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METHOD GASPEY-OTTO-SAUER.
OTTOMAN-TURKISH
CONVERSATION-GRAMMAR A PRACTICAL METHOD OF LEARNING THE OTTOMAN-TURKISH LANGUAGE. BY V. H.
HAGOPIAN, M.
A.
PROFESSOR OF THE TURKISH, ARABIC AND PERSIAN LANGUAGES IN ANATOLIA COLLEGE, MERZIFOUN, TURKEY; AUTHOR OF ENGLISH - ARMENIAN DICTIONARY etc.
~
S/ASJS
t,
,
K« (V
LONDON. DAVID NUTT, 57-59 Long Acre.
DULAU & CO., 37 Soho Square SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & CO., 100 Southwark Street. NEW YORK: BRENTANO'S, 5-9 Union Square. DYBSEN& PFEIFFER (F. W. Christern) 16 West 33eL Street. G. E. STECHERT
&
Co.,
129-133
BOSTON:
West 20!L C. A.
Street.
E.
KCEHLER &
STEIGER &
CO., 25 Park Place.
CO., 149a, Treraont Street.
HEIDELBERG. JULIUS GROOS. 1907.
.
JAN
5-
j> ^&>
3=9-^^
l
3 -*
fj
'
OF
MEDMf
1
i
U-^>-^j\
Jjul t^rJj*-
WJ^J^
•
3>j*>-
o^li-M
•
ch
3
Tur.,Pers.
9=
>•
h
8
Arabic.
se
>
kh
600
d
4
z
700
J
r
200
J
z
7
zh
7
11,
S c 6
dal zal
Proper ^ umer ical j sounds values
1
Turkish Conv. -Grammar.
i.
Arabic.
Persian.
Letters of the Alphabet.
I
Mames
Isolated
"
Final Medial Initial
Numer Proper l ical sounds values
" i
Remarks
-,
i
|
sin
cr
uT
— A-
j.
shin
cr
s
60
sh
300
s
90
;
sad
d>
dad
U*
.«a
J*
*2L
^
d,
z
800
t,
d
9
ti
J.
J*
L
L
zi
a
£
Ii
k
ayn
t
t
ft
-A
ghayn
I
t
*.
gh
fe
i-Jl
J
c?
kef
ii
dl
sC
lsc:
ST
gef
lam
»*
J
u
r
r
mini
i
3
r
1
I
. )
vav
J
he
4.
ye
C5
J *
Arabic.
70
»
§
35.
1000
q
100
k
20
g
20
1
30
m
40
n
50
v
6
h
o
y
10
!
0-
noun
900
80
SL
qaf
I
Arabic.
Tut., Pers.
"
f *
§ 2. The letters of the Ottoman -Turkish Alphabet are 32 in number, and consist of 28 Arabic letters, together with some which the Persians have added
(^3 -
,_,).
The Turks,
as
most other Oriental nations,
read and write from right to
left,
instead of from
left
Letters of the Alphabet.
r
3
right as we do; and a book consequently begins Capital letters are where it would end in English. marks have been adopted unknown, and the punctuation They are the same as in English. recently. § 3, There are four kinds of writing: I. Riqd, which is the ordinary current handwritingused in letters and in all kinds of civil and official documents. to
Nesikh
II.
papers
:
is
the
common
print
of books,
news-
etc.
Divanee, is a style of large handwriting used in the Imperial Chancery for engrossing letters-patent. IV. Taliq, is the Persian model of Arabic characters, and also in documents of the it is used by Persians, Ottoman Canonical court. Examples of these and other forms of rarer occurence are given at the end of this work. III.
§ 4. There is always more or less difficulty in representing the sounds of one language by those of another. This is true also in the case of the OttomanTurkish language. It belongs to a family or group of tongues different from the English, possessing sounds entirely foreign to English ears. To express these sounds, we have made some modifications of some of the English vowels and consonants. It is necessary to master these sounds before going on. They must be pronounced fully; all having only one regular sound. For instance: a has only one sound, and not five or more as in English: e has only one, as in pet. though the name itself will cause some blunder. €, o, u also have only one sound each. There are eight vowel sounds in Turkish.
The
vast population of Turkey, especially the not all use the Ottoman characters in The Armenians and the Greeks have adapted them to their characters. There are books and papers in Turkish, in Armenian and Greek characters. published in Constantinople. Most of the Englishmen and Americans, resident in Turkey, find it easier to begin Turkish with English or Armenian characters, and after mastering the pronunciation and the elements of the language, they turn to begin it with the Arabic
§
5.
Christians, do their writing.
4
Letters of the Alphabet.
characters,
^
which they find very easy then. The method this work, will remove all these diffi-
adapted by ns in culties.
Single and Double Towels.
In reading the names in the above Table and pronouncing the proper sounds, written in the English characters, the learner must always remember: 1. Not to pronounce a, as in fate, mortal or all; but as in far, art or father. 2. e is always as e in met or send. Take care not to pronounce it as in mere, verb or cane. 3. i is always i, as in pin or ship ; never as I, or
§
6.
in
as in tire. 4. i must be pronounced as o in seldom and e in heaven. 5. o must not be pronounced long as in oat, prose; but very short as in no. 6. on pronounce always as in youth, bouquet, foot; and not as in pour, couple, about. is not as that of pure, turn, rule; it has no 7. equivalent in English, but is the French tu, sur. 8. eb has no equivalent in English, it is in French feu, coeur; or German 6 in Zollner, vollig.
u
Compound Consonants. § 7. Turkish orthography does not employ combinations of two or three consonants and vowels to represent a single sound; we are under the necessity, however, of making use in this work of some combinations to represent Turkish sounds, for which there is no equivalent in English. These combinations are made by the addition of some vowels and consonants to h or y.
kh
has the sound of
ch,
as in the Scotch loch.
Greek y, Armenian t_. zh must be pronounced as z in azure. § 8. The combinations tch and dj, so often to be seen in the transliteration of Turkish words, are but French notations of the English ch and j in church and joy. § 9. y must always be considered a consonant, and never allowed to degrade the sound of any vowel that may precede it; particular care must be taken by ah, as the
;
Letters of the Alphabet.
e
Englishmen
matter.
in this
It
is
5
always as in
yett,
yoke, buy.
§ 10. y is combined with other vowels to form a diphthong as will be seen in the next Table. ay Ex.: qaymaq; as in lime, high, I.
ey
»
dcymek;
»
»
fate,
iy iy
»
chhj
»
»
here, clear.
»
qiyma;
»
»
doymaq; douymaq; guya;
»
»
oy ouy
»
uy
»
»
»
»
»
prey, hey.
— —
boy, toy, going. cooing, doing. Fr. essuyer, Gnyot.
» » Fr. deuil. eoy » eoyJen; §11. In the transliteration of Ottoman words, h must be emphasized at the beginning, middle and end
of words; at the end of the syllables it is generally accented; as: Al-lah', qah've, liekim. This is a most particular rule and requires a good deal of attention and practice in Englishmen; as a pernicious mode of orthography prevails among Englishmen, of introducing h mute very frequently at the beginning or end of words; as in honest, Jehovah etc. (§ 49 V.) is used as in English; except that it must never be allowed to be uttered obscurely; it must be pronounced fully and strongly; it is generally accented at the end of syllables. (§ 17.) Take care not to vitiate the pure sound of any vowel that may precede it. G is always hard; as in give, got, yet.
R
Numerals and Numeration by Letters.
