Makalah Root Base Stem [PDF]

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1.



Root In general, Root is a term used to refer to words that cannot be divided, cannot be analyzed anymore, and there are no Affixes. According to the oxford dictionary root is the part of a word that has the main meaning. According to the Cambridge dictionary the root of a word is its most basic form, to which other parts, such as affixes, can be added Based on expert , they definite root as : a.



Payne (2006:18) defines a root as a morpheme that expresses the basic meaning of a word and it cannot be further divided into smaller morphemes.



b. Katamba (1993:41) defines a root is the irreducible core of a word, with absolutely nothing else attached to it. c. Bauer (1983:20) defines root as a form which is not further analyzable. d. O’Grady at al (2011:119) define a root as the core of word which carries the major component of its meaning. So, the conclusion of all expert opinions that root is the core of word which cannot be analyzed into smaller segmentation. Roots can be free morpheme or a word element which the other new words grow, usually through addition prefixes and suffixes. Example : Word Unhappy Speakers



Root Happy Speak



2.



Base Base is a part of word that attached an affix that change the meaning



or part of speech in the word, both inflectional and derivational affixes can be attached to the base. Based on expert , they definite Base as : -



According to Katamba’s (1993:45) a base is any unit whatsever to which affixes of any kind can be added.



-



According to Stegeberg (1965: 87-88) base as the morpheme in a word that has the principal meaning. There are two types of base : They are Free base and Bound base. 1. Free base , that a base that can stand free or alone ( still has meaning) when separated with the affixes. Example : Recharge , if we remove the prefix re from the word charge Re



charge



Prefix



base



Teacher , if we remove the suffix er from the word teach Teach



Er



Base



suffix



Walkers, if we remove the suffix er and s from the word walk Walk



er



s



Root/base



suffix



suffix



walker base



s Suffix



So the conclusion is , so all root are bases , not all bases are root though. 2. Bound base , that a base that can’t stand free as word , doesn’t has meaning without affixes. A bound base has to have a prefix or suffix added to it make it into a word. Example : Reduce , if we remove the prefix re from the word duce Re



duce



Prefix



Bound base



From the example , we can see that duce doesn’t has meaning without prefix “re”. You can reduce something , but you can’t just “duce” it. So based on Definiton , types , and example of base we can conclude that : a. Any root or any stem can be termed a base b. Not all base are root , for example word speakers the root from that word is speak , but the base from the word are speak and speaker. c. Stem are just bases when you are talking about inflectional change. Example : Books. The base from that is “book” , and the inflectional affix is “s”. Refers that the book is plural. 3. Stem Steam is a word element to which grammatical or inflectional suffixes can be added. Every word that ended with inflectional suffixes, we called it ‘steam’. Based on expert , they definite stem as : a. Payne (2006:344) defines a stem as an inflectible form of a word, often opposed to root.



b. Bauer defines a stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. c. Katamba (1993:45) defines a stem as a part of a word that is existence before any inflectional affixes have been attached. From all definitions, it can be concluded that a stem is a word to which inflectional suffixes such as, -s, -ing, -ed, -er, and –est are attached. A stem may consist of: 1. Single root morpheme Example: Books, in this case, the stem of word is book which is the root of the word as well 2. Two root morphemes Ezample: crowbars, in this case, the stem of crowbar has two root morphemes in terms of crow and bar. 3. A root morpheme plus a derivational affixes Example: Drivers, in which the root of the word is drive, then the stem of the words is driver to which the suffix –s. A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectiional morphology. In the form ‘untouchables’ the stem is ‘untouchable’, although in the form ‘touched’ the stem is ‘touch’, in the form ‘wheelchairs’ the stem is ‘wheelchair’, even though the stem contains two roots.



Inflectional suffixes : -s (plural), -s (possesive), -s (third singular person), -ed (past tense), -en (past participle), -ing (present participle), -er (comparative), -est (superlative) Examples: ‘Untouchables’ the stem is ‘untouchable’ ‘Teachers’ the stem is ‘teacher’ ‘Touched’ the stem is touch ‘Books’ the stem is ‘book’ 4. How to Distinguish among Root, Base, and Stem. Root 1. It’s the core of



Base 1. It is the form



Stem 1. It is a kind



word which



of words to



of word to



cannot be



which the



which



analyzed into



affixes are



inflectional



smaller



attached to.



affixes are



segmentation. 2. One word may



attached to. 2. One word may



2. Only one



consist of either



consist of one



stem can



one root such



base , two



occur in one



as painters



bases, three



word , the



(paint is the



bases, or more



painters for



root) or two



than three



Example,



root such as



bases. In the



painter is



typewriters



case of



the stem for



(type and write



activations for



painters in



are the root.



example, act



which the



as the base for



inflectional



active, active



suffix -s is



is the base for



attached to



activate,



it , and the



activate is the



typewriter is



base for



the stem for



activation ,



typewriters.



and activation is the base for activations. This word has four bases.



REFERENCES Sukirman. English Morphology. Gowa : Alauddin University Press; 2013 Ineedary.blogspot.com/2014/10/pengertian-root-stem-dan-base.html Researchgate.net/post/what_is_the_difference_between_root_word_and_stem_word http://web.mnstate.edu/houtsli/tesl551/Morphology/page4.htm dictionary.cambridge.org dictionary.oxford.org



Lecturer : Indah Miftah Awaliah, S.S, M.Hum



ROOT, BASE, and STEM



PAPER Submitted to the Lecturer of Subject Morphology and Syntax to Fulfill the Lecturing Assignment



Written by : GROUP 3 RIJAL QALBI (20400118041) NUR RAHMAH KURNIA SARI (20400118014) UMMU SAADAH (20400118026)



ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT TARBIYAH AND TEACHING SCIENCE FACULTY ALAUDDIN STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MAKASSAR



2019