Korean Duolingo [PDF]

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Demonstratives In this lesson we're going to focus on Korean demonstratives, those words we use to specify whether we're talking about this one or that one.



Three Way Split Korean has a three way split in demonstratives while English only have two, which can be confusing at first, but is easy once you get the hang of it. Korean



English



이



this, close to the speaker



그



that, close to the listener



저



that (over there), far from both speaker and listener



저 roughly corresponds to yonder.



This and That 이, 그, and 저 are the basic demonstratives, used just like this and that in English. Korean



English



이개



this dog



그개



that dog (close to the listener)



저개



that dog (over there)



Note Since Korean has no corresponding word for the, it is sometimes (actually very often) impossible to tell whether it is an apple or the apple that they are talking about, from the context. Then chances are it is "an" apple, as it is normal to use 그 in lieu of "the" in such cases.



Korean



English



빵



bread/the bread



그빵



that bread (close to the listener)/the bread



저빵



that bread (over there)



이, 그, and 저 are used in compound words to express other ideas. When combined with 것, this compound is a noun that corresponds to "this/that one" in English. It combines with particles just like any other noun. Korean



English



이것



this one



그것



that one



저것



that one (over there)



Here and There For here/there, there is a slight change in the stems, but the basic meaning stays the same. Korean



English



여기



here



거기



there (somewhere close to the listener)



저기



over there



Note 여기, 거기, and 저기 are nouns. Most of the time, you need an adverbial particle 에 after them, but it is usually omitted. When they are used as nouns, they can be translated to this place, that place, and that place (over there), respectively.



Hot and Cold



Hot Korean



Explanation



뜨겁다



a hot thing, usually foods and drinks, but might also be anything hot to the touch



덥다



something that makes you feel hot, like a summer day, a sauna, or a fever



Cold Korean



Explanation



차갑다



a cold thing, usually foods and drinks, but might also be anything cold to the touch



춥다



something that makes you feel cold, like a winter day or a freezer



Roots Korean



English



Character



건



building



建



물



thing/object



物



건



thing/item



件



Formal Moods



Moods in Korean include declarative, which we have already been using, imperative, propositive, and interrogative. While English often forms these using extra words, Korean packs this information into the endings of the verbs.



Imperative The imperative mood is used to give orders. In 합쇼체, this is formed by taking the verb stem and adding -(으)십시오. There is no word corresponding to please in Korean. Both answers with or without please will be accepted, and you may ignore please in reverse translations. Stem



Ending



Example



Ending in a vowel



-십시오



가다 → 가십시오



Ending in ㄹ, with ㄹ deleted



-십시오



만들다 → 만드십시오



Ending in a consonant bar ㄹ



-으십시오



앉다 → 앉으십시오



(negative)



-지 마십시오



가다 → 가지 마십시오



The negative imperative mood is formed by adding -지 말다 to the verb stem before conjugation, giving us 가지 마십시오, 만들지 마십시오, and 앉지 마십시오, here in 합쇼체.



Propositive The propositive mood is used to make suggestions, similar to "Let's…" in English. In 하오체, this mood is formed by adding -(으)ㅂ시다 to the verb stem. Stem



Ending



Example



Ending in a vowel



-ㅂ시다



가다 → 갑시다



Ending in ㄹ, with ㄹ deleted



-ㅂ시다



만들다 → 만듭시다



Ending in a consonant bar ㄹ



-읍시다



앉다 → 앉읍시다



Stem



Ending



Example



(negative)



-지 맙시다



가다 → 가지 맙시다



The negative propositive mood is similar to the negative imperative.



Interrogative The Interrogative mood is used to ask questions. In 합쇼체, this mood is formed by adding -(스)ㅂ니까 to the verb stem. Stem



Ending



Example



Ending in a vowel



-ㅂ니까



가다 → 갑니까



Ending in ㄹ, with ㄹ deleted



-ㅂ니까



만들다 → 만듭니까



Ending in a consonant



-습니까



앉다 → 앉습니까



(negative)



-지 않습니까



가다 → 가지 않습니까



The negative interrogative mood is not formed with -지 말다, but with -지 않다 like the negative declarative mood. Note While 않다 is simply the negation of a verb, 말다 means the speaker does not allow the listener(s) to do something. You may consider the propositive mood as the first person plural imperative mood here.



Questions Words Unlike in English, word order does not have to change when asking a question. Question words can simply go into the sentence where the word they replace would have been. Just like declarative (or any other) sentences, it is possible to move the question words for emphasis. Korean



English



언제



when



Note



Korean



English



Note



어디



where



Unlike English, 어디 is not an adverb itself, but a pronoun. Thus it is often used with 에 or 에서.