§ 12. The numerical figures, ten in number, have been adapted by the Ottomans from the Arabs. They
same that we make use of, calling them Arabic, because we took them from the Arabs. Their forms, are the
however, differ considerably from thoses, which our digits have assumed, as the following table shows: l r »u o r v n K *n r* t« *
1
*
f
3
4
They
are
2
our numerals,
5
6
8
7
compounded
ivr
=
9;
10,
?
20,
in exactly the
i
30;
•
100
same way
as
1902.
§ 13. The apparent strangeness of the fact that those numbers seem to be written and read not from
;
Letters of the Alphabet.
6
">
but from
left to right is due to the circumstance that, in Arabic, the smaller numbers are read as well as written first. Thus an Arab would read
right to
left,
c
two and nine hundred and a thousand'. however, a Turk does not do. (§ 691.) )\*r
This,
§ 14. If the Arabic alphabet is arranged according numerical values, there appeares the ancient order, which is still used for notation and numeration. In to
Hebrew, Syriac, Greek and Latin alphabets: the first nine letters represent the units; the second nine the tens; the third nine the
this order, that of the old Phoenician,
hundreds and the
last
one
the Table of the Alphabet,
!
j*e*~.
yjS^
i
!
Jz>- 3y*
.
!
'
j£ zJ^t
qaresJiet,
letters,
hevvez,
JEbjed,
!
called
Ebjed
j^\
hout'ti,
Mlemen,
safes,
Therefore the numeration by
sakheg, dazighi.
is
!
{
i
*Jl^
compare
one thousand;
*-,
hisabi.
§ 15. The method of numeration by the letters of the alphabet was a great task; it is fast going, if not entirely gone, out of practice, as puerile; but formerly great significance was attached to any combination of letters that expresses in one or more words an event or
Thus ^1
date.
the Hejira date
Ul
and ajuU
+
+
2.
Miarab
is
+
GOO
when Timurleng beldcyi tayyibe
laid
2
is
=
+
+ + 2 = 803,
200
1
Damascus
+
30
in 'ruins'
+ 4 + 400 +
9 10 400 2 857, date of the year when the 'Beautiful City', Constantinople, was taken by the
Ottomans. Exercise
a.
Write and give the names of the following letters; they are arranged according to their numeral value:
'
^}e Jo
•
i
^
si)
:
*!>
J*-
j
J
•
j> J»
^
^
Division of the Letters.
§ classes:
The Ottoman alphabet is divided into vowels; hard, soft,- and neuter letters.
16.
four
:
Pronunciation of Letters.
V
Vowel
when they Hard
letters
is
j
:
letters:
^
when
I,
B
1
^
J?
i
.
Vu
^r*-J
beginning of the syllables; as
and w
English language.
in the
Pronunciation of Letters.
.
17. All the
Ottoman letters
and
are often used as vowels,
29
f r
o* Cj
Table
in the Alphabetical
are considered to be consonants
(§
^
Jj
JauJj'J^J^
at the
the case with y
§
which are vowels generally,
I,
dT 6
*
:
Neuter j
j
©
are the second letter of the syllable.
Soft letters
and
^
letters:
7
^o
except
,
I,
which
call for further elucidation.
ff.)
We now
proceed
value
phonetic
the
to
of
the
consonants ^j be has the value of English &, as:
But when ending a
birader brother. it
anomalously,
sometimes,
i^Li sharap this
the
gitlip,
I
u
p4
si)
te
the
German
takes the value of p,
Gerunds
t,
as:
jfrfr
sometimes changed into
is
is
originally final; as:
w^J (jto)
i
«e
nounced
is
(/('/«/>
found
as s; as:
-rjim
syllable or word,
in
^_>j—
as:
Especially ,
is
^jjS^
as:
the English p, as: jJb peeler father.
is
It
Also
j^U
(§ 435.)
alip.
is
bed bad,
wine, Ij&l iptida beginning.
case with the
^>J
ji>
is
in
c^£
£jf
d
fafor a Tartar; courier. in derivation
git go,
iron,
- jcut soul.
A
Pronunciation of Letters.
8
chim
-K
has the value of the English ch, in church
as: a\>- chain the pine,
ha
t-
AU
chali bush.
;
(§ 8.)
has the harshly aspirated sound of English
h, in horse.
It
is
chiefly used in Arabic words;
as:
i^-U- ^aj£ pilgrim.
&7ii has no equivalent in English.
*-
It
is
the
counterpart of the Scotch ch in loch and German Bachc. But there are a good It is generally transliterated Mi. many words in which it is commonly pronounced as h, as:
is
3
dal
is
German
i
#a£
is
found in Arabic words alone;
as:
#,
re
j
r
hoja teacher; 4JU- heme house.
4>.\*Z.
as: $j$ derd.
>
^5
JJ
J3
63
crJ>
JJ
J3
03
U-J
r
Dal kef ustun
i
ila
s
fb
r,
i
>
>
>
Jj
JTey.
c.
03 del',
dal kef esre
diJc,
dal kef
ebtre duk, dwJc.
§ 25. In dealing with the letters of the Ottoman alphabet on the preceding pages, we have shown only the shapes they take when standing alone; when they are combined with other letters, they are sometimes slightly modified, according as they stand at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the word. These various changes will be seen from the Table of the Alphabet (P.
1
and
2).
There is also a compound character in use, always to be found inserted in alphabets, and which, for that reason, cannot be passed over in silence.
§ which It
is
26.
is
the character V,
called lam
being, in
elif,
fact,
nothing more than J lam joined calligraphically to a following
I
elif,
in
a similar
manner
to
that
whereby
the English printers continue to join the f and I in or /' and i in fi, etc. When this double character
fl,
is
J
The Orthographic
)r
connected with a preceding
%
as:
letter,
iV
Sb
RJ
Ai
•
•
.
be,
~3
~~i
>^**
>•
~*
has the shape of
it
initial,
#
•*
9tli
!
rt •
V £? f ^
Ji (J J)
•
Be
ft/7,
etc.
$
'
£\ 5*
iCq/.
ebtre
^
(
final;
I'M medial;
noun
°
^
^^^
!
)
Mi
initial,
te
initial, ye,
te,
elif final.
(
4
'
Jfi)
^»
Exercise (Connected Monosyllables) [
>-
w
U
initial,
noun, pe medial,
ye,
se,
te
IJJUJllj *?
noun
initial;
d.
il^•
^
v
£by. ye medial; noun lean,
13
beta (evil).
Mj
Exercise J\,\ * ^
Signs.
e.
^ ^ '
c
^^
ji C^ J.) d^ Cfl !
!
g
lam
shin ustun besh; pe re ustun per] te
Towel Letters.
§
^
letters
is
it
i i
6
j
are used, to indicate vowel sounds.
I
Elif
I.
that
Besides the vowel signs, sometimes the vowel
27.
r
indicates the hard vowel ustun, provided the second letter of the syllable. Instead of
written it
is
iL
U-
here
;
elif is
substituted
for ustun. II.
Ye, sometimes when
it
is
the second letter of
the syllable, indicates the vowel esre. is
written III.
*.
J,
^3
;
here
Vav, generally when
of the syllable, indicates the is
written
?/e
^y
y«
;
is
substituted
it
is
is
the
^ J
3
for esre.
second
letter
Instead of \p
eofr-e.
here vav
Instead of
J
^
substituted for o^re.
IV. He, when it is the second letter of the syllable generally indicates the ustun, either hard or soft. Instead of
u
j i is written
ustun {pe,
re,
de).
*>
©j ©s
;
here he
is
substituted for
The Orthographic
14
are represented
ft
The Arabic and Persian long vowels
Note.
§ 28.
Signs.
by the Letters of Prolongation
-
/&>?/.
