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THE-



JOHN -FRYER-



CHINESE-LIBRARY



FIRST



LESSONS IN CHINESE. BY



.



I^dl.



T.



,



Revised and Corrected.



SHANGHAI



:



AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN MISSION 1893.



ID. ID.



AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION.



THOSE who have attempted



to acquire a working:



knowledge of any of the spoken dialects of China by picking up isolated words from a vocabulary or dictionary, (like picking pebbles from the sea



one that the necessity of a beginner's book is practical, and yet so simple that the learner will be encouraged by being able to use his acquirements from the first lesson. shore),



know



full well



The design



;



of the author of this



extent, this long-felt wanfr'?



and he



is



manual



is



some



to supply, to



confident that any one



will take the trouble to master these lessons (the



work



who



of only a



few



months), will be in possession of the key to the spoken language, not only of this district, but, with a slight change in the sound of words (which can be easily acquired), of other districts also



;



for



localisms),



general structure of the language (barring a few the same everywhere.



the is



The importance



of



a thorough knowledge of the classifiers



cannot be too strongly urged for it is impossible to speak of any without using one of them, and it is important to a clear understanding of the matter under consideration that the ;



visible object



correct classifier be used.



A



careful study of the inflected verbs will save months,



years, of perplexing uncertainty



;



for the



applicable to most other verbs.



751654



same forms



will be



if



not



found



PREFACE TO NEW EDITION. books have been published for the purpose of in acquiring the Shanghai vernacular. students Of aiding these, none has been more helpful to beginners than that of Dr. Yates, which is now given to the public in a more conyenient form, a few



carefully revised



and corrected,



and with the old Romanization



replaced by that of the present Union System. The ingenious but cumbersome phonetic representation of English sounds by Chinese characters has been omitted in this edition, and such corrections



made



as seemed neceslfcry to bring the



work



into



harmony with



present usage ; but the general plan of the book, and nearly of the sentences, both Chinese and English, remain as before.



all



Mrs. Yates, believing that a new edition would be helpful to missionary students in preparing for their work, accepted offer of the undersigned to prepare the work for the press.



the



In work many helpful suggestions have been received from Rev. F. Fitch, while two competent Chinese teachers, -p f{? and



this Gr.



S



U



fc $$> have rendered valuable assistance in making corrections



in the Chinese text. J.



A.



SILSBY.



PRONUNCIATION OF SHANGHAI SYLLABLES AS



REPRESENTED BY THE UNION SYSTEM OF ROMANIZATION.



true pronunciation of Chinese sounds can only be learned from Chinese teacher. large majority of the sounds have no true



THE a



A



English; hence the student should bear in mind that Romanization used does not represent English sounds, but Chinese



equivalent in



any



This fact can not be too strongly emphasized.



sounds.



Union System



mittee which formulated the present



mind the representation



did not have in



nearest English equivalents so of a complete, simple



much



as



it



of



of



The com-



Eomanization



Chinese sounds by their



had



in



view the production all the Chinese



and systematic table whereby



be represented by Roman letters or combinations and this without the use of diacritical marks. It should be



sounds should thereof,



borne in mind by the student that this system does not divide a word into all its phonetic elements ; bub rather does it follow a plan well-



known



Chinese scholars;



to



viz.,



that



of dividing



each syllable one initial



represented by a Chinese character into two elements,



and one



final.



THE INITIALS. The



Initials are divided into a



and



pirated," 1.



'm,



'v, t,



2.



a



" Lower



"



Higher/' a "Middle" or "As-



Series.



The HIGHER SERIES comprises sounds represented by p, is, 5, 'I, 'ny, ng, k, ky, kw, pure vowel sounds, i and '?. The MIDDLE or ASPIRATED SERIES comprises sounds repre-



X f



sented by 3.



"



p*,f,



t



r



f ,



ts



,



A,',



ch, k w, h,



hy and hw.



The LOWER SERIES comprises sounds represented by



6,



m,



e



v,



d,



dz, z,



aspirated), y



I,



n,



ny,



and w.



ng t



g,



j,



gw,



(or low vowel



sounds, slightly



VI



N. B.



Let



it



be remembered that the difference between the



Higher and Lower Series



of initial



sounds



is



not so



in consonantal quality as a difference in pitch



;



much a



difference



but there



is



a real



consonantal difference.



be found helpful, but the true sound in most cases must be learned from a Chinese teacher.



The following



descriptions of sounds



may



After each description there is given a Chinese character representing, or containing, the sound described.



pronounced much the same as in English, but a and without any aspiration.



p



little



harder



U



aspirated; somewhat



p*



nounce p



an American or Irishman would pro-



more decided



aspiration.



