d L o r a= k x zg d s: i e sa e k U ; r k n su sy x sg SaA ; g i `F o h d sl c l s



1 2 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h



l e h i o k y k x zg g SA T ; k sf r " k h ; x . k u k v k sa d sv k / k k j i j p U n ze k d k O ; k l 2 ] 1 5 3 e h y g SA i `F o h l sb l d h n wj h 2 ] 2 8 ] 8 0 0 e h y g SA ; g ó h t k f r d k ' o sr o . k Z] t y r R o o k y k r F k k i f ' p e k sÙ k j f n ' k k d k L o k e h g SA e k u o ' k j h j e sa j ä d si f j H k ze . k l sb l d k f o ' k s" k l E c U / k e k u k t k r k g SA ; g e u ] f p Ù k o `f Ù k ] ' k k j h f j d L o k L F k ] i q# " k k F k Z] j k t d h ; v u qx zg ] e k r k & f i r k ] l E i f Ù k r F k k p r qF k ZL F k k u d k d k j d g SA b l d s} k j k i k . M qj k sx ] t y h ; j k sx ] e k u f l d j k sx ] ó h l ac a/ k h j k sx ] f u j F k Zd H k ze . k r F k k e f L r " d v k f n d sl ac a/ k e sa f o p k j f d ; k t k r k g SA e k r k & f i r k d h l E i f Ù k ] d Q j k sx ] m n j j k sx v k f n d sl ac a/ k e sa H k h f o p k j f d ; k t k r k g SA l k f g R ; l o sZ{ k . k 'Lunatic Criminal and Lunatic Person' i j d qN v / ; ; u g q, g SaA ; g k ¡r d f d f Q Y e f u n sZ' k d d sr u v k u an r F k k f u e k Zr k v # . k e g k t u } k j k 1 9 8 6 e sa u l h # í h u ' k k g ] ' k c k u k v k t e h ] l k f j d k v H k h u h r f Q Y e ^ ' k r Z* e sa n ' k k Z; k x ; k F k k f d , d O ; f ä p U n ze k d si zH k k o d sd k j . k ^ g R ; k * t Sl st ? k U ; v i j k / k d j r k g SA o SK k f u d r F ; ; g H k h g Sf d l e qæ d st y d k Content r F k k e u q" ; ' k j h j e sa i zo k f g r j ä d k Content y x H k x , d t Sl k g SA p U n zx zg d sx q# R o k d " k Z. k d si zH k k o d sd k j . k i wf . k Ze k , o av e k o L ; k i j T o k j @ H k k V k v k r sg SaA t c i `F o h i j ¾ H k k x l e qæ t y p U n zx zg d si zH k k o l sv N wr k u g h ag Sr k se u q" ; e k = k d h D ; k d Y i u k d h t k l d r h g SA p U n zx zg d sx q# R o k d " k Z. k c y d sd k j . k e u q" ; d sj ä l ap k y u i j x g j k i zH k k o i M +r k g Sf t l l sd qN O ; f ä e k u f l d : i l sv f L F k j g k sr sg Sa t k sf o p f y r v l k e k U ; O ; o g k j d j r sg Sa t k s v i j k / k d h J s. k h e sa H k h v k l d r sg SaA ß l H k h f o p f y r O ; o g k j ; k v l k e k U ; O ; o g k j v i j k / k u g h ag S] f d U r q l H k h v i j k / k ] f o p f y r ; k v l k e k U ; O ; o g k j g SaA Þ l x zg k sa d sv ' k qH k g k su si j d qN i f j f L F k f r ; k ¡c r k b Zg Sa f t u e sa 5 o k ¡f c U n qg S& ß U ; k ; k y ; } k j k l t k i k u k 1 v F k o k v i j k / k d j u k A Þ ; g v k / k k j b l v / ; ; u f n ' k k e sa m R i zsj d g SA l x zg k sa d sv ' k qH k g k su si j e u q" ; , sl h i f j f L F k f r ; k sa d k si zk I r d j r k g St k sm l sv i j k / k h i zo `f Ù k d h v k sj 2 i zsf j r d j r h g SaA l 1 9 9 0 e sa H k k j r h ; n ' k Zd l e wg d sf y ; sn wj n ' k Zu u s, d d k ; ZØ e i zl k f j r f d ; k F k k ] f t l e sa p U n ze k d sx q# R o k d " k Z. k c y d sd k j . k ^ T o k j H k k V k * r F k k O ; f ä e sa v k i j k f / k d @ f g al d i zo `f Ù k f o ' k s" k r % g R ; k 3 l sl ac a/ k L F k k f i r d j r sg q, t k u d k j h n h x b ZF k h A l T ; k sf r " k u d so y H k wr v k Sj H k f o " ; d k sK k r d j r k g Sv f i r qO ; f ä f o ' k s" k d sv k p j . k v k Sj m l d s 4 ' k k j h f j d r F k k e k u f l d j k sx k sa d h t k u d k j h n sr k g SA l r h u t U e k sa d k g k y c r k u so k y h H k `x ql af g r k e sa O ; f ä d h v k i j k f / k d i zo `Ù k h d sl an H k Ze sa v u sd c k r sa 5 d g h x b Zg SaA x k sp j x r p U n zx zg d k ' k qH k & v ' k qH k f o p k j p U n zx zg d d Zj k f ' k d k L o k e h g SA b l d k m P p L F k k u & o `" k j k f ' k ] u h p L F k k u & o `f ' p d j k f ' k g k sr k A ; g v i u s? k j l sl k r o sa H k k x d k si w. k Zn `f " V l sn s[ k r k g SA e s" k ] r qy k ] o `f ' p d r F k k e h u y X u e sa f L F k r p U n ze k ; k sx d k j d g k sr k g SA j k sg . k h ] g L r ] J o . k ] i qu o Zl q] f o ' k k [ k k r F k k i wo k ZH k k n zi n u { k = k k sa d k p U n ze k J s" B Q y i zn k u d j r k g SA Ñ f r d k ] m Ù k j k Q k Y x qu h ] v ' y s" k k ] T ; s" B k ] m Ù k j k " k k < +r F k k j so r h u { k = k k sa i j H k h ' k qH k Q y n sr k g SA t k r d d h j k f ' k l st c p U n zx zg v e `r f d j . k x zg 1 & 3 & 6 & 7 & 1 0 v k Sj 1 1 o sa L F k k u e sa j g r k g Sr k so g



v i j k / k h O ; o g k j d k T ; k sf r " k f o ' y s" k . k h ; n `f " V d k s. k @ 1 2 9



c g qr g h m Ù k e Q y t k r d d k si zn k u d j r k g SA , sl sL F k k u e sa ^ p U n zx zg * i w. k Zd k ; Zf l ) ] n zO ; i zk f I r ] v P N s f e = k ] m Ù k e o `f ) r k sn sr k g h g Sv k Sj b l d sv y k o k x U / k o Zf o o k g ] i zse f o o k g b R ; k f n e sa l Q y r k f n y o k r k g SA m i j k sä L F k k u k sa d k p U n zc zk ã . k d h l so k ] v f / k d n k u h ] v i u s/ k e Zl si zse d sv y k o k r h F k Z; k = k k H k h d j o k r k g SA ; g h ^ p U n zx zg * t c t k r d d h j k f ' k l s2 & 4 & 5 & 8 v k Sj 9 o sa L F k k u e sa j g r k g Sr c ; g v i u k v ' k qH k Q y i zn k u d j r k g SA b l f L F k f r e sa v k d f L e d e `R ; q@ n q? k ZV u k d k g k su k ] O ; F k Zd k f o p k j @ f o o k n ] / k u g k f u ] i k f j o k f j d D y s' k t Sl sv ' k qH k Q y i zn k u d j r k g St k s, d O ; f ä d sv i j k / k h g k su sd sd k j . k k R e d d k j d k sa l s 6 l g l ac af / k r g SA p U n zx zg d h l E i w. k Zx q. k / k e Zr k f y d k j k f ' k H k ze . k d k y e k j d x zg v f / k d c y o k u j k f ' k L o k f e R o _ r q n zO ; j R u i ' k qi { k h : i L o : i f y ax H k sn v o L F k k H k sn f n ' k k , ¡ d k j . k L F k y



&l o k n k sf n u &' k qØ l s &l w; Zl s &d d Z &o " k k Z &p k ¡n h &e k sr h &l j h l `i &l qU n j &ó h &; qo k &o k ; O ; &t y k ' k ;



L o x zg j k f ' k &d d Z x zg k sa d sn so r k &t y t k f r H k sn &o S' ; j ax &' o sr Ø h M k L F k y &t y k ' k ; d k y l e ; &{ k . k o sn k H ; k l # f p& f o | k / ; ; u # f p& T ; k sf r " k L o H k k o &p ap y x q. k &l R o x q. k r R o &t y r R o o ó &u o h u ' k j h j d sv k ar f j d &j ä H k k x i j v k f / k i R ; m n ; H k k x &' k j h j ' k h " k ZH k k x i j' k j h j d sc k á H k k x &x y sl sâ n ; i j v k f / k i R ; v k I r o x Zd sl q[ k &e k r k H k k X ; k sn ; d k y& 2 4 l s2 8 o " k Z d h i zk f I r v k R e k f n i j v k f / k i R ; &e u e wy v / ; ; u d sl U n H k Ze sa ' k k s/ k i = k e sa p U n zx zg d h v k d k ' k h ; f L F k f r i j / ; k u d sf U n zr d j r sg q, O ; f ä d h e k u f l d f L F k f r i j p U n zx zg d s? k V r sr F k k c < +r sØ e d k v F k k Zr ~i wf . k Ze k o v e k o L ; k d sl e ; r F k k i wf . k Ze k d si g y so c k n d h f r f F k ; k sa ; F k k & , d k n ' k h l sp r qF k h Zr d v k Sj v e k o L ; k d si g y so c k n d h f r f F k ; k sa ; F k k & , d k n ' k h l sp r qF k h Z r d l k x j f t y se sa g R ; k r F k k g R ; k d k i z; k l d sv / ; ; u v U ; f r f F k ; k sa i ap e h l sn l e h r d g q, g R ; k r F k k g R ; k d si z; k l d sv / ; ; u l s, d r qy u k R e d v / ; ; u d j u sd k i z; k l f d ; k g SA



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p U n zx zg l sl ac af / k r f r f F k ] d y k ; k p U n zf n o l i j l af { k I r f o p k j & p U n ze k d h , d d y k d k sf r f F k d g k t k r k g SA l E i w. k Zv k d k ' k e . M y d k s3 6 0 v a' k k sa v F k k Zr ~3 6 0 f g L l k sa e sa c k aV u si j t k s1 2 v a' k g k sax sm U g sa p U n ze k d h , d ^ f r f F k * v F k o k ^ d y k * e k u k t k r k g SA n wl j s' k C n k sa e sa t c v k d k ' k e . M y e sa p U n ze k l w; Zl s1 2 v a' k v k x s i g q¡p r k g Sr c , d f r f F k g k sr h g SA ^ f r f F k * d k sg h ^ p U n zf n o l * d g r sg Sa A i zR ; sd e g h u sd h v e k o L ; k d k sp U n zr F k k l w; Z; sn k su k sa x zg , d g h j k f ' k e sa f L F k r j g r sg SaA ^ v e k * ' k C n d k v F k Z^ L F k k u * r F k k ^ o ' ; k * ' k C n d k v F k Z^ j g u k * g SA v r % f t l f r f F k d k sl w; Zr F k k p U n zx zg , d L F k k u e sa , d = k j g r sg Sa m l sv e k o L ; k d g k t k r k g SA l w; Zd h v i s{ k k p U n zx zg d h x f r v f / k d r h o zg SA v r % p U n ze k l n So g h l w; Zd sv k x sH k ze . k d j r k g SA , d ^ v g k sj k = k * e sa o g l w; Zl s1 2 v a' k v k x sf u d y t k r k g SA v r % l w; Zl s1 2 v a' k v k x st k u se sa p U n ze k d k s t k sl e ; y x r k g S] m l h d k y k o f / k d k sf r f F k u k e l sl ac k sf / k r f d ; k t k r k g SA c k j g & c k j g v a' k d h , d f r f F k g k su sl st c i wf . k Ze k d k v ar g k sr k g Sr c p U æ x zg d h f L F k f r l w; Zx zg l sB h d 1 8 0 v a' k v k x sg k sr h g Sr F k k v e k o L ; k d sv ar e sa p U n zx zg l w; Zx zg l s3 6 0 v a' k v k x sj g r k g SA b l i zd k j , d e k l e sa 3 0 f r f F k ; k ¡i w. k Zg k st k r h g SaA 3 6 0 d h l a[ ; k e sa 1 2 l sH k k x f n ; k r k sy f C / k 3 0 f r f F k ; k ¡g h i zk I r g k sax h A b u 3 0 f r f F k ; k sa d s, d l E i w. k ZØ e d k s^ p U n ze k l * d g k t k r k g Sv F k k Zr ~p U n ze k d h t c 3 0 f r f F k ; k ¡i wj h g k st k r h g Sa r c , d p an ze k l i wj k g k st k r k g SA v e k o L ; k d sc k n p aæ x zg d k v a' k i qu % l w; Zl s v k x st k r k g Sr c n wl j sp an ze k l d h i zf r i n k d k i zk j E H k g k sr k g SA b l i zd k j 3 0 f n u e sa p U n zx zg v k d k ' k e . M y d s3 6 0 v a' k d k H k ze . k i wj k d j y sr k g SA b l Ø e d h f u j ar j i qu j k o `f Ù k g k sr h j g r h g SA p waf d p an ze k x zg e u d k L o k e h g S] v r % l e L r i zk f . k t x r m l d si zH k k o l sv N wr k u g h aj g l d r k v F k k Zr ~v i j k / k h i j p U n zx zg d h v y x & v y x f r f F k ; k sa d k v y x & v y x i zH k k o i M +r k g SA f r f F k ; k sa d h x . k u k d k Ø e f r f F k ; k sa d h x . k u k ' k qD y i { k d h i zf r i n k l sv k j E H k g k sr h g SA v e k o L ; k d sc k n d h i zf r i n k l s i wf . k Ze k r d ^ ' k qD y i { k * j g r k g SA b l e sa p U n zx zg d h ^ d y k * d k i zf r f n u f o d k l g k sr k v k Sj i zf r f n u p U n zx zg d k v f / k d e k x ZØ e ' k % i zd k ' k o k u f n [ k r k g SA i wf . k Ze k d h j k f = k e sa p U n zx zg d k l E i w. k ZH k k x i zd k ' k o k u j g r k g SA i wf . k Ze k d sc k n d h i zf r i n k l sy sd j v e k o L ; k r d d h f r f F k ; k sa d k s^ Ñ " . k i { k * d h f r f F k ; k ¡d g k t k r k g SA b l e sa i zf r f n u Ø e ' k % p U n zx zg d k H k k x d e i zd k ' k o k u g k sr k f n [ k r k g Sv k Sj v e k o L ; k d sf n u p U n z x zg f c Y d qy f n [ k k b Zu g h an sr k A m i j k sä l H k h f r f F k ; k sa d s^ L o k e h * H k h g k sr sg Sa ; F k k ¼ f r f F k ½ i zf r i n k& f } f r ; k& r `f r ; k& p r qF k h Z & i ap e h &



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p U n zx zg d h 3 0 d y k v k sa e sa i wf . k Ze k r F k k v e k o L ; k d sl e ; , d k n ' k h l sp r qF k h Zr d g q, v i j k / k k sa d k i zf r ' k r 6 3 0 4 3 4 g Sr F k k Ñ " . k i { k r F k k ' k qD y i { k d h v U ; f r f F k ; k sa ; F k k i ap e h l sn l o h ar d g q, v i j k / k k sa d k i zf r ' k r 3 6 9 5 6 5 g SA b l l sL i " V g k sr k g Sf d g R ; k r F k k g R ; k d si z; k l d sv i j k / k k sa d k l ac a/ k p U n zx zg l sg SA p U n zx zg d k i zH k k o o Sl sr k s3 0 d y k v k sa i j i M +r k g Si j U r q, d k n ' k h l si wf . k Ze k v k Sj p r qF k h Zr d r F k k , d k n ' k h l sv e k o L ; k v k Sj p r qF k h Zr d d h f r f F k ; k sa e sa v U ; f r f F k ; k sa ; F k k i ap e h l sn l o h af r f F k n k su k sa i { k ¼ ' k qD y i { k r F k k Ñ " . k i { k ½ d h r qy u k l sv f / k d i M +r k g SA g R ; k r F k k g R ; k d k i z; k l n k su k sa v i j k / k k sa d k sv y x & v y x d j n s[ k k t k ; sr k sm i j k sä 3 o " k k s± e sa i wf . k Ze k r F k k v e k o L ; k d sl e ; , d k n ' k h l sp r qF k h Zr d g R ; k d sd qy v i j k / k k sa d k i zf r ' k r 2 8 0 4 3 4 g Sr F k k v U ; f r f F k ; k sa ; F k k i ap e h l sn ' k e h aÑ " . k i { k r F k k ' k qD y i { k n k su k sa d h f r f F k ; k sa e sa g R ; k d sv i j k / k k sa d k i zf r ' k r 1 5 2 1 7 3 g St k sf d p U n zx zg d h v f / k d i zH k k o o k y h f r f F k ; k sa l s c g qr d e g SA b l h r j g g R ; k d k i z; k l d sl ac a/ k e sa i wf . k Ze k r F k k v e k o L ; k d sl e ; , d k n ' k h l sp r qF k h Zr d g R ; k d k i z; k l d sd qy v i j k / k k sa d k i zf r ' k r 3 5 g Sr F k k v U ; f r f F k ; k sa ; F k k i ap e h l sn ' k e h Ñ " . k i { k r F k k ' k qD y i { k n k su k sa d h f r f F k ; k sa e sa g R ; k d k i z; k l d sv i j k / k k sa d k i zf r ' k r 2 1 7 3 9 1 g St k sf d c g qr d e g Sv k Sj p U n zx zg d h f L F k f r d si zH k k o d k si zn f ' k Zr d j r k g SA v k Sl r d sv k / k k j i j f o ' y s" k . k ; g k ¡, d c k r v k Sj L i " V d j u k p k g r k g w¡ f d i wf . k Ze k r F k k v e k o L ; k d sl e ; , d k n ' k h l sp r qF k h Z r d d qy 1 8 f n u r F k k v U ; f r f F k ; k sa e sa i ap e h l sn l o h ar d ' k qD y i { k r F k k Ñ " . k i { k n k su k sa e sa d qy 1 2 f n u v k r sg SaA v r % v k Sl r d k s/ ; k u e sa j [ k d j i zf r f n u d sv k / k k j i j t k sx . k u k d h x ; h g So g f u E u o r ~g S% & ¼ 1 ½ 3 o " k k s± e sa p U n zx zg d h f r f F k ; k sa d sv k / k k j i j y x H k x 1 0 8 0 f n u g k sr sg SaA f t u e sa d qy v i j k / k k sa d h l a[ ; k 4 6 0 g SA v k Sl r d sv k / k k j i j 1 f n u e sa 0 4 2 5 9 v i j k / k g SaA p an zx zg d h 3 0 d y k v k sa e sa n k su k sa i { k k sa e sa i ap e h l sn l o h ar d 1 2 f n u g Sa t k sf d 3 o " k k s± e sa 4 3 2 f n u g k sax sA 1 2 x1 2 =1 4 4 f n u ] 1 4 4 x3 =4 3 2 f n u A 4 3 2 x0 .4 2 5 9 =1 8 3 .9 8 8 8 v i j k / k g k su sp k f g ; sf t u d k i zf r ' k r 3 9 9 9 7 5 g SA ¼ 2 ½ b l h r j g p U n zx zg d h i wf . k Ze k r F k k v e k o L ; k d sl e ; , d k n ' k h l sp r qF k h Zr d 1 8 f n u g Sa t k sf d 3 o " k k s± e sa 6 4 8 f n u g k sax sA 1 8 x1 2 =2 1 6 f n u ] 2 1 6 x3 =6 4 8 f n u 6 4 8 x0 .4 2 5 9 =2 7 5 .9 8 3 2 v i j k / k g k su sp k f g ; sf t u d k i zf r ' k r 5 9 9 9 6 3 g SA l k j . k h e sa 1 8 f n u i wf . k Ze k r F k k v e k o L ; k d sl e ; , d k n ' k h l sp r qF k h Zr d l k x j f t y se sa g R ; k r F k k g R ; k d k i z; k l d k i zf r ' k r 6 3 .0 4 3 4 % g S, o av k Sl r d sv k / k k j i j 5 9 .9 9 6 3 % g St k sf d v k Sl r l sc g qr v f / k d g St k sp U n zx zg d si zH k k o d k si f j y f { k r d j r k g SA b l h r j g 1 2 f n u ' k qD y i { k r F k k Ñ " . k i { k n k su k sa d h i ap e h l sn l o h af r f F k r d l k x j f t y se sa g R ; k r F k k g R ; k d si z; k l d k i zf r ' k r 3 6 9 5 6 5 g S, o av k Sl r d sv k / k k j i j 3 9 9 9 7 5 g S] t k sf d v k Sl r l sc g qr d e g St k sp U n zx zg d si zH k k o d k si f j y f { k r d j r k g SA f u " d " k Z m i j k sä f o ' y s" k . k d sv k / k k j i j ; g L i " V g k sr k g Sf d p U n zx zg e u q" ; d sO ; o g k j i j v u qd wy d s l k F k g h l k F k i zf r d wy i zH k k o H k h M k y r k g St k se u q" ; d k sv l k e k U ; ; k f o p f y r O ; o g k j d j u sd sf y ; s m R i zsf j r d j r k g SA p U n zx zg d sf t l x q# R o k d " k Z. k c y d sd k j . k i `F o h d s¾ H k k x e sa l e qn zt y e sa T o k j & H k k V k



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d s: i e sa m F k y & i qF k y g k sr h g Sr k se u q" ; e k = k f t l d sj ä d k v k Sj l e qn zt y d k Content y x H k x l e k u g S o g p U n zx zg d si zH k k o l sv N wr k u g h ag SA g R ; k r F k k g R ; k d k i z; k l v i j k / k d s: i e sa , sl sg h v l k e k U ; ; k f o p f y r O ; o g k j g Sa t k sp U n zx zg d si zH k k o d sd k j . k e u q" ; d k f j r d j u sd sf y ; sc k / ; g k st k r k g SA e wy r % d g k t k l d r k g Sf d g R ; k , o ag R ; k d k i z; k l d sv i j k / k p U n zx zg d h f L F k f r ; k sa l si zH k k f o r g k sr sg SaA b l m i d Y i u k d k sc y f e y r k g Sf d e u q" ; d sv i j k / k h O ; o g k j d sf y , T ; k sR " k h ; i f j f L F k f r ; k ¡m Ù k j n k ; h g Sa r F k k p an zx zg v i j k / k h O ; o g k j d sf y , e g R o i w. k Zd k j d g SA v f r f F k O ; k [ ; k r k v i j k / k ' k k L = k , o aU ; k f ; d f o K k u f o H k k x M k Wg j h f l ag x k Sj f o ' o f o | k y ; ] l k x j ¼ e i z½ 4 7 0 0 0 3 l U n H k Z& 1 -x k SM +] v ' k k sd d qe k j ] u o x zg j g L ; ] B k d qj i zl k n , . M l U l c qd l sy l Z] o k j k . k l h ] 1 9 7 9 ] i st 5 2 -x k SM +] v ' k k sd d qe k j ] u o x zg j g L ; ] B k d qj i zl k n , . M l U l c qd l sy l Z] o k j k . k l h ] 1 9 7 9 ] i st 5 3 -f n Y y h n wj n ' k Zu ] H k k j r 4 -l aM se sy ] ^ v k o j . k d F k k * ] 6 t wu 1 9 9 1 ] i st 1 0 5 -l aM se sy ] ^ v k o j . k d F k k * ] 6 t wu 1 9 9 1 ] i st 1 4 6 -> k j [ k . M h ] f ' k o u k F k ¼ f } r h ; l aL d j . k ½ ] H k k j r h ; T ; k sf r " k ] f g U n h l f e f r l wp u k f o H k k x ] y [ k u Å 1 9 6 3 i st 1 6 7 -x k SM +] v ' k k sd d qe k j ] u o x zg j g L ; ] B k d qj i zl k n , . M l al c qd l sy l Z] o k j k . k l h ] 1 9 7 9 ] i st 7 -



Revisiting Portuguese Colonization in India Susheel Kumar Sharma “[The discovery of India] profoundly agitated the hearts and minds of the people of Europe. The rude multitude were stirred by an uncontrollable lust of riches and spirit of adventure; and the cultivated by the sense of renewed faith and hope in the divine deliverance of the world, at the moment when Christendom was almost sinking into the old despair of human destiny and duty that marked the decline of Imperial Rome. For all men the sphere of human intelligence and sympathy was permanently and indefinitely enlarged. The Spanish and Portuguese discoveries of the Indies were, for Europe indeed, nothing less than the revelation of a new moral world, and the definite emancipation of the human soul from the ghostly trammels of its obsequious bondage to secular and religious dogmatism through all the dark centuries of the middle ages.” (Birdwood 256257) The discovery of a new sea route rounding Africa from Western Europe to India



Madhya Bharti-72, January-June, 2017, ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 135-156



1 3 6 @ e / ; H k k j r h in 1498 left an indelible impact not only on the European life but also on the Indian polity, economy and social life. For Europeans the discovery meant that the Portuguese would not need to cross the highly disputed Mediterranean nor the dangerous Arabian Peninsula and that the entire voyage could be made by sea. This resulted in the proclamation of the King Manuel of Portugal as the 'Lord of the Navigation, Conquest and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India' and he soon became “the wealthiest ruler of Europe” (Saraiva 334) and earned for himself the sobriquet of “the Spice King”. The import of this appellation can be gauged from the following remark of George Birdwood that amplifies the power relation between spices and the rulers: “…the history of modern Europe, and emphatically of England, is the history of the quest of the aromatic gum resins and balsams, and condiments and spices, of India, Further [sic] India, and the Indian Archipelago” (101) A new era of global imperialism started taking shape in the form of the Portuguese expansion on the Western Ghats in India from the present day Kozhikode (or Calicut, the place where Vasco da Gama landed, “the name of which port was well known in Europe” Oaten 72) to Div in the north and up to Coromandel (the coast line of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu) though it was not always welcome. Gama was generously received with a grand procession of at least 3,000 armed Nairs by the Zamorin, the Hindu king of Calicut, but the presents that Gama was to send to the Zamorin as gifts from King Manuel (“twelve pieces of lambel [a striped cloth], four scarlet hoods, six hats, four strings of coral, a case containing six wash-hand basins, a case of sugar, two casks of oil, and two of honey”, Ravenstein 60), were trivial and failed to impress the Zamorin's factor, the Moor. Da Gama was jeered into shame as Zamorin's men burst out laughing, pointing out that even the poorest Arab merchants knew that nothing less than pure gold was admissible at court. Many also suggested that he was a pirate and not a royal ambassador. (Ravenstein 119, Correa 200, janson.no) Gama again tried to impress the Zamorin with his gifts “consisting of amber, corals, and many other things” (Ravenstein 70) but the latter refused even to have a look at them and suggested that they should have been sent to his factor. (Idem) As unlike other foreign traders da Gama failed to pay taxes in gold he was refused the right to establish a factory1. Annoyed by this, da Gama carried a few (the number ranges from five to twenty,



Revisiting Portuguese Colonization in India@ 1 3 7



Ravenstein 181, Correa 204) hostages (a few Nairs and sixteen fishermen (mukkuva) with him by force (crossingtheoceansea.com). During his next trip in 1502 da Gama was even crueller with competing traders and local inhabitants. He humiliated the Hindu Zamorin's high priest, Talappana Namboothiri, who had helped the former to meet Zamorin during his much celebrated first visit by calling him a spy; at his orders the high priest's lips and ears were cut off; the priest was let off after sewing a pair of dog's ears to his head. (Correa 363, Hunter History 109, Playne 366, thehistoryjunkie.com) Birdwood correctly uses the simile of “hungry wolves among the well-stocked sheep” to describe the Portuguese venture into the Indian Ocean. (165) The Portuguese who raised their warehouses at Kozhikode in 1500 and Kannur (Cannanore) in 1502, constructed three forts in 1503 (at Kollam/Quilon, Kottapuram/ Cranganore and Kochi/Cochin) and two in 1505 (at Anjediva Island and Kannur) to provide protection to their people who had conflicting interests with Arab and Indian traders. Alfonso De Albuquerque2, the second governor, followed the three-fold policy: of combating Muslims (the major political impediment) and their Hindu allies, spreading Christianity, and securing the trade of spices by establishing a Portuguese colony in India (Estado Português da Índia). In 1510, Albuquerque seized Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur and “started a reign of terror, burning 'heretics,' crucifying Brahmins, using false theories to forcibly convert the lower castes, razing temples to build churches upon them and encouraging his soldiers to take Indian mistresses.” (Gautier stephen-knapp.com) Denison Ross describes him as “the great Albuquerque” (15 & 17) because of his having established Portuguese naval superiority by quelling the Muslim (Moorish) powers that controlled the Arabian Sea. He also credits him for abolition of Sati3: “Albuquerque and his immediate successors left almost untouched the customs of the people of Goa, only abolishing, as did the English later, the rite of sati” (Ross 17-18) though the historical facts reveal entirely a different picture regarding the social and cultural persecution of the people as is also hinted in the following observation of Ross: “Albuquerque did everything in his power to encourage his Portuguese to take Indian wives.” (11) Ross as a matter of fact is slightly off the mark in his observation as he should have written: “Albuquerque did everything in his power to encourage and compel Indians to accept Portuguese as sons-in-law or husbands.” A large number of New Christian Portuguese4 were also coming to India because they were being discriminated against on the basis of their faith as is clear from King Manuel's letter (dated February 18, 1519): “prohibiting the naming of New Christians to the position of judge, town councillor or municipal registrar in Goa, stipulating, however, that those already appointed were not to be dismissed.” (Saraiva 347) António José Saraiva writes: “Upon [Albuquerque's] death at Goa the city had a permanent LusoIndian population, an administration and divers industries.” (Saraiva 343) Proselytising : A Mission to Swap The Papal Bull, Romanus pontifex, written by Pope Nicholas V in 1454 granted the patronage of the propagation of the Christian faith in Asia to the Portuguese and rewarded them with a trade monopoly in newly discovered areas. They used all their might in establishing their superiority in trade and to control the sea routes and the local



1 3 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h



markets. Danvers quotes Nawáb Muhabbat Khán to highlight how they were taking on the Muslim rulers: “… Christians became more audacious in their persecution of the Muhammadans, in so far that they stretched out their rapacious hands to plunder on their return from Jedda some ships of the Emperor Jalal-ud din Muhammad Akbar, which had sailed to Mecca without their permission, and they treated Musulmans with great severity and contempt. They burnt down the port of Adilabad Farain, which belonged to 'Adil Shah, and entirely destroyed it. In the guise of merchants, they also came to Dabal, and wished, by cunning and deceitful means, to obtain possession of it; …” (emphasis added 2:33) The Doctrine of Padroado (jus patrionatus established by the Papal Bulls of 1514) provided the authority for missionary work to be in the hands of the Portuguese Crown in areas where Portugal claimed political rights. (vgweb.org) The first Luz church was built by the Portuguese in 1516 in Thirumayilai (Mylapore). Missionaries of the newly founded Society of Jesus (1534) were sent to Goa and the Portuguese colonial government supported the mission with incentives like rice donations for the poor, good positions in the Portuguese colonies for the middle class, and military support for local rulers. (Daus 61-66) St. Francis Xavier was very clear in his mind when he wrote: “I want to free the poor Hindus from the stranglehold of the Brahmins and destroy the places where evil spirits are worshipped.” (Francis Xavier qtd by Michael Kerrigan)



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Denison Ross writes: “It may be recalled … that after the arrival of the Franciscan missionaries in 1517 Goa had become the centre of an immense propaganda, and already in 1540 by the orders of the king of Portugal all the Hindu temples in the island of Goa had been destroyed.” (18) Fr. Diogo da Borba and his advisor Vicar General, Miguel Vaz drew plans for converting the Hindus to Christianity. “In a letter dated March 8, 1546 King João III ordered the Viceroy to forbid Hinduism ('Gentile idolatry') in all the Portuguese possessions of India, destroy Hindu temples, prohibit the celebration of Hindu feasts, expel all Brahmins and severely punish anyone making Hindu image.” (Saraiva 348) “The viceroy, D. Constantino de Bragança passed a decree in 1559 ordering the destruction of remaining temples and idols.” (Mendonça 260) However, Victor Ferrao, Dean Patriarchal Seminary of Rachol, disputes the claim by saying: “… the word Hindu does not exist in the entire sixteenth century Indo-Portuguese historiography.” (nizgoenkar.org) He further holds: “Though the temples that were demolished were not Hindu, but [the] one(s) that belonged to different cults that have united into Hinduism of today the Hindu community is certainly carrying the pain of this false impression … .” (nizgoenkar.org) The Kapaleeswarar (Shiva) temple (Mylapore, Chennai) was destroyed by the Catholic Portuguese in 1561 and in its place came up St. Thomas Cathedral (Santhome Church) where some fragmentary inscriptions from the old temple are still there. In 1566 António de Noronha (Bishop of Elvas) issued an order applicable to the entire area under Portuguese rule: “I hereby order that in any area owned by my master, the king, nobody should construct a Hindu temple and such temples already constructed should not be repaired without my permission. If this order is transgressed, such temples shall be, destroyed and the goods in them shall be used to meet expenses of holy deeds, as punishment of such transgression.” (qtd by de Souza vgweb.org ) It is claimed that the Jesuits destroyed 280 Hindu temples in Salsette and the Franciscan friars 300 in Bardez in 1567. In 1583, Hindu temples at Assolna and Cuncolim were destroyed through army action. (de Souza vgweb.org) Fatima Gracias writes: “It is true a considerable number of the Goan temples were erased by the Portuguese rulers but some were built in the 18th century.” (“Impact” 45) Even mosques were broken to raise churches. On the authority of a native Muslim historian, Danvers writes, “[The Portugese] demolished a mosque [in Cochin] and made a Christian church of it” in 1450 (p 29); they “set the 'Jama'- masjid' on fire” in Calicut in the month of Ramadan, Dec 1509. (p. 31) St. Francis Xavier hated Brahmins for he considered them to be the biggest hurdle in his proselytizing mission: “[The Brahmins] are the most perverse people in the world, and of them was written the psalmist's prayer: De gente non sancta, ab homine iniquo et doloso eripe me [“From an unholy race, and wicked and crafty men, deliver me, Lord”]. They do not know what it is to tell the truth but forever plot how to lie subtly and deceive their poor, ignorant followers.... Were it not for these Brahmins all the heathen would be converted... .” (qtd by Pastor Don Elmore) Timothy J. Coates in his Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 15501755 writes: “The Pai dos Cristãos enforced a series of laws, known as the Laws in



1 4 0 @ e / ; H k k j r h Favour of Christianity, aimed at the forced or coerced conversion of a number of South Asian communities under Portuguese political control.” (167) In his book Conversions and Citizenry: Goa Under Portugal, 1510-1610 Délio de Mendonça, writes: “[The viceroy, D. Pedro Mascarenhas (1554-1555)] promulgated several laws in favour of conversion and ordered them to be read on the streets of Goa. These orders banned all the Hindu ceremonies in Portuguese territory, and demanded the separation of Hindu orphans from their relatives so that they might be brought up in Christian customs.” (258) Timothy J. Coates gives details of the laws to promote Christianity by adopting orphans malevolently: “In 1559, King D. Sebastião passed a law … stating that [the children] without



mothers, fathers, or grandparents and who “were not old enough to have an understanding of reason” should be turned over to the juiz dos órfãos and placed in the College of São Paulo, where they were to be baptized. … In 1567, the law was reinterpreted by Bishop D. Jorge Semedo to read that being fatherless alone was sufficient grounds to declare a child an orphan and separate him or her from remaining family, even if the child's mother and other relatives opposed it. ... Some orphans attempted to evade this new understanding by marrying but under fourteen and under twelve years of age were not allowed to marry and were forcibly converted as well. This



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law was enforced by having all such children turned over to the captain of the area (that is, Goa, Bardez and Salsette). The captain entrusted the child to the authorities of the College of St. Paul. Anyone hiding such children was threatened with loss of his or her property and indefinite exile.” (166) The orphans were being eyed by the Portuguese “not only by desire to save their souls but also by anxiety to take charge of their estates.” (Priolkar 128) Various measures were introduced to separate the Christians from others. Several decrees were issued to prevent the Christians from following non-Christian customs and prevent Hindus from following many of their customs. (Gracias Kaleidoscope 47) Laws were passed banning Christians from keeping Hindus in their employ and the public worship of Hindus was deemed unlawful. All the persons above 15 years of age were compelled to listen to Christian preaching, failing which they were punished. Historian Anant Priolkar gives details of how Hindus were forced to assemble periodically in churches to listen to the refutation of their religion. (123-25) In order to humiliate the locals the Viceroy ordered that Hindu Pandits and doctors be disallowed from entering the capital city on horseback or palanquins, the violation of which entailed a fine. Successive violations resulted in imprisonment. Christian palanquin-bearers were forbidden from carrying Hindus as passengers. Christian agricultural labourers were forbidden to work in the lands owned by Hindus, and Hindus forbidden to employ Christian labourers. (Priolkar 114-149) Similarly Délio de Mendonça on the basis of various historical documents writes: “The viceroy, D. Constantino de Bragança, implemented mercilessly all the decrees in favour of conversion. He promulgated a few more, even stronger than those of his predecessors. He passed a decree in 1559 ordering the destruction of remaining temples and idols. Bragança expelled harmful Brahmans from Goa in 1560. To those who had immovable property he gave one month to sell it; the others had to leave Goa immediately. In default they would be sent to the galleys after forfeiting their goods. Under the same threat he ordered all the goldsmiths … to bring [their women folk and children and goods] back to the island or abandon the land.” (260) The first provincial council held in 1567 prevented women from seeking help of non-Christian midwives5 because the latter used some indigenous herbal medicines for reducing the labour pain and for safely delivering the baby. On September 22, 1570 an order proclaiming that the Hindus embracing Christianity would be exempted from land taxes for a period of 15 years and prohibiting the use of Hindu names or surnames was issued. (vgweb.org) Hindu widows and daughters were encouraged to convert to Christians with the bait of the departed husband's property but if they did not the property was given to the nearest relative who converted. The slaves of the infidels who converted to Christianity were to be freed by the proclamation of 1592. Sebastião in 1559 decreed that property could be inherited by the sons, grandsons or other relatives of a deceased Hindu only if they had converted to Christianity. On the basis of various records Priolkar gives details of racial discrimination that continued even after conversion not only in matters of appointments, promotion, social gatherings but also in hospitals. (143-146) The Portuguese were the first European colonizers to arrive in India but the last



1 4 2 @ e / ; H k k j r h to leave. In contrast to the other European colonisers in India the Portuguese tried to accept India as their land and tried to assimilate themselves with the native inhabitants. Bemoaning their loss of identity Van Diemen, the Dutch governor, wrote: “Most of the Portuguese in India look upon this region as their fatherland, and think no more about Portugal. They drive little or no trade thither, but content themselves with the port-to-port trade of Asia, just as if they were natives thereof and had no other country.” (qtd by Pearson, 87). It is but natural that the Portuguese tried to do many “good things” for India. For example, they introduced several crops like potato, tomato, sugar potato, capsicum and chillies, tobacco, red kidney bean (rajma), coffee, tapioca, groundnuts, corn, papaya, pineapple, guava, avocado, cashew, sapota (cheeku) and superior plantation varieties of coconut. They not only constructed new roads and developed irrigation facilities but also helped the traders in marketing their products in the entire Indian Ocean. They also introduced various cuisines like toasts and sandwiches, cottage cheese, vindaloo, balchao, sorpotel, sausages, sweet Goan wine and various kinds of loaves like round gutli and flat pav. They were the only colonizers who encouraged marital relationships with the colonised Indians. They also introduced the system of drilling bodies of infantry, grouped and disciplined upon the Spanish model in the 1630s. At sea the Portuguese were carriers of improved techniques. They also introduced multidecked ships, designed to ride out Atlantic gales and that could carry a heavier armament. They also contributed in the field of music, dance, painting, carving and sculpture. Printing operations were started by them in Goa in 1556; books were printed in Tamil and Devanagari fonts on imported paper from Portugal around 1579; the first ever catalogue of the Indian plants was published in 1563; 86 dictionaries, 115 grammar books and 45 journals in 73 languages of India were produced by the Portuguese. Fr. Thomas Stephens (1549-1619) produced the first “Konkani Grammar” and Fr. Diogo Ribero (1560-1633) published the first dictionary in Konkani in two volumes in 1626. Despite all their “good works” and their efforts at assimilation the colonial impact of Portuguese in the form of official language is nowhere to be found in today's India. Like the French their colonies were comparatively small but French is being used as an Official language at least in Pondicherry even today (in 2017) but Portuguese has been banished from Goa/India for ever. The reasons need to be explored in the sociohistorical context. It may be seen as a reaction to the repressive measures adopted by the Portuguese to suppress the proud locals' mother tongue. At the urging of Franciscans, the Portuguese viceroy forbade the use of Konkani in 1684. He decreed that within three years, the local people should speak the Portuguese tongue and use it in all their dealings in Portuguese territories. The penalty for violation was imprisonment. The same decree provided that all the non-Christian symbols along with books written in local languages should be destroyed. This decree was confirmed by the King of Portugal three years later. In 1812, the Archbishop of Goa decreed that Konkani should be restricted in schools. In 1847, this prohibition was extended to seminaries. In 1869, Konkani was completely banned in schools. Konkani became the lingua de criados (“language of servants”). In an effort to eradicate indigenous cultural practices such as observing ceremonies, fasts,



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music, festivals, dresses, foods and greetings, the laws and prohibitions of the inquisition were invoked in the edict of 1736 whereby over 42 Hindu practices were prohibited, including anointing foreheads with sandalwood paste and rice, greeting people with Namaste, singing Konkani vovios (Limericks) in marriages, (and songs on festivals, and social and religious ceremonies like child birth, singing of bhajans and kirtan), playing of native musical instruments, celebrating the birth of deities like Lord Krishna, exchanging areca nuts, betel leaves and flowers on weddings, distribution of fried puris, the practice of massaging the bridal couple with oil, ground saffron, coconut milk, rice flour and powder of abolim leaves, inviting relatives of the bride and groom in marriage ceremonies, presence of a priest (Bottos) to perform any kind of religious ceremony (including thread ceremony and marriages) in Hindu households, erection of pandals and the use of festoons, serving of ceremonial feasts at the birth of children and for the peace of the souls of the dead, fasting on ekadashi day (though fasting done according to the Christian principles was allowed), wearing of the Brahminical ponytail (úikhâ), sacred caste thread and dhoti (pudvem) by Hindu men either in public or in their houses, cholis by Hindu women, sandals, removing the slippers while entering the church and growing of the sacred Tulsi (basil) plant in houses, compounds, gardens or any other place. (Newman 17) The Christians were forbidden from eating boiled rice without salt as done by Hindus. (Gracias Kaleidoscope 48) As severe decrees were issued against Hindu festivities and celebrations they, in order to escape punishment, started celebrating them secretly during night time. Even the entry of Hindu Joshis, Jogees and Gurus of temples was banned as they were perceived as a threat. In the fourth decade of the 20th century, the State ordered that Goans should appear wearing pants in all towns of Goa, in headquarters of the New Conquests and ferry wharfs of Betim, Durbate, Rachol,



