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Singular Nouns Nouns can be singular or plural. When you are talking about one person, animal, place, or thing, use a singular noun.
an owl
a ship a train a woman
Word File These are also singular nouns:
an airplane a bicycle a boy a bus a comb a girl a key
a flower
21
a letter a map a photograph a refrigerator a slide a swing a van
Gr
m ar H elp
am
4 Use a or an before singular nouns.
Use an before words beginning with vowels (a, e, i, o, u). For example, say:
an axe an egg an envelope an ice cream
an igloo an orange an umbrella an uncle
4 But some words don’t follow this rule. For example,
use a (not an) before these words that begin with u:
a uniform
a university
4 Use a before words beginning with the other
letters of the alphabet, called consonants. For example, say:
a basket a bowl a car a hill a house
a rainbow a monster a pillow a watch a zoo
4 But some words don’t follow this rule. For example,
use an (not a) before these words that begin with h:
an heir an honor an hour
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Plural Nouns When you are talking about two or more people, animals, places, or things, use plural nouns. Most nouns are made plural by adding -s at the end. star
bats
bat
stars mug
Word File Singular bird broom camel desk doll egg flower fork game lamb nest pen photo shirt spoon
Plural birds brooms camels desks dolls eggs flowers forks games lambs nests pens photos shirts spoons
fan mugs
cap fans caps 23
Some plural nouns end in -es. glass brush
bus
glasses
brushes
buses
Word File
watch
watches
foxes
am
m ar H elp
Gr
fox
Singular beach branch box bush church dish dress sandwich witch
Plural beaches branches boxes bushes churches dishes dresses sandwiches witches
ch
When the last letters of singular nouns are ch, sh, s, ss or x, you usually add -es to form the plural. 24
sh s ss x
+ es
Some plural nouns end in -ies. butterflies canaries canary butterfly
Word File
am
Plural babies cherries diaries dictionaries fairies families flies ladies libraries puppies stories strawberries
lilies lily
candies candy
m ar H elp
Gr
Singular baby cherry diary dictionary fairy family fly lady library puppy story strawberry
+
i Nouns like these are made plural by changing y to i, and adding -es. 25
y
es
What if there is a vowel before the y? In that case, add -s to form the plural.
s
y
key turkey keys
turkeys
tray
Word File Singular chimney cowboy day donkey jersey kidney monkey toy trolley valley
trays
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Plural chimneys cowboys days donkeys jerseys kidneys monkeys toys trolleys valleys
If a noun ends in -f, you often change f to v, and add -es.
calf elf half leaf
am
Singular loaf shelf thief wolf
Plural loaves shelves thieves wolves
v
es
m ar H elp
Gr
Plural calves elves halves leaves
f Often nouns that end in -f, just need -s to form the plural.
f
Singular
s
Singular Plural Singular Plural chef chefs handkerchief handkerchiefs chief chiefs roof roofs cliff cliffs sheriff sheriffs For some words that end in -f, the plural can be spelled in two different ways. Singular Plural dwarf dwarfs or dwarves hoof hoofs or hooves scarf scarfs or scarves
s
f
ves
With some words that end in -fe, you change f to v, and add -s. you kn
o
w
D
id
Singular knife life wife
Plural knives lives wives
f v e
?
But you only add -s to giraffe to form the plural. 27
s
If a noun ends in -o, you just add -s to form the plural.
a rhino
rhinos
Word File
a kangaroo
kangaroos
Singular a hippo a video a zoo
Plural hippos videos zoos
But with some nouns that end in -o, you add -es to form the plural. Word File
m ar H m a
elp
Gr
a flamingo
flamingoes
Singular a tomato a potato a hero
Plural tomatoes potatoes heroes
With some nouns that end in -o, you can add either -s or -es to form the plural. Singular a mango a mosquito a zero a buffalo
Plural mangoes mosquitoes zeroes buffaloes 28
Plural mangos mosquitos zeros buffalos
Some plural nouns don’t follow the -s rule. They don’t end in -s, -es, -ies or -ves. Instead, the word changes form.
mouse
mice
goose
geese
Word File Singular child man ox tooth woman you kn o
w
D
id
Plural children men oxen teeth women
foot
?
The plural of the mouse that you use with your computer is either mice or mouses. 29
feet
Some plural nouns are the same as the singular noun.
sheep
sheep
reindeer
reindeer
fish
Word File Singular Plural bison bison deer deer
fish you kn
o
w
D
id
?
You can use fishes as the plural of fish when you are talking about different kinds of fish: all the fishes of the Pacific Ocean. 30
Some nouns are always plural. binoculars goggles
Word File pants pajamas shorts trousers sandals
pliers
jeans
you kn o
w
D
id
scissors sneakers slippers stockings
?
Another word for spectacles is glasses.
am
m ar H elp
Gr
spectacles
You can make these plural nouns singular by using a pair of:
a pair of binoculars a pair of spectacles a pair of goggles a pair of jeans a pair of shorts a pair of pliers
a pair of shoes 31
Exercise 1 Look at the words below. Do you know which ones are singular and which are plural ? Put a checkmark (✓) in the correct box. Singular Plural word pencils books fan hat children kites people crab foxes
Exercise 2 Do you add -s or -es to these singular nouns to make them plural? Write your answers on the lines. Singular Plural
Singular
Plural
1 desk
6 basket ___________
2 class
7 peach ___________
3 comb
8 belt
___________
4 mug
9 taxi
___________
5 bus
___________
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10 box
Exercise 3 Do you change -y to -ies, or just add -s to make these singular nouns plural? Write your anwers. Singular
Plural
Singular
1 key
6 toy
2 city
7 baby
3 butterfly
8 party
4 monkey
9 chimney
5 fly
Plural
10 lady
Exercise 4
All these singular nouns end with -o. Add either -s or -es as you write the plurals on the line. Singular
Plural Singular
1 video
6 radio
2 piano
7 hippo
3 mango
8 zoo
4 kangaroo
9 zero
5 rhino
10 photo
33
Plural
