Morphological Phenomena [PDF]

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Morphological phenomena



Morphological phenomena is means related to the form of the word, especially the form of the inflection. In morphological phenomena describes the form of morphology such as AFFIXATION, CLITICIZATION, INTERNAL CHANGE, SUPPLETION, REDUPLICATION, Stress Shift. Affixation, is a word element that is added before, after or in the root or stem (the base form of a word) to produce a new word Extremely common morphological process in a language There are three kinds of affixes a. prefix → attached to the front of its base Prefix is a type of affix (affix) where letters or groups of letters are placed at the beginning of a word or to modify the meaning of the word. Example of Root: Cab (noun) Walk (verb) Good (adjective) Fast (adverb) Here are some examples of commonly used prefixes in English, along with examples of form words. A- (no, without): - immoral (without morals); - atypical (unusual) Ante- (before): - Meridium ante (before noon / before 12 noon) Anti- (opposite): - antiseptic (against / anti) Dis- (no): - dislike (dislike) Ex- (former): - ex-president (former leader / former president) Extra- (over): - extraordinary (more than usual) Il-, im-, in-, ir- (no, without): - impatient (impatient); - irresponsible (without a sense of responsibility) Intra- (within, between): - intracellular (between cells) Macro- (large): - Macroscopic (objects that are large so easy to see with the naked eye) Mis- (wrong): - misunderstanding (misunderstanding / misunderstanding) Mono- (one): - monologue (dialogue with yourself)



Non- (no, without): - non-formal (not formal); - non-alcoholic (without alcohol) Post (after): - postgraduate (after undergraduate) Pre- (before): - pre-test (before the test) Sub- (below): - submarine (under the sea / on the seabed) Un- (no): - unattractive (not attractive / not attractive) Some examples of prefix sentences: · They misunderstand the boss' intention. · Rindy is the ex-member of queen band. This novel seems like non-fiction story. I feel familiar with the characters. b. suffix → Suffix is a type of affix (affix) where letters or groups of letters are placed at the end of a word or root (the simplest form (base form) of a word - cannot be deciphered again) to produce a new word. Example of Root: Hat (noun) Talk (verb) Nice (adjective) Well (adverb) The suffix is divided into two, namely: 1. Derivational Suffix Derivational suffix is a suffix which adds a word at the end of a word that will make the word change its word class and the resulting new word is called a derivation, which means that it will be different from the previous word. Example: Noun Suffixes: - Sad (adjective) + -ness = sadness (noun: sadness) Verb Suffixes: - Apology (noun) + -ze = apologize (verb: to forgive) Adjective Suffixes: - Care (verb) + -less = careless (adjective: don't care) Adverb Suffixes: - Quick (adjective) + -ly = quickly (adverb: quickly) 2. Inflectional Suffix The Inflectional Suffix when added at the end of a word will provide grammatical variations but without drastically changing the word class and meaning. Example: -Ed, -d, -t (changes the form to the simple past and the past participle) - Wash - Washed - Learn - Learned / Learnt -Est (changes the shape to superlative)



- Fast - Fastest -Er (changes form to comparative) - Fast - Faster -Ing (change to progressive / continuous) - Read - Reading Some examples of suffix sentences: He was known throughout the community for his kindness and generosity. · Walking alone at night is dangerous. · His fascination with animals led to a career as a veterinarian. Infix, The infix that is usually used is the addition of the –s insert. infix is a type of affix that can be used within the base form of a word, or affix is used into the middle of a word. Infixes often appear as linking vowels between prefixes and stems. English has very few infixes, and it does have marginal. A few are heard in colloquial speech, and a couple more are found in technical terminology. Infix is an insert that is placed in a root word, generally infix is rarely found in a word, but there are, here are some examples: · Cupfu l → Cupful, added by s as plural · Son in law → Sons in law - passers-by CLITICIZATION clitic is a word or part of a word that is structurally dependent on a neighboring word (its host) and cannot stand on its own. A clitic is said to be "phonologically bound," which means that it's pronounced, with very little emphasis, as if it were affixed to an adjacent word.  Clitics are usually weak forms of functional elements such as auxiliaries, determiners, particles, and pronouns. Two types of clitics Enclitics → clitics that are attached to the end of a preciding word Proclitics → attach to the beginning of a following word



Examples:  (English) 



The contraction of the morpheme is, as in







 What's going on? The possessive marker 's, as in 



The man in the black coat's book.



Note: Clitics that occur on the last element of a clause will always cliticize to the end of that element.



Auxiliary verbs and their clitics • Many have full and contracted forms – is,



‘s



– are,



‘re



– am,



‘m –



has, ‘s – have, ‘ve – had,



‘d



– would, ‘d – will, ‘ll INTERNAL CHANGE, internal change: process that substitutes one nonmorphemic segment for another to mark a grammatical contrast - Examples: ablaut (=vowel gradation), umlaut (=i-mutation) a. sing, sang, sung, song (ablaut marks difference in tense or aspect/ part of speech) b. bind, band (ablaut marks difference in lexical category) c. rise, raise (internal change1 marks difference in transitivity) d. goose, geese (umlaut marks contrast in number; so-called irregular plurals ) SUPPLETION, A morphological process whereby a root morpheme is replaced by a phonologically unrelated form in order to indicate a grammatical contrast. ex: go went be was, were



REDUPLICATION, reduplication : marking of a grammatical or semantic contrast by repeating all or part of the base to which it applies. 2 types of reduplication: 1. Full reduplication: repetition of a part of the base



Example: fifty-fifty, 2. Partial reduplication: repetition of the entire base. Example: Chit-chat,zig-zag, willy nilly,walkie talkie,wriggle-wraggle,flim-flam,see-saw



Stress Shift. stress shift: change in the placement of stress or tone to reflect a contrast in lexical category - Examples: Present



PRES-ent pre-SENT



recall



RE-call



She gave me a nice PRES-ent on my birthday.(gift) Allow me to pres-ENT my friend, David. (introduce)



The actor was given a RE-call. (called back, invited for a second audition)



re-CALL I can’t re-CALL the first time I rode a bicycle. (remember) object



OB-ject ob-JECT



What is that OB-ject over there? (thing) Would anyone ob-JECT if I opened a window? (complain)