Manual of Palestinean Arabic [PDF]

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MANUAL OF



PALESTINEAN ARABIC FOR SELF-INSTRUCTION



BY



H. H.



SPOER



M. A. PH. D.



(N. Y. Univ.) B. D.



(Rutgers CoU.)



Sometime Fellow of The American School of Archaeology and Oriental Research in Jerusalem.



AND



E.^NASRALLAH HADDAD Teacher



of



Arabic at the Teachers' Seminary



Syrisches Waisenhaus in Jerusalem.



JERUSALEM 1909.



of



the



PREFACE. tan stanc



The present volume has grown abundant reason



—



experienced



to



for



suppose



that



some means



out of a need



others



of acquiring a



— which



knowledge



some



have



as myself have



as well



dialect spoken, not only in Jerusalem, but with



I



of the



Arabic



slight variations,



whole of Palestine, to-day. Such manuals as already exist in English are, for the most adapted for the Egyptian Arabic, or for the Libanese such spoken in Beirut and in the north, or for other special districts,



in the



part,



as is



and may be misleading, especially in nomenclature, to such as have learnt no Arabic whatever; and confusing to those who, self,



when



I



came



like



my-



into this part of the country six years ago, are



Such manuals, moreover, contain many words which occur only in modern, literary Arabic, and which, as not belonging to the vernacular and not understood by the populace, have, in this volume, been carefully excluded. students of the classical language only.



I



have sought to



interested



in



adapt this



the dialect as such,



work



the language for daily use iu Palestine



;



the Arabic



to



as well



student



as to those requiring



also to the passing traveller



seeking to make himself understood, and to understand those about him. In these days of multiplication of railways, hotels, and other



conveniences



of



travel,



when



the



phrase-book



increasingly urgent.



is



obtrusive



often



happily becoming less of a necessity,



the



demand



dragoman



for a



The necessary



limits of



a Manual obviously preclude the possibility of presenting a



which



is



exhaustive, even in regard to the vernacular;



ever hoped that for



it



may



be found to include



all



that



is



is



practical



such



Grammar



it



is



how-



necessary



such practical use as has been suggested.



The Latin



script has



been used throughout, in order



the precise pronounciation, each



word being



transliterated as uttered



in the vernacular, regardless of its form in literary



there are



many



to give



Arabic from which



deviations, especially in the s sounds.



The



literary



Arabic gives has s



as



us,



The



fara§.



example,



for



cojisonant



"a mare" while the vernacular



faias



sometimes pronounced as



is



t



-



IV



These changes being characteristic



z.



the fact of such differences



is



t,



d as



a,



or



of the c^i' ^quial Arabic,



nual has no



not indicated, as th



concern but with the spoken language of to-day.



be remarked



It m^.^



that vowels are not always used consistently, especially the do sound



and short



which are often interchanged even



i,



One may hear koblle as well therefore the more important



as



kille,



in the



same



district.



himl as well as hdbml.



It



is



that the beginner should pay attention



to the correct pronouuciation of consonants, as well as to the placing of the accent,



which we have indicated whenever a word occurs



for the first time,



and



often, later.



While, in regard to consonants, we have followed the trans-



employed



literation



in



follows no scientific



Wright's Arabic



English analogies, in view of



and who wish



logists,



will



have no



difficulty



to



Grammar, that



but has been



system,



use by those



its



who



of



vowels



adapted



carefully



to



are not philo-



study without a teacher. The philologist



in recognising the Arabic original.



It



has



not been thought necessary to give any indication of the very short e



or



the



i



which is often all that remains, in the dialect, of vowel between two consonants, at the beginning of certain



sound,



full



Form VIII. when doubt as



words, especially of In



all



has arisen



cases



we have



to the



followed the



representation



practical



method



of



sounds



of submitting



the question to educated English friends, not Arabic scholars, the double process of showing the written form



we



suggest



by and



asking '"how would you pronounce this?" and by pronouncing the



word and asking, "how would you It is imperative that the



write this?"



learner,



who wishes to read and its own script, but the



write Arabic, should study the language in fact of its



being usually written without vowels makes



especially in view of the inadequacy of



the



it



evident,



Arabic vowels,



that



the differences between the literary and the vernacular, and the comparison of the two which for the student is of utmost interest



and



importance



— — can be



afforded



only by careful



transliteration



into a foreign script.



My



task of acccumulating grammatical and



ations has been the



work



of



many years and



is



syntactical vari-



the fruit of con-



Though



tinuous observation.



Arabs



freely with



have



of



my



assistance of



final



Arabic



in



town



hope as to the usefulness



felt less



in the



my



has been



it



classes



all



-



V



privilege to associate



and



country, I should



of the result,



without the



Elias Nasrallah Haddad, teacher



friend



Teachers' Seminary



of



Syrisches Waisenhaus,



of the



Jerusalem, whose knowledge of the classical language has enabled



him



changes and distinctions which might have



to appreciate



caped even an Arab whose scholarship was



es-



while his intimacy



less,



with Palestineau and Libanese Arabic, in various dialects, has given



him an insight into a



own language,



his



European however long



practically unattainable by



his residence,



or



however profound



bis



observation.



The conversations and vocabularies Part



will,



it



also to the large



and increasing number



mainly clergy,



dents,



to be found in the



of



English-speaking resi-



missionaries and teachers,



communicate with the people



who, obliged to



have often not



in their vernacular,



the leisure to undertake a more profound study of It is



the



language.



suggested that by covering up one column, English or Arabic



may



as the case



be, the conversations



exigences of illustrating



rules



the grammar, such phrases as



The small



may



have allowed,



may



collection of idioms, stories,



the student,



as also



Grammar, I



is



and



it



the



as



life.



rhymes and proverbs is



hoped, be in itself



the lists of animals and plants



all



the Arabic words which occur in the



collaborator have to thank Director Pastor Schneller



taking the printing



nothing



far



intended to serve, at the same time, as an index.



my



and the Printing-master difficulty,



so



employ, even in



The English-Arabic Vocabulary, which



belonging to the country. contains, besides others,



to



conceivably be of use in daily



intended for reading-exercise, and will,



of interest to



also serve the student



Care has been taken,



for exercise in translation.



is



Second



hoped, be useful to the traveller in his hotel, and



is



of



as well as that of of the



Syrisches Waisenhaus for underwork under considerable mechanical the fact that the young printers know



of the



this



English language.



We



would also thank Mrs. Haddad for the collection of tales and proverbs, and my wife for general help and encouragement, in a task in which there have been many unforseen difficulties. Feast



of



the Epiphany, 1909



H. H. Spoer.



Table of Contents



Part First Transliteration, of Consonants



§



Transliteration of Vowels



.



Miscellaneous Remarks



The



1



2 3



4—7



Article



Pronouns.



— 17 — 21 22 — 27 8



Personal, Suffixed, and Possesive



18



Demonstrative Interrogative,



Relative



28—29



Various Pronominal Expressions, etc



30



— 36



Numerals. Cardinal Numbers Numbers 3—10 Change of the Numeral in the Counting of Things Dual of the Noun instead of tnaiu, and Counting in



Commercial Transactions



Date



.



40



42 43



44 45 46



Ordinal Numbers



47—48



Cardinals serving as Ordinals



Number and Time



Fractions whose Numerator



49



50—51



Fractions is



Fractions whose Denominator



Time



39 .



41



Numbers 11 to 19 The Noun in Connection with Numbers Cardinal Numbers treated like Adjectives



Adverbial Phrases of



37—38



52



2 is



above 10



53



54



vir



r



— § 55



Percentage



56



"Double", "triple" etc



"One by one"



57—58



etc



Arithmetical Signs



59



Verbs expressing arithmetical Eelations



60



Days



of the



Week



61



Prepositions.



62



List of regular Prepositions



Prepositions with Suffixes



63



ma', 'ind, la/



64



Prepositions followed by the Article



65



Paradigms



66



Use



of Prepositions



with Suffixes



67



of bain



Present Tense of "to have." Past Tense of "to have".



68



.



69



.



—



"To be right wrong; to owe; ought" "There is" "To be able, may, can, will" Lists of



70 71 •



.



Compound Prepositions



Adjectives formed from Prepositions



.



71R.



.



72



— 73 74



Adverbs^



75— 79



Lists of Adverbs



"Alone"



80



Adverbial use of baka and ad



81



Negations. 82



Verb



Negation



of the



Negation



of the other parts of



Speech



83



Negative Expressions



84



"No" in answer to a Question The Negation rair.



85



Interjections



and Exlamations.



87-88



Calling a Person



Admiration, Surprise and



86



Woe



89



—



—



YIII



Comparative and Superlative Degrees.



Comparative. Paradigms Comparative



§ 90



of Adjectives



93



or Colours



"The more ... the more" "Than" of Comparison Comparative



— 92



denoting physical Defects



94 95 96



of Inferiority.



97—98



Superlative Verb



99—100



General Remarks



Formation



Plural



Perfect



101



„



Imperfect



102



„



Imperative



103



„



Pres. Participle



104



,,



Past Participle



105



„



Participles, feminine form



106



of the



of Participles



107



Division of the Verb



108—110



The Strong Verb The Regular Strong Verb The Doubled Verb Verbs which have



117—115 116



as l^t or



a



2"'^



117—120



Rad



The Weak Verb Verbs



l^t



Verbs



l^t



w



Radical



121—122



Radical y Verbs whose 2'^^ Radical



is



a



Verbs which have



as



3'^^



a or



i



123



124—126 127



Radical



The Doubly Weak Verb Verb having Verbs whose Verbs whose



a as



l^t



and



'S^^^



Rad.



is



w and



2""^



Rad.



is



w



Verbs whose 2"^ Rad.



is



128



Radical



l^t



the



S''^



and the



3"^^



y and the



S'"''



a



.



a



or



a



or



.



i.



i.



.



.



.



.



.



129



.



130



.



131



— —



IX



—



Derived Forms § 132—133



Oeneral Kemarks



Forms II— X



134—153



The Strong Verb



of



Four Radicals



154



The Substantive 155



DerivatioD



Regular Feminine Singular



•



Nouns feminine in Gender, although not Plural and Dual



in



Form



157



.



,



158—159 160



Collective nouns



Adjectives formed from collective Nouns of Peoples



Names



156



.



.



Nisbe used to form



16 IR



.



formed by means of the Nisbe



of Professionals etc.