Jy
'
Jj>-
Sad vav lam
J^
Short sentences.
ebtre
sol,
III.
qaf vav lam ebtre
qol,
sol qol etc.
3h£ -^
'
JStaf
Jjy
•
'
p.
peer
a guttural and aspirated
vowel
skill,
which
lit,
vine, p. aJu
©^s qahve coffee.
stands
for
bende slave.
when in the middle or at the end joined to the next letter in writing; never
The vowel is
or
asma
dnLo Dublin.
Persian words and lengthens the esre; old man,
simple
ju* seyr looking,
epsh winter,
which
ye,
final,
used only in Turkish and
is
it
1J
foreign words; as:
medial or
initial,
Orthographic or vowel
only the vowel
c)
be
it
as
;
which has the value of the con-
ye,
he,
as: J^2**\f gelejeyim, a,a+^\ asmaya. c)
is
Substitutive he,
found only
at
which
is
changed from Zj
the end of Arabic words;
as:
te,
and
4j15C>.
hikyaiye for *15C» hfkyaiyet story.
§
33.
J
qaf,
lJ
lief.
The
Ottoman
alphabet
distinguishes sharply between the hard letter qaf
and
Pronunciation of Letters.
IV
the soft letter
kef.
The
transliteration of this present
in accordance with the
judgment
J by q and
represents the
17
fj
work
of the ripest scholars,
The common
with A\
people pronounce the qaf as ghayn at the beginning and the middle of words, and as kJu at the end. The kef also at the end of words is pronounced kh by the
common oS
people.
Ex.: JjU-y qochaq com. ghocliakh (brave),
com. ghan (blood),
qcin
*»l$
qayish com. ghayish (thong),
gidejek com. gedejekh (he will go).
dJ>-oJio
§
34.
A'e/
fj
is
appropriate only to soft syllables
or words; it is so pronounced as to represent in Turkish four different sounds; to distinguish these four sounds the letter may be slightly modified in form. But in general, all
Ottoman, the
in
fj
alone
used
is
and the student can learn only by practice.
four sounds,
nounce I.
kaif
it
to
express
how
to pro-
The
(kefi
first of these four forms is called kef or Arabia Arabic kef, by the grammarians); it is
pronounced as
Ex.
k.
:
j£
kedr blind, ^>\l.f kitab book,
hul ashes.
j}
II. The second is called gef or giaf {kefi Far i si. Persian kef, by the grammarians), and it is pronounced as hard (j it is sometimes distinguished by a modi\
fication in shape, thus 1 i^l
j^5o
J^ 'X' jS
its'
=
•
^S"
1.4 1
!
'dfil
j^L
'
v>
2.
'
>y
'or 4
±
j\3>
J
^—
4,1.
-
m .
-
i^: **f: ~ •
Qaf
jl5^
;4
'.
''^^
k :
%
2,4
^
< •
sovouq not soghouq cold;
(a pail);
«2or/7^«
ov-laq or ogh-Iaq kid;
j^Va^jI ovalamaq to rub.
§ 37. JVbte. In the transliteration of the foreign proper names or nouns, the hard
in
many
lim-yon,
oy*J*
pi-1-av,
places;
are not Turkish.
real
exceptions to these rules are the
Present
tense
jy
—
—
which
,
pronounced yor, and the pronominal which is never changed (§§ 140, 319). F.
is
particle
always
£ — ht
y
Orthography.
As the orthography of every Arabic and Persian Ottoman word is fixed and unchangeable, it is only in pure Turkish and foreign Ottoman words that the orthography varies. The Vowel or Orthographic §
letters
any
55.
(I
,
,
d
j
^) as they are called in Ottoman without
inflexible rule are
cyy and all
j
OP
admissible.
added or
butun; ^jl^JLs
'
left
^jclU
out arbitrarily; as: '
^xJi
qUindi, arc
26
Orthography.
r^
§ 56. The true rule is: 1. Never introduce a vowel letter into a Turkish or foreign Ottoman word without removing a possible doubt as to pronunciation; *2. Never leave out a vowel in such a word, if by omission a doubt is created as to the pronunciation. § 57.
The following two
points
must be regarded
as exceptions to this rule: a) In any syllable which is composed of two consonants, if the vowel is soft ustun, none of the orthographic (vowel) letters is added; but. if it is
composed of one vowel; as: ^j.o
None
b)
he
letter
gel-di,
is
added
indicate the
to
besh, dLl i§-¥-mek.
L*
of the grammatical affixes take the ortho-
graphic or vowel
letters; as
M.O gel-dim, J£X bash-lav,
dJUjI uch-luk, jll al-maq.
The use of the orthographic or vowel 16. discussed and shown on pages 13
Note. is fully
—
letters
§ 58. There are some words in Ottoman, the orthography of which is the same, but the pronunciation and meanings are different; as: ojl on ten; oun flour;
un fame.
5Cl
sheker sugar;
a.
iff
geoz eye; guz
autumn;
shukur thanks. Iceoz
an ember.
Jj>. choul sackcloth; cheol desert, wilderness.
Jy i
^
-Mj J>
qoiil
servant; qol arm;
gevrik biscuit; bellows. gel
come;
a.
kurk fur;
kel scald-head;
Jj\ eolu dead; oidoa big.
qavl word,
kurek shovel;
p.
gul rose;
a.
kebmk kull
all.
:
rv
27
First Part,
Turkish Grammar.
u^^>
^
Lesson
The Definite and §
There
59.
nouns,
is
considered as definite.
§ £j\
X
J^^J The
60.
in
a
U
Ex.:
all
;
are usually
babi the father,
ana
fcl
qardash the brother.
Indefinite Article
bir at a horse,
is
j
Ex.:
bir a, an.
d\,£j
bir kedpek a dog,
t
§
j*
bir
j&j
bir
t
adem a man.
The Adjective always precedes the noun. Ex.
61.
guzel beautiful, y\
'
^1
eyi
good,
§ 62. tinction of
As
in English,
Gender
there
bad,
dis-
names females feminine, and is
of males are masculine; those of those of inanimate objects, neuter.
boy' masculine.
Iceotii
no unnatural
is
in Turkish, that
culine, ana feminine,
yfT
adem the good man,
guzel qiz the beautiful girl, e-yi bir kebtu chojouq a bad boy.
J3y
Articles.
Indefinite
no Definite Article
when used alone
the mother,
1.
j\j>
to say: the
Thus: baba
is
qiz feminine, oM&jl ogh-lan
tS ^ de-friz
the sea,
p.
^1
she-Mr the
masc
the
city,
keoy 'the village', are neuter.
The Personal Pronouns
§ 63. Ben thou,
j\
onlar they.
o he, she,
it.
j
biz
are:
we,
!««
fam
ben
I,
y*
siz you, J&jfr
28
that (near by),
sJioii
rA
1.
The Demonstrative Pronouns
§ 64. JL
Lesson
^rjs
)
o
j\
are:
bou this,
j>
that (distant).
The Present Tense of the Turkish Substantive the following:
§ 65.
Verb
is
Affirmative Present
^
ben
im
I
^
sen'
sm
thou art
pjl
i>-
dour be
j\ o
j:>
J*| J*
oi-z'
^ we
J^- J-
s? ^'
sifiiz
am
are
you are
Jjj Jt>j\ onlar dirlar they are.
is.
Interrogative Affirmative Present.
^
? pj\
?i>-
\
j>_
?uj
J* jl
»
?
y
»
"4*J^ he?
is
mi dirlar?
etc.
be seen, the question
wl *
(§ 53).
