The Soap of The Dragon Fruit Stem: (Hylocereus Undatus) [PDF]

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THE SOAP OF THE DRAGON FRUIT STEM (Hylocereus undatus) Imam Isnaini Sidiq1, Tb. Arrafi1, Devia Audina1, Isma Heryanti1 1



SMA Negeri 15 Pandeglang, Street of Carita Km. 5 Carita, Pandeglang, Banten, Indonesia 42264 *E-mail: [email protected]



ABSTRACT Nowadays people increasingly pay attention to personal hygiene, due to many diseases caused by bacteria and germs. One means to clean your self is soap. Usually the soap is added to active substances such as triclosan to kill bacteria, but triclosan has a negative impact on the body. For this reason, researchers tried to utilize the extract of the dragon fruit stem (Hylocereus undatus) which contains saponins and functions as a natural anti-bacterial to be made into natural soap. The aim of this research was to make soap from the extract of the dragon fruit stem (Hylocereus undatus) as the utilization of the dragon stem which is wasted or not utilized. The methodology of this research was by mixing 50 mL of extract, 40 ml of palm oil and 10 ml of NaOH 2 M. The soap formation reaction was known as saponification, which was the reaction between fat / triglyceride and alkali. Variations in NaOH volume and extracts of dragon fruit stems were carried out to produce soap with the best antiseptic power. Based on the test results with litmus paper and universal pH, shown that the soap from the extract of the dragon fruit stem was alkaline, because red litmus paper turned into the blue. In addition, testing with Universal pH shown, that the pH of this soap was 10. While the pH value of bath soap required according to the SNI 06-3532-1994 range is pH 8-11. (Hart, H., 2004). In addition, the soap from the extract was also tested by saponification reaction by mixing 5 ml of distilled water, 5 ml of oil and 5 ml of extract of soap from the dragon fruit stem. The result of that reaction it was formed some foam and both oil and water were mixed. This shown the saponification of the dragon fruit tree extract soap. For those reason, it can be concluded that the extract of the dragon fruit stem can be used as an ingredient in making soap. In addition, this dragon fruit stem soap also contains saponins, so it can be made as go Green soap Keywords: Dragon Fruit Stems, Extracts, Soap, Saponins, Triclosan



moisture and holding water in the skin,



A. INTRODUCTION Cleanliness



is



very



important



because more and more diseases arise



so



that



there



is



no



excessive



evaporation.



due to bacteria and germs. Soap is one



Some soap add active substances,



means to cleanse yourself from dirt,



such as triclosan, which function as



germs and other things that make the



antimicrobials. Judging from the many



body dirty. Even today, soap is not only



negative effects that can be caused by



used for self-cleaning, but there are also



triclosan, it is necessary to think of



several soaps that also function to:



other alternative materials that can



soften the skin, whiten the skin, and



replace triclosan as an antimicrobial.



maintain skin health.



(Kaspark, J., 2009).



Dragon fruit plants are cactus-like



The purpose of this research is to



plants of the genera Hylocereus and



make soap from the extract of the



Selenicereus. This plant originates from



dragon fruit stem (Hylocereus undatus)



Mexico, Central America and South



as go Green Soap.



America but now it is also cultivated in Asian



countries



such



as



Taiwan,



Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia and



Dragon Fruit Tree (Hylocereus undatus).



Malaysia. Dragon fruit tree (Hylocereus



Dragon fruit tree is a fruit plant that



undatus) has many benefits, namely as a



is still in one group of cactus types.



source of producing raw materials for



Dragon fruit stems can also soften and



various



and



moisturize the skin. This is due to the



cosmetics products. Dragon fruit stems



extract of the stem containing lignin or



contain saponins which have the ability



cellulose which is able to penetrate and



to



antiseptic.



seep into the skin and retain the loss of



(https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buah_nag



body fluids from the surface of the skin,



a).



so that the skin does not dry quickly and



food,



clean



pharmaceutical,



and



are



By utilizing dragon fruit stems as



maintain



moisture.



According



to



ingredients for soap, not only can kill



Adianto, (2013). The structure of the



bacteria, but also can soften the skin.



dragon fruit stem consists of 3 parts:



This is due to the presence of lignin which is useful for maintaining skin



In the dragon fruit stem there is an



a. Leaf bark Leaf skin is the outermost part of



active component namely saponins



the structure of the green dragon fruit



which



have



the



ability



to



kill



stems.



microorganisms. Saponins are soluble



b. Exudate



in water and ethanol, but not soluble in



Exudate is the sap that comes out of



ether. Saponin in the extract of the



the leaf when it is cut. Exudate is liquid,



dragon fruit stem will produce foam



green and tastes bitter.



when mixed with water. This substance functions as an



c. Gel Gel is a slimy part that is obtained



antiseptic. It’s function as a cleanser



by cutting the inside of the leaf after the



and has antiseptic properties. Saponins



exudate is removed. There are some



have the characteristics of foam. So that



substances



yaitu



when reacted with water and shaken, it



(glucomannan,



will form foam that can last a long time.