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Savordem, Dona Paula and Piligação. However, non-Christians were allowed to wear a coat along with pudvem instead of pants. (Idem) “The same Council decreed that Christians should not ask non-Christians to paint their idols neither ask Hindu goldsmiths to make candlesticks, crosses and other Church requirements.” (Gracias Kaleidoscope 56) Polygamy was prohibited in 1567 and Monogamy was imposed on non-Christians. (Robinson 2000, Saraiva 351, vgweb.org) though Hindu men were permitted by their Codigo dos Usos e Costumes to have more than one wife in certain conditions (Gracias Kaleidoscope 143-144) Those who considered these impositions unlawful and dared to oppose the regulations were severely punished. H P Salomon and I S D Sassoon claim that between the 1561 and in 1774, at least 16,202 persons (of whom nearly 90% were natives) were brought to trial by the Inquisition. This being the number of the documents burnt at the suggestion of the Portuguese Viceroy in India and the approval of Prince Regent João. (Saraiva 345-346) These figures present only an incomplete picture as is clear from the following remarks of Salomon and Sassoon: “Research on the 17th century has not yet been completed as far as quantitative and statistic studies are concerned” (Saraiva 351) and “The last phase of the Goan Inquisition, 1801-1812, which saw 202 persons sentenced, has not yet been analyzed.” (Saraiva 353) Terrorising Mission Acting upon the requests of Vicar general Miguel Vaz in 1543 and St. Francis Xavier in 1546 João (John) III installed the Inquisition6 in Goa on 2 March 1560 with jurisdiction over Goa and the rest of the Portuguese empire in Asia. Though it was officially repressed in 1774 by Marquis of Pombal, Queen Maria I reinstated it in 1778. It finally came to an end in 1812 by a royal decree as a consequence of Napoleon's Iberian Peninsular campaign. It was “the only tribunal outside of Portugal … [with a] jurisdiction over the entire 'Orient' from Eastern Africa to Timor.” (Saraiva 174) Perhaps because of their Catholic fervour, the Portuguese inquisitors in Goa became the most



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severely fanatic, cruel and violent in all Portuguese territories. It was headed by a Portuguese judge who was answerable only to the General Counsel of the Lisbon Inquisition and handed down punishments as per the Standing Rules that governed that institution though its proceedings were kept secret. The Inquisition prosecuted apostate New Christians (Marranos) as well as their suspect descendants (practising the religion of their ancestors in secret), Goan Sephardic Jews who had fled from Spain and Portugal to escape Spanish or Portuguese Inquisition and the non-converts who broke prohibitions against the observance of Hindu or Muslim rites or interfered with Portuguese attempts to convert non-Christians to Catholicism. The observance of former customs after conversion was declared un-Christian and heretical. Those accused of religious heresies were the prime targets of the death penalty. (Silva and Fuchs 4–5) The records speak of the demand for hundreds of prison cells to accommodate the accused. (Hunter Imperial) Inquisitions helped the Portuguese in preventing defection back to the original faiths as it provided “protection” to those who converted to Christianity. A pardon for punishment could be bargained in lieu of property. According to Indo-Portuguese historian Teotonio R de Souza, grave abuses were practised in Goa. (91) Historian Alfredo de Mello in his Memoirs of Goa “has given all the spine-chilling details relating to anti-pagan, anti-heathen, and anti-Hindu 'Christian Compassion' during the course of Holy Inquisition in Goa from 1560 to 1812.” (qtd by V Sundaram) De Mello describes the performers of Goan inquisition as “nefarious, fiendish, lustful, corrupt religious orders which pounced on Goa for the purpose of destroying paganism and introducing the true religion of Christ” (qtd by V Sundaram) R N Saksena writes “in the name of the religion of peace and love, the tribunal(s) practiced cruelties to the extent that every word of theirs was a sentence of death.” (24) It was not always for catholic reasons but also because of the personal rivalries, prejudices and jealousies that a person was sent to inquisition as is evident from Dellon's case. (20-24) Dellon, a 24 year-old Roman Catholic Frenchman, practising medicine in Daman was apparently charged and imprisoned by the order of the Inquisition at Goa for not kissing the painted image of “the Holy Virgin or some other saint” (12) on the small alms boxes as was the custom of the local Catholics, for asking a patient to part with the “ivory image of the Holy Virgin” (12) that he had in his bed before the operation, describing the crucifix “as a piece of



1 4 6 @ e / ; H k k j r h ivory” (14), refusing to wear a rosary (15) and questioning the infallibility of the inquisitors in a friendly conversation with a priest (15-16). However, the real reason for his imprisonment and final banishment from Daman/Goa by the order of the Inquisition was the ill-conceived malice and jealousy of the Governor of Daman, Manuel Furtado de Mendoza and that of “a black priest, Secretary of the Holy Office.” (21) Both of them harboured a secret passion for a lady whom the doctor admired and visited; the lady also perhaps doted on the doctor. The Governor dissembled as a friend and reported private conversations to the Inquisition at Goa because he wanted him to be away from his secret love about which the doctor was ignorant. The priest lived opposite to the lady's house “and had repeatedly solicited her to gratify his infamous passion, even when at confession.” (21) Dellon thus reports his first hand experience in the inquisition prison cell: “… I every morning heard the cries of those whom the torture was administered, and which was inflicted so severely, that I have seen many persons of both sexes who have been crippled by it … . No distinctions of rank, age or sex are attended to in this Tribunal. Every individual is treated with equal severity; and when the interest of Inquisition requires it, all are alike tortured in almost perfect nudity.” (93-94) Lust of the clergy was another reason for sending somebody for Inquisition is borne out by the following reported confession: “In 1710, a dying priest told his confessor that he and the other priests in his diocese had regularly threatened their female penitents that they would turn them over to the Inquisition unless they had sex with them!” (Kramer and Sprenger) Historian Alexandre Herculano in his “Fragment about the Inquisition” also hints at the perversity of the Inquisitors: “… The terrors inflicted on pregnant women made them abort. ... Neither the beauty or decorousness of the flower of youth, nor the old age, so worthy of compassion in a woman, exempted the weaker sex from the brutal ferocity of the supposed defenders of the religion. ... There were days when seven or eight were submitted to torture. These scenes were reserved for the Inquisitors after dinner. It was post-prandial entertainment. Many a time during those acts, the inquisitors compared notes in the appreciation of the beauty of the human form. While the unlucky damsel twisted in the intolerable pains of torture, or fainted in the intensity of the agony, one Inquisitor applauded the angelic touches of her face, another the brightness of her eyes, another, the voluptuous contours of her breast, another the shape of her hands. In this conjuncture, men of blood transformed themselves into real artists!” (qtd by Alfredo de Mello) Inquisition affected the economic life of the people as well. On one hand it was an easy way to take control of somebody's hard earned money/property on the other it was bringing down productivity and ruining business. Commenting on the importance of the confiscation of the properties of the accused Saraiva writes: “From the economic point of view, the Inquisition was not a commercial enterprise but a vehicle for distributing money and other property to its numerous personnel – a form of pillage, as in war, albeit more bureaucratized. The Inquisitorial army, whose members shared the seigniorial and warrior mentality of the Portuguese fidalgos in India, maintained themselves by plundering the property of wealthy bourgeois” (Saraiva 187) Saraiva



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agrees with Luis da Cunha (1662-1749) who lays the blame at the Inquisitors' door for “the decadence of textile manufacture in the B e i r a s a n d Tr a s - o s Montes provinces, the decline of sugar production in Brazil.” (Saraiva 221) Doubts about Inquisition were being expressed even back home as Inquisition could ruin the prospects of the Portuguese empire if the New Christians were discriminated and persecuted: “If the Portuguese Inquisition continues unchecked: It will spell ruin of Portugal and even part of Spain. For in all of Portugal there is not a single merchant (hombre de negocios) who is not of this Nation. These people have their correspondents in all lands and domains of the king our lord. Those of Lisbon send kinsmen to the East Indies to establish trading-posts where they receive the exports from Portugal, which they barter for merchandise in demand back home. They have outposts in the Indian port cities of Goa and Cochin and in the interior. In Lisbon and India nobody can handle the trade in merchandise except persons of this Nation. Without them, His Majesty will no longer be able to make a go of his Indian possessions, and will lose the 600,000 ducats a year in duties which finance the whole enterprise – from equipping the ships to paying the seamen and soldiers.” (Zellorigo qtd by Saraiva 145) French writer, historian and philosopher François-Marie Arouet Voltaire attacked the established Catholic Church and lamented that Goa is inglorious for Inquisitions: “Goa est malheureusement célèbre par son inquisition, également contraire à l'humanité et au commerce. Les moines portugais firent accroire que le peuple adorait le diable, et ce sont eux qui l'ont servi.” (Goa is unfortunately nefarious for its inquisition, equally contrary to humanity and commerce. The Portuguese monks made us believe that the people worshiped the devil but it was they who served him. Voltaire, 1066) Portuguese East India Company The royal trading house, Casa da Índia, founded around 1500 used to manage Portuguese trade with India. However, trade to India was thrown open to Portuguese nationals by 1570 as the Casa was incurring huge losses. As few took up the offer, the Casa started selling India trading contracts to private Portuguese merchant consortiums in 1578, granting them a monopoly for one year. The annual contract system was abandoned in 1597 and the royal monopoly was resumed. However, the vigorous



1 4 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h competition with Dutch VOC and English East India Company after 1598 forced the king to experiment to defend the Portuguese business propositions. As a result in 1605 Conselho da Índia was created to bring affairs in Portuguese India but it was dissolved in 1614. In the wake of the severe competition with other European companies in August 1628 the Companhia do commércio da Índia (or Companhia da Índia Oriental), organized along the lines of Dutch and English companies, came into existence by a charter of King Philip III. The idea of a chartered private Portuguese East India Company was first broached and promoted by a Portuguese New Christian merchant Duarte Gomes Solis who lived in Madrid. The Company was granted a monopoly on trade in coral, pepper, cinnamon, ebony and cowrie shells and could be extended to other items upon request. It had full administrative and juridical privileges, including the right to keep all spoils from seizures of Dutch and English ships. “Chapter Ten of the rule book of the Company enacts that, in case of Inquisitorial confiscation, the confiscated assets would continue to belong to the Company and would revert to the heir of the convicted person in the third generation. The subscribers of the capital investment who furnished more than a specified sum were to be ennobled.” (Saraiva 200) The Company proved unprofitable as the overseas Portuguese merchants rejected the new Company's authority. The Company was dissolved in 1633. “On the initiative and through the mediation of the Jesuits, the New Christians offered to finance once again an “East India Company” on the model of the British and Dutch East India Companies, in exchange for a general amnesty and drastic reforms in Inquisitorial procedure. The proposal was drawn up at the beginning of 1673 by a Jesuit, Father Baltasar da Costa, Provincial of the Malabar coast of India and presented to the king by another Jesuit, his confessor. … The regent Pedro … gave his consent… .” (Saraiva 215) Luso-Indians To meet the natural requirement of women for the Portuguese men in the growing powerful Portuguese presence in the Arab sea and Indian Ocean Albuquerque, under his policy Politica dos Casamentos, encouraged marriages between Portuguese men “originally from lowest classes in Portugal including some convicted criminals” (Rocha, 38) and native women as the number of Portuguese females who came with Portuguese officials (renois), those who were born to Portuguese parents in India (castiças), others who came on ships (aventureiras) and women of mixed blood (both mestiços and mulatas) in 16th century was very limited. Two hundred such marriages were arranged within two months of the Goan conquest. However, the marriages were not approved until the women were baptized as Christians and those who converted were given extra privileges and gifts by their husbands and rulers as rewards. (Rao 42) The primary motive of such arrangements was to divert Hindu property to Portuguese and to create a new community that would identify itself with Portuguese power but would be happy to be in this region; this would also create a white identity which in turn would perpetuate the Portuguese rule in the region. The men involved were not gentlemen but mainly rank and file (like soldiers, masons, carpenters and other artisans) and the exiled convicts (like gypsies, prostitutes, vagabonds and beggars called degredos) on account



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of the law of the Sesmarias and “Beggars' Law” in Portugal7. It is said that Albuquerque gave dowry (18000 reis, clothes, rice, a house, slave women, cattle and a piece of land) to each of such couples. Such men as took native wives were known as casados; they had special privileges as Albuquerque treated these women as his own daughters and men his sons-in-law. They were given pay and groceries (soldo e mantimento), separate quarters (bairros) in urban areas and locally important positions such as tanadar and tabelio. Despite this many soldiers preferred to have only casual relationship with native women who came from various social groups viz. those associated with soldiers and administrators from the proceeding Adil Shahi administrators, fair Mooresses and slaves, Mestiços and temple dancers. As Albuquerque was very conscious of colour he advised his men to marry fair Hindu and Muslim women and encouraged them to avoid dark complexioned Malabaris. (Bethencourt 210) Though these women invariably were converted to Christianity yet there was some opposition to such marriages from certain quarters in the Church and the Government. However, the state reiterated its stand and policy in the form of alvara issued in 1684. The estimated number of casados in Portuguese Asia was 6000 in 1600. Many noblemen (fidalgos) who migrated to India had left their wives and children back home and had either kept native women as mistresses or had developed lasting relationships with temple dancers (devadasi/ baidadeiras). “In the 16th century, Chinese, Korean and Japanese slaves were also brought to Portugal and the Portuguese settlements, including Goa.” (lydiafellowshipinternational.org) A large number of them were brought for sexual purposes, as noted by the Church in 1555. (Leupp 51-54) King Sebastião of Portugal feared that “it was having a negative effect on Catholic proselytisation since the trade in Japanese slaves was growing to massive proportions. At his command it was banned in 1571.” (lydiafellowshipinternational.org) In order to prevent men from indulging in lustful and sinful lives, to bring down the number of mixed marriages in India, to transfer their surplus population in Portugal to other places and to increase Portuguese presence in the colonies they shifted Portuguese girl orphans (Órfãs d'El-Rei or “Orphans of the King”) at the expense of the crown to Portuguese colonies in India (particularly Goa) “to marry either Portuguese settlers or natives with high status.” (worldheritageofportugueseorigin.com) Not only did several batches of such girls arrive between 1545 and 1595 in Goa but also “the system apparently continued to function intermittently until the (early) eighteenth century.” (Coates 43) Those who married such girls were given various incentives ranging from captaincy of forts to trading agencies along with dowry. Despite this all the girl orphans could not find “suitable husbands” as most of them “lacked good looks” besides being “old and sickly.” The Inquisition came into existence to punish Hindus and Muslims around the same time. In 1620, an order was passed to prohibit the Hindus from performing their marriage rituals. “A document available at Torre do Tombo states that in the middle of the seventeenth century the Municipal Council of Goa (Senado) requested the Portuguese king to decree that 'no Brahmin or Chardo who is rich or has property might marry his daughter to any one except to a Portuguese born in Portugal and such people must leave their property to their daughters'” (Gracias Kaleidoscope 41) It may be



1 5 0 @ e / ; H k k j r h noted that the higher castes in Goa and elsewhere practiced Sati for various reasons. No wonder that caste Hindu women burnt themselves (performed Sati) in such an atmosphere to save their honour and save their families from humiliation. Again, women are generally considered as a prize catch after a war. If women burn themselves as a strategy (known as scorched earth policy in the warfare) the soldiers do not get anything and a discontent among them grows. In this light it can be understood easily that Albuquerque's banning of sati in Goa (Ross 18, De Souza 70) was not for having any compassion for Hindu women but to have an easy access to the women to meet the requirements of his men and complete his agenda. (Gracias Kaleidoscope 44) Such marriages were intended to increase the wealth of Portuguese and the number of Christians by conversion, to have enough persons for Indian army loyal to Portugal and to enlarge white colony. The mixed-race children bore no stigma of inferiority to the Portuguese. Today Luso-Indians are viewed as a sub-caste of Anglo-Indians. While Carton views these relationships in the absence of European women as experiments in the colonial “laboratories where new social categories and political structures were produced by colonial realities rather than by metropolitan orders” (Carton 3) Boxer considers them a political necessity: “Sexual politics of interracial liaison building in the private sphere were, therefore, as politically important as the military and economic manoeuvring in the public sphere.” (Boxer, 12) The Decline of Portuguese Denison Ross in Cambridge History of India writes: “… if one of [Turks'] fleets had succeeded in driving the Portuguese out of their fortresses on the Indian coast, the establishment of Christian powers in India might have been indefinitely postponed” (27) but that did not happen. Every born person has to die and those at the pinnacle once have to come down. So was the case Portuguese rule in India. Penrose writes: “In so far as any one date can be taken as of prime importance in the ruin of Portuguese empire, it is 6 May 1542, when Francis Xavier set foot ashore at Goa. From then on the Jesuits did their worst, using every form of bribery, threat, and torture to effect a conversion.” (14) Discussing the issue Denison Ross writes: “The ultimate decline of Portuguese power in India was due primarily to two causes: first, the encouragement of mixed marriages at home and abroad, and secondly, religious intolerance. The former policy had been adopted … by the great Albuquerque, who probably foresaw that constant drain on the male population of a relatively small country like his own must ultimately lead to a shortage of man-power; the latter was pushed to its utmost extreme by the zealous fervour of the Jesuits who selected Goa as their second headquarters outside Rome, soon after the foundation of their order. The arrival of St Francisco Xavier in India in 1542 was an event of the most far-reaching importance and laid the foundations of the ecclesiastical supremacy in Portuguese India which sapped the financial resources and undermined the civil administration of its Governor.” (17-18) The famous historian and writer Teófilo Braga wrote: “there are two dates which signal the downfall of the nationality: 1536, when the Inquisition was inaugurated in Portugal, due to the instigations of the Emperor Charles V, of Spain, and with the loss of the freedom of



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conscience, silencing the poet who had most fought on its behalf, Gil Vicente; and 1580, the national independence becomes extinct on account of the invasion of Philip II (of Spain) who imposed his dynastic rights.” (qtd by Alfredo De Mello) On the political front, the Dutch entered into an alliance with the English for ousting the Portuguese from Kerala waters in 1619 and in 1629 the Portuguese lost a war to Shah Jahan at Hugli (Kolkata). Gradually the Dutch and English drove the Portuguese from the Arabian Sea and Malabar fell to the Dutch in 1641. In 1652, Sivappa Nayaka of the Nayaka Dynasty defeated the Portuguese and drove them away from Mangalore. Quilon fell to Dutch in 1661, followed by Cranganore in 1662. The islands of Bombay (later to be leased to British East India Company) were gifted to Charles II of England as dowry on his marriage with Catherine of Portugal in 1662. In January 1663 the combined forces of the Dutch and the Zamorin of Calicut defeated the Portuguese at Cochin. This ended 165 years of Portuguese rule in Kerala and they were pushed to Goa, Daman and Diu. In 20th century Tristão de Bragança Cunha, a French-educated Goan engineer and the founder of Goa Congress Committee in Portuguese India resisted the Portuguese rule in Goa. Cunha released a booklet called 'Four Hundred Years of Foreign Rule', and a pamphlet, 'Denationalisation of Goa', intended to sensitise Goans to the oppression of Portuguese rule. In 1954 India took control of Dadra and Nagar Haveli which Portugal had acquired in 1779. The Portuguese rule in India came to an end on 19th December 1961 when the Governor of Portuguese India signed the instrument of surrender of Goa, Daman and Diu against the Radio directives (dated 14 December 1961) of the Portuguese Prime Minister Salazar and the presidential directive for adopting scorched earth policy. However, the surrender was not accepted by the Portuguese Govt. Entire Portugal mourned the loss and even Christmas was not celebrated with traditional gaiety. Goans were encouraged to emigrate to Portugal rather than remain under Indian rule by offering them Portuguese citizenship. This offer was amended in 2006 to include only those who had been born before 19 December 1961. Salazar predicted that “difficulties will arise for both sides when the programme of the Indianization of Goa begins to clash with its inherent culture ... It is therefore to be expected that many Goans will wish to escape to Portugal from the inevitable consequences of the invasion” (Salazar 18659) The Portuguese national radio station Emissora Nacional was used to encourage sedition and to urge Goans to resist and oppose the Indian administration. In order to weaken the Indian presence in Goa clandestine resistance movements in Goa were initiated and the Goan diaspora communities were urged to resist and oppose the Indian administration both through, general resistance and armed rebellion to weaken the Indian presence in Goa. The Portuguese government chalked out a plan called the 'Plano Gralha' covering Goa, Daman and Diu, for paralysing port operations at Mormugao and Bombay by planting bombs in some of the ships anchored at the ports. (timesofindia.indiatimes.com) On 20 June 1964, Casimiro Monteiro, a Portuguese PIDE (Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado) agent of Goan descent, along with Ismail Dias, a Goan settled in Portugal, executed a series of bombings in Goa. (pressdisplay.com)



1 5 2 @ e / ; H k k j r h Relations between India and Portugal thawed only in 1974, when Goa was finally recognised as part of India by Portugal. Portuguese Archbishop-Patriarch Alvernaz who had left for Portugal soon after Goan merger and had remained the titular Patriarch of Goa resigned in 1975. The first native-born Archbishop of Goa, Raul Nicolau Gonçalves (who was also the Patriarch of the East Indies), was appointed in 1978 though the Portuguese ruled in India for 450 years. Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (18 April 1809 – 26 December 1831), the poet who wrote in English, is generally considered to be an Anglo-Indian though he comes from of mixed Portuguese stock. Derozio is considered to be the first nationalist poet of Modern India. His poem “To India - My Native Land” which reads as follows is regarded as an important landmark in the history of patriotic poetry in India: My country! In thy days of glory past A beauteous halo circled round thy brow and worshipped as a deity thou wast— Where is thy glory, where the reverence now? Thy eagle pinion is chained down at last, And grovelling in the lowly dust art thou, Thy minstrel hath no wreath to weave for thee Save the sad story of thy misery! Well—let me dive into the depths of time And bring from out the ages, that have rolled A few small fragments of these wrecks sublime Which human eye may never more behold And let the guerdon of my labour be, My fallen country! One kind wish for thee! (poemhunter.com) However, in the light of the above mentioned historical facts it may safely be concluded that in his phrase “My fallen country” he was lamenting the loss of Portuguese empire to other European powers. Department of English University of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 (U.P.) Notes and References 1. Factory: In those days a factory did not mean “a building where goods are made” but meant: “a trading centre at a foreign port or mart”. (Hobson Jobson 346) 2. Alfonso De Albuquerque (1453-1515) had come to India first as a naval commander in 1503; he was the second “Governor of Portugal” in the east (appointed in 1509; Ross 654); Saraiva (343) claims he was a Viceroy of India though only the members of the nobility were entitled to the title of Viceroy. 3. Sati: Toeing the British line of “civilizing mission”, enlightenment and humanitarian project most of the Indian text books of history (for example, Bipin Chandra's Modern India, New New Delhi: NCERT, 1971, p. 116; B L Grover and others' A History of Modern India (Hindi), New Delhi: S Chand, 2004, p. 120) credit the social reform movement of the “good-hearted English officials” like Governor-General William Bentinck and “sane and educated Indians” like Raja Ram Mohan Roy to abolish “the inhuman



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4.



5.



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practice of Sati despite the opposition and pressure from the religious leaders” which culminated in the Sati Regulation XVII, a.d. 1829 of the Bengal Code, 4 December 1829. Thus, the real intent of the efforts of various Sultans of Delhi, the Moghul rulers like Humayun, Akbar and Aurangzeb and the European colonisers like the Portuguese, Dutch and French colonisers to stop the practice have been ignored and swept under the carpet. It is a common knowledge that looting of the property and the women of the defeated country are two important objectives of any attacker. The practice of Sati and Jauhar were two important strategies for the Hindu women of the defeated families/ kingdoms to save their honour by not falling into the hands of the enemy. In this manner they kept their bodies and minds clean. Tara in Colonel Meadows Taylor's novel (1863) by the same name prepares for committing Sati to save her honour from the overtures and advances of a corrupt Brahmin, Morro Trimmul though she willing converts to Muslim religion to marry her Muslim paramour, Fazil. A Hindu, unlike a Muslim or a Christian, believes that a body is just like a temporary garment for an immortal soul and can be changed whenever the occasion arises or the need be. Muslim and Christian rulers being guided by the clerics of their respective religion, therefore, considered the practice to be “inhuman” and tried to stop the practice for the immoral gain of their soldiers and increasing their number by conversion. New Christian Portuguese: the descendants of some 70,000 Jews in Portugal who were forcibly converted to Christianity in 1497. “Historian Jerónimo Osório (1506-1580), tells of an agreement signed at Lisbon between the leaders of the Jewish community and a representative of the king, whereby the Jews accepted mass baptism and the king promised to restore their children and immovable goods, give them privileges and honourable employment and refrain from introducing the Inquisition into Portugal.” (Saraiva 13) “In the olden days of leeches and witchcraft, it was considered sacrilegious to lessen the pains of labor” (gutenberg.org) as God had desired Eve's suffering in child bearing: “… I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children … .” (Genesis 3:16) A common charge for witch-hunting in the Christendom was the knowledge and application of some herbs to assuage labour pain cramps. Michelle Wright opines that “The Church kept a close watch on the midwives mainly for their potential for witchcraft especially during the witch-craze between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries.” (49) Inquisition: “Inquisition may be described as an ecclesiastical tribunal for suppression of heresy and punishment of heretics.” (Priolkar 3) “The popes, who claimed the spiritual allegiance of all Christendom, regarded heresy as treason against themselves, and, as such, deserving all the penalties which sovereigns have uniformly visited on this, in their eyes, unpardonable offence.” (Prescott 191) James A. Haught writes: “Efforts to stamp out heresy led to the establishment of the Holy Inquisition, one of mankind's supreme horrors. In the early 1200s, local bishops were empowered to identify, try, and punish heretics. When the bishops proved ineffective, traveling papal inquisitors, usually Dominican priests, were sent from Rome to conduct the purge.” (55) Lord Acton writes: “The principle of the Inquisition was murderous. ... The popes were not only murderers in the great style, but they also made murder a legal basis of the Christian Church and a condition for salvation.” (qtd by James A. Haught 62) While its ostensible aim was to preserve the Catholic faith, the Inquisition was used as an instrument of social control against Indian Catholics and Hindus and also against Portuguese settlers from Europe (mostly New Christians and Jews but also Old Christians). It also was a method of confiscating property and enriching the Inquisitors. The Palace of the Inquisition was pointed out in awe by Goans, who called it Orlem Goro or Big House, with two hundred cells. The 'Holy Office', as it called itself, settled in the palace of the Adil Khan, being occupied by the Portuguese Viceroys in Goa up to 1554. The palace was modified with a chapel, halls of entrance, the hall of audiences, house of despacho, residence of the first inquisitor, house of secret, house of doctrine, any number of cells, and other special ones: of secret, of penitence; of perpetual confinement; of the tortures, all this within a great building which had a thick outer wall of seven spans (1.5 mts). The Inquisition in Goa, on account of its rigors, was reputed to be the worst of the existing



1 5 4 @ e / ; H k k j r h inquisitions in the catholic orb of the five parts of the world, as felt unanimously by national and foreign writers. The enormous Palace that had housed the Inquisition for 252 years was demolished in 1829, and there are no traces of it except for some mounds of bricks and stones. Many kinds of torture of which some are being mentioned here were practiced by the Inquisitors: 1) The torture by rope consisted of the arms being tied backwards and then raised by a pulley, leaving the victim hanging for some time, and then let the victim drop down to half a foot above the floor, then raised again. The continued up-and-down movement dislocated the joints of the prisoner who cried horribly in pain. 2) In the torture by water the victim was made to lie across an iron bar and was forced to imbibe water without stopping. The iron bar broke the vertebrae and caused horrible pains, whereas the water treatment provoked vomits and asphyxia. 3) The victim was hung above a fire in the torture by fire; it warmed the soles of the feet, and the jailers rubbed bacon and other combustible materials on the feet. The feet were burned until the victim confessed. The house of torments was a subterranean grotto so that other might not hear the cries of the wretched. Many a time, the victims died under torture; their bodies were interred within the compound, and the bones were exhumed for the 'auto da fe', and burnt in public. 7. “Beggars' Law” in Portugal: A J R Russell-Wood writes on the issue: “From an early date, overseas territories had been regarded as suitable repositories for undesirables of metropolitan Portugal: convicts, New Christians, gypsies, and even lepers. Reference has been made to the use of Lançados in West and East Africa, but they were to be found as far away as Fukien coast of China. Exile (degrêdo) from Portugal could be to the Atlantic Islands, … or even Portuguese India. There was ranking of places of exile from the acceptable to least desirable: … Brazil, Maranhão, and India, held little hope of return to Portugal.” (106) Sources for Maps & Pictures: 1. Vasco da Gama's first voyage to India, http://www.allposters.com/-sp/First-Voyage-of-Vasco-DaGama-Posters_i13057480_.htm?ac=true 2. Landmark in Kappad, near Calicut, http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Kappad 3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_India#/media/File:Map_of_Portuguese_India.png 4. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portugues_map_of_India,_1630.jpg 5. https://fineartamerica.com/products/5-spanish-inquisition-granger-art-print.html 6. http://www.nairaland.com/478027/images-christian-inquisition 7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_wheel#/media/File:CalasChapbook.jpg 8. http://www.justiceforhindus.org/vatican/ Works Cited: Bethencourt, Francisco. Racisms: From the Crusades to the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2013, Print. Birdwood, Sir George. Report on the Old Records on the India Office, with Supplementary Note and Appendices. London: W.H. Allen & Co., Limited, and at Calcutta, 1891, PDF. https://archive.org/details/reportonoldrecor00birdrich Boxer, C.R., Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963, Print. Carton, A. Mixed-Race and Modernity in Colonial India: Changing Concepts of Hybridity Across Empires. London & N.Y.C: Routledge, 2012, Print. Coates, Timothy. “State-Sponsored Female Colonization in the Estado da Índia.” Santa Barbara Portuguese Studies, II (1995): 40-56. Print. Coates, Timothy J. Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550-1755. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2001, Print. Correa, Gaspar, The Three Voyages of Vasco De Gama, and his Viceroyalty: from the Lendas da India of Gaspar Correa. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1869. Tr. Hon Henry E J Stanley. New York: Burt Franklin, rpt. nd, PDF. Danvers, Frederick Charles, The Portuguese in India: Being A History of the Rise and Decline of their Eastern Empire. Vol. 2. London: W.H. Allen, 1894, PDF. https://archive.org/details/portuguese inind00danvgoog



Revisiting Portuguese Colonization in India@ 1 5 5 Daus, Ronald. Die Erfindung des Kolonialismus. Wuppertal. Peter Hammer Verlag, 1983, pp. 6166, http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Portuguese_India#cite_note-7 . Deccan Chronicle, 23 July 1964, Web. 14 May 2016. http://www.pressdisplay.com/pressdisplay/showlink.aspx?bookmarkid=LNDP1YIXVM48&preview= article&linkid=c92b1c46-fe60-4850-ac795e0c88aae447&pdaffid=v5bSHN76UPAp%2fS6%2bOwjgMg%3d%3d De Mello, Alfredo. “Inquisition in Goa (1560-1812).” Web. 17 June 2017. http://www.colaco.net/1/inquisition1.htm de Mendonça, Vitor Délio Jacinto. Conversions and Citizenry: Goa Under Portugal 1510-1610. New Delhi: Concept, 2002, Print. de Souza, T. R. “The Goa Inquisition”. Web. 12 may 2016. http://www.vgweb.org/unethicalconversion/GoaInquisition.htm . de Souza, Teotonio R. Discoveries, Missionary Expansion and Asian Cultures. New Delhi: Concept, 1994, Print. Dellon, Charles. Dellon's Account of the Inquisition at Goa. Tr from the French. Hull: I Wilson Lowgate, 1812, PDF. Derozio, Henry Louis Vivian. “To India - My Native Land”. Web. 23 Feb 2017. https://www.poemhunter.com/poem/to-my-native-land/ Elmore, Pastor Don. “Protestantism Destroyed Part 1: Copied from the sermon notes of Pastor Don Elmore October 16, 2016”, Web. 18 March 2017. http://fgcp.org/content/protestantism-destroyedpart-1. Ferrao, Victor “The Other Orientalism and the Challenge and Opportunities for the Church in Goa”, Web. 23 Jan 2017. http://www.nizgoenkar.org/newsDetails.php?id=7182 . “The First European to Reach India by Sea: Vasco da Gama.” Web. 10 June 2016. http://www.janson.no/spotlight/spotlight-details-1?Action=1&NewsId=23&M=NewsV2&PID=199 Gautier, Francois. “Will Hinduism Survive the Present Christian Offensive?” Web. 15 July 2016. http://www.stephen-knapp.com/christian_persecution_in_india.htm . Gracias, Fatima da Silva. “The Impact of Portuguese Culture on Goa: A Myth or a Reality.” Goa and Portugal: Their Cultural Links. Charles J. Borges and Helmut Feldmann (eds). New Delhi: Concept, 1997, Print. ---. Kaleidoscope of Women in Goa 1510-1961. New Delhi: Concept, 1996, Print. Haught, James A. Holy Horrors: An Illustrated History of Religious Murder and Madness. Amherst: Prometheus, 2002, Print. Hobson Jobson: A Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical Geographical and Discursive. Ed. William Crooke. London: John Murray, 1902 [1886], PDF. Hunter, William W. The Imperial Gazetteer of India. London: Trubner, 1886, PDF. Hunter, William Wilson Sir, A History of British India: 1840-1900. London: Longmans, Green, and co., 1919, PDF. Kerrigan, Michael. Dark History of the Catholic Church: Schisms, Wars, Inquisitions, Witch Hunts, Scandals, Corruption (Dark Histories). London: Amber, 2014, Kindle. Kramer, Heinrich and James Sprenger. “The Malleus Maleficarum”, tr. Montague Summers, The Operating Manual of the Holy Inquisition, Pt. 2. Web 23 Feb 2017. http://www.cuttingedge.org/news/N1676b.cfm Leupp, Gary P. Interracial Intimacy in Japan: Western Men and Japanese Women, 1543-1900. London: Continuum, 2003, Print. Newman, Robert S. “The Struggle for a Goan Identity”. The Transformation of Goa. Ed. Norman Dantas. Mapusa: Other India, 1999, Print. Oaten, Edward Farley. European Travellers in India during the Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Seventeent Centuries; The evidence afforded by them with respect to Indian social institutions, and the nature



1 5 6 @ e / ; H k k j r h and influence of Indian Governments. London: Kegan Paul Trench Trubner and Co,. 1908, PDF. https://archive.org/details/EuropeanTravellersInIndiaFarley Pearson, M. N. The New Cambridge History of India: The Portuguese in India. Cambridge: Cambridge U P, 2008, PDF. Penrose, Boies. Sea Fights in the East Indies in the Years 1602-1689. Cambridge: Harvard U P, 1931, Print. Playne, Somerset. Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources compiled by Somerset Playne, assisted by E.W. Bond. ed. Arnold Wright. London: The Foreign and Colonial Compiling & Publishing, Co., 1914-15 (New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, rpt. 2004), PDF. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=8WNEcgMr11kC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Prescot, William H. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. Vol. I. New York: A L Burt, 1838, PDF. Priolkar, Anant Kakba. The Goa Inquisition, Being a Quarter Centenary Commemoration Study of the Inquisition in India. New Delhi: Voice of India, 2016 [1961], Print. Rao, R.P. Portuguese Rule in Goa: 1510-1961. Bombay: Asia, 1963, Print. Ravenstein, E. G. A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco Da Gama, 1497-1499. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1898, PDF. “Records Show Colonizers Were Not Done With Goa”. The Times of India. Panaji. December 19, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2016. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Records-showcolonizers-were-not-done-with-Goa/articleshow/11162999.cms Rocha, Elaine. Racism in Novels: A Comparative Study of Brazilian and South American Cultural History. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010. Print. Ross, E. Denison. “The Portuguese in India”. Cambridge History of India: British India:14071858. Vol V. np, PDF. Russell-Wood, A. J. R. The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808: A World on the Move. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP,1998 [1992], Print. Saksena, R. N. Goa: Into the Mainstream. New Delhi: Abhinav, 2003, Print. Saraiva, António José. The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536-1765. Tr and augmented H P Salomon & I S D Sassoon. Ledan et al: Brill, 2001, PDF. Salazar. Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume 8, March, 1962 India, Portugal, Indian, Page 18659 © 1931-2006 Keesing's Worldwide, LLChttp://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1074-1962-03-KS-b-RCW.pdf Silva, Severine and Stephen Fuchs. “The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India.” Asian Folklore Studies. Nanzan University (Japan) 1965: 1-52. Web. 12 Oct 2016. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnirc.nanzanu.ac.jp%2Fpublications%2Fafs%2Fpdf%2Fa173.pdf&date=2012-02-11 Sundaram, V. Web. 10 Oct 2016. http://blogs.ivarta.com/Inquisition-Goa-Atrocities-Hindus-bymissionaries-II/blog-181.htm Taylor, Colonel Meadows. Tara: A Mahratta Tale. 3 vols. Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1863, PDF. http://dli.ernet.in/bitstream/handle/2015/21927/Tara-A-Mahratta-Tale.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y). Voltaire, Oeuvres Complètes de Voltaire, Volume 5, Part 2, PDF. Wright, Michelle. “Witchcraft and Midwives: The Fear Behind the Smoke”. The General Brock University Undergraduate Journal of History. I, i, 2016:48-54. PDF. 30 March 2017. https://brock.scholarsportal.info/journals/index.php/bujh/article/view/1465/1343 Websites: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18467/18467-h/advise07.html http://www.lydiafellowshipinternational.org/national-pages95263/india.php http://www.worldheritageofportugueseorigin.com/2015/08/12/estado-portugues-da-indiaportuguese-state-of-india/



The Conception of Jñâna and its relation to Karma in the Bhagavadgîtâ Binod Kumar Agarwala Generally it is taken for granted that the Bhagavadgîtâ accepts and advocates Brahma-jñâna as superior to the jñâna of objects of the world, whose source is pratyak?a pramâ?a, which is lower kind of jñâna. The conception of jñâna in the Bhagavadgîtâ is very complex and has many dimensions, which cannot be presented in a single essay.1 The aim of the present essay is limited but threefold. Firstly it aims to show that the above view regarding jñâna in the Bhagavadgîtâis false. Brahma-jnana is not independent of the jnana of objects of the world, whose source is pratyak? a Pram?a (perception), rather the former jnana is involved in the latter jñâna according to the Bhagavadgîtâ. Secondly it tries to show that once this relation of the two kinds of jñâna is understood then it becomes clear how the impulsion for action (karmacodana) is present in jñana. And thirdly it aims at showing how the conception of jñâna in the Bhagavadgîtâ is radically different from the conception of knowledge in the modern thought. 1. Jñâna and Karmacodanâ Before we proceed further a semantic point related to the word jñâna needs to be taken care of. Generally the word jñâna in the Bhagavadgîtâ is understood as 'knowledge'. Since in the modern sense knowledge does not imply conation, understanding of the word jñâna as 'knowledge' is erroneous. The Bhagavadgîtâ XVIII.18ab states: jñanam jñeyamò parijñâtâ trividhâ karmacodanâ / which implies that impulse to action (karma codanâ) is threefold, i.e. jñanam, jñeya and parijñata. In the Bhagavadgîtâ in particular and Vedic thought in general, jñâna entails 'resolve' (cikir?â). As resolve (cikir?â) is already involved as a component in jñana, it cannot be understood as 'knowledge' in the modern sense because 'knowledge' in the modern sense entails no conation or resolve. Hence, proper translation of jñâna cannot be 'knowledge' it has to be 'knowledgeable resolve', so that the fused cognition and conation involved in jñana becomes apparent in translation in modern vocabulary, otherwise we will get into confusion in following the logic of thinking involved in the Bhagavadgîtâ. One may object that impulse to action is that jñâna, where the distinction of jñanam, jñeya and parijñata can be made. This distinction is available inly in indriyajñana. As this distinction is not available in the Brahma-jñâna there is no conation or Madhya Bharti-72, January-June, 2017, ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 157-190



1 5 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h impulse to action (karmacodanâ) in the Brahma-jñana. But this argument does not hold good in the Bhagavadgîtâ, for conation or impulsion to action (karmacodanâ) is involved in the Brahman itself. One can cite the following from the Bhagavadgîtâ: karma brahmodbhava? viddhi “Penetratively know that action originates in Brahman'(III.15a); brahmârpa?a? brahmahavir brahmâgnau brahma?â hutam / brahmaiva tena gantavya? brahmakarmasamâdhinâ // “Brahman is the offering, Brahman the oblation; by Brahman is the call given in the fire of Brahman; verily the destination of that (call/caller) absorbed in Brahmakarma (action of Brahman) is Brahman” (IV.24); brahma?y âdhâya karmâ?i sa?ga? tyaktvâ karoti ya? /lipyate na sa pâpena padmapatram ivâmbhasâ // “He, who does actions, placing/ascribing them on Brahman, abandoning attachment, is not smeared by sin, as a lotus leaf by water” (V.10); jarâmara?amok?âya mâm âúritya yatanti ye /te brahma tad vidu? k?tsnam adhyâtma? karma câkhilam // “Whoever taking shelter under Me strive for liberation from old age and death, they feelingly realize in full that Brahman, the transcendental Self and all action”(VII.29); kasmâc ca te na nameran mahâtman; garîyase brahma?o 'py âdikartre / “And how should they not, O Mighty Self welcome you, superior even to the Brahman the Primal agent” (XI.37ab). That Brahman itself involves impulse to action (karmacodanâ) is testified in the Œruti itself. The Kena Upani?ad 1 asks: Om kene?ita? patati pre?ita? mana? kena prâ?a? prathama? praiti yukta? / kene?itâ? vâcamimâ? vadanti cak?u? œrotra? ka u devo yunakti // “By whom impelled and directed does the mind soar/alight? By whom engaged does first breath move? By whom motivated men speak this speech? Who is the deity that engages the eye and the year?” The Kena Upani?ad 1.4–8 answers who is the impeller of the sense organs: yadvâcânabhyudita? yena vâgabhyudyate / tadeva brahma tva? viddhi neda? yadidamupâsate // yanmanasâ na manute yenâhurmano matam / tadeva brahma tva? viddhi neda? yadidamupâsate // yaccak?u?â na paúyati yena cak?û? ?i paœyati / tadeva brahma tva? viddhi neda? yadidamupâsate // yacchrotre? na œ??oti yena œrotramida? œrutam / tadeva brahma tva? viddhi neda? yadidamupâsate // yat prâ?ena prâ?iti yena prâ?a? pra?îyate / tadeva brahma tva? viddhi neda? yadidamupâsate // “What one cannot express by speech, by what speech is expressed, you penetratively know that that alone is Brahman, and not what they here worship. What one cannot think with the mind, by what, they say, the mind is made to think, you penetratively know that that alone is the Brahman, not what they here worship. What one cannot see with the eye, by what the eyes are made to see, you penetratively know that that alone is the Brahman, not what they here worship. What one cannot hear with the ear, by what the ears are made to hear, you penetratively know that that alone is the Brahman, not what they here worship. What one does not breathe with the breath, by what breath moves, you penetratively know that that alone is the Brahman, not what they here worship.” The same question was asked in the Aitareya Upani?ad 3.1 but in different words: ko 'yam / âtmeti vayam upâsmahe / katara? sa âtmâ / yena vâ paúyati yena vâ ú??oti yena vâ gandhâñ jighrati yena vâ vâca? vyâkaroti yena vâ svâdu câsvâdu ca vijânâti // “Who is this (Âtman=Self)? Whom shall we attach ourselves to as the Âtman?