?wi
is
expressed
word emphasized by
after the
Ex.:
Am
2/twi?
gul beyaz
mi
I?
(§ 53).
dir? Is the rose white?
bou bir guV mfi dur? Is this a rose?
ve
and
j\ ev the
house
t
i2jj\
ev'-vit
yes
jjf^j\ eb-Tcuz the
ox
its
the
The
r«^
Definite
J^J
qoush the bird
,US
qalem the pen
a. a.
1
7m ivi
a
a
and Indefinite
J| a^ white «^3 qara black
weather
air,
tS/V* qirrnhl red
Jrtaj5 J}* gJr qardash a sister
*=*•£""
ku- chul-
i>5^j zengin rich
pjS genj young
little
jL=5—^ s^og warm, hot
mountain
(,9-b) c?a#7i
s.U»
ouzaq far
(j\j-?l
poor
^nii /agi'r
a.
i-Lj; beo-yiik great i)
29
Articles.
Jj*-3 so-vouq cold
ujSl yaqin near
§ 36
p. aj;> de're valley.
These words, as well as those contained in the iVote 1. preceding rules, must be thoroughly committed to memory, before doing the exercise and translation. Note 2. Those words without any mark are Turkish in origin, those with an a Arabic, those with a p Persian, and those with an f foreign in origin.
^Ui Taleem,
\
c*j>-j>- ji
'
-P
*4?"
1^
I
^
—
Black) •
J^>- jr i'
J. y.
>^ ?
i>
•
*
j^*
jJu«
«
•
^ ^!
J U*^
i)«9-«5^ i>
yiaj
•
•
-*
*
lyb
•
j^ •
—
»!>' jr
_p ujj
* fjjj
4}
-,^
U
N
y n
^yrj^yJ
*
O'
*
-£ i313lj'
^Montenegro)
flL jT. (vulture) 1
!
^
1.
a
j^ ^r^
•
Li'
Exercise
N
•
.p
•
IT
I
N
j»
.
i-lL »ji
.
ijjj
.
.
.
j-^yry?
-*
Zj\
t£' jj
«
fc!
(eagle)
jT. (Mediterranean)
Observe that a parenthesis
f ^ $££
•
Jl*l
J-*5'3j' j4r»
Jo J
.
•
•
"
U
J-^-*
•
tla J
'
JLy
jS^i J'
y}
*^.j
•
encloses a word
(S to
>
°
i
be
30
Y 1.
horse.
The
A
4J5~j
horse.
horse and
Lesson
Lr j^ ,
)
r*
1.
Terjeme, Translation
A
horse. an ox. 2.
2.
A good horse. The good A house. A large house. is large. The 3. A man.
The house man. man. A white The white man. 4. The Black Sea. The Black Mountain. The White Sea. The White Mountain. 5. A white rose. The white rose. The red 6. A bad boy. This is a bad boy. This is the rose. 7. The house is near. The city is far. bad boy. The good horse and 8. A horse, a bird and an ox.
The
large house.
This bird
white? 10. The brother is young. He is a good It is black. man. 11. The eagle is a large bird. That bird is a 12. The Mediterranean is a great sea. beautiful eagle. the big ox.
9.
is
white.
Is this bird
Correct the following sentences.
*
-
•
t
4l!$S MtiMalemi, Conversation. Jl^~- #waZ,
Question
Sen zengin'mi sin? Qardash faqir'ini dir? Ogh'-lan £-yi'mi dir?
Sen 6-yi'mi
sin,
kebtu'mu sun?
Qiz qardash e -yi'mi?
Bou dagh yuksek'mi? Onlar genj'mi dir? Siz faqir'ini sifiiz?
Aq-Deniz beoyuk'mu? Aq baba beoyuk bir qoueh'mou dour? translated, or "leave out". 1
be
an
annotation,
^jk>- Jevdb,
Answer
Ev'vet, zengin'im. Ev'vet, faqir'dir. Ev'vet, oghlan e-yi'dir. Ben e-yi'yim (§ 53). Ev'vet, qiz qardash eyi'bir qiz dir. Ev'vet, yuksek'dir. Ev'vet, genj'dirler. Biz z^ngin'iz. Qara-Deniz' kuchuk dur.
Ev'vet,
beoyuk
whereas brackets
bir qoush'dour.
[.
.
.]
In such answers the predicate cannot be omitted.
evvet, sijaq dir.
signify Jt
must
The Substantive Verb.
r)
u^^>
*
31
Lesson
2.
The Substantive Verb. §
68.
the affix J
The Turkish Plural to the
This
singular.
affix
hard vowels, and Mr after
lar, after
^l j-iy
bridge:
69.
cats.
kebpruler bridges.
JL-*»- klxi-simlar relatives.
khi-sim relative:
«-*>.
'
sticks.
J^.s qapoular doors.
qapou door:
_^J
Ex.:
soft ones.
J^JSkediifo
iSsS^kedi cat:
iS^J^keopru
pronounced
is
^>15^> deynekler
deynek stick:
»iXl5*o
§
formed by adding
is
of
Titles
according to their dignity,
given
are
respect office
persons
to
and occupation. £X&\
peculiar to clergymen
and educated
efferidi Sir,
Mr.,
people.
a-gha or vulg. a- a, to tradesmen, labourers
Icl
and old men;
is
it
means
Mr., Esq.
dl
prince,
bey,
is
given to civil functionaries and popularly to any person of supposed distinction. Each of these titles is put after the name of the person himself, not after his family name, as in English (§ 495). lc-1
-u>-l
§
5
di» jw>-1 Alt' mail effendi,
70.
When
omitted (§ 120). I
am
well;
tenbel' siniz
the subject
Ex.:
;^L
t
\£
you are
Ay\ L*
^
^xi\
Ex.:
ju^-I
,
Atimed agha, Ah'medbey.
is
a pronoun
ben eyi'yim or
it
A y\
sis teribeT situs or
is
eyi'yim
^CL
4
often
L:l
idle.
§ 71. In Turkish, as in English, the adjective precedes the noun, and never varies, being the same whether it qualifies a singular or a plural substantive, a
masculine or a feminine
guzel chichek beautiful flower:
noun.
Ex.:
di?^ djy
\
rr
2.
beoyuh a-ghaj a big tree:
fjj*j>
fjjj^j
bebyuk aghajlar big trees.
J>-lcl
The Negative
72.
§
Substantive verb
is
of the Present as follows:
Tense of the
Negative Present.
jT^
pi)
or
JS^
deyil'im,
i>- J^i
»
i>—1S^>
dey'iX sin,
ji Jpz
»
jaIS^
cleyil'dir,
am
I
not,
J:
j>}
:> J>.~. Jp.
Jjs J>*
thou art not, he
or
jJS"S deyil'iz.
»
j>~j£"S deyil'siniz.
»
^&"S deyiller
is not, etc.
Interrogative Negative Present. ? *j\
?i>-
J> ^
»
t/jP-5
*
^Jll (J'cP-5
>;i
?j:>
Ij*-
Am
I
or
u*Jpi (j*
?
?
^l^S
deyil'mi
O^J^^
yim?
deyil'mi sin?
?j-L.*i$^S deyil'mi
dir?
?-*o-&^> deyil'mi yiz?
deyil'mi sifiiz?
J>*
»
?J>— .JS^S
?Jjz fjfjp*
»
?JjA-*.£"S deyil'mi dirler?
not?
(j
art thou not?
is
he not?
etc.
.Afote. It is very useful for the learner to conjugate the adjective with the verb and to write the latter in both its forms, the full and the abbreviated ones; as:
pi I
Oj^Jx
or
(**J*-)jS
'
H!*
-
J^J !
