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Hindi-English Pages [308]
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GRAMMAR OF THE
HINDUSTANI LANGUAGE, IN
THE
ORIENTAL AND ROMAN CHARACTER, WITH
NUMEROUS COPPER-rLATK ILI.USTIIATIONS OF THE PERSIAN AND DEVANaGAR! SYSTEJIS OF ALPHABEl'lC WRITING; TO WHICH
IS
ADDED,
A COPIOUS SELECTION OF EASY EXTRACTS FOR READING. IN
PERSI-ARABIO
THE
AND DEVANAGARf CHAKACTEUS,
FORMING A COMPLETE INTRODUCTION TO THE TOTA-KAuIni AND BAGH-O-BAHAR, TOGETHEB WITH
A VOCABULAEY OF ALL THE WORDS, AND VARIOUS EXPLANATOEY NOTES
By
DUNCAN FORBES,
LL.D.,
PROFESSOR OF ORIENTAL LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE IN KING's OOLLEGF,, LONDON; MEMBER OF THE ROTi^L ASIATIC SOCIETT OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRZLAND, ETC.
"HB THAT TRATELLETH
INTO A COUNTRY BEFORE HE HATH AN ENTRANCE INTO THE GOETH TO SCHOOL, AND NOT TO TRAVEL." BACON.
—
LAIfGFACft,
LONDON
CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND 7,
SON
STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL
i
1983
F8 I
SS't"
LONDON: PRINTF.D BV ^
a.
mon
being to
The same sound French
In
sans.
will be indicated
by
n,
our h in hand, heart
;
but at the end of a
preceded by the short vowel a (Fatha § 4), the s has no
final h, then, is
as
its effect
{n).
sensible sound, as in ij\^ ddna, a grain; in
the
nose.
also occur in the middle of a word, as in the
may
n in
i.e.,
not sounded in such cases,
character whenever
ddna,
which case
the obscure or imperceptible
we have
we
it
is
h.'
called
As
this
shall omit it entirely in
occasion to write such words
etc.
At the end
of words derived from Arabic roots, the final
Bometimes marked with two dots thus, like the letter ClJ
t.
i
;
The Persians generally convert the
but sometimes they leave
it
i'
is
and, in such cases, sounded
unaltered, and frequently
if
t^^oTr
into CL5
;
nmit the
OF THE PRIMITIVE VOWELS. two
dots, in
which case the
sounded according
letter is
form they
may happen
The
b.
A
letter
be used in Persian.
to
or ^ is frequently
combination with the letters as in the
c-;/;
«
— — ?
words ^^, ^lia ;
.
siwd. b. When the letter ^ ia words purely Persian is preceded by ^ the sound of (moveable by fatha), and followed by j is scarcely \
;
perceptible
we have
w
;
as in the
word
When
not khawdh. il^p- pronounced khah,
occasion to write any such words in the
will be written with a dot under
Eoman
character the
thus, ii\y>. hhicdh.
;
When
the letter ^^ inert is preceded by a consonant moveable by Jcas7'a, the Jcasra and the unite^ 10.
^
and form a long vowel
like our ee in feel,
Hindustani might be written jli
or,
;
which
which
is
in
the same
like our i in machine,
which might be wiitten The same combination may also form a sound
thing,
1^^^.
like our ea in hear,
the French
German
e
in the
which would be wiitten words
jpr'e,
donn'e,
^
but longer
;
or like or the
followed by li in the v/ords sekr, gelehrt. In the Arabic language, the latter sound of ^ is unkno-wn e
:
hence, it
is
when
the
Yde Majh'ul,
called
Unknown
^
forms the sound of ea in
or
Persian
^>
that of ee in feel, or i in
Known
or ;
Yae
wliilst
machine
or Familiar ^.
''Ajami,
—
the
is
When
hear, etc,
that
is,
the
—
former sound
called
Yae Ma'riif
the letter ^c inert is preceded by a consonant, moveable by fatha, the fatha and the ^c unite, and form a diphthong, like ai in the
the
LONG VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS.
German word
own
Kaiser^ which- in wi'itten
is
Hindustani, of our
in
i
Arabic, Persian, and This sound is really that
j^.
tvise, size,
which we are pleased
vowel, but which, in reality, is preceded the letter
When place,
^
and the
^
by zamma, no union
/ ^
word ju*^ muyassar. be followed by a vowel, the above
o
bajjan,
and ^bj
ziycm, not hai-an
wliich latter sounds the
A
requisite. a.