contained



carbohydrates



gel



inorganic



The saponin content in the extract of the



saccharides,



dragon fruit stem is around 5.651% per



enzymes,



accemannan), compounds,



in



proteins,



vitamins, and saponins. The extract of



100 grams. (Makkar, et al., 2007).



the dragon fruit stem mostly contains



The active ingredient that functions



about 99.51% water per 100 grams, the



as an antiseptic is commonly found in



rest contains active ingredients such as



dragon fruit stem gel. Gel is a slimy part



essential oils, amino acids, minerals,



that is obtained by cutting the inside of



vitamins, enzymes, and glycoproteins



the leaf. Dragon fruit gel gel is very



(Adianto, H. Sukirno. 2013).



sensitive to air, especially O2, CO,



Classification of



dragon fruit



cause browning reactions. (Gunasena, et



plants Kingdom Division Subdivision Class Order Family Genus



water vapor, and light radiation that can



: Plantae : Spermatophyta : Angiosperms : Dicotyledonae : Cactales : Cactaceae : Hylocereus



al., 2007). Coconut oil Coconut oil is oil obtained from copra (dried coconut meat) or from coconut milk. The oil content in old coconut meat is estimated to reach 30 to



Active compounds of dragon fruit stems



35%, soaps made from coconut oil will



have a hard structure. Coconut oil has a



affect saponification reactions, among



good cleansing power, but if you use



others. (Syukri, 1999).



too much coconut oil, it will cause the skin to become dry. The characteristics



Sodium hydroxide



of coconut oil include:



Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is also



Melting point: 24-26 0C Iodine Value: 7–12 Saponification Numbers: 251-2263 Free Fatty Acid (FFA): Max 0.2% (Hasibuan, Hasrul Abdi. 2012)



The process of soap formation is known as saponification, which is the reaction between fat / triglyceride and alkali. Alkaline commonly used are and



KOH.



At



first



the



saponification reaction is slow because oil



and



an



alkaline



solution



are



immiscible. After soap is formed, the reaction speed will increase, where in the end the reaction speed will decrease again because the amount of oil has decreased.



Saponification



hydroxide. Pure sodium hydroxide is solid white and is available in the form of pellets, flakes, granules or 50% saturated solution. Sodium hydroxide is



Saponification reaction



NaOH



known as caustic soda or sodium



is



an



exothermic reaction, so it must be considered when adding oil and alkali to avoid excessive heat. In the saponification process, the addition of an alkaline solution (KOH or NaOH) is carried out little by little while stirring and heated to produce soap. To make the process more perfect and equitable, stirring must be done better. There are several factors that



hygroscopic and spontaneously absorbs CO2 from free air to form Na2CO3. Sodium hydroxide is very soluble in water and will release heat when dissolved. Sodium hydroxide is also soluble



in



ethanol



and



methanol,



insoluble in diethyl ether and other nonpolar



solvents.



Sodium



hydroxide



solution will leave yellow stains on cloth and paper. (Syukri, 1999). Soap Soap molecules consist of long hydrocarbon-like



chains.



The



hydrocarbons consist of carbon atoms with very polar or ionic groups at one end. Carbon chains are lipophilic (dissolved in fat and oil), and polar ends are hydrophilic (dissolved in water). Another prominent feature of soap solutions is the very low surface tension, which makes soap solutions have a better cleaning power than water



alone. So, soap, including a class of



• Adding 10 ml of NaOH 2M to the



substances called surfactants. (Kaspark,



extract and stir until a trace is



J., 2009).



formed. • The temperature is lowered to 40 0C



B. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY



and stirring for 20 minutes.



This research was conducted in



• Pouring the mixture into a mold and



Chemistry Laboratory at SMA Negeri



leave it for 24 hours in the room



15 Pandeglang, with address Jl. Raya



temperature until the soap was



Carita Km. 05, Banjarmasin, Carita,



formed.



Pandeglang, Banten, Indonesia 42264. This research was conducted from January



to



August



2019.



The



ingredients used were dragon fruit stems that have been pureed, pure palm oil, Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and distilled water. The tools used were magnetic



stirrer,



beaker



Dragon fruit tree trunks are cut into small pieces



blended and filtered



50 ml stem extract + 40 palm oil heated to 50 0C Added 10 ml of NaOH 2 M, stirring while heated



glass,



measuring cup, spatula, thermometer, stir bar, analytical scales, universal pH, blender, watch glass, test tubes and other tools used for analysis. Research procedure:



Pour into molds and cool until the soap hardensThe soap formed in the pH test and the weaving reaction



Figure 1. Flow diagram of the procedure for making soap from the extract of the dragon fruit stem (Hylocereus undatus)



• Making extracts of dragon fruit stems was begun by washing the dragon stems, cutting into small pieces and peeling to separate the skin from the extracts of the stems and then blending it well. • heating 50 ml extract of dragon fruit with 40 mL of palm oil which has been purified in 50 0C.



C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Based on the test results using litmus paper, Universal pH paper and Saponification Reaction, the results obtained can be seen in the table below.