^li.
!
^ni. fc/myr'
oj^Jjt or
^—'^^Ji
no!
i
r xii
j&.khayr
ojl
«9«ef yes!
!
^\ oj\ f
j^.5^3 qon-sliou neighbour
.^io dushmen enemy
p. p.
c^-j^ 1
ciation
c?os£
^^
effendim! Yes,
JL*^ y aV racL p.
4.-*s&lj
*1>\
bah'-je
l
*
ea f
garden
a-da island
is the common pronunciation, the correct pronunkhas-ta, ikh'-ti-yar, kliosh'-noud, bagh'-che (p. 8).
This is:
friend
effendim! No, Sir [Sir! I
.
!
or
Words.
1
t.
'^ o^Jji
33
The Substantive Verb.
a.
J*»-^
Cjy-jy yorghouri tired
asker soldier
^j^ jeomerd'
°j£ qah've coffee
^j J*7j\
ao
'
jli^L tama'Jciar avaricious
a. p.
p. ojL* tase fresh
Artin Pascal
dl
(Artin) OCjT
•
^
ut- jr5 dl
\r
jjJfS
See the Note page 32.
Turkish Conv.-Grammar.
content,
hasta' 1 sick pefc eyi
very well!
l
v-
!
1
f-^
j^Id
•
1
4L>
1
happy
^Jt*V ^Exercise 3.
.jZj&j oy>Jfm £> Jr$
jl2-I
liosh'-noud
.
_^\ *UL
very
V
4
p.
t
a
:>^~-=»-
p.
JJLj yeshil' green vll pefc
generous
> Ji
.^1
-5»-
*j3
u^JW- j^3
n
^^ j
>^ J** ^
'
^5- 5~* Jr>
c—j:>
J^
a£3\
1
j\>-
34
r
£
Lesson
u-j->
43"J?
Red
rt
2.
Translation
4.
The green
leaves and the beautiful gardens. 2. Is not the house large? Yes, Sir, it is large. 3. The islands are small. That island is not small. 4. The coffee is very good. It is Little hills.
1.
flowers.
—
not 3 (a) iVery 2 g°°d 4 coffee. 5. The gardens and the trees are very nice. 6. Is the coffee ready? No, Sir! 7. Are Yes, gentlemen! I am ready. 8. you ready? He is a good neighbour. 9. Is the is Mr. Charles? No, Sir, it is not fresh. water fresh? Give (a) fresh water. 10. Is the garden very far? No, Sir, it 11. Ahmed Bey is a good is not very far, it is near.
—
—
—
12.
soldier. is
He
Who
—
—
—
a generous man. 13. That gentleman 14. Master Georgie is very young.
is
not avaricious.
To be corrected.
JibfM
r *-
^ Ja—
?
•y~*
->*
i^x
j^ccu
°
AX
-
.
Jevab
jj^
&f£\ Cfij tit
^
'
jIsIjI jliLi)
t
j\
Lesson
The Substantive Verb. § 73. The Preterite Verb is as follows:
^
f-M
^ sm'
iJjuil
idim
ben
ie?i7t
idi
iS^A j\ o
JJjI Jfc iiJu|
I
J$i
^w
sen
^
siz'
idik
we were
idiniz
you were
Negative Past Tense.
idiw
j\ o deyil' idi
was
Tense of the Substantive
JjJb\ Jjjl onlar' idiler they were.
deyi7' *^* wl de'i/z7'
(Continued.)
j>.iJj\
he was
j£> Oi *^ n
3.
i)_M J» biz
thou wast
T/ie * Jul
or Past
was
I
35
J^ y. J^i-M J^ JJ".-^} J^ Jol
biz deyil' idik
^-*il
not, thou wast not,
he was
s£0 de't/iT idiniz
onlar deyil'
idiler.
not, etc.
Hie Interrogative Forms of the Same.
Ben mi idim? Biz mi idik?
Was
it
I?
Ben
deyil'
Biz
deyil'
idiler?
sen siz'
mi idin? 6 mou idi? mi idiniz? onlar ml idiler?
was it thou? mi idim? sen mi idik? siz
etc.
deyil' deyil'
or deyil ler miyidi? it not I? was it not thou?
Was §
74.
adjectives.
noun
etc.
The Numerals
are used just like all other they precede the noun. The cardinals always remains in the
Like them,
qualified
by
singular (§71). Ex.: iki
mi idin? o deyil' mi idi? mi idiniz? onlar deyil' mi
oljr
bir
adem a man, 3y?j>-
chojouq two boys. jCj\ iki
T j\ uch
Oji
two three
debrt four
^t> bisli five
j)
\
im. Siz na'sil siniz, eyi'mi sifiiz? Choq'eyiyim effendim. El-ham'dul-lah' eyi'yim. Rija'ederim, otourounouz'. Thesh^k'kur ed^rim.
I
Yes,
Lesson
l^>
j'^
Sir.
Good night! You are welcome.
geldiiiiz.
r
thank yon! are you well?
very well, Sir! I am very well. Please take a seat. Thank you! Come in. Sir; take a seat. Mr. Hassan, where are vou?
Gejeler khayr' olsoun!
*
well,
are you?
Thank God,
Bouyou'roun effendim,otou'rouFi. Hassan' Effendi, ner£de siniz? Bouyou'roun effendim
Hosh'
am
How I am
4.
Declension of Nouns.
79. There are two numbers in Turkish: Singular Plural; and six cases, expressing the different relations of words to each other; namely: the Nominative,
§
and
Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Locative
§
80.
The Nominative
to the questions:
o^jl §
cases.
case (or the Subject) answers
who? or what?
subject of the verb; as:
and Ablative
Who
is
J*
Mm?
learning?
4S
ne? as the
—
The boy
ogtilan.
81.
The Genitive
to the questions
:
(or
Possessive) case answers
whose? or of which? d\+2
Idmih? dX
40
u-j->
H.
Ex.:
nenin.
—
To
*%.•
The
dWpjl
boy's book
to the questions
toivhich? 4«jT hime? Ai£ ne-ye?
give it?
4.
Icitabi.
The Dative answers
82.
§
—
Whose book?
oghlanin 1
(J,tj
Lesson
To whom
Ex.:
the boy Ai^j\
whom?
to
:
shall I
ogldana.
§ 83. The Accusative (or Objective case) marks the object of an action, and answers to the questions:
whom?
or what?
—
what do you see? ogh-lani
l ,
84.
§
^j\ evi
Jcimi?
Ex.:
neyi?
J^a>
Whom
or
the house s
A.
>s
moumlari
in them.
swcWm' of s?j— Slid'
G.
moumlar'
>\j* moumlar a to
iSj^j*
Nouns ending ?/,
tashlardan' from
9
8
moumdan' from
eo or
—
which have the hard
$J^*j*
>
moumou
in
them.
to
oV
vowels
in syllables
jl«jv»
V mouma
d)
jUAl>
mourn
A.
N.
o^Ult tashlarda'
in
Nouns ending
c)
_e
tashlar'
rti
D.
I
syllables.
iJ-U» task' viU.tl>
in
jj^jjju pederlerderi from
JZ
in
pederlerde
o^^j- sudde in
^o^j— sudden from
*I»
o±J}j~. sudler de
^^J^j—
in
sudle'rderi from
the Genitive or Accusative is definite. When the -in or -i is omitted, the Genitive or Accusative is the same as the Nominative in form §§ 109, 251). When the Indefinite form of these two cases is to be described, it is styled by some Orientalists the Nominatival form of the Genitive or Accusative. But the indefinite forms of those two cases are called by the native grammarians simply
Nominative.