Lastly, if the letter ^rules do not hold
;
be sounded as a consonant, as in the words
to
is
takes
sound as a consonant,
retains its usual "5*
to call a
a genuine diplithoug.
is
us in the
the
13
and
and ,.,Lj
zi-an, to repre.-ent
mark hamza (No. 15) would be
similar rule apj)lies to the j
.
must be observed, that there are very few Hindustani works, manuscript, in which all the vowels are marked as we
It
printed or
have just described
;
the primitive short vowels being almost alwaj^s
omitted, as well as the occasions no serious
know
the
country,
marks -^ jazm and
To
language.
it is essential
marked
carefully
;
time,
to
this young beginner, however, commence with books having the vowels
otherwise he will contract
it is
medium
who
in
it
diflScult
a
vicious
mode
of
afterwards to unlearn.
no easy matter in printing and accurate manner.
vowel-marks, etc. in a proper
work, a
This omission
tasM'id.
the
pronunciation, which he will find
At the same
_:::_
inconvenience to the natives, or to those
to insert all the
In the present
will be observed, which, without over-crowding the
text with symbols, will suffice to enable the learner to read withou'.,
any
error,
11.
provided he will attend to the following rules.
The
' begins
with one of the number, or simply because they are not
01
solar.
valid reasons course, the captious critic might find a thousand equally
them by any other term, such
for calling
and
as gold
silver, blade
and
we merely state the fact as we find it. 18. In general, the Arabic nouns of the above descripinto the Persian and Ilindustani tion, when introduced etc.
Hue,
;
but
lansuases, are in a state of construction with another or
substantive
terms
Latin
the
In such
etc.
ing word,
if
Jus
time, the
\
is
marked
second word
with the
'
which denotes imion ;'
'aI.jJ
-
inertia;,
cases, the last letter of the a substantive, is moveable
article prefixed to the
Amir
vis
gentium.,
first
id
-
by the vowel
mwninin,
\
of the
same
called ^d^j
symbol ^, words ^.^y^
as in the
Commander
'
oj^cio,
or govern-
and, at the
;
Jike
;
ex
Avhich serves for the enunciation of the
mmma,
tvasla,
precedes them
preposition which
the
of
\
\^\
Faithful
' ;
JLj^ Ihhhl-ud-daula, 'The dignity of the state.'
1
Arabic nouns sometimes occur having their final letters marked
a.
with the symbol called tamv'm, which signifies the using of the letter The tanicin, which in Arabic grammars serves to mark the ,.,. formed by doubling the vowel-point of the which indicates at once its presence and its sound thus,
inflexions of a noun, is last letter,
;
The
form requires the
letter
as*^Ji
shai-an, c^^is^-
Jiihnatan; or
when
the
in
surmounted by [ J^ ] (in which case the only is pronounced), In Hindustani the occurrence of such words is not Jiudan.
kasdafi,
\
^
common, being limited 'purposely,'
to
li'ii-'l
a few adverbial expressions, such as i^x-af ittifdlian,
'by chance.'
character the letter n, with a stroke underneath [w],
the
word ends
In the
Eomau
wiH be used
for
nunation.'
19.
We
may
here mention, that the twenty-eight
20
NUMERICAL VALUE OF THE LETTERS.
letters of the
Arabic language are also used (chiefly
in
recording the iurlJcli^ or date of historical events, etc.), for the purpose of numerical computation. TJie numerical order of the letters differs from that given in pages 2 and 3, being, in fact, the identical arrangement of the Hebrew alphabet, so far as the latter extends, cu*
The following
400.
viz., to
the letter
the order of the numerical
is
alphabet with the corresponding nimiber placed above the whole being grouped into eight uneach letter ;
'
meaning words, to serve as a s OOOO OOO OOO -.__—. OOOO OOOO cicoi>-«o OOO
t_>)
^
of l-j
lU
,^
of recording any event
to
:
^
'^*-^.
^
etc.
seven
letters
3 j j, and i^, have
to
is,
respectively.
form a brief sentence, such
when added
together,
the year (of the Hijra) in which the event took place.
Thus, the death of Ahlf of
Shi'raz,
last of the classic poets of Persia,
This date
the
J j and CJ, J,
that the numerical values of all the letters,
amount
J
three, j foiu' system,
^m(M-^
t*«o»n
cognate Arabic letters of which they are
their is,
OOOO
preceding
Indian, viz.
teclmica.'
lOTjtooO'i
^
two,
by the
or
the same value as
The mode
^^^si-*-:
l::.-^^_J
In reckoning
Memoria
is
recorded
in
the
who may
be considered as the
happened in a.h. 942 sentence
,
Jjbl
(_V
(a.d. l-*-i
1535).
iLijb
'Ahli was the king of poets;' where the sum of all the letters he, added together, will be found to amount to 942. alif, ddl, etc., when
The following l::^j '
h.
on the death of the renowned Haidar 'Ali of
date,
Maisiir (a.h. 1196),
is
iJL:\^1i\i i^j^^
Sometimes the
express the date of
equally elegant,
'The title
its
and much more appropriate:
spirit of Balaghiit
of a book
completion.