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Which [of the two spoken of in the first two adhyâyas of the Aitareya Upani?ad: Brahman and man] is the Âtman? Is it that by which one sees, or by which one hears, or by which one smells the smell, or by which one speaks the speech or by which one discerns what is tasty and what is not tasty?” The Aitareya Upani?ad 3.3 answers: e?a brahmai?a… “he is brahma…”. So, in Vedic tradition jñâna gives impulse to action. This not only differentiates Vedic jñâna from modern conception of knowledge, but also differentiates modern conception of action, the impulse for which comes from free-will, which is not only different from knowledge but also cannot be an object of knowledge. 2. Jñâna in the Bhagavadgîtâ XIII.7-11 In this essay the expression jñâna? has been consistently understood as 'knowledgeable resolve' instead of 'knowledge' going against traditional Sanskrit scholarship, due to reason elaborated earlier. The point of view of the present essay is confirmed by the five verses in the Bhagavadgîtâ from XIII.7 to XIII.11 where what is jñâna? is explained. The list of jñana that is given in these verses cannot be taken as list of 'knowledge' simpliciter as it is counter intuitive to the usage of 'knowledge' for these, but there is no violation of usage when we see the list of items in these verses，which is really a list of 'knowledgeable resolves'. Since the verses give list of jñâna it follows that jñâna cannot be translated as 'knowledge' rather it is to be translated as 'knowledgeable resolve.' The following items are recognized as jñâna 'knowledgeable resolve' in XIII.711: amânitvam adambhitvam ahi? sâ k?ântir ârjavam / âcâryopâsana? œauca? sthairyam âtmavinigraha? // indriyârthe?u vairâgyam anaha? kâra eva ca / janmam? t yujarâvyâdhidu?khado?ânudarúanam // asaktir anabhi?va?ga? putradârag?hâdi?u / nitya? ca samacittatvam i??âni??opapatti?u// mayi cânanyayogena bhaktir avyabhicâri?î / viviktadeœasevitvam aratir janasa? sadi // adhyâtmajñânanityatva? tattvajñânârthadarúanam / etaj jñânam iti proktam ajñâna? yad ato 'nyathâ // “Humility, modesty, nonviolence, patience (forgiveness), uprightness, service of the teacher, purity, stability, self-control; absence of attachment for objects of the senses, and also absence of I-doer-ness; perception of blemish in birth, death and old age, in sickness and pain; Un-attachment, absence of affection for son, wife, home and the like, and constant equanimity on the attainment of the desirable and the undesirable; Unflinching sharing in Me in Yoga of non-separation, resort to solitary places, distaste for the society of men; constancy in transcendent Self-knowledgeable resolve, perception of the end of the knowledgeable resolve of that-ness. This is declared to be knowledgeable resolve, and what is opposed to it is ignorant irresolution.” The last line of the verse XIII.11 declares: etaj jñânam iti proktam ajñâna? yad ato 'nyathâ 'this is declared to be knowledgeable resolve, and what is opposed to it is ignorant irresolution.' This declaration fits well with the role of jñânam 'knowledgeable resolve' that is given in karma codanâ 'connation or impulsion to action' in XVIII.18. 3. The Relation of Knowledgeable Resolver and Knowledgeably Resolved: K?etrajña and K?etra



1 6 0 @ e / ; H k k j r h In the Bhagavadgîtâ when chapter XIII is read together with chapter II it becomes apparent that the relation of knowledgeable resolver and the thing knowledgeably resolved is modeled on the relation of embodied and body, which puts limit to objectification of things which may be knowledgeably resolved. The thirteenth chapter of the Bhagavadgîtâ is traditionally named as K?etrak?etrajñavibhâgayoga, meaning yoga 'harnessing' of vibhâga 'division' of k?etra 'clearing' and k?etrajña 'knowledgeable resolver of clearing'. The title means harnessing of distinction between the clearing and the knowledgeable resolver of the clearing. In the title yoga means not only the yoga 'harnessing' of the two, i.e. k?etra 'clearing' and k?etrajña 'knowledgeable resolver of clearing' with each other, but also yoga 'harnessing' of the so harnessed k?etra 'clearing' and k?etrajña 'knowledgeable resolver of clearing' with the human being. In the Bhagavadgîtâ XIII.1-2 K???a states: ida? úarîra? kaunteya k?etram ity abhidhîyate / etad yo vetti ta? prâhu? k?etrajña iti tadvida? // k?etrajña? câpi mâ? viddhi sarvak?etre?u bhârata / k?etrak?etrajñayor jñâna? yat taj jñâna? mata? mama // “This, the body, O son of Kunti, is holistically thought of as K?etra; him who feelingly knowingly resolves it, they, who feelingly knowingly resolve of them, call K?etrajña (knowledgeable resolver of K?etra). And you also penetratively knowledgeably resolve Me as K?etrajña (knowledgeable resolver of K?etra) in all K?etras, O Bhârata. The knowledgeable resolve of K?etra and K?etrajña (knowledgeable resolver of K?etra) is deemed by Me as the knowledgeable resolve.”2 The term k?etra? has to be interpreted in its yogaja meaning and is not to be translated facilely as 'field'. The expression k?etra (k?i + ??ran) is not so simple in Sanskrit to be facilely translated as 'field' as many scholars are doing. The term that comes nearest to its meaning is 'clearing' in English where clearing is a cleared space in thick forest which always faces the danger of being destroyed by the thicket of the jungle which threatens to spread to cover the clearing. It requires to be maintained as clearing by knowledgeable resolution otherwise it will be destroyed once again if the thicket returns to destroy the clearing. K?etra is the clearing in the brahma vana? [tadvana? in Kena Upani?ad 4.6], where what were once wild (vanya) settle (grâma? ) to become settled (grâmya). So, k?etra can be the human body where many bhûtas like earth, water, air, fire, space, mana, aha? kâra, buddhi, indriyas etc. have settled to make bhûtagrâma? , a settlement of existents or indriyagrâma? a settlement of sense organs. In other extreme it can be the territory where people have settled to make a râ??ra a political settlement of a large number of people. So, k?etra is also related to the semantic field of k?atra and râ?tra. The term k?etra is derived from root k?i meaning 'to rule' [k?ayati, k?ita…] and 'to destroy,' 'to harm' [k?ayati, k?i?oti, k?i?âti]. Œarîra? is 'form,' from the verb root œ? meaning 'to molder' or 'to waste away,' the word thus signifying 'impermanence,' the idea of úarîra? being idea of something transitory, foam-like, full of holes, as it were. It is úarîra? , which is abhidhîyate 'holistically thought of' as k?etra? . Here abhidhîyate (abhi+dhîyate) is from dhîyate meaning 'holistically thought' and hence, abhidhîyate means 'holistically thought of'.



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The expression etad yo vetti ta? prâhu? k?etrajña 'him, who feelingly knowingly resolves it…, [they] call K?etrajña (knowledgeable resolver of K?etra)'. So, k?etrajña is one who feelingly knowledgeably resolves the k?etra? , which has the permanent tendency to be destroyed. Who are they who call some one k?etrajña? They are tadvida? 'who feelingly knowingly resolve them', i.e. who feelingly knowingly resolve the úarîra? as k?etra? and úarîrinòa as k?etrajña． Since K???a is speaking in first person as collective institution as person, he is telling Arjuna to have the penetrative knowledgeable resolve that it is the collective institution as person who is the knowledgeable resolver of the k?etra? in all k?etras. Hence, in all úarîras 'bodies' there is one and the same knowledgeable resolver of k?etra and this one and the same knowledgeable resolver is the collective institution as person. That this is so is not on the surface, it is deep and hence this knowledgeable resolve is available only by penetration of the surface by kuúâgra buddhi, hence this penetrative knowledgeable resolve has been designated by a word from archery, i.e. viddhi 'penetrate'. Since there is one and the same knowledgeable resolver of k?etra in all k?etras, all the k?etras together constitute one collective body (úarîra) of the institution as person. This point will be explained later in the essay. When K???a is declaring some thing to be mata? mama he is not declaring it to be an individual's opinion; it is mata? of collective institution as person, hence it is not mere opinion, it is considered determinate mind [man + kta] of the institution as person; it is valid determination of mind of every member of the institution too. What is the content of the determinate mind of the institution，which is valid for all members? It is that k?etrak?etrajñayor jñâna? yat taj jñâna? 'the knowledgeable resolve of K?etra and K?etrajña is the knowledgeable resolve.' What it means is that only knowledgeable resolve of K?etra and K?etrajña is recognized by the institution as person to be knowledgeable resolve. Any other kind of knowledgeable resolve where it is not a knowledgeable resolve of K?etra and K?etrajña, for example, it may be resolution of aha? kâra in the k?etra, which is one of the bhûta settled in the k?etra, then it is not knowledgeable resolve acceptable to the institution as person. This implies that modern way of conceiving the relation of mind and body as one finds in philosophy of Descartes is not acceptable to the Bhagavadgîtâ. Even Kant's way of objectifying the object of knowledge, making them stand against (gegenstand) 'I' the subjective knower, is also not acceptable to the Bhagavadgîtâ. 4. K?etra K???a in the Bhagavadgîtâ XIII.3-4 says: tat k?etra? yac ca yâd?k ca yadvikâri yataú ca yat / sa ca yo yatprabhâvaú ca tat samâsena me ú??u //XIII.3//??ibhir bahudhâ gîta? chandobhir vividhai? p?thak / brahmasûtrapadaiœ caiva hetumadbhir viniœcitai? // “And what that K?etra is, and of what nature, and what transformations it has; and for what reason is what; and who it is and what its influences; this you hear in summation from Me, sung variously by sages, in many different kinds of separate chandas, as also in the words of Brahmasûtra, full of reasoning and decisiveness.” K???a as the institution as person spoke to knowledgeably resolve – what is



1 6 2 @ e / ; H k k j r h k?etra – in many different kinds of chandas through the ??is of Vedas. The institution as person also knowingly resolved what k?etra is in the words of Brahmasûtra once again. The steps of Brahmasûtra are full of reasons (hetumadbhir) for the sake of which the k?etra was resolved viniœcitai?, i.e. by 'cayana (piling) of chitti (pile) in citta (citai?) fully (nis-) distinctly and separately (vi-).' Here Brahmasûtra the thread of Brahma, i.e. the thread spun out of Brahma, in svatantra 'one's own loom' refers not to mere Brahmasûtra of Badarâya?a, who is also identified in the tradition of Classical Vedic scholarship with Veda Vyâsa, especially Vai??ava tradition identifies him with K???a Dvipâyana Vyâsa, but also to earlier series of Brahmasûtras composed prior to the one commented on by Œa? karâcârya. What k?etra consists of is explained briefly in the Bhagavadgîtâ XIII.5-6: mahâbhûtâny aha? kâro buddhir avyaktam eva ca / indriyâ?i daœaika? ca pañca cendriyagocarâ? // icchâ dve?a? sukha? du?kha? sa? ghâtaú cetanâ dh?ti? / etat k?etra? samâsena savikâram udâh?tam // “The Great existents, I-doer-ness, Intelligence, as also the Un-manifested, the ten (sense－and act－ ) organs and one, and the five objects of the senses; desire, hatred, happiness, unhappiness, the collectivity, awareness, perseverance; this Kshetra has been described in summation with its transformations.” The úarîra? 'body， ' which is k?etra? ，consists of many things, which have emerged through its own transformations. The most important constituent is the avyaktam，which is prak?ti with its three gu?as (strands). The next transformation is buddhi 'intelligence', the capacity to distinguish one thing from another. Which in turn by transformation gives rise to aha? kâra 'I-doer-ness' or mamakâra “mine-ness” or abhimâna 'pride'. This in its turn by transformation moves in two directions. In one line of transformation it gives rise to manas (manendriya), five sense organs (darœanendriya 'eyes', œrava?endriya 'ears', ghrâ?endriya 'nose', rasanendriya 'tongue', sparœendriya 'skin') and five organs of actions (legs, hands, mouth, rectum, and organ of reproduction). In the other line of transformation it gives rise to five kinds of objects of senses (Smell, Taste, Sight, Touch, Sound) which in turn give rise to five great existents (Earth, Water, Fire, Air, Space). The úarîra? 'body' which is k?etra? also comprises of icchâ 'desire', dve?a? 'enmity or hatred', sukha? 'happiness or pleasure', du?kha? 'unhappiness or pain', sa? ghâtaú 'structural relatedness of items holding together as one whole collectivity', cetanâ 'awareness', dh?ti? 'perseverence, i.e. capacity of holding on to something through time.' This is how the k?etra? is in summation exemplified with all its transformations. In this explanation of k?etra? 'clearing' which is úarîra 'body' it is apparent that the body is conceived differently in the Bhagavadgîtâ than how it is conceived in the Western Philosophical tradition. In the Western Philosophical tradition body will not include buddhi 'intelligence', the capacity to distinguish one thing from another, aha? kâra 'I-doer-ness' or mamakâra “mine-ness” or abhimâna 'pride', manas (mind), icchâ 'desire', dve?a? 'enmity or hatred', sukha? 'happiness or pleasure', du?kha? 'unhappiness or pain' etc.



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5. K?etrajña What is K?etrajña is explained in the Bhagavadgita XIII.12-18: jñeya? yat tat pravak?yâmi yaj jñâtvâm?tam aúnute / anâdimat para? brahma na sat tan nâsad ucyate // 3 sarvata?pâ?ipâda? tat sarvatok?iœiromukham / sarvata?úrutimal loke sarvam âv?tya ti??hati // 4 sarvendriyagu?âbhâsa? sarvendriyavivarjitam / asakta? sarvabh?c caiva nirgu?a? gu?abhokt? ca // 5 bahir antaú ca bhûtânâm acara? caram eva ca / sûk?matvât tad avijñeya? dûrastha? cântike ca tat // avibhakta? ca bhûte?u vibhaktam iva ca sthitam / bhûtabhart? ca taj jñeya? grasi??u prabhavi??u ca // jyoti?âm api taj jyotis tamasa? param ucyate / jñâna? jñeya? jñânagamya? h?di sarvasya vi??hitam // 6 iti k?etra? tathâ jñâna? jñeya? cokta? samâsata? / madbhakta etad vijñâya madbhâvâyopapadyate // “That which has to be knowledgeably resolved I shall describe; knowledgeably resolving which one attains deathless (life). Beginningless is the Supreme Brahman. It is not said to be 'sat' or 'asat'. With hands and feet everywhere, with eyes and heads and mouths everywhere, with ears everywhere, That exists enveloping all. Shining by the gu?as (strands of prak?ti) of all the senses, (yet) without the senses; unattached, yet supporting all; devoid of gu?as but enjoyer of gu?as. Without and within (all) existents, the unmoving as also the moving, from being subtle that is without being knowledgeably actionably resolved; and far away and near is that, And undivided, yet remaining divided as it were in beings; filler of existents, too is that, fit to be knowledgeably resolved; grasping and properly orienting to generate. The Light even of lights, That is said to be beyond darkness. The Knowledgeable resolve, the fit to be knowledgeably resolved, the Goal of knowledgeable resolve is implanted in the heart of every one. Thus the K?etra, as well as knowledgeable resolve and the fit to be knowledgeably resolved, have been stated in summation. My sharers, on having knowledgeably actionably resolved this, step into my being (get qualified by my being).” The jñeyam 'that which is fit to be knowledgeably resolved' which in its turn is k?etrajña 'the knowledgeable resolver of k?etra' is para? brahma 'the supreme Brahman'. The expression 'sat' represents that which has 'eternal, ethical, actual' bhâva 'being' in itself while the expression 'asat' represents that which is 'temporary, unethical, un-actual' and has no bhâva 'being' in itself but the later jointly with the former has bhâva 'being'. Hence para? brahma 'the Supreme Brahman' which is the origin of yajña karma (III.15) and is established in yajña 'institution' (III.15) is neither called 'sat' nor 'asat' in itself as it is both 'sat' and 'asat' and hence represents manifest institution with manifest institutional action. The manifest institution with its changing manifest forms is beginning-less but itself is the origin of every manifest institutional action. Manifest institution is jñeya? 'that which has to be knowledgeably resolved' because by knowledgeably resolving it, a human being aœnute 'enjoys'/ 'is filled with' am?tam 'deathless (life)'. That a collectivity, which is institution as person is being presented is confirmed when it is claimed that it has hands everywhere, feet every where, eyes every where, head every where, mouth every where, ears everywhere, and it exists grasping all existents, i.e. incorporating all existents in it. There cannot be a clearer exposition of institution as person than this. The Bhagavadgîtâ in these verses also



1 6 4 @ e / ; H k k j r h describes the function of the institution as person to further crystallize the idea of institution as person. It is sarvendriyagu?âbhâsam 'shining by the gu?as (strands of prak?ti) of all the senses', i.e. it is shining and hence manifest with functions/workings/ ations of all the senses. But it is sarvendriyavivarjitam 'devoid of the senses', i.e. the institution as person does not have any of the senses as human being as person has. In the Bhagavadgîtâ the institution as person manifests with functions of senses without having corporeal senses. Hence the institutional person is asakta? 'disinterested/unattached', because it does not require indriyârtha sannikar?a to exhibit functions of senses. The indriyârtha sannikar?a or mâtrâsparúa will take place in the individual human being who is member of the institution, but acquiring of pramâ through pramâ?a will be attributed to the institution as person. The institutional person is sarvabh?c 'supporting all', i.e. 'filling all'. The institutional person is nirgu?a? 'without strands of prak?ti (nature)' and it is because of this that it has no corporeal senses as these are evolutes of strands of prak?ti (nature). But the institution as person even when devoid of strands of prak?ti (nature), it is gu?abhokt? 'enjoyer of gu?as' in the sense that it enjoys the functions/actions of gu?as as it manifests with functions/actions of senses even without having corporeal senses. The expression sûk?matvât 'from being sûk?ma' is very significant as it designates the institutional person. The expression sûk?ma is from root sûc meaning 'to penetrate', 'to point', 'to indicate', 'to indicate by gesture', 'to find something preserved, hidden, mysterious, invisible', 'to deconstruct'. So sûk?ma is that which can only be indicated, which can penetrate every existent, which is hidden from the senses, which has no pile or construction within itself. Institutional person is such a being. From the institutional person being sûk?ma in the sense explained it is so far yet it is so near so that it is both inside/immanent in every existent penetrating it and it is outside beyond every existent transcending it and for this very reason it is avijñeya? 'without being fit to be perceptually knowledgeably resolved'. As the institutional person is sûk?ma in the sense that it has no pile or construction within itself, i.e. as it is niscita, it admits of no division and the institutional person is immanent as an indivisible whole in every existent, but appears as if it is divided or shared partially by every existent. Institutional person fills himself wholly in each of existents. That institutional person is jñeya? 'fit to be knowledgeably resolved' even when it is avijñeya? 'without being fit to be perceptually knowledgeably resolved'.7 The difference of jñeya? 'fit to be knowledgeably resolved， ' i.e. fit to be knowledgeably resolved a priori and avijñeya? 'without being fit to be perceptually knowledgeably resolved' is due to the fact that jñeya? requires no perceptual activity but vijñeya? requires perceptual activity. That institutional person is jñeya? 'fit to be knowledgeably resolved' a priori, it is jñeya? as grasi??u 'grasping' prabhavi??u ca 'and properly orienting to generate'. The expression grasi??u is generally translated as 'devouring' but if it is devouring in the sense of destroying then this meaning is not admissible here, but if devouring means assimilating or grasping or taking up something within oneself then this meaning is admissible as institutional person incorporates every existent in itself. As the institutional person is prabhû it is also prabhavi??u 'properly orienting to generate'.



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The institutional person is sûk?ma like jyotis 'light'. Light is hidden and it cannot be seen but the individual things become visible in light and the visibility of existents indicate the being of light in which they are visible. The light is so near as it is in the eye and it is so far as to illuminate even the most distant thing and this nature of light makes it sûk?ma. The institutional person has sûk?matâ of jyotis 'light'. In fact institutional person is jyoti?âm api … jyotis 'the light of lights.' It is said to be beyond darkness. That is to say even in the absence of jyotis 'light' or even in the presence of tamasa? 'darkness' it shines as felt in the hearts of all. The institutional person is established as felt apriori in hearts of all as one whole which is at once three in unity jñâna? 'the Knowledgeable resolve', jñeya? 'the fit to be knowledgeably resolved', and jñânagamya? 'the Goal of knowledgeable resolve'. Even though it is mentioned as content that iti k?etra? tathâ jñâna? jñeya? cokta? 'thus the K?etra, as well as knowledgeable resolve and the fit to be knowledgeably resolved, have been stated,' but the performance of this knowledgeable resolve jñâna? is that of K?etrajña which is one institution as person in all K?etras, which is the parijñâtâ within the limitation of the given limited K?etra. Hence what these verses are telling in its totality of content and performance is that iti jñâna? jñeya? tathâ parijñâtâ cokta? samâsata?, i.e. institutional karma codanâ, i.e. impulsion to institutional action has been conveyed in brief. Now a sharer of institution as person vijñâya 'by perceptually knowledgeably resolving' this (k?etra) steps into the being of institution as person, i.e. enters and belongs and gets attached to institution as person. That Brahman or the Puru?a, i.e. collective institution as person is the knower in the context of empirical knowledge has its lineage in the Œruti, e.g. The Kena Upani?ad 1.1-8 and Aitareya Upani?ad 3.1-3 quoted in section 1; the B?hadâra?yaka Upani?ad 3.4.2 quoted in fn.6 etc. Since, the knowledgeable resolver in the Vedic tradition in general and the Bhagavadgîtâ in particular is conceived as a collective person, i.e. the institution as person, it is different from the subjective knower conceived in the modern philosophy of Descartes and Kant as an individual 'I'. The above account clearly shows that neither the Œruti nor the Bhagavadgîtâ conceived Brahma－ jñâna independently of the perceptual or empirical jñâna, rather Brahma－ jñâna is involved in the perceptual or empirical jñâna. For having valid perceptual or empirical jñâna the necessary condition is that one should have Brahma－ jñâna as Brahman is the k?etrajña in all k?etras. Here it is presupposed that totality of all k?etras includes all perceptual things, where things are not objectified in the modernsense, but are conceived as belonging to the collective body of the institution as person. Is there any reason for this in the Bhagavadgîtâ? The reason for this is stated in the second chapter of the Bhagavadgîtâ by way of discussion of the relation of the embodied with the body. 6. Knowledgeabe Resolve of Prak?ti and Puru?a But before we take up the embodied body relation, it is important to note that the knowledgeable resolve of distinction of body and embodied or distinction between k?etra and k?etrajña is related to another distinction, i.e. distinction between Prak?ti and



1 6 6 @ e / ; H k k j r h Puru?a. Regarding the knowledgeable resolve of distinction between Prak?ti and Puru?a, their inter-relation and their respective roles K???a in the Bhagavadgîtâ XIV.1-2 says: para? bhûya? pravak?yâmi jñânânâ? jñânam uttamam / yaj jñâtvâ munaya? sarve parâ? siddhim ito gatâ? // ida? jñânam upâúritya mama sâdharmyam âgatâ? / sarge 'pi nopajâyante pralaye na vyathanti ca // “I shall again declare that supreme knowledgeable resolve, the best of all knowledgeable resolves; which having knowledgeably resolved, all the best sages have passed to highest maturity from here. They who, having resorted to this knowledgeable resolve, have attained to the same dharma as Mine, are neither born in the emanation, nor agitated in the dissolution.” The expression bhûya? is significant as it signals that a specific kind of jñâna 'knowledgeable resolve' is being repeated. But this is a repetition not only in the sense that it has already been told to Arjuna in the course of K???a's talk in the beginning of the war and he is repeating again, but also in the sense that it was told to mûni?, the best of ??is of earlier times and is being told to Arjuna in the present time. Arjuna is being given this jñâna 'knowledgeable resolve', as a repetition, but a repetition is not mere reproduction of the same words, but repetition through different words, which throw into relief something for the first time, even though K???a is repeating this jñâna 'knowledgeable resolve' through his multiple births. That this jñâna 'knowledgeable resolve' is significant is highlighted by repetition of jñâna through various grammatical forms in the verse: jñânânâ? jñânam… jñâtvâ. The emphasis through performance of repetition of jñâna through various grammatical forms in the verse is reinforced by the content too when the jñâna is spoken of qualified as superlative: para? jñânânâ? jñânam uttamam 'supreme knowledgeable resolve, the best of all knowledgeable resolves,' so that there is no discrepancy in performance and content. The impact of this specific kind of jñâna 'knowledgeable resolve' is also clarified: yaj jñâtvâ munaya? sarve parâ? siddhim ito gatâ? 'which having knowledgeably resolved, all the best sages have passed to highest maturity from here.' Here also there is emphasis by a kind of repetition. By this kind of jñâna 'knowledgeable resolve' a ??i becomes mûni? 'the one who has taken the vow of silence' and becomes the best of ??is. Not only that such munaya? sarve 'all munis' parâ? siddhim ito gatâh 'achieves from here the supreme maturity', i.e. they achieve the maturity of the institution as person, which they embody to the supreme degree. The expression ida? jñânam upâúritya 'having resorted to this knowledgeable resolve,' means taking shelter under the knowledgeable resolve which is the knowledgeable resolve regarding the distinction, correlation and distribution of role between Prak?ti and Puru?a and this knowledgeable resolve is presented in the chapter XIV of the Bhagavadgîtâ. The expression mama sâdharmyam âgatâ? 'have attained to the same dharma as Mine' means 'have attained to the dharma of the institution.' The expression sarge 'pi nopajâyante 'are neither born in the creation,' means that 'are neither born as individual independent of institution when the manifest form of the institution is created.' The expression pralaye na vyathanti ca 'nor agitated in the dissolution,' means that 'nor agitated in the desolution of the manifest form of the institution.'



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To put it briefly what the verse XIV.2 is saying is that the people who having resorted to this knowledgeable resolve, which is presented in chapter XIV, have attained to the same dharma as that of the institution. Such people are neither born in the creation of the manifest form of institution as independent individual, nor agitated in the dissolution of manifest form of institution. As the institution as person in general neither takes birth nor dies as it is eternal, there is no question of its birth and dissolution. What is created and dissolved is the manifest form of the institution. The men who have the kind of knowledgeable resolve to be explained in this chapter they participate equally in the dissolution of old manifest form of institution and the creation of new manifest form of institution. Such men are neither agitated when the old manifest form of institution is dissolved, nor do they become independent individuals in the creation of the new form of the institution. It is the Prak?ti through the gu?as creates the collective body of the Puru?a and embodies the Puru?a in it. The Bhagavadgîtâ XIV.5 states: sattva? rajas tama iti gu?â? prak?tisa? bhavâ? / nibadhnanti mahâbâho dehe dehinam avyayam // “Sattva, Rajas, Tamas, these gu?as, O mighty-armed, born of Prak?ti, bind fast in the body the embodied, the indestructible.” These three gu?as bind the brahma only to the extent that it is bound as dehin in deha, but even when it is bound as dehin in deha the dehin, which is institutional person in general, retains its infinite unbounded by rope (nirgu?a) aspect or Puru?a aspect so that it transcends the finite deha 'body' in which it is bound by three gu?as of prak?ti. Hence it is stated in XIV.20: gu?ân etân atîtya trîn dehî dehasamudbhavân / janmam?tyujarâdu?khair vimukto 'm?tam aœnute // “Having crossed beyond these three gu?as, which are the source of the body, the embodied one is freed from birth, death, decay and pain, enjoys the life (am?tam).” The dehi 'embodied' gu?ân etân atîtya trîn 'having crossed beyond the three gu?as (ropes)' means that 'the embodied free from any binding by the three ropes' or 'having identified himself with the institutional person which is beyond any binding by any rope'. The expression dehasamudbhavân 'the source of the body', refers to the three gu?as or ropes which are the source of the body, by which the three gu?as bind the dehin to prepare him for lîlâ 'play'. The expression janmam?tyujarâdu?khair vimukto 'freed from birth, death, decay and pain' refers to the condition of dehin when he has identified himself with the institution as person and realized his independence from the three gu?as. These three ropes give rise to body which suffers birth, death, decay and pain, but the dehin having realized his independence from deha 'body' suffers no such things as he has identified himself with institution as person. The expression am?tam aœnute has combined meaning 'enjoys life' and 'enjoys immortality', for am?ta 'that which is not dead' refers to life and here it is the life of institution， which is immortal, as the institution as person in general lives beyond the manifest forms of institution. 7. The Discourse on the Embodied-Body Relation The embodied-body relation is discussed in chapter II not to prove immortality of soul as is generally assumed. Immortality of self is not proved in the chapter II of the Bhagavadgîtâ at all. It was the prevailing doctrine of the time of the Mahâbhârata, which



1 6 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h is assumed as known to the readers and listeners of the Bhagavadgîtâ. It is used, in the arguments of the chapter II of the Bhagavadgîtâ to clarify the relation of the embodied with the body, which was needed to clarify the structure of intensionality involved in the jñâna arising due to mâtrâ-sparœa 'sense object contact'. The context of the discussion is provided by the œoka (grief) and moha (delusion) that emrged for Arjuna due to his perception. In the battlefield Arjuna asks K???a (I.21) to place his chariot in the middle of the two armies saying: yâvad etân nirîk?e 'hamò yoddhukâmân avasthitân (I.22) “till I may inspect those who stand here desirous to fight”, yotsyamânân avek?e 'hamò ya ete 'tra samâgatâhò (I.23) “I will see those who are assembled here and are about to engage in battle.” K???a places the chariot in the middle of two armis (1.24) and uvâca pârtha pa?yaitân samavetân kurûn iti (I.25) “said: 'O son of Pròthâ, look at these assembled Kurus'.” Then Samòjaya informs: tatra apaœyat sthitân pârthahò pitròn atha pitâmahân /âcâryân mâtulân bhrâtròn putrân pautrân sakhîmòs tathâ // úvaúurân suhròdaú caiva senayor ubhayor api / tân samîk?ya sa kaunteyahò sarvân bandhûn avasthitân // k?payâ parayâvi??o vi?îdann idam abravît / d???vemân svajanân k???a yuyutsûn samavasthitân // (I.26-28) “Then the son of Pritha saw arrayed there in both the armies fathers and grandfathers, teachers, maternal uncles, brothers, sons, grandsons and comrades, fathers-in-law and friends. When the son of Kunti saw all the kinsmen standing, he was overcome with deepest pity and said thus in sorrow: Seeing these own-people, O K???a, arrayed and desirous to fight…” Arjuna further says: nimittâni ca paúyâmi viparîtâni keúava / na ca œreyo 'nupaúyâmi hatvâ svajanam âhave // (I.31) “And, O Kesava, I see omens foreboding evil. Nor do I see any good from killing my kinsmen in battle.” He further argues: yady apy ete na paœyanti lobhopahatacetasahò / kulak?ayakròtamò do?amò mitradrohe ca pâtakam // kathamò na jñeyam asmâbhihò pâpâd asmân nivartitum / kulak?ayakròtamò do?amò prapaœyadbhir janârdana // (I.3839) “Though these, whose intelligence is stricken by greed, perceive no evil in the extinction of families and no sin in treachery to friends, yet, O Janardana, should not we, who clearly see evil in the extinction of a family, know to refrain from this sinful deed?” Further he says: utsannakuladharmânâò mò manu?yânâ ò mò janârdana / narake niyatamò vâso bhavatîty anuœuœruma //(I.44) “We have heard, O Janârdana, that necessary is the dwelling in hell of the men whose family dharmas are subverted.” Arjuna articulates his œoka (grief) and moha (delusion) due to what he saw in words: na hi prapaúyâmi mamâpanudyâd; yac chokam uccho?anòam indriyânâ ò m (II.8) “I do not indeed see what can dispel the grief which dries up my senses…” It is interesting to note that most of words related to knowledge used with respect to Arjuna are concerning pratyak?a 'perception' especially perception by eye [I. 22 (nirîk?e); 23 (avek?e); 25 (paœya); 26 (apaœyat); 27 (samîk?a); 28 (d???vâ); 31 (paúyâmi, anupaúyâmi); 38 (paœyanti); 39 (prapaœyadbhi)] and only one word [44 (anuœuœruma)] is used which is related to hearing. But all of these in one way or the other relate to body (deha / úarîra), as the instruments of knowledge like eye, ear etc. belong to body. The problem of œoka (grief) and moha (delusion) of Arjuna is emerging due to his perception of his situation in the beginning in the battlefield.



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So, the issue K???a is discussing in the beginning of his discourse in chapter II is regarding correct understanding of perception, the being of the perceiver, the embodied being, and the means of perception, i.e. the body, which has sense organs, and the relation of the embodied being with the body. This is confirmed by K???a's statement in the middle of the argument regarding the embodied body relation in II. 14-15: mâtrâsparúâs tu kaunteya úîto??asukhadu?khadâ? / âgamâpâyino 'nityâs tâ? s titik?asva bhârata // ya? hi na vyathayanty ete puru?a? puru?ar?abha / samadu?khasukha? dhîra? so 'm?tatvâya kalpate // “The sense-contacts it is, O son of Kunti, which cause heat and cold; pleasure and pain; they come and go, they are impermanent. Them endure bravely, O descendant of Bharata. That wise man whom, verily, these afflict not, O chief of men (puru?ar?abha), to whom pleasure and pain are same, he for life (m?tatvâya) is fit.” The statement of II.14-15 makes no sense if the discussion is to prove the immortality of self. So, the issue is not immortality of self but clarification of the being of the perceiver who is embodied and the nature of the body and the relation of the two, where the doctrine of immortality of the soul is presupposed. The significance of the verses II.14-15 will become clear later. The problem of œoka (grief) and moha (delusion) is emerging for Arjuna due to his erroneous way of conceiving the perceiver in himself when he perceives his situation in the battlefield. The perceiver in Arjuna should have been the Brahman as required by valid perception according to the Vedic tradition outlined above, but unfortunately Arjuna was completely under the sway of his Aha? kâra 'Ego' or the 'I'. This came out clearly when he spoke for the first time in the battlefield in I.21bc-23, which I quote in full: senayor ubhayor madhye ratha? sthâpaya me 'cyuta // yâvad etân nirîk?e 'ha? yoddhukâmân avasthitân / kair mayâ saha yoddhavyam asmin ra?asamudyame // yotsyamânân avek?e 'ha? ya ete 'tra samâgatâ? / dhârtarâ??rasya durbuddher yuddhe priyacikîr?ava? // “O Acyuta, place my chariot between the two armies, that I may just see those who stand here desirous to fight, and know with whom I must fight in this strife of battle. I will observe those who are assembled here and are about to engage in battle desirous to do service in war to the evil-minded son of Dh?tarâ??ra.” The way the words me (my), aham (I) [used twice], mayâ (I) are used in Arjuna's utterance and its content, i.e. contempt for sons of Dh?tarâ??ra clearly manifests Arjuna's Aha? kâra 'Ego'. When in II.9 Arjuna gives his decision na yotsya “I will not fight”, then he was under the sway of Aha? kâra 'Ego'. K???a makes it explicit when he tells Arjuna in XVIII.59: yad aha? kâram âúritya na yotsya iti manyase / mithyai?a vyavasâyas te prak?tis tvâ? niyok?yati // “If, indulging egoism, thou think 'I will not fight,' vain is this, your resolve; nature will engage you.” Arjuna suffered œoka (grief) and moha (delusion) in the battlefield because he perceived his situation with Aha? kâra 'Ego.' Had he allowed the Brahman to be the perceiver in him he would have suffered no œoka (grief) and moha (delusion). This is stated as a principle in Îúopani?ad 6 and 7. The Îúopani?ad (Kâ?va) 6 says: yas tu sarvâ?i bhûtâny âtmany evânupaúyati | sarvabhûte?u câtmâna? tato na vijugupsate || “Who however sees all existents in the self and the self in all existents –



1 7 0 @ e / ; H k k j r h thereupon he does not shrink away [from the existence of the self].” In the Mâdhyandina recension in the last quarter vicikitsati replaces vijugupsate of Kâ?va recension and the mantra there is: yas tu sarvâ?i bhûtâny âtmany evânupaúyati | sarvabhûte?u câtmâna? tato na vicikitsati || “Who however sees all existents in self and self in all existents – thereupon he does not doubt (/hesitate from) [the existence of the self].” If any one perceives that all existents belong to the institutional self or puru?a, and perceives that the institutional self or puru?a belongs to all existents, after that the institutional self becomes self-evident to him or in other words, after that he does not doubt the being of the institutional self, then the Îúopani?ad 6 (Kâ?va) tato na vijugupsate and (Mâdhyandina) tato na vicikitsati takes on a different meaning which is also intended in the mantra in two recensions. Since the one who fulfills the condition to be self-evidently aware of or to be certain of the being of the institution, which is person, he tato na vijugupsate “thereupon does not shrink away” or tato na vicikitsati “thereupon does not hesitate” from any institutional action and he has constant knowledgeable resolve of institutional action, for as per the Îúopani?ad 2 one has to live performing institutional action as there is no alternative to performance of institutional action. So self-evidence or certainty of institution, which is person, in the Îúopani?ad 6 translates into self-evidence or certainty of institutional action, from which a man tato na vijugupsate “thereupon does not shrink away” or tato na vicikitsati “thereupon does not hesitate”. This is required because the institution being a collective person may require under certain circumstances, e.g. when a war has arrived, of a member to perform an institutional action, like fighting in the war, which may in its turn create situation, which is vîbhatsa 'disghusting' and it may give rise to jugupsâ 'disghust' and hence one may, if he has no indubitable or self-evident grasp of institution and its' requirement of action, tato vijugupsate “thereupon does shrink away” or tato vicikitsati “thereupon does hesitate” to participate in the war, as was the case with Arjuna just when the Mahâbhârata war began, but a man, who fulfills the condition of being certain of and without any doubt of institution, which is a person, tato na vijugupsate “thereupon does not shrink away” from participating in the war or tato na vicikitsati “thereupon does not hesitate” to participate in the war. So, one can infer that the very setting of the Bhagavadgîtâ in the condition of the war where Arjuna is shrinking away from the war is based on the transposition of Îúopani?ad 6, thereby showing that he does not see all in the self and self in all, of which he will get convinced only by listening to the message of K??na and he will not shrink away any more from war and will participate in the war enthusiastically. Hence after setting the condition of srinking away from the requirement of institutional action, to overcome that shrinking away by Arjuna, he was informed of what is to be envisioned for this to be possible in two consecutive verses, i.e. Bhagavadgîtâ VI.29-30: sarvabhûtastham âtmâna? sarvabhûtâni câtmani / îk?ate yogayuktâtmâ sarvatra samadarúana? // yo mâ? paœyati sarvatra sarva? ca mayi paúyati / tasyâha? na pra?aúyâmi sa ca me na pra?aœyati // “The Self abiding in all existents, and all existents (abiding) in the Self, sees he whose self has been harnessed by Yoga, who



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sees the same everywhere. He who sees Me everywhere and sees everything in Me, for him I do not get destroyed, nor for Me does he get destroyed.” Îúopani?ad 7 says: yasmin sarvâ?i bhûtâny âtmaivâbhûd vijânata? | tatra ko moha? ka? œoka ekatvam anupaœyata? || “One who has knowledgeable resolve of action, in whom all existents have verily become the self: one who constantly beholds oneness, there what delusion, what sorrow can be?” The questions in the third quarter of the mantra: tatra ko moha? ka? œoka “there what delusion, what grief can be?” is a rhetorical question which contains its own answer that there can be no delusion and no grief. The reasoning is as follows: The man in whom all existents have verily become the self, i.e. has realized Brahman, necessarily constantly beholds oneness, which in turn implies through indubitability and self-evidence of being of the institution as person that he has knowledgeable resolve of action, i.e. institutional action. From this it logically follows that he is not deluded by the particular multiplicity present in the manifestation of the One Institutional Self. He gives priority to the oneness or unity of the Institutional Self over his changing manifestations. The man under consideration also on the same presuppositions is not infatuated by the specific element or elements in the manifestation of the One Institutional Self, for he is already knowledgeably resolved for institutional action, the action required by the institutional self, and the infatuation for the specific item or items in the manifestation of the Institutional Self cannot motivate him to perform action. So, even if the institutional action he is resolved to perform may lead to elimination of some element or elements from the present manifestation of the Institutional Self, he does not grieve for these, nor can he have sorrow for impending removal of these from the manifestation of the Institutional Self. Since, the reasoning is correct, the mantra in transposition implies that if a man suffers from moha “delusion/infatuation” and œoka “grief/sorrow,” as was the case with Arjuna in the beginning of the Mahâbhârata war, then neither in him all existents have verily become the Institutional Self nor does he constantly behold the unity and oneness of the Institutional Self, i.e. he has not realized the Brahman in him. Hence, Arjuna was imparted the knowledgeable resolve of the Unity and Oneness of the Institutional Person, which is the Brahman by K???a in the Bhagavadgîtâ. The entire argument of the Bhagavadgîtâ is to convince Arjuna of the truth of Îúopani?ad 7, that's why after the argument of the Bhagavadgîtâ is over and K???a asks Arjuna in Bhagavadgîtâ XVIII.72: kaccid etac chrutamò pârtha tvayaikâgre?a cetasâ / kaccid ajñânasamòmohahò prâ?a??as te dhanamòjaya // “Has it (argument of the Bhagavadgîtâ) been heard by you, O Partha with an attentive mind? Has the delusion of ignorant irresolution been dtstroyed, O Dhananjaya?” And Arjuna replies in the next verse, i.e. Bhagavadgîtâ XVIII.73: na??o moha? sm?tir labdhâ tvatprasâdân mayâcyuta / sthito 'smi gatasamòdehahò kari?ye vacanamò tava // “Destroyed is delusion, and I have gained recollection through your Grace, O Achyuta. I am firm, with doubts gone. I will do/carry out your utterances/advice.” The discussion of embodied-body relation in the second chapter of the Bhagavadgîtâ is just the beginning of clarification of the being of the thinker, perceiver, and knowledgeable resolver in the body of man.