:
42
\.
Lesson
u-j-»
±r
4.
Second Form. The second form
88.
§ all
consonants ending in
the
first
declension
gh, whenever
*>
jll ba-liq: here
J
The
q.
that
this,
is
J q
J q
the third syllable therefore li-gha.
it
Ex.
2).
begins with £-
gr/i,
ba-ll-qa: here
(iJM a-na-la-ri 0? ,£3
oJli\ a-na-lar-da in
O-iJM a-na-lar-dan from
cat
ke-di-de
kt-di -yi
— o
ke-di-ye
ke-di-nin
ke-d\
Declension of Nouns.
t^o
The
well
qou-you-noun
qou-you-ya
qou-you-you
qou-you-dan
The
45
qou-you
qou-you-da.
hill
j^*ji
o^-oj
^i-i
^j\ onlar dan
,
them
Reflexive form of the Third Person.
Singular $
\*
Mufred'
Plural
iSXS' kendi G.
vill,
^Lj Al5"^
kendinin of
jjj
D.
xS^ kendine
A
^j JJL^
^}J\jX^
*^L .xl}
to
.^ Jem'
kendiler
kendilerin of kendilere to >
.
kendini
L.
o J.;
Jud
fcew efo'w de
A.
(jXi
Xz
kendinden from
93.
in
The English
(i^li Al^
kendileri
osJsXz
kendiler de in
jjj^LjJo
CO
kendilerden from
conversational form of address
y° u 'i m Turkish, however, there are two forms: sen and sis. Sen is employed in addressing parents, near relatives, children, servants, pupils, and intimate friends, such as would be addressed by their Christian names in England. Siz is used in addressing strangers, or mere acquaintances (§ 494). c
is
§ '
94.
J} Jy*
bizler, sizler
m
cases.
Instead of biz and
siz their
double plural
are sometimes used in
all
the six
This cannot be expressed in English. They are out of politeness, instead of ben and sen.
-even used,
:
The Pronouns.
«u^
49
Possessive Pronouns. jUl jy*> The Possessive Pronouns of the Turkish
2.
§ 95. language do not really correspond to those of the English, but are merely possessive affixes. Possessive affixes are used instead of the English possessive pronouns. They consist of syllables added at the end of nouns. They have the value of pronouns, and cannot stand alone.
§
The
96.
a_ Sing.
*L tS-
person
my
J*- Plur.
person our
I.
:>
II.
»
thy
Xi
»
II.
»
your
>
III.
»
his.
iSj-
»
III.
»
their,
>
Ex.
I.
possessive affixes are the following:
Sing.
:
elim
1|
my Plur.
viXll
J\
eliii
thy hand,
hand,
j{\ e-limi:
J>JI
our hands,
your hands.
e-liniz
e-li
his hand; f' jS^/"' jJjfGed-s&m,
Turkish Conv. -Grammar.
4
50
o
My
eye
'
I
illli
s
l
My
Singular
^
but
cases,
^tf'dkitS^
water
word ends
If the
letters (§ 24) the suffix
in
the word
is
sou-you-nouz, soidari. 99.
^U
The only
ba-ba-l).
y&
sow,
as:
^^s
as:
Sou-youm, sou-youn, sou-you; son-you-mouz
*-^
-v
§
geoz-le-ri.
inserted for euphony,
is
ba-ba-si (and not
^-1)1)
'
^
a
exception to this rule
dX j^>
geo-zii-niiz,
In the third person singular, when the word
ends in a vowel,
A
o*
5.
etc.
98.
§
geo-zu-muz,
geo-zii;
(leo-zuh,
Lesson
l,-jj
the
1
1
is
etc.
in one of the connected
when
not written
sound
i
declined
retained;
is
J^tS^' •Oifef*
AifcT'
y
as:
J^^Kitabi,
-bi-nin, -M-na, -bi-m, -bindan, -binda.
§ 100. (
If
the
j 3 j ^) k
Aj_«l
ijjjj^l
'
e,
it
(§ 32);
not
i is
If
retained; as: ^*\
'
dbjl
letters '
jl
e-vi-nin, e-vi-ne, e-vi-ni etc.
e-tra,
the final vowel
of the substantive is
never joined on to the possessive in writing
is
as:
j*o3
^
oX^I
§ 101. *
ends in one of the unconnected
it
'
acOS
v£l*o:>
§ 102.
'
ile3^
My
^-©3 3
'
grandfather
de-dem,
de-den,
de-desi
etc.
The
genitives of the Personal pronoun are required, to emphasize and corroborate the
used, when possessive affixes of the same number and person. They are never used alone, without their equivalent possessive affixes to corroborate
brother
my
(not
my
brother (not
§ 103. declension,
A
them; thus ^l^jlU qardasMm
sister
your final
etc.), ^-ItajlS *j
benim qardasMm
brother or his brother)
J
changes into
q, £-
in
gh
a
polysyllable,
before
my
(§
120).
as
in
the possessive
.
.
.
The Pronouns.
ot
person plural
Ex.
(§ 53).
so also
;
Jly
:
'
fj
*kky
k
vtl^fcy
'
d^CLl ',/CjI irfie-yi;
•
My
.
'-J^il
'
i-ne-yi-miz,
in like cases
^fcy
'
yh^J* J^e^y qo-na-glii: qo-na-glu-
mansion
',5C5Cjjl
'
y
changes into
Qo-naq, qo-na-gliun, qo-na-ghin, qo-na-ghi-niz
51
excepting that of the third
singular or plural,
affixes,
miz,
..
dA^I
etc.
'
*$C*>I
I-nek, i-nr-yim, i-nt-yih,
My
i-nc-gi-hiz.
cow
etc.
With Singular Nouns. pJ\
Jo
dil\ viAl— semVl
J\
viijjl
my
benini a-tim rt-^i/7
onoun
horse
thy horse
a-ti his
horse
jEl *J» &i#tm a-ti-miz our horse
J>J\ iljil^lljl
*>7 atlarnliz
vour horses
-^kjl onlarin atlari their horses.
i^jt]
§ 104. In some words the vowel of the last syllable eliminated when the possessive affix is added, except in the third person plural.
is
'
«7
from
kitabifia to
c
kitabifii
kitabuliza to
V;*C
hitabinizi
li*>
\^T kitabimzda in
kitabifida in
'
kitabhldan from
^'S^VS^kitab'tmzdan U^r
Affixes of the
d\^\zS^kitabhi tu of
kitabimzin of
oj_C li3 e5
kitabi
kitaMniz
iJj-CLi
|
44
>
»a
A
G.
kitabhn'izda in
Affixes of the Second Person.
3.
N.
kitabim'izt
tj^jilx^
dAx>b5^ Iti-ta-bi-yift of «^jUS^
jtl:}
osjfis
(jjs}c5l:itabhnclan from
D.
Mtabinriza to
o jtfco
oJ>s)£l»j.9
f.
f.
\jjj.]y P-
r^i^i
chiz'mt (out of door) boot fotin boots
V^f"
qoundoura shoe
u^ /^jcm
pabouj slipper
a-ya^ foot
^15"^ dey-nek
stick
r j
a c offee- 1 ,ot
coffee-cup
j
(_cU
c7«rt^/
j^U
cfta^ brook.
>Ui Exercise 9.
iC
stockings
u^ _^- choban shepherd f.
^
c ^ ora ^
,jjs* jezve {
f.^jJlS qalosh over-shoe, galoche
^M
J^jW- chariq sandal
tea (Chinese)
54
e
t^)W-
•>j
'
'
irU
°
^
•
*J:
•J-£j£ **JJ>-
deordmniiz
^jU -
^V
.