누구



who



누구 and 가 (subject particle) are usually contracted to 누가 in spoken language.



무엇



what (pronoun)



무엇 is often contracted to 뭐 in spoken language. As 를 is also often contracted to ㄹ, you may say 뭘 for 무엇을.



무슨



what (determiner)



As in "what animal" or "what country"; 무슨 is sometimes contracted to 뭔 in spoken language.



어떤



what kind of



어떤 replaces an adjective.



어느



which



어떻게



how



왜



why



Formed from 어떻다 meaning to be how



See Ash-Fred's comment here: Link: Korean has too many confusing whats, so here you go: [Declarative]



[Interrogative]



―



―



저는 빵이 좋아요.



무엇이 좋아요?



I like bread.



What do you like?



―



―



[Declarative]



[Interrogative]



저는 크루아상이 좋아요.



무슨 빵이 좋아요?



I like croissant.



What bread do you like?



―



―



저는 큰 빵이 좋아요.



어떤 빵이 좋아요?



I like big bread.



What (kind of) bread do you like?



―



―



저는 이 빵이 좋아요.



어느 빵이 좋아요?



I like this bread.



Which bread do you like?



―



―



무엇 is a pronoun, 무슨 is a determiner (a replacement of 무엇 where the category is specified), and 어떤 is an adjective. Since "I like croissant." could also be an answer to "Which food is delicious?", both what and which are accepted here, but please keep in mind there's a slight difference. For those who say "what food" sounds weird, there is no better translation. Which is too specific, and what kind of is too loose (though we chose to accept all of them). "어떤 스마트폰이 좋아요?" asks what qualities you look for in smartphones while "무슨 스마트폰이 좋아요?" asks what model(s) you like. What kind of is not for the latter. "What food" in this sense shouldn't sound weird. Personally, I like the hot chicken flavour ramen or 불닭볶음면 though I wish it was spicier. ;)



Forms of Address Korean has a complicated system for forms of address. You should not call a stranger, superior, or an elder only by their name. 당신 is commonly used



in translations, but is not common in spoken Korean. People will usually use the title or status of the person as a form of address, followed by -님 (without a space). For example, in a store, customers are often referred to as 손님 (customer/guest + -님). When the person is much older than you, you could also say 선생님 (lit. teacher; not just in a store but at any time). When speaking to someone politely in a situation where their name must be used, such as in a store or airport calling someone by name over a loudspeaker, it is common to add 님 after their name (with a space). In short, you can't really translate you into Korean; you could be mom, teacher, driver, pastor, or anything. Furthermore, some nouns, such as singer (가수), sound weird when followed by -님. As you may or may not imagine, there are really some times when we Koreans avoid talking just because we don't know how to address someone. Anyway, since it is practically impossible for us to add every single title or status as an accepted answer for you, only title-neutral pronouns such as 당신, 선생님, 너 (introduced later), etc. will be accepted in English-to-Korean exercises. (You will eventually have to get used to how to call someone outside Duolingo or any online materials.) In Korean-to-English exercises, if a title is used in lieu of the second person pronoun, translate it as you.



Roots Korean



English



Character



-히



-ly



극



drama



剧



장



space/place



场



박



ample/plentiful



博



요리



food/dish/cuisine



料理



글



writing



매



every



每



Korean



English



Character



일



day



日



심



heart



心



Polite Speech In this lesson we will introduce another speech level in Korean, 해요체.



해요체 해요체, which we'll translate as polite speech, is our second speech level. It's potentially the easiest. Many Korean textbooks focus on 해요체 for good reason. You can use this form in a wide variety of situations. It is less formal than 합쇼체, but still polite, so you can use it with strangers, especially those your age or younger. It is also used in conversations between classmates and coworkers, and sometimes between friends. Many travel phrasebooks use 해요체, so feel no fear using this level with taxi drivers, waiters, and tour guides.