1 7 2 @ e / ; H k k j r h 8. The Relation of Embodied and Body First lets us see how the embodied-body relation is explained in the Bhagavadgîtâ II.13 and what is its significance. Verse II.13 says: dehino 'smin yathâ dehe kaumâra? yauvana? jarâ / tathâ dehântaraprâptir dhîras tatra na muhyati // “Just as in this body the embodied (Self) passes into childhood and youth and old age, so does He pass into another body. There the wise man is not distressed.” For grasping what is conveyed in this verse one has to be clear about what is meant by deha? 'Deha has been derived from the root- 'di?' which primarily means 'to gather, collect or pile-up'. The act of gathering, collecting and piling of is in fact the act of what we call in English harvesting, which act in turn leads to the experience of 'growth, increase, prosperity.' This, in fact, is an alternative meaning of the root 'di?' which also means 'to increase, grow, prosper'. But there is a third meaning of root 'di?', which is 'to cover.' To cover also means to hide, to conceal, to anoint, to plaster and smear. When what is harvested is piled up much of it is hidden as the surface hides and covers the pile. This meaning of deha is visible in the word 'sa? deha', meaning doubt. Sa? deha has two components: 'sam' and 'deha'. The word 'sam' is a prefix, which refers to the experience of completeness, totality and perfection. We also see this in the English word 'sum'. The next component is 'deha', meaning concealing or covering. The word Sa? deha's root sense is 'perfect concealment or covering'. So in a state of doubt, consciousness is perfectly clouded, the reality is covered or concealed, the truth is hidden, and thus there is no clarity of vision. One is confused and is groping in the dark. The body is called deha in Sanskrit because it is a cover for dehin (the embodied). It conceals dehin within as the dehin gathers, collects and piles deha up and deha increases and grows. So, from the very meaning of the term deha it is clear that deha is related to dehin but dehin is concealed in it. Here in the clarification of relation between dehin and deha a third thing is introduced that is the condition/state of the deha as experienced by dehin. Dehin experiences deha in many conditions/states, for example kaumâra? yauvana? jarâ 'childhood and youth and old age.' Deha remaining identical and permanent undergoes change in its condition/state like kaumâra? yauvana? jarâ 'childhood and youth and old age.' Similarly as dehin, remaining in the deha, experiences changing conditions of deha, similarly dehin also experiences replacement of one deha by another deha. The possibility of ontological separation of dehin from deha is explicitly denied in the verse even when it is admitted that dehin is conceived to be permanent substratum (ground) of changing deha. This denial is by way of bringing in the analogy of deha and its various states, as there is no possibility of ontological separation of the deha from its changing states. Had there been any indication of ontological separation, then the prevailing theory of transmigration of soul, i.e. migration of dehin from one deha to another deha would have been a clear enough example by itself, and that prevailing theory was also stated explicitly later in II.22: vâsâ? si jîr?âni yathâ vihâya; navâni g?h?âti naro 'parâ?i / tathâ úarîrâ?i vihâya jîr?âny; anyâni sa? yâti navâni dehî // “As a person casts off worn out clothes and takes on new ones, even so the Self discards worn



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out bodies and enters into new ones.” Had this kind of conception being accepted too in the Bhagavadgîtâ, with the implication that as the man can stand naked after discarding old garment but before acquiring the new one the self also can stand ontologically separated from the body, there would have been no need to bring in the relation of deha with its changing states. The example of the deha with its changing states is precisely to emphasize the permanence in the change without the ontological separation of the permanent from what is changing in it, as deha cannot be separated from the changing states of it, as that is inconceivable, i.e. it is inconceivable that there can be deha which is not in any of its changing states. The way the verse is formulated, this example is primary, and on the basis of this example one has to think of the relation of dehin with deha, i.e. deha is changing but dehin is permanent and we are not to think of dehin as existing ontologically separated from deha ever. A man may be without cloth, i.e. he may be naked but dehin is not without a deha ever. Dehin's being is like that of the numbers. Even though a number is distinct from the same number of things, yet number is not separable from the same number of things. Even if these things perish, the number is present in another same number of things. That is to say the dehin if not with this deha then it is with another deha, if thinking is not of this object then thinking is of that other object. There can be no separation of two relata of the intensional structure of thought. If an institution as person is not manifest with specific empirical objects and men, with which it was manifest once, it is manifest with other objects and other men at another time. So, the distinction of the two relata, one of which is sat and another which is asat, is not ontological separation as many Indian thinkers took it to be the case when they conceived of nirgu?a brahma all alone without a second. In the verse II.13 the prevailing theory of transmigration of dehin from one deha to another has been used neutralizing certain of its features by the analogy of deha and its changing states to explain the relation between changing object of institutional thought to that which does the thinking to clarify the intensional structure of institutional thought, which is thought of something in the institution. That the dehin/úarîri?a/Âtman/Brahman is never manifest without body is an accepted principle of the Œruti. One can cite the following passages in this regard. The B?hadâra?yaka Upani?ad 2.4.12: sa yathâ saindhavakhilya udake prâsta udakam evânuvilîyeta na hâsyodgraha?âyeva syât / yato-yatas tv âdadîta lava?am / eva? vâ ara ida? mahad bhûtam anantam apâra? vijñânaghana eva / etebhyo bhûtebhya? samutthâya tâny evânuvinaúyati / na pretya sa? jñâstîty are bravîmi / iti hovâca yâjñavalkya? // “'It is like this. When a chunk of salt is thrown in water, it dissolves into that very water, and it cannot be picked up in any way. Yet, from whichever place one may take a sip, the salt is there! In the same way this Immense Being, which has no limit boundary and is a single dense mass of activity of perception. It arises from and together with these existents and disappears after them – so, I say, after death there is no awareness.' Yajñavâlkya said.” The B?hadâra?yaka Upani?ad 4.5.13: sa yathâ saindhavaghano 'nantaro 'bâhya? k?tsno rasaghana eva / eva? vâ are 'yam âtmânantaro 'bâhya? k?tsna? prajñânaghana eva / etebhyo bhûtebhya? samutthâya



1 7 4 @ e / ; H k k j r h tâny evânuvinayati / na pretya sa? jñâstîty are bravîmi / iti hovâca yâjñavalkya? // “'It is like this. As a mass of salt has no distinctive core and surface; the whole thing is a single mass of flavour – so indeed, my dear, this self has no distinctive core and surface; the whole thing is a single mass of cognition. It arises out of and together with these beings and disappear after them – so I say, after death there is no awareness.' Yâjñavalkya said this.” The example of the lump of salt dissolved in water is not to emphasize the prior reparate existence of lump of salt from the water, rather it is to emphasize that there is inseparability of salt and water in salty water. Similarly the Brahman/Âtman is inseparable from body in an animated/conscious body. Hence apâra? vijñânaghana, which is Brahman, arises from and together with these existents and disappears after them. There is a second aspect to the relation of the body and its changing states, which is that the states of body are continuous with each other as there is no demarcating line between two states of body. There is no abruptly dividing demarcating line between childhood and youth and also between youth and old age. What self is that which experiences this kind of change of body where there is no abrupt change and continuity is maintained? It is the institutional self that has body with features like this. For collective body (politic) of the institutional self does change not abruptly but over a period of time maintaining continuity. The body (politic) of the institutional self changes continuously over a long period of time like the change from childhood to youth and from youth to child hood. So inseparability self from the body and continuity of change of body, just like the inseparability of body from its state and continuity of bodily states, are exhibited by the institutional self and its body (politic) only. The individual jîvâtman and the body of the jîva do not exhibit such properties. So the issue under discussion in the verse II.13 is not regarding the individual jîvâtman and its changing bodies, rather it is the institutional self and its collective body (politic) that is at issue here. Now the verse II.22 quoted above regarding analogy of discarding of old bodies and acquiring of new ones by self with discarding of old garments and acquiring of new ones by man makes sense. The institutional self discards the old bodies, for example in the Indian âúrama system the people with bodies of more than 75 years old were discarded and required to leave the institutional life to retire into forest to prepare and wait for death and in modern institutions people are retired by institution when they reach the age of super annuation and the institutional self in the Bhagavadgîtâ acquires new bodies when after being born a man becomes fit to be member of the institution and he enters the institution, in modern institution new bodies are hired, and one comes across expressions like 'body shopping' for companies and corporations.8 Dehin deha distinction is only a distinction in 'dhî?' into which dhîra has insight. In the thinking of something the two relata distinguished as well as related by 'of' is a distinction and relation within an ideational realm. Here it is pertinent to remember that the dhîra is not perplexed by all this, as dhîra is someone who has capacity of dhi?, i.e.



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capacity of holistic insight, i.e. capacity for holistic thought, which is required by institution for its functioning. One may argue that if what is claimed is correct then the primary example of the deha with its changing states was good enough to explain the intensional structure of institutional thought, then why the relation of dehin with deha brought in and stated explicitly in II.22. The reply is that the former example cannot explain all the features involved in intensional structure of institutional thought. Even if ontological separation of that which is being institutionally thought of from that which has the institutional thought is not possible, but it must be conceivable what that, which does have the institutional thought, in its pure state, can be when it is not thinking of anything, but that cannot be conceived by the primary example of deha with changing states, as deha cannot be conceived without being in some state, but that becomes conceivable with the existing theory of dehin-deha relation. Hence, in subsequent argument in this chapter II as well as other chapters specially chapter VIII, the invitation to think of the pure thought, i.e. the thought but not thought of this or that thing, is invitation to conceive as purification of dehin, or migration of dehin leaving the deha or kalevara behind. So that the discussion of prayâtâ gacchanti leaving kalevara is actually a discussion of how the institutional thought becomes pure institutional thought without being thought of this or that object in the institution. This is not to separate ontologically the pure institutional thought from the thought of this or that object in the institution, but to clarify the nature of pure institutional thought and pure institutional thinker, which is an important relatum of the intensional structure of institutional thinking.9 There is one more feature present in the analogy of II.22, which has not taken into consideration by any one. The expression 'naro' and dehî are in singular but expressions vâsâ? si jîr?âni, navâni … 'parâ?i, úarîrâ?i …jîr?âny, anyâni… navâni are in plural indicating that man has many old garments which he discards and acquires many new garments and similarly a single dehin has many old bodies which he discards and acquires many new bodies. This feature of having many bodies at a time like the man having many garments is satisfied by the institutional self or person, but not by jîvâtman. The traditional thinkers having commitment to the cycle of birth and death of jîva under the control of law of karma assume that multiplicity of bodies of dehin is due to sequentially discarded or acquired bodies but one at a time and then they account for the multiplicity of garments of a man in the same way. But this is not a natural reading as it is reading backwards as if the issue under discussion is the garments of man which is to be understood in analogy to bodies of jîvâtman (=man) which are sequentially acquired and discarded one at a time in the cycle of birth and death under law of karma. But that is not the issue at all. The issue is that of discarding and acquiring (not acquiring and discarding) of many bodies by a single dehin which has to be understood in analogy to discarding and acquiring of many garments by man. Then the natural reading is that the dehin is the institutional self or person and who discards many old bodies by sending old men away from the institution and acquires many new bodies by inducting many new man in the institution. So, the traditional commentators are not actually faithful to the



1 7 6 @ e / ; H k k j r h nuances of the terms in the verses and syntax of the verses due to their prior doctrinal commitments, which prevent them from seeing the meaning present the terms and syntax of the verses. Therefore, the conclusion of the above discussion is that the assumption of the theory of cycle of birth and death, which is the traditional theory of transmigration of soul, is not advocated or justified in the Bhagavadgîtâ; rather the prevailing theory of transmigration of soul is utilized, neutralizing some features of it, to clarify the structure of institutional thought and institutional actuality as the person or self of institution has some voluntary control over discarding and acquiring of men in its body (politic).10 9. Mâtrâsparúa and Feelings When we read the Bhagavadgîtâ II.13 and II. 14 quoted above what strikes the reader is the identical triadic structure in both embodied-body relation and the perceiverperceived relation. In embodiment there is (1) eternal dehin hidden in (2) temporary deha, which is being replaced by another in time and (3) each deha is experienced by dehin in some changing state. Similarly in perception (mâtrâsparœa) of something there is (a) eternal perceiver hidden in (b) temporary some thing perceived, which is being replaced by another in time and (c) each something is perceived by the perceiver accompanied by changing feelings. As the state of body belongs to the body and not to the embodied the feeling accompanying a thing perceived belongs to the thing perceived and not to the perceiver. The feeling is not subjective in the Bhagavadgîtâ as it belongs to the something perceived and not to the perceiver. It is declared in III.34 by K???a: indriyasyendriyasyârthe râgadve?au vyavasthitau / tayor na vaúam âgacchet tau hy asya paripanthinau // “In object of each sense is respectively stationed attraction and aversion of (respective) senses; one should not come under the control of these two; for, they are obstacles on the path of his.” The primary model of perception (mâtrâsparúa) in the Bhagavadgîtâ is the embodied body relation as was the case with jñâna (knowledgeable resolve) in the Bhagavadgîtâ XIII.1-2. In the Bhagavadgîtâ XIII.6 we saw that feelings like pleasure and pain (sukha? du?kha? ) belong to the body (úrîra), which is also designated as K?etra (clearing). Hence, neither perception (mâtrâsparúa) nor jñâna (knowledgeable resolve) in the Bhagavadgîtâ admit of modern subject-object dualism. In II.13 it was mentioned that the triadic structure of embodiement does not perplex the holistic thinker or the one who has holistic insight (dhîras … na muhyati). In II.15 it was mentioned that the man, who is holistic thinker or who has holistic insight (puru?a? … dhîra? ), whom feelings in the triadic structure of perception do not afflict, he is fit for life (ya? hi na vyathayanty ete puru?a? … dhîra? so 'm?tatvâya kalpate). The introduction of dhîra 'holistic thinker' or 'who has holistic insight' is very significant. The term 'dhîra' is necessarily connected with 'dhi?', namely, with the 'holistic idea/insight reconciled of many elements,' or 'holistic thought/vision reconciled of many elements.' So, dhîra, 'who has holistic insight' or 'who is holistic visionary,' has insight into or has the vision of connection between embodiment and perception. So the two triadic structures (X) dehin-deha-state of deha and (Y) perceiver-thing perceived-feeling of the



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thing perceived, together create a third structure (Z) Dehin (=perceiver)-Deha in some state-the thing perceived with some feeling. Dehin & deha relation of the structure (X) which is a necessary relation will be the locus of action (karma) and the intentional structure of action (karma), as all actions are performed by the body, speech and mind (úarîravâ?manobhir: XVIII.15), which belong to k?etra 'clearing' (=úarîra), mediated by feeling from the structure (Y) (XIII.5-6), and Dehin (=perceiver) & the thing perceived relation, which again is a necessary relation from the structure (Y) will be the locus of jñâna and intensional structure of jñâna mediated by the state of deha from the structure (X), and these two structures of (i) action-intention of action and (ii) jñânaintension of jñâna merge to become a unitary structure of life. A dhîra grasps this totality without getting perplexed or getting afflicted and he is fit for life, where life is characterized by 'deathlessness' (am?tatva). The cognition in the Bhagavadgîtâ is never dissociable from feeling. The relation of image cognition of object in sense object contact and the associated feeling are not conceived the way modern philosophy conceives these two. In the modern thought the feeling is subjective but the image comes from outside from the object. But in the Bhagavadgîtâ the object itself is the giver of form to cognition in sense object contact and also the giver of feeling to consciousness. Both are given by the sense object together intimately related and are not dissociable. In modern philosophy one can treat cognition of image independently from the subjectively felt feelings, but not in the Bhagavadgîtâ. It has significant impact on the manner of articulation of cognition and expression of the cognition in language affecting the intensional structure of thought and speech in the Bhagavadgîtâ. The intensional structure of thought and speech in the Bhagavadgîtâ is therefore, different from the intensional structure of thought and speech of modern thought. That is to say modern thought is entirely different from the Bhagavadgîtâ. The intensional structure of thought and speech cannot result in intentional structure of action in modern thought because image cognition is dissociable from feelings. In modern thought image cognition is objective but feeling is subjective, therefore, any objective image cognition can combine externally with any subjective feeling felt by the cogniser. There is no objective relation between the two in modern thought. But, in contrast, in Vedic thought there is objective connection between the image cognition of a thing and the feeling that the thing gives rise to, associated with the image cognition. In the Bhagavadgîtâ the locus of connection between the image cognition and the associated feeling is in the thing itself and it is not a mere subjective connection. Therefore, in the Bhagavadgîtâ the intensional structure of thought and speech necessarily gives rise to intentional structure of action precisely because of un-dissociability of image cognition from feeling of life in the Bhagavadgîtâ.11 To recapitulate the train of argument of the second chapter of the Bhagavadgîtâ it must be stated that in the verse II.14 the idea of mâtrâ-sparúâ? is brought in to show the connection of the dehin-deha relation and perceiver (dehin)-and thing perceived relation. Many things are given to perception (mâtrâ-sparœa) and the action like yuddha



1 7 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h 'war' is to be performed in the world of perception (mâtrâ-sparœa). The dehin-deha relation the locus of action and intentional structure of action, get related to perceiver (dehin)-and thing perceived relation, the locus of jñâna and intensional structure of jñâna via mâtrâ-sparúâ?, the former performing action in the world of perception (mâtrâ-sparœa) out of/impelled by associated feelings and the later receiving many entities for perception from world of perception (mâtrâ-sparœa), according to the state of body, the two forming a circle which never ceases but continues ever which is life and jñâna in one. And yet the dehin which is the common relatum of intensional structure of jñâna and intentional structure of action (karma) remains unaffected, as stated in II.15, by the world of perception (mâtrâ-sparœa) both in receiving of entities from it for jñâna as per the state of body and performing of action in it impelled as per the associated feeling. The Bhagavadgîtâ's a priori of perception (mâtrâsparúa) is different from the a priori 'I' in 'I think' which accompanies the experience of object from Descartes to Kant as the 'I' of 'I think' is not out of focus of consciousness but is in the focus of consciousness as self consciousness, i.e. transcendental consciousness of the unity of apperception and the 'I' of 'I think' of the modern tradition is not only not out of focus of consciousness, it is self-consciousness and as consciousness of something that is transcendental consciousness of unity of apperception is limited and delimited by mâtrâ, i.e. the measure of the self which is distinguished and delimited by limits from other selves. To use the Bhagavadgîtâ's terminology, the self-consciousness, 'I' of 'I think' of modern tradition is simultaneously aha? kâra (mamakâra). None of this is applicable to the a priori of the perception (mâtrâsparúa) in the Bhagavadgîtâ. Hence, there is a fundamental difference in the a priori of perception (mâtrâsparúa) in the Bhagavadgîtâ, which is out of focus of consciousness, merely like light (jyoti), but without delimitation. It is ideational like number, which is non-dual due to nonlimitation and infinite. But in modern thought the a priori of the experience of object is in the focus of consciousness as self consciousness, is delimited consciousness limited by the limits of 'you think' 'he thinks' 'the other thinks' etc. In modern thought the intesional structure of knowledge has limited things on both side of thought, i.e. the thinker side and the thing thought side. There is total separation of feeling from this intensional structure of thought in modern thought, as feeling has no role to play in it. 10. A Metaphysical Principle Verse II.16ab states: nâsato vidyate bhâvo nâbhâvo vidyate sata? / “There is no bhâva (being) of the asat (non-eternal-non-ethical-non-actual). There is no abhâva (nonbeing) of sat (eternal-ehical-actual).” This is the metaphysical principle on which the arguments of the Bhagavadgîtâ are based. Here bhâva/abhâva (being/non-being) distinction is not to be equated with existence/nonexistence (asti/nâsti) distinction. The later distinction is only a distinction within the vikâra of bhâva (modes of being) and hence is not to be confused with being/non-being (nothing). To give a more familiar and mundane example of the distinction take any



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number, e.g. 2. The number 2 has being, it does not admit of non-being, but it is not existent, which can go out of existence into non-existence. But in contrast a particular pair of things, which are 'two bulls,' are existent and can go out of existence, but number 2 as has being does not admit of non-being even here. The implication is that one relatum of the intensional structure of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa) has only bhâva and no abhâva, but it cannot be characterized as existent or non-existent. That relatum is the Brahman, which is out of focus of consciousness, ideational being which is one infinite but not delimited by any limit. The other relatum of the intensional structure of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa) is a thing perceived, which is with limits and has measure and hence admits of existence and nonexistence and in fact all the bhâva vikâras. These two sides of the intensional structure of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa) one having bhâva but no vikâras and not admitting abhâva and other side having all the possible bhâvavikâras like coming into existence, existence, increase, decrease, going out of existence, non-existence etc. has serious and far reaching consequences as far as relation to time is concerned and conception of time is concerned. Former side does not admit of any temporal characterization, it is not in time (ordinarily understood time) and yet it cannot be without the œakti of time for it is the one side of the intensional structure of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa) whose other side admitting all possible bhâvavikâras is characterizable as temporal and is in time as it can come into existence in time and go out of existence in time. We cannot go into details of the idea of time in the Bhagavadgîtâ as it is beyond the scope of the present essay. The categories sat (eternal-ethical-actual) and asat (non-eternal-non-ethicalnon-actual) come into picture when we are concerned with manifest being. These dual ends, one sat and another asat, are involved in all manifestation, whether it is manifestation of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa), manifestation of language (vâc), manifestation of action (karma), manifestation of time (kâla), manifestation of institution as person (puru?a) etc. in the Bhagavadgîtâ. The Bhagavadgîtâ II.17-18 draw the conclusion from the metaphysical principle stated above to clarify the two sides of the jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa). The verse II.17 states: avinâúi tu tad viddhi yena sarvam ida? tatam / vinâúam avyayasyâsya na kaú cit kartum arhati // “But penetratively knowledgeably resolve that to be imperishable by which all this is extended. None can cause the destruction of the Inexhaustible.” In the context of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa) sarvam ida? (all this) refers to the entire unitary world of perception (mâtrâsparúa). The verb viddhi (penetratively knowledgeably resolve) is an injunction in the context of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa) to construe a priori the perceiver by whom this unitary perceptual world is extended (yena sarvam ida? tatam). The perceiver is to be conceived as avinâúi (indestructible), as no one can cause the destruction of the inexhaustible, which is the Ak?ara from which originates Brahman (brahmâk?arasamudbhavam: III.15). The verse II.18 says: antavanta ime dehâ nityasyoktâ? úarîri?a? / anâúino



1 8 0 @ e / ; H k k j r h 'prameyasya tasmâd yudhyasva bhârata // “These bodies (dehâ) of the embodied (úarîri?a, Self) who is eternal, indestructible and immeasurable, are said to have an end. Do fight, therefore, O descendant of Bharata.” In the verse II.17 sarvam ida? was in singular highlighting the unity of the perceptual world of all perceived things. But in the II.18 the expression ime dehâ (these bodies) refers to all the perceptual things severally calling them all 'bodies'. The reference of sarvam ida? is not different from ime dehâ even though the connotation is different. The expression ime dehâ is not meant to refer to a smaller class of things then sarvam in sarvam ida? . Since the perceiver is in the every perceived thing. Every perceived thing belongs to the collective body of the perceiver. The unitary world of perception (sarvam ida? ) is the unitary collective body (i.e. collective body of the institution) of the Brahman (i.e. institution as person). The unitary collective body of the Brahman in turn consists of all these many bodies (ime dehâ). As it was explained earlier in the Bhagavadgîtâ the object of jñâna is not objectivized in the modern way, but conceived of as body (deha), which puts limit to objectivization. That the unitary world of perception (sarvam ida? ) is the unitary collective body (i.e. collective body of the institution) of the Brahman (i.e. institution as person) is confirmed by what K???a says to Arjuna in the Bhagavadgîtâ XI.7: ihaikastha? jagat k?tsna? paúyâdya sacarâcaram / mama dehe gu?âkeúa yac cânyad dra??um icchasi // “Now behold here in My body, Gudâkeúa, the whole world established in one, including the moving and the unmoving, and whatever else you desire to see.” The verse II.18 says that only the úarîri?a (embodied) is eternal (nitya), but all these bodies (ime dehâ) of the one úarîri?a (embodied) are such that each of them comes to an end. The úarîri?a (embodied) is further characterized as anâúino 'prameya 'indestructible and immeasurable'. The úarîri?a? is aprameya, i.e. not something that is measurable, hence it not an object of measured knowledgeable resolve. Here an indication is given that soul or the perceiver is not on the side of what is measurable and hence not on the side of what is measurably knowledgeably resolved, i.e. it is not an object of mâtrâsparœa (perception), but it is on the side of measurer (pramâtâ), i.e. on the side of the knowledgeable resolver. Here the idea is that it is immeasurable, as it has no mâtrâ as it has no limits. By declaring the soul to be immeasurable not only it is taken on the side of pramât? but also as self evident or self revealing a priori, that is to say its knowledgeable resolvability depends on its own appearance, its self evidencing in what is prameya, the object of mâtrâsparúa (perception). Of course, the presence of the soul in the individual is based more on self-evidence and not so much on arguments. The so called arguments formulated in the Bhagavadgîtâ for the soul's immortality always tend to develop themselves within the context of a theoretical deliberation stemming from the the soul's function in perception (mâtrâsparúa). 11. The Injunction to Fight Now the question is how does K???a draw the conclusion: “Do fight, therefore, O descendant of Bharata.” The intentional structure of action from intensional structure of thought will emerge only by the eighteenth chapter, it is only a reminder and a pointing sign for that direction so that the reader does not get lost in the way to the destination. The



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expression tasmâd yudhyasva or its equivalent keep popping up though out the text to remind the reader of the destination and to point the way. Here one should not conclude that K???a is drawing the conclusion that one can go to war because nobody can get killed in war as every one is immortal. The immortality of soul is not a premise for directly drawing the injunction to fight, rather immortality of soul is for clarification of intensional structure of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa) to link it with intentional structure of action to clarify proper intention that is associated with the intension in jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa). The setting of discussion of the immortality of soul in the Bhagavadîtâ reminds one of Plato's dialogue Phaedo, where Socrates speaks of the expectations one may have concerning death and the beyond, on the last day of his life in a final discussion with his friends. Like the Bhagavadgîtâ Plato's Phaedo raises the question of what account one can give of death where one is caught by the fear of death and is thinking of death and thinking beyond ones own life here in the world. Here, in the Bhagavadgîtâ also, we are dealing with a poetic presentation, which should not be measured against a one-sided criterion of logical development of a modern thesis in essay form. Rather the presentation recounts a human discussion, which must be understood as discussion. Here the poetic power to convince is stronger than its arguments' logical power to prove. How can we say this? Arjuna is unable to perceive the right course of action in the midst of declared war because he fears for the death of his near and dear ones. He has been so much overpowered by the grief (œoka) and delusion (moha) because of he under the sway of aha? kâra 'ego' or individualistic 'I' that his knowledgeable resolve is clouded and the knowledgeable resolve has become defunct. The discourse to show the destructibility of the body but indestructibility of the soul is to regain his self and to distinguish himself from his aha? kâra 'ego' or individualistic 'I' which belong to the body, so that he can bear from the transitory emotions, so that he can have a distanced attitude to them, so that his knowledgeable resolution is recovered. Here Arjuna is not enjoined to fight. Arjuna had already been engaged in fighting as he has entered the battlefield and is in the midst of two armies who have already blown the conch shells to herald the onset of the battle and the weapons are taken out. But overpowered by grief (œoka) and delusion (moha) under the sway of aha? kâra 'ego' or individualistic 'I' he is blinded as to what he is engaged in the situation and thinks as if he has the option to abstain from fighting. It is only the removal of the cause of blindness i.e. grief (œoka) and delusion (moha) due to aha? kâra 'ego' or individualistic 'I' that is here attempted by K???a by opening of the intensional structure of jñâna and thereby the intentional structure of action. Therefore, in the words 'do thou fight,' K???a here draws as conclusion no new command (vidhi); he only draws attention (by removing ignorant irresolution) to what Arjuna is already engaged in. The command (vidhi) if any is in the knowledgeable resolve itself, which is present but is under cloud of emotions and ego. If the so-called immortality of soul is the ground to fight as no one gets killed then the argument should have come to an end here, but the discussion does not stop here, it continues much longer than what has already been said. Why? The answer is that the



1 8 2 @ e / ; H k k j r h immortality of soul is for clarification of intensional structure of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa) and to link it with intentional structure of action (karma) to clarify proper intention that is associated with the intension in jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa). Even though one ponders the mysteriousness of death and despite all proofs of immortality, however convincing, the child in us does not cease to be afraid of death. The arguments are not so much conclusive demonstrations as these are merely exposition of an a priori condition of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa). It is an introspection in face of fear of death that the Bhagavadgîtâ undertakes. It is the introspection of the intensional structure of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa) from which emerges the intentional structure of action. 12. The relation of Karma with Jñâna There is a little prefiguring of the relation of intentional structure of action with intensional structure of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa) in the Bhagavadgîtâ II.25 also, which says: avyakto 'yam acintyo 'yam avikâryo 'yam ucyate / tasmâd eva? viditvaina? nânuúocitum arhasi // “It is said that it (i.e. Brahman/Âtman/Puru?a/ Dehin/Œarîri?a) is unmanifest, unthinkable and without possibility of vikâra (without modes). Therefore, feelingly knowledgeably resolving apriori (viditvâ) it to be such, you should not grieve.” The first statement indicates that the being of soul is not to be validated by experience for that deals with what is manifest, thinkable and transitory. Rather it is confirmed by language, what we say. All confusion in thinking and hence thinking of what is to be done arises because we fail to distinguish and to keep distinct in thinking the one ideational being from the many empirical changing particulars in which it is present. Arjuna is failing to distinguish the one idea of dharma from the many empirical individual situations in which it is present. Since he is unable to distinguish the two he is caught in the sophistic dialetic, speaking like pa??ita while atually grieving for that which the learned find as something for which one should not grieve. So to remove the sophist dialectic confusion we have to pay attention to the language and how the distinction is present in the way we speak. Arjuna should think of the one idea of dharma and not the empirical particular situation of dharma. As Arjuna is thinking of the empirical particular situation of dharma he is thinking all that is involved in the particular empirical situation, i.e. killing, dying involved in the particular situation and these have no bearing on the issue of dharma when the war has already arrived. Once the war has arrived it is the arrival of war that is relevant to determination of dharma. It is this that is highlighted through the linguistic distinction between one soul, which is unmanifest, unthinkable and unchanging, like number, which is the institution as person in himself and many empirical particular bodies, which are manifest, thinkable and changeable, constituting a collective body politic, in which the institution as person is present. To arrive at one idea of dharma and what it requires one has to base his argument on the knowledgeable resolve of the soul and not on what happens to the empirical body. But this knowledgeable resolve of soul is knowledgeable resolve of the unmanifest, unthinkable and the unchanging, i.e. what is aprameya, that is not measurable and hence not an object of perception (mâtrâsparúa) and hence not perceptually knowledgeably



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resolvable, but knowledgeably resolvable a priori. Here one argument completes, as it is indicated by the conclusion reached by K???a for Arjuna, “you should not grieve,” which is an injunction. What is being said is that grief as feeling must be equalized and balanced with its opposite feeling and neutralized as grief. Here there is a little prefiguring of the relation of intentional structure of action with intensional structure of perception (mâtrâsparúa) of something. In this prefiguring of the relation, it must be noticed that the intentional structure of action emerges parallel to the intensional structure of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa) from the same puru?a; and the two parallel structures, i.e. the intensional structure of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa) and intentional structure of action merging in one structure which is both, i.e. has both aspects as explained earlier. In the modern thought the intensional structure of experience of object and the intentional structure of action are independent and when the two are related then they are related sequentially in a series where the experience of object with its intensional structure with the two relata the 'I' of 'I think' and the object experienced come first and then the action with its intentional structure with its two relata 'I' of 'I freely will' and the intended objective come next and the relation of the two structure is from the side of the object as the intended objective is always the breakdown of the resistance of the object whose experience is already obtained prior to action. This modern model of action has catastrophic and holocaustic consequences when it comes to institutional and social action and necessarily involves power to break the resistance of the object be it a man, be it a society or institution, or be it an object like wood or iron. Since, the Vedic and the Bhagavadgîtâ's way of relating the intensional structure of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa) to the intentional structure of action is entirely different. The Bhagavadgîtâ discusses it at length spreading the discussion till the last chapter, i.e. eighteenth chapter. Here it was merely a prefiguration of the relation that is presented. The Indian way of conceiving the relation between the intensional structure of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa) and the intentional structure of action is such that once the intentional structure of action emerges parallel to the intensional structure of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa), in fact the two merging into one structure then from whichever side of the two sides of intensional structure of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa) one proceeds the intentional structure of action remains unaffected. The example of why nânuúocitum arhasi “you should not grieve” as the example of intentional structure of action has already been discussed in the œloka II.25 starting from one side of the intensional structure of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa), i.e. the side where one has the infinite and indestructible puru?a as the relatum. Now K???a demonstrates that even if one proceeds from the finite measured side of the intensional structure then also the intentional structure of action remains unchanged. The same example of why nânuúocitum arhasi “you should not grieve” of the œloka II.25 is discussed in the next two œlokas starting from the other side of the intensional structure of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa) where the relatum is finitely delimited existent. II.26-27 says: atha caina? nityajâta? nitya? vâ manyase m?tam / tathâpi tva?



1 8 4 @ e / ; H k k j r h mahâbâho naina? œocitum arhasi // jâtasya hi dhruvo m?tyur dhruva? janma m?tasya ca / tasmâd aparihârye 'rthe na tva? œocitum arhasi // “And even if you think it (the finite side of the intensional structure of thought is taken to be puru?a) to be constantly born (when the body is born) and constantly dying (when the body dies), O mighty-armed Arjuna, you should not grieve for it. For, death is certain for one that is born and birth is certain for one that dies. Therefore, you should not grieve for that which is inevitable.” The second premise is a metaphysical principle, which says that the birth/beginning/ origin on one side and death/end on the other are indissolubly related, so that one that has birth/origin has death/end and one that has death/end had birth/origin too. So, once the intentional structure of action emerges from the intensional structure of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa) as parallel to it and merging with it, that intentional structure of action remains firm and unshakable from whichever side of the intensional structure of thought you may proceed. So, this was K???a's elaboration of the comment with which he had begun his discourse in II.11: aúocyân anvaúocas tva? prajñâvâdâ? ú ca bhâ?ase / gatâsûn agatâsû? ú ca nânuúocanti pa??itâ? // So, this comment was actually on the intensional structure of Arjuna's jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparœa) going wrong leading to wrong intentional structure of action, that he would not fight. With II.28 the discussion of so-called immortality of soul comes to an end. It says: avyaktâdîni bhûtâni vyaktamadhyâni bhârata / avyaktanidhanâny eva tatra kâ paridevanâ // “Existents are unmanifest in their beginnings; they become manifest in the middle, O Bharata; and they become unmanifest after death. So why grieve over them?” With this rhetorical question one argument is completed. Be it noted it is not an argument for the immortality of soul. For if we take it to be argument for eternality of soul it will require explanation of the existence of soul after it is dead or before it is born, i.e. when it is unmanifest. But in this argument this issue is not raised at all. So, the issue is that of intention to grieve or not to grieve when the thought of death of near and dear ones is haunting Arjuna and the consequent thought of demise of the familiar social formation is also haunting him. This issue is solved not by any decision or choice as a modern man would do with reasons. K???a's way of solving the issue is entirely different. He questioned the intensional structure of thought that was involved in the thought of death of near and dear ones that was haunting Arjuna. When the intensional structure of thought was corrected by discerning what went wrong in the intensional structure of his thought, then automatically and necessarily the intentional structure of action emerged that gave the injunction/resolution not to grieve. Here it is just a prefiguring of the relation between the intensional structure of jñâna in perception (mâtrâsparúa) and intentional structure of action because the example discussed is the example of thinking and speaking, which are conceived in Vedic thought as kinds of action. But the question remains whether this kind of relation obtains when the action is performed not as thinking and speaking but as bodily action as fighting with someone which is an extreme kind of bodily action, which may result in killing someone or may maim or destroy the body of another. Will this same relation between intensional structure of thought and intentional structure of action work there



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too? This question will have to wait for an answer till the chapter XVIII, the final chapter of the Bhagavadgîtâ for it requires a discussion spread over more than subsequent sixteen chapters, which is beyond the scope of this essay. Department of philosophy North Eastern Hill University Shillong - 793022 Meghalaya Notes and References 1. The present author intends to write a series of essays on the conception of jñâna in the Bhagavadgîtâ beginning with the present essay to highlight its different dimensions. 2. The idea of k?etra is borrowed from the Rògveda. It explicitly occurs in mantra Rògveda 5.2.3&4 dedicated to Agni: hiranòyadantamò œucivarnòam ârât k?etrâd apaúyam âyudhâ mimânam / dadâno asmâ amròtamò vipròkvat kim mâm anindrâhò krònòavann anukthâhò // k?etrâd apaúyamò sanutaœ carantamò sumad yûthamò na puru úobhamânam /na tâ agròbhrann ajani?tòa hi ?ahò paliknîr id yuvatayo bhavanti // “I saw him afar in a k?etra one shaping/measuring his weapons who was sparkling-toothed, and pure-bright of hue/description; I give to him the Amròta/life (essence of Soma) in separate parts; What shall they who have no Indra and have not the word, do to me? I saw in the k?etra as it were a happy herd ranging continuously, many, shining; they seized him not, for he was born; even those that were old, become young again.” Although the word k?etrajña is not used, but it is clear that Agni is the k?etrajña, which is illuminating the k?etra along with the herd of every thing moving in that k?etra. Instead of k?etrajña mantra ? gveda 10.32.7 mentions k?etravid 'the feelingly knowledgeable resolver of k?etra': ak?etravit k?etravida? hyaprâ? sa praitik?etravidânuúi??a? / etad vai bhadramanuúâsanosyotasruti? vindatyañjasînâm//“One who is not feelingly knowledgeable resolver of k?etra inquires from one who is felt resolute knower of k?etra, and instructed by him who is felt resolute knower of k?etra proceeds, such verily best/fortunate regulated on to the path spots him who anoints.” Earlier mantra ? gveda 10.25.8 dedicated to Soma it is said: tva? na? soma sukraturva yodheyâya jâg?hi / k?etravittaromanu?o vi vo made druho na? pâhya? haso vivak?ase // “Soma, author of good actions, be vigilant in supplying with zeal to fight. Better feelingly knowledgeable resolver of k?etra than man in your exhilaration, preserve us from harm and sorrow. For, you are mighty.” The k?etravid of mantra ? gveda 10.32.7 and 10.25.8 is the k?etrajña of later Vedic literature. As it has been mentioned time again Soma is the institutional person in general in the process of purification. The idea of k?etrajña which occurred in later Vedic literature which occurred in ? gveda as mentioned above as k?etravid also occurs as k?etrasya pati 'the master/lord of k?etra' in mantras ? gveda 4.57.1-3: k?etrasya patinâ vaya? hiteneva jayâmasi / gâm aúvam po?ayitnv â sa no m??âtîd?œe // k?etrasya pate madhumantam ûrmi? dhenur iva payo asmâsu dhuk?va / madhuœcuta? gh?tam iva supûtam ?tasya na? patayo m??ayantu // madhumatîr o?adhîr dyâva âpo madhuman no bhavatv antarik?am / k?etrasya patir madhumân no astv ari?yanto anv ena? carema // “1. WE win the Master of the clearing, to be established in us. In this may he be squeezed for us obtaining what nourisheth our cows and horse. 2. Lord of the clearing, full of honey, as the stream of movement, yield milk for us; like butter separating from milk, and let the well purified temporal order fall being squeezed. 3. Sweet be the plants for us the heavens, the waters, and full of sweets for us be air's mid-region. May the Lord of clearing for us be full of sweetness, and may we follow after him uninjured.” The lord of the clearing is no ordinary owner of piece of land, as the language here is highly symbolic. The lord of clearing here is the protector of the body. The gâm aúvam 'cows and horse' refer to the wish fulfilling yajñas (institutions which are cows) and time, which is aœvam. The expression ?tasya na? patayo m??ayantu 'for us fall of temporal order by being squeezed' tells that it is the institutional person in general as the Lord of



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clearing who squeezes out the temporal order to make it fall for us. The last of the mantra quoted above tells every one to follow the lord of the clearing so that the k?etra comes to no k?ati 'harm'. In mantra ? gveda 10.66.13 it is said: daivyâ hotârâ prathamâ purohita ?tasya panthâmanvemisâdhuyâ/k?etrasya pati? prativeúamîmahe viúvân devânam?tânaprayuchata? // “I follow successfuly the straight path of temporal order the two divine Hotars, the first (prathamâ =the measure of extent) that resides in the puram.We solicit the contiguous lord of the clearing, and the immprtal not unheeding universal deities.” The two hotârâ are Agni, the institutional person in general, and the kâla, who represents the ?tasya panthâm 'the path of temporal order.' The idea of k?etra and k?etrajña one finds mentioned even before the Bhagavadgîtâ in the Sâttvata Sa? hitâ and subsequently in the Lak?mî Tantra. In the Sâttvata Sa? hitâ one finds verses as follows which mention k?etratva? and k?etrajña: tatrâkârâkhyavar?asya k?etratva? vidhîyate / k?etratvamavaœi??ânâ? var?ânâ? pi??rûpi?âm //9.30// mantrak?etrajñarûpatvâd yasmât sarveúvaro'cyuta? / vyâpyavyâpakarûpe?a vartate'nugrahecchayâ //9.38// svapada? bhogakhinnasya divyadehasya karmi?a? / k?etrajñabîpi??âtmâ nirâvra?alak??a? //9.40// The Sâttvata Sa? hitâ has borrowed the idea of k?etrajña from the idea of k?etrasya pati 'the master/lord of k?etra' in mantras ? gveda 4.57.1-3. The confirmation of this point comes from the fact that Lâ?glin is another name of Œankar?a?a which occurs frequently in the Sâttvata Sa? hitâ and the word Lâ?glin is from the word lâ?gala? which occurs only once in ? gveda that too in a mantra immediately after the three mantras mentioned above where the expression k?etrasya pati occurs. That is to say in mantra ? gveda 4.57.4 the expression lâ?gala? occurs which is the only one occurrence of that term in the entire ? gveda: œuna? vâhâ? œuna? nara? œuna? k??atu lâ?galam/ œuna? varatrâ badhyantâ? œunam a??râm ud i?gaya // “Happily work our steers and men, may the plough furrow happily. Happily be the traces bound; happily may he ply the goad.” In the Lak?mî Tantra 21.17-21 too the following verses mention k?etra? and k?etrajña?:bîja? bîjavatâ? jîva? œi??a? k?etra? prakîrtitam // nirbîjânâmâdi jîva? k?etra? tu pariœo?itam / iti / bîjânâ? caiva pi??ânâmastu k?etrajña uccate // œi??a? tu k?etramuddi??am akârarahite puna? /k?etrajña? svara uddi??a? kevale ca svare puna? // jîva? syât prathamâ mâtrâ dvitîyâdi tanurbhavet /ekamâtre tu jîva? syât sa? skâro bhûtalak?a?am // uccâryamâ?a? k?etra? syânni?svare pi??ake puna? / prathamo jîva uddi??a? œi??a? k?etra? pracak?te // The following line occurs in Jayâkya Sa? hitâ 4.63a: anâdi tad ananta? ca na sat tan nâsad ucyate / This verse is taken verbatim from Úvetâúvatara Upani?ad 3.16. If we go by Úvetâúvatara Upani?ad this verse is an explanation and expansion of the idea of someone with all round organs brought in as answer to a query raised by ??i Viœvakarmâ Bhauvana? in the ? gveda sûkta 10.81 dedicated to devatâ Viœvakarmâ: ya imâ viúvâ bhuvanâni juhvad ??ir hotâ ny asîdat pitâ na? /? sa âúi?â dravi?am icchamâna? prathamacchad avarâm?â viveúa //1// “He who sate down as Hotar-priest, the Rsi, our Father, offering up all things existing, he, seeking through his wish a great possession, came among men on earth as archetypal.” Then the question is raised: ki? svid âsîd adhi??hânam ârambha?a? katamat svit kathâsît / yato bhûmi? janayan viúvakarmâ vi dyâm aur?on mahinâ viúvacak?â? //2//? ”What was the place whereon he took his station? What was it that supported him? How was it? Whence Visvakarman, seeing all, producing the earth, with mighty power disclosed the heavens.” Answer is given: viœvataœcak?ur uta viúvatomukho viúvatobâhur uta viúvataspât / sam bâhubhyâ? dhamati sam patatrair dyâvâbhûmî janayan deva eka? //3//? “He who hath eyes on all sides round about him, a mouth on all sides, arms and feet on all sides, he, the sole deity, producing earth and heaven, welds them, with his arms as wings, together.” What is called deva eka? in this mantra is further elaborated as the puru? of the first two mantras of Puru?a Sûkta, i.e. ? gveda manta 10.90.1-2, which were quoted in Úvetâúvatara Upani?ad as verses 3.14-15: sahasraúîr?â puru?a? sahasrâk?a? sahasrapât/sabhûmi? viœvato v?tvâtyati??had daúâ?gulam // puru?a eveda? sarva? yad bhûta? yacca bhavyam / utâm?tatvasyeúâno yadannenâtirohati // “A Puru?a with thousand head, a thousand eye, a thousand feet, on every side grasping ground by ten fingers, stays. This Puru?a is all that yet has been and all that