161 162



new Nouns



163



Sound Plural Sound Plural Sound Plural



of



masculine Nouns



of feminine



Sound Plural



of



Nouns



165



Nouns



of four or



166



more Radicals



.



167



.



Broken Plural



The Broken Plural Nouns of four or more Consonants



169



168 174



Adjective Adjectives formed by means of the }\isbe



....



175



176



Sound Plural of Adjectives Broken Plural of Adjectives



177



183



Adjectives denoting Materials



Syntactical and other



idafe



Insertion of helping



The Adjective



Remarks 184—189



The Noun Possessive Case,



— 182



190



— 191



193



— 194



192



Vowel



—



X



—



The Verb Verb



Eelatioii of the



§195-197



Noun



to its



198—199



"Doing" or "about to do" "The following, the next, the coming" Participles corresponding to an English



200



Noun



or Ad-



201



jective



Present or Past Tenses



202



Infinitive



203



Imperfect Tense



204



Pluperfect Tense



Future



205



.



Tense



208



Future Perfect



207



Conditional Sentences



208



Hypothetical Sentences



209



Imperative with the Negation



2L0



"Let us",



211



(let ^permit)



The Impersonal Form of Expression in English



.



212 213



,



The Passive Voice Position of Adverbs and adverbial Phrases



The Past and Future Tenses



....



Generalisation of Interrogative Pronouns and Adverbs



The Conditional Use of the Verb



217



.



am"



"If I



sar



214



215—216



of "to have" and "to be"



.



218 219



.'



Loss of Prefix of second Verb



220



Diminutives



Use



of aboo,



221 dbmm,



ibn, bint



and



222



sahib



Part Second. The Verb The Verb



"to be" Present, Past and "to



Future Tenses



87—90



have" Present Tense formed with Pre90



positions



Ditto Past and Future Tenses



The Verbs



Page .



to be,



become



— 93



93—95 95



(sar)



Personal Pronouns in the Nominative and Accusative



Cases



Can ('know how) Can (=to be able) Will,



wish



96—97 97



— 9S



98—99 99—100



—



XI



— Page



Verb with the pronominal



Suffix



Demonstrative Interrogative and Relative Pronouns Self,



the



Each All,



— 101 101 — 102 102 — 104



100



Possessive Pionouns and Phrases



.



same



105 106



other, some, after



every



any



Other, another,



.



— 110 — 112 112 — 113 113 — 114 114 — 115 109



Cardinal Numerals



Oidinal Numerals, Dates and Fractions



Ill



Time and Percentage Prepositions



To be right, to be wrong, to owe, ought Compound Prepositions, Adverbs Negations



etc



.



.



.



Illustrations with rair



117



— 117 — 118



119



— 120



115



118



Exclamations



Interjections and



— 107



107—108 108—109



Comparative and Superlative Degrees Adjectives of Materials, Phj'sical Defects and Colours



121



125



— 125 — 126



Inquiries as to Health etc



126



— 129



Travel by Train



129—131



Derived Forms



of the



122



Verb



Verbs with four Radicals with and without the Prefix



Conversations



t



etc.



Riding and Driving At the Hotel



I3l



Breakfast



Lunch



143



Bedroom-Service In the Drawing



— 134



135—137 137-139 139—143



Room



146



— 146 — 148



148—151 151—153



The Kitchen Washing Sewing Room Salutations, Compliments etc



— 156 — 159 159 — 163



Stories



164—173



154



Meteorological, Phrases



Names



of the



.



156



173



Months



Songs and Rhymes



173



— 178



— Proverbs



XII



—



and Sayings



— 181



178



Idioms



181—184



Imprecations and Curses



184



Street Cries



185—187 187—188



National Dishes



— 185



Vocabularies



General



189—190 190—192 192—223



Additions and Corrections



224



Animals Plants and Fruits



— 226



Part First



Grammar



m



§



Arabic.



1.



Transliteration of



tlie



Consonants.



2



Arabic.



—



ee



pronounced



is



S



instances,



—



3



and represents, in most



like the preceding,



preceded by



kesra.



To avoid error, u is generally rendered by short, medium or long, do represents \ oo ^, oo i\ u is used only for the conjunction "and" and



u



to be



is



The



is



or



oo



ob,



pronounced



oo,



oo.



pronounced like u in "up".



letters



e,



actually vowels,



a or



end



at the



i



feminine



of a



the place of an original



but take



noun are not t



{cf.



§ 163)



which, under certain conditions, reappears.



§ 3. Miscellaneous Remarks.



The



h at the



letter



end



word must be pro-



or



of a syllable



nounced. There are no silent letters. If



and h stand together they must be pronounced separately,



t



likewise



as in the English



sch,



aw must to



word "eschew."



not be regarded as a diphthong, but the letters are



be pronounced separately.



To



distinguish the article to the eye,



by a hyphen



e, g.



el-hakeem



The Arabs run the words together consonant and vowel meet. This



The long



it



always followed



is



"the doctor".



is



in



cases where



all



a



generally indicated by -^.



word has two long upon the second, e. g. kareem "generous", shareef "noble", ameeneen "faithful" (plur.), hakmeen "rulers". sj'llables the



syllable has always the accent. If the



accent



The accent



is



falls



by the sign



generally indicated



'



,



except in



the case of long syllables.



The The



§ 4.



definite article is



assimilated with the if it e.



is g.



t,



t,



1*^



letter



j, d, d, r, z, s, sh,



et-tajir



Article.



§,



d,



The merchant



al,



el



of the t,



S,



1,



or



ii.



noun n.



The to



1



of the article is



which



it



belongs,



-



—



4



The shadow



ed-dill es-sillll



„



opinion



en-nar



„



fire



el-lookme



For prepositions with assimilated



Words which end



§ 5.



^. jo(:)wa,^l-balad



likewise assimilate the



barra^l-mdeene



Inside of the village



Outside



il-bakara^^l-balda The white cow.



town



of the



morsel, bite



article cf. § 65.



vowel



in a



„



the vowel of the article being omitted:



article, e.



The greed



et-tama'



The Arabic language has no indefinite article. To § 6. render the noun indefinite, the article is simply omitted, e. g, dar a



house



also the idafe § 191. about the omission of the article).



{cf.



The



7.



§



pronominal



article



suff'ix



§



cf.



also



is



9.



omitted before



Remark



a



noun with



a



1.



Pronouns.



Personal Pronouns § 8.



Sing:



1



ana,



p. „



m.



„



„



f.



3



„



„



„



2



''



Plur:



I



„



m. hoo or hoowe he hee, hiye



f.



conscience



nahna or ihna we



1.



p.



2.



p.



\ m. and



/.



inti



the



lit\



Separate Pronouns.



a)



int, or, inte thou .



e,



ed-dameer



3.



p.



m. and



she



) t f.



.



llltOO



{



you ^



J



hoomme



\ f.



into



„



hoom orhonnethey



J



These pronouns stand alone. He is faithful hoomme fellaheen They are peasants g. hoo ameeu int' 'afreet You are a rogue ual.ina mabsooteen We are well. § 9.



Sing



:



1



2



p. „



„ „



b)



Suifixed Pronouns.



Plur



i



:



f.



ek



m. and



,



m. and



3



'



Remark



1.



These



|



pronouns



do



kot)m f.



p.



)



1 n



ha



f.



na



p.



ak



3 „ m. „ „



1



2 p.



m.



p f.



r



hoom, hon,



not stand alone,



suffixed to the nouns to which they belong, and which this case,



take the article.



or,



on



J



but are



do not, in



ii



%



e.



g.



jazmitkd'om Your



My



halakhit



Her eanings



noun ends



in a



2.



-



ridiug-boots



mal.ibarti



Remark



5



inkstand



'aiizitna



Our goat



meezano



His scales



chassitho'om



Their property



In the sing, they take a different form



vowel:



1



e.g.



when



the



— Sing:



ill



6



—



:



filimato



—



1



She has



understood



fhimnakoom



We



have



„



fliimtooliobm



You



„



„



fihmooki



They



„



hini.



you (plur.\ them.



you



„



(f.)



b) Imperfect with pronominal suffixes



byifhamni



He



btifhamak



She



btifliamha



You



(m.)



„



(f.)



btifhameeh



me.



understands



you(m.).



„



understand



her.



„



him.



bafhamkolDn



i



„



you.



byifliamoona



They



„



us.



btifliamooh



You



„



him.



mnifhamkoon



We



„



you.



Demonstrative Pronouns.



Ism^il-ishara § 18.



noun of the pointing



The demonstrative pronouns are



m. hada



Sing:



lit:



Plur:



This



out.



as follows:



hadol, or liadola



These



hadi



f.



m. hadak



hadoleek



That



Those



hadeek



f.



For the



§ 19.



letter



d



of these



pronouns



The demonstrative pronoun



cf.



is



§



1.



always



followed



by



the article:



hada^l-bait



This house



liadi^_,l-bint



This



had61,_,en-naddarat



These eyeglasses



had61._,el-0t>hsne



Thesehorses.



hadak _,il-beer



That



hadeek^ el-fara



That mouse.



e.g.



cistern



hadoleek,^el-ro"'oslan Those gazelles



hadoleek^ ed-dalyat Those



is



vines-



The contraction of the dem. pron. with the following more usual, the distinction of gender and number is



§ 20. article



girl.



thereby effaced. hal-bait



We



thus have This house



for



hada^l-bait



had-dchool



This entrance



has-shoon



These plates



for



liada^^d-dchool



„



hadol^es-slioon



"Here is" when followed by a personal pronoun or noun hiya which is unchangeable:



§ 21. or



hi



is,



Sing:



e.



or hiyani Here



hini



y.



hiak



„



hiyik(f.) „



Plur:



hiyak



„



hiyaki



„



g. hi



ed-dra" Here



hiboom hon



you are



hioo



„ hiyo



„



he



hiha



„ hiyaha



,.



she



hina



or hiyana



the dra



is



is is



Here we are



hikoom „ hiyakoom hiboom ,, hiyahoom e.



am.



I



you are



(s27 inch.) hi



„



you are



„



they are



el-karrosa Here



is



carnage-



the



hiyaha barra There she



Here they are'



is



outside.



Interrogative Pronouns.



adawat il-istifham § 22.



who?



meen



e.