is
is
gone.'
so cunningly contrived as to
Thus, several letters written on
various occasions by Abu-1-Pazl, surnamed 'AUami, when secretary to the Emperor Akbar, were afterwards collected in one volume by
'Abdu-s-samad, the secretary's nephew, and the work was entitled
OF DATES. g^\c uTjIjI^ mukdtahdt-i
21
*The
'alldm'i,
letters of 'AlJami,'
which
same time gives the date of publication, A.n. 1015. We may mention that the best prose work in Hindustani— the .Lj ; cb
at the also
Bagh Bahiir/ by Mir Amman, of Delhi, was so called merely because name includes the date the discovery of which we leave as an
the
;
exercise to the student. c.
It is needless to
as nothing
add that the marks for the short vowels count
marked with
also a letter
;
tasM'id,
reckoned but once only, as in the word
The Latin writers
double counts only 30.
is to
though double,
where the
'alldm'i,
Idtn
be
though
of the middle ages some-
times amused themselves by making verses of a similar kind, although
they had only seven numerical D,
and M.
letters to
work with,
viz.,
v, x, l, c,
i,
This they called carme7i eteostichon or chronostichon, out of
which the following
effusion
will serve as a specimen
II,,
1660,
:
Cedant arma
Here the numerical
on the Restoration of Charles
oleae,
letters are c
pax regna serenat
d
m
l
et agros.
x =^1660.
In Arabia, Persia and India, the art of printing has been, till hence their books, as was once the case in recently, very little used d.
;
Europe, are written in a variety of different hands.
most common in this
work
are, 1st,
a very good imitation.
is
it
Turkish, and
Hindustani languages.
a beautiful hand, used chiefly
fj^^ju,
;
generally used in Europe for printing books in the
is
Arabic, Persian, Td'lik
these, the
Most Arabic Manuscripts, and hand and from its com-
particularly those of the Kur'an, are in this
pact form,
Of
the Naslju ^^s.*^ , of which the type employed
2ndly.
The
by the Persians and
Indians in disseminating copies of their more-esteemed authors. India,
In
the Ta'lik has been extensively employed for printing, both
Persian and Hindustani works ; and within the last twenty years, a
few Persian books, in the same hand, have issued from the Pasha Egypt's press at Bulak. hand, which
unadapted
is
for
3rdly.
The Shikasta
- ^}ccr/).
Under the term noun, they include sub-
stantives, adjectives, pronouns, infinitives of verbs,
and
This verb agrees with our part of speech so participles. named ; and under the general term of particle' are com'
adverbs,
prised
jections.
in
prepositions,
The student
mind when he comes
teachers
;
in the
conjunctions,
will find
it
and
inter-
necessary to bear this
to read or converse with native
meanwhile we
shall here treat of the
parts of speech according to the classification observed in the best Latin and English grammars, with
reader
is
which the
supposed to be familiar. OF THE ARTICLE.
21
.
—and we know—have
The Hindustani
all
the other languages of
no word corresponding exactly with oui* articles the, a, or an; these being really inlierent in the noun, as in Latin and Sanskrit India, so far as
Hence, as a general
mine whether,
rule, the context alone
can deter-
the expression liLj l^ U-l^ rafd beta, 'regis filius,' signifies 'a son of a king,' ' the son of a king,' a son of the king,' or 'the son cf tho for example,
led
'
GENDERS OF NOUNS.
When, however,
king.'
23 is
great precision
required,
we
often meet with the demonstrative pronouns -^ yih, 'this,' and ij wuh^ 'that,' together with their phirals,
employed in the same sense
indefinite article is expressed in '
numeral CS^\
eJc^
'
'
some,'
,_^*j^ Jco^i^
mard aur
eJc
more
'
or
;
by
a certain one '
ek 8her^ '
sJiakhs
Jco^i
one
a
many
';
instances
by the
the indefinite pronoun ';
as
man and
some person
Our
as our definite article.
^^
LJol
a tiger
';
j^\
^y» cSj\
(^.as--'
^^S
but of this we shall treat
fully in the Syntax.
OF SUBSTANTIVES. 22. Substantives only, the masculine
singular and
in
Hindustani have two genders
and the feminine
jDliu-al
;
viz.
and eight cases
nominative, genitive, locative, instrumental or ablative, locative,
Latin ablative.
;
two numbers, the (as
in Sanski'it),
dative,
accusative,
agent,
and vocative.
ablative,
The
and instrumental, correspond with the It has been deemed proper here to
retain tlie Sanslait classification of the cases, in accord-
ance with the grammars of the Marathi, Bengali, and other cognate Indian dialects. Gender.
23.