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is to be; the Lord of what is not dead (alive) grows greater still by food.” This is a description of a corporate person, which incorporates many human persons. The verse XIII.13 of the Bhagavadgîtâ needs to be compared with the following verses from the Sâttvata Sa? hitâ: trividhena prakâre?a parama? brahma úâúvatam/ ârâdhayanti ye te?â? râgasti??hati dûrata?//1.23// ?â?gu?yavigraha? deva? bhâsvajjvalanatejasam/ sarvata? pâ?ipâda? tat sarvato'k?iœiromukham//1.25// parametat samâkhyâtameka? sarvâúrya? prabhum/ etatpûrva traya? cânyajjñânâdyairbhedita? gu?ai?//1.26// viddhi tad vyûhasa? jña? sad ni?œreyasaphalapradam / mukhyânuv?ttibhedena yukta? jñânâdikairgu?ai?/ nânâk?ti? ca tad viddhi vaibhava? bhuktimuktidam//1.27// The threefold parama? brahma squares with the triple puru?as of verses XV.16-17 of Bhagavadgîtâ. The verse XIII.13 of the Bhagavadgîtâ also needs to be compared with the following verses from the Jayâkhya Sa? hitâ: sarvatra kara-vâk-pâda? sarvato'k?i-œiro-mukham //4.63// sarvata?-úrutimad viddhi sarvam âv?tya ti??hati /4.64/ sarvata? pâ?ipâdyairdukta? lak?a?aistvayâ /4.72/tathâ samastamâk?ipta? yasmâdvai parmâtmanâ //4.76// tasmâdvai sarvapâ?itva? sarvagasyânumîyate/ nâvacchinna? hi deúena na kâlenântarîk?tam//4.77// ata? sarvagatatvâdvai sarvata?pât prabhû? sm?ta?/ ûrdhva? tiryagadhoyâtairyathoccairbhâsayed ravi?//4.78// tadvat prakâúarûpatvât sarvacak?ustato hyaja?/ yathâ sarve?u gâtre?u pradhâna? gîyate úira?//4.79// bhave'smin prâk?tânâ? tu na tathâ tasya sattama/ samtvât pâvanatvâcca siddha sarvaúirâ? prabhû?//4.80// yathâ'nantarasâ? sarve tasya santi sadaiva hi/ sarvatra úântarûpasya ata? sarvamukha? sm?ta?//4.81// satvarâúiryato viddhi sa eva parameúvara?/ sarvata? œ?timâ? úcâsau yathâ d?kúrâvakoraga?//4.82// These mantras from the ? gveda, the Sâttvata Sa? hitâ and the Jayâkhya Sa? hitâ and the tracing of lineage of verse XIII.13 of the Bhagavadgîtâ to these mantras shows that there is an unbroken tradition of Pañcarâtra/Vai??ava thinking from the ? gveda to the Bhagavadgîtâ which has successfully developed a theory of manifest institution as person which encompasses all existents including multiplicity of all human beings. This verse is taken with modification from Úvetâúvatara Upani?ad 3.17 which says: sarvendriyagu?âbhâsa? sarvendriyavivarjjitam /sarvasya prabhûmîúâna? sarvasya œara?a? suh?t// “Shining by the gu?as (strands of prak?ti) of all the senses, (yet) without the senses; the influencer, the sovereign lord of all, the shelter, the heart-felt of all.” This verse also occurs with modification in the Sâttvata Sa? hitâ 12.164: sarvendriyagu?âbhâsa? sarvendriyavivarjitam / âdhâra? bhuvanânâ? ca dhyâtavyastadadha? sthita? // Compare also the Jayâkhya Sa? hitâ 4.64: sagu?air indriyais sarvair bhâsita? caiva varjitam //What XIII.14 of Bhagavadgîtâ is describing is the function of the institution as person to further crystallize the idea of institution as person. It is sarvendriyagu?âbhâsam 'shining by the gu?as (strands of prak?ti) of all the senses', i.e. it is shining and hence manifest with functions/workings/ations of all the senses. But it is sarvendriyavivarjitam 'devoid of the senses', i.e. the institution as person does not have any of the senses as human being as person has. How does the institution as person then manifests with functions/workings/actions of senses? Úvetâúvatara Upani?ad 3.19 answers the question by saying: apâ?ipâdo javano grahîtâ, paúyatyacak?u? sa œ??otyakar?a?/ sa vetti vedya? na ca tasyâsti vettâ, tamâhuragrya? puru?a? mahântam // “Without hands and feet fast grasper; he without eyes sees; without ears hears; he, fit to be feelingly known, feelingly knows; of him there is not feelingly knower; him they say the foremost great person.” It is because the institution as person manifests with functions/actions of senses without having corporeal senses, the institution as person is called the foremost and greatest person which surpasses all human persons. Institution in this crystallization is just an arrangement of actions of senses spread over space and time divested of the corporeality of senses, which belong to individual human beings who are members of the institution. The problem of the verse XIII.14 of Bhagavadgîtâ was anticipated earlier in Úvetâúvatara Upani?ad as mantra 3.3: viœvataœcak?urûta viúvatomukho viúvatobâhurûta viúvataspât/ sa? bâbhyâ? dhamati sa? patatreirdyâvâbhûmî janayan deva eka? // “(Though) heaven and earth creating deva one only, (yet he is) conjoined with all eyes, conjoined with all mouths, conjoined with all hands and conjoined with all feet, by means of two hands by means of bellows, (he) fans/excites fire into flames.” This mantra in a



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way solves in advance the issue of how the one deva? who is the institutional person manifests with the functions/actions of senses without having the corporeal senses. The problem is solved by giving or vesting the corporeal senses to human beings but vesting the functions of these senses in the one institutional person, this is how the institution as person is conjoined through functions/working with senses divesting it of corporeality of senses. According to the Munòdòaka Upani?ad 2.2.10 Brahman is pure without stain and the light of lights (jyoti?âmò jyotih)ò ; “the formless Brahman is actual; it is light” according to the Maitâyanòî Upani?ad 6.3 (cf. also 6.17). The Œvetasatara Upani?ad 3.12 says “the puru?a is a great lord (prabhuh)ò , the instigator of being; he has the capacity to reach the purest attainment (i.e. yogic identification of oneself with larger institution, larger than oneself); he is light (jyotih)ò , imperishable.” In the Bròhadâranòaka Upani?ad 4.3 it is explained that the light (jyotih)ò which a living being has here is the sun; when the sun has set, he has the moon; when this luminary also has set, he has fire; when the fire has gone out, speech (vâk) – “speech, indeed, is his light for the speech, indeed, as the light, one sits, moves about, does one's work and returns” – when speech has stopped, the self is his light (âtmaivâsya jyotir bhavati).” In this same work (1.5.12) heaven is considered to be the body of 'mind' and sun is its 'light-form' (athaitasya manaso dyauhò úarîramò jyotîrûpam asâva âdityah)ò . In the Chândogya Upani?ad 3.13.7 it is claimed “the light which shines above this heaven…that is the same as which is here within the person.” In the Brahmasûtra 1.1.24 ff this light is established to be no physical light, but Brahman. This is comparable to what is said in the Chândogya Upani?ad 8.3.4 and 8.12.3. In the Katha Upani?ad 5.15 it is claimed that the wise see by spiritual insight the ineffable light and glory of actuality which is beyond all phenomenal light. The Katha Upani?ad 4.13 declares that the eternal lord who abides in one's self is 'like a light without smoke'. This idea has its lineage in the Œruti. One can cite the B?hadâra?yaka Upani?ad 2.4.14: yeneda? sarva? vijânâti ta? kena vijânîyât /vijñâtâram are kena vijânîyâd iti // “By what means can one perceive him by means of whom one perceives this whole world? Look – by what means can one perceive the perceiver?” The B?hadâra?yaka Upani?ad 3.4.2: sa hovâco?astaú câkrâya?a? -- yathâ vai brûyâd asau gaur asâv aúva ity evam evaitad vyapadi??a? bhavati / yad eva sâk?âd aparok?âd brahma ya âtmâ sarvântaras ta? me vyâcak?veti / e?a ta âtmâ sarvântara? / katamo yâjñavalkya sarvântara? / na d???er dra??âra? paœye? / na œrute? úrotâra? œ??uyâ? / na mater mantâra? manvîthâ / na vijñâter vijñâtâra? vijânîyâ? / e?a ta âtmâ sarvântara? / ato 'nyad ârtam / tato ho?astaú câkrâya?a upararâma // “U?asta, the son of Cakra, said, 'You have indicated it as one may say that a cow is such and such, or a horse is such and such. Explain to me the Brahman that is immediate and direct-the self that is within all.' 'This is your self that is within all.' 'Which is within all, Yâjñavalkya?' 'You cannot see that which is the witness of vision; you cannot hear that which is the hearer of hearing; you cannot think that which is the thinker of thought; you cannot know that which is the knower of knowledge. This is your self that is within all; everything else but this is perishable.' Thereupon the son of Cakra, kept silent.” The B?hadâra?yaka Upani?ad 3.7.23: ad???o dra??âúruta? úrotâmato mantâvijñato vijñâtâ / nânyo 'to 'sti dra??â nânyo 'to 'sti úrotâ nânyo 'to 'sti mantâ nânyo 'to 'sti vijñâtâ / e?a ta âtmântaryâmy am?ta? / ato 'nyad ârtam / tato hoddâlaka âru?ir upararâma // “'He sees, but he can't be seen; he hears, but he can't be heard; he thinks, but he can't be thought of; he perceives, but he can't be perceived. Besides him, there is no one who sees, no one who hears, no one who thinks, and no one who perceives. It is this self of yours who is the inner controller, the immortal. All besides this is grief.' Thereupon, Uddâlaka Âru?i fell silent.” The B?hadâra?yaka Upani?ad 3.8.11: tad vâ etad ak?ara? gârgy ad???a? dra??raœruta? œrotramata? mantravijñâta? vijñât? / nânyad ato 'sti dra??? / nânyad ato 'sti úrot? / nânyad ato 'sti mant? / nânyad ato 'sti vijñât? / etasmin nu khalv ak?are gârgy âkâúa otaú ca protaœ ca // “This is the imperishable, Gârgî, which sees but cant't be seen; which hears but can't be heard; which thinks but can't be thought of; which perceives but can't be perceived. Besides this imperishable, there is no one that sees, no one that hears, no one that thinks, and no one that perceives.” The B?hadâra?yaka Upani?ad 4.5.15: yeneda? sarva? vijânâti ta? kena vijânîyât /… vijñâtâram are kena vijânîyâd ity uktânuúâsanâsi maitreyi / “By



The Conception of Jñâna and its relation to Karma in the Bhagavadgîtâ@ 1 8 9 what means can one perceive him by means of whom one perceives this all?... Look – by what means can one perceive the perceiver? There, I have given you the instruction, Maitreyî.” 8. The analogies for the embodied-body relation in verses II.13 and II.22 of the Bhagavadgîtâ recover the meaning of two analogies for the embodied-body relation given in the B?hadâra?yaka Upani?ad 4.4.34: tad yathâ t??ajalâyukâ t??asyânta? gatvânyam âkramam âkramyâtmânam upasa? harati | evam evâyam âtmeda? úarîra? nihatyâvidyâ? gamayitvânyam âkramam âkramyâtmânam upasa? harati || tad yathâ peúaskârî peúaso mâtrâm apâdâyânyan navatara? kalyâ?atara? rûpa? tanute | evam evâyam âtmeda? úarîra? nihatyâvidyâ? gamayitvânyan navatara? kalyâ?atara? rûpa? kurute | pitrya? vâ gândharva? vâ daiva? vâ prâjâpatya? vâ brâhma? vânye?â? vâ bhûtânâm || “Just as a leech supported on a grass/leaf when reaches the end of it draws itself together, takes hold of another support and, so does the self throw this body aside - make it senseless – draws itself together and take hold of another support. Just as a goldsmith takes apart a little quantity of gold and fashions another-a newer and better-form, so does the self throw this body away, or make it senseless, and make another-a newer and better-form suited to the Manes (three generations of ancestors) or the gandharvas, or the deities, or descendants of Prajâpati, or originating from Brahman, or other existents.” I have discussed these analogies in detail in my essay “Yajña Puru?a: The Uniting Thread in the Continuous Development of Œ?ti from Vedic Sa? hitâs to Upani?ads,” in a National Seminar on “Neo-Vedanta” organized by the Department of Philosophy, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya: A Central University, Sagar (M. P.) on 9th March 2016 to 11th March 2016. 9. Even though traditional commentators, including Œa?karâcârya, Râmânujâcârya, Madhvâcârya, Bhâskara and Abhinavagupta, have unanimously read both II.13 and II.22 as regarding the jîvâtman and its body, their reading is erroneous as these are dictated not by logic of the verse but by their prior commitment to the cycle of birth and death of jîvâ in sa? sâra governed by law of karma. For a refutation of the interpretation of II.13 and II.22 of these traditional commentators see Binod Kumar Agarwala, “Radhakrishnan's Erroneous Understanding of Bhagavadgîtâ and its Flawed Sources,” Madhya Bharati, Vol.69, July – December, 2015, pp.120-160. 10. The simile in the Bhagavadgîtâ II.22 has its roots in Vedic literature, for the idea that the “bodydweller” (dehi) abandons his inveterated bodies, vâsâmòsi jîrnâ ò ni yathâ vihâya echoes Pañcavi? sa Brâhmanòa XXV.15. 4: hitvâ jirnaò mò tvacam. In the ? gveda IX.86. 44, Soma “like Ahi creeps forward out of his old skin” (ahir na jûrnâò m ati sarpati); in IV.13.4 “Thou goest forth with mightiest steeds, discarding the black robe (asitam . . . vasma, cf. asita? in Atharva Veda VI. 72. 1), the quiveringing rays of the Sun, as he extends his web (tantum avavyayan ... rasmaya?, involving the “spider” Ûrnaò vâbha “thread-spinner,” imagery), sink the darkness like a skin (carmeva) into the Waters,” cf. VII. 63. 1; that is, “when man's libation calls me to the white-garment” (nirnòije, X. 49. 7), for indeed Varunnaò “changes the black robes into clean and white ones in his operation” (anu vratâ, VIII. 41. 10, his operations being respectively interior, guhya, and exterior, âvis), “Agni now weilds, now layeth down his tool (vâúîm), as does the Titan his white garment” (VIII. 19. 23, cf. X. 20. 6 agnim …vâúîmantam, “with the flaming sword”?); in X. 63. 4 the Âdityas “man-regarding, with ever open eyes, have won as Angels, won by their qualification (arhanâò ) a lofty aeviternity; driving in chariots of light (jyotiratha?, contrast the young streams that are still 'footless and carless' in X. 99. 4), having the serpents' magic but yet innocent (ahimâyâ anâgasa?), have clothed them in a glorious heavenly garment.” In Jâiminîya Brâhmanòa II. 134 “As Ahi casts hisskin, as one would pull a blade of grass from its sheath, so he (Indra) is liberated from all evil” (yathâhir ahi-cchavyai nirmucyeta. . . eva, sarvasmât pâpmano nirmucyate). In Pañcavi? sa Brâhmanòa XXV.15.4 etena vai sarpâ apam?tyum ajayann apam?tyu? jayanti ya etad upayanti tasmât te hitvâ jîr?â? tvacam atisarpanty apa hi te m?tyum ajayan sarpâ vâ âdityâ âdityânâm ivai?â? prakâúo bhavati ya etad upayanti “By that sacrificial session, the serpents conqured Death; he conquers Death who follows the same course. Thereby they shook off their old skin, and crept onwards, put away Death and conquered him. The serpents are the Âdityas. He who follows the same course shall shine with the Âdityas' glory.” In Úatapatha Brâhmanòa II. 3.1.3 and 6 the Sun, who when he sets enters as an embryo (garbha) into that womb that is Agni (agnâv eva yonau), and is hidden by the night as embryos are hidden, now when he rises, “Even as Ahi, so does he free himself from his skin (yathâ ahis tvaco



1 9 0 @ e / ; H k k j r h nirmucyeta), so does he free himself from night, from evil” (pâpmana?, cf. Aitreya Brâhmanòa V. 25, where the Sun is called “that Angel who has most effectively smitten evil away”); and all this is imitated in the ritual when the officiating priests “creep” (s?p, with, prati, ni?, etc.) to or from the sadas, “Even as Ahi frees himself from his skin, even so do they free themselves from all evil.” To put off the snake skin corresponds, accordingly, to “putting off the old man.” Sarpyâ vâ âdityâ? “The Serpents are the Suns,” Pañcavi? sa Brâhmanòa XXV.15. 4. ? gveda IX. 86. 44 Soma “even as Ahi, creeps forward from the ancient skin” (ahir na jûrnâò m ati sarpati), is in harmony with Pañcavi? sa Brâhmanòa XXV. 15. 4 where the serpents “abandoning their inveterated skin (hitvâ jirnâò m tvacam) creep forward (atisarpanti), put away Death, and become Âdityas.” So, the idea behind the Collective Institutional Self abandoning the old bodies and acquiring the new bodies is that without that happening the manifest institution will loose the character of Deva and Asura, i.e. the institution will loose the powers of Light and acquire the powers of Darkness. Without the transformation of body politic the institution will become opposite of itself in operation. Hence, the principle of Bhagavadgîtâ II.22, is not applicable as the individual principle but as collective principle of body politic. 11. The enormity of the error committed by mankind by dissociation of feeling from cognition under the influence of modern thought cannot be described in words. Even if I say this error is horrendous, catastrophic or holocaustic, these adjectives pale in insignificance compared to the enormity of the error. By this single error the modernity lost its capacity to think, for science does not think in the true sense of the word, making Heidegger look in vain for what calls for thinking. By this single error the modern humanity lost its capacity to speak, for science does not speak making Bubber and Gadamer search for the word in dialogue, a dialogue that got drowned in the noise of technology even before it started. By this single error mankind lost its capacity to listen to the extent that it can merely see the others' faces but cannot hear even the ârtanâda (the cry of distress) of any one, giving ascendancy to ocularity which could not be undone even by the combined and successive efforts of Jewish thinkers like Martin Buber and Franz Rosenzweig, Christian thinkers like Theodor Haecker and Ferdinand Ebner, and the Protestants like Kierkegaard, Graf Yorck, Karl Hohl, and so on, and over against the Greek ocularity the hearing of the word has found no actual home in modern times. By this single error the mankind lost its capacity to act becoming kimkartayva vimû?ha (confused regarding what is doable) making Heidegger lament in 1949 “We are still far from pondering the essence of action decisively enough.” [Martin Heidegger, “Letter on “Humanism”,” translated by Frank A Capuzzi, in Martin Heidegger, Pathmarks, edited by William McNeill, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998, p.239.] 12. This again is the consequence of the earlier error mentioned in fn.10 from whose consequences modern thought could never escape as it inexorably led to solipsism, subjectivism making it impossible to have an institutional arrangement free from the exercise of power by one solipsistic subjectivity over another of the same kind. 13. The translation by the author.



Professional Ethics for Bureaucracy Sanjay Kumar Shukla I The term "bureaucracy" has been derived from "bureau" which means an office or post, meaning thereby a government of officials. A bureaucrat is an officer who has been employed in order to serve the people. He executes the will of the people which has been expressed by their representatives in the form of laws. Bureaucracy is an important feature of all democracies. The importance of it can be beautifully summed up in the following words: "In the real sense today, though Parliament, the cabinet and the President may reign, the civil service governs". The efficiency in Government therefore depends largely upon the character of the civil servants because it is they who are entrusted with the job of enforcing the laws of Parliament and the policies of the cabinet. The power of bureaucracy differs inversely with the strength of the ministry. If the ministers are new and lack office experience, they will be more dependent upon the permanent officials. If on the other hand, the ministers are distinguished personalities and have considerable administrative experience, the influence of bureaucracy will be much less. So, bureaucracy is like fire, which is invaluable as a servant but ruinous when it becomes the master. It is desirable to examine the safeguards which are necessary for keeping it under proper control, without sacrificing its virtues so that public interest may best be served. The real executive in a parliamentary democracy is divided into two parts- the Political and the Permanent. The success of the executive Government depends upon the mutual understanding of nature and limits of the work of each part, their strict observance of the frontiers that separate their respective spheres of work, and mutual respect and co-operation between them. By the Political Executive is meant the ministry, which is formed by the leader of party in majority in the legislature. It can remain in office only so long as it enjoys the confidence of the legislature. The Permanent executive in parliamentary democracy consists of experts in administration (bureaucrats), with permanency of tenure, who are permanent heads of departments of government, and have under them a large body of officials of various categories and grades to assist them in the work of administration. They are expected to cultivate an objective, non-partisan attitude, and serve loyally every ministry in power irrespective of its political affiliations or party strength. Madhya Bharti-72, January-June, 2017, ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 191-203



1 9 2 @ e / ; H k k j r h The sphere of the political executive is policy- making and taking policy decisions in all administrative matters. They supervise, direct and control the administration. The ministers are guided in their decisions and actions by the specialized expert knowledge and advice of the permanent civil servants. The heads of departments must place their expert knowledge unreservedly at the disposal of the ministers and give honest, impartial advice, in an objective and independent manner to the ministry in power. The civil servants must maintain a calm and detached attitude towards the ministers and the public and carry out their duties with impartiality without fear or favour. It is necessary that ministers should resist the tendency to develop a powercomplex and the temptation to interfere unduly in the day to day administration. These results are likely to be accentuated if the interference of the minister is motivated by selfish considerations- those of benefiting himself, his relations and personal or political friends. There are several instances in which influential party workers have brow-beaten public servants, or have reported to ministers those officials who refused to kotow to them and also managed to have action taken against them from above. All this is bound to affect the morale of the administrative services, and all efforts should be made that this does not happen in future. Apart from that we also witness that certain officials become identified too closely with particular ministers and become an instrument in their hands in the struggle for the retention of political power. It has been alleged that in some cases the ministers and officials are not above combining for selfish and nefarious ends.1 II There are two substantive issues worth discussing that is the relationship between the politicians and the administrators and the relationship between bureaucracy and the public. The relationship between the ministers and the civil servants working under them is a matter of critical importance in the working of modern representative government. The job of civil servant is to help the political executive (minister) by executing the laws, but not become part of the law-making process. Minister is a professional politician who comes to his office with the knowledge of what the people expect of him, the bureaucrat is a permanent civil servant possessing wide administrative experience and, therefore, bound to follow the established rules of procedure. What really attracts our attention is situation of conflict between the two which arises when one over-steps or does not interpret his role properly. As a result of this, friction and disharmony lead to the obstruction of smooth and efficient administration. The ideal relationship between the two is possible only when one understands the other. Mutual understanding is the condition precedent for having a harmonious relationship.2 One of the important problems with which bureaucracy in India has been confronting relates to the issue of neutrality versus commitment. The notion of neutrality implies "acceptance of the discipline of working without reservation - indeed without devotion - for the success of every government lawfully in power". The concept of commitment signifies that the progressive goals of a government "cannot be realized effectively unless the civil servants are fully dedicated to them and to the political process through which they are formulated."3 It is now a very astonishing development to see that the eminent politicians



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of the country have unscrupulously made use of bureaucratic machinery for their political ends. The process of politicisation of the bureaucrats found its start just after the advent of independence and the reason behind it was prospects of mutual benefit realized by both. While the politicians tried to use the bureaucrats for their political ends, the bureaucrats sought the patronage of the political chiefs for their own promotional avenues. Armed with powers of transfer, posting and suspension, the minister can browbeat the civil servant and ask him to fall in line. He can also distribute favours differentially. We find that very few civil servants are able to withstand the pressures or forgo the temptations. The 'politicised bureaucracy' is designated as 'committed bureaucracy' and here commitment is interpreted in terms of an acceptance of an ideology and attachment to one political party. The civil servant need not be partisan in his approach, but he must have the empathy to understand the mind of a bona fide politicians seeking seriously to find a way out for centuries of underdevelopment and exploitation. It is pertinent to note that commitment to social objectives is one thing and dance to the tune of a political party is another.4 Politicised bureaucracy seems apparently an immaculate conception as bureaucracy has traditionally been conceived in instrumental term. It is by definition a non-political tool to be used by one who is in power in a political system characterised by political competition and party substitutability. A politicised bureaucracy in a multiparty democracy is an administrative aberration and exemplifies deviant behaviour, if by politicisation is meant5 involvement of civil service in party activities (eg. canvassing for candidates in election and manipulating the result in favour of particular candidate) and blending the laws, rules and regulations for the promotion of narrow party interests. Such partisan activities of the civil servant are considered unethical and amount to violation of the civil service conduct rules. It has rightly been observed that there can be no scope for conflict, if the commitment of both the politician and the administrator is to public service, honesty and integrity. We find that any commitment on the part of the civil servants to political ideologies which keep changing so fast is fraught with the greatest danger to the stability of administration and the country itself. It would be in the best interest of all, if they commit themselves to the high ideals of democracy and justiceboth social and economic- enshrined in our constitution. So bureaucrats should have only commitment towards Indian constitution and not committed to political ideologies of ruling party. At the same time there should be a basic professional honesty, which means an ability to remain above pressure of any kind under successive regimes of varying political shades. Civil servants in a democracy are expected to keep themselves aloof from party politics, explain the pros and cons of the various options open to the government whenever their advice is sought, and scrupulously carry out a policy decision once it has been made, even when it is contrary to what they believe is right. Thus the very concept of a bureaucracy committed to the party in power is alien to a democratic policy.6 III In the previous section we have discussed the relationship between the



1 9 4 @ e / ; H k k j r h politicians and bureaucrats and now in this section the attempt will be made to analyse the relationship between the bureaucrats and public. There is no iota of doubt that bureaucracy is the important link between the party in power and public, as it has to remain loyal to minister in discharging the duties on the one hand, and on the other accountable to public in implementing government's welfare policies and executing decisions of the government in appropriate manner. Hence, professional ethics or code of conduct for civil servants can be framed only in the light of ideal relationship existing between politicians and bureaucrats and bureaucrats and public. It is by advising the government of the day, managing various government schemes and programmes, and serving citizens, civil servants have important role to maintain India's democratic institutions and nurture economic affluence and social wellbeing. Ethics in government is critical to realizing the promises of democracy. The effective operation of democratic government requires that public officials and employees be independent, impartial, and responsible to the people. Government decisions and policies should be made within the proper structure of government; public office shall not be used for personal gain; and the public has to have confidence in the honesty of its government. When ethical wrongdoings and scandals occur in government, they pose a threat to the democratic ideologies of the rule of law, equity and individual rights. Fraud, bribery and other moral abuses in government take the power from people and give it to few in position of control which distort the concept of equality of participation in public life. Hence, adherence to high-level public service values by bureaucrats can produce substantial public trust, respect and assurance. We can easily formulate such ethical values as prerequisite for bureaucracy like honesty and integrity, impartiality, respect for law, respect for persons, diligence, economy and effectiveness, responsiveness and accountability. The code of conduct for public servants (bureaucrats) can be framed in this fashion: 1. A public office is a position of trust, implying a duty to act in the public interest. The ultimate loyalty of public officials is towards the public interests of their country as expressed through the democratic institutions of government. 2. Public officials shall ensure that they perform their duties and functions efficiently, effectively and with integrity, in accordance with laws or administrative policies. They shall at all times seek to ensure that public resources for which they are responsible are administered in the most effective and efficient manner. 3. Public officials shall be attentive, fair and impartial in the performance of their functions and, in particular, in their relation with the public. They should not offer any undue preferential treatment to any group or individual, or improperly discriminate against any group or individual, or otherwise it amounts to abusing the power and authority vested in them. The above mentioned code of conduct hinges upon several maximsA. Maxim of legality and rationality : An administrator has to follow the laws and rules that are framed to govern and guide various categories of policies and decisions. B. Maxim of responsibility and accountability : An administrator should not hesitate to accept responsibility for his decision and actions. He would hold himself morally responsible for his actions and for the use of his discretion while making decisions.



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Moreover, he would be willing to be held accountable to higher authorities of governance and even to the people who are the ultimate beneficiaries of his decisions and actions. C. Maxim of work commitment : The bureaucrat has to be committed to his duties and perform his work with intelligence, involvement and dexterity. This would entail a respect for time, punctuality and fulfillment of promises made. The administrative job or work is not considered as a burden but as an opportunity to serve and constructively contribute to society. D. Maxim of excellence : He must ensure the highest standard of quality in administrative decisions and actions and would not compromise with standards because of convenience or complacency. E. Maxim of responsiveness and resilience : An administrator should respond successfully to the demands and challenges from the external as well as internal environment. He should adapt to environmental transformation and yet sustain the ethical norms of conduct. In situations of deviation from the prescribed ethical norms, the administrative system would show flexibility and bounce back into the accepted ethical mould at the earliest opportunity. F. Maxim of utilitarianism : The bureaucrat has to be guided by the maxim of greatest good of the greatest number while devising and implementing policies and decisions. G. Maxim of compassion: An administrator, without violating the prescribed laws, rules and regulations, should establish compassion for the poor, the disabled and the weak while using his discretion in making decisions. At least he would not grant any benefits to the stronger section of society only because they are strong and would not deny the due consideration to the weak, despite their weakness. H. Maxim of justice : Administrators are responsible for formulation and execution of policies and decisions of governance and therefore he should ensure that respect is shown to the principles of equality, equity, fairness, impartiality and objectivity and no special favours are given on the criteria of status, position, power, gender, class, caste or wealth. I. Maxim of transparency : The civil servant should make all decisions and implement them in a transparent manner so that those affected by the decisions and those who wish to evaluate their rationale, will be able to understand the reasons behind such decisions and the sources of information on which these decisions were made. J. Maxim of integrity : An administrator should take administrative action on the basis of honesty and not use his power, position and discretion to serve his personal interest and the illegitimate interest of other individuals or groups. The duties of the public servant are often multifarious, complex and apparently conflicting, but successful public servants recognize their multiple roles and prepare for them. These include maintaining secrecy, acting in the public interest, providing quality advice to political masters (ministers), adjudicating, avoiding conflicts of interest, guaranteeing accountability to a range of actors and treating all colleagues equitably. The bureaucrats should be trustworthy and men of integrity, apart form that they should be



1 9 6 @ e / ; H k k j r h humble and polite towards public, and finally should respect all people, including their rights and their heritage. They should be open and accountable to the people community under the law and within the framework of government responsibility. A public servant is expected to be apolitical and provides the government sincere advice which is frank, honest, timely and based on the best available evidence. They have special obligations to the community because of three reasons. Firstly, they are responsible for managing resources entrusted to them by the community. Secondly, they provide and deliver services to the community, and lastly, they take important decisions that affect all aspects of the community life. Hence, the community has a right to expect that their public servants function honestly, efficiently and open-mindedly. The Government of India encourages values and certain standard of ethics for civil servants such as: 1. To discharge official duty with responsibility, honesty, accountability and without discrimination. 2. To guarantee effective management, leadership development and personal growth. 3. To avoid misuse of official position or information. 4. To serve as instruments of good governance and foster socio- economic development. IV There is high level of corruption, favouritism and other malpractices rampant in administration, and therefore, there is pressing urge to retain civil service values. Every nation has some legal framework with provisions to cover various unethical and corrupt practices such as the breach of official trust and duties, abuse of power, misappropriation, bribery, acceptance of undue advantage and abuse of official influence. Major problem is not corruption, but weak enforcement. Without effective enforcement mechanism, legal and administrative provisions on ethics and corruption are in themselves unsuccessful. The flaws of the administrative system with implication for ethics are structural hierarchies, cumbersome processes and weak control over administrative action, individual senior officials seem to yield too much power and discretion without effective accountability. Administrative procedures are such that routine decisions by front line staff often have to be cleared through the hierarchy, and this is designated as 'red-tapism'. The consequences of these procedures result in delay and frustrations in obtaining decisions and services on time, which partially encourage bribery and petty corruption at the point of service delivery. Corruption has been defined as bribery and any other effort to influence politico-administrative decision making on morally and socially inappropriate grounds. This includes deviations from the obligations of public office and /or the pursuit of some special interest. Hence, corruption involves the misuse of public office in favour of special interests that is achieving personal benefits or serving party in power or any organization. Even for rightful claim like withdrawing money from your government provident fund for personal need and settlement of genuine medical claims, one has to grease the palm of officials, and this is something very unfortunate state of affair. There is an urgent need to simplify systems and procedures in order to remove the unnecessary blockages in organizational systems that create opportunities for bribes to be extracted from the public. It is pertinent to note that the decision making process in



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government is often so lengthy and complicated that it is difficult to point out those public servants who should he held responsible for specific recommendations and decisions. Another hindrance in accountability is the wide range of authorities to which public servants are deemed to be accountable. The attempt will be made at this juncture to highlight some irritants in the relationship between bureaucracy and the public: 1. Citizen's ignorance about procedures involved in getting things done. 2. Unhelpful attitude of officials especially lower level functionaries. 3. Inordinate delay in receiving services or goods accruing from public servant. 4. Favouritism in administration is undoubtedly against the public interest. 5. Corruption among government officials. 6. Need for middlemen (brokers) to get things done. 7. Rich-poor discrimination in administration is a glaring instance of violating the principle of impartiality. It is sometimes seen that the rich persons have easy access to administration, and the general tendency of the officials is to avoid the poor and underplay their needs and interests. 8. Emergency of unethical nexus between bureaucracy and power lobbies is a recent trend of administration. More powerful groups in the society tend to bend the machinery and processes of government to their side and thus monopolise the fruits of administration.7 The colonial legacy, social diversity, poverty and illiteracy combine together to rob public administration of its publicness in most developing countries. There are three more reasons for this unhealthy transformation of public administration into serving the vested interest : 1. The administrative discretion is widely used by public servant at all levels in the administration. Administrative discretion when exercised without effective supervision is apt to breed malpractices and corruption. 2. There has been a consistent increase in the volume of legislation to cope with expanding government activities. It is with increasing complexity of legislative work; the legislatures have been granting the executive more and more discretionary powers and leaving the details to be worked out by the latter. Delegated legislation has the tendency to magnify executive strength and discretion. 3. The executive in many developing countries, including India, has been assuming the role of dispenser of justice also. Administrative adjudication and the use of administrative tribunals have been on the increase in many countries. Hence, administrative discretion, delegated legislation and administrative adjudication have the effect of increasing the powers of the executive which is already due to the colonial past. Institutional devices are therefore necessary to check executive inflation and guard against corruption and administrative injustice.8 V The professional ethics for bureaucrats is grounded in seven cardinal principles like selflessness, integrity, objectivity, accountability, openness, honesty and leadership.



1 9 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h Holders of public office should take decisions solely in terms of public interest. They should not do so in order to gain financial or other benefits for themselves, their family or their friends. The civil servant should discharge his duties selflessly. Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other obligation to outside individual or organization that might influence them in the performance of their official duties and this is termed as integrity. In carrying out public business, including making public appointments, awarding contracts, or recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public office should make choices on merit and objectivity criterion. Holders of public office are accountable for their decisions and actions to the public and must submit themselves to whatever scrutiny is appropriate to their office. Holders of public office should be as open as possible about all the decisions and actions that they take. They should give reasons for their decisions and restrict information only when the wider public interest clearly demands. Holders of public office have a duty to declare any private interests relating to their public duties and to take steps to resolve any conflicts arising in a way that protects the public interest. Hence, honesty is to be the hallmark of bureaucratic setup. Finally, holders of public office should promote and support these principles by leadership or role model. Ethical standards should be reflected in the legal framework. The legal framework is the basis for communicating the minimum obligatory standards and principles of behavior for every public servant. Laws and regulations could state the fundamental values of public service and should provide the framework for guidance, investigation, disciplinary action and prosecution. Professional socializations should contribute to the development of the necessary judgment and skills enabling public servants to apply ethical principles in concrete situations. The decisionmaking process of civil servants should be transparent and open to scrutiny. The public has the right to know how public institutions apply the power and resources entrusted to them. Public scrutiny should be facilitated by transparent and democratic processes and transparency should be further enhanced by measures such as disclosure systems and recognition of the role of an active and independent media. Public servants should be accountable for their actions to their superiors and, more broadly, to the public. Accountability should focus both on compliance with rules and ethical principles and on achievement of results. The general guidelines of personnel and training policies should include values and ethical conduct. The Union Public Service Commission has introduced in civil service examination the paper of 'Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude' for inculcating ethical norms and moral values in aspirants of civil services. With training, it is possible to improve the awareness of civil servants and their ability to examine alternative solutions and to make also ethically sustainable decisions. This can be seen as part of the internalization of values and compliance with personnel policy in accordance with the values. With the help of training, it is possible to prepare and train civil servants to become aware of the significance of ethical issues in their own work. The ideals of bureaucracy should envisage these traits: 1.Collegiability-acting loyally and displaying solidarity towards fellow workers, 2. Expertise- acting on the basis of competence and



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expertise, 3. Service Principle- acting with respect towards citizens and helping them, 4. Effectiveness - acting so that the goals are achieved with minimum costs, 5. Honesty acting truthfully and keeping promises, 6. Loyalty - acting in accordance with the instructions and decisions of superiors, 7. Impartiality - acting free from outside influence or independent of interest groups, 8. Integrity - acting with integrity and being committed to one's official task, 9. Openly - acting openly and transparently without undue secrecy, 10. Result Orientation - acting efficiently and economically, 11. Legality - acting in compliance with existing laws, regulations and instructions, 12. Justice acting in accordance with the general idea of justice and equality, and lastly Commitment - performing one's task zealously and diligently. VI In a democracy, an efficient civil service must have a set of values that distinguishes it from other professions. Civil servants have specific obligations such that they are responsible for managing community resources, providing and delivering service to the community, and making important decisions that have impact over all aspects of community life. The society has naturally a right to expect that the civil servants function fairly, impartially and efficiently. To cater to the needs of the community at large, it is necessary that the civil services are guided by a common set of values such as integrity, honesty, dedication to public service, impartiality, political neutrality and objectivity. The United Nation has adopted the 'International Code of Conduct for Public Officials' which encompasses the following general principles : 1. A public office is a position of trust, implying a duty to act in the public interest. The ultimate loyalty of public officials shall be to the public interests of their country as expressed through the democratic institutions of government. 2. Public officials shall ensure that they perform their duties and functions efficiently, effectively and with integrity, in accordance with laws or administrative policies. They shall at all times seek to ensure that the public resources for which they are responsible are administered in the most effective and efficient manner. 3. Public officials shall be attentive, fair and impartial in the performance of their functions and, in particular, in their relations with the public. They should not impart any undue preferential treatment to any group or individual or improperly discriminate against any group or individual, or otherwise abuse the power and authority vested in them. In order to evolve the Code of Conduct in India, Draft Public Service Bill, 2007 proposes necessary steps in which it suggests that the public servants be guided by the following values in the discharge of their functions : 1. Patriotism and upholding national pride. 2. Allegiance to the constitution and the law of the nation. 3. Objectivity, impartiality, honesty, diligence, courtesy and transparency. 4. Maintain absolute integrity. The government shall promote the public service values and a standard of ethics for every government servants :



2 0 0 @ e / ; H k k j r h (i) To discharge official duties with competence and accountability; care and diligence; responsibility, honesty, impartiality and objectivity; without discrimination and in accordance with law. (ii) To ensure effective management, professional growth, and leadership development. (iii) To avoid misuse of official position or information and using the public money with utmost care and autonomy. (iv) To function with the objective that public servants are to serve as instruments of good governance and to provide services for the betterment of the public at large; foster socioeconomic development, with due regard to the diversity of the nation but without discrimination on the ground of caste, community, religion, gender or class and duly protecting the interest of poor, underprivileged and weaker sections. Michael Harmon, in his "theory of countervailing responsibilities", has organized opposing aspects of administrative responsibilities into three responsibilities: 1. Political responsibility: Action that is accountable to or consistent with objectives or standards of conduct mandated by political or hierarchical authority. 2. Professional responsibility: Action that is informed by professional expertise, standards of ethical conduct and by experience rooted in bureaucratic agency and traditions. 3. Personal responsibility: Action that in informed by self-reflexive understanding; and emerges from a context of authentic relationships wherein personal commitments are regarded as valid bases for moral actions. According to him "action that is deemed correct from one standpoint may turn out to be incorrect from another"; therefore, tension is built into administrative life. There are some of the most common ethical dilemmas with which public servants are confronted such as administrative discretion, corruption, nepotism, administrative secrecy, public accountability and policy dilemmas etc. 1. Administrative Discretion: Public Officials are not merely executors of public policy; rather they also make decisions pertaining to the lives of people, for example about taxes, survival and dismissal of the people, promoting general welfare of public etc. Here administrative discretion has important role to play in the form of alternatives. This poses problem for administrators as the choice of one alternative is often made on the basis of personal preference, political or other affiliations or even personal aggrandizement, thereby disregarding known facts and thus the possibility of rational decision making. 2. Corruption: The corruption of public officials by private interests leads to substitution of public loyalties by personal favour or self-interest. The ethical dilemma before bureaucrat is reflected in the form of reaction to corrupt situation. If a corrupt practices or an attempt to corruption is discovered, it is quite possible that the official's personal loyalties or political affiliation may be in conflict with his official duties. 3. Administrative Secrecy : It is the domain of administrative secrecy that constitutes ethical dilemma because secrecy can provide an opportunity to cover up unethical conduct. It is generally accepted that in a democracy, the people have a right to know what the government intends to do and it would in the interest of public for the administration of public affairs to be conducted openly.