The regular interrogative pronouns are: shoo (sho^o), or, aish what? iya (ni. f. and



mal,



i,



For the other interrogative g. meen byiji TMio comes?



particles



shoo ism hal-mara What is the name of this woman? aish fee hon



what



is



i



cf.



§ 75



biddik



no'



pi.)



which?



ff.



What



do



kind



you wish?



ktab ahsan Which book



iya



up



is



better?



.



here?



Remark: The



inter, pron.



ma "what?"



is



pers. pron. in connection with the preposition «.



g.



malak what § 23.



is



meen



the matter with you? is



malo what



used only with



the



i.



is



the matter with him?



used with prepositions:



lameen



To whom?



ma' meen



with whom?



min meen From whom? Use of 'an meen:



meen To whom? meen Of whom? 'ala meen cf. § 70. la 'iud



'an



meen hakait Of whom are you speaking? meen katabt hada in place of whom did you write this? "Wbose?" is rendered by meen followed by the pronoun 'an



'an



referring to the noun.



— e.



bint



g.



fi



la



or,



laish,



meen hee? Whose Instead



§ 24,



aish



for



whj?



wliat?



what? with what?



aish in



daughter



with



shoo



of



—



9



she?



is



lit:



daughter who she?



prepositious, aish



is



preferred.



about what?



'an aish



ma' aish with wliat?



bi



mill aish



or



aish



what



of



(material)? e.



g.



la aish hal- kooffe



For what does



'an aish btillki



About what are you speaking?



With what



bi aish btiktib



hattait^el-leera



bi aish



With what



ma' aish cbalato min aish ma'mool hal-bab aish?



§ 25. "I



have not understood",



did he mix it?



Of what



this door



made?



na'am



"please?"



form



is



of



often used



shoo?,



did you cut it?



With what



familiar



the



is



are you WTiting?



in what did you put the lira?



aish kassaito



fl



basket serve?



this



in the



same



for,



sense,



is



impolite.



The



§ 26. eni



or e.



g.



fellaheen



eno'bm



enhi (f),



instead of



i,



use: enoo or enhoo



iya



(m),



enboljm (plur.)



enoo walad



Which boy?



iya chaime



„



eni chaime



Which



iya ashchas



„



enlioom ashchas



Which persons?



iya barameel



,,



enho'om barameel



AVhich ban-els



walad



i



or



farreen



farreen



§ 27.



A



question without an interrogative pronoun



tent?



are



empty? is



expres-



sed by simple intonation.



Therefore:



hal-kol)rsi



may mean



"this chair" or ''this chair?"



The Relative Pronoun. ism,__^il-mowsool § 28. is



The



relative



lit:



the connected noun



pronoun,



for



all



genders and numbers,



illi.



e.g.



er-rajo'ol



illi



en-niswan



aja



illi



rannoo



The man who came, The women who sang,



et-talmeedilliakram m'allmo The el-



hsan



illi



harab



pupil that honoured his teacher.



The horse which ran away.



— § 29.



The



with the pers.



pron.



rel.



—



10



next", "the following", "the coming"; e.



g.



eKaskari es-sana



ba'do inkatal The uext



illi



illi



pron.



ba'dha



used for "the



is



also § 200.



cf.



was



soldier



The following



killed,



year.



el-marra^j-jai



The (coming) next



el-fobrsa^-jai



The coming



time,



holidays.



Various Pronominal Expressions. § 30.



"Self", is



"state, condition"; 1. it



is



nafs



rendered by



or dat are used



in apposition,



if self



when



b



hal



3.



eed can only be used is



the object of reflexive verbs



when



the object of



self is self is



or,



if



bnafs, bdat. refl.



verbs.



and a manual



in apposition



implied.



e.g. el-chawaja



ana 'amilto (reflexive)



is



generally prefixed:



is



can only be used when



2.



action



Ml



"soul"; dat "essence";



nafs



eed „hand".



aja



or bdato



bnafso



The gentleman came



bnafsi, or bdati or bi eedi



i did it



himself.



myself,



il-harami sallam nafso or dato or halo la^d-dole The



thief



gave himself over to the goverment.



§ 31. e.g.



"The same" is also expressed by dat^el-kamoos The man



er-rajool shtara



dat:



bought the same lexicon,



hal-walad shaf dat daftar.^es-SOOWar This boy saw the same irkibt 'ala dat el-hsan



I rode the



nimshi 'ala dat ed-darb



We



§ 32. verb, which



e.g.



is



reciprocal,



g.



3''*^



may



§ 147)



(cf.



also be expressed



often followed



sufiix,



by



ii-bad.



The men The



sallamoo 'ala ba'dhot)n il-ba'd



They greeted each



la'antOO ba'dko'bm il-ba'd



You have



tlie



"A



of the



by



ba'd



The verb



is



pers. plural.



ez-zlam biktloo ba'dhot)m



without e.



take the same road.



el-'askar haraboo baVlliOOn



§ 33.



picture-book,



horse,



"Each other", often rendered by the VI Form



with the pronominal put in the



same



few",



or "some",



article followed



ba'd el-owlad



Some



is



kill



soldiers



each other.



warred with each other other.



cursed each other.



rendered by



ba'd,



with



by a noun: ba'dna



of the boys.



ba'd el-mj-allafat iksar kteer



A



few



of these



Some



of us.



envelopes are too short.



or



.



— "Some" may



Remark: e.g.



—



11



by idsm mia "part of:



also be rpdered



kism mia^^el-hadreen liakoo



Some



of those



kism min,^el-msafreen matoo



Some



of



"AH"



§ 34.



or "every"



rendered by



is



kooU^en-nas



e.g.



All the world.



yom



Everyday.



"Other", "another" or "besides"



§ 35.



"entirety":



Every horseman.



kolDl^ed-dinya ko't)!!



ko^oU



present spoke. travellers died.



All the people.



chiyal



ko't)!!



the



is



rendered



by



rair



with the suffixed pronoun: e. g.



shoo bichooss rairhoom



meen kan



"\Miat does



Who



rairak hon



inba'at rair mirsal



"Any"



§ 36.



is



g.



ta'ali



Another messenger was



shee



shee



g.



(c/.



Come



(f.)



any day.



hiyallah



hiyallah hadiye btikfl hiyallall



Chadim lazim



yiji



Any



present



Any



of the servants shall



Cardinal Numbers.



§ 37. 1.



sent.



§ 82)



yom b)



e.



concern the others?



rendered by a)



e.



it



was there heside you?



el-a'dad^il-asliye The cardinal numbers are as follows:



suffices.



come



— 80.



12



—



—



13



The numbers 11



§ 42.



ed



e.



g.



tamanta'shar walad



is boys;



tiatta'shar bab



13 doors;



chamsta'shar kalb



15 dogs;



kasr



sitta'shar



The noun



§ 43.



and



10,



Remark: these numbers



when



follow-



g.



object



is



16 castles;



put into the plural after the numbers 3 to after all the other numbers. For



§§ 39. 40. 42. 44.



The rules laid down in §§ 42. 43 apply when compounded with hundreds.



miye ii_tlat bral



103 mules;



mitain u^tlatta'shar mahboos



213 prisoners.



The numbered



is



es-sitt



g.



a noun with



bawareed



el-arba"



A



§ 45. e.



date



g.



also



cardinal numbers are treated like adjectives



§ 44.



e.



ar



singular



the



into



illustrations see



e.



Intake the ending



to



a noun:



b}^



ttie



article;



The



six guns.



The



fsool



is



expressed



in



Ordinal



4th of May.



the



four chapters, or, the four seasons.



cardinal numbers:



sab'a u Mshreen neesan



arba'a iyar



if



to



27th of April,



wahad ab



i^t



of



August.



Numbers and Fractions.



a'dad tarteebiye w^iksoor. § 46.



The



ordinal



numbers which have both a masc. and



form are as follows:



Masc:



el-owwal et-taui et-talit



er-rabi'



el-chamis es-sadis es-sabi'



et-tamin et-tasi'



el-'asher



Fem:



el-oola



fem.



—



14



Masc:



Fern:



el-hadi 'ashar et-tani 'ashar



el-hadye 'ashar The eleventh



„



et-taiiye 'ashar The twelfth



from 10 the article, witli § 47. The cardinal numbers, the unit is an numbers compound in but ordinals, upwards, serve for ordinal, as in English: e.g.



el-'eshreen



(m. and



Tlie



f.)



el-hadi \v_^el-'eshreen (m.)



el-hadye w_el-'eshreeu



(f.)



et-tani w_et-tlateen (m.)



et-tanye w_et-tlateen el-arba°een es-sabi'



(m. and



w^is-sab'een (m.)



es-sab'a w^is-sab'een



§ 48.



The use



express the ordinal, is



much more



(f.) f.)



(f.)



of the cardinal for



number with the



frequent than the use of the ordinal



el-wal.iad et-tlati



article,



to



the numbei'S beginning with the eleventh



w^il-'eshreen



W_lt-tlateen



The



tweuty-first.



The



thirty-third.



number proper:



— Sing:



15



—



— Remark e.



The meaning



2.



of imda'af



baddi akafik imda af



g.



—



16



is



I will repay



"twofold"



your kindness twofold,



"One by one", "two by two" etc. may be expressed by wahad wahad; tuaintoaiu; or by the insertion of the conjunction u between the numerals: § 57.



either



wahad u wahad;.



u



tlati



tlati.



Instead of wahad wahad {lit:



One



may



also say



wahad



§ 58.



et-tani



Note the following expressions:



chatra or marra once; bchatra walide or bmarra



one



ba'^d



one after the second.)



time



;



§ 59.



wa e.g.



bass marra or marra vvahde



miu or



-f-j



ma



min chamse



—



verbs by



I.^he



x;



fe:e



;



'aia -f-



chamse



3 from 5;



arba'a 'ala tnain



4 divided by



;



tsawi :=;



ilia tlate



SjlessS;



2.



which these arithmetical relations are



expressed are: jama'



tarah



add;



to



darab



multiply;



tsawi



The Days



iyam



kasam



subtract;



or fadil



it



divide;



equals.



Week.



of the



il-joom'a.



§61. el-ahad



{lit:



the



et-tuain



„



„



et-talata



„



el-arba'a



first



second



vz.



day)



„



„



Sunday



Monday Tuesday



„



Wednesday



el-chamees



„



Thursday



el-joom'a



„



es-sabt



The word e.g.



at



Arithmetical signs are expressed by:



tlate



§ 60.



walide



a single time-



the assembly



Sabbath,



Friday Saturday.



yom, day, is generally put before these names,



y6m,^e]-ahad



etc.