—^To
the mere Hindustani reader,
it
is
not impossible, to lay down any rules by which the gender of a lifeless noun, or the name of a difficult,
if
thing without sex, may be at once ascertained. With regard to substantives that have a sexual distinction, the matter in the
two
is
enough, and is pithily expressed lines of our old school acquaintance,
easy
fii-st
Ruddiman. 1
.
2.
Quae maribus solum tribuuntur, mascula sunto. Esto femineum, quod femina sola reposcit.
GENDER OF INAMMATE
24
OBJECTS.
This means, in plain English, that 'All animate and all names applicahle to beings of the male Idnd,
males only,
masculine.
are
and
Females,
all
names
are feminine.' applicable to females only, a.
one)
To the foregoing general rules, there is one (and perhaps but The word
^
affection
mode
^^^h1^ I brought
of expression,
'
usual with the people to employ the terms
iMb'iJe
my
a masculine noun.
like
inflected
merely an Oriental
we
o Bahiir,' p. 27,
'
he sdth liyd,
wife with me,' where This, however, is
^'Lj
in the
it
'
house
'
or
family,'
being
when
Our neighbours, the Germans, without any such excuse, have been pleased to decide that the word weib, wife,'
alluding to their Avives.
should be of the neuter gender.
24.
With regard
to
nouns denoting inanimate that those ending in
the practical rule is, feminine. and sh, are generally
^
any other
letter
;
are,
for
objects,
^-i, cu
t,
Those ending in
the most part, masculine
;
but as the exceptions are numerous, the student must trust greatly to practice ; and when, in speaking, he doubts respecting the gender of a word, it is has
any
masculine. preferable to use the a.
It is said that there is
no general rule without an exception,
and some have even gone so far as to assert that the exception absolutely proves the rule.
If this latter
sould be better established than
specting
the
substance,
maxim were
gender of inanimate nouns.
as laid
down by
sound, nothing
general rule above stated re-
the
"We have given
it,
in
Dr. Gilchrist, succeeding grammarians
having added nothing thereto, (if we except the Rev, Mr. Yates, who in his Grammar has appended, as an amendment, a list of some twelve or fifteen hundred exceptions.) as a
we have always looked upon as we do that no memory can
This
mere waste of paper, believing
_
25
GENERAL PRINCIPLES. such a dry mass of unconnected words. possibly retain the rule or rather the labyrinth,
may
Principle
Sagar,' etc.,
that
which we
shall here state.
more particularly in Hindi works, such retain the gender which they may have had
as the
in the
Thus, words which in Sanskrit are masculine or
mother-tongue.
are masculine
neuter,
is,
—Most words purely Sanskrit, which of course abound
in Hindustani, and
'Prem
tact
be considerably restricted by the
application of a few general principles \st.
The
Hindi
in
feminine, are feminine in Hindi.
;
and those which in Sanskrit are This rule absolutely does away with
which follow one of the favourite maxims of prethat names of lifeless things ending in ceding grammarians, viz., several exceptions
^-
-7-
2,
are feminine,' but
ji;a?jj,
water,'
and
:
why ?
a pearl,' ^/«,
clarified
more, such as
butter' (and they might have added etc.), are masculine
wio^e,
»««?ii, '^ gem,' many because they are either masculine or
It is but fair to state, however, that this principle
neuter in Sanskrit.
does not in every instance apply to such words of Sanskrit origin as
have been greatly mutilated or corrupted in the vulgar tongue. In the French and Italian languages which, like the Hindustani, have only two genders, it will be found that a similar principle preThe classical scholar will vails with regard to words from the Latin. find this hint to be of great service in acquiring a
genders of such French words as end in e
knowledge of the
mute, the most trouble-
some part of that troublesome subject. Arabic nouns derived from verbal Principle 2nd.
—
addition of the servile people,' etc.,
from
tU
khalaica,
t,
roots
are feminine, such as hhilhit^
'he created.'
by the
creation,
These in Hindustani are very
numerous, and itls^to'sucE^'oniy that the general rule respecting nouns in CLi
t,
rigidly
Arabic roots ending
applies.
necessarily feminine
;
neither are words ending in
Persian and Sanskrit, those Principle
1st.
ci-; t
t,
are not
derived from
of the' latter class being regulated by
Arabic nouns
of
probably fi-om the attraction of the i
in
lU
the i
form
ij^^
are
in the second syllable
feminine, ;
the letter
being upon the whole the charactei'istic feminine termination of the
Hindustani language. very few,
To
this general principle
among which we must reckon
Jj^rl' ta'wiz,
c:.-.^.^^
an amulet,' which are masculine.
the exceptions are
sharhat,
sherbet,' and
NUMBER AND
20 Principle 3rd.
— Persian
few in Hindustani, and applies.
letter,'
ij^
a
the
that
rule strictly
Persian, or from the Arabic through the
weak
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