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4. Nepotism : The practice of nepotism (the appointment of relations and/or friends to public positions, thereby ignoring the merit principle, may lead to the down-grading of the quality of public service. Hence, the preferential treatment of one individual over another, without taking into account the relative merit of their respective individuals, represents nothing but victimization of an individual or individuals. This makes the situation ethically problematic. 5. Public Accountability : Since public officials are the implementers of public policies, they ought to be accountable for their official actions to their superiors, the courts and the public. It is nevertheless, possible for them to hide behind prescribed norms and procedures, the cloak of professionalism and even political office- bearers. 6. Policy Dilemmas : Policy makers are often confronted by conflicting responsibilities. They have specific loyalties not only to their superiors, but also to society. They have the freedom to act on behalf and in the interests of others, but they must also be answerable to others- their superiors and society-for their actions. It other words, the dilemma of the public official is the clash between his view of the public interest and the requirement of law. Hence dilemma of the public servant can be formulated as : 1. Would he keep silent when he finds that administrative discretion is abused or that corruption or nepotism is being practiced? 2. Should he blow the whistle? 3. Should he actively engage in pressure group activities because he sympathises with their views? 4. Should he actively participate in party politics? 5. Should he endeavour only to promote the public good and uphold the high standards of public office? VII It is a fundamental ethical duty bearing on civil servants in pluralist parliamentary democracies to subordinates themselves to political authority. Hence they owe a duty of loyalty and faithfulness to the duly elected or appointed political masters, and at the same time they would have to show a spirit of neutrality and discretion in their official capacity as member of the administrative infrastructure of the state vis-a-vis partisan politics. Fonctionnaries de gestion (administrators), although guided and subordinated to Fonctionnaries d'autorite (politicians) are not their clients or servants in the partisan sense of the term. In this regard 'speaking truth to power' can be considered as a vital ingredient of professional ethics and moral integrity of civil servants. The code of ethics is best regarded as a general statement of 'core values' which defines the professional role of the bureaucrats. It sets out broad high-level principles such as integrity, accountability, responsibility, trustworthiness etc., but gives little attention how these principles are to be applied in specific circumstances. A code of conduct or professional ethics for civil servants is a document which provides the framework for carrying out their duties. It is a tool to guide public officials in making difficult decisions when they are tempted away from or confused in upholding the public interest. But codes



2 0 2 @ e / ; H k k j r h are not self implementing, as printing a code of conduct and putting it in service manual or placing it on a wall, is not implementation. There must be an institutional fabric for developing the code, communicating it, interpreting it, enforcing it and finally assessing it. There is a pressing need to control and regulate the conduct of civil servant through legal measures. Maladministration refers to the making of an official decision in a manner which is contrary to law, arbitrary, unreasonable, lacking in procedural fairness, or made without due consideration of the merits of the matter, or made corruptly. The other aspects of maladministration refer to abuse of office that is misusing public office for private gain and this is considered as the standard definition of corruption. The second Administrative Reforms Commission set up by Central Government of India (2007) has proposed tightening the provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act, making corrupt public servants liable for paying damages, confiscation of property illegally acquished and speedy trials. The Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013 is an anti-corruption Act of India which seeks the establishment of the institution of Lokpal at the center and Lokayukta at the level of the state for inquiring into allegations of corruption against public servants and politicians including Prime Minister, Chief Minister and other ministers. Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) and Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is placed under the supervision and direction of Lokpal. This act has placed fixed time framework against corruption charges-Preliminary enquiry: three months extendable by three months, Investigation: six months which may be extended by six months at a time, Trial-one year extendable by one year and, to achieve this, special courts to be set up. It includes enhancement of maximum punishment under the Prevention of Corruption Act from 7 years to 10 years. The minimum punishment under section 7, 8, 9 and 12 of the above act will now be 3 years and the minimum punishment under section 15 (punishment for attempt) will now be 2 years. The Whistle Blowers Protection Bill (2011) seeks to establish a mechanism to register complaints on any allegations of corruption or willful misuse of power against a public servant. It seeks to protect whistle blowers, i.e. persons making a public interest disclosure related to an act of corruption, misuse of power or criminal offence by a public servant. In this bill any public servant or any other person including a non-government organization may make such disclosure to the Central or State Vigilance Commission. It also prescribes penalties for knowingly making false complaints. Right to Information (RTI) is harnessed as a tool for promoting participatory development, strengthening democratic governance and facilitating effective delivery of socio-economic services. Under the Official Secret Act (1923) the entire development process has been shrouded in secrecy. Over the period of time since colonial era the culture of secrecy provided a fertile ground for breeding inefficiency and corruption in the working of the public authorities. In this backdrop, the Right to Information Act (2005) was passed by Indian Government to dismantle the culture of secrecy and to change the mind-set of the bureaucrats and political leaders and to create conditions for taking informed decisions. The major objectives of the RTI Act are 1. Greater transparency in functioning of public authorities, 2. Informed citizenry for



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promotion of partnership between citizens and the government in decision making process. 3. Improvement in accountability and performance of the government. 4. Reduction in malpractices in the form of corruption and nepotism in the government department. It is from the above mentioned discussion we are in a position to conclude that the professional ethics for bureaucrats comprise selflessness, integrity, objectivity, impartiality, accountability, empathy, openness, honesty, political neutrality and leadership. It is pertinent to note that for regulating the conduct of civil servants we have to develop a strong institutional fabric along with legal measures to curb the menace of corruption, nepotism and other forms of maladministration. Philosophy Department Ewing Christian College Allahabad (U.P.) Reference 1. Bains, J.S., Studies in Political Science (edi), Asia Publishing House, Bombay, 1961, pp. 323-24. 2. Johari, J.C., Indian Politics, Vishal Publications, Delhi 1996, p. 419. 3. Haridwar Rai, S.P. Singh and M.K. Gour, "Neutrality Versus Commitment: A Futile Debate", Indian Journal of Political Science, Vol. XXXIX, No. 2, 1978 pp. 177-78. 4. Bhattacharya, Mohit, Public Administration and Planning, The World Press Private Ltd., Calcutta, 1996, p. 216. 5. See for detailed discussion, M.K. Whyte, "Bureaucracy and Modernization in China: The Maoist Critique", American Sociological Review, 38, 1973, pp. 149-63. 6. Sharan, P. Public Administration in India, Meenakshi Prakashan, Merrut, pp. 348-49. 7. Bhattacharya, Mohit, Public Administration and Planning, The World Press Private Ltd., Calcutta, 1996, pp. 242-243. 8. I bid, p. 245.



Familial and Human Relationships in M.R. Anand Archana Shrivastava One of the chief sources of pleasure in reading fiction is its satisfying our desire to know more about man in relation to society, in his relation to himself and in his relation to Divinity. A novelist, it may be said, is in search of a unity in the diversity of life and civilization. He, therefore, cannot turn his back on the social realities of his time, but should carve man's image in his art with social awareness, and insight into life. Literary personality M.R. Anand's major fiction deals with the misery and wretchedness of the poor and their struggle for a better life. We are discussing about his first two novels Untouchable (1935) and Coolie (1936). First novel established Anand as one of India's leading English authors. The novel was inspired by his Aunt's experience when she had a meal with Muslim woman and was treated as an outcast by his family. The plot of this novel revolves around the argument for eradicating the caste system. It depicts a day in the life of Bakha, a young “sweeper'', who is ''Untouchable” due to his cleaning latrines. The plot of second novel Coolie revolves around 14 year-old boy Munoo, and his plight due to poverty and exploitation aided by the social and political structures in place. Mulk Raj Anand's protagonists are rebellious and anxious to redeem the world from its misery, pain and torture. Anand's humanism puts its faith in the creative imagination of man, in his capacity to transform himself and raise himself to tremendous heights of dignity. This is the saving feature of his art. He is quite definite in his aims as a humanist. And this is also the reason why he leaves severely alone questions relating to man's relationship with himself and his God. As far as Mulk Raj Anand's depiction of familial and human relationships in his fiction is concerned many threads of relationships can be seen in his fiction. The study of the relationships between master and servant occupies an important place in Anand's fiction. This relationship is usually harsh and very cruel though at times it is based on mutual love and sympathy. One scene in the earlier part of Coolie is characteristic, not only for its general validity for almost all the novels but also for Munoo's relationship to society. With his inborn naive gaiety Munoo hopes to amuse and entertain his employer's Madhya Bharti-72, January-June, 2017, ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 204-210



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little daughter by dancing like monkey for her. Realizing the pleasure and laughter Munoo evokes in the little girl as well as himself he attempts to prolong his acting. But soon his mistress interferes and destroys this happiness. Very soon she makes him aware of the fact that he does not belong to a group that he can mix with the likes of them, that is, his superiors. There is a sharp line of demarcation between a coolie and the family of a bank clerk, which must not be crossed from either side: "What right has he to join the laughter of his superiors?" She asks. Though still a child Munoo possesses enough intelligence to understand as to what these words purport. Munoo is able to realize his position in the world. He realizes that he is born to work, be a servant, a slave, do all the odd jobs and get beaten for the smallest of mistakes. He feels sad because he is left alone. But there is nothing that he could do about the situation. In the house of Baboo Nathoo Ram, he is treated most cruelly. Bibiji makes him work from morning till midnight. Baboo Nathoo Ram slaps Munoo on the cheek with his thin, bony hand and kicks him with his shiny black boots."1 Soon after the incident guest related he rushes towards the boy and strikes him blow after blow, making Munoo run away from the house. But when he comes to the household of Lala Prabha Dayal his position changes. The kindlier and gentler aspects of the master-servant relationship come into prominence here. Munoo's new master and mistress treat him very kindly and affectionately. They feed Munoo well and look after his other needs as well. Prabha Dayal treats him humanely, for he remembers his own predicament when he worked as a coolie. At the George White Cotton Mill in Bombay the situation is altered. Here we find the master exploiting all workers. In the beginning Jimmie Thomas says: "And now I suppose you have no money. Well, I will advance you ten rupees at four annas in the rupee, which sum, I will add to the regular monthly commission you give to me, agreed? I will go and fetch the money."2 Jimmy Thomas is an agent of the white master of the cotton mill. He has been engaged to employ workmen, supervise the labourers while at work, be an intermediary between the workers and the employers. We are told, "Because of all this he changed every worker in the factory a price for the gift of a job, a price which went up if there were more men about than there were vacancies to fill; and that, incidentally, he ran a money lender's business; that lastly he was a landlord who owned hundreds of straw huts in the neighborhood and rented them out to the collies."3 On the day of payment Jimmie calls the workers and demands his money. In consonance with this practice he calls Hari. He comes and puts his thumb impression on a register. Then he gives the money to Hari saying: "Ten rupees you owe me in cash, a rupee interest on the loan. Three rupees rent for the hut for one month. One rupee for repair of hut. Five rupees cut for damaged cloth. The remainder you receive for you, Munoo, your wife and children."4 Hari was aware of these sentences from his long experience: "loan, interest, rent, damaged cloth." And though he resented them, he had learnt to respect them. He accepts rupees forty, makes obescience to the foreman and withdraws. But we are told about his mental condition in these words: "His heart sank as he came towards Munoo. His eyes were full of tears. His face was knotted and pale, and



2 0 6 @ e / ; H k k j r h half told his grim tale."5 Munoo, Hari and other coolies continue to work in the mill suffering patiently all the exploitations and atrocities committed by the employers. One coolie expresses the difference between the master and servant in these words: "There are only two kinds of people in the world: the rich and the poor, and between the two there is no connection. The rich and the powerful, the magnificent and the glorious whose opulence is built on robbery and theft and open warfare, are honoured and admired by the whole world and by themselves, you, the meek and the gentle, wretches that you are, swindled out of your rights, and broken in body and soul, you are respected by no one, and you do not respect yourselves."6 The pickle factory in Daulatpur is modelled on the British utilitarian organizations. The unbearable amount of work given to the employees in the factory shows that the employers' only concern is profit. The slow death the labourers face in the factory for the sake of fattening their employers is only returned with a mere subsistence wage. Ganpat, the partner of Prabha Dayal, is a devil incarnate at least in his dealings with the workers. He rushes about early in the morning hours repeating, "We need a log of wood to awaken a log of wood." Anand presents the misery and sufferings of the factory workers thus: "It was dark and evil life. He [Munoo] rose early at dawn before he had his full sleep out, having gone to bed long after midnight. He descended to work in the factory, tired, heavy-lidded, hot and limp, as if all the strength had gone out of his body and left him a spineless ghost of his former self."7 In the opinion of George, "The bullocks that plough the field or pull the cart, the elephants that lift huge logs of wood in the forest, the asses that carry large bales of clothes of the washer man, even the machines that work for hours in a factory are given rest. But the labourers in the pickle factory get no such respite from their employers. Time is money and therefore, giving time to the employees to rest is like giving away their money."8 The life of servants in the colonial enterprise, Sir George Cotton Mill, is worse than the life of labourers in the pickle factory. British masters and their Indian agents exploit the workers. Anand says: They worked from day to day in the dark underworld, full of intense heat of blazing furnaces and the dense malodorous smells of brewing essences, spices and treacle, of dust, ashes and mud, which became kneaded into a sticky layer on the earth of the passage with the overflow of water from the barrels of soaking fruit and plastered the bare toes of the labourers. . . They worked long hours, from dawn to past midnight, so mechanically that they never noticed the movements of their own or each other's hands. Only the sweat trickled down their bodies and irritated them into the awareness that they were engaged in a strenuous physical occupation. 9 The depiction of human relationships in the novels of Mulk Raj Anand is at a very intimate level. In Untouchable Bakha recognizes his social position. It illuminates the inner recesses of his mind. He realizes that though he possesses the qualities of head



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and heart like any other human being, in the eyes of the world he is just an untouchable. Bakha is keen to study but the society does not allow him this opportunity: His uncle at the British barracks had told him when he first expressed his wish to be a sahib that he would have to go to school if he wanted to be one. And he had wept and cried to be allowed to go to school. But then his father had told him that the schools were for the babus, not for lowly sweepers. He hadn't quite understood the reason for that then. Later at the British barracks he realized why his father had not sent him to school. He was a sweeper's son and could never be a babu. Later still he realized that there was no school which would admit him because the parents of other children would not allow their sons to be contaminated by the touch of the low castes' son. 10 The outcastes could not touch the well since their very touch would pollute the water. After some bitter experience of waiting Sohani manages to get her pitcher filled with water by a Brahmin Pandit of the temple. When Bakha accidentally touches a highcaste Hindu, he is shouted at and abused. Bakha realizes the wicked men of the society in the company of which he is placed. He hates the society, which treats him like a dirty dog. Despite this, Bakha and his father have great love for life. In this they resemble Munoo. The fact that a young high-caste boy is willing to teach him English, or that a kind havildar asks him to come to him for a cup of tea make Bakha feel utterly happy and joyous as well as grateful. He even forgets all the humiliation he suffered during the morning. Bakha is very dutiful yet the society pays no credit to his devotion to duty. Only a very limited number of people show any consideration to him. The novel presents a very ironic situation of society. Bakha is moved by Gandhi's appeal but he feels more inclined to the solution offered by the Marxist poet. Bakha, having developed a taste for the civilization of the Tommy, who had found from his experience to treat a person like Bakha to treat like a human being, intends to opt for Christianity. Hindus have reduced him and his caste brethren to sub-human status. Munoo's desire to be one with the sahib-log and even with the rich assumes meaning in such a situation. Man and his life have been studied in the novel through the exploitation of human relationships. Coolie as a novel of human centrality. Humanity is the centre of Anand's interest and focus. The study of man, the whole-man, and his life in all its varied facets is the concern of Anand. Commenting upon the human relationships in the novel O. P. Mathur says: "The epic structure of the novel is unified by the intensely human personality of the hero who goes through the world like a shaft of love illuminating it and resolving the blind confusions of human relationships."11 The trade union leader Sauda asks the coolies to repeat the points of the charter of their demands. He says that coolies are human beings and not soulless machines. They want to work without having to pay bribes. They want clean houses to live in. They want to be saved from the clutches of money-lenders. Munoo is also a victim of society. He is a witness to the communal riots in which many people lose their lives. The harrowing experiences of the communal riots engineered to break the workers' strike create in



2 0 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h Munoo the essential loneliness of the soul. Man and his life have been studied in the novel through the exploitation of human relationships. Munoo had experience of love and sympathy ranging from innocent love of Baboo Nathoo Ram's daughter to the lustful one of Mrs. Mainwaring. He had also known the motherly love of Prabha Dayal's wife. Otherwise, gay and hard-working Munoo had a feeling that his position in society was on the whole not so bad. His feeling was echoed by Prabha Dayal who had been himself an honest and simple coolie before starting his business. Munoo and Prabha are timid, straightforward and gullible, unlike the sharklike men like Nathoo Ram, and Ganpath, and Mrs. Mainwaring. Munno is ill treated by his aunt in the beginning of the novel before he starts his journey of experience. In Coolie there is not merely competition among them, there is also comradeship and humanity. The elephant driver who befriends Munoo is a sympathetic man. So is the case with Hari. This man has inborn sympathy for others. He is afraid of the rich and his humanity comes close to Prabha Dayal's. Then, there is Mohan, the wicked rickshaw driver, who befriends Munoo during the Simla phase of his career. Much more important is Ratan. He even takes Munoo to his house. Commenting upon their friendship Anand remarks: "The circumstances of their lives cemented the bond in a way, which was unique. For brotherliness was the only compensation for the bitterness of life in the factory and in the houses in which they lived, worked and had their being. . . . The poor are wicked only when they have absolutely nothing: given half a bread they are eager to share it with those who have none."12 Untouchable draws attention to the relations between the untouchables and the high caste people. But in the latter novel we are also told about the strained relations between two sections of the same caste group. Lala Murli Dhar and Kasera Gokul Chand cannot have sweet relations because their caste feelings overtake their human instincts. The caste snobbery among the upper castes makes their life full of unnecessary hardships. Anand believed in the concept of full man. In Bakha and Munoo, he has created his ideal heroes. They all possess understanding, large-heartedness and passion; they believe in action. This is the machine age, sons this is the machine age. We are the men who will master it, We are the new men of the earth of all.13 Mulk Raj Anand has also depicted in his fiction the urbanrural relationship. The 'contrast between the rural and urban outlook is presented in Coolie. It is the quintessence of the Indian conditions at a time when the country was passing from the rural to urban outlook. The life of slums in industrial towns as well as life in summer capital of the British has also been highlighted. The Opening Chapter depicts the village life where people are full of romantic visions regarding the city life. However, the reality is grim. When Daya Ram leaves Munoo at the residence of Baboo Nathoo Ram, the latter is able to understand the



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predicament of his situation. Munoo realizes the difference between the rural and urban life. In urban society he is treated like a wild animal. He is beaten on small pretexts. He is humiliated by Uttam Kaur for his misdeed. He comes to feel that the customs in towns are different from those prevailing in rural areas. But when he reaches Daulatpur and works with Prabhu Dayal he has different experiences. Though the work conditions for Munoo are no better yet he is treated on a better footing that he was treated in Shamnagar. Munoo, finally, becomes a victim of the urban British India. The novelist describes very vividly the working conditions of domestic servants, factory workers, mill workers, and rickshaw pullers with great vividness. The condition of Indians in the Sir George White Cotton Mills in Bombay is, to say the least, very pitiable. Here the coolies are made to work eleven hours a day for a mere subsistence allowance. Jimmy Thomas' exploitation of the miserable and skeletonlike coolies in terms of loan on interest, rent for a 'hovel' which he calls cottage, and fines for damaged cloth are sufficiently degrading in themselves. And on top of these is the price he charges for giving work to these helpless victims. Still, Indian workers flock him in great numbers requesting, cajoling for some work. When he threatens to start short hours in the factory workers get upset and request him with entreaties and prayers not to resort to this. To him and his ilk, Indian workers are nothing better than 'swine' to be abused and kicked. But the treatment Munoo receives at the place of Mrs. Mainwaring is better than this. She feels compassion for the injured boy and takes him to Simla to employ him. But her motives are better known than this facade of compassion. All the same Munoo feels happy in the company of the woman who played the bitch too the dogs that prowled around. In the final stages of his life Munoo becomes the servant of an Anglo-Indian woman. There he receives care and attention and he begins to feel that he is in a better position that he ever enjoyed in his short life. Here he comes into contact with the glamorous world of Europeans. In short, after the miserable life he has led so far, he now seems to belong to that dream-like world he always had been looking towards. Munoo is one servant while masters are changeable. He is passive while the society is active and changing. In the final stages of Novel Bhakha overhears some people discussing the appearance of Mahatama Gandhi in Bulashah. He joins them to hear Mahatma Speech. Mahatma talks about the plight of the untouchable and ending untouchability. He does understand the imminent arrival of the flushing toilet in India,a machine that eradicates the need for humans to handle refuse. This machine could mean the end of Untouchability. With is piece of hope Bakha hurries to share news with his father. This news gives him strength to face society in a different manner. This “Untouchable” is almost always a dispossessed man, deprived even of the basic right to live like a human being in freedom,honour and dignity. Exploitation of Indian workers is mixed with prejudice. In these novels we come across a similar attitude. Misunderstanding and prejudice are part and parcel of this exploitation process. In a sense the contact with the British and the Europeans degrades



2 1 0 @ e / ; H k k j r h Indians and they lose the sense of self-respect. They can go to any length to win the favours of their political masters. Naturally, the British look down upon them and insult them at every step. In the article "Why I Write" Mulk Raj Anand says: "But the compulsion to pursue the truth of human relations has, I confess, become the mission of my life. I could not have written all the twenty or so novels, and hundreds of short stories, if I had not been possessed with the source of love with Gandhi touched off in me, and if I had not had the deep desire to reveal the beauty, the terror, and the tenderness in-the lives of my character."14 Hindi Cell Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Chattisgarh References 1. Mulk Raj Anand, Coolie, New Delhi, 1984, p. 11 2. Ibid., p. 200 3. Ibid, p. 201 4. Ibid., p. 234 5. Ibid., p. 234 6. Ibid., pp. 266-267 7. Ibid., P 107 8. C. J. George, Mulk Raj Anand, His Art and Concerns, New Delhi, Atlantic, 2000, p. 58 9. Coolie, op. Cit., p. 110 10. Mulk Raj Anand, Coolie, op. Cit., p. 11. O. P. Mathur, National Integration in the Novels of Anand, p. 67 12. Coolie, op. Cit., p. 213 13. Coolie, op. Cit., p. 6 14. Mulk Raj Anand, "Why I Write"



Women in the Plays of Girish Karnad : An Overview Anurodh Chadar For many hundreds of years, women have strived for gaining equality with men. They have been held back and their opportunities taken away from them because of the fact that they were women. Feminism is the belief in social, political, and economic equality of the sexes. And it is the feminist movement that has been trying to give these rights to women who have been deprived of their equality and privileges that men have never given them. I believe that women have every right to be equal with men and feminism is what is slowly accomplishing this. Feminism is beneficial to men, women, and their families because it is allowing mothers, daughters, and sisters to have an equal opportunity in life to achieve all they can without any discrimination based on their sex. It is a human right to be equal to others around you and it does not matter if you are male or female. They should both receive the same opportunities and privileges given in life and feminism helps women accomplish this task of equality. Feminism is allowing women to expand their careers and businesses that they never were able to have before. Women now have power in government and they hold high and powerful jobs. They have gained their independence from a male dominated society and are rising to become less dependent on their husbands for financial support. Many women are now even managing their own families, without the help or support of a man. Men are also being helped because their wives are now able to help with financial needs; they are not depended on for the only source of income for their family anymore. Feminism is allowing women to have better high paying jobs that are allowing them to have greater incomes. A woman has become the centre of discussion in the post- colonial literature and social strata of India as well as Western Countries. The lives of women have been manipulated by the patriarchy in all ages and cultures, undoubtedly in different ways by prescribing values, norms, gender roles and ethics to keep the male dominance at the top. Silvia Walby in her 'Theorising Patriarch'depicts patriarchy as a system of social structures and practices in which men dominate, oppress and exploit women. Today, Girish Karnad is considered as one of the most significant Indian dramatists. He as a dramatist of post-modern era fascinates us with the marvellous world of his plays, critically evaluated the mind and behaviour of his female protagonists in a Madhya Bharti-72, January-June, 2017, ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 211-225



2 1 2 @ e / ; H k k j r h collective perspective, impact of the patriarchy, women's endeavour to fulfil their desires final crises and their extinction from their world. We encounter with him a playwright as a thinker, artist, actor, poet, and a producer who as a true culture-smith intends to awaken the contemporary Indian intelligentsia from cultural amnesia. Girish Karnad has emerged as a living legend in the contemporary Indian English drama. His output, which ranges from Yayati to Wedding Album, marks the evolution of Indian theatre since four decades. Karnad transmutes and transforms his source material to such an extent, being an actor and theatre man himself, that the modern, contemporary, individual talent incorporates the tradition into a trans-creation that is rich and strange. Karnad admirably succeeded in his attempt to show the Indian playwrights as well as the world Theatre Community at large how our past and present can coalesce to give presentday existence meaning and to theatre activity a direction. Women are still suppressed by men. To show this, a very significant portion of Karnad's play is devoted to the study of the decisions of the patriarchal social set-up that expects women to surrender to the will of the male decision makers without protest. This fact is further illustrated through another relationship that forms the sub-plot of the play, the Swarnalata episode. The character of Swarnlata, the maid, is Karnad's creation. Swarnalata's narrative once again emphasizes the patriarchal norms of the society that expects a woman to prove her innocence. She is never taken on her own worth. The male dominance is apparent in the story of Swarnalata. In the play the other women characters – Devyani, Sharmishtha and Chitralekha, become pawns in the games that male characters play and are relegated to the background. The character of Chitralekha is Karnad's creation. She is not a modern woman but she is endowed with energy which she tries to use for a place in a male-dominated world. Chitralekha: I did not push him to the edge of the pyre, sir. You did. You hold forth on my wifely duties. What about year duty to your son? Did you think twice before hoisting your troubles on a pliant son? Chitralekha seems to be in search of a man who would define her and provide her some recognition in society ruled by males. Finding herself in such a sad plight, she says to Yayati: Chitralekha: What else is there for me to do? You have your youth. Prince Pooru has his old age. Where do I fit in?” She seems to be 'New woman' not in the sense that she challenges the patriarchy but in the sense that she challenged the social obligation and moral laws. She remains a rebellious figure within the male dominated world. Karnad's Nagamandala (1988) is a powerful portrait of the agony and anguish faced by both men and women in their development into adult roles and social adjustment in a society where the individual is given little space for self–development, awareness and independence as a being. In his play Nagamandala he not only exposes male chauvinism, the oppression of women, the great injustice done to them by men and patriarchal culture but also stealthily deflates the concept of chastity through the story of Rani. The solitary confinement of Rani by Appanna in the house symbolizes the chastity belt of the Middle Ages, the reduction of women's talents to house work and the exclusion of women from enlightenment and enjoyment. Karnad brings within the play



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the strong association between oral narrative tradition and women's sub– culture, existing within the patriarchal societies. Karnad says that women tell stories when putting children to bed or while doing their household chores. In the presence of other women and children, women, give expression to their own point of view and experiences which are not perhaps permitted or recognised by patriarchal, classical stories. The men of patriarchal culture suppress the intellect of women and they try and to prove that women are foolish and ignorant. Women's close–knit relationships with the other members of family and their lack of freedom to explore the world on their own is one of the reasons why identity for them is usually a matter of relationships. The scene of Rani's trial reminds us of Sita's trial in the Ramayana and it shows its affinities with traditional Indian values. The traditional test in the village court has been to take oath while holding a red-hot iron in the hand. But Rani insists “I must swear by the King Cobra”. Naga cult is a major type of worship, is still vigorously practised in many parts of Kerala which retain the impact of Hindu mythology. Blind faith and superstition– driven belief in Naga myths and tales promote ritualistic worship of Naga. The practices are very much alive in the socio–cultural life of the people of Hindu faith in many states of our country. After the judgment, Rani becomes the head of the family. Appanna accepts her superiority and says to her. “You are no common person. You are a Goddess.” However the matriarchal Rani, unlike the past patriarchal Appanna, never orders him. Thus by showing a trace of matriarchy at the end, the play anticipates that matriarchy is to follow patriarchy if our society is to change for better. Tale-Danda's world of contending ideologies is marked by conspicuous presence of women characters. In the play male has voice, presence and power, whereas the female is silent, absent and powerless. It shows the condition of middle class women of our society who is taught from the beginning to repress her own desires and trained to practice self-effacement, women has come to articulate a male-constructed definition, which she has internalized. Therefore, when she speaks, it is patriarchy that speaks through her. She is not expected to go out and perform, but efficiently lurk around the threshold, supporting the male endeavour. Queen Rambhavati's condition in the play indicates that women of high status were stereotypical: docile, shouted at, told to mind their own business or even rejected or packed-off to their parents. The character of Queen Rambhavati is similar to any contemporary woman. Her position is clear from her words to Sovideva. “Do you wish. Just don't upset your father, that's all. He turns his bad temper on me and I can't take it longer.” King Bijjala's crass treatment of Queen Rambhavati is not due to a malevolent intention but induced by the entrenched patriarchal assumptions. Bijjala: Doesn't anything interest you women except marriage and husband and children? Rambhavati: Have you left us anything else? Women of all strata in Tale-Danda are made to suffer the trauma resulting from men's actions. Such is the condition of women in traditional Indian society, as the play depicts. Women remained a marginalized and suppressed group, without voice, without power, and may be even without consciousness of their peripheral position in society.1 If there is a commonality among the cultures of the world spanning the West and



2 1 4 @ e / ; H k k j r h the East, it is the marginalization and inferiorization of women, which turns them into shadows of their male prototypes. The male has voice, presence and power, whereas the female is silent, absent and powerless. Taught to repress her own desires (this includes what has come to be known as joi ssancei), and trained to practise self-effacement, woman has come to articulate a male-constructed definition, which she has internalized. Therefore, when she speaks it is patriarchy that speaks through her. She is not expected to go out and perform, but efficiently lurk around the threshold, supporting the male endeavour. Literature is replete with examples of women who met with destruction because they tried to cross the threshold and write their own definitions in the maledominated social milieu: Flaubert's Emma Bovary, Ibsen's. Dora. Namita Gokhales Paro, Hawthorne's Hester and several heroines of Anita Desai. There are some who happened to cross the threshold and acquire voice, but were scared of the wide, dark, animalistic devouring world outside and beat an undignified retreat to get inside the threshold. Narayan's Savitri is the representative example of such women. But a large number of them remain committedly passive, servile and silent, bearing and rearing children, and gratifying the sexual needs of their husbands. The representation of high-caste women in Girish Karnad's play Tale-Danda is expectedly stereotypical: they are docile, shouted at told to mind their own business, or worse still, rejected and packed off to their parents's. Let us consider two examples from the Royal household. The first example is that of Queen Rambhavati, King Bijjala's wife. What is her position? What does she think of her relationship with the King, her husband? Two statements by her made to her son. Sovideva. bring out her standing visavis Bijjala When Sovideva is raging against the sharauas, who have made a fool of him in the treasury episode, she tells him: 'Do as you wish. Just don't upset your father, that's all fie turns his had temper on me and I can't take It any longer, "When Sovideva accuses her of being ill thrall to the sharanns's mystic saint leader. Basavanua, she says: "What am I to do? Do you think your father ever listens to me?" There is hardly a hint of equality in the husband-wife relationship. She might be the queen of the kingdom, but her real standing is no better than any other servant of the palace, as far as the king is concerned Bijjalas mercurial moods which make him arrogant and overbearing towards Rambhavati testify to her inferior status. And how docs she get him to fulfill her wishes'.' She has to wail and cry and shed tears to persuade Bijjala to leave sharanas (who is a spoilt. unethical conspirator) alone. It is not that Bijjala docs not love Rambhavati. He is fond of her and cares for her. But the deep-rooted patriarchal attitude made him feels superior and behave most of the time in a rude manner. Rambhavati seems to be devoid of her 'self,' or a 'will of her own.' Her very existence is defined and concretized with reference to her husband. Her not minding the inferiorized position is the outcome of the centuries of internalization or the patriarchal postulates by women in society. That she represents traditional women is also borne out by her unflinching allegiance to her husband through' thick and thin. Though she is scolded and berated for her interference in the matter of the father-son antagonism, she willingly provides emotional succour to a suffering and tormented Bijjala, when he has been incarcerated by his son, Sovideva and his cohorts.



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Interestingly, even in this condition, Bijjala remains brusque with her. Elaine Showalter's words appropriately fit Rambhavatis situation: "We have seen our foremothers as mindless, downtrodden souls, accepting century after century the fetters of their lot with passivity, unheeding or incapable of perceiving their exclusion from society." The other woman in the palace is Sovideva's wife. What is Sovideva's attitude towards her? He has discarded her and sent her to her parents, not bothering to bring her back. She is absent both literally and metaphorically from the scene. She does not exist in her husband's scheme of things, who wontonly revels in the arms of a prostitute, Indrani. However, it is important to note that this absent, voiceless woman acquires value in the changed context. When Sovideva is confused and afraid and is in need of help in the aftermath of the beheading" Madhuvarasa and Haralayya, he is advised to visit his fatherin-law for support and bring her queen back. The words spoken by Sovideva all this occasion are revealing for their irony and male egocentricities. When Manchanna says to Sovideva: "And then pay a brief visit to your father-in-law, sir? His support may come ill handy;' Sovideva answers: "Yes, And see our queen again she is our Queen after all, frigid hitch though she is." Woman is valued for her functional utility only, not for her intrinsic worth as a human being. The most crucial event in the play which triggers catastrophic consequences, involving the death of the King and the beheading of Mahuvarasa and Haralayya is the wedding between a high-caste Brahmin's daughter and a cobbler's son. The marriage has become possible because both the families have embraced sharana religion. It is a momentous event which forces even Basavanna, the sharana saint-leader, to pause and reflect all the possible fall out. The girl's mother Lalitamba's reluctance has no weight or meaning, because it is her husband Madhuvarasas decision which matters, A typical characteristic of patriarchy is that men are in control and it is they who wield power. Women remain voiceless. Lalitamba points to the practical problems, besetting the alliance of a Brahmin girl with a cobbler boy. But her objections and fears are not satisfactorily resolved: they are unceremoniously brushed aside by her husband, Madhuvarasa. Basavanua's fears on account of this commingling of the high and the low caste through marriage turn out to be real: the words he speaks become prophetic. He says: "Until now it was only a matter or theoretical speculation. But this–this is real. The orthodox will see this mingling of castes as a blow at the very roots of varnashrama dharma. Bigotry has not faced such a challenge in two thousand years. I need hardly describe what venom will gush out, what hatred will erupt once the news spreads." The most relevant example the shabby treatment meted out to women is provided by the sharana Jagadeva. It is for men to become achievers, gather laurels and revel in glory by attaining their coveted goals. In the process, they feel free to take their vows, make resolutions and not to "look at" their womenfolk, what to talk of taking their permission to pursue their predetermined tasks. Marital responsibility does not matter. Considerateness be damned! Woman is treated as a worm who can be easily trampled upon. Jagadeva's wife's repeated visits to the venue where Jagadeva and his young



2 1 6 @ e / ; H k k j r h companions (Kalayya, and Mallibomma) are practising marshall rituals, in order to have a word with Jagadeva because his own mother is seriously ill. and Jagadeva's dogged refusal to meet her are emblematic of the voicelessness of women, even among the sharanas. Told by Gundanna that she has come four times since the previous day, Jagadeva says haughtily: "I can't see her. Tell her to go away. She knows I have sworn not to look upon a woman's face till we have achieved our goal. ... She has to attend to her mother-in-law." In patriarchy, men command and it is women's lot to obey, silently, without so much as a protesting sound. She will attend to her mother-in-law no doubt, but what about Jagadeva's responsibility towards his very own mother. He is not bothered. There is his wife to do the job. Women's slavery leaves men free to pursue their wishes. Kate Millett seems right when she observes that "relations between the sexes are not solely matters of personal choice," as far as women are concerned. Such was the condition of women in the traditional Indian society, as the play depicts. Sociocultural and religious movements and revolution left out this significant segment of society. Women remained a marginalized and suppressed group, without voice, without power and maybe even without consciousness of their peripheral position in society. I would like to conclude with the observation of Showalter who says that "women's relationships to themselves and society have been essentially static, as fixed as to render women of the past mute and dumb, unable to write, speak or even see the truth.2 'Naga-Mandala' presents several women characters all of whom live an abject life, devoid of honour and dignity. The Prologue of the play provides an insight in the private lives of women. The rust of them has so miserly a husband that he does not give any money to his wife because he thinks that his wife is extravagant and goes to bed early to save on lamp oil (Kusbi oil). The second woman is an old ailing mother. She dies neglected, leaving behind her son and daughter-in-law who now feel free to indulge in conjugal pleasures. The third has a lustful husband who considers his wife as a means to satisfy his sexual desires. The fourth thinks that her husband is a philanderer and epicurean. Therefore she remains so much agitated that she gets hallucinations. The four women are not given any names since they are not any particular women, but they are the samples picked at random for a sociological study of the Indian women. They don't have any ambitions to make their marks in any field of life. They have accepted lying down like most of Indian women all that has come their way. They are women without any ambition, without even a desire for an honourable life. The question of their having dash and drive simply does not arise. They adjust with any man they come to get as their husbands, accept atrocities as fait accompli. The case of the fourth woman referred to above needs special mention, She is an old woman, but has suffered in the mind all her life because she has reasons to suspect that her husband is an adulterer. She is distracted yet she cannot give vent to her fears and suspicions. Consequently her pent up feelings, weave a story and a song, which assume shapes and appear before her as a woman and a saree respectively. These hallucinations are indicative of nothing but the agony in her mind. Rani, who is the main woman character of the play. She is condemned to live,



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like a prisoner in a solitary' cell. She has to keep house for a libertine and bear his tyrannies silently. She is clapped under lock and key lest she should have interaction with anybody or should invite some other man to supplant her husband. Her husband speaks a few syllables like 'Do this', 'Do that', 'Serve the food'. She tells Kurudavva about her incarceration - "Apart from him, you arc the first person I have seen since coming here. I'm bored to death. There is no one to talk to." The poor woman has no idea what it is to be a wife. Married though she already is out she is turned into a slave, doing menial jobs for a bare subsistence. On being told by Kurudavva that Appanna would make her his wife instantly if he is given the root in his food, she says, "But I am his wife already", behaving that a wife deserves nothing more than kicks and crumbs, Rani is getting the worst possible deal, nevertheless she wants to win the love of her husband, and does not want that any harm should come to him. She gaves Appanna the paste of the root mixed with milk, but she is upset to see that the root has made Appanna sick. She does not, therefore, try the bigger piece on Appanna though Kurudavva guarantees that it will make Appanna a slave of hers. It is the character of a typical Indian that she will serve her husband very sincerely even if the husband, like Appanna, is in the clutches of a concubine, and leaves her to languish in the solitary cell of her house. She is a living image of love and forgiveness. Rani is a very sincere wife 'out the fate plays a cruel trick with her. The curry having the root mixed in it is licked by the Cobra that lives in the ant-hill'. Though the root had no effect on man, but it has changed the Cobra into lover. The Naga assumes the shape of Appanna and comes to her everyday. Rani does have her doubts and suspicions, but Naga outwits her and violates her chastity, She believes that, she is pregnant, from Appanna, but the real Appanna accuses her of adultery. He takes her to the village Elders who ask her to hold a red hot iron bar to prove her innocence. But Rani holds the Cobra instead. The husband goes to the concubine yet the wife agrees to take the test at the risk of life and of getting infancy of being loose in the hilt. Rani is the main woman character of the play, if not the heroine of the play. She bears all the tyrannies, yet she does not give up her values of life. She is the only child of her parents, and got their love in full measure. As happens with most of the Indian girls, the fond father finds a match for his daughter and marries her With Appanna, whose parents are already dead but he has money to spend and spare. An Indian father generally thinks that a man is a good match for his daughter if he has means to provide wherewithal to his daughter. The poor fathers never bother about the character of the men with whom their daughters have to pass their lives. In cases innumerable men have turned out to be libertines and adulterers, but who can help when the society is ridden with poverty and the question of subsistence overshadows all other considerations. She becomes a maidservant or even worse in her own house. She keeps Appanna's house. She sweeps, mops the floor, scrubs utensils and coo s food and obeys commands for a square meal a day. She tells Kurudavva "that her husband speaks to her only in syllables such as 'Do this', 'Do that', 'serve the food'. As she is locked in the house, she is not able to meet anybody. Narrating her tale of woe, she tells Kurudavva - 'Apart



2 1 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h from him, you are, the first person I have seen since coming here. I'm bored to death. There is no one to talk to!" It is clear that there is no companionship or love between her and Appanna. To add to her woes, she IS timid as young girls generally are, with the result that she fails to get sleep at night -- "I am so frightened at night, I can't sleep a wink. At home, I sleep between father and mother. In spite of this persecution she does not want any harm should come Appanna. Kurudavva gives her roots which, as she has said, will get her love of Appanna if it is given to him in his food. The small piece she gives makes Appanna sick. Therefore she does not give the bigger piece to him lest it should do any serious harm to him. Though Kurudavva has said with confidence that this will certainly bring him back to her, "Go in. Start grinding it. Make a tasty curry. Mix the paste in it. Let him taste a spoonful and he will be your slave." But Rani does not take any risk even to get the love of her husband. Rani is after all a model Indian wife who will bear the tyrannies inflicted by her husband, yet the husband is to be served will all sincerity. Appanna keeps her as a slave, yet he is her dear husband and has to be kept out of the harm's way. The marriage rites, seven rounds around the fire, makes the husband master of his wife, but wife does not get any rights. Rani is a typical Indian woman who is ready to suffer at the hands of husband without complaining in the hope that husband will return to her in the end. She expects nothing, yet she is ready to make any sacrifice. If she comes to commit a mistake, she holds herself guilty and ever remains repentant for the lapse. It will not be amiss to say that an Indian or rather a Hindu wife is masochistic, taking pleasure in being tormented by the husband. She never revolts even in thought. After all a husband according to Indian mythology is a replica of God howsoever depraved the husband be. Rani suffers at the hands of Appanna yet Rani docs not take any risk even to gain the love of her husband. This attitude suppresses the personality of Hindu wives. Rani's character typifies a Hindu wife that accepts sufferings as fait accompli.3 There are two main women characters in Karnad's The Fire and the Rain, one is Vishakha and another is Nittilai. Vishakha is twenty six years old Brahmin woman married in high class Brahmin family. Paravasu is her husband and the father-in-law is Raibhya. Both are intellectuals and learned. Raibhya has supernatural powers too. But their family possesses the traits of patriarchal family system. Vishakha is suffered by male dominance. It is observed that Vishakha was forced to marry Paravasu when she loves Yavakri. This is very basic principle of orthodox patriarchy that girl's consent is not considered when her marriage settled. Vishakha's father gets her married to Paravasu against her wish. Even she had to follow her father's decision. In this manner father's decision has to be followed in patriarchy though Vishakha becomes unhappy. She says to Yavakri that: Yavakri: Your father must have felt relieved that I went away. Paravasu was a better match. I was only his miserable cousin. Vishakha: Yes, Father was happy. I was married off to Paravasu. I didn't want to, but that didn't matter.



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Here, Vishakha says that she does not want to marry Paravasu but she was forced by father to marry. And Vishakha's father was very happy because his daughter obeyed his orders. It means that Vishakha is suffered from very beginning by male-dominated principles. Girish Karnad shows women are considered as tools in the hands of orthodox men of male-dominated society. Vishakha's whole life suffers because of maledominated tradition. How they suffer in life is explained by Mala Renganathan: Karnad's postmodernist attempts to highlight and romanticize the suppressed categories (such as the lower castes, the demons, the artists), are not effective with woman's question. The two women charactersVishakha and Nittilai-become victims of the male paradigmatic struggles. Both get caught between the real and the romantic, and they are reduced to nothingness, one to insanity and the other to death. Vishakha is exploited by her husband, father-in-law and by her lover. Above mentioned comment of Mala Ranganathan is appropriate for Karnad's women characters like Vishakha and Nittilai. He correctly explained how women caught in problem between the real and the romantic. Vishkha in reality does not want to marry Paravasu but she has to marry. This is a real situation in Vishakha's life but she becomes happy and romantic only for one year when Paravasu loves Vishakha from the bottom of his heart. Vishakha's family is typical Indian family ruled by male-dominance where man orders women and women have to follow orders. In her family husband plays very dominant role. Paravasu neglects Vishakha's emotions, her equal rights in family. Paravasu used Vishakha's body only for sex and he does not think about her love, emotions. Even Vishakha retells Paravasu's words that: Vishakha: My husband said to me: 'I know you didn't want to marry me. But don't worry. I'll make you happy for a year'. And he did. Exactly for one year. He plunged me into a kind of bliss I didn't know existed. It was heaven-here and now-at the tip of all my senses. Above mentioned words of Vishakha describe that Vishakha becomes very happy when she married Paravasu because he promised her that he will make happy. Even she enjoys romantic life after marriage Vishakha feels that her husband accepted her as true wife. But her happiness does not remain long. Paravasu is very ambitious person. He wants to attend the Fire Sacrifice. When he becomes main Priest of the Yajana (a religious rite) he suddenly wants to leave the house. He does not think about Vishakha's love. He leaves home for seven years. Vishakha speaks about her bad condition when her husband without considering her emotions leaves her alone in house. She says that: Vishakha: Then on the first day of the second year of our marriage, he said: 'Enough of that. We not start on our search'. And thenit wasn't that I was not happy. But the question of happiness receded into the background. He used my body, and his own body, like an experimenter, an explorer. As instruments in a search. Search for what? I never know.