.



—



—



17



Prepositions.



hroof ij-jarr



The following are the regular



§ 62.



with (instrument)



ma"



with (a person)



behind



feeorfi in



ko'bddam



before



la



to (also sign of dative)



'ala shortened to 'a upon



min



from



'an



from



bain



between



11



.(a



Pronominal



u before



with a



suffix



ma'



the suffixes



becomes



„



la



„



„



is



1^*



pers.



the



becomes



„



„



sing:



of



„



„



I



§ 65.



(in oaths)



by the side



fiyi.



min and



'an



and plural.



singular



before suffixes.



'alai



in the



„



house



the ruler.



have the pen.



The prepositions is



{cf.



§



hi, fee, la,



wara,



'ala,



and



u,



w



or



I Pers.



alwa3'S short,



II Pers. (m.)



wa



4). fi:



e.g.



fi^l-koods



in Jerusalem.



Paradigms.



'indi



of



double



§ 66. Sing:



)



has courage, he has the heart to do a thing.



assimilate the article,



with the article



„



„



to these prepositions.



„



'indi er-reeshe



He



(



permanent possession.



You have



kalb



(of place)



having something on the person,



„



ma'koom^el-mastara ilo



fee



of 'ala



il.



by



beside,



may be added



pers.



conveys the idea



'ind



g.



suffixes I**



wa



or



janb



place downward)



with the suffix of the



§ 64.



e.



with



Wara



their lii



prepositions:



'and or '^ind



bi



§ 63. fee



particles of the genitive.



lit:



II Pers.



(f.)



m



Pers. (m.)



IH



Pers.



(f.)



— Plur:



n



II Pers. (m.)



18



Pers.



and



Ill Pers. (m.



(f.)



'indua or 'iuna



'indktfbm



'illdlltft)!!]



ma'ua



ma'ktfbm



ma'hoom



ilna



ilkobm



ilhobm



'alaina



'alaiktfbm



'alaihobm



feena



feekoom



feehobm



warana



warakot)!!!



warahtfiDm



§ 67.



"between"



bain



is



used in the following manner,



hadi mas' ale bainak U baini § 68.



ma



'iud or la



,



f.)



This



a matter between you and me.



is



Connection with a pers. pronoun express



in



the present tense of the verb "to have". § 69.



The past tense



the prepositions ma', e.g.



of "to



and



have"



You bad



el-masari kanat ma'na.



We



The expressions



or "ought"



(i.



e.



"to be right"



el hakk ma koom. kan el-hakk ma'koom.



You



el-hakk 'alaiua.



We are wrong? We were wrong.



kan el-hakk



'alaina.



'alameeu el-hakk?



Who Who



ma' meen el-hakk?



Una 'alaih arba' frankat. meen 'alaihoom masari? 'ala meen ilak masari? meen 'alaiha tkannis hou? la



§ 7l. fish



fee



fee



g,



— "to



{Jit



Who Who



ma', la or 'ala



the right



with you).



is



{lit:



wrong?



is



right? us 4 francs



the right



{lit:



is



fee



nbeed?



ma



fee or



ma



against us)



to us against



him are 4



ought



to



sweep here?



not". These phrases



is



{cf.



tish or lish



[francs.)



owes you money?



expresses also the idea "there is"; ma



express that of "there



— "to



right.



is



He owes



:



be wrong"



To whom do they owe money?



valent to our "yes" and "no", e.



are right



You were



the chair.



bad the money.



duty) are rendered by



e. g.



or



formed by adding to



is



the verb kan:



la



el-koorsi kanat 'iudkoom.



§ 70.



owe"



'ind



fee or



may



§ 82).



Is there



any wine?



There



none= no.



preceded by the unchangeable kan



is



means "there was."



ma



fish



be equi-



— kan



e.g.



fee batteech



Remark,



—



19



hiloo?



Were



there any sweet melons?



with the suffix of the pers. pron., referring to also express the idea of "to be able, may,



fee



may



the verb following',



can or will". e.



g.



feek tiktib ?



Are you able (may, can,



feeha tirashi



Can she walk?



ma



ma



May he



feekoom trannoo You



feeh yiji?



not come?



Compound § 72. ilia,



'aia



bidoou or



'alayadd



miu ^ada except, without



because



Mda



besides



'an



foi',



(/rt:



not in her)



can



sino-.



'anyadd



The following words serve



for the sake of



on acCOUnt of



bisabab



through, by means of



bichKoos



§ 73.



No.



Prepositions.



because of minshan



shan



write ?



will,) to



feeha



concerning



as both Prepositions and



Adverbs. (over;



Pi



^^^



taht '



la



fbefore.



in reference



^^^""^^^'^



to place.



""'



"}''



(outwards.



shwiye or



§ 74.



e.



kadd •



g.



+ '



Adjectives



may



^^^^^^^'



ri-Hd I



by



little.



'



be formed from most of these preposiani or aue (m.)



and



auiyi or anlye



The upper house.



el-hait^el-warrani



The



el-oda^t-tahtaniye



The lower room.



el-bab^el-barrani



The outer door.



Remark:



The



The maSC.



^^'^^'^'ily-



(



el-bait ^el-fokani



in the case of all of



reference



to time.



""«='' ^'^ pers. pron. ("' equally. (



little.



slowly, little



by adding the endings



tions



^^^



(afterward.



nitfe slowly,



Shwi Shwi



1



•



baM P^''



\underncath, below.



barra(



kabPl^ooner. '



(overhead.



(f.)



farther wall,



fem. ending serves also as



common



plur. ending



these adjectives which end in a vowel.



plur. of fokani is



fawakui, that of tahtaui is tahatui.



20



—



Adverbs and Adverbial Expressions. § 75.



a)



—



bass



only,



kaman



yet, also



enongh



li,_^l-balash



vaiuly



'al-kteer



at the



bala hiss



noiselessly



kawani



quickly



bi^^l-arade



intentionally



keef?



how?



bi,_^l-clialis



most



entirely



kfai



enough



bi^l-kotilliye



entirely



kteer



much



bi,^t-tamam



exactly



bi^l-liakk



justly



chalis



completely



mitl



like, as



cho'osoosaii



especially



sawa sawa



together



kadd



so



yamm



entirely



kaddaish or



fi



_,zyade



1-kteer



bi



much



as



how much?



bi^zyade



too



amma



(with the comparative)



willa



in



.



.



.



so



ishi



ramshet



...



partly



min kooll bid u ma' had a fi



....



either



bhait or niin halt ishi



miu



much



.



,.



as, so .



in



fa'idan



a



moment



fidil



still



iushallah



that,



it



is



ma" had a



to



because



be hoped



nevertheless



wa low



in



maslaha or yimkin



§ 81.



hypothetical sentences



but, yet (conditional)



hatta, ta (rarely la)



in the



(in



then, therefore



"Alone"



wahdi



I



that, because



in spite of, in this respect



if



ma' in or



.



partly



low



§ 80.



and conjunctions,



assuredly, unavoidably



'aiu



walakin



unjustly



than.



or



like lightning



g.



hakk



much more



mitl^el-bark



lakin,



rair



4) additional adverbial expressions



§ 79.



e.



-



21



is



alone,



The verb



kan



liait



cf.



at



% 208.)



any rate



ida



if



imbala



yet, no



in



that,



ma



kool



possibly



ma



tool



perhaps



u or wa,



so long as



and



rendered by wahd with a pronominal



hoo walldo fi^l-oda He baka "to remain",



is



if



as often as



moomkin



though



doubt



whether



is



suftix.



alone in the room.



also used adverbially



sense of a threatening "do" or a temporal "yet,



still."



It is



not conjugated.



With



a negation (baka being conjugated;



it



means "no more,



not".



— The verb e.



(J.



'ad



baka



koblli



—



22



may



"to return",



be used iu the same sense as baka:



or 'ad



Do



ma ma



me.



tell



Why



malak baki hon



you



are



bakash or 'ad iseer ahsan



it will (no



bakait or



You



'idt tiliki



still



here?



more) not become better.



will speak no more.



Negations.



en- nafi. All verbal forms, except the imperative cf. § 208, are § 82. put into the negative by ma or ma "not." Sometimes sh, which is



an original



"thing",



or shee,



ishi



vowel immediately preceding feesh e.



g.



§



it,



suffixed



to the verb;



generally



lengthened:



is is



and the (cf.



also



71).



ma



biddnash



ma



lissa



zirnahoosh



ma "azamnash



We We He



ma



will not.



Do



tchafsh



not fear.



have not yet visited him. has not invited us,



§ 83. All other parts of speech are put into the negative form by the negation mo^osh, except when a preposition follows, iu



which case ma is used: e. g. hoo moosh mabsoot nahna mottsh jdo'aneen



ma ma



He



We



maloosh chanjar



loo or



ilha or



is



He



malash chatim



not well.



are not hungry.



has no dagger.



She has no ring.



Other negatives and negative expressions are: never willa if not lissa ma not yet hatta ma that not illi hatta ma or illi ma not even ma., .shi or wala ishi nothing ma wala nor neither mii'alaish rair it does not matter wala shee nothing else



§ 84.



ma



.



.



.



abadan



,



.



.



.



.



ishi kaleel



§ 85.



it is



a small matter



'"No", in



answer



(in



.



answer



to



do



not



ina'am or,



less politely, iwa.



sitteen sane,



or sitteen sane u arb'een yom are USed.



§ 86. of that to



rair



which



our prefixes



is



"difference, another thing",



the privative



"yes"



la;



care,"



denotes



expressed by the noun following. un, dis, in, non,



.



an apology or thanks.)



to a question, is



For "I



.



.



«; etc.



It



the



is



na'am



phrases



the reverse



corresponds



!



— e.



g.



rairormtfbsh masboot Not



m'addab



rair



—



23



rairormobshma'dood



exact,



u rair



Impolite,



Uncountable,



And another thing sefc.



ishi



Interjections and Exclamations.