Regular Verbs With regular verbs, start with the stem and add -아요 or -어요, and that's it! Ending



Final Vowels



-아요



ㅏㅑㅗㅘㅛ



-어요



(the rest)



Simply add the ending that matches the final vowel in the stem. Note that ㅏ, ㅑ, ㅗ, ㅘ, and ㅛ end in ㅏ or ㅗ pronunciation-wise. The other vowels (vowels that do not end in ㅏ or ㅗ) match with -어요. (No verb stem has ㅛ as its final vowel in contemporary Korean.) When the verb stem ends in a vowel, a further contraction may be needed. Final ㅏ or ㅓ does not repeat itself, and final ㅡ is dropped. When ㅡ is dropped, the second vowel from the right becomes the new final vowel and then -ㅏ요 or -ㅓ요 comes accordingly. (If the stem consists of only one syllable, -ㅓ요 is used.) Final ㅣ



+ -어요, final ㅗ + -아요, and final ㅜ + -어요 can be contracted to ㅕ요, ㅘ요, and ㅝ요, respectively. (오다 is always contracted to 와요.) Verb



Stem



해요체



먹다 to eat



먹-



먹어요



막다 to block



막-



막아요



가다 to go



가-



가요



잠그다 to lock



잠그-



잠가요



크다 to be big



크-



커요



내리다 to get off



내리-



내리어요/내려요



보다 to see



보-



보아요/봐요



오다 to come



오-



와요



주다 to give



주-



주어요/줘요



Irregular Verbs There are a fair number of irregular verbs in this speech level, but they are each fairly regular. ㅂ-Irregular Verbs When a verb stem ends with ㅂ, the ㅂ disappears and is replaced with 우. Apart from regular verbs, there are only two exceptions where ㅂ is replaced with 오, one of which is 돕다 to help. 우-/오- + -어요/-아요 is always contracted here. Verb



Stem 1



Stem 2



해요체



어둡다 to be dark



어둡-



어두우-



어두워요



Verb



Stem 1



Stem 2



해요체



돕다 to help



돕-



도오-



도와요



잡다 to hold



잡-



(regular)



잡아요



ㄷ-Irregular Verbs Only found among action verbs. When a stem ends in ㄷ, the ㄷ is replaced with ㄹ. Apart from regular verbs, there are no exceptions. Verb



Stem 1



Stem 2



해요체



듣다 to hear



듣-



들-



들어요



받다 to receive



받-



(regular)



받아요



ㅅ-Irregular Verbs When a stem ends in ㅅ, the ㅅ is replaced with 으. Remember that when ㅡ is dropped, the second vowel from the right becomes the new final vowel. Apart from regular verbs, there are no exceptions. No further contraction can be done. Verb



Stem 1



Stem 2



해요체



짓다 to build



짓-



지으-



지어요 (Not 져요)



낫다 to get well



낫-



나으-



나아요 (Not 나요)



웃다 to laugh



웃-



(regular)



웃어요



ㅎ-Irregular Verbs Only found among descriptive verbs. 좋다 is the only regular descriptive verb whose stem ends in ㅎ. The ㅎ disappears, and final ㅏ/ㅓ + -아요/-어요 becomes ㅐ요 for all verbs found in this course. Exceptions are rare.



Verb



Stem 1



Stem 2



해요체



이렇다 to be like this



이렇-



이러-



이래요



좋다 to be good



좋-



(regular)



좋아요



르-Irregular Verbs When a stem ends with 르, the 르 is replaced with ㄹㄹ and the first ㄹ is attached to the end of the previous syllable. Apart from regular verbs, there are no exceptions. Verb



Stem 1



Stem 2



해요체



다르다 to be different



다르-



달ㄹ-



달라요



따르다 to follow



따르-



(regular)



따라요



여-Irregular Verbs All verbs that end in 하다 are 여-irregular verbs. -아요 becomes -여요 which gives 하여요. 하여요 is usually contracted to 해요. Verb



Stem



해요체



하다 to do



하-



하여요/해요



~이다 ~이다 to be is ~이에요 in 해요체. ~이에요 can be contracted further to ~예요 if it comes right after a vowel. Example



Translation



is bread



빵이에요



is an apple



사과예요



You can technically use ~이에요 after a vowel, but no one does.



잠그다 잠그다 means to lock, but in Korean it is only used with an object that is directly locked. You cannot lock a room but a door of the room. The door can be locked, but you cannot be locked.



낫다 In English, you recover from a disease. In Soviet Korea, a disease recovers from you; the disease is the subject, and the patient is usually the topic. You can drop the subject if you don't have to specify what the disease is. Examples



Translation



저는 병이 나아요.



I recover from the disease.



저는 나아요.



I get well.



Transliteration Here we see some of the first examples of English words borrowed into Korean with 텔레비전 and 라디오. In general, borrowings follow a simple set of rules, and we'll go over some of them as they arise in the course.  



Korean has no [v] sound, so [v] is transliterated to ㅂ. Korean has no [Ʒ] or zh sound either, so [Ʒ] is transliterated to ㅈ. e.g. television, measure



Remember, these are the sounds as they make sense to native Korean speakers. An English speaker might think that other options would have made more sense (like s or sh for zh) but that's just not what happens.



Roots Korean



English



Character



병



disease



病