}fj



j



higher and more explosive than m. $$



'm



m /-



as



still



not quite so hard as in English.



b



>



in pin, but with a



as in English.



J|j



a sound slightly harder and



v



less aspirated



than the English



% /as in v



it is



g.



English.



as in English, but often approaching w, with



Nearly



which



often confused, g]



harder and with less aspiration than in English.



t i'



softer



and more aspirated,



d



softer



than in English. ($



harder and



ts f



ls



&z fail to



less aspirated



softer



and aspirated.



softer



than in English.



as in English.



z



softer



3



1



Z >



jjfj



than in English.



n



n



The majority



'ny



of



Shanghai natives



and that represented by



Jj,



and more



sibiliant



than in English. J^



higher and more explosive than



7.



Jfr



as in English.



higher and more explosive than n. 75 as in English.



|jj



$fl



distinguish between this sound



s



"J*



j*j



higher and quicker than ny.



$



z. 3j$



Vll



Much



ny



same



the



as



n in new, but with a more decided y



sound following the n. p higher and quicker than ng. Vigr



Jff



ng harder than ng in song. jg{ k harder and with less aspiration than in English. k



f



as in go, but softer,



g



a peculiar sound



ty



Jfl



and with more aspiration, fg



softer



jjjfj



which can not be represented by any



it. English combination. Perhaps tky might better represent ch softer and with more aspiration than ch in church.



a



j



kw



little



as



harder than j in jug.



|f|



^



jit



in quart, ffi



qu same sound



Jew



the



gw



softer



Vowel



aspirated



than gu in Guelph.



softer.



g|



H



pronounced higher and purer than in



are



initials



and



English.



h
^



ou



o as



iew, ie its



may



quality



prey.



$C



>JJ



as in fraud.



[UJ



^



|



,G|



in



The



mourn, or as oo in moon.



to lie between, or rather,



it is



true sound seems



a combination of the two English sounds



in the words given. H"



g



ok



o as in mote,



oo



as in moon, Jj



oeh



oe, oen,



CM



from



oe



somewhat



somewhat as



i



in mirth.



vowel sound, jg ung, uh u as in sun.



somewhat



ui



as



uin



u



ui



German Goethe.



Eu should be



]gj



3% |^



carefully distinguished



Foreigners often mistake by adding an r to the



ir as in sir.



u



as in the



J@,



as oo in foot,



in the



French



somewhat



like



j



but lengthened out. j?



vertu.



fjj



the preceding, but only to be learned



from a Chinese teacher. j|



^



short i is followed by a as in father. Jg followed by eu. an occasional sound used in reading Wen-li: short ie lowed by a souud akin to e as in prey. ia, iang, iak eit



short



glj



^



i



i is fol-



TONE SIGNS. to the left of a



word indicates the tone



to the right indicates the



chm*-sung. Final h or k indicate the zeh-sung. All other words are in the ling-sung.



to



be zang-sung.



INDEX.



PAGE.



PAGE.



92



Kill



113



Kneel



150 103 136 132 143 122 127 116 116 143



Eat to drink to smoke, etc. ... ... ... ... Economize E uo.ro ach upon (as another's land)



150



Know



Envy



141



Laugh



147 145



Lead (as an animal) Lean against ... Learn



;



;



Examine Exchange ;



to scrutinize to barter



;



Exercises with verbs Fail in business Fall Fall sick Fall (as the tide) Fall down (as a house) Fear; to dread Vile (with a file)



Feel Finished Flee run Float ;



Fly Follow Forbid



...



83 146 123 145 124 137 118 149 147



,



...



...



...



151



,



away



...



...



125 140



...



125 146



...



to prohibit



;



...



...



Forfeit '



Forget Forsake ; to desert Freeze



... ....



... -.



Gamble Gain (pro/ft) Gather (as fruit offlowers) ... Gender of nouns ... Give birth to to rear Give hand to give in marriage ;



Go Graf c; to splice ... ... .... Grind to whet ... Guard to be careful ... ... ... Guess Hand or deliver in person Hang or suspend Haul (as on a rope) ... ;



;



*..



... ...



...



Have Heal Hide or conceal ... Hide or secrete one's Hinder Hoist a



...



self ...



... ... ...



sail



Hook Hours, days of the week, months,



Hypothecate Imitate



;



...



...



to follow the example, ete.



Indefinite



Pronouns



...



...



...



...



...



....



...



...



Inform ...



Injure Institute a suit at law



Interpret ... Interrogative Pronouns ... Interrogatives Invite Iron j to burn or scald



Jump: Kick



etc.



...



to leap



...



...



...



...



...



...



...



...



...



...



...