A person is called by placing before the name or § 87. noun the particle ya "o!" used also as a nominative of address, ya seedi § 88.



my



o"ommi



A



§ 89.



ma ma



"How"



1)



expressing



How How



achyar



"Oh



beautiful!



by



.



liberal!



that!",



ring to the one spoken



admiration or surprise



following in the comparative



adjective



ajmal



2)



ya



expressing



yarait {for ya



lait)



ma



afdal



ma



aksa



a wish



How How



4)



A



§ 90.



gracious! cruel!



to be with the pers. prou. refer-



that



be were



that



we



diligent!



could go



which



ya wail!



pers. pronounAlas, the girls!



general exclamation of surprise such as "what!" etc.



may



be rendered by ya



art seeing"; no reference to e.g.



ren-



impossible



3) "Alas!" or "woe!" is rendered by must always be connected with either a noun or a e.g. yawaili! Woe is me! ya wail^el-banat!



"really!"



is



cf.



of:



raitO yijthid



ya raitna nikdar nrooh



""well!"



ya



father!



will often call her boy, or girl, carressingly, ya abooi,



realized, is rendered



e.g.



my



yamma!



is yaba!



yamma



dered by ma the e.g.



Muhammedl



frequent abbreviation of ya abooi



mother!



A mother yaba, or



mhammed



ya



master!



God



is



tara



{lit:



"o thou



ya tara byikdar yiinshi? ya tara meen hon?



What! can he walk?



Wain^_^en- nas ya tara?



Where



For Exclamations and Phrases



Well! who



of



who



implied).



is



here?



are the people, eh?



Courtesy see the Conversational Part.



Comparative and Superlative Degrees. § 90.



The comparative



is



formed by the prefixing



the adjective, and the making of certain inner changes.



of a to



— a)



In



24



—



e.



g.



—



25



hadi^l-wardi hami'a aktarmin hadeek This ha sail akta" aktar min saleem



aua



ta'ban (m.) aktar



Our "the



§ 94.



may



with the article



e.



miunak



by



ma



ko^.U



more



.



.



We



rose



is



redder than thatone.



more maimed



more



are



more"



the



.



is



in the



arm than [Selim.



am more tired than you.



i



ta'baueen aktar mialioom



nal.iua



1)



Hasan



tired than



they.



the comparative



or



be expressed .



kdoll



.



.



mii



followed by aktar



xa



aktar.



g. kooll ma hakaito kooll ma kisi aktar u aktar The more you speak with him, the severer he will become.



ma



kotdl



ma



rattaltoo kooll



The more you sing the worse



ma



kot)ll



The 2)



btitkasal kooll



by



ma



chsirt aktar u aktar



you are the more you will



lazier



ma



ko'oll



.



.



kdoll



.



aktar u aktar



Itil



becomes.



it



mii



lose.



aud the comparative form



of the



adjective: e.



g.



ma



kooll



The



ma kan



kooll



The sooner



ma



kot)ll



by



abkar



g.



ko~bll



The more



aliabb 'alaina



will be for us.



ma kan



ahsan



the tree becomes the thicker



ma



ma (the



ko^oll



.



.



.



ma wabbachto



kooll



ko'bll



it



sarat ish-sh^ara akbar ko"oll



perf. tense) the adjective e.



ma kan



the better.



The greater 3)



ahda kooll



ko'ont



quieter you are, the pleasanter



it



ma



sarat atchau.



becomes.



first



verb preferably in the



being repeated and connected by kooll



ma



ii.



sar kalbo aksa u aksa



admonish him the harder becomes his heart,



I



ma niktib kooll ma sar chattnii a'tal u a'tal The more we write the worse becomes our writing. ko'bll



4) e.



g.



by



ma



than" by g.



.



.



kooll



and the positive



ma



kooll



'itik^il-mbeed kooll



older the wine the better



§ 95.



e.



.



older the medicine becomes the



ko^bll



The



ma



ma towwal ed-dawa



ko^oll



The



kd7;)ll



The "than"



of



it



ma



sar achaff



weaker



ma



of the adjective.



it



becomes,



sar tiyib



becomes.



comparison



is



expressed by min; "more



bikteer.



hoo akbar minni



He



hee ashtar minnak



She



is is



bigger than



I.



more diligent than you.



:



— hot)!!!



nihna



as^ad minkd'om



a



—



26 They



man minkobm



are happier than you.



We



bikteer



much



are



truer than you.



"Very", "exceedingly", must also be rendered by e. g.



kteer



Very good.



iij'ih.



kteer shatir



Very



kteer



Exceedingly



kteer mwaff'ir. Very ecouomical. § 96. 1)



by



without the e. g.



akall



article,



tawadoV



Less damp.



akall



Less old.



akall joo'



by akta' min



He



meen



Who



akta'



Less



humble,



Less hungry.



"worse than".



hoo akta' min^el-kooll.



minnak?



The superlative



is



is



worse than is



all.



worse than you?



formed by prefixing the article to



hadol_,il-aslha_^l-allsan



g.



clear.



with the noun corresponding to the adjective, but



akall irtoobe



§ 97.



clever.



formed



of inferiority is



the comparative. Like the comparative e.



safi



akall 'oomr 2)



e,g,



The comparative



kteer:



unchangeable.



is



it



These are the best weapons,



hash-shreet hoo^l-akwa niin_il-kot)ll This wire



is



the strongest of



all.



§ 98. Note the following expressions aktar min^el-lazim Too much, too many. in kattarat or bi^l-kteer



At the most



(^/^;



when



(^2#.-



when



in kallalat or bi^l-kaleele At the least



it it



has become much). has become



little).



The Verb. al-fin.



Everyverb has eitherthree or four consonants, in its Simple or Ground-form, which is the S'"^ p. m. sing.perf. called "root", radix. The ground-form is always given in lists of verbs with the § 99.



translation in the infinitive,



e.



g.



barak



"to



perfect



and



congratulate", instead



of "he has congratulated." § 100.



The



Every verb has a



perfect corresponds to our perf., and the



an



imperfect



inipf. to



tense.



our present,



tense.



§ 101. fixes to



The persons



the root.



These



of the perf. are



suffixes are:



formed by adding



suf-



t



1.



Sing:



Pers.



—



t



2.



Pers. (m.)



—



2.



27



Pers.



(f.)



8.



Pers. (m.)



3.



Pers.



(f.)



— The present



§ 104.



e.



g.



katil killing;



fatih



The past



§ 105.



verb and inserting e.



g.



maktool



participle



and an



after the 1^* radical,



openiug;



2''^



formed



is



2°>



)>



ii



n



>)



5>



i>



))



;}



n



plur



i)



bitsamhoo



samalma



5>



Imperative:



samih (m.)



samhi



Pres. Part:



msamih



Past Part:



Verbs



to forgive



bit samih



m.



,,



n



Impf. l)isamili



samahat



„



f.



1.



samali



sing.



f.



samhoo (plur.) msamah.



(f.)



form conjugated like samah



of the III



Eegular strong Verbs:



1.



barak



bless



'alaj



cure



lataf



treat



rafak



accompany



shamat



quarrel



rahan



bet,



'anak



embrace



dafa'



defend



harab



wage war



batali



kasas



sa'ad



help,



katal



light with



samah



forgive



farak



separate from



sharat



bet,



hasar



besiege



Sabak



run a race



Verbs whose



2.



wrestle



l^t rad.



is



achad



take offence at



akal



eat with



'a.



(=



somebody



receive kindly



dadad



offer resistance



l)



believe



ajar



let



radical is w Verbs wliose Wafak be suitable



4. Verbs whose shawar take counsel kawal give work by the piece nawal hand something to



sawam



Warab



§ 140. §



Verbs whose



127.



w jawab tawab



radical is



trade, barter



dayan



cf.



punish



kabal



aman



continue



2^*^



bana



wager



wager



1^^



3.



wasal



support



kindly



last,



S'*^



ar



slant



y.



answer yawTi



dawam lay am



*ala



persevere



in



soften



be durable.



rad. is a or



i



are



conjugated



like



'



— sawa Impf.



e.g.



bisawi



make, do



Imperative:



sawi (m.)



Pres. Part.



msawi



Verbs



retaliate,



kafa



recompense



punish



laka



meet speak



The IV Form is



of



sawoo



ff.)



is



rati,



(plur.)



nisawa.



a semi-vowel:



liawa



drive



away



afa be kept well (by



God.i



some one



witli



IV.



formed by the prefixing of a before



is



the "Simple Verb" which loses



meaning. It



S'*^



call



Form § 141.



straighten matters



Past Part.



nada



haka



f(r.



sawi



Form whose



of the III



jaza



—



44



vowel, and



l^t



its



very rare occurrence and,



causative



is



in its stead, the



I.



in II.



Forms are used. The verbs are conjugated in accordance with the "Simple Form" from which they are derived. The accent falls upon the 1^*



or III.



syllable in the 3. p. m. sing, perfect.



The regular "Strong Verb."



1)



as^ad



make bappy



amhal



adliak



make laugh



a'ajab



afab



cause trouble



atlajat*



Verbs whose



2)



OWJa""



please



snows



it



radical



3'*^



is



radical



is



ashtat



Note has



seen"



tlie



verb



ib.sar



it



contraction



The V Form



§ 142.



Form. In meaning are,



* it



or



is



it



askar



make drunk



an' am



be gracious



rains



give into custody



a.



rains



of



hoo ab?ar



lit:



"He



(/.



e.



God)



used in the sense of perhaps or 1 do not know.



Form



Form



amtarat



w:



OWda'



cause pain, hurt



Verb whose



3)



l^t



give respite.



3. p.



in



f.



implied,



it



is



V.



formed by



is reflexive



both the perf, and impf. a sing, because tlie cf.



§ 212



noun



prefixing



t



to



and passive. The vowels



ed-d'viija



...



the II of this



a.



"the w.orld"



is



either used with



d.



\



— 1)



tsamma'



Regular



Sti-oiig



45



—



Verbs coujugated



like tharrak:



—



46



Foim § 143.



Form



The VIFoi'in may make



reflexive, or



It also



VI.



may give



makes the action Form:



it



a transitive verb of the II



the meaning of "to pretend a thing."



reciprocal.*



It



is



formed by prefixing



t



to the III e.



g.



Ill F. salah "to make peace"



The vowels e.



(J.



of the impf.



VII F. tsalah "make



are a



Perf.



tkatal



Impf.



Impf.



itkatal (m.)



itkatali



Pres.Part: mootkatilt 1)



fanak



...



byitkatal (f.)



Past Part:



Strong verbs conjugated like



peace together'



a throughout.



itkataloo



mo~otkatal tkatal:



to fight, quarrel (plur.)