2 2 0 @ e / ; H k k j r h In this way, Vishakha without thinking as a traditional wife, she blames her husband that he used her body only for sex satisfaction for one year. And when he wants to achieve the place of main priest in Fire Sacrifice that time he forgets his wife. So Vishakha blames her husband as he used her as physical instrument in their married life. Paravasu presents as a male personality of male-dominated society who does not care much about wife's emotions and feelings. Here all power and authority are possessed by only Paravasu. He intentionally ignores Vishakha's emotions and love. Thus, through presentation of Vishakha, Girish Karnad presents the problems of traditional woman who lives under dominance of male in Indian society. In maledominated society, woman is expected only to do household duties and obey orders of men. Even men do not like to give equal rights to women in the family and society. Emotions, feelings and love of woman is not very important for men in men in maledominated society. All these aspects are presented by Karnad in the play, The Fire and the Rain through various situations. Through woman character of Vishakha Karnad explained the problems of woman before the marriage and after the marriage. Vishakha's consent is not sought when her marriage is settled. Her husband does not consider her emotions and love when he is leaving for Fire Sacrifice. When Paravasu left Vishakha alone in home many problems come in her life. It is one of the principles of male-dominated society that when husband is not in the house at that time wife must listen instructions of father-in-law or brother-in-law. Sometimes women become victims of sexual exploitation by father-in-law. This happens to Vishakha. So Vishakha blames her fatherin- law that: Vishakha: On the other hand, there's his sense of being humiliated by you. On the other, there's lust. It consumes him. an old man's curdled lust. And there's no one else here to take his rage out but me. (Raibhya's steps are heard in a distance, as he returns.) Here he comes. The crab! Scutting back to make sure I don't defile the chief Priest as I did Yavakri. Grant me this favour, please. Kill me. Vishakha explains how cruel and lusty her father-in-law, Raibhya is cruel and lusty. Being father-in-law he should behave like father in family but he does not behave well in absence of Paravasu. Traditionally husband must care his wife, he must provide all facilities to her but her Paravasu does not do so. When he is appointed as Chief Priest of Fire Sacrifice for seven years, he just leaves home without any responsibility and never comes home to meet his wife. So Vishakha is suffered much in his absence. Therefore she complains Paravasu as under : Vishakha: Will you come home once the fire Sacrifice is over? (No answer) I suppose that would be too human. But what's wrong with being human? What is wrong being happy, as we were before you got Indra into you? (No answer) I shouldn't ask. I should be silent. And you, in any case, will be silent. (No answer)



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In this manner, Vishakha blames Paravasu that he is responsible of her suffering. It is Paravasu's responsibility that he must have come to meet Vishakha. Thus Karnad explained that how women are exploited in male-dominated society and how women are ignored in family. Vishakha's husband is not ready to respond her. In this way Karnad shows the woman's sad condition in Indian patriarchal family. In a male-dominated family woman's voice, her equal rights are stopped and they are asked by male only to follow men's orders. In male-dominated family husband always plays dominant role. He forced his wife to follow such things which are not possible in modern age. Paravasu does not care Vishakha's physical desire when he leaves for seven years to perform Fire Sacrifice. So Vishakha breaks the rich Indian tradition of pious woman and she meets Yavakri. Even she does not fear to express her desire to Yavakri. She becomes passionate and says that: Vishakha: I was so happy this morning. You were so good. So warm. I wanted to envelop you in everything I could give. It was more as a mother that I offered my breasts to you. Traditionally it is not in keeping with moral consideration that Vishakha expressed her physical desires and fulfiled desires with Yavakri. But Vishakha is filled with strong urge of physical because her husband is responsible for this critical situation. Vishakha's husband left home for seven years, he does not care about her physical need and feelings. So she breaks the traditional image of a pious wife in urban as love with Yavakri. In this way, she is seen as a modern woman who is capable to take her own decisions. The modern woman is very conscious about her desires, her equal right in family and society. The modern woman is educated and sometimes employed also. She knows how to behave in society to achieve her equal rights. When she finds that her husband is not careful and helpful to her so she behaves like a traditional husband. Such qualities of modern woman are found in Vishakha. Vishakha does not fear to show her extra-marital relationship. Even she confesses in front of her father-in-law. A brief conversation between herself and Raibhya is worth quoting here: Raibhya: Where can she go? I want the truth and I'll kill her if necessary. Let me go! I know how to handle herVishakha: let him go, Arvasu. Yes, there was somebody else there. Yavakri! And he had come to see me. Alone. In this way Vishakha expresses that she went to meet Yavakri. Researcher thinks that Vishakha keeps the qualities of modern woman who has courage to speak about her desire and she does not like to care about pressure from men. And Raibhya's behaviour is not good. He does not treat Vishakha well. According to Hindu acceptance and Indian tradition father-in-law must assume his daughter-in-law as his daughter in whatsoever critical condition. It is not expected from father-in-law to beat or to abuse daughter-inlaw. But Raibhya beats and abuses Vishakha so she does not have respect for her fatherin-law. Raibhya abuses Vishakha in this way: Raibhya: You whore-you roving whore! I could reduce you to ashesturn you into a fistful of dust-with a simple curse.



2 2 2 @ e / ; H k k j r h This researcher thinks traditionally Indian culture teaches us how to keep good relation in family. Each member of family has his own duties according to his/her role in family. Raibhya being father-in-law by legal relation should not have beaten his daughter-in-law. Raibhya presents himself as member of male-dominated society. Here Karnad presents bad condition of daughter-in-law. How Vishakha is tortured and humiliated by her father-in-law and her husband in male-dominated family. It is to be noted that Yavakri has exploited Vishakha in his own bad manner. Yavakri shows his false love to Vishakha. He wants to take revenge upon Vishakha and he wants to turn his tables Raibhya Vishakha's fanther-in-law. Here Girish Karnad presents the high caste educated people's ill behaviour. He presents high caste people like Yavakri, Paravasu and Raibhya who use Vishakha as tool in their hand. Vishakha and Paravasu are wife and husband but the relationship is not virtuous. About their married life and their relationship P.D. Nimsarkar writes: Marriage in the high caste Brahmin society where virtue is highly honoured, is reduced to 'mating and sex enjoyment'. From the very first day the conjugal life is perturbed, it is a loveless tie, temporal and transient. Husband's responsibility has been deliberately ignored by Paravasu whereas Vishakha's one sided expression of faith and affection remain sterile. The lack of understanding and failure of communication ruin the secret concept of marriage and wreck the family. This comment by P.D. Nimsarkar is very apt to describe marriage and conjugal life in The Fire and the Rain. Vishakha's true love for husband is not felt by Paravasu. She is used as an instrument by Yavakri, Raibhya and Paravasu. In this manner, Vishakha's personality presents the traditional tragic condition of woman in male-dominated society. Nittilai is one of the important women characters in Karnad's The Fire and the Rain. Nittilai possesses good qualities and well behaviour and is beautiful girl belongs to hunter tribe. She is virtuous and always wants to help others. She follows rich tradition of Indian culture. She is illiterate as compared to Vishakha who belongs to a high caste society. But Nittilai has rich qualities like love for humanity this so called sacrifice, helpful nature which differ from high class society. Though she is tribal girl but she does not believe in orthodox principles of maledominated society. Even she does not fear to say that she loves Arvasu who is high class Brahmin. Actually the love relationship between Nittilai and Arvasu is highly ideal because they are ready to sacrifice for each other's happiness. Nittilai loves Aravasu without any intentions like, selfishness, demands for money. Aravasu loves deeply Nittilai. Arvasu says to Andhaka: Arvasu: I'll tell him: 'I can't give up Nittilai. She is my life. I can't live without her- I would rather be an out caste'In this way Arvasu expresses his love for Nittilai. He is ready to sacrifice his status in the high class Brahmin society. The character Nittilai is that traditional woman



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who cannot oppose fully and openly in society but she just explains the bad condition of tribal woman. She blames upper class when she says: Nittilai: So Father's to blame? Do you know why Father called the elder in such haste? He always says: 'These high-caste men are glad enough to bed our women but not to wed them.' In this way Nittilai expresses her grudge against upper class. In a male dominating society, women do not have any other alternative but to speak against bad practice of maledominance. Girish Krand attempts to highlight the difference between low-caste people and high-caste people, their behaviour and presets how high-caste men are glad to use low-caste women from very ancient times. Through the character of Nittilai a number of problems are presented in Girish Karnad's The Fire and the Rain. Through the character of Nittilai Girish Karnad presents the social problems like class system, orthodox religious principles and hypocrite nature of priest. Nittilai an uneducated girl presents many social problems in front of audience. She does not understand the term 'universal knowledge'. She thinks as to what is the use of universal knowledge and she said that instead of acquiring universal knowledge, rain is important for common people. Yavakri gets universal knowledge from god, Indra. Yavakri should have asked the rain for help and rain would be helped many ways to common people. Such intelligent hope and question about Yavakri's false and selfish nature is exposed by Nittilai. Even Nittilai says: Nittilai: My point is since Lord Indra appeared to Yavakri and Indra is their God of Rains, why didn't Yavakri ask for a couple of good showers? You should see the region around our village. Parched. Every morning, women with babes on their hips, shrunken children, shriveled old men and women gather in front of my father's house-for the gruel he distributes…. And father says all the land needs is a couple of heavy downpours. That'll revive the earth. Not too much to ask of god, is it? In this way Nittilai is very conscious about needs of common people and she focuses on the selfish nature of Yavakri. Yavakri did not ask for a couple of good shower because he wanted to get universal knowledge from god, Indra. Nittilai becomes very angry when she thought and discussed with Andhaka about usage of knowledge and scholar person like Yavakri. So she says: Nittilai: Actually, I want to ask Yavakri two questions. Can he make it rain? And then, can he tell when he is going to die?..just two what is the point of any knowledge, if you can't save dying children and if you can't predict your moment of death. Nittilai is very considerate about human beings and problems of human beings. She is humanist. She presents very philosophical questions about Yavakri. Though Nittilai is the illiterate lower caste girl, she loves Arvasu and she keeps herself very pious in love relationship. When Arvasu wants to embrace her, she says that not until they get married. The girl is not supposed to touch her husband until married. And through love of Nittilai and Arvasu Girish Karnad presents the problem of intercaste marriage between



2 2 4 @ e / ; H k k j r h high caste boy and low caste woman. When Nittilai says to Andhaka that she would like to marry Arvasu who is high caste boy, Andhaka being old man says that: Andhaka: You two are brave. It's one thing to frolic together as children. But you're not children any longer. You're enough to know that the world can be cruel and ruthless. Here, Andhaka makes aware the traditional rules and regulations of Indian society the inter-caste marriage between high caste boy and low caste girl in not easily allowed. It is the knowledge and experience of old man conveyed to Nittilai that she stands against the traditional social rules. If inter-caste marriages take place, society shows cruelty and ruthlessness for that couple. And marriage between Nittilai and Arvasu cannot take place but Nittilai's love for Arvasu remains very spiritual. Nittilai marries a boy from the same tribe of her and becomes happy. But when Nittilai knows that Arvasu is facing problems, she offers help to him. She takes care of Arvasu and shows her spiritual love. She rejects the concept extra-marital love for woman. She says: Nittilai: Let's. If your legs have gained as much strength as your voice, we should be able to cover a fair distance today! Arvasu, when I say we should go together- I don't mean we have to live together- like lovers or like husband and wife. I have been vicious enough to my husband. I don't want to disgrace him further. Let's be together-like brother and sister. You marry any girl you like. Only please, Arvasu-spare a corner for me. Here, Nittilai shows her pious nature and wants to live like an honest woman in society. She is very conscious about her married life and responsibilities of wife. So, she indicates that Arvasu should marry any girl. She is not like Vishakha who encourages Yavakri to keep extramarital relationship. Nittilai wants that Arvasu should keep distance from his brother. Even she does not encourage Arvasu to take revenge over his brother for his attempts to ill-treat Arvasu. When Arvasu wants to meet his brother and ask why did he go to wrong with him? But Nittilai wish that Arvasu would not meet Paravasu. So she tries to convey him. She says: Nittilai: Leave that to the gods, Arvasu. Look at your family. Yavakri avenges his father's shame by attacking your sister-in-law. Your father avenges her by killing Yavakri. Your brother kills your father. And now you in your turn want vengeance where will it all end ? Thus, Nittilai wants to convey the moral lesson to Arvasu that is patience is very important in life. In short through the character of Nittilai Girish Karnad presents a number of social problems of women like woman's tragic condition in patriarchal society, problem of high caste and low caste, false nature of Yavakri's desire to get universal knowledge etc. Vanashree Tripathi describes Nittilai in her article: The playwright's interest in exploring the varieties of ideological that have replenished the Indiacivilization through ages is represented in Nittilai…A hunter girl, Nittiali is the most humane of the entire gamut of characters.4



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Girish Karnad is a versatile dramatist who has not only revived Indian drama in English but enlarged its scope by introducing new techniques and thematic variations unparallel in the history of the theatrical activities in India. The most important feature of his plays, viewed from several perspectives, is the creation of female protagonists in radical manners. He goes back to ancient Indian culture, myths, mythologies and folklores, studies puranas, takes women as presented in the then prevalent culture but combines them with contemporary world where women are struggling to establish their identity and space of honour. His women are the products of the postcolonial, post modern world who desire to achieve what they lack, revolt against the patriarchy and male dominance, enslave male ego and demolish culture and tradition anticipating transformation in the outlook of the male dominated society. In their struggles they think, act, maneuver and if they fail to obtain the objects they commit suicide. They are passionate, lustrous and philosophical and take emotional intelligence in their strive for survival and demolition of the traditional concepts.5 Conclusion The picture of women that emerges from the study of Karnad's plays is very clear. Women's conditions or sufferings due to social setup or mindset or the hollowness and hypocrisy of male's superiority complex in a patriarchal society is clearly displayed. The woman is dragged out of the house, but man goes uncensured. This social injustice of the male dominated society is supposed and poetic justice is done to Rani. Woman never get peace and happiness in this order of society. They suffer all their lives. But the sufferings do not break them. They accept the challenges and keep on fighting till the end. Govt. Excellence H.S.S. Silwani, Distt. Raisen (M.P.) India, 464886 Reference 1. IJELLH.com. Feminism in Girish Karnad's Plays, Dasaradhi Head of the Dept. of English & Placement Officer, V.K.R, V.N.B & A.G.K College of Engineering, Gudivada, A.P., India. 2. Subhash Chandra. 'Women without voice : A Study of Tale-Danda, Plays of Girish Karnad, ed. J. Dodiya, p. 295-299. 3. Karnad's Naga-Mandla, p.23-24, 30-32. 4. www.google.co.in.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in 5. IJELLH.com. Feminism in Girish Karnad's Plays, Dasaradhi Head of the Dept. of English & Placement Officer, V.K.R, V.N.B & A.G.K College of Engineering, Gudivada, A.P., India.



From Identity Crisis to Identity Search : Journey of a Transgender Pallavi Priyadarshini Preface Biological incident turns a fetus into sexually deformed body, which leads to a transgender. But, societal deprivation turns so born infant into an abnormal, traumatic personality with dilemma of identity crisis. With lots of talks on marginal class of the society, transgender are slowly coming to the mainstream, but the entire journey is a story of pain, crisis and struggle. An infant born in a family is converted into a gender specific symbol by the society and thus the entire future and personality is judged. This paper revolves around the life of a transgender relating to her/his psychological condition which keeps on mingling with physiological structure. The paper tries to portray the dilemma suffered by such people. The paper encircles around the social anxiety and self-esteem in transgender especially reflecting attitude of family and society towards them. The paper refers to an autobiography written by A.Revathi,” The truth about me: A hijra life story”, which not only narrates but deeply analyses the truth behind being a transgender. Overall the paper analyses the deep down journey of a fetus to a transgender, which means from identity crisis to identity search. The Context Bifurcation is the law of civilization. The more civilized is a society, the more is bifurcation.Society very cunningly uses the tool of bifurcation based on gender, following the technique of violence to captivate mind, body and soul of human. It divides world into two parts, mainstream and marginalized. The concept of marginalization is a very novel in the contemporary literary practice. It is an approach used to study the literature, giving emphasis to the voice of marginal people in the society. Today marginal people are socially, politically, economically and legally deprived of their 'rights' as a human being in every society. Since time immemorial, two parts in the society is clearly seen based on shape of sexual genital organ, male and female. Society further analyses male to be the masculine dominant gender and female to be recessive feminine gender, one supposed to be soft, weak and dependent part of the culture. World literature and entire school syllabus is based on this concept of gender bifurcation.Society,in search of quenching its thirst for Madhya Bharti-72, January-June, 2017, ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 226-233



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captivation totally neglects even the biological difference of the sex1 .This somehow brings feminine gender into marginal class, calling it weaker section, but forgets one more part of the sexual constitution which is a result of sexual deformity2. From the day an infant starts recognizing human, the society acquaints the child with two forms of sex, he and she. The literal world is filled up with beauty of these two sexes, completely depriving the one which oscillates between the two genders, searching its identity. This third sex is the most marginalized part of the society, suffering from identity crisis. The journey which begins from identity crisis and moves on towards identity search is beautifully described in an autobiography 'THE TRUTH ABOUT ME: A HIJRA LIFE STORY', written by A.Revathi, who is a transgender. “I am one such individual who has been marginalized because I was born a male and wanted to live my life as a woman” (A.Revathi, 2010, p.41) Such a child when born in a family (a miniature of the society) suffers from dilemma of gender dysphoria3.Moving between the concepts of S/he the child turns out sociallydeprived, lonely and emotionally sick personality, unable to quote out his/her mistake. The child's only crime is to be born with sexual deformity in a society which is totally ignorant of this concept. As soon as I got home from school, I would wear my sister's long skirt and blouse, twist a long towel around my head and let it trail down my back like a braid. I would then walk as if I was a shy bride, my eyes to the ground, and everyone would laugh. No one thought much of it then, for I was little. They reasoned, 'He'll outgrow all this when he grows older,' and did not say much else. But boys at school, as well as men and women, who saw me outside the house, would call out 'Hey, Number 9!', 'female thing', and 'female boy'. Some even teased me, saying, 'Aren't you a boy? Why do you walk like a girl? Why do you wear girls' clothes?' I understood that I was indeed like that. In fact, I wanted to be so(A.Revathi, 2010, p.82) Mythology even proves that such children are seen as a curse on the family or else God's people with special power and are christened as Hijra.Nogrammar still has a specific pronoun for this part of gender. Even lifeless objects and animals have a specific common pronoun 'It', but this part of gender still has no specific way of representation. Even the high scientific revolution could not change the mindset of society and still the entire class of sexually deformed victims is kept under single category “Hijra”. Like many sexually ambivalent figures in Indian mythology, the hijras are treated with a combination of mockery and fear. When they move about in public, they are always vulnerable to teasing; sometimes they are called kaurika (literally refers to an old penny coin -with a hole in the middle that is no longer used; now connotes an "empty shell," or something that is absolutely useless). This teasing is usually done by small or adolescent boys. Some hijras have trained themselves to ignore it; other hijras respond indignantly with the kind of abuse they are famous for. Madhu, a hijra whose somewhat dirty and disreputable appearance often brings her insults, combines her abuse with an attempt to educate the public (S.Nanda,1990)



2 2 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h Whereas, this deformity can be due to varied reasons and in various forms, ranging due to chromosomal aberration to hormonal imbalance. Objective of the Study 1. To find out the reason behind transgender formation. 2. Bring out the hidden face of patriarchy which forces a child to be a hijra. 3. To psycho analyze transgender and their existence in society. 4. To bring out the real beauty of the autobiography of A.Revathi. Rationale of the Study Keen observation and review of various literatures left out the researcher with varied questions. The entire literature work, movies, art and media was found to be flooded with similar old concept of gender as male or female. Even if third gender is brought forward, the form remains same. The most important and best-known traditional role for the hijras in Indian society is that of performing at homes where a male child has been born(S.Nanda, 1990, p.91) It is a probable saying that “you cannot feel my pain unless you step into my shoes”. So no one can better explain the pain mixed with beauty of being 'I' than the victim oneself.So,the researcher took the reference of a life Narration by a transgender, as a main part of her work. Assigned with male gender but being a female with heart and soul,A.Revathiis a symbolic representative of all the extreme marginal class of the society, called third gender. Methodology The research is based on reviewing of various related literature, particularly an autobiography by a transgender,A.Revathi.After reviewing various literature, content analysis was done followed by querying about various policies and law made and implemented for such people. After deep down analysis through psychological, physiologicaland sociological perspective conclusion was drawn by the researcher. Content-analysis Except the sufferer, no one else can beautifully bring out the aesthetic part of one's life journey. So did the autobiography of A.Revathichristened as Doriaswamy by her parents, is written. The Truth about Me is about my everyday experience of discrimination, ridicule and pain; it is also about my endurance and my joy (A.Revathi, 2010, p.41) The autobiography portrays common Indian family, where a child is born and as per the culture is nurtured with lots of love and affection, being the youngest. Born with male genital organ the family gives a masculine name to the child, and calls him Doriaswamy.This proves that everywhere in the world a child is born, not a particular gender. I was born in a family of five with three brothers and a sister. My parents named me Doraisamy and since I was the youngest son, I got a lot of attention and affection fromboth my parents (A.Revathi, 2010.p.65) Analyzing the first part of the writers journey, the fact reveals that everything remains normal in life until one does according to the fixed set of norms, morals and



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ideologies set by the society(family being a miniature part of it).The behavior of ones surrounding changes the moment one tries to trespass these set rules. A child is taken for granted by the family and his/her feelings is totally neglected, tagging the word childish with it.Unable to express oneself, child is left out with numerous unanswered questions inside. Finding no one to answer his/her queries the child begins feeling dysphoric. Fetching answers oneself s/he starts misinterpreting facts and gets misguided. “Aren't you a boy? Why do you walk like a girl? Why do you wear girls' clothes?' I understood that I was indeed like that. In fact, I wanted to be so” (A.Revathi, 2010.p.88) “He would pinch my cheeks, kiss me and hug me. I liked it when he did these things” (A.Revathi, 2010.p.90) “I was teased often at school, for behaving like a girl, for doing women's work, and on the streets too, was bullied often”(A.Revathi, 2010.p.111) Beginning of Gender Dysphoria A dilemma which begins when the conflict, between, assigned gender and real gender remains unsettled. An adolescent tries to satisfy his/her curiosity regarding the innermost feelings, changes and attraction s/he is facing everyday. But everyone s/he reaches turns deaf ears, andinstead abuses and demoralizes him/her for attitude beyond set rules. The society in any case allows only individual with assigned gender to survive, rest people are looked down. Everyone in Doraiswamy family was busy in their own daily chores. None of them had time to answer or consider useless feelings of a growing adolescent. Born with a male sexual organ, he felt like a female. The reason for the feminine feeling could also have been due to his maximum time spend with his sister. Finding no answer to his never ending mind conflict, he started feeling gender dysphoric.Cursed every time he wore female attire, his identity problem intensified. He got totally insecured, facing deep down identity crisis. This further led him to move ahead for identity search. I did know that I behaved like a girl; it felt natural for me to do so. I did not know how to be like a boy. It was like eating for me—just as I would not stop eating because someone asked me not to eat, I felt I could not stop being a girl, because others told me I ought not to be so. (A.Revathi, 2010.p.123) “How could I expect them to know what I was going through? I bundled my feelings and confusions into a tight roll, laid it aside”(A.Revathi, 2010.p.160) I was in love with them. This confused me—I was a boy and yet I felt I could love other boys. Was this right or wrong? I could not talk to anyone about my confusions. Not to my brothers, or my parents. Nor could I stop my heart from wandering and so I went about as if crazed. (A.Revathi, 2010.p.145) No need for that if you study.' Since my father was busy with his lorry rides, he did not have time for me. My mother was busy too, with goats and cows, working in the fields and at home, and so could not worry about me beyond a point. Only my sister spent time with me and we often fought. (A.Revathi, 2010.p.153) “To the world, it appeared that I was dressing up and playing a woman, but inside, I felt I was a woman.'(A.Revathi, 2010.p.175)



2 3 0 @ e / ; H k k j r h I felt drawn to them, but wondered if I should not be drawn to women instead, since I was a man. Why did I love men? Was I mad? Was I the only one who felt this way? Or were there others like me, elsewhere in the world?(A.Revathi,2010.p203). I lived with these questions and doubts, which lay buried deep inside me. Days passed and I wondered when and if I would find answers, and if indeed I would find someone who understood what I felt. (A.Revathi, 2010.p.205) I experienced a growing sense of irrepressible femaleness, which haunted me, day in and day out. A woman trapped in a man's body was how I thought of myself. But how could that be? Would the world accept me thus?(A.Revathi, 2010.p.230) “As I re-emerged in my man's garb, I felt that I was in disguise, and that I had left my real self behind”(A.Revathi, 2010.p.204) Journey of Identity Search Human being is a social animal and never wishes to be dejected and lonely. A gender dysphoric personality begins searching for all his answers himself, thus trying to find out someone similar to him.Finally, findng people with same attire, feeling and desires he gets most of his answers, thus finds a family away from his assigned family. Freedom is everyone's birthright and so is of a third gender. He feels free to express his real emotions without fear of being demorlised.The family or society assigned to him by birth, rejects his real emotions, desires and aspiration. This is a real irony, that even the parents are unaware of child inner conflict. They also try to impose whatever they feel is right. Fed up of constant humiliation a third gender boycotts from such family and moves out.Transgenders are not born but made by society. “In my kurathi's garb, I could express all those female feelings that I usually have to suppress and so felt happy for days afterward”(A.Revathi, 2010.p.201) I would go up the hill and spend time with my new friends. We talked, sang, danced. The oldest of them, he was probably thirty years old, knew Bharatanatyam and even taught me a few steps. From them, I learnt that there were people like us—who wore saris and had had an 'operation', and that they lived in Erode (A.Revathi, 2010, p.242-243) Confronting Bitter Truth The family we are born in disdains us from expressing our emotions and living with our individuality. So we search for free air outside our clan and find compassion among strangers. This was the bitter truth confronted by Doraiswamy that the persons closest to them are the most distant relatives in reality, from whom we need to hide out every feeling to breathe freely. He freely moves to his guru and finds full affection and love there. The guru gave him a new name, suiting his real feminine identity. So does, Doriaswamy was given an identity of girl, Revathi. 'Why behave like this on a bus? Why apply make-up here? Look at how they're talking about us. 'To which they replied: 'Keep quiet! We can't be ourselves at home or do what we want to. There isn't anyone on this bus who knows us. It's only like this, without anyone at home knowing, that can we do what we wish to do—express our desire to be women(A.Revathi,2010,p.275-277)



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That night I slept next to my guru. Her affectionate embrace was comforting and brought tears to my eyes. At home, I usually slept in my half-pants, but that night I went to sleep as a woman (A.Revathi, 2010, p.316) I was to address my guru as I would my mother—I would have to call her Amma. My guru in turnannounced that I was her daughter, and my name was Revathi and asked me to do paampaduthi to all the elders (A.Revathi, 2010, p.335-336) At such moments, I felt despair, and wondered that people could be this way. How we could ever hope to make a living? God has made us this way, I thought, and we have no work of our own, our parents do not understand us and this world looks upon us with distaste (A.Revathi, 2010, p.385-387) Breaking The Taboo Being the most deprived class of the society, third gender is always seen with suspicion, mockery and humiliation by the society.So,a common myth exist that, if a family has a sexually deformed child,thehijra community takes the child forcibly to join their community. This autobiography breaks this taboo, clarifying the fact that such children themselves get attracted towards their types, due to unacceptence of the society.So,the culprit is the society not these marginal class. Rather the fact is that third gender people are more empathetic than so called civilised society. My guru did not want people to think that she had caught hold of a boy and forcibly made him effeminate (A.Revathi, 2010, p.540) Survival for the Fittest The basic occupation left for third gender is beggary, badaai and sex work. One indulges in sex work primarily to satite ones sexual desire and to earn more money. But in due phase a third gender undergoes tons of humiliation, pain and emotional injury. The civilized citizens of the society reach them with a motive of enjoyment, making fun of their identity and personality. Finally, objectifying them, unaware of the fact that they are human. This part is expressed touchingly by A.Revathi in her autobiography. 'In this Hindi country, we hijras are meant to do this and no other things. We ask money from shops, collect badaai… (A.Revathi, 2010, p.545) Many such things happened in a day and we lived in constant fear. To get over this feeling of vulnerability and to be able to sleep, I too took to drinking (A.Revathi, 2010, p.1289) I had not chosen sex work in order to make money. It was because I could not really repress my sexual feelings that I had opted for this life. I was beginning to discover the horror and violence of this choice (A.Revathi, 2010, p.1318) The Pain of Nirvamma (emasculation Process) In journey of identity search a transgender wishes to be in comfortable costume fixed by societal gender.S/he transforms him/herself by undergoing painful procedure of nirvamma, i.e. surgicalremovalof biological sex organ to replace into his real gender feeling. The unbearable pain mixed with a feeling of joy to get into one's real body is soul fully described in the autobiography. I wanted to wear what women did. But after wearing women's clothes, and trying



2 3 2 @ e / ; H k k j r h to live like a woman, I still felt that I was a man. So, when nani sent me off for my operation, I felt that finally the female in me would be freed from her male body. I did not expect this to happen so soon and I was ecstatic (A.Revathi, 2010, p.827-828) “Was the place for our sort of operations” (A.Revathi, 2010, 837) “She cried out, 'Amma, it's burning, I fear I'll die” (A.Revathi, 2010, p.881) The Real Human After the operation every representative of civilized society turned out to be inhumane towards pottai.The only comfort they got was when they found pottai's of their type, who felt the pain and consoled them. “You to know what sort of operation you've had? Just shut up and put up with the pain.”(A.Revathi, 2010, p.920-921) “I closed my eyes and gritted my teeth as before. I had to put up with all these painful procedures, if I wanted to become a woman” (A.Revathi, 2010, p.948-949) Mercifully, we were not asked to leave the train. Though we were in pain, being with other pottais helped us bear with it. For us pottais—whether or not we own things or know people—it is knowing a pottai that counts. Only a pottai knows another's feelings, pain, loss (A.Revathi, 2010, p.1007-1009) Conclusion It is really disheartening to find out that meager literature or research work done on third gender is either by a third gender or a social researcher.Still,this part of the reality remains hidden and is not brought into limelight. The writers are somewhere biased by patriarchy mind set and entire asthetic, logic and philosophy remains concentrated in describing male and female. This part is totally neglected. Analyzing an autobiography, the researcher could nowhere find out the abnormal characteristic in a transgender. Be it psychological, socio-economic or emotionallevel, in all perspective a transgender matches a normal human being. The question than arises Why are they maeginalized? Who is the culprit behind the entire strategy of keeping third gender out of mainstream? Research proves that ignorant and biased society with its fake morals and ideology is solely responsible for turning third gender into victim.Whenever, A.Revathi tried to raise her voice against injustice caused to them, she was thrashed and humiliated. She had to return back to her sex work as she was left with no choice to survive. Even though rules and laws are being made in favor of third gender not even a handful of them are yet categorized as humans. This clarifies the policy paralysis which abstains every law. Only few NGO'S are trying to work most of which are collapsing in lack of fund and help. Marginalized by mainstream society, denied a legal existence and dispossessed of their rights, hijras turn to their community and its culture for comfort and for nurture. In the hijra community there is no high or low—hijras do not observe caste or religious differences and there are hijras from both poor and rich homes (A.Revathi, 2010, p.764-767)



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It is high time for civilized society and writers to come out of biasness and reach for ethnography. Every civilized citizen needs at leasta single day to live the life of third gender, to understand the 'I' in them. Research Scholar Department of Adult Education Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar M.P. Endnote 1. Humans are born with 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. The X and Y chromosomes determine a person's sex. Most women are 46XX and most men are 46XY. 2. In a few births per thousand some individuals will be born with a single sex chromosome (45X or 45Y) (sex monosomies) and some with three or more sex chromosomes (47XXX, 47XYY or 47XXY, etc.) (Sex polysomies). In addition, some males are born 46XX due to the translocation of a tiny section of the sex determining region of the Y chromosome. Similarly some females are also born 46XY due to mutations in the Y chromosome. Clearly, there are not only females who are XX and males who are XY, but rather, there is a range of chromosome complements, hormone balances, and phenotypic variations that determine sex. 3. Gender dysphoria refers to the unhappiness that some people feel with their physical sex and/or gender role. The term transgender refers to the many different ways that a person may experience their gender identity outside of the simple categories of female or male. Reference 1. Huntington, S.P. (1997), The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. New York: Touchstone. 2. Nanda, Serena. (1990), Neither Man nor Woman: The Hijras of India.Jhon J College of criminal justice. New York. Second Edition. 3. Revathi, A. (2010), Truth About Me, A Hijra Life Story. Penguin Books Ltd. Kindle Edition.



Spatial Variation in Literacy : A Case Study of Sample Village, Ambedkarnagar District Alok Pandey and Chandra Shekhar Dwivedi Human knowledge is the source of all resources as it gives birth to the illumination in which all things become visible in their real forms. It is facing serious social, economic, political and cultural challenges due to ever increasing population on the one hand and growing disparities between the rich and poor and between the rural and urban areas on the other hand. It is believed that illiteracy is the biggest stumbling block in our overall development process. Despite the spectacular rise in literacy (from 58.4 percent in 2001 to 72.20 percent in 2011), the number of illiterates in Ambedkarnagar district in the age group 7+ years today exceeds the population of the district at the time of Independence. Unemployment, social and economic disparities and the vicious cycle of poverty can be lessened /reduced through eradication of illiteracy. With this in view, in the present paper a modest attempt has been made to dwell upon the literacy scenario in sample village Ambedkarnagar District. Introduction : Literacy in an indispensable means for effective social and economic participation, thus, contributing to human development and poverty reduction. The literacy rates are taken to be one of the key indicators of a district development. It is key to health care, employment and last but not the least to population control. It is believed by many researchers and policy makers that Literacy is the starting point of development (Pattison 1982, Strect 1984). For centuries, reading and writing have been considered as a key for achieving democracy, economic growth and stability, social harmony and most recently, for competitiveness in world markets (Graff 1987). In opinion of several scholars knowing how to read and write is often linked with moral fortitude (Pattision 1982, Stanley 1972). Some societies bestow special virtues upon the literate person, considering him/her o be honorable, spiritually enlightened, cultured and in “a state of grace” (Scribner 1988). The United Nations, in its World Development Report, uses adult literacy rate along with life expectancy at birth and per capita income as development indicators (Srinivasan and shariff 1977). From the demographic viewpoint, literacy and Madhya Bharti-72, January-June, 2017, ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 234-241



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educational attainment are regarded as key variables affecting fertility, mortality (especially, infant mortality) and migration. In India, basic and universal education had been started since colonial era. At that time it was tackled by few stately authorities and national leaders of freedom. But in planned way, the effort to impart education for each and every child was begun after freedom in 1947. The ensuing agendas of the central government are to subsist her assurance of Universal Primary Education and Universal Basic Education, with the help of recent assumption, it is considered that number of the child going to school has been quotable increased during the last 10 years. In 2001 the percentage of Literacy in India was mere 64.80 percent that increased to 73.00 percent in 2011. The improvement in education at the university level has been increased. The number of illiterates today exceeds the population of the country at the time of Independence. In fact, largest segment of the world's illiterates are in India. Here, the farmers struggling to eke out a living from land, a large pool (20-22 percent) of unemployed educated youth, 29.50 population living below poverty line (2011-12), high fertility 2.5(2010) and infant mortality 53 (2012) etc. demonstrate that we need new ideas and new ways of looking at the situation on the ground. This can be accomplished through eradication of illiteracy. Then only vicious cycle of poverty can be broken out. Thus, looking the importance of literacy to individuals, communities and societies, here a modest attempt has been made



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Fig. 1 to dwell on the literacy scenario in India, and its role in bringing out change in one's mind set, attitude, perception and above all, creation of sense of accountability. Study Area: The district Ambedkarnagar is located in eastern part of Uttar Pradesh stretched between 26009' to 26040' N latitudes and 80011'E to 83008'E longitudes (Fig.1). The district measures74 kms. from east to west while from north to south it stretches for about 45 kms. The general slope of the terrain in the region is from west and north-west to the east and south-east as clearly evidenced by the direction in which the Ghaghara, Tons, many other streams and channels flow. The entire area of the district is made up of fluvial deposits of Ghaghara river system. Total geographical area of the region is about 2357 sq.km. According to 2011 census Ambedkarnagar region accommodates 23,98,709 people out of which 12,14,225 males and 11,84,484 females. The density of population comes to 1021 persons per sq.km. This is higher than the states average population of 828 persons per sq.km. Even after the planned systematic efforts, only 83.95 percent of male and 64.62 percent of female are literate, which clearly indicates the level of development. In the region about 88.26 percent people are living in the rural areas and 11.73 percent population in the study region is concentrated in the Tanda, Jalalpur and Akbarpur urban centre. The fertile plain of district supports agricultural activity, but lack of infrastructure is major drawback behind intensive agriculture. Agro-based industries boosts the economy of the



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district. This study aims to study the status of influencing factors and to suggest for improvement in education in the study area. Objective - to study the level of education in the district Ambedkarnagar. - to search out of the influencing factors on education. Data Base and Methodology In the present study, the data are obtained through primary and secondary sources. The primary data are collected from 350 households of 21 villages of 9 blocks through field survey. The collected data are related with enrolled student of different educational levels and problems of the education. In secondary data, census handbook, the economy and statistical books of the district and social review are considered. Growth of Literacy During the British period, progress of education was rather tardy. Between 1881-82 and 1946-47, the number of primary schools grew from 82,916 to 1,34,866 and the number of student grew from 2,061,541 to 10,525,943. Literacy rates in British India rose from 3.2 percent in 1881 to 7.2 percent in 1931 and 12.2 percent in 1947. Since Independence there has been an impressive growth in Literacy. It grew from 18.33 percent in 1951 to 28.30 percent in 1961, 34.45 percent in 1971, 43.57 percent in 1981, 52.21 percent in 1991, 64.84 percent in 2001 and 73.0 percent in 2011. Literacy has greater effect on demographic and social aspects such as opportunities for employment, enhancement of income, changes in occupational structure, life-style, living standard, nature of marriages, religious belief, birth rate, death rate as well as migration. Table no.-1 clearly shows that the changing composition of Literacy among the sample villages in last one decades (2001-2011) according to 2001 census the requiem's literacy rate was 46.03 percent. It reached 60.30 percent in 2011. The census figures clearly show the emerging difference between male and female literacy. In 2001 the male literacy was 55.21 percent whereas female literacy was 35.44 percent only. But it has increased and in 2011 it reached to 56.97 and 43.02 percent respectively. According to census 2001, the highest Literacy with 62.58 percent was recorded in Aame village followed by Hathinalala, Makhdoomnagar, Asrafpur, Chandauli, Sarangpur, Fariedpur, Motigarpur, Pakooli, Daiyadeh and Bairagal villages with 54.45, 53.81, 52.35, 50.79, 49.02, 48.74, 48.05, 47.88, 47.66 and 46.03 percent respectively. In the remaining 10 sample village's literacy ranges between 34.32 to 44.53 percent. In 2011 Literacy of region increased rapidly. Highest literacy of 70.39 percent was recorded in Aame village followed by Surjupur, Pakooli, Ouraw, Chandauli and Makhdoomnagar with 69.79, 66.76, 68.39, 66.25 and 65.04 percent. In remaining 15 villages the literacy rate was 65.00 to 53.03 percent. The literacy rate registered an increased of 13.27 percent from 2001 to 2011. Much of this increase may be due to the implementation of various national and state level primary education programmes and the national adult literacy programmes of the National Literacy Mission.



2 3 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h Table 1. Ambedkarnagar Region: Growth of Literacy Sample Village S. No.



Literacy Rate Sample Village



1. 2. 3. 4. 5.



Duhiya Makhdoomnagar Chandauli Fariedpur Motigarpur



Total 34.32 53.81 50.79 48.74 48.05



6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.



Hathinalala Ourow Bukia Asrafpur Balrampur Devlar Surjupur Bairagal Dulhupur Pakooli Aame Itva Sarangpur Mansapur Daiyadeh Nale Total Region



54.45 37.53 43.79 52.35 41.00 43.46 43.96 46.03 44.53 47.88 62.58 40.85 49.02 35.23 47.66 40.66 46.03



2001 Male 42.20 61.07 60.83 59.55 56.87



Female 25.68 47.03 40.55 38.27 38.84



Total 53.76 65.04 66.25 58.39 62.18



2011 Male 58.32 56.69 59.86 59.47 57.73



Female 41.67 43.30 40.13 40.52 42.26



66.18 47.61 53.08 61.72 50.11 57.82 30.35 58.39 55.65 59.04 73.00 49.42 62.58 47.73 57.58 48.69 55.21



42.76 28.06 34.65 38.89 32.22 29.14 34.44 34.27 33.49 36.06 49.62 32.17 35.85 23.43 37.04 31.77 35.44



59.51 68.39 60.69 54.47 58.31 53.03 69.79 58.38 60.57 66.76 70.39 59.63 59.93 55.16 61.85 59.68 60.30



56.22 55.25 57.60 49.31 55.76 55.13 58.47 57.20 57.54 55.43 56.34 55.52 58.31 58.22 56.87 57.84 56.97



43.77 44.74 42.39 50.68 44.23 44.86 41.52 42.79 42.45 44.56 43.65 44.47 41.68 41.77 43.12 42.15 43.02



Source : Based on Village Questionnaire



Growth of Literacy Sample Village Literacy Rate 2001



Literacy Rate 2011



80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10



M



ak Du hd hiy oo m a na ga Ch r an du F a a li ri e M dp u ot ig r H arp u at r hi na la la O ur ow B uk A ia sr af B p ur al ra m pu r D ev la Su r rju pu r Ba i ra D ga l ul hu pu Pa r ko ol i A am e It v Sa a ra ng p M u an r sa pu D a iy r ad eh N ale To ta l



0



Fig. 2 Level of Education Education is a strong indicator to gauge the level of development prevailing among the rural areas and the people. It gradually trains its members and attempts to



Spatial Variation in Literacy : A Case Study of Sample Village, Ambedkarnagar District@ 2 3 9



bring the desirable changes on the socio-economic front of the life of the people. In fact education is the aggregate of all the processes through which people attempt to develop their abilities, attitudes and other form of behaviour with positive values in the society where they live or through their social interactions which are influenced by specific and controlled environment. Among the rural households education is considered as a very important factor in promoting awareness among the rural masses and inducing the adoption of innovations 73.36 percent of sample respondents in the region are literates with 26.64 percent respondents as illiterates. Table no.-2 clearly shows that the substantial proportion of literate respondents have been successful in completing various levels of education. Only 25.84 percent of the total literate respondents have successfully completed their education upto primary level followed by middle school, higher secondary and graduation with 18.98, 8.17 and 4.26 percent respectively. While the proportion of school going children at primary level Chandauli village ranks first 23.68 percent followed by middle and higher secondary with 18.42 and 10.58 percent respectively. Table - 2 : Ambedkarnagar Region : Level of Education Among the Selected Households S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.