Sample



Type



of Result



Test



of Informa



Test



tion



from 8-11 according to SNI 06-35321994 (Hart, H., 2004). In addition, stem extract soap was



The color of 1



2



Red Litmus



the Litmus



Basa



4



the



saponification



The color of



ml of water, then adding 5 ml of the Basa



extract soap into the mixture. It was obtained the results that foam, oil and water



pH = 10



Basa



Saponificati



Soap foam



Positif



on reaction



(mixed)



reaction



pH



by



reaction, by mixing 5 ml of oil with 5



still blue 3



tested



turned blue



Blue Litmus Litmus was



Universal



also



Table 1. Test results of soap from dragon fruit stem



were



mixed



(forming



an



emulsion). Based on these results, it shown there was the saponification properties of the dragon fruit stem soap. The saponification of the dragon fruit stem soap was due to the active component in the stem of the dragon fruit namely saponin which has the ability to kill microorganisms. Saponins are soluble in water and ethanol, but not soluble in ether. Saponin in the extract of the dragon fruit stem will produce



Figure 2. Test results of soap from dragon fruit stem with universal pH indicator, litmus paper and saponification reaction.



foam when it was mixed with water. The functions of Saponins is as a cleanser and antiseptic. Saponins have the characteristics of foam, so when it



Based on the results of testing with



reacted with water and shaken, it will



red litmus paper on extract soap



form the foam. The saponin content in



solution, the results obtained that red



the extract of the dragon fruit stem is



litmus paper turned blue and blue litmus



around



paper was still blue. This shown that the



(Makkar, 2007).



5.651%



per



100



grams.



soap extract of dragon fruit stem was



The active ingredient that functions



alkaline. This was suitable with the SNI



as an antiseptic is commonly found in



range that the pH of bath soaps was



dragon fruit stem gel. Gel is a slimy part



2. Dragon fruit stem contains saponins



that is obtained by cutting the inside of



so that it can be made into go Green



the leaf. Dragon fruit gel is very



Soap.



sensitive to air, especially O2, CO2, water vapor, and light radiation that can



Suggestions from this research are:



cause browning reactions. (Gunasena, et



1. This research is preliminary research



al., 2007).



to utilize dragon fruit stem waste



Soap molecules consist of long hydrocarbon



like



chains.



The



hydrocarbons consist of carbon atoms with very polar or ionic groups at one



into soap. For this reason, the further research is needed to obtain high quality soap. 2. Hopefully this research can be useful



end. Carbon chains are lypophobic



for



(dissolved in fat and oil), and polar ends



community in order to reduce the



are hydrophilic (dissolved in water).



waste of dragon fruit stems.



the



environment



and



the



Another prominent feature of soap solutions is the very low surface



E. REFERENCES



tension, which makes soap solutions



o Adianto, H. Sukirno., 2013. Organic Dragon Fruit Cultivation in the Yard Based on the Experience of Farmers in Malang Regency. Malang: Science and Technology of Horticulture (http://hortikultura.litbang.pertan ian.go.id/IPTEK/6_Jarot_naga.p df accessed on Friday, April 3, 2015 at 08.49 WIB).



have a better cleaning power than water alone. So, soap, including a class of substances called surfactants. (Syukri, 1999). Based on the results of this research extract of dragon fruit stem could be made as a go Green Soap.



D. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS The conclusions of this research are: 1. Dragon fruit stem can be used as a material in making a soap, so that the dragon fruit waste can be utilized.



o Gunasena, et al., 2007. Dragon Fruit. Chapter IV (http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/ freepubs/pdf/F_N-9.pdf accessed on Tuesday, July 7, 2015 at 15.25 WIB). o Hart, H., 2004. Organic Chemistry: A Short Lecture, Eleventh Edition, Erlangga Publisher, Jakarta. o Hasibuan, Hasrul Abdi. 2012. Quality and Characteristics Research of Indonesian Palm Oil and Its



Fractionation Production. Journal of Standardization Vol. 14, No. 1 of 2012: 13-21 o https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buah_na ga o https://www.ubaya.ac.id/2014/content /news/1995/Mahasiswa-UbayaBuat-Tepung-from-Batang-Fruit dragon.html # targetText = Besides% 20itu% 2C% 20 words% 20dia% 2C% 20 stems, cut% 20to% 20 can% 20 fruit% 20 again. o



Kaspark, J., 2009. Triclosan. http://www.cga.ct.gov/2009/rpt/ 2009-R-0245.htm, 11 September 2012



o Makkar, Harinder P. S., P. Siddhuraju, P., and Becker, K., 2007. Methods in Molecular Biology: Plant Seceondary Metabolites, Humana Press Inc., New Jersey. o Syukri. 1999. Basic Chemistry. ITB, Bandung o Sulaeman, S., 2012. Agribusiness Development Model Dragon fruit commodity (heylocereus), http://www.smecda.com/kajian/f iles/jurnal/5_%20 Jurnal_Agribisnis_Aloevera. pdf. Accessed January 22, 2012. o Zee F., Yen, C.R., Nishina, M., 2004. Pitaya (Dragon Fruit, Stawberry Fruit), College of Tropical Agricultural and Human Resources. University of Hawaii, Hawaii.