...



down



Let go to put Light, a fire Light a lamp Line to score Listen Live Lock a lock ;



;



108 1:;9



148



...



;



Look; to see Look for Lose



105 107



Lose Lose (in trade)



Lower or take



in sail



...



...



Loot



Make ashamed ... Make a record to ascend Make a prostration ... ... Manage to have the management



141 148 149



Measure Meet together Meet to come



42 120



Mix



149 146 147 133 125 137 84 148 128 150 149 187



...



...



150 150 106 125 146



90 88 142



;



;



140



;



;



;



Melt



in contact



with



confused



...



...



65 119 139 145 68



Mood Move Nail



Nod Numerals Nurse (the Offend



Open



;



;



person of verbs



...



...



...



...



commence



Pawn



145



Pay a balance Pay money



...



151



Perspire



61 145 146



Pile one



38 135 148 135 147 31 59 143 116 148 136



Play (as an inxtrwaunt) Plaster (as a ivall) Plural of Nouns Point with the hand



...



...



... ...



Personal Pronouns Peek (as a fowl) ... Persuade ... ...



...



...



... ...



on top of another



... ...



Plane Plant ...



...



Pound (in a mortar) Pour out ... ... Pray



...



...



Prepositions



...



...



....



...



Present Press down Print



1



148 150 12H



side}



to transgress



to



of 147



139 133 146 141



...



,..



to get things



Number and



141 150



140



to dissolve



;



;



136 132 148 137 141 140



;



...



to oppress



149 100



2t 143 145 135 144 140 119 147 149 43 150 149 144 146 53 139 138 136



xii



Wait



FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE.



1,



One.



I.



FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE.



21.



Twenty-one.



XXI.



FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE.



111.



One hundred and



eleven.



CXI



FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE.



CL^SSI IF HEIRS. In spoken Chinese, the force of the articles "a" or "an" All nouns take a word (ih). expressed by the numeral between the article and the noun, which may be denominated a classifier, as each of these different words denotes a class of objects. is



It



highly desirable that every student of the spoken language should, the commencement of his studies, become thoroughly acquainted



is



at



with these



classifiers



a correct use of the with the Chinese.



and the



denoted by each for communication be used before a word, it



class of objects



;



classifiers will greatly facilitate



If a correct classifier



meaning of that word, even if it be incorrectly be borne in mind, however, that in Chinese, must pronounced. A few as well as in other languages, there are exceptions to all rules. nouns take two different classifiers. often leads to the It



FIRST CLASSIFIER



(kith).



A man.



ih



kuh nyung.



A



ih



kuh nyui-nyung,



ih



kuh



ih



kuh eu-tsz or j'A kuh nyi*tsz.



woman.



An



unmarried woman,



A son. A daughter. A friend. A



mandarin.



A



soldier.



Ot



t



ih



kuh noen.



ih



kuh bang-yeu.



ih



kuh kwen-*foo, or kuh ktven.



ih



A native. A servant.



siau-tsia.



kuh ping- ting, kuh ping.



ih



or



ih



ih ih



kuh



pung-di-nyung.



kuh yontf-nyung.



FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE.



A sedan cooly.



FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE.



A scholar.



FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE.



A



cat.



FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE.



8



A pigeon. A dove. A crab. A butterfly. A bee. A



mosquito.



A



wasp.



keh-tsz. ih tsak beh-koo.



ih tsak



ha. l



ih tsak ih



oo-dih.



tsak (or



rnih*



fong.



f



ih tsak (or



ih



fong.



A table. A chair. A stool. A A



ih tsak de-tsz. ih tsak iui-tsz. ih tsak



ngeh-tsz.



chest of drawers.



ih tsak ts'eu-de.



drawer.



\h



r



tsak ts eu~t'i.



A trunk or box. A small box.



ih tsak 'a/i-tsz.



Abed.



ill



tsak zaung.



ih



tsak mi-doo-t'ah.



Ih



tsak k a mien de-tsz.



'h



tsak chuh van de-tsz.



'h



tsak sia-z -de.



A couch. A washstand. A dining table. An



office desk.



A bucket, tub, or cask. A water kong. A shoe of sycee. A hand. A foot and lower leg. A finger.



Q



ih tsak siang- tsz.



f



Q



h tsak dong. h tsak sz-k%ung. h tsak nyoen-pau.



h tsak seu. tsak kyak.



h tsak tsih-deu.



FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE.



An



ear.



9



FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE.



10



A spoon. A hammer. A



-JEH7J



file.



An



ax.



A saw. A chisel. A pair of scissors. A pair of tongs. A chair.



-JEIT7J



A fan. A lock. A key. A broom. A tea pot. A kettle. An One



umbrella.



HB



(or a handful!)