—



—



47



thaka



talk together



tlaka



meet each other



tfaua



devote oue self to



tliama fee



take refuge with



Au



Remark:



ofteu pretixed



is



i



to tlie



t



of



the



VI Form



as in the case of the V.



Form The VII Form



14:4.



§



can be formed from ahnost or person is adapted to



formed by prefixing'



The accent



verbs. It also expresses that a thing



all



the idea contained



are a ... a and of the impf.



vowel.



the regular passim of the verb and



is



to the



iu



VII.



mostly



i;



Form.



It is



of the perf.



a few verbs have a as



never on the prefix



is



in the I



The vowels



P^orm.



I



but



in,



is



2°*^



placed as in the



case of the verb of the Simple form:



The P* vowel



Perf. 3



The regular "Strong Verb'



p.



m. sing,



„ „



Imp.



suffix



omit the 2^^ vowel.



Impf. byinjrih



injarah



injarahat



be wounded



btiujj'ih



f.



„



m.



„



injaralit



btinjrih



f.



„



injarahti



btinjirhi



injaralit



banjrih



1.



„



m.&f.



3.



„



,,



injarahoo



binjirhoo



2.



„ „



,,



„



injarahtoo



btinjirhoo



1.



,,



,,



,,



injarahna



muinjrih



injirhi



injirhoo (plur.)



,,



„



„ plur.



iujrih (m.)



Past Part:



(f.)



minjrih



Strong Verbs conjugated like



*



in the case of those



in the impf.



Those with a



suffix.



1)



„



2.



dropped



is



persons which have no



injarah:



inbahash*



be dug



inhazam



have escaped intaba'*



intarad



be driven



insaraf**



be changed, spent (money)



These verbs take



insaraf with a



inba'at"



inbasat



be satisfied



be printed



infasad



spoiled



inmasak'*



away



in the impf.



in the impf.



impf. "to go away, leave".



be sent



a or



i



as



means "to



be held, caught



2°^ vowel. be



exchanged"; with



i



in the



— 2.



§124.



48



Verbs with middle rad.



— a



are conjugated



like chaf cf.



— 2) to d,



da'a



if



the



1^*



49



rad, is d, d orz:



:



— €. g.



byimtadd



imtadd Imp:



Impf.



Fart



mimtadd



imtadd (m.)



Verbs coujugated



~



50



like



to



spread oaeself



imtaddi



(f.)



imtaddoo



(plur.)



imtadd:



irtamm



grieve



ibtall



become wet



ihtadd



get into a rage



ihtall



conquer



ijtarr



ruminate



Ishtadd



become



istaff



§ 147.



Verbs



the impf. and in the Perf. 3. p. m.



be put in



line,



whose middle 3.



p. sing,



firm



put oneself in line



rad-



is



and plur.



a



retain



of the



it



throughout



perfect.



—



—



51



Imperative:



ishtki (m.)



ishtki



Pies. Part:



mobshtki



Past Part:



Verbs conjugated iltaka



meet some one



islltara



purchase



imtala



(food),



istawa



byistwi is



The IX Form 3'''^



to



do



ishtafa rejoice malignantly



oneself



"become



ripe,



become done"



also conjugated like ishtaka.



Form § 149.



ichtasiia fear



begiu fill



Impf.



a doubly weak verb,



and the doubling of the



mooshtaka



like ishtaka:



ibtada



Remark:



ishtkoo (plur.)



(f.)



is



IX.



constructed



radical.



by the prefixing



It intensifies the



of



i



meaning of the



Simple Verb and is used only of words which denote colours orphysical



defects.



Perfect:



These verbs are conjugated



in the following



manner:



:



— The



X



to tlie verb,



The radical in



Perfect



Form



is



constructed



which loses



Strong-



52



its



1^*



—



Verb has the vowel



the imperfect.



prefixing the



b}^



syllable



ista



and



S'^^



vowel. i



between the



2'^'^



— 2. p. 1.



„



3.



„



o "•



>)



sing.



f.



m.&f.„ ,.



„ plur.



n n



5)



Imperative:



ist'eer



Pres. Part:



niisfeer



ista'arti



btisfeeri



ista'art



bast'eer



ista'aroo



byisfeeroo



ita'artoo



btisfeeroo



ista'arna



miiist'eer



rest



§ 153. (cf. e.



g.



isfeeri



(m.)



like



Verbs whose



istarja



to



find



agreeable



3''«^>



They



rad. is a



al-fi'l



§



15-I-.



Veibs



the impf. a



gain over



are conjugated like



have in the impf. the vowels a



ask



bana .



.



.i.



byistarji



exempt



istauua



(from ana) wait.



for one's dismissal.



The Strong Verb



in



istamal



like istarja:.



istatna



ISta fa



and



istajab grant



Impf.



dare



Verbs conjugated istahla



(plur).



mist'ar



ist'ar:



istashar ask counsel



§ 127.) in the perfect. Perf.



ist'oeroo



(f.)



Past Part:



Verbs conjugated istarah



53



of four



Radicals.



ir-rdbba'i._,s-salim.



of this kind have, in tbe perf. the



vowels



a



.



.



a



-



54



Verbs conjugated like dakdak; tabtab hamliam clap the hands neigh Shaklab upset bahdar squander



smoke (lamp)



sliamsham



sniff at



sift



masmar



nail



pepper



bartal



bribe



embitter



shanhak



laklak



lap(byadog) rarbal



tarjani



translate



niaiiinad



make smooth marmar



zahzaV



stir



kartas



squat, putting the



barta



kick up the heels (from overfeeding).



falfal



sha'lab



bltar



without removing



bray practice farriery



hands around the legs



The Substantive. il-ism



Most uouns



§ 155.



e.



g.



{cf.



The regular feminine i,



e,



good



adjectives are of masc. or fern,



singular,



el moljfrad,



is



armale



(m.) tiybe



widow;



'abdi



'abd slave



kbeerbig,old kbeeri



(f.)



Some nouns, although not feminine commonly regarded as such:



§ 157. ing, are e.g.



ard



earth



dar



house



shams jahannam



in



female slave (f.)



form or mean-



sun



reeh



wind



hell



nar



fire



SOOllam ladder



darb



path, road



nafs



soul



tai^oon



rooh



spirit



'ain



eye



§ 158.



mill



The Arabic language has two kinds



The Regular 1). The ending of this is



formed by adding



or a to the masc. noun,



armal widower tiyib



verb stems either of



§§ 201. 203.)



All substantives and



§ 156.



the ending



the name.



are derived from



the simple or derived form



gender.



lit:



eeni,



for the fem.



2).



The fact that



Plural. plural, for the masc. uouns, adjectives, etc.



at.



The Broken Plural. larger number of words form the



jam' et-takseer, it



of plural:



plural according to the



"broken plural," SO called because, in addition has prefixes and suffixes,



it



has inner changes.



to



the



00 Its varieties are



numerous



§ 159. lu addition to the



§ 168.



cf.



sing',



and plural, the Arabic language



The Dual



possesses another number, the dual,



el-mrnitannii.



when two



ending- of the mdbtanna



of a kind are meant.



both g-euders, t,



{cf.



e.g.



also §§



sahir



ain. 2.,



The 192



fern, a,



The



ending



b).



"e,



i



or



a is



is



changed before



used



is,



ain



for



to



— el-frauj



the Europeans



el-fran}'ijl



the European



es-shwam



the Syrians



esh-shamiyi



the Syrian



el-



bacloo



the



el-badawiyi



Remark:



The



fraujl



§ 162.



— el-franji



nisbe (cf. §



esh-shami



ol



the Syrian



woman el-badawi the Bednin



woman 162) of collective nouns of peoples



:



a European (m.), also adjective masc.;



The name



the European



woman



Beduins



the Beduin



serves also as the adjective e.g.



56



franjiyi fem.adjective



a professional, tradesman, etc.



by adding- the ending fern, iyi ( or lyc) to the noun which expresses that with which they are occupied Such nouns are called e. g.



nisbe



"relationship":



sa'at



watches



sa'ati



watchmaker



saddles



srooji



saddler



kootoob



books



kootOObi



book-dealer



lialawi



name



vessels



of



sweetmeat



foochchari or fachoori



halawatl



donkey saddles



§ 163.



The



adjective to form a



y-



shams



tl



fem. ending of the nisbe



new word,



something appertaining



formed



in tlieir work.



srcToj



foochchar earthen



is



(sing, or plur.)



i



maker



of



maker



of



is



involving the



to the first;



potter



halawi



donkey saddles.



added special



to a



noun or



meaning



of



:



— kdbndra



e.g,



—



57



kdbndarji shoemaker



shoe



kobmrd'ok custom, duty



kobmrookji custom-house



SOOfra



table



SObfraji



kahwe



coffee



official



waiter



kahwaji or kahwati



coffee-house keeper



'arbaji



coachman



The Regular or "Sound Plural" aj-jam' is-salim



The "Sound Plural"



§ 165.



is



A. with masculine 1)



chah^l



e.g.



2) e.



With



g.



sanfeen hearing



plur. „



raddeeu answering madid



saniu



„



sanneen



thinking



hasid



„



hasdeen



harvesting uatik



2.



names



all



Eed



'eedeen



plur. tareen



marik



ascending



„



maddeen markeen



„



natkeen vomiting



„



in place



stretching out



passing by



of the



feminine,



plur. bahriyeen sailor



of those



who



chabbaz



follow a profession



plur.



chabbazeen



baker.



'attal



carrier



haddad



smith



tabba'



printer



'attar



grocer



ma'moor



official



biya'



seller



Chiyat



tailor



mjallid



bookbinder



Siyad



hunter



charrat turner



najjar



carpenter



hiyak



weaver



dabbar



sarraf



money-changer



liammar



donkey-driver



tanner



The word



sanii



the sing, has sneen in the plural



B.



§ 166. 1) g.



tali'



This plural serves also



Remark:



e.



pUir.



Remark.



With almost



bahri



'eed



which have retained their participial meaning:



all part,



radid



§ 166.



g



Khaleel



sami'



3) e.



chaleeleen



i)iur.



Remark: cf.



proper names of men:



all



With



used



substantives:



The names



"year", {cf.



which has a



§ 166.



in



with feminine substantives: of



women, as well as



of



men, ending in



fatmat



talha



pi.



talhat



„



'azeezat



ni'me



„



ni'mat



salmii



„



salmat



'ode



„



'odat



pi.



form



6).