•
*j
j
•
Lesson
u-j:>
dtajl
^ A
;
'
dtjl
J5&
\
'
y^\
'
j*-5Cl
©^^3 oJiJ©jl>-
4£~J?
^
o-
ondan oS>j\
JS J^W-
.jIj ^l^l^l
^Ly j fb^y
j>X3jj
'
5.
JjjT J
^
*•
T
'
W.
i£j\
-j^ )lj
•
evinden
•
•
©3p
j>U 4»cpI
J
>jfjSC^
*lp evimizde
oJil— ej*>- £JJ&j'
*
©:>Jcj!
L ^liL*!
(9
Lesson The
a.m.),
Noon, After-
6.
Izafet.
§ 107. The possession or connexion of one thing person with another is called in Turkish, Izafet,
which means 'addition or annexation'. One substantive is governed by another different ways: is
*
Q. Tell me the days of the week. A. Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday. Q. Tell me the four seasons of the year. A. Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter. Q. Tell me the divisions of the day. A. The Dawn, Morning, Fore-
Yari geje.
or
.
Icjl
-
Conversation.
S. Haftanifi gOnlerini sebyle! Pazar'-e>tesi, Sali, J. Pazar, ,
oglwidou j
£jiX\ r
\
AX |^S
Ohar'shamba
'
in
three
§ 108. I. By juxtaposition, without change. This used to shew the relation between a material and
the thing
composed of
it.
The name
of the material
:
56
is
Lesson
1 u-J-*
simply put, Ex.
oT
6.
like
an
(jj6
altoun qoutou a golden box.
adjective,
before the other sub-
stantive.
jby Jjjd*
\
s±JL_»\
i-pelc
mendil a silk handkerchief.
gu-mush
c-c-U- Jrj*J>
sa'at a silver watch.
Or the noun expressing
the material
put in the
is
ablative case; as: i\i~,jT ^i;jjy qou-younoun souyou The water of the
well.
AVhen the two nouns come together English, with the word of between them, the first § 112.
in ex-
pressing the quantity of the second, the phrase is translated into Turkish by simply putting the name of the quantity before the other noun and omitting 'of as in German they say Eine Flasche Weill, a bottle of wine'. (jU.
r-ji j> m
hir
^.xi f a nephew; Cfi niece y
jfji
,
,
amjazade\
p.
o\J JU. khalazade cousin
p.
olj
-*l*l a.
'
famlm Lady, Miss. Mrs.
/
number
U? sa-yi
JJ>^
jU i
a. 4j
servant
I
^.J\ 0&* r» olbir the other
Wtala-ytq \
maid
j
jan-ye
i£jJi\ e'jfendi
servant
I
gentleman, Sir
a.^il—* miisafir
.truest
)
Jb
c?a?/f
^a^e
(jjiS
Exercise
•
chichi eldest sister
j*i*Ji» khizmetji
ther's wife
^
ah'la elder sister
)
a.t.
band
«~*X>/ georumje
olj
husband
a.p.jtSCLj^ JcM:metJ:uir\
husband's bro-
(
\
,
2°i a
,i sister's hus-
eltl
^
J
%\
fto&ife wife's sister
^
p.
o»
^.ajs^
the son-in-law
emshte
JoJl
,
husband)
in . law
{
j
I'-
groom
y
^-
mothe
(wife's sister's
f
flfc/m
,
law i
brother-in-law
j
jLUlfeajawag
the bride; the ldaughtei-i n -law bridei the
,,.
...
father-in-
{
qaym ana
s*
o-yT
/
-
i-
o->
I
*
59
Izafet.
J5 ,v^-
*}
r/rt/V'.s
cage.
11.
J J3 j j ^bjli
1
u-J-*
*je^l3
^jb
L&jl
^>b
J13
cfijUs-J
4llpjl di.lbj'\5 J15
i
1.
(.c).
I
o
\
^
'.
.
^
N
•
JjO ©3
,
'Jjp **
Icjl
4£~J?
Translation
Cow's milk;
Icjl
4>©^3
©Jb
jj^jjlii dil-Hbjl3 dX'iA^-il
Coffee-pot, coffee-cup; 2.
"V
6.
(derler is called)
^4-JjfT
^T
Y
Lesson
•
xJI
4,
12.
an oke of
the milk of the
coffee of
cow;
Yemen
in
cow's
milk, in the milk of the cow. 3. Three of them; two of the oxen; the ten (of the) gold watches. 4. Two bottles of wine; a glass of water. 5. Three pounds (okes) of tea; three and a half yards of cloth. 6. The children of the village; the village children. 7. Both of them; my father and my grand father. 8. The English government; the English nation. The city of Paris. 10. Two a garden door. 9. The door of the garden; 11. Four of of those children; two of your children. my cousins. 12. The number of the books of my I not your son, and are brother's son. is great. 13. my parents? Yes, my son! thou art my son, you not 14. Nejibe I am your father and .she is your mother.
—
Hanim
my
Am
and Miss Mary
her sister-in-law. 15. A city-door; the door of the city; the door of a city; a door of a city; a door of the city. is
sister
is
To be corrected.
jo..-
•
^v
r
-
\
J
f-
•.•
J*
m
The verb To Have.
var
jh^J^jh
jjijlj 0nbS\j>
Aj
n
\\^J
-
the possessive
Jy
dfar ]
'
_)S»y
ir
7.
babamin
bir Jcltabi
and the verb
affix
yoq, yoq dour;
benim bir Jcitabim vard.tr
dJLLL
1
•J-^Ji ^.
have
I
My
yoqdour
as:
a book.
father has
notabook.
.
.
me
Literally: of is
Lesson
V ^rjj
62
there
is
a book, of
my
father there
no book.
§ 120. Sometimes the subject, when a pronoun, omitted, especially when the subject is not accented or emphasized then the affix of the object indicates the subject (§§ 70, 102); as:
is
:
J-*
j\j
The
&*r kitdbim
pjfcS""!/.
affix
var dir I
have
shows the person of the
a book.
subject.
§ 121. When the subject is a noun it is always considered as in the third person, therefore the object must end with the pronominal affix of the third person,
^
_v
or
.
v;
....
.
-*
t?^
Effendiniil bir
vi
vardlr
The gentleman has
ehnasi
a house. var The bov has
'
Chojouqhoinl
s\-
i,i
,
-"-'
*i.
,
-y-w/i^ \jpji
or si).
(i
bir
an apple.
-?.-T5
The words
Jy>-j>-
'
S^
being substantives, are of
course in the third person. II. The verb To Have with an indefinite rendered in Turkish in another way also. In the first way the subject was in the Genitive case; in the second, the subject must be put in the Locative; as:
§ 122.
object
js j\j
is
t-jbi
J* J I? p&
^j
j.
§ 123. cally,
there
o_x!j
bend 4 bir kitab var dir I have a book.
oj^jjj pederimdebir qalem car dir
My father has a pen.
Although it is not very correct grammatia custom among the common people not
is
append to the noun the possessive affixes of the first and second persons plural. Instead of saying correctly Sism atiniz, bizim ivimiz, they say Sizin at, bizim ev just as in English. Bizim evin penjeresi the window of our house, for Bizim evimizin penjerisi. Bizim peder our father, for Bizim pederimiz, or merely peder; as: to
:
6a
The verb To Have.