POURTH



CLASSIFIER,



^



(diau\



i/i



po



ih



po laung-deu.



ih



po



ts'ocf-tau.



ih



po



foo-deu.



ih



po ke-tfz.



ih



po



ih



po



ih



po



zau/i-tsz.



tsien-tau. hoo-jien.



iui-tsz.



ih



po



ih



po sen-tsz.



ih



po



ih



po



ih



po



ih



po



dzo-*oo.



ih



po



k*(



ih



po san.



ih



po.



soo.



yak-dz. sau-?tseu.



DENOTES OBJECTS LONG AND WINDING



OR LIMBER.



A river or large stream. A river or large stream. A creek or canal. A ditch. A covered sewer.



m



ih



diau



kaurig.



ih



diau



*oo.



ih



diau pang,



ih diau, keu. ih



diau iung-keu.



11



FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE.



-



ih



diau yang-keu.



A bridge. A road. A street.



ih



diaujau.



ih



diau loo.



ih



diau



An



ih



diau long-daung.



An



open sewer or drain.



alley.



A rope. A tape or ribbon. A strip of matting. A quilt or blanket. A mattress. A sheet. A carpet. A pair of trowsers. A handkerchief. A towel. A dragon. A fish. A snake.



ih diau



An



eel.



A bar of iron. A gold bar. One's



One



life.



(of this class).



"ka.



mng.



ih



diau ta.



ih



diau zih.



ih



diau bi-deu.



ih



diau nyok-tsz.



ih



diau tan-?bi.



ih



diau mau-tan.



ih



diau k'ocf-^tsz.



ih



diau kyoerf-deu.



ih



diau seu-kyung.



ih



diau long.



ih



diau ng.



ih



diau



ih



diau men-li.



ih



diau t'ih-diau.



ih



diau kyung-diau.



ih



diau sing*-ming*.



zo.



ih diau.



FIFTH CLASSIFIER, j|g (kung\ DENOTES- OBJECTS LONG AND USUALLY



A stick of timber. A bamboo.



ih



kung mdk-deu.



ih 'kung tsok-deu.



STIFF.



FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE.



12



A rattan. A cane or stick. A boat's mast. A straw. A stem or stalk



9



baung.



(of



ih



kung ziang-tsz.



ih



kung "ts'au.



ih



kung kang.



ih



kung zunq.



ih



kung sien



plants).



A rope. A thread. SIXTH CLASSIFIER, 2J



9 .



DENOTES BOOKS, VOLUMES.



A volume, a book. An



account book.



tsang-boo.



A small blank book. SEVENTH CLASSIFIER,



ih



|jp



(boo),



DENOTES AN ENTIRE WORK OF ONE



OR MORE VOLUMES.



A work of volumes.



one or more



*pung boo-tsz.



FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE.



A two-storey house. A pagoda. One



(of this class).



13



14



FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE.



A board. A slice of meat. A slice of bread. A piece of land. A pane of glass. A dollar. A brick. A bit of cloth. A bit of silver, etc.



H*



ih



kw*e



ik



kw'e nyok.



ih



kw



ik



kw'e di-bi.



ik



kw'e



ik



kw'e yang-dien.



ih



kw*e



ih



kw'e poo.



ih



kw



r



e



pan.



men-deu.



poo-li.



lok-tsen.



r



e



nyung-tsz.



THIRTEENTH CLASSIFIER, Jpg (fok\ DENOTES PAINTINGS OR ENGRAVINGS, ETC.



A painting or engraving.



FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE.



A mill.



15



FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE.



16



A newspaper. A proclamation.



^7^



ih tsang



NINETEENTH CLASSIFIER, ^j



A firm. A foreign firm. A shop. A shop of foreign goods. A pawn shop. A tea shop. A silk store. A wine shop, TWENTIETH CLASSIFIER,



A set of buttons. A pair of bracelets. A set of ear-rings. A pair of spectacles.



A set of dominoes. A set of dice. A set of chop-sticks. A set of tools or instru-



(ban),



ih



A saddle



and



bridle.



ban *aung.



ih ban



||jj



kau-zz.



DENOTES FIRMS, SHOPS, ETC.



yang *aung.



ih



ban tien.



ih



ban yang hoo* tien.



ih



ban tien-taung.



ih



ban dzo-kwen*.



ih



ban dzeu-doen



ih



ban



tien.



tsieu tien.



(/oo), DENOTES SETS OF THINGS.



ihfoo



nyeu-tsz.



ihfoo* dzauh-deu.



ihfoo choen.



ihfoo



ngan-kyuny



9



ihfoo ba. ih foo



deutsz.



ih foo



Jew* an.



ih



ments.



to?2