'azeeze



fatme



fern,



a.



(man's name) „



„



—



form a regular



2) All the participles e.



rajfe



rajif (m.)



g,



Remark form



is



raj fat



(f.)



more frequently used,



3) All



names



fern,



plural:



plur.) trembling.



(f.



this is the regular fern, plur., the



Although



:



—



58



of those



masc.



§ 107.



cf.



who



follow a profession



§ 165. 3)



{cf.



form a regular fem. plural: e. g.



'ashshi



Words which,



4) e. g.



ashshiye



cook (m.)



'ashshiyat



(f.)



plur.)



(f.



have no feminine ending:



in the singular,



'amar



building



hiwan



animal



oljjak



stove



bhar



spice



hsab



bill



ral



lock



bat



shoulder



lizam



chan



khan



kar



(inn)



girth



trade



nasam



law



salam



salutation



and nouns which are of foreign origin. The letter w often inserted between the last consonant and the plur. ending: 5) Titles



is e.



g.



plur. baikawat



bashawat



Pasha



baik



ara



„



arawat



Agha



baba



baboor



„



baboorat



Steamer



fatoora



basha



6)



plur.



„



Bey



babawat



Pope



fatoorat



Invoice



,,



Arabic nouns which form the plur. in the same manner as



those of No. 5; e. g.



sama



samawat



sala plur, salawat



heaven



o'bcht



„



oochwat



{or chiyat)



sister



Sana



„



sanawat



{or sneen)



year



7) e. g.



plur.



The names



mooharram § 167.



of the arable



plur.



of four



Words whose



plur.



karwat



§ 165. 3,



Muharram



more



or



Remark



ending



{cf.



Part



consonants



is



een.



cf.



§ 165.



chaddam



servant



liar



halawi



a kind of



m'allim



teacher



mliibb



lover



mh^ndis



architect



m'allif



writer



kaddab



II).



have the



3.



mason



'amraar



prayer rent



have no fem. ending in the



plur. in either een or at although they



singular.



cf.



„



months:



mot)harramat



Some nouns



kiri



sweetmeat



— mnadi*



caller out



mdoslim



moslem



mobstashfa



hospital



nassab



scoundrel



Saukari*



tinsmith



2)



Words whose



59



— mnasir



plural ending- is



at:



— lizam*



girth



sraj



clay



e. g.



fern,



haseere



mdeene



ending



and g.



S""*^



is



Hiaf



bed-i-over



dropped in the plural



cave



'abaye



plur..



The following nouns with l^^



syllable,



radicals, the fern,



cniro



women



road



hobsol)r or hottsr straw-mat



mrara



short vowel in the



e.



mautle for



lamp tareek***



piur.



town 2.



—



feminine nouns:



b)



The



izar**



60



take



'obbi abai (cloak



fern,



a as



of peasants;



ending, having only a



vowel between the



ending being dropped:



2°*^



— e.g. 'amoel patron, buyer



aseer*



prisoner



'aleeni



learned



ameer



prince



rafeek



plur.



—



61



"oomala



chateeb



orator



Stlfeer



ambassador



hakeem



doctor



shaheed



witness, martyr



kafeel



surety



shareek



associate



man



companion



Remark:



The



following two nouns form their plural in the



same manner: sha'ii'



*Nouns



l«t



e.



g.



change the a



a after the rajot»l



a)



'asm



rad. a



poet in



chaleefi



the plur. to do



piur.



e.g.



plur.



2"'^



rjal



consonant: man.



Masculine nouns:



ehoblafa



ameer



Nouns which have only a short vowel



4.



insert



shoVara



pinr.



plur.



in the



Caliph



OOmara.



sing,



and



;



— Remark: preceding words, 5.



The noun ^hab.



cf.



e. g.



'adad



a



doo'f



a



07'



only short \,



between the



with the prefix



its



pliir.



like



the



§ 220.



Many nouns which have



and the insertion of



.



"friend" forms



§ahib



form their plur. by the prefix



a)



—



62



a



plur. ad'af weakness



vowels



in the sing,



the omission of the 2"^^



and



S'"'^



1=^^



consonants.



vowel,



63



dawa



--



— karm



64



—



—



65



—



salim



— Words ending



Note: e.g.



in



i



66



—



§ 157) change



(cf.



the plur. to



it in



y



sAbi plur. so'bbjan.



Note also the following words:



mara



plur.



uiswan woman



Some nouns having a long vowel



12.



the sing, form their plur.



and



3'"'*



wadi plur. widyan



consonants.



nouns which have a



The long vowel fern,



plur. "ai'ayis



e.g. 'aroos



'ajeebe



wonder



'ajOOZ



old



woman



by the insertion



in the 2°-alaf fog dabib, ritaita fold V. tawa 130 fold n.



tanye, to wye



matwi, matni folded, be intawa 144.4 folded



intana follow tibi' following illi 29 following, the jdi 200



habal fondness mawadde food ta'am ijr 159 rijl 15 foot forbear ibtamal forbearance ihtimSl folly



forbid



harraj



forbidden



mamnoo«



ra§ab fit V. wafak rasb fit (a garment) jallas 136.1 forced, be tiyas 137. 1 fence n. tiisyeej 167. 2siyaj kayas forcibly bi_l-ra§b, ra§ban fence in siyaj fit (proper) layik; muasib ford V. ^ata" ferment ichtamar flabby rachoo forehead jibha fermentation iclitimar flag bo'ondaira 174 foreign rareeb ferocious barri, wabsh flame sha'loobe, lahabe forelock rdbrra; nasye fertile, be achsab flank janb, chasra forenoon kabl is-so"ohr fertile michsib flannel fanella forfit 'araboon fever schoone flat n. (ground) sahl 6a forge V. (metal) haddad 136.3 few, a ba'd 33 flat (level) do'orri forget nisi 127 fez tarboosh flatter mallak 136. forgive samah 139 fie! ichs, 'ahh inrafar flattery tamleek forgiven, be field liakl 6a flavour n. dok fork shoke fiery, become himi 127.2 flee harab 113.5 farr 116.2 form V. kowwan fight V. katal 139.1 harab flesh lahm form n. kalib 13.1 fight with takatal 143 flexible Ijabil il-lawi forsake tarak 113.5 fight n. kitill flight (birds) tayaran forsaken matrook figure (form) timtJil flight put to tarad fortress kal'a 4b figure too s. tsowwarl42. flight harab, hareebe fortune (money only) mal file V. bar ad goowan flint forward! yallah! file n. mabrad 169 rarra^, towwaf flood V. forward go t^addam filial banawi 175R 1 tatweef, fayadan flood foul (meat) mintin; fill malla 136.1; 'abba 137.2 floor tabik (fruit etc.) mchammij talla floor, ground ardiye (wood"* mtachtich fill 0. s. intala 148 flour theen found V. assas 136.2 filled, be tmalhi 142.5 flourish azha foundation asas filter V. karrar flow V. jara 127. 1 founder mo"o'assis filth zbale flow of tide madd fountain beer; nofara filthy mzabbal flower zihre 6b fraction kasr 6a find V. wajad 122; laka flower-pot ko'owwar 14 frame v. barwaz find n. ilkiye flowing (garment) wasi" frame n. birwaz 171 finder wajid: mlaki flute, single ^o'bffaira fraud makr; tazweer; fine (opp. thick) rafee' flute, double mijwis, zo'bmro^oshsh 176.1 maira free adj. hobrr 163 finger i§ba' pi. a?abi' flutter rafraf free, be cbali; fddi force V. force n.



— freedom



hdbrriye 163 irade freight kilfet it-tareek frequent adj. amrar kteere fresh taza Friday yom il-jo-om'a 61 free will



makli



fried fried,



be



inkala 145.4



friend sahib 4R friend, make ts4hab 143.1 friendly lateef 178 friendship sadaka faza' ti'ight frighten s. o. chowwaf 134



205



—



gallows mashnaka 170 galoshes kalsheen 173



goal



marma; raye



God



allah



game game



god-father shbeen 12 gold dahab



§aid



n.



(play)



lo'o'b



garden bo"ostan;171jnaine garden round a house hakoora 14 gardener boostanji gargle



machmad



v.



garment



tob 4 kashle



garrison



gasp tnahhad gate bowwabe gather lamm 116



generosity



frown frown



D.



frugal



gentle



'akil



genuine moosh marshoosh



mo'o'tadil



176R



fakha 13.1.N



fruit



German



mdbchsib



fruitful



kala frying-pan maklaye



wakeed



fuel



(made



fuel



fugitive



of



dung)



harib



fulfil



gift



tammam



funeral dafne funeral service ju;'ize 12 funnel mahkan 167.2 fur farwe furious mithiyij, msharbit (of



camel)



jahhaz



fiu-nish



fui-nished (house) m'attat furniture atat



furrow



talm sanad jakjak



further v. fuss V. futile futility



battai batale



future



Gabhle



mo'ostakbel n. ja'dane kisib 114.1



gain V. gain n. maksab 169 gaiu over istamal 152 gaiter tmak gale zoba'a



r. f.



gaUed, be (beast)



t'akwar,



tdabbar gallop V. tarad; chiyal gallop n. mtarada, chioole



A Manual



el-



kdbdo'bs



jali



malau, malyan 176.22



full



almani 161



get hag?al ghost chayal Ghost, Holy er-root



fry V.