Sample Village Duhiya Makhdoomnagar Chandauli Fariedpur Motigarpur Hathinalala Ourow Bukia Asrafpur Balrampur Devlar Surjupur Bairagal Dulhupur Pakooli Aame Itva Sarangpur Mansapur Daiyadeh Nale Total Region



Primary School 31.57 24.17 23.68 28.16 23.40 22.85 25.02 27.36 25.00 28.87 29.16 26.66 28.02 22.35 28.18 25.00 26.19 24.48 22.10 24.13 26.33 25.84



Middle School 14.47 19.67 15.78 22.53 19.48 17.14 20.31 21.05 18.75 22.53 21.87 13.33 21.37 16.47 22.72 20.00 19.04 17.34 16.84 19.54 18.30 18.98



Source : Based on Household Questionnaire



Secondary School 9.21 6.74 5.26 8.45 6.49 8.57 9.37 7.36 12.50 7.74 9.40 13.33 8.86 5.88 8.18 7.50 7.14 8.16 6.31 6.89 8.40 8.17



Gradu



–



ates



3.94 4.49 2.66 4.25 3.89 5.71 3.12 5.30 6.25 4.92 3.12 6.66 5.06 3.52 4.54 5.00 3.57 3.06 3.15 3.44 4.00 4.26



Pri. 18.42 20.22 23.68 16.90 20.77 20.02 18.75 17.89 18.75 16.19 16.66 20.03 16.45 23.52 16.36 20.00 20.23 21.42 23.15 20.68 19.02 19.48



School going Middle Secondary 14.47 7.89 15.73 8.98 18.42 10.52 12.67 7.04 16.88 9.09 17.14 8.57 14.06 9.37 13.68 7.36 12.50 6.25 12.67 7.08 12.50 7.29 13.33 6.66 12.65 7.59 17.68 10.58 12.72 7.30 15.00 7.50 15.50 8.33 16.36 9.18 17.89 10.52 16.13 9.19 15.49 8.46 14.92 7.92



2 4 0 @ e / ; H k k j r h Level of Education among the Selected Households Primary



Middle



Secondary



Graduates



35 30 25 20 15 10 5



To tal



Na le



I tv a an gp u M r an sa p u Da r iy ad eh Sa r



M ak Du hd hiy oo a mn ag a Ch r an du a l Fa r ie i M dpur oti ga Ha r pu r th in al a la Ou row Bu k As i a raf p Ba ur lr a m pu r D ev l ar Su r ju pu Ba r ira ga l D ulh up ur Pa ko ol i Aa m e



0



Fig. 3 Reason of low literacy Rural environment, lack of educational facility dominance of SC population and backwardness in reference to economic development are the major factors behind the low literacy rate of the region as compared to the literacy rates of the state as well as of the country. Even after 70 years of trying only 60.30 percent children and the youth in the age group of 7 to 26 years are engaged in study in region. In fact abject poverty forces them to quit study and start working as early as possible. These disadvantaged sections (women, SCs and STs, small farmers, agricultural labourers) find it difficult to get affordable access to educational opportunities. Low government spending, poor infrastructure, poor teaching and absenteeism of teachers especially in remote and SC/ST dominated areas, pose major obstacle in spread of education. Consequently there is found decline in general as well as quality education. In many cases educational qualifications and job requirements do not match. Students and teachers need minimum basic facilities like class rooms, chair and desks, libraries and laboratories. According to personal survey data nearly one-fourth of school in study region do not have pukka buildings and classes are held in mixed or under the open sky. 40 percent of school in the sample village, have over 60 students per class room. Not only this, about 40 percent school do not have drinking water facility and about 62 percent do not have even a common toilet for boys and girls. The situation of colleges meant for higher education is also not very satisfactory in terms of library, laboratory, computer and sport facilities. Only 15 percent colleges have a common room. Thus, poor infrastructure is a major impediment to education. All apart, in higher education there is growing trend towards privatization which again forbids access to students coming from poor strata of society. Conclusion For the appropriate development of the education, self economic dependency is essential for the both i.e. rural and urban families. Along with these things social and domestic responsibility is compulsory. In the changing atmosphere, investigation may



Spatial Variation in Literacy : A Case Study of Sample Village, Ambedkarnagar District@ 2 4 1



play an important role in education. In this long process, changing its pace is of more importance than that direction. If we want to adopt a possible mission for child's education in the nations like India, we will have to cross the social barriers and achieve the education for employments. Department of Geography Mohd. Yusuf Mahavidyalaya, Sandkhera Sandila, Hardoi, U.P. Center For Environmental Science Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe Ranchi, Jharkhand Reference Pattision, R. (1982), On Literacy : The Politics of the world from Homer to the Age of Rock. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Strect, Brain V., (1984) Literacy in Theory and Practice, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Stanley, M. (1972) Literacy : The Crisis of Conventional Wisdom, , School Review, 80 : 373 – 408 Graff, H.J., (1987), The Legacies of Literacy : Continuities and Contradictions in Western Culture and Society, Indian apolis : Indiana University Press. Scribner, S.,(1988), Literacy in the three Metaphors, In, Perspectives on Literacy, Ed. by E.R. Kintgen, B.M. Kroll and M.Rose, 71-81, Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press. Srinivasan, K. and Abusalch Shariff, (1997), India : Towards Population and Development Goals United Nations Population Fund for United Nations System in India : Delhi : Oxford University Press. Gosal, G.S. 1964, Literacy in India : An Interpretative study, Rural Sociology, Vol.9, PP. 261-277. Gosal, G.S. 1967, Regional Aspects of Rural Literacy in India, Presidential Address, Transaction of the Indian Council of Geographers, Vol. 4, PP. 1-15. Mc Dougall, Lori, 2000, Gender Gap in Literacy in Uttar Pradesh : Questions for Decentralized Educational Planning, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.35, No.19, PP.1649-1658.



Nagpur Session of Congress (1920): Watershed on the Issue of Leadership in Central Provinces Sanjay Barolia The Indian national congress founded in 1885, was a sort of Native Parliament for the people to wage their struggle against mighty British Empire. Therefore, one of its objectives was “the determination of the lines upon and methods by which during the twelve months it was desirable for native politicians to labor in the public interests.”1 However the annual sessions after 1919 gave altogether a new direction to the political life of India. The incident of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre became the turning point in the History of India. It was because of publication of Hunter Committee Report synchronized with the publication of the treaty of Sevres that a loyalist like Gandhi turned into a rebel. Now Gandhi made up the mind that 'co-operation of any shape or form with this satanic government is sinful'.2 In July 1920, Gandhi announced that NonCooperation would be inaugurated on August 1, 1920. He instructed that day of fasting and prayer, be observed the day before.3 Lokmanya Tilak promised his support to NonCooperation programmes.4 Unfortunately he passed away at midnight preceding the dawn of august 1, 1920. The whole nation stood still. Meetings were held at Nagpur, Raipur, Bilaspur, Jabalpur, Saugor, Balaghat, Khandwa and elsewhere in Central Provinces, in which people paid their homage to the departed soul.5 The Programmes of Non-Cooperation was approved and accepted by the Central Provinces Congress in its meeting held on 22nd August 1920.6 On 30th August, 1920 Gandhi, Shaukat Ali and other prominent leaders passed through Raipur on way to attend the special session of the Congress at Calcutta. The special session of the congress was held at Calcutta from 4th to 9th of September, 1920 under the president ship of Lala Lajpat Rai. It was called upon to consider the issue of non-Cooperation and Boycott.7 From Madhya Pradesh Thakur Chhedilal, Ravishankar shukla, Dr. E. Raghavendra Rao, Dr. Sheo Dulare Mishra and Sarvadutta Bajpai of Hindi region and G.S. Khaparde, a close associate of Tilak and other so many delegates attended the special session.8 In Calcutta session Gandhiji moved the momentous resolution of NonCooperation and Boycott of council elections, law courts and educational institutions. Here Gandhiji placed his scheme of withdrawing all support to the government until the Madhya Bharti-72, January-June, 2017, ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 242-246



Nagpur Session of Congress (1920): Watershed on the Issue of Leadership in...@ 2 4 3



wrongs done to Punjab were redressed and the question of khilafat was solved, to the satisfaction of muslims. He suggested that there was no course left open for the people of India but to approve and adopt the policy of non-violent non-cooperation movement until the said wrongs were righted and Swaraj was established.9 The resolution also desired the withdrawal by candidate of their candidature for election to the reformed council and refusal on the part of voters to vote for any candidate who might offer himself for elections against the Congress advice.10 The resolution was opposed by Bipin Chandra Pal, Madan Mohan Malviya, Annie Besant, Vijaya Raghavachariar and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. C.R. Das from Bengal and G.S. Khaparde from Berar put up a stiff resistance to Gandhiji scheme of Boycott of the election. C.R. Das attitude to the Montague- Chelmsford reforms was however not rigid. He was prepared to offer cooperation to them and was of the opinion that India should work the reforms as far as it might be possible for the early establishment of full responsible government. G.S. Khaparde , a close associate of Tilak opposed Gandhi's scheme11 because he believed in Tilak's policy of responsive cooperation with the new reforms. Tilak's followers believed that responsive cooperation was more practical than boycotting the councils. These elite groups also opposed non cooperation and advocated entry in the councils because they felt the talk of boycott had dangerously roused the political ambitions of the Muslim community in India...12 Lajpat Rai , who presided over the session also had no sympathy with Gandhiji's programmes. However the real battle was fought in the subjects committee where Gandhi won narrowly. Ultimately, in the open session, the resolution, which Gandhi himself moved, was carried by 1886 votes against 884, a huge majority. The adoption of non-cooperation resolution by the Calcutta Congress gave a great fillip to the Non Cooperation movement. 'The seed was thus sown in Calcutta of new dynamic and hitherto untried method of political agitation, which was to exercise a profound influence on the course of events in India afterwards'.13 The 35th annual session of the Indian national congress was fixed at Nagpur in 1920 after the election of the provincial legislature. The Provincial congress Committee made all efforts to make it a success.14 The leaders of Hindi region of Madhya Pradesh demanded to fix Jabalpur as the venue of the Congress but AICC voted in favour of Nagpur.15 Hence Nagpur was all set to influence the future politics of the country and to set the trends. By the time the Congress session opened, Gandhiji had won the sympathy of the people in Nagpur and elsewhere supported by number of merchants, students and general public. Gandhiji along with his party workers arrived in Nagpur on 18th of December 1920 to be met by a crowd of 10,000 and subsequently to address students, ladies of all castes and the All India Weaver Conference. His associates Ali brothers sought additional support from Muslims in Nagpur, while in villages near the capital travelers constantly heard the cry 'Mahatma Ki Jai'.16 Apart from the country-wide support to the Non cooperation programme, a few radicals like C.R. Das, Madan Mohan Malviya, Lajpat Rai and M.A. Jinnah still opposing the Non-Cooperation programmes. In Madhya Pradesh too, there were also a few radicals who were associates of Tilak called Tilakites, not in favour of Non-



2 4 4 @ e / ; H k k j r h cooperation programme. On 10th December, 1920 a few days before the Congress session was to begin, G.S. Khaparde17 published a memorandum pointing out how the resolution sought to divert the energies of Congress towards attending soul, force and moral excellence, losing sight of immediate political objectives.18 Opposition to the new policy of Congress also came from the members of the Imperial Legislative Council who, naturally were unaccustomed to the rough and unpleasant realities of aggressive politics. They too, while disapproving the Non-Cooperation programme, issued a manifesto on the eve of Nagpur Congress.19 The session was held from 26th December to 30th December, 1920. A record number of 16,000 delegates, thousands of students, lawyers, doctors, journalists, merchants and government servants from all over the country witnessed this historic session. Almost all the prominent leaders of both the region of Central Provinces attended the session. The session commenced with the presidential address of C. Vijayaraghavachariar. Jamnalal Bajaj of Wardha was made the chairman of the reception committee. Bajaj was greatly influenced by the policy of Non-Cooperation and with the result of his efforts, the government formed an opinion that the 'Marwari traders and shopkeepers were the leading supporters of non-cooperation'.20 He also sought the support from Lala bhagwandin and Arjunlal Sethi of Jaipur. Gandhi wished Aurobindo Ghosh to be the president of Nagpur Congress, but he refused it on health grounds.21 In fact, the name of Vijayaraghavachariar was proposed by the leaders of Marathi region of the province to have a strong man as President who could oppose the Non-Cooperation resolution.22 The defeat of the opponents (radicals) of Non-Cooperation resolution at Calcutta did not deter them and were still making efforts to establish their majority in the Congress to oppose the resolution.23 It was under a great excitement, fear and enthusiasm that the Congress assembled at Nagpur to the historic decision. Pattabhi Sitaramayya described the situation thus: 'C.R. Das brought a contingent of about 250 delegates from East Bengal and Assam, bore their expenses to and fro and spent Rs. 36,000 from his pocket to undo what was done in Calcutta'.24 But at Nagpur C.R. Das instead of opposing the resolution actually moved it in the open session.25 Tilak associates Dr. B.S. Munje and G.S. Khaparde were also confident enough to get the support of Bengal and Punjab camps in opposing the resolution. But seeing the changed circumstances they had no choice except to support the resolution.26 Lala Lajpat Rai attempted to form with C.R. Das and Madan Mohan Malviya an opposition block against Gandhi, but he was forced by Punjab delegates to support Gandhi fully or forfeit his leadership in Punjab.27 Thus Gandhi won over the delegates from Bombay, Punjab and Bengal and isolated the nationalist leaders and delegates from other regions of Central Provinces and Berar.28 This was a great triumph of Gandhi in guiding the direction of leadership. G.S. Khaparde recalls the scene of 28th December, 1920 shortly before the delegates voted on Non-Cooperation: 'today the confusion was greater than ever, Gandhi proposed his creed….Jinnah opposed (it) and was very badly treated by the audience'. I wished to speak; Dr. Munje asked me not to speak and recommended that I should not



Nagpur Session of Congress (1920): Watershed on the Issue of Leadership in...@ 2 4 5



even vote against the motion. This I would not submit to and I went to platform, where at last he said that he would use physical force. The confusion was so great (however) that I also deemed 'it wise not to speak'.29 In this way all the oppositions to Gandhi's scheme had been overcome without difficulty. After C.R. Das had moved the resolution, Gandhi rose to second it. Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal also supported the resolution and the resolution was passed with thunderous acclamations. Hence the Nation had chosen its leader.30 Before this momentous session ended, it passed another resolution, which was destined to have far-reaching influence on the country in the years to come. India was divided into 21 provinces, 31 each province having a Provincial Congress Committee and District, Taluka or Tehsil, Firka or other local Congress committees.32 The distribution was mainly on linguistic basis, so that the provincial languages could be of greater use in transacting business in the provinces. As a result of this the Central Provinces and Berar was divided into three regions and each was put under a committee. The Berar was put under the Vidarbha Provincial Congress Committee. The remaining Marathi speaking districts were to be looked after by Nagpur Congress Provincial Committee.33 For the Hindi speaking part of the Provinces the Mahakoshal Provincial Congress Committee was formed. This had important impact on the growth of the national movements in the provinces.34 Hence, the Nagpur annual session of the Indian National Congress was an important landmark in the history of the freedom movement in India in general and Central Provinces in particular. It established finally the 'unquestionable leadership' of Gandhi in the freedom struggle of the country. Taking this cue the Hindi belt of the region began to assert its leadership and came to the fore. This completely established the Gandhian line of leadership in the province and replaced the earlier domination of leadership of Marathi region of the Central Provinces and Berar. Department of History Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar-470003 (M.P.) Reference 1 Report of the First Indian National Congress, 1885, p.3 (Quoted by Mehrotra, S.R., Towards India's Freedom and Partition, New Delhi, pp. 92-93) 2 Spear, Percival, A History of India, Vol. II, London, 1970, p.191 3 Tendulkar, D.G., Mahatma, Vol. I, Bombay, 1951, p. 366 4 Sitaramaiyya, Pattabhi, history of Indian National Congress, Vol. I, Bombay, 1946, p.196 5 Hitavada, Nagpur, 7th August 1920; Shukul Abhinandan Granth Itihaas Khand, Nagpur, 1955, p.146 6 NAI, Home Poll., File No. 112 of August, CPB, FR 2/Aug.1920, p. 16 7 Tendulkar, D.G., Mahatma, Life of Mohandas Gandhi, Vol. II, Delhi, 1961, p. 20 8 Sharma, J.P., A Study of National Movement in Chhatisgarh, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Ravi Shankar V.V., Raipur, 1978 9 Sitaramaiyya, Pattabhi, op. cit., p. 335 10 Ibid, p. 337



2 4 6 @ e / ; H k k j r h 11 Sen, S.P. (ed.), Dictionary of Nationalist Biography, Vol. II, Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta 1973-74, p. 337 12 NAI, Home Poll. July 1920,105, Deposit, FR 1/July, 1920, p.22 13 Rao, C.V.H., Civil Disobedience Movements in India, Lahore, 1946, p. 12 14 NMML, All India Congress Committee Papers, F-1/1920, Letters from Dr. B.S. Munje, General Secretary to V.J. Patel, Secretary, AICC, 5th Dec. 1920, Nagpur 15 Demand of Hindi region of C.P. was dropped in AICC meetings held at Benaras on 30th May, 1920, NMML papers, AICC, F-13/1920 16 The Times of India, 21st December, 1920, p. 12 17 Khaparde, G.S., a follower of Tilak, strongly opposed the Non-Cooperation programme 18 Mishra, D.P., The History of Freedom Movement in Madhya Pradesh, Nagpur, 1956, p. 300 19 Ibid, pp. 300-301 20 NAI, Home Poll. 35, Deposit,1921, Feb., CPB, FR 1/Dec. 1920, p. 21 21 Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. XVIII, p. 288 22 Ibid, p. 296 23 NLI, B.S. Munje Papers, Sub. F-10, 14th September, 1920 24 Sitaramaiyya, Pattabhi, op. cit., p. 206 25 Report of 35th Session of INC, Nagpur, 1920, p. 70 26 NAI, Home Poll., Feb.1921, 77, Deposit, FR 2/Dec. 1920, p. 16 27 The Statesman, 18th Nov. 1928, Delhi, p. 16 28 The Times of India, 28th December, 1920, p. 9 29 NAI, Khaparde Papers, Diary, 28th Dec. 1920 30 Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. XIX, p. 165 31 Diwakar, R.R., Quoted from N.V. Rajkumar's, Development of the Congress Constitution, New Delhi, 1949, pp. 48-49 32 Ibid, pp. 48-49 33 Mishra, D.P., op. cit., p. 306 34 Ibid, p. 306



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L o n s' k h l t Zd & v k y k sp d f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag v t ; d qe k j i V u k ; d , d y O ; d h H k k ¡f r l k f g R ; d sv [ k k M +s e sa d n e j [ k r sg q, f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag d k sd b Z, sl sn zk s. k k p k ; Z f e y sf t u l sL o ; aÅ t k Zo k u g k sd j m U g k sau s, d k U r e sa l k / k u k d h A x k ¡o l su x j , o ae g k u x j r d d h ; k = k k e sa u r k sd H k h f d l h o S' k k [ k h d k l g k j k f y ; k v k Sj u g h f d l h d h d `i k d se k sg r k t j g sA e sj k r k R i ; Zg S] r e k e o k n ] x wB v k Sj x k M & Q k n j k sa l se qD r o sv i u si Sj k sa i j [ k M +s j g sv k Sj t g k ¡l st c t k sj k S' k u h f e y h ] â n ; d k l e F k Zu f e y k ] m l sl g " k ZL o h d k j f d ; k A p k g so g v k p k ; Zu U n n qy k j so k t i s; h t h d sf o p k j g k sa] p k g sj k e f o y k l ' k e k Z d s] p k g sv k p k ; Zj k e e wf Ù k Zf = k i k B h ; k M k Wf ' k o d qe k j f e J d sA i f ' p e h l k f g R ; l sm U g sa u i j g st g S] u y x k o A i < +r so sl c d k sg Sa] i j n `f " V L o n s' k i j g h f V d h g qb Zg SA d f o d h H k k o d qr k d sl k F k & l k F k v k y k sp d d h c k Sf ) d r k d k , sl k e f . k & d k ap u l a; k sx f o j y sg h l z" V k v k sa e sa i k ; k t k r k g SA f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag d h l o Zr k sU e q[ k h i zf r H k k d k f o L r `r i f j p ; e q> sM k WN f c y d qe k j e sg sj } k j k l ai k f n r ] ^ f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag l ap f ; r k * l sf e y k A o j u k d f o ] v k y k sp d ] t h o u h y s[ k d ] l aL e j . k d k j ] f u c U / k d k j r F k k f ' k { k k ] l k f g R ; ] l e k t ] l aL d `f r v k f n f o f o / k f o " k ; k sa i j d y e p y k u so k y sv u qH k wf r d s/ k u h l k f g R ; & l t Zd d k sl e > i k u k v k l k u d k e u g h ag S] ^ f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag l ap f ; r k * d se k / ; e l sM k We sg sj u s g e sa , d t x g b r u sc M +s l t Zd d k sl e sV d j m i y C / k d j k f n ; k ] L o ; a] m U g h ad s' k C n k sa e sa] ^ ^ f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag f d l h H k h i zd k j d se r o k n h n qj k x zg d sf o # ) g Sa] f d U r ql k e k f t d f o d k l v k Sj m l l si Sn k g k su so k y s j p u k R e d ; F k k F k Zd sg k e h d k j v k Sj i { k / k j r k so sf u L l U n sg g SaA * * ¼ i `8 ½ f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag , d r j Q e t c wr h l st e h u i j i Sj j [ k r sg Sa v k Sj f Q j n wj & n wj r d l k f g R ; & t x r d k t k ; t k y sr sg SaA ; k u h u i j E i j k l sm U g sa i j g st g Sv k Sj u g h v k / k qf u d r k l sf ' k d k ; r c f Y d o si j E i j k d h d l k SV h i j d l d j g h v k / k qf u d f o p k j k sa d h e k Sf y d r k d h t k ¡p d j r sg SaA L o ; al ai k n d d s' k C n k sa e sa] ^ ^ f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag d k n k ; k ¡i k ¡o i j E i j k d sd U / k si j f V d k g Sr k sc k ; k ¡v k / k qf u d r k d h v k sj m B k g qv k g SA m u d k l e L r y s[ k u i j E i j k d sm u t h o U r v k Sj x f r ' k h y f c U n qv k sa v k Sj l k si k u k sa d h r y k ' k e sa O ; L r g S] f t l e sa H k k " k k ] l aL d `f r v k Sj d y k d k s; qx k u qd wy , sf r g k f l d i g p k u f e y r h v k b Zg SA * * ¼ i `9 ½ f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag d h i zk j f E H k d v k y k sp u k , ¡d `f r ; k sa i j d sf U n zr u g k sd j l k f g R ; d sr R d k y h u l e h f { k r i qL r d % ^ f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag l ap f ; r k * ] l ai k n d % N f c y d qe k j e sg sj i zd k ' k d % u ; h f d r k c ] f n Y y h & 1 1 0 0 3 2 ] e wY ; % 6 5 0 0 0 # e / ; H k k j r h & 7 2 ] t u o j h & t wu ] 2 0 1 7 ] ISSN 0974-0066, pp. 247-251



2 4 8 @ e / ; H k k j r h



i z' u k sa v k Sj m u l si Sn k g qb Zc g l k sa l sl E c f U / k r F k h aA ; g L o k H k k f o d g Sf d f d l h d `f r i j p p k Zd j u sl si g y so s v k y k sp u k d k e k u n . M f L F k j d j u k p k g r sF k sA y sf d u N f c y t h d k ; g d g u k f d o sd f o r k d sv k n e h g Sa] m u d sv k y k sp d d si zf r U ; k ; u g h ag k sx k A ; g l p g Sf d m u d h v f / k d k a' k v k y k sp u k N k ; k o k n v k Sj m l d s c k n d h d f o r k i j d sf U n zr g S] y sf d u l k F k g h l k F k d k ' k h u k F k f l ag ] f u e Zy o e k Z] d e y s' o j ] j k t sU n z; k n o ] e S= k s; h i q" i k ] f p = k k e qn ~x y ] m n ; i zd k ' k ] v y d k l j k o x h t Sl sd F k k d k j k sa i j c k j h d h l sf o o sp u d j u k m u d s O ; k i d v / ; ; u v k Sj c g qr c M +h l e h { k k & n `f " V d k i n k ZQ k ' k d j r k g S] f Q j i f j e k . k d h v f / k d r k f d l h e k Sf y d f p U r d d k sf d l h f u f n Z" V f o / k k & { k s= k e sa l h f e r u g h aj [ k l d r h A v i u s b f r g k l v k p k ; Z j k e p U n z ' k qD y u s l wj v k Sj r qy l h ] n so v k Sj f c g k j h d k s y sd j f t l r qy u k R e d v k y k sp u k d h c k r d h ] o g v i u h ' k S' k o k o L F k k e sa F k h A / k h j s& / k h j sb l i zd k j d h v k y k sp u k d k { k s= k Ø e ' k % f o d f l r g k sr k x ; k v k Sj i zk ; k sf x d v k y k sp u k d h H k k ¡af r r qy u k R e d v k y k sp u k d k s H k h e q) ZU ; v k y k sp d k sa l se k x Zn ' k Zu f e y k A v k p k ; Zg t k j h i zl k n f } o sn h ] i f . M r f o | k f u o k l f e J ] v k p k ; Zu U n n qy k j s o k t i s; h l j h [ k sf o } k u k sa u st g k ¡l aL d `r & l k f g R ; d se k i n . M l sf g U n h l k f g R ; d k su k i u sd h d k sf ' k ' k d h ] o g k ¡ M k Wu x sU n z] M k Wu k e o j f l ag ] M k Wj k e f o y k l ' k e k Zl e h { k d i k ' p k R ; & n `f " V l sf g U n h l k f g R ; d k sf o ' y sf " k r d j u sd k i z; R u f d ; k A i zk P ; v k Sj i k ' p k R ; n k su k sa n `f " V ; k sa d k , d l U r qf y r n `f " V d k s. k c u k d j g e k j sv k p k ; k sZa u st c v k / k qf u d f g U n h l k f g R ; i j n `f " V M k y h r k sr qy u k R e d l e h { k k e sa v f / k d f u [ k k j , o af o L r k j v k ; k A b l n `f " V l sM k We sg sj t c f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag d k sn s[ k r sg Sa r k sm u d k d g u k g Sf d ^ ^ f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag u s r qy u k R e d v k y k sp u k d k se ; k Zf n r d j u se sa e g Ù o i w. k ZH k k x h n k j h d k f u o k Zg f d ; k g Sv k Sj v k o ' ; d r k i M +u si j v i u h o So k f g d i { k / k j r k d k sn k sV wd v U n k t e sa j [ k r sg q, ; g H k h d g u sd h t g e r e k sy y h g Sf d y k sd d h p sr u k ] d y k & c k s/ k v k Sj H k k o & l e wg d h O ; k i d r k d h n `f " V l s; f n u k x k t qZu v k f n g e k j sl e ; d sc sg n e g Ù o i w. k Z d f o g Sa r k s c h l o h a l n h e sa m H k j s u o f ' k f { k r e / ; o x Z d s l h f e r l al k j d h f o f ' k " V r k v k Sj v f } r h ; r k d k sl e > u sd sf y , v K s; v k Sj e qf D r c k s/ k d k d `f r Ù o v l k / k k j . k g SA * * ¼ i `1 1 ½ o k L r o e sa , d f u " i { k ] f u H k h Zd , o al w{ e & n `f " V l E i U u l e h { k d d h ; g h i g p k u g SA b l o L r qi j d r k , o ar V L F k r k u sg h f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag d k s, d f u j i s{ k r F k k f t E e sn k j l e h { k d c u k f n ; k A o su r k s' k k L = k h ; Q k e wZy k c ) r j h d sl s f ? k l sf i V sd k S' k y k sa d k i zn ' k Zu d j r sg Sa v k Sj u g h f d l h i wo Zx zg l sv k Ø k U r g k sd j d `f r ; k sa l sv f / k d d `f r d k j k sa i j d sf U n zr j g r sg SaA c f Y d v i u h j p u k ' k h y r k , o aO ; k i d v / ; ; u d sv k / k k j i j c M +h c so k d h l sd `f r ; k sa d k i M +r k y d j r si k ; st k r sg SaA d f o u k x k t qZu , o aH k o k u h i zl k n f e J m u d sf i z; d f o j g sg Sa] f Q j H k h m u d h v k y k sp u k d sn k ; j se sa v K s; ] H k k j r h ] e qf D r c k s/ k v k f n d k e g Ù o H k h d e u g h ag SA d qy f e y k d j , sl k i zr h r g k sr k g Sf d t u o k n h f o p k j / k k j k d sl e F k Zd ] i zx f r ' k h y j k " V ªh ; e wY ; k sa v k Sj m u d k / k k j . k d j u so k y sf o p k j k sa d s i zf r v k d " k Z. k v k Sj v k x zg g h m U g sa v i u h v k sj [ k h ap r k g SA y sf d u j k " V ªh ; v k n ' k Zd sl k F k F k k sM +h & l h H k h p wd m U g sa l g u u g h ag k sr k ] v i u s, d v k y s[ k e sa o sl H k h l e f i Zr ] j k " V ªh ; t h o u d si zf r i zf r c ) c qf ) t h f o ; k sa d k s v k à k u d j r sg Sa f d o s^ ^ v i u s< qy e qy i u ] v k L F k k g h u r k ] l e > k Sr k i j L r h v k Sj l a? k " k Zf o e q[ k v o l j o k n l s L o ; ad k se qD r d j saA v i u sc k Sf ) d f n o k f y , i u d k si g p k u d j m l l sc k g j v k , A * * ¼ i `1 6 ½ v k / k qf u d r k d sc k j se sa v k ; sf n u r j g r j g d h Å y t y wy c k r sa d j d sm y > u i Sn k f d ; st k r sg Sa d k sb Z b l si f ' p e d h n su c r k r k g Sr k sd k sb Zb l so SK k f u d v f o " d k j k sa d h m i t e k u r k g SA b l i j f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag , d f H k U u f o p k j j [ k r sg Saµ ^ ^ v k / k qf u d r k d h m i t j k t u h f r d v k Sj o SK k f u d i f j o s' k d sl a? k k r d s d k j . k g qb ZA b l d k i g y k f o j k s/ k m u l e L r H k k o qd r k v k sa l s g S] t k s e k u o h ; f o d k l d k s u Sf r d v k Sj



i qL r d & l e h { k k @ 2 4 9



v k / ; k f R e d v k / k k j k sa i j f o d f l r d j u sd h v k d ak f { k . k h g SaA * * ¼ i `2 3 & 2 4 ½ v k x sM k f l ag v f / k d L i " V d j r s g q, d g r sg Sa f d ^ ^ v k / k qf u d r k f d l h v k U n k sy u d k u k j k u g h ag Sv k Sj u o g f d l h ; qx d sd k O ; d k y { ; g h g SA o g , d ; qx f o ' k s" k d sd k O ; d h f o f ' k " V f L F k f r g SA b l f y , v k / k qf u d r k d k sd k O ; d k x q. k L o h d k j d j d s f d l h e g k u ~d f o d h H k wf e d k d k su t j v U n k t u g h af d ; k t k l d r k ] D ; k saf d ; g f L F k f r v k t H k j g S& d y u g h aF k h & v k Sj d y u g h aj g sx h A ; g f d l h o k n f o ' k s" k d h i zf r " B k H k h u g h ag S] i zR ; qr v i u se sa , d u b Zi j E i j k d k v o r j . k g SA ; g u b Zi j E i j k ; qx d h i zR ; ap k d sl e k u r u sg q, e f L r d d h m i t g SA * * ¼ i `2 7 ½ f g U n h d f o r k d s{ k s= k e sa H k h v k / k qf u d r k d k sy sd j H k zk f U r ; k ¡Q Sy h g qb Zg SaA d k sb ZB k sl e k i n . M u g k su s d sd k j . k y k sx v i u h & v i u h # p h d sv u qd wy Ñ f r d k j k sa e sa u ; k i u < ¡w< u sd h d k sf ' k ' k d j r sg SaA b l v L i " V r k d s/ k aq/ k d k sg V k u sg sr qf o t ; c g k n qj u sm n k g j . k d sr k Sj i j f u j k y k d h v k sj l ad sr f d ; k f d ; k & ^ ^ f g U n h d f o r k e sa l E i w. k Zd k O ; k sf p r e g k u r k v k sa d sv f r f j D r v k / k qf u d r k d h d f r i ; l E H k k o u k , ¡e g k d f o f u j k y k e sa m r j h F k h aA O ; f D r v k Sj l e k t d sl a? k " k Zd k sv d sy s> sy u so k y sf u j k y k v i u sd k O ; e sa H k k o k sa v k Sj N U n k sa d h o g H k wf e d k n sx ; s] f t l sv c r d d sv k / k qf u d d f o ; k sa u sL o h d k j f d ; k g SA ¼ i `2 7 ½ b l d k e r y c ; g u g h ag S f d f u j k y k d sc k n f g U n h d f o r k v k x su g h ac < +i k ; h g S] M k f l ag d sv u ql k j ] v K s; d si ' p k r ~f g U n h d f o r k e sa v k / k qf u d r k d h i zf r " B k e sa o sf d l h O ; f ä f o ' k s" k u g h a] c f Y d b l i h < +h d k sf t E e sn k j e k u r sg SaA u b Zi h < +h d sy s[ k u d k sM k Wf l ag u s^ l aØ k f U r & l a? k " k Zd k y s[ k u d g k A * l aØ k f U r d k y h u v u sd < g r s i zf r e k u k sa i j u , f u e k Z. k d h v k ' k k y x k ; sg q, v u sd d f o v i u h [ k ah > v k Sj v k Ø k s' k O ; ä d j j g sg SaA * J h j k e f r o k j h v k Sj d Sy k ' k o k t i s; h d sl k F k & l k F k e qf ä c k s/ k ] d q¡o j u k j k ; . k ] / k wf e y v k f n c at j v k Sj < d k sl y k o k n h O ; o L F k k d si zf r f o j k s/ k t r k r sg q, f d af p r v k Ø k e d i zr h r g k sr sg SaA l k F k g h f o l ax f r ; k sa d h v k sj Å ¡x y h m B k r sg q, ; sd f o O ; aX ; & o k . k c j l k r su t j v k r sg SaA ^ d k e k ; k u h * d sr h u i ze q[ k p f j = k & e u q] J ) k v k Sj b M +k d k e u k so SK k f u d f o ' y s" k . k d j r sg q, f o t ; c g k n qj u s^ e u q* d k si zl k n d sv g a& i k = k d s: i e sa t Sl k f p = k . k f d ; k g S] o g e k u o & e u k sf o K k u d s, d d B k sj l = k d k m n ~? k k V u d j r k g SA v g a& i k = k e u qd sn k f ; R o d k sf = k d k s. k k R e d c r k r sg q, M k Wf l ag d g r sg Sa & & ^ ^ , d v k sj m l d k n k f ; R o l E i w. k Zd F k k u d d k sL o k H k k f o d f o d k l v k Sj i f j . k f r d h v k sj y st k u k g Sr k sn wl j h v k sj m l d k v u qc U / k d f o d h t h o u x k F k k l sH k h g k sr k g SA ^ d k e k ; k u h * d sv k e q[ k e sa i zl k n t h u sb f r g k l v k Sj : i d d h p p k Zd j r sg q, p f j = k k sa d s, sf r g k f l d v f L r R o d sl k F k l k ad sf r d v F k Zd k H k h m n ~? k k V u d j f n ; k g S] b l i zd k j e u qd k n k f ; R o f = k d k s. k k R e d g k sx ; k g SA ¼ i `4 1 ½ i zl k n d k v g av k Sj i zse m u d h v f H k y k " k k v k Sj v k n ' k Ze u qd sp f j = k d sl k F k t qM +k g qv k g SA e u qd k H k V d k o H k h i zl k n t h d st h o u d sH k V d k o d h v k sj b ' k k j k d j r k g SA u k j h d k sy sd j i zl k n t h d sf o p k j g h e u qe sa v f H k O ; af t r g k sj g sg SaA M k Wf l ag d s' k C n k sa e sa ^ ^ u k j h g Sr k st h o u d k l qU n j l e r y H k h g Sµ l e j l r k H k h g S] v U ; F k k l c & d qN v k ¡d k & c k ¡d k ] v k M +k & f r j N k g SA d g h aH k h d k sb Zn q? k ZV u k ? k V l d r h g S] d g h aH k h d k sb Zf u x f r H k qx r u h i M +l d r h g SA u k j h d sf c u k d qN H k h v f u f ' p r g S] v l qU n j g SA ; g f o ' o k l v k f n e i w. k Zr k d h f p j U r u r k d si zf r g St k si zl k n v k Sj f u j k y k n k su k sa e sa f n [ k k b Zn sr k g SA f u j k y k d s^ r qy l h n k l * H k h e u qd h r j g v i u sm é ; u e sa u k j h d k l g ; k sx L o h d k j d j r sg SaA u k j h d si zf r ; g / k k j . k k H k k o u k R e d g k su sd sl k F k & l k F k ? k u ? k k sj ; F k k F k k Zu qH k o l sl ai `ä g SA * * ¼ i `4 5 ½ f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag d h v k y k sp u k d h f o ' k s" k r k ; g g S f d c g qi k B h O ; f ä R o g k su s d s d k j . k ^ d k e k ; k u h * d k e u k so SK k f u d f o ' y s" k . k d j r sg q, m U g k sau sf u j k y k d sd k f c y d sl k F k , d r qy u k R e d l e h { k k



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x k f y c ] e h j ] t +k Sd v k f n l sc k j h d h v / ; ; u d sc k n l e d k y h u f g U n h d f o ; k sa l sM k Wf l ag d k sd k Q h f u j k ' k k g k su sy x r h g SA D ; k saf d n so h i zl k n f e J ] , d k U r J h o k L r o ] c k sf / k l Ù o ] i ad t p r qo sZn h ] u h y s' k j ? k qo a' k h v k f n e që h H k j ; qo k d f o ; k sa d k sN k sM +d j v k t d sv f / k d k a' k ^ ^ d f o ; k sa d sl k e u sp qu k Sr h d s: i e sa u r k sd k f y n k l g S] u r qy l h n k l ] u x k f y c ] j o h U n zu k F k ] u i zl k n v k Sj f u j k y k g h A e qf ä c k s/ k ] u k x k t qZu ] H k o k u h i zl k n f e J v k f n u sf g U n h d f o r k d k st g k ¡r d i g q¡p k ; k g S] m l d sv k x sd h p qu k Sf r ; k sa l st q> u sd h d k sb Ze a' k k b u e sa ' k k ; n g h i zd V g k sr h g k sA v f / k d k a' k r k sb u e sa y d h j g h i h V j g sg SaA * * ¼ i `1 6 8 ½ b l i zd k j v R ; k / k qf u d i h < +h d su k St o k u d f o ; k sa d si zf r f V I i . k h d j u k l c d so ' k d h c k r u g h ag SA f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag l j h [ k sd k sb Zf p U r d d f o ] i z[ k j v k y k sp d g h v U n j l si h f M +r g k sd j , sl k c ; k u n s l d r k g SA , sl si z[ k j i zf r H k k ' k k y h d f o d sn n Zd sp U n u e wu sc V k sj d j N f c y d qe k j e sg sj u sb l l ap f ; r k e sa ' k k f e y f d ; sg Sa] t k su d so y f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag d h d f o & ' k f ä d k i f j p ; n sr sg Sa] c f Y d H k k j r h ; d f o r k d h Å t k Z] v f L e r k v k Sj Å ¡p k b Zd k sf o ' o L r j r d m U u h r d j r sg SaA ^ H k h e c SB d k * e sa d f o e k u k sa M ad sd h p k sV f o ' o o k f l ; k sa d sl e { k H k k j r h ; i j E i j k d k , d i é k [ k k sy n sr k g Sµ ^ ^ ; g n zk si n h g h r k sF k h f l [ k k ; k g e l c d k sf t l u si zf r d k j i zf r d k j u f d ; k t k ; r k sf g E e r c < +t k r h g Sv R ; k p k j d h * * ¼ i `1 9 5 ½ b l d sl k F k g h N f c y t h u sf o t ; c g k n qj f l ag d h L e `f r ; k sa e sa l sH k h d b Ze k sf r ; k sa d k sb d ë k f d ; k A J h j k e f l ag ] ' k j n t k s' k h ] o l U r i k sr n k j ] x k ¡/ k h ] y k sf g ; k ] f u j k y k ] u k e o j v k f n , sl sg h v u e k sy j R u g Sa f t u d k L e j . k f g U n h & i k B d k sa d sf y , l ax zg . k h ; g SA v k R e d F ; ] i = k , o al k { k k R d k j v k f n d st f j , N f c y t h u sf o t ; c g k n qj f l ag d sO ; f ä R o d k sv f / k d m t k x j f d ; k g SA d qy f e y k d j f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag d sO ; f ä R o d k sl a{ k si e sa N f c y d qe k j ; w¡ v k ¡d r sg Saµ ^ ^ f t t h f o " k k ] l a? k " k Zv k Sj i q# " k k F k Zt Sl se wY ; k sa d sc y i j v i u h l k f g f R ; d v k y k sp u k d h i . k Zd qV h j p u so k y sf o t ; c g k n qj f l ag u sn s' k t r k v k Sj l e d k y h u r k ] L F k k f u d r k v k Sj l k o ZH k k Sf e d r k ] H k k j r h ; r k v k Sj v k / k qf u d r k ] ' k k L = k v k Sj y k sd d st k sv u wB so Sp k f j d ; qX e j p sg Sa] m u e sa v k x zg k sa d h [ k wc l wj r h d sc k o t wn n qj k x zg k sa d sv U / k sj sd n k f i u g h aA , d v k y k sp d d s: i e sa y k sd v k Sj u k x j ] b f r g k l v k Sj i qj k [ ; k u l aL d `f r v k Sj d y k ] / k e Z& n ' k Zu v k Sj l e k t & f o K k u l sv u sd i zd k j d h l g k ; r k x zg . k d j r sg q, o sf t l d y k e wY ; d h v k d k a{ k k d j r sg Sa] m l d h i g y h v k Sj v f U r e d l k SV h o g h aj k " V ªh ; t h o u c k s/ k g S] f t l sl k f g R ; d h j k " V ªh ; r k d g r sg SaA * * ¼ v i ; k Z; f o t ; c g k n qj f l ag ] i `1 1 & 1 2 ½ r i k so u e ~] I Y k k WV u a& 1 0 3 2 @ 2 4 0 2 i zx f r u x j ] ; wf u V & 8 H k qo u s' o j & v k sf M +' k k & 3