«\r
The Plural Locative forms of the Personal sometimes give the sense of house, home'. Pronouns Bizde bir i-nek var means both 'We have a cow' and 'There is a cow in our house'. Lit.: in us'. § 124.
c
But the rendering
§ 125.
for
nouns
is
my father's" or 'in my father's house', of my father's house", are expressed by adding 'at
i^^- f ojli «)j±
with j3
my
bajanagliim gilde at
ail
as ray
my
'There '
var
J j>
_p
sister's.
The familv of our house.
there are'
is,
brother-in-law's house..
bizde dir
m
jlj
JSgil;
father's family.
dayim
i
people
The people of my fathers house,
p*.
§ 126. tive
gil
•
{oj^tJ' liemshirem gile to
\^
.
babam
i
•
pi-llU-L
v- v:
'
i
different:
'the
is
uncle is
rendered by the Loca-
yoq dour
dir,
mv
(§ 76).
But onda
denote possession; as: Evde bir at var There is a horse in the house. But Bende bir at var I have a horse. In the first sentence it expresses location and in the second possession. var, bende var,
Hal
§ 126a. '
'
J->
J>*
j\j
j\j
^—
j\j
^j\
1
J->
'
'ji jlj *j, '
•
jlj
J-i
j\j oXj\ onoun var dir,
jo j\j
ozjr,
j* j\j
'
j* j\j i)j-
Present,
j\j oJw benim var dir,
'j->
jj
Jl>-
onda var
dir.
bizim var dir,
bizde var dir,
var
sizde var dir,
sizin
dir,
onlarin var dir, onlarda var dir.
thou hast, he has a
—
etc.
The Negative Form. jjijj I
'
*
—
have not a
\j
j>\j
oJ,1j
benim yoqdour, bende yoqdour.
etc.
Mazije\* Past
§ 126b. '
jaKj
'
ij
^
'
^L"
iJjA j\j dX>j\
'
'
(Preterite).
iJJA j\j oXj benim var .
az ekmek
used
^lo\ Jom [
Ji«xl»l tz^jl
j£>\jf-
§ 136.
(§
181);
ha' zi
"Both"
(§ 469); as: I have both bread and
y
m
ademler some people.
some gentlemen.
hayvanlar some animals. is
rendered by
p.
a a hem r
salt.
— hem
r
j\j jj\s a j vi-LSl
aunt has both paper and pen. j* j\j LJi} aj Turkish Conv.-Grammar.
-r\i
as:
bir qach' effendilir ba'zi
some bread.
animate objects Jsn& bazi,
in reference to
hir qach is
My
oir
tiJi-5
a
A
o-xL
>il.«Jl>.
o
i
66
Lesson
V Lrj^
§ 137. "Either "Neither
.
.
or
.
' .
is
,
.
.' ? .
You have
rendered by *
jj
oJJ;
j:> ojJL-
js
oX,j\
JU
Hal
bende
salt.
have the
dir,
,
I
ya-ya-
;
(§472); as:
j\j
oJJo
*j
Is I
oJJL-
Present. j* MT3
ur-^J !?"'«*& potato
^CjUjU Jj^T'o-U^-lcT
-j> J^o>
^
«*.
•
\
1.
I.
I
1
x
A^J'
^.J£
^a>I e^y
Translation 14.
have an apple; thou hast some
cherries;
he has the oranges. 2. My brother has the dog; your aunt has a cat; they have three horses. 3. How much money have you? I have seventeen piasters. 4. Have No, Sir, I have not any. 5. I had you any sugar? no pen. I had the pen. I had not the pen. 6. Give me some bread and grapes. Have you any bread and grapes? 7. Plow many children has your grandson? He has two children; one a boy, the other
—
—
—
—
a
girl.
Have
I a
dog?
—
Yes,
II.-
8.
and
my
No,
Sir,
brother has a horse. he has no pen. 10.
It is at
my
uncle's.
your money.
12.
11.
Who
Is there
Sir,
you have a dog,
—
Has he the pen? Where is your book? has my money? I have 9.
—
—
any servant in the kitchen?
in the kitchen? 13. The servant is in the kitchen. There is a servant in the kitchen. 14. Who Your father had the has the pen and the paper? pen and I have the paper. 15. Are there any eggs? Yes, Sir, there are plenty of them. Is the servant
—
*l£ Mat-bakhda ne var?
Conversation. Bir az totnates ve patates var. Hich e-yi deyil, choq hasta dir.
Sizin birader nasil dir? Onoun ati kiinde dir?
Babam
Guzel qoush qardashinda ml?
Khayr, chojoughoun qafesinde
Qafesde ne var?
Bir yeshil, bir siyah ve bir beyaz
Ekmek
qousb var. Khayr, ekmek bende devil
gilde dir.
dir.
1
sende mi dir? See the Note page 67.
dir.
^
69
The Pronouns.
A u^^> Lesson The Pronouns.
vl>l>0
The
§ 138.
^
according as to
—
'the
which,
nouns and pronouns
in
is
the word
that
a noun or an adjective.
is
it
;^j j*J&
Adjectival Pronominal affix
signifying
-Jti,
(Continued.)
Adjectival Pronoun.
3.
8.
which',
It is
attached
two ways; by putting them
either in the Genitive or in the Locative case.
instance it is used always like a substantive, and signifies 'that which belongs to'. In the second case, it is sometimes used substantively and signifying 'that which exists": when it is attached to a substantive, it is an adjective, signifying 'the which exists'. Ex.:
In the
§ 139.
first
—
U
I.
father;
baba
*UjIIj
babanhl-ki that or the
babanin
^xjll
of the father;
one which belongs
to the father.
oil babada in the father; jo^ babadaki that one which exists in (the possession of) the father.
j o JlL bendeki that whichlhave,
or
the
or
isinmy possession.
§ 140. The separate possessive pronouns corresponding to those of the English language are formed in the first way; as: ^C*Jo benimki, \
are:
bou used for things which are near the speaker, This.
The Pronouns.
Yi
Jjt
*
'
Jjl j\
used for things which are near the person spoken to, This.
shol
shou,
»i.
»
ol
o,
71
»
are
»
»
some distance
off,
That (yonder). ish'bou
t\
This present (person
or thing).
The Demonstratives when they modify
§ 142.
w
a noun, are regarded as adjectives.
jJL\
'
jj\
J^l
are
used only as adjectives, and they never undergo any change.
Declension of Demonstrative Pronouns. Singular ^
jt shou
bou this
N.
y
G.
vlljjj
D.
'6j>
A.
jjj bounou this
L.
ojjji
A.
u-*Mj
Mufred?
:«
dXljt shown oio'i of this
bounoun of this
'6jt shouna to this
bouna to this
bounda in
,A*J
^LrJ!
g
A^
i^j i
bounlar, Xote.
-hi,
^.y- shounda
this
in this
c-^^ shoundan
this.
from
this.
s/*Ji
^^.
°^Ji
O-^jj
°^J-
^fAr
^Ar*
u^Ar
6
-a,
shounou this
j^i-
boundan from
la
this
...
shounlar,
The declension of
j\ o
1
-1/7,
that,
...
-«,
is
1
the same as that of
the third person of the Personal Pronoun, page 47.
Other Demonstratives:
§ 143. '
Lf^LJi
LT^y*
^A
'
bj\' b>\jj^ 0>\JJ.
objl'
»>l>j-
*
rom here fr0m there
o±*>\ J. u-^j!
^ jj^u*^ 0±X3\ ^jt
gundS on such a day.
bir
&%#»
&tr
ademden from such a man.
such
edylesikebtubirchojouq shol effendiden
X>i\ J dfc\S Jj\ oZ
serf**
bad boy.
a
from that gentleman.
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