'atiye



9N



gimlet barreeme gipsy noori pi. nowar girdle kamar, zdonnar 171 girl bint pi. banat girth hzam 166.4 168.1a give 'ata 127.1 glad mabsoot glance n. nasra; lafte glaring zahi glass



kazaz



kadah lamma'



glass, liquur



glaze V. glaze n. talmee* glory fachr, iftichar glove kiiff 6a glue rira glue-pot mirrai



gnaw



nakar go rah go about dar 126.1 go before sabak go by mada go, let 0. s. thamall43.1 go out charaj; tili' 114.1 go up &down tmashsha 142.5



goad



of Palestioean Arabic,



barbara; tartara no'bkro'bs; dail-mo"o-



govern malak government dole governor waU 9 grace ol)bbaha



shahame shahm



generous



'abbas ta=bees



V.



goodness lo^o^f goods chairat goods-train babor el-'afsh gospel injeel pi. anajeel



look



frost



min, 'an 62



front



90a 156. "mleeh 181.1



1



ko'oddam hadd mallah



from



gayij-



lj^s3,n, tiyib



gossip



frontier



tsarsab frog (horse's hoof) daban



good



gout



gauze shambar 169 gaze V. balilak gaze u. bahlaka gender jins genealogy nasab 5a



fi'ightened, be



goldsmith



nachaz 113.3



graceful aneek; k^^ayis gracious, be an'am 141.1 grade daraje graft V. ta«am grain habbe



grandfather „



mother



„



son



jidd 5b jidde, sitt



hafeed falli 4b



grain grant v.



istajab 152



an^am 'ala grape honey dibs grasp V. ^abad grating (fire) msabba' grateful shakoor grave kabr 6a grave-yard makbara 170 graze rin grease v. ziyat great kbeer 90a great, consider istakbarl50 greatness ko'obr greasy midhin 176.1 greed tama' green achdar 180.1 green, become ichdarrl49 greet sallam 136.1 greeting salam r. f, grey abrash 180.1 grey (animal) zarlja grey haired shayib grief



ramm



grievance hamm; ramm grieve s. o. galam; ahzan grieved, be inramm 144.3;



irtamm 146 grind grin



groan



tahan kashshar v.



'anu 116.1



21



— grocer



'attar 165.3



groom



sayis;



mkari



groove karneesh ground, (reason) sabab grow nabat grudge hasad



guard guard guard



haras, hafas ihtaraz 145.1 kariikoon 167.1



V. 0. s.



n.



guess V. tiizir lli.2 guess n. hizr guest daif 6a manzil 169; guest-house dalool 14



danb guilt midnib guilty gum so'omr jift



men



halawe 162 50



ro'bwak



shakoosh 14



mahadde



handkerchief mahrame 170



hang (a man) shanak 113.1 hang up 'allak 113.2 happen jadd 116.1 §ar219N jara sa'ade happy sa'eed 178 mkiyif happy, make as^ad 141.1



happiness



harbour meena 2 hard ^asi hard, become jifi 127.2 hard (unfeeling) jafi



harm



(solid) v.



r



heave tnaffas heaven sama 166.6 heavenly samawi 175R.1 heavy t^eel 90a 9a'b



shabake



hand-bag jo'osdau 171 hand v. nawal 139.4 hand eed 15 handful kamshe, kabda



hard



heated, become Ijimi 127.2



mikwad 169



hammock



'awafe



hear sama' hearing sami' 165.2 heart kalb 6a heat V. wakad 122 daffa 137.2 ?achchan 136.1 heat n. shob; harr



no~b?5s



hammer, sledge matraka 12 hammer, stone breaker's



jamid



darr 116.2



harmonize



sakab



harness n.



'idde



shatwe



heap n. kom heap up kowwam 137.1



had, be wihil 122 hair sba'r 163. 6b



hammer



'afye;



181.1



N



ka'b 4a



heel



height 'il»5o heighten rafa' heir warit pi. wdbrata held, be inmasak 144.1 hell jiihauuam 157 help each other tsa'ad 143.1 help s. o.to s'thingkaddam li



helper



hem hem



V.



hiccough



tro"oddo"od



jara



hidden, be indara 144.4 hide V. chabba 137.2 chafa hide 0. s. tchabba 142.5



high



'ali



90b



high, become



hill



174 health



hesitation



talle



"ili



127.1



4b



nisab hinder manas cawwak hindrance mani'; 'ayik. hint n. ishara hip chasr hilt



headdress, priest's kalloose



Habit chisle hack bahash



halter



highway so'bltane highwayman nashtari



rootaita



7



gutter kanai gutter of roof mizrab 171 halki guttural



hall



haze head



tarbee'a 174.



baroode 14 gun, double-barreled gunpowder barood



half



hermit nasik hernia fitak hero jada"; batal hesitate traddad



headdress, maideu'sro'bk""a headdress for married wo-



gun



halawi



harvest v. hagad 113.5 harvest olives jadd 116.1 harvest n. haseede haste 'ajale hat bdornaita 174 hatchet balta hatev. barad 113.5 hatred bo'orda ko'obriya haughtiness have ma'; Mnd; la 68.215 have been kan 126.1 n. ras 6a head, (leader) riyis headache waja' er-ras headcloth bashnooka;



madafe guide



—



206



msa.id tana



n. tani



henna, be dyed with thanna 142.1 herd n. ra'iye here hon min hon here, from here is hi; hiya 21 heresy hartaka heritage wirte



hire



v.



ista'jar



hire n. ajar history tareech hit V. sab 126.2 hither jai la hon hive n. kafeer; chaliye hoarse mabhooh 176.1



hoe fas 6a hold sa' 126.2 hawal29R hole bachsh 6a chdbzk 6a hole in wall, to let out



smoke



talja r



hollow adj. farir 176.1 hollow out ka"ar; jowwar holiday fdbrga 2 holy mkaddas holy n. kiddees



home



watan



(native land)



honest ameen; galih honesty amaue r



honey honour



'asal



136.1 iljtaram 145 1 honour, (dignity) sharaf; v. sharraf



makam honour, (rectitude) istikame honoured mdbhtaram 176.1 hoof haflr 13.1 hook V. shankal hook u. shankal 169 hook and eye bikle 2



hooked imbakkal hoop tolj: hope V. ammal 136.2 t'ammal 142 2 intasar hope u. amal 5a hoped, it is to be in.shallah horizon o'oflj 5a



— born



6a shanee' horror jafalan horse shoe hadwe hose narbeej; barbeej 173 hospital mo~bstashfa 167.1 host mdSjif hostile m'adi hot so'cchn shob 90b hot (weather) lj;arn



htiiiible



lokanda



hotel



hotel-keeper



hour



ignited, be



—



iltahab 14n.l



ignorance jahiliye ignorant jahil 179 jahal 111.3 ignorant, be ill



=iyan 176.2



become



131 [143.1 tmarad ill, pretend to be mo~osh tanooni illegal marad 5a illness



ill,



'eyi



illuminate now war 137.1 indawa illuminated, be



144.4



lokandaji



magya.



illude



sa'a



hour, appointed



wakt



il-



m'iyan dar 157. 4a. bait Ga



house



207



housework sho-orl^^^il-bait how! ma 89.1



how? keef how much? kaddaish however amma, walakin how many? akamm, kamm



image goora imagine t§owwar imbitter marmar imitate tkallad takleed 167.2 imitation



immaculate t.ihir immature (man) mo'bsh mo^odrik



immadiately



halan



immerse rattas immigrant mhajir immigiate hajar immigration mhajara hump, camel's sanam.hadabe immoral safeeh; razeel immorality safaha; razale hunchback ahdab 180.2 immortal abadi hunger v. ja' impart chabbar hunger n. joo' imperative (gram.) amr hungry jo'b-an 176.2 humanity



insaniye



humble, be tawada' humbled, be ittada' 145.8 humility tawado"b'



hunt V. §ad 12b.2 i§tad 147 hunter siyad 165.3 hunting, go tgiyad 142.4 hurl



akla'



hurry



v.



'ajjal 136.1 ista'-



jal 150 hurry n. 'ajale hurt T. waja" 122 hurt, cause owja' 141.2 husband joz 5a hush! ist: hooss



husk, take out of tfarfut hut chaime, kooch



hymn



tarteele



ana 8



I



jleed ice-cream ddondo~brma ice



idea idiot idle



majnoon 172 kaslan



idol



§anam 5a



idolater if if



kasal



watani



lamma, ida 208, low 209 not



ignite



willa



waUa- 136.4



kaleel



el-



hkya 183E impiety



1



ko'ofr



implement



ale



implore trajja 142.5 import V. jalab importation jalb c important mo'ohimm impossible mo'osh mdomkin imposter rashshash: chadda'



imprecate la'an; sabb impress v. attar impression ta'atto'br;infi''al imprison habas improve gaUah improvement ta§heeh 167.2



impure



rai



idleness



impertinent



'ikir



impurity in



'akara



fee 65



inaccurate mo'osh masboot inactive battal inadequate mo'bsh kati in



as



much



bi



^adar



incapable mo~^jsh mottdrik incarnation taja3Sol)d



incense Idbban; bachchoor incessant dayim incisor incite



nab 4a hiyaj



miyal incline chatir 13.1 inclination bidoon Mlaka income madchool incomparable ma iloosh



incoherent



tani inconsiderate bi doon nasariye inconvenient mitjib incoiTect marloot incorruptible rair fani increase v. zad 126.2 145b kattar incredulous ma bitgaddak incur adnab; ajram incurable ma byishfa



indebted (debt) madyoon indebted mamnoon indicate ashshar indifferent,be thamal 143.1 neele indigo induce jabar industrious shatir industrious, be jadd 116.1 inexcusable bidoon ^idr inexperienced rasheem 177 ma bitrajja inevitable infancy to'ofooliye infant tifl infantry bayada infection 'adwa infer istadall 151 infidel kafir infinite bala nihaye inflame thiyaj inflammation iltihab influence v. attar ta'teer influence n.



inform chabbar 136.1; information chabar, i.lam ingratitude 'adam ishsho~okr



inhabit sakan inhabitant sakin 9 wirit 122 inherit inheritance wirte



hakan inject injure darr 116.2 injured, be t'attal injustice so~blm ink hibr inkstand mahbara 1



p.



151 h 8



p.



157



I. I.



/.



/.



fo7-



read bitkazkiz for bitkzakiz.



vv



^ig-greere.



15 read ihittoo. 5 read akaddiralak. 16 read chitmiye



I.



read difficulty



/.



26 read



il-6da.



19 read a'lye



for



aaye.



29 read ish-shita.



p.



100 N. 2 read to a workman.



p.



167



/.



68 read giyad.



p.



108



/.



1



p. p.



189 add 190 add



p.



191 add to "fig" single



Sns read



Precentage.



read hakyak for hakyak.



read 'inab



1.



to "bear" 5a. to stallion,



29- read 'ala.



Add mosquito namoos



before fig



163.



ah^sne, plural



kooz



Add



to "fmit" fakha



en-nabi for en-nabi.



^^t#^-



PRINTED



IN



THE SYRISCHES WAISENHAUS, JERUSALEM.



13.1



Xaicis-



DEC



1 6 1982



PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE



CARDS OR



SLIPS



FROM THIS POCKET



UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY



LaArab.Gr S7623111



Spoer, Hans Henry and Haddad, E. N. Manual of Palestinean Arabic for self